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PICTORIAL HISTORY THE UNITED STATES FOB SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. By BENSOJf J. LOSSING, AUTHOR OP "the pictorial FIELD BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION," "ILLUSTRATED FAMILY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,"" "iTtlMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FOR SCHOOLS," " EMINENT AMERICANS," ETC. ETC. ILLFSTRATED BY OYER 200 ENGRAYIIVGS. A NEW EDITTON, REVISED AND KNLAKOED ISTEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY MASON BROTHERS. BOSTON: MASON & HAMLIN. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. CINCINNATI: SARGENT, WILSON, AND HINKLE. CHICAGO: S. O. GRIGGS & CO. 1866. Entered accordinj? to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by MASON BROTHERS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by MASON BROTH E R S , In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. LOSSING'S HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. COMPLETE SERIES FOR ALL CLASSES. LOSSING'S PICTORIAL PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 238 pages 12mo. LOSSING'S PICTORIAL COMMON SCHOOL HISTORY, s'^s pp. i2mo. LOSSING'S PICTORIAL SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 424 pages large 12mo. LOSSING'S ILLUSTRATED FAMILY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. For District, School, and Pamilj Libraries. 672 pages imperial octavo. DESCEIPTION OF THE FEONTISPIECE. In front sits IIistohy, with her pen and tablet, making her records of human progress. Be- fore her lies the open hook of The Past, full of her chronicles. Near her is a globe, emblem of the theater of those achievements, whose memory she preserves. At her side is Aet, delineating a map of the New World, in which we live, with the word Excelsior at the top, meaning ''more lofty" — the destiny of our country. Upon a pedestal is a marble bust of Franklin, under which was written by a distinguished French statesman, " He wrested the thunder from lieaven, and the scepter from tyrants." It indicates the perpetuity of the memory of the founders of our Republic, to be like that of marble. Above the group, just soaring, is winged Fame, bearing a mcdalion likeness of Washington in one hand, and her trumpet in the other. In the back ground is an unfinished Pyramid, emblematic of our Confederacy of States, continually increasing, a^id adding block after block of imperishable material to the wonderful structure, so high already as to overlook the nations of the earth. The branches of the olive and oak, on either side, symbolize the peace which prevails within our borders, and the strength which it imparts. ELEfTTOTYPED BT T. B. Smith & Son. 82 & 84 Beekraan-street. PRINTED BY C. A. A LT onn, 15 Vandewatei- st., N. Y. INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. Befoee commencing the preparation of the following pages, I carefully examined the various small Histories of the United States in use, noted their obvious excellences and defects, and endeavored to learn what was needed in the arrangement of a plan more attractive and efficient for instructing the young people of our country in its wonderful story, than had been hitherto employed. Using the best results of the labors of others in this special field for a foundation, I have constructed this volume of materials taken from the earlier, most elaborate, and most reliable historians of our continent, on a plan which, I believe, will be found, by instructors and pupils, to possess superior advantages as an easy and thorough method for teaching aiid acquir- ing an accurate general knowledge of events relati.ig to the birth and growth of our Republic. The work U arranged in six chapters, each coatainiag the record of an important period. The first exhibits a general view of the Aboriginal race who occupied the continent when the Euro- peans came. The second is a record of all the Discoveries and preparations for settlement made by individuals and governments. The third delineates the progress of all the Settlements until colonial governments were formed. The fourth tells the story of these Colonies from their infancy to maturity, and illustrates the continual development of democratic idoas and republican tendencies which finally resulted in a political confederation. The fifth has a full account of the important events of the War for Independence; and the sixth gives a concise history of the Re- public, from its formation to the present time. I have endeavored to show the cause of every important event, and thus, by developing the philosophy of our history, to make it more attractive and instructive than a bald record of facts. And wherever the text appeared to need further elucidation, I have given additional facts in foot- notes. These may be profitably consulted by teacher and pupil, for they will greatly aid them in obtaining a clear understanding of the subject. The system of concordance interwoven with the foot-notes throughout the entire work, is of great importance to instructor and learner. When a fact is named which bears a relation to an- other fact elsewhere recorded in the volume, a reference is made to the verse and page where Buch fact is mentioned. A knowledge of this relationship of separate events is often essential to a clear view of the subject, and Avithout this concordance, a great deal of time would be spent in searching for that relationship. With the concordance the matter may be found in a moment. Favorable examples of the utility of this new feature may be found on page 91. If strict atten- tion shall be given to these references, the whole subject will be presented to the mind of the student in a comprehensive aspect of unity not to be given by any other method. It will greatly lessen the labors of the teacher, and facilitate the progress of the learner. To economize space, and prevent confusion, the dates have been put in brackets in their proper places in the text. When the volume shall be used as a reading book, these inclosed figures may easily be omitted. So with the references : they may be passed without notice ; and by these omissions the sentences will appear unbroken. The questions are few, and are suggestive and comprehensive. They are so constructed that the student will be compelled to acquire a thor- ough knowledge of the subject under consideration before a correct answer to the question can be given. Much of this part of the labor is left to the judgment of the teacher. The engravings are introduced not for the sole purpose of embellishing the volume, but to ^enhance its utility as an instructor. Every picture is intended to illustrate a fact, not merely to beautify a page. Great care has been taken to secure accuracy in all the delineations of men and things, 60 that they may not convey false instruction. Geographical maps have been omitted, because they must necessarily be too small to be of essential service. History should never be studied without the aid of an accurate atlas. With these few observations concerning the general plan of this work, I submit the volume to ^ the public, willing to have its reputation rest upon its own merits. a CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE ABORIGINES. Section I. General characteristics of the Indian Tribes, 7.— II. The Algonquins, 12.— III. The Huron-Iroquois, 17.— IV. The Catawbas, 19.— V. The Cherokees, 20.— VI. The Uchees, 21. —VII. The Natchez, 21.— VIII. The Mobilian Tribes, 22.— IX. The Dahcotah, or Sioux Tribes, 23.— X. The Extreme Western Tribes, 25. CHAPTER II. DISCOVERIES. Section I. Scandinavian Voyages and Discoveries, 26. — II. Spanish Voyages and Discoveries, 27. — III. English and French Discoveries, 35. CHAPTER III. SETTLEMENTS. Section I. Periods of Settlement — Virginia, 4T. — II. New York, 56. — III. Massachusetts, 5S. — IV. New Hampshire, 63.— V. Maryland, 64.— VI. Connecticut, 66.— VII. Rhode Island, 70. — ^VITI. Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 72. — IX. The Carolinas, 76. — X. Geor- gia, 78. CHAPTER TV. THE COLONIES. Section I. Virginia, 81.— 11. Massachusetts, 90.— III. New York, 111.— IV. Maryland, 120.— V. Connecticut, 123.— VI. Rhode Island, 126.— VII. New Jersey, 127.— VIII. Pennsylvania, 130.— IX. The Carolinas, 132.— X. Georgia, 139.— XI. A Retrospect, 142.— XII. The French and Indian War, 147. CHAPTER Y. THERE VOLUTION. Section I. Preliminary Events, 177.— II. First Year of the War for Independence, 187.— III. Second Year of the War for Independence, 197. — IV. Third Year of the War for Independ- ence, 211.— V. Fourth Year of the War for Independence, 224. — VI. Fifth Year of t]:c War for Independence, 231.— VII. Sixth Year of the War for Independence, 239.— VIIL Seventh Year of the War for Independence, 247. — IX. Closing Events of the War for Inde- pendence, 257. CHAPTER YI. THE NATION. Section I. Washington's Administration, 263. — II. Adams's Administration, 270. — III. Jetferson's Administration, 272. — IV. Madison's Administration, 278. — V. The Second War for Inde- pendence, 284. — YI. The Second War for Independence continued, 293. — VII. Monroe's Ad- ministration, 301. — VIII. Adams's Administration, 305. — IX. Jackson's Administration. 308. — X. Van Buren's Administration, 314. — XI. Harrison's and Tyler's Administration, 317. — XII. Polk's Administration, 320.— XIII. Taylor's and Fillmore's Administration, 334.— XIV. Pierce's Administration, 342. — XV. Buchanan's Administration, 846, — XVI. Lincoln's Ad- ministration, 351.— The Civil War, 354. SUPPLEMENT. The Declaration of Indepenaence, 393. — ^The Signers of the Declaration, 399. — Constitution of the United States, 400. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SIOUX INDIANS. CHAPTER I. THE ABORIGINES. SECTIOISr 1. 1. The Aborigines, or first in- habitants of a country, properly belong to the history of aU subse- quent occupants of the territory. The several nations of red or cop- per-colored people, who occupied the present domain of the United States when Europeans first came, form as necessary materials for a portion of the history of our Republic, as the Frenchmen^ and Spaniards^ by whom parts of the territory were settled, and from whom they have been taken by conquest or purchase. 2. The history of the Indian^ tribes, previous to the formation of settlements among them, b y Europeans,'* is involved in great obscurity. Whence came 1. Verse 2, page 148. 2. Verse 17, page 40. 3. Verse 12, page 31. 4. Before the year 1607. Question.— 1. What are Aborigines? and what their historical position? THE ABORIGINES. Origin of the American Indians. Strange stories concerning them. they ? is a question yet unanswered by established facts. In the Old World, the monuments of an ancient people often record their history. In North America such intelligible records are wanting. Within almost every State and Territory remains of human skill and labor have been found/ which seem to attest the existence here of a civilized nation or nations, before the ances- tors of our numerous Indian tribes became masters of the continent. Some of these appear to give indisputable evidence of intercourse between the people of the Old World and those of America, centuries, perhaps, before the birth of Christ, and at periods soon afterward.'"^ We have no proof that such intercourse was extensive ; that people from the Eastern hemisphere ever re- mained long enough in America to impress their character upon the country or the Aboriginals, if they existed ; or that a high degree of civilization had ever prevailed on our continent. 3. Some refer the origin of the Indian tribes to the Phoenicians and other ancient maritime nations ; others to the Egyptians and Hindoos ; and others find their ancestors among the lost tribes of Israel," who " took counsel to go forth into a farther country where never mankind dwelt,"^ and crossed from Asia to our continent, by way of the Aleutian Islands, or by Behring's Straits.* These various theories, unsupported as they are by a sufficiency of acknowledged facts, have no practical value for the young student of our history. The proper investigation of such subjects requires maturity of judg- ment when reason and reflection have succeeded the eager credulity of cliild- hood and early youth. 4. When America first became known to Europeans, it afforded materials for wonderful narratives concerning its inhabitants and productions. The few natives who were found upon the seaboard, had all the characteristics com- mon to the human race. The interior of the continent was a deep mystery, and for a long time marvelous stories were related and believed of nations of giants and pigmies ; of people with only one eye, and that in the center of the forehead ; and of whole tribes who existed without eating. But when sober men penetrated the forests, and became acquainted with the inhabitants, it was discovered that from the Grulf of Mexico to the country north of the chain of great lakes, ^ the people were not remarkable in persons and qualities, 1. Remains of fortifications, similar in form to those of ancient Em-opean nations, have been discovered. Also fire-places, of regular structure ; weapons and utensils of copper ; catacombs with mummies ; orna- ments of silver, brass, and copper ; walls of forts and cities ; and many other things which only a people advanced in civilization could have made. 2. A Roman coin was found in Missouri ; a Persian coin in Ohio ; a bit of silver in Genesee county, New York, with the year of our Lord 600 engraved on it ; split wood and ashes, thirty feet below the surface of the earth, near Fredonia, New York ; and near Montevideo, South America, in a tomb, were found two ancient swords, a helmet and shield, wiih Greek inscriptions, showing that they were made in the time of Alexander the Great, 330 years before Christ. 3. IT. Esdras, xiii. 40—45. 4. The people of north-eastern Asia, and on the north-west coast of America, have a near resemblance in person, customs, and languages ; and those of the Aleutian Islands present many of the characteristics of both. Ledyard said of the people of eastern Siberia, " Universally and circumstantially they resemble the Aborigines of America." 5. Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior. QuKSTiONS.— 2. How do we find the early history of the Aborigines of the United States? What appears to have been their relation to the rest of the world? 3. What are the opinions of some respecting their or- igin? 4. What strange stories were told concerning some of the tribes? What did a correct knowledge of them show ? THE ABORIGINES. 9 Names of Indian nations. Their characteristics, employment, food, an4 clothing. and that a great similarity in manners and institutions prevailed over that whole extent of country. 5. The Indians spoke a great variety of dialects/ but there existed not more than eight radically distinct languages among the whole aboriginals, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and beyond, namely : Algonquin, Huron- Iroquois, Cherokee, Catawba, Uchee, Natchez, Mobilian, and Dahcotaii or Sioux. These occupied a region embraced within about twenty-four degrees of latitude and almost forty degrees of longitude, and covering a greater portion of the breadth of the north temperate zone. 6. In physical character, moral sentiment, social and political organization and religious beUef, all the nations and tribes were similar. They were all of a copper color ; were tall, straight, and well-proportioned ; their eyes black and expressive ; their hair black, long, coarse, and perfectly straight ; their constitution vigorous; and their powers of endurance remarkable. Bodily deformity was almost unknown, and few diseases prevailed. They were in- dolent, taciturn, and unsocial; brave, and sometimes generous, in war; un- flinching under torture ; revengeful, treacherous, and morose when injured or offended; not always grateful for favors; grave and sagacious in council; often eloquent in speech ; sometimes warm and constant in friendship ; and occasionally courteous and polite. 7. The men were employed in war, hunting, and fishing. The women per- formed all menial services. They bore all burdens during journeys ; spread the tents ; prepared food ; dressed skins for clothing ; wove mats for beds, made of the bark of trees ; and planted and gathered the scanty crops of corn, beans, peas, potatoes, mel- ons, and tobacco. Their wigwams, or houses, were rude huts, made of poles covered with mats, skins, or bark of trees, and all of their domestic arrange- ments were very simple. 8. Their implements were made of stones, shells, and bones, with which they prepared their food, made their clothing and habitations, and tilled their lands. Their food consisted of a few vegetables, fish, and the meat of the deer, buffalo, and bear, generally roasted upon the points of sticks, sometimes boiled in water heated by hot stones, and always eaten without salt. Their dress in summer was a slight covering around the loins. In winter they were clad in the skins of wild beasts,^ often profusely ornamented with the claws of the 1. Dialect is the form of expression peculiar to the people of rlifferent provinces or sections of a country where the same languoge is spoken. The people of London and Yorkshire have such difrerent moae^ or ex- pressing the Enj?lish language, that it is difficult, sometimes, for them to understand each other, ine lor- mer is more correct and refined than the latter. j • • « 2. See the engraving at the head of this chapter. One of the men is dressed in a bear's skm, ana is in ine act of representing that animal. Another has the horns of a butlalo and the feathers of eagles on his neaa. For a notice of the portrait, see Note 3. page 10. Questions.— 5. How manj' distinct languages did the Indians possess? Name them. What extent of territory did they occupy? 6. In what were the tribes similar? What was their general character? 7. What was the chief employment of men and women ? 8. Of what did their implements, food, and dress con- sist? 1% A WIGWAM. 10 THE ABORIGINES. Indian money, writing, weapons, and wars. ^^^^ bear, the horns of the buffalo, the feathers of birds, and the bones of fishes. Their faces were often tatooed, and generally painted with bright colors in hideous devices. Their money was little tubes made of shells, fastened upon belts or strung in chains, and called wampum} It wa^used in traffic, in treaties, and as a token of friendship or alHance. Wampum \ V- ' I^SjL ! ^^^^^ constituted records of public transactions in the hands e ' wt™™ chief WAMPUM. ^ rpi^^ Indians had no written language, except rude hiero- glyphics, or picture writings.^ Their history, consisting of records of war- like achievements, treaties of alliance, and deeds of great men, was, in the form of traditions, carefully handed down from father to son, especially from chief to chief Children were taught the simple arts practiced among them, such as making wampum, con- structing bows, arrows, and spears, preparing matting and skins for domestic use, and fashioning rude personal ornaments. 10. They were ambitious of distinction, and, therefore, war was their chief vocation.^ They generally went forth in parties of about forty bow- men. Sometimes a half dozen, like knights-errant,^ went out upon the war-path to seek renown in combat. Their weapons were bows and arrows, I hatchets (tomahawks) of stone, and scalping-knives of bone. Some wore shields of bark ; others wore skin dresses for protection. They were skillful in stratagem, and seldom met an enemy in open fight. Their close personal encounters were fierce and bloody. They made prisoners, and tortured them, INDIAN HIEROGLYPHICS. INDIAN WEAPONS. 5 1. Wampum is made of the cle^r parts of the common clam shell. This part being split off, a hole is drilled in it, and the form, which is that of beads known as bugles, is produced by friction. They are about half an inch long, generally disposed in alternate layers of wliite and bluish black, and valued, when they become a circulating medium, at about two cents for three of the black beads, or six of the while. They were strung in parcels to represent a penny, three pence, a shilling, and five shillings of white ; and double that amount in black. A fathom of white was worth about two dollars and a half, and black about five dollars. They were of less value at the time of our War for Independence. The engraving shows a part of a string and a belt of wampum. 2. This is part of a record of a war expedition. The figures on the right and left — one with a gun, and the other with the hatchet — denote prisoners taken by a warrior. The one without a head, and holding a bow and arrow, denotes that one was killed ; and the figure with a shaded part below the cross indicates a female prisoner. Then he goes in a war canoe, with nine companions, denoted by the paddles, after which a council is held by the chiefs of the Bear and Turtle tribes, indicated by rude figures of these animals on each side of a fire. 3. It was ofTensive to a chief or warrior to ask him his name, because it implied that his brave deeds were unknown. Red Jacket, the great Seneca chief, was asked his name in court, in compliance with a legal form. He was very indignant, and replied, "Look at the papers which the white people keep the most carefully"— (land cession treaties)—" they will tell you who I am." He was born near Geneva, New York, about 1750, and died in 1830. He was the last great chief of the Senemft. 4. Knights-errant of Europe, six hundred years ago, were men clothed in metal armor, who went from country to country to win fame by personal combats with other knights. They also engaged in wars. 5. a, bow and arrow ; b, a war-club ; c, an iron tomahawk ; d, a stone one ; e, a scalping-knife. Questions.— 8. What was their money and its uses? 9. What were their literature and arts? 10. What were the weapons of war, and what the warlike habits of the Indians ? THE ABORIGINES. 11 Indian women, customs, burials, and religion. CALUMETS. and the scalps' of enemies were their trophies of war. Peace was arranged by sachems^ in council ; and each smoking the same "pipe of peace," called calumetj^ was a solemn pledge of fidelity to the contract. 11. Women were degraded to the condition of abject slaves, and they never engaged with the men in their amusements of leaping, dancing, target-shooting, ball-playing, and games of chance. They were allowed as spectators, with their children, at war-dances around fires, when the men recited the feats of their ancestors and of themselves. Marriage, among them, was only a temporary contract; the men had the right to take wives, and dismiss them at pleasure. The affections were ruled by custom, and those decorous endearments and attentions toward woman, which give a charm to civilized society, were wholly unknown among the Indians. The sentiment of conjugal love was not always wanting, and attachments for life were frequent. There was no society to call for woman's refining qualities to give it beauty, for they had but few local attachments, except for the burial- places of their dead. 12. Their funeral ceremonies and methods of burial were similar throughout the whole continent. They laid their dead, wrap- ped in skins, upon sticks, in the bottom of a shallow pit, or placed them in a sitting posture, or occasion- ally folded them in skins, and laid them upon high scaffolds, out of the reach of wild beasts. Their arms, utensils, paints, and food were buried with them, to be used on their long journey to the spirit- land. Over their graves they raised mounds, and planted beautiful wild flowers upon them. Relatives uttered piercing cries and great lamentations during the burial, and they continued mourning many days. 13. Their religion was simple, without many ceremonies, and was univers- ally embraced. They had no infidels among them. They believed in the existence of two Grreat Spirits : the one eminently great was the Good Spirit, and the inferior was an Evil one. They also deified the sun, moon, stars, meteors, fire, water, thunder, wind, and every thing which they held to be superior to themselves, but they never exalted their heroes or prophets above the sphere of humanity. They also adored an invisible great Master of life, in different forms, which they called Manitou^ and made it a sort of tutelar BURIAL-PLACE. 1. They seized an enemy by the hair, and, by a skillful use of the knife, cut and tore from the top of the head a large portion of the skin. 2. Sachems were the civil heads of nations or tribes ; chiefs were military leaders. 3. Tobacco was in p;eneral use araonp the Indians for ftmokinfj, when the white men came. The more filthy practice of cheuing it was invented by the white people. The calumet was made of pipe-clay, and often ornamented with feathers. QUKSTIONS.— 11, What was the condition of Indian women ? What can you tell about Indian families ? 1^ How did ihey bury their dead ? Hnw did the relatives of the deceased behave ? 13. What was the charac- ter of their reli|?ion? What were their chief articles of belief ? 12 THE ABOEIGINES. Indian government. Fate of the Aborigines. The Algonquins. deity.' They had vague ideas of the doctrine of atonement for sins, and made propitiatory sacrifices with great solemnity. All of them had dim traditions of the creation, and of a great deluge which covered the earth. Each nation had crude notions, drawn from tradition, of their own distinct origin, and all agreed that their ancestors came from the North. 14. Tlieir government was a mixture of the patriarchal and despotic. All political power was vested in a sachem or chief, who was sometimes an her- editary monarch, but frequently owed his elevation to his own merits as a warrior or orator. While in power, he was absolute in the execution of en- terprises, if the tribe confided in his wisdom. Public opinion, alone, sustained him. It elevated him, and it might depose him. Every measure of import- ance was matured in council, which was composed of the elders, with the sachem as umpire. His decision was final. Whithersoever he led, the whole tribe followed. The utmost decorum prevailed in the pubhc assembhes, and a speaker was ahvays listened to with respectful silence. 15. Such were the inhabitants of the territory of the United States when discovered by Europeans. They were almost all wanderers, and roamed over the vast solitudes of a fertile continent, free as the air, and unmindful of the wealth in the soil under their feet. The great garden of the Western World needed tillers, and white men came. They have thoroughly changed the condition of the land and the people. The light of civilization has revealed, and industry has developed, vast treasures in the soil, while before its radiance the Aboriginals are rapidly melting like snow in the sunbeams. A few gen- erations will pass, and no representative of the North American Indian will remain upon the earth. SECTION 11. THE ALGONQUINS. 1. The French gave the name of Algonquin to an extensive tribe of In- dians upon the Ottawa river in Canada, and it was afterward applied to that great collection of tribes north and south of the lakes,^ who spoke dialects^ of the same language. They inhabited the territory now included in all of Can- ada, New England, a part of New York and Pennsylvania, the States of New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, eastern North Carolina above 1. They believed every animal to have had a great original, or father. The first hvffalo, the first hear, the first beaver, the first eagle, etc., was Ihe Manitou of the whole race of the different creatures. They chose some one of these originals as their special Manitou, or guardian, and hence arose the custom of having the figure of some anirnal for the arms or svmhol of a tribe, called Totum. For example, each of the Fire Nations (see Sec. III.) was divided into several tribes, designated The Wolf, The Bear, The Turtle, eto., and their respective tof"mf< were rude representations of these an- imals. When thev signed treaties with the white people, they sometimes sketched outlines of their tnt'ims. The annexed cut represents the totnmot Teytndagages, of the T'irtle tribe of the Mohawk nation, as aflBxed by him to a deed. TOTUM. 2. Note 5, page 8. 3. Note 1, page 9. Questions.— 14. What was the form of aboriginal government? What was the influenee of a chief? 15. What has civilized man effected in their country? What is their probable destiny? 1. Who were the Al- gonquins ? What portion of the United States did they occupy ? THE ALGONQUINS. Tribes of the Algonquin nation. Cape Fear, a large portion of Kentucky and Tennessee, and all north and west of these States, eastward of the Mississippi. 2. The Algonquin nation was composed of several powerful tribes, the most important of which were the Knisteneaux in the far north, the Ottawas^ Chippewasj Sacs and Foxes, Menomonees, Miamies, Piankesliaws, PoUawato- mies, KickapooSj Illinois, Shawnees, Powhatans, Corees, Nanticokes, Lenni- Lenapes, or Delawares, Mohegans, the New England Indians, and the Ahen- aJces. There were smaller, independent tribes, the principal of which were Susquehannocks, on the Susquehannah, in Pennsylvania; the Mannahoacks, in the liill country between the York and Potomac rivers ; and the Monocans, on the head waters of the James river in Virginia. All of these tribes w^ere divided into cantons or clans, sometimes so small as to afford only a war party. 3. The Knisteneaux yet [1865] inhabit a domain extending across the con- tinent from Labrador to the Rocky Mountains, and are the hereditary enemies of the Esquimaux, their neighbors of the Polar Circle. The original land of the Ottawas was on the west side of Lake Huron, but they Avere seated upon the river bearing their name when the French discovered them. They claimed sovereignty over that region, and exacted tribute from those who passed to or from the domain of the Hurons} They assisted the Hurons in a war with the Five Nations^ in 1650, and suffered much. The Hurons were almost destroyed, and the Ottawas were much reduced in numbers. Some of them, with the Huron remnant, joined the OMppewas, and finally the whole tribe returned to their ancient seat [1680] in the northern part of the Michigan peninsula. Under their great chief, Pontiac, they were confederated with several other Algonquin tribes of the North-west," in an attempt to extermi- nate the white people, in 1763.^ Within a fortnight, in the summer of that year, they took possession of all the English garrisons and trading posts in the West, except Detroit, Niagara,'' and Fort Pitt.^ Peace was restored in 1764—5, the confederation was dissolved, and Pontiac took up his abode with the II- I linois, where he was murdered. His broken nation sought refuge with the I French, and their descendants may yet [1865] be found in Canada. 4. The Chippewas and Pottawatomies Avere closely allied by language and friendsliip. The former were on the southern shores of Lake Superior ; the \ latter occupied the islands and main land on the western shores of Grreen Bay, ! when first discovered by the French, in 1761. They afterward seated them- selves on the southern shore of Lake Michigan [1701], where they remained until removed, by treaty, to lands upon the Little Osage river, westward of Missouri. They are now [1865] the most numerous of all the remnants of 1. Between the Ottawas and Hurons were a tribe called Mississaguies, who appear to have left the Algon- and joined the Fivk Nations, south of Lake Ontario. 2. Chap. I., Sec. III., Verse 2 ; also Verse 4, pa^re 17. 3. Verse 50, page 169 4. Verse 50, page 169. 5. Verse 50, page 169. QUKSTIONS.— ^ What were the chief tribes of the Ai.goxquin Nation? 3. Where did the Knisteneaux dwell? Where did the Ottawas dwell? What are the chief events in Iheir history ? 4. Where did the Chip peioas and the Pottawatomies dwell? Where is their present home ? 14 THE ABORIGINES. The North-western tribes. the Algonquin tribes. The CMppewas and the SiouXj west of the Mississippi, are their deadly enemies. 5. The Sacs and Foxes are really one tribe. They were first discovered by the French at the southern extremity of Green B;iy, in 1680. In 1712, the French garrison of twenty men, at Detroit,' was attacked by the Foxes. The French repulsed them, with the aid of the Ottawas^ and almost destroyed the assailants. They joined the Kickapoos in 1722, in driving the Illinois from their lands on the river of that name. The Illinois took refuge with the French, and the Kickc^oos re- mained on their lands until 1819, when they went to the west bank of the Missouri, in the vicinity of Fort Leaven- worth. The Sacs and Foxes sold their lands to the United States in 1830. Black Hawk, a Sac chief, who, with his BLACK HAWK. pcoplc, jolncd thc English \\\ our second war with Great Britain,- demurred, and commenced hostilities in 1832.^ The Indians were defeated, and Black Hawk,* with many of his warriors, was made prisoner. 6. The Menomonees were discovered by the French upon the shores of Green Bay, in 1699. They yet [1865] remain upon their ancient territory, but their southern neighbors and friends, the WinnehagoeSj have gone west- ward of the Mississippi.^ 7. The MiAMiES and Piankeshaws inhabited that portion of the Ohio lying between the Maumee river of Lake Erie, and the ridge which separates the head waters of the Wabash from the Kaskaskias. They were called Twight- wees by the Five Nations and the English. Of all the Western tribes, these have ever been the most active enemies of the United States.^ They have ceded their lands, and are now [1865] far beyond the Mississippi. 8. The Illinois formed a numerous tribe, twelve thousand strong, when discovered by the French. They were seated upon the Illinois river, and con- sisted of a confederation of five families, namely, Kaskaskias^ Cahokias^ Tam- aronaSj Michigamias^ and Peoria^. Weakened by internal feuds, the confed- eracy was reduced to a handful, by their hostile neighbors. They ceded their lands in 1818, when they numbered only three 'hundred souls. A yet smaller remnant are now [1865] upon lands west of the Mississippi. 9. The Shawnoese occupied a vast region west of the Alleghanies/ and their great council-house was in the basin of the Cumberland river. At about the 1. Verse 50. page 169. 2. Verse 6, page 280. 3. Verse 5, page 309. 4. The picture is from a plaster cast of his face, taken when he was a prisoner in New York, in 1832. See Verse 5, page 309. 5. The Winnehagoes are the most dissolute of all the Indian remnants. In August, 1853, a treaty was made with them to occupy the beautiful country above St. Paul, westward of the Mississippi, between the Crow and Clear Water rivers. 6. Verse 5, page 280. 7. The Alleghany or Appalachian mountains extend from the Catskills, in the State of New York, in a south-west direction, to Georgia and Alabama, and have been called the " backbone of the country." Some geographers extend them to the White mountains of New Hampshire. Questions. — 5. Who are the Sacs and Foxes? and where did they dwell? What are the principal events in their history ? 6. What do you know of the Menom'mees and their neighbors ? 7- Where did the Miamies and Piankeshaws dwell? and where are they now? 8. What was the condition, and where the residence of the Illinois tribe when first discovered ? Name their divisions. What is their fate? 9. What legion did th.e Shawnees inhabit? THE ALGONQUINS. • 15 ' Tribes of the Middle States. time when the English first landed at Jamestown^ [1607], they were driven from their country by more southern tribes. Some crossed the Ohio, and set- tled on the Sciota, near the present Chilicothe ; others wandered eastward into Pennsylvania. The Ohio division joined the Eries and Andastes against the Five Nations, in 1672. Suffering defeat, ihQ Shawnoese to the coun- try of the CatawbaSj but were soon driven out, and found shelter with the Creeks."^ They finally returned to Ohio, and being joined by their Pennsyl- vania brethren, they formed an alliance with the French against the English.^ They were subdued by Boquet in 1763,^ and again by Virginians, at Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the great Kenawha, in 1774.^ They aided the British during the Revolution, and continued to annoy the Americans until 1795, when permanent peace was established.® They were the enemies of the Americans during their second war with Great Britain. They are now [1865] but a miserable remnant, and occupy lands south of the Kanzas river. The road from Fort Independence'^ to Santa Fe passes through their territory. 10. The PowHATANS constituted a confederacy of more than twenty tribes, including the Accohannocks and Accomacs^ on the eastern shore of the Chesa- peake Bay. Powhatan (the father of Pocahontas^) was the chief sachem, or emperor of the confederacy, when the English first appeared upon the James river [1607]. They remained nominally friendly to the white people during Powhatan's lifetime, but after his death they made two attempts to extermi- nate the English [1622, 1644]. They were subjugated in 1644,^ and from that time they gradually diminished in numbers and importance. Of all that great confederacy in Lower Virginia, it is beheved that not one representative on earth remains, or that one tongue speaks their dialect. 11. South of the Powhatans^ on the Atlantic coast, were the Corees, Che- rawSj and other small tribes, occupying the land once inhabited by the power- ful Hatteras.^^ They were allies of the Tuscaroras in 1711, in an attack upon the English," suffered defeat, and have now disappeared from the earth. Their dialect is forgotten. 12. The Nanticokes occupied the great peninsula between the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. They were early made vassals, and finally allies on compulsion, of the Five Nations. They left their ancient domain in 1710, occupied lands upon the Susquehannah, in Pennsylvania, until the Revolu- tionary War commenced, when they crossed the Alleghanies, and joined the British in the West. They are now [1865] scattered among many tribes. 13. The Lenni-Lenapes,^^ who were frequently called Delawares^ comprised I. Verse 10, page 50. 2. Verse ?, page 22. 3. Verse 8, page 150. 4. Note 7, page 169. 6. Note 4, page 193. 6. Verse 8, page 26(5. 7. United States fort on the Missouri. Santa Fe is in New Mexico, 765 miles south-west of Fort Indepen- dence. 8. Verse 14, page 51. 9. Verse 12, page P5. 10. This trihe numbered about 3,000 warriors when Raleigh's expedition landed on Boanole Ifland, but when the English made permanent settlements in that vicinity, they were reduced to about fifteen bowmen. II. Verse 13, page 136. 12. Original people. — This name has been applied to the whole Algonquix nation. The Lenni-Lenapes Questions. — 9. Relate the chief events of the history of the STiaxcnees>. 10. Who were the Pcnchatans? What their divisions? Where their country? 11. Where, and who were the Corees? 12. Who were the NarUicokes ? and what became of them ? 16 THE ABORIGINES. The Lenni-Lenapes. The Mohegans. two powerful nations, namely, the Minsi and the Delawares proper. The for- mer occupied the northern part of New Jersey, and a portion of Pennsylvania, and the latter inhabited lower New Jersey, the banks of the Delaware below Trenton, and the whole valley of the Schuylkill. The Five Nations sub- jugated them in 1650, and brought them under degrading vassalage. They gradually retreated westward before the tide of civilization, and finally a por- tion of them crossed the Alleghanies, and settled in the land of the Hurons^^ on the Muskingum, in Ohio. Those who remained in Pennsylvania, joined the ShawneeSj' and aided the French against the English, during the French and Indian war.^ In 1768 they all went over the mountain and the great body of them became friends of the British during the Revolution. They were at the head of the confederacy of Western tribes who were crushed by Wayne in 1794," and the following year they ceded all their lands on the Muskingum, and seated themselves near the Wabash. In 1819, they ceded those lands also, and the remnant now [1865] occupy a territory north of the Kanzas river, near its mouth. 14. The Mohegans were a distinct tribe, on the Hudson river, but the name was given to the several independent tribes who inhabited Long Island and the country between the Lenni-Lenapes and the New England Indians.^ Of this family, the Pequods,^ inhabiting eastern Connecticut, on the shores of Long Island Sound, were the most powerful. They exercised authority over the Montauks and twelve other tribes upon Long Island. Their power was broken by the revolt of Uncas against his chief, Sassacus,'' a short time before the appearance of the white people. The Manhattans were seated upon the Hudson, in lower Westchester, and sold Manhattan Island, whereon New York now stands, to the Dutch.® The latter had frequent conflicts with these and other River Indians.^ The Dutch were generally conquerors. The Mo- hawkSj one of the Five Nations, were pressing hard upon them at the same time, and several of the Mohegan tribes were reduced to the condition of vas- sals of that confederacy. Peace was effected in 1665, by the English governor at New York. In the meanwhile, the Engish and Narragan- sets had smitten the Pequods^^^ and the remaining independent Mohegans^ reduced to a handful, finally took up their abode on the west bank of the Thames, five miles below Nor- wich, at a place still known as Mohegan Plain. Their burial-place was at Norwich, and there a granite monument rests upoii the grave of Uncas. The tribe is now almost ex- tinct — the last of the Mohicans" will soon sleep with his uncas' monument, fathers. claimed to have come from beyond the Mississippi, conquering a more civilized people on the way, who in- habiled the great valleys beyond the Alleghany mountains. 1. Verse 1, page 17. 2. Verse 9, page 14. 3. Chap. IV., Sec. XII. 4. Verse 8, page 2P6. 5. Verse 15, page 17. 6. Verse 8, page 68. 7. Verse 11, page 69. 8. Verse 1, page 111. 9. Verse 6, page 113. 10. Verse 2, page 1.^. 11. Verse 11, page 69. 12. Note 1, pageffG Questions. — 13. Who were the Lenni-Lenapefi ? Where did they dwell ? Relate the principal events in their history. 14. Who were the Mohegans? Where was their country? What were their chief tribes? Relate some of the principal events in their history. THE HURON-IROQUOIS. 17 The New England Indians. 15. The New England Indians inhabited the country from Connecticut to the Saco river. The principal tribes were the Narragansets in Rhode Island, and the western shores of Narraganset Bay ; the Pokonokets and Wampanoags on the eastern shore of the same bay, and in a portion of Massachusetts; the ^.Nipmucs in the center of Massachusetts ; the Massachusetts in the vicinity of Boston and the shores southward ; and the Pawtuckets in the north-eastern part of Massachusetts, embracing the Pennacooks of New Hampshire. These were divided into smaller bands, having petty chiefs. They were warhke, and were continually engaged in hostihties with the Five Nations or with the Mohegans. The English and Dutch effected a general peace in 1673.^ Two years afterward [1675], Metacomet (King Philip) aroused most of the New England tribes against the Enghsh. A fierce war ensued, but ended in the subjugation of the Indians and the death of Philip^ in 1676.^ The power of the New England Indians was completely broken. Some joined the more eastern tribes, and others took refuge in Canada, whence they very frequently came to the border settlements on errands of revenge.^ These incursions ceased when the French dominion in Canada ended in 1763.^ When the Puritans came^ [1620], the New England Indians numbered about ten thou- sand souls ; now [1865], probably not three hundred representatives remain ; and the dialects of all, except of the Narragansets^ are forgotten. 16. The Abenakes were eastward of the Saco. The chief tribes were the Penohscots^ Norridgeiuocks^ Androscoggins^ and Passammaquoddies, These, with the more eastern tribes of the Micmacs and Etchemins^ were made nom- inal Christians by the French Jesuits;'^ and they were all firm allies of the French until the conquest of Canada by the English, in 1760.'^ J\ll of the Abenakes, except the Penohscots^ withdrew to Canada in 1754. A few scat- tered famihes of the latter yet [1865] dwell upon the banks of the Penobscot river, and wanderers are seen on the St. Lawrence. _ ♦ e-*^--* SECTION III. THEHURON-IROQUOIS. 1. The great body of the Iroquois tribes occupied almost the whole terri- tory in Canada south of the Ottawa, between Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron ; a greater portion of the State of New York, and a part of Pennsylvania and Ohio along the southern shores of Lake Erie. They were completely sur- rounded by the Algonquins, in whose southern border, in portions of North Carolina and Virginia, were the Tuscaroras and a few smaller Iroquois tribes.® 1. Verse 14, page 119. 2. Verse 30, page 102. 3. Verse 35, page 104. 4. Ver?e 48, page 168. 6. Verse 1, page 90. 6. Verse 35, page 104. 7. Verse 47, poge 168. 8. The Southern Iroquois were the Tufcarorafi, Choicans, Me?ierrin.. His name was suggestive of a mission. Christo or Christ, and Colombo, a pigeon — carrier-pigeon. Bv this combination of signiGcant words in his name, he believed himself to be a Christ or Gospel-hearer^ to the heathen, and often signed his name Christo-ferens, or Christ -bearer. 4. Verse 2, page 26. Questions. — 1. What motives had the governments of Spain and other countries for making voyages of discovery ? What had been done on the ocean? 2. Who was Columbus? 3. What causes and opinions lei Columbus to desire a western voyage? 4. What other motives than scientific discovery prompted Columbus' What had been his experience? SPANISH VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 2'J The trials of Columbus. Queen Isabella. Her noble promises. fore his countrymen, the Genoese (who rejected them), and then before the monarchs of England' and Portugal. 5. King John of Portugal appeared to comprehend the grand idea of Colum- bus, but it was too lofty for the conceptions of his council and the wise men of Lisbon. For a long time Columbus was annoyed by delays on the part of those to whose judgment the king deferred. While awaiting a decision, his wife died. The last link that bound him to Portugal was broken, and^ taking his little son Diego by the hand, he departed on foot, to lay his propo- sition before Ferdinand and Isabella,^ the monarchs of Spain — occupants of the united thrones of Arragon and Castile. 6. Poor and dispirited, Columbus arrived at the gate of a monaster}^, and begged food for himself and child. The good Father Marchena received him kindly, entered warmly into his plans, and was of essential service to him afterward. Through him Columbus obtained access to the Court ; but the war with the Moors, then raging, delayed an opportimity for an audience with the monarchs for a long time. At length a council of the learned men of the ■nation was convened at Salamanca, to consider his proposition.^ The majority pronounced his scheme vain and impracticable, and unworthy of the support of the- government. 7. Still encouraged by Father Marchena (who had been Isabella's confessor''), Columbus now obtained a personal interview with the queen. To her he revealed all his plans ; told her of the immense treasures that lay hidden in that far distant India^ which might be easily reached by a shorter way, and pleaded eloquently for aid in his pious design of carrying the Grospel to the heathen of unknown lands. The last appeal aroused the religious zeal of Isabella, and Avith the spirit of the Crusaders,^ she dismissed Colum- bus with the assurance that he should have her aid in fitting out an exploring expedition, even if Isabella. it should require the pawning of her crown jewels to obtain the money. 8. Isabella was faithful to her promise. She fitted out two cdvcbvels (light coasting ships), and Columbus, by the aid of friends, equipped a third and 1. Verse 2, page 35. 2. Isabella was a sister of the profligate Henry the Fonrlh of Castile and Leon. She was a pious, virtu- ous, and high-minded woman, then almost a phenomenon in courts. 3. See the picture at the head of this chapter. The Council was composed of the professors of the univer- sity, various dignitaries of the (Jhurch, and learned friars. They were all preiudicd against the poor "V^A n ^ ^® ^^^^ discovered that ignorance and bigotry wouM defeat his purposes. 4. All Roman Catholics are required to confess their sins to a priest. Rich and titled persons often had tt priest confessor for themselves and their families exclusively. 5. Travelers had related wonderful stories of the beautv and wealth of a countrv bevond the limits of geographical knowledge, and had thus inflamed the avarice and ambition of the rich aiid powerful. The country was called Zipangi, and also Cathay. It included China and adjacent islands. b. About 7W years ago, the Christian powers of Europe fitted out expeditions to conouer Palestine, with the avowed object of rescuing the sepulchre of Jesus, at Jerusalem, from the hands of the Turks. These were called crumdefi—hohj wars. The livesj)f 2,000,000 of people were lost in them. Ji^^^^^^^^^•~^.■.Y^^^. difficulties did ColumWe^c^ri^ce in Portugal ? 6. Whither did he go from Por- tugal to obtain aid ? What occulred to him at first in Spai.i ? 7. How came Isabella to aid him ? 30 DISCOVERIES. Departure of Columbus. The voyage. Discovery of land. larger one. With this Httle fleet, bearing one hundred and twenty persons, he left Palos, on the Tinto river in Andalusia, on Friday, the 3d of August, 1492, to explore the stormy Atlantic.^ 9. It was a voyage of great trial for the navigator, after leaving the Canary Islands. His theory taught him to believe that he would reach Asia in the course of a few days. But weeks wore away ; the needle became unfaithful f alarm and discontent prevailed, and several times his followers were on the point of compelling him to turn back. 10. On the evening of the lltli of October, the perfumes of flowers came upon the night breeze, as tokens of approach to land. Yet they hesitated to believe, for twice before they had been mocked by other in- dications of THE FLEET OP COLUMBUS. land being near.^ But at dawn the next morning their deliglited eyes saw green forests stretching along the horizon ; and as they approached, they were greeted by the songs of birds and the murmur of human voices. 11. Dressed in scarlet, and bearing his sword in one hand, and the banner of the expedition in the other, Columbus landed with his followers, and in the midst of the gorgeous scenery and the incense of myriads of flowers, they all knelt down and chanted a hymn of thanksgiving to God. The natives had gathered in wonder and awe, in the grove near by, regarding the Europeans as children of their great Deity, the Sun."* Little did they comprehend the fatal significance to them, of the act of Columbus, when he set up a rude cross upon the spot where he landed, and took formal 1. Columbus was appointed high-admiral of all seas which he mifrht discover, wilh the attendant honors. Also viceroy of all lands discovered. He was to have one tenth of all profits of the first voyage, and by contributing an eighth of the expense of future voyages, was to have an eiglnh of all the profits. Although Isabella pnid the whole expense, the contract was signed, also, by her husband. 2. Needle, or pointer, of the mariner's compass. This instrument was fir^t known in Europe, at Ainalfi, about r'O?. The Chinese claim to have possessed a knowledge of it more llifin 1100 years before the biilh of Chiist. The needle was supposed to point toward the nonh star at all times. There is a continual vari- ation from this line, now easily calculated, but unknown until discoveied by Columbus. It peiplexed but did not dismay him. They had seen birds, but they proved to be the petrel, an ocean fowl. Bits of wood and sea-weeds had also been seen. For an explanation of the latter, see Maury's Phy-^icol Geography of the. Sen. 4. Almost all the natives of the torrid zone of America, worshiped the Sun as their chief vi'-ible deity. The great temples of the Sun in Mexico and Peru, were among the most magnificent structures of the Americans, when Europeans came. Questions. — 8. Wilh what sort of a fleet did Columbus leave Spain? Wlion a-id frnm Avhence did he sail? 9. What occurred duiirg the voyage? 10. What gave indications of land? When was it discoveredf 11. Relate the incidents of the landing of Columbus. A CANNES OF THE EXPEDITION. SPANISH VOYAGES ANJJ DISCOVERIES. 31 Columbus aaiong the West India Islands. possession of the beautiful country in the name of Fcrdinan 1 and Isa^ beUa.^ 12. The land first discovered by Columbus was one of the Bahamas, now known as Cat Island. The navigator named it San Salvador (holy Saviour); and believing it to be near the coast of farther India, he called the natives Indians. This name was afterward applied to all the natives of the adjacent continent." 13. After spending some time in becoming acquainted with the island, and natives, and unsuccessfully searching for the gold, and pearls, and spices of Zipangi,"^ he sailed southward, and discovered several other small islands. He finally discovered Cuba and St. Domingo, where he was told of immense gold- bearing regions in the interior. Impressed with the belief that he had dis- covered Ophir of the ancients, he returned to Spain, v/here lie arived in March, 1493. 14. Columbus was received with great honors,^ but considerations of State policy induced the Spanish government to conceal the importance of his dis- covery from other nations. This policy, and the jealousy which the sudden elevation of a foreigner inspired in the Spaniards, deprived him of the honor of having the New World called by his name. Americus Yespucius,^ a Flor- entine, unfairly won the prize. In company with Ojedn, a companion of Co- lumbus during his first voyage, Americus visited the West Indies, and discov- ered and explored the eastern coast of South America, north of the Oronoco, in 1499. He published a glowing account [1504] of the lands he had visited,^ and that being tha first formal announcement to the world of the great discov- ery, and as he claimed to have first set foot upon the Cordinent of the West, it was called America, in honor of the Florentine. 15. Columbus made three other voyages to the West Indies, established settlements, and in August, 1498, he discovered the continent at the mouth of the Oronoco. Tliis, too, he supposed to be an island near the coast of Asia, and he lived and died in ignorance of the real grandeur of his discoveries. During his absence, jealous and unscrupulous men poisoned the minds of the king and queen with false statements concerning the ambitious designs of Columbus, and he was sent back to Spain in chains. Isabella was soon unde- 1. It was a common practice then, as now, for the discoverer of new hinds, to erect some monument and to proclaim the title of his sovereign (o the territories so discovered. The banner of the expedition borne on shore by Columbus, was a white one, with a green cross. Over the initials, F. and Y. (Ferdinand and Ysabella) were golden mural crowns. 2. Verse 2, page 7. ?. Note 5, page 29. 4. Columbus carried back with him several of the natives, and a variety of the animals, birds, and plants of the Nevv World. They excited the greatest astonishment. His journey from Palos to Barcelona, to meet the sovereigns, was like the march of a king. His reception was still more magnificent. The throne of the monarch was placed in a public square, and the great of the kingdom were there to do homage \o the navi- gator. The highest honors were bestowed upon Columbus ; and the sovereigns grante i him a coat of arms beanng royal devices, and the motto, " To Castile and T.eon, Columbus trave a Xew World 5. See portrait at the head of this Chapter. The Italians spell his name Atmriao Vc^ivrrt [Am-e-ree-go *^s-pute-sej. He died while in the service of the king of Spain, in 1514. 6. First in a letter to T.o-enzo de Medici, and then [1.50". ] in a volume dedicated to the Duke of Lorraine. 7 ? publications revealed what the Spai,ish government wished to conceal. Note 5, page 46. In ">s second voyage ['4'):'1, Columbus took with him several horses, a bull, and some cows. These were the first animals taken from Europe to America. Questions.— I \ Where did Columbus first land, and what did he sunnose it to be? 1". mat did Coluni- hus do, soon affer landing? \4. How came Columbus to lose the honor of having his name given to America? Why was it called America? 32 DISCOVERIES. Other voyages by Columbus. The Fountain of Youth. Florida. ceived, and Columbus was allowed to depart on a fourth voyage. When he returned the queen was dead, his enemies were in power, and he who had shed such luster upon the Spanish name, and added a new hemisphere to the Spanish realm, was allowed to sink into the grave in obscurity and neglect. He died at Valladolid on the 20th of May, 1506. His body was buried in a convent, from which it was afterward carried to St. Domingo, and subse- quently to Havana, in Cuba, where it remains. 16. The larger islands of the West India group were soon colonized by the Spaniards ; and the happy natives were speedily reduced to slavery. Bend- ing beneath the weight of Spanish cruelty and wrong, they soon sunk into degradation. The women were compelled to intermarry with their oppres- sors, and from this union came many of the present race of Creoles, who form the numerical strength of Cuba and other West India islands. 17. Tales of gold-bearing regions inflamed the avarice and cupidity of the Spaniards, and exploring voyages from Cuba, St. Do- mingo, and Porto Rico, were undertaken. The eastern coast of Yucatan was discovered in 1506 ; and in 1510, Balboa, with a colony, settled upon the Isthmus of Darien. This was the first colony planted on the Amer- ican continent. Crossing the Isthmus, in search of gold, Balboa^ saw [1513] the Pacific Ocean in a southerly di- rection, from the top of a high mountain, and he called it the South Sea. In full costume, and bearing the Spanish flag, he entered its waters, and took possession of the "seas, lands," etc., ''of the South," in the name of his sovereign. 18. Florida was discovered in 1512 by John Ponce IJALBOA. Leon, an old visionary who had been governor of Porto Rico. He sailed for the Bahamas in search of a fountain supposed to exist there, and whose waters possessed the quality of restoring old age to the bloom of youth, and making the recipient immortal. 19. On Easter Sunday,^ the Pasquas de Flores^ of the Spaniards, Ponce de Leon approached the shores of the great southern peninsula of the United States, and landed [March 27, 1512], near the site of St. Augustine.^ The forests and the green banks were laden with flowers ; and when, soon after landing. Ponce took possession of the country in the name of his sovereign, this fact and the holy day were regarded, and he called the beautiful domain Florida. He continued his searches for the Fountain of Youth all along the 1. The picture gives a correct representation of those armed Spaniards who attempted conquests in the New Woi ld. Balboa's fellow adventurers became jealous of his fame, and on their accusations he was put to death by the governor of Darien, in 1517. 2. The day on which is commemorated the resurrection of Christ. 3. Feast of flowers. .4. Verse 15, page 39. Questions. — 15. Relate the chief incidents of the remainder of his life. Where did he die? Where are hi^ remains ? 16. What befell the natives of the islands discovered by Columbus? 17. What other explor- itions were made? 18. What led to the discovery of Florida? 19. What can you tell of the discovery and naming of Florida? SPANISH VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 33 Discovery of South Carolina. Discovery of Mexico. Cortez. coast of Florida, and among the Tortugas Islands, but without success ; and he returned to Porto Eico an older, if not a wiser man. 20. During Ponce de Leon's absence in Europe, some wealthy owners of plantations and miaes in St. Domingo, sent D'Ayllon, one of their number, with two ships, to seize natives of the Bermudas, and bring them home for laborers. It was an unholy mission. A storm drove the voyagers into St. Helen's Sound, on the coast of South Carolina, and they anchored [1520] at the mouth of the tombahee river. The natives were kind and generous ; and, judging their visitors by their own simple standard of honor, they unsuspect- ingly went upon the ship in crowds, to gratify their curiosity. While below, the hatches were closed, the sails were immediately spread, and those free children of the forest were borne away to work as bond-slaves in the mines of St. Domingo. But the perpetrators of the outrage did not accomplish their designs. One of the vessels was destroyed by a storm ; and almost every prisoner in the other refused to take food, and died. This act ma!exico? 84 DISCOVERIES. Conquest of Mexico. Spanish expeditions in Florida. The Mississippi. allowed to march to Mexico, the capital. By stratagem and boldness, and the aid of native tribes who were hostile to the Mexican dynasty, Cortez^ suc- ceeded, after many bloody contests during almost two years, in subduing the people. The city of Mexico surrendered to him [August 23, 1521], and the vast and populous empire of Montezuma became a Spanish province. 24. Seven years later [1528], Narvaez having been appointed governor of Florida, went from Cuba, with three hundred men,^ to conquer it. Hoping to find a wealthy empire, like Mexico, he penetrated the unknown interior as far as the southern borders of Georgia. Instead of cities filled with treasures, he found villages of huts, and the monarch of the country living in a wigwam.^ Disappointed, and continually annoyed by hostile savages, who had heard of the treachery at the Combaliee,^ he turned southward, and reaching the shores of Apallachee Bay, near St. Marks, he constructed rude boats, and em- barked for Cuba. The commander and most of his followers perished. 25. The misfortunes of Narvaez did not suppress the spirit of adventure, and Florida (the name applied to all North America), was still regarded by the Spaniards as the new Land of Promise. All believed that in the vast in- terior were mines as rich, and people as wealthy, as those of Mexico and Yucatan. Among the most sanguine of these, was De Soto, a brave cavalier who had gained riches and mihtary honors, with Pizarro, in Peru.^ 26. De Soto obtained permission of the Spanish emperor to conquer Florida at his own expense. He was ap- pointed governor of Cuba, and also of Florida, and with ten vessels and six hundred men, all clad in armor, ho sailed for the New World. Leaving his wife to govern Cuba, he proceeded to Florida, landed on the shores of Tampa Bay [June 10, 1539], sent most of his vessels back, and then made his way, among hostile savages, toward the interior of tlie fancied land of gold." In the spring they crossed the Apallachian mountains, and penetrated the beautiful country of the CherokeesJ 27. For several months De Soto and his followers wandered over the hills and valleys of Alabama, in vain searches for treasure, fighting the fierce Mo- hilian tribes,® and becoming diminished in numbers by battle and disease. They passed the winter in the land of the Chickasawsf and in the spring of quainted with many of the useful arts of enlightened nations, and appear to have heen as far advanced i i science, law, religion, and domestic and public organization, as were the Romans at the close of the repub- lie. See note 1, page 331. 1. Born, 1485, in Estramadui-a, Spain. Died in 15"4. He committed manv crimes in Mexico. ?. They took with them about forty horses, the first ever landed upon the soil of the present United States. These all perished by starvation, or "the weapons of the Indians. 3. Verse 7, page 9. 4. Verse 20, page 33. 5. Pizarro was a follower of Balboa. He discovered Pern in 1.524, and conquered it in 15.3?, after much l^'^odshed. He was born in Estramadura, Spain, in 1475. Was murdered at T.imn, in Peru, in 1541. 6. De Soto had a large number of horses. He also landed some swine. These rapidly increased in the forests. They were the first of their species seen in America. 7. Verse 1, page ::o. 8. Sec. VIII., page 22. 9. Verse 6, page 23. QlJESTiONS.— ">4. What can you tell of another Spanish expedition to conquer Florida? 25. What opinion of b lorida did the Spaniards possess? 26. What were the principal incidents of the first year of De Soto's expedition to Florida? ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 35 End of De Soto's expedition. Excitement in Europe. The Cabots. 1541, they discovered and crossed the Mississippi river. Tliere, in the pres- ence of almost twenty thousand Indians, Do Soto erected a cross, made of a huge pine-tree. The ensuing summer and winter were spent in the wilder- ness watered by the Arkansas and its tributaries, and in the spring they re- turned to the Mississippi, where De Soto sickened and- died, after appointing his successor.^ They had marched full three thousand miles. 28. The followers of De Soto were now reduced to half their original num- ber, and, after wandering over the prairies watered by the tributary streams of the Red river for many months, they returned to the Mississippi. In rude boats they reached the Gulf of Mexico ; and in September, half-naked and starved, they arrived at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Panuco, north of Tampico. 29. This was the last attempt of the Spanish cotemporaries of Columbus to explore, or to make settlements within the present territory of the United States, previous to the appearance of the English^ in the same field. They were impelled by no higher motive than the acquisition of gold; and treach- ery and violence were the instruments employed to obtain it. They were not worthy to possess the magnificent country which they coveted only for its supposed wealth in precious metals ; and it was reserved for others who came afterward, with loftier aims, better hearts, and stronger hands, to cultivate the soil, and to establish an empire founded upon truth and justice. . ^^^^9^.^^.,^ SECTIOIST III. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 1. The Spanish court could not conceal the fact that a new world had been discovered^ and over Continental Europe and the British Isles, were spread the most extravagant tales of gold-bearing regions beyond the Atlantic Ocean. Monarchs and wealthy subjects projected new expeditions. Among those whose zeal in the cause of maritime discovery was newly awakened, was Henry the Seventh of England, who had turned a deaf ear to the appeals of Columbus before his great first voyage.* 2. Bristol was then one of the most important maritime towns in England ; and among its adventurous seamen, who had penetrated the polar waters, probably as far as Greenland, was Sebastian Cabot, son of a wealthy mer- chant of Bristol, whose father sought the aid of the king in making a voyage of discovery. Willing to secure a portion of the prize he had lost, Henry readily yielded to the solicitations of Cabot, and gave him and his sons a I. De Soto's followers sunk the body of their leader deep in the Mississippi, so that the Indians should not find it. 2. Verse 21, page 41. 3. Verse 11, page 31. 4. Verse 4, page 28. Questions. — TJ. What happened during the remainder of De Soto's career? 28. What was the resnlt of De Soto's expedition? 20. What were the chief motives of the Spaniards in making discoveries? What design of Providence do we see in their failure? 1. What was the effect of the Spanish discoveries on other portions of Europe? i'. What movement i;i (he direction of discovery took place in England ? '6b DISCOVERIES. Sebastian Cabof s discoveries. His subsequent voyages. Newfoundland dLJiASTlAN CMSOT. commission of discovery [March 16, 1496] similar, in some respects, to that which Cohimbus had received from Ferdinand and Isabella.^ 3 Young Cabot sailed from Bristol in May 1497, with two vessels, freighted by his father and others of that port, and of London. He gteered north-westerly until he encountered im- mense fields of ice, westward of Cape Farewell, when he turned to the south-west, and on the 3d of July [1497] he saw first the rugged coast of Labrador, and then the shores of Newfoundland. He then hastened to England to announce the fact that he had first discovered a great western continent. 4. The following year, young Cabot, although only twenty-one years of age, was placed in command of another expedition, fitted out by his father and some Bristol merchants, for the purpose of dis- covering a north-west passage to India. Ice in the polar seas presented an impassible barrier, and he was compelled to go southward. He explored the coast from the frozen regions of Labrador to the sunny land of the Carolinas. Nineteen years afterward [1517] he navigated the northern waters, as far as the entrance to Hudson's Bay ; and nine years later [1526], while in the serv- ice of the monarch of Spain, ^ he explored the coast of Brazil, and discovered and named the great Rio de la Plata. To the Cabots, father and son, belongs the imperishable honor of first discovering the coast of the United States, through, at least, ten degrees of latitude.'* 5. Cabot perceived the immense numbers and com- mercial importance of the cod fishes in the vicinity of Newfoundland ; and within five or six years after these first voyages, many fishermen went thither from En- gland, Brittany, and Normandy, for those treasures of the deep. Every French vessel that went to America, was on a commercial errand only, until 1523, when Francis the First sent John Yerrazzani, an eminent Florentine navigator, to explore the coasts of the New World. Yerazzani sailed in December, 1523 1. Note 2, pHsre 29. 2. He was made Grand Pilot of England, and published a Map of the World. Born 1477 ; died 1557. 8. Charles Ihe First, who was also Emperor of Germany. 4. King John of Portugal, like Henry of England, had refused to aid Columbus, and lost the great prize. After the return of the navigafov, he felt a desire to fit out an expedition for discoveries in Ihe New World, but the Pope having given to Spain the whole region westward, beyond an imaginary line three hundred leagues west from ihe Azores, he dared rot interfe e with the Spanish mariners. But when the northern voyages of the Cabots became known. King John despatched an expedition in that direction, under Gaspar Cortoreal, toward the close of the year 1500, for the ostensible purpose of seeking a north- west passage to India. Cortoreal coasted along the shores of Labrador several hundred miles, and then freighting his ship with fifiy natives whom he had caught, he returned to Portugal, and sold his living cargo, for slaves. Finding the adventure profitable, he sailed for another cargo, but he was never heard of afterward. Almost sixty years later some Portuguese settled on Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and first introduced cattle and swine there. QuKSTONS.— J^. What discoveries did the Cabots make? 4. What can you tell of the discoveries of Sebas- tian Cabot ? What honor belongs to Italy ? VEEaAZZANI. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 37 Verrazzani's discoveries. Carder's voyages. OAETIEE S SHIP. explore the coasts of the New World. He proceeded due west from the Madeiras [Jan. 27, 1524], and first touched the American Continent [March] near the mouth of the Cape Fear Eiver, in North Carolina. After seeking a good harbor for fifty leagues further south, he sailed northward, and explored the coast from the Carolinas to Newfoundland. He anchored in the bays of Delaware and New York/ the harbor of Newport, and probably that of Boston, and held intercourse with the natives, who were sometimes fi'iendly and sometimes hostile. Verrazzani gave the name of New France to the vast regions within the latitudes of the coast which he had discovered. 6. The French king was too much engrossed and impoverished by war with the Spanish monarch, to pay much attention to the important discoveries of Yerrazzani, or to listen to plans for future expedi- tions. Ten years elapsed before Admiral Chabon induced Francis to encourage another exploring en- terprise, when a plan for making settlements in New France was arranged [1534], and James Cartier, a mariner of St. Malo, was appointed to the com- mand of an expedition. He reached Newfoundland early in June, 1534. After exploring its coasts, he passed through the Straits of Belleisle into the Gulf beyond, planted a cross with the arms of France upon it, on the shore of Graspe inlet, and took possession of the whole country in the name of his king. After discovering the mouth of the great river of Canada, he sailed for France, in time to avoid the Autumn storms on the American coast. 7. Cartier's success was hailed with great joy. He was commissioned for another voyage ; and in May following [1535] he sailed for Newfoundland, accompanied by sev- eral young noblemen of France. They passed the straits of Belleisle and entered the Grulf on the day dedicated to St. Lawrence ; and Cartier gave the name of the martyr to the broad sheet of water over which they were sailing. They passed up tlie river which afterward received the same name, and mooring their ships at Quebec," pro- cee led in a pinnace and boats to HocJielaga^ the capital of the Huron king.^ The natives were everywhere friendly and hospitable. 8. Cartier ascended the mountain in the rear of the Indian town ; and so impressed was he with the glorious view from its summit, that he called it 1. Heckewelder says that Verrazzani landed where the lower extremity of New York city is. 2. Pronounced Ke-bec. Verre 1, page 17. Questions.— 5. What commeroial discovery did yonng Cabot make? What did the French do? What can yon tell of Verrazzani's voyap*^? 6. What cansed a cessation of French eflorts at discovery? What expedition was fitted out in l.'>34? What discoveries were made? 7- What Europeans first ascended the St. Lawrence ? How far did they go ? Ali:jy OF FKANCE. 88 DISCOVERIES. Koberval's expedition. Cartier on the St. Lawrence. French Reformation, Mont-Real (royal mountain), which name the fine city at its base yet retains. They returned to Quebec, passed the severe Winter on board their ships, and in the* Spring sailed for France. Their departure was disgraced by an act of treachery. The hospitable Huron king was decoyed on board one of the vessels, and carried off to France. 9. Four years elapsed before another expedition was planned. At length, Francis de la Roque, better known as lord of Roberval, in Picardy, obtained permission of the king to make further discoveries, and to plant settlements in New France.^ The king gave him the empty title of Viceroy, and Cartier was commissioned for a subordinate command in the expedition. He was ready long before Roberval's extensive preparations were completed, and being unwilling to bow to the new Viceroy's authority, he sailed [June, 1541] some months before his official superior. 10. The broken-hearted Indian monarch had died in France. It was an unfortunate occurrence. The natives received Cartier first with coldness, and then showed open FEENCII NOHLEMAN ' ^ IN 1540. hostility. Feanng the Indians, the French built a fort near Quebec. They passed the Winter without accom- plishing any important achievement, and in June [1542] following, departed for France, just as Roberval arrived at Newfoundland, with two hundred persons. Roberval passed up the St. Lawrence, built two more forts near Quebec, endured a Winter of great distress, and abandoning the idea of set- tlement, returned to France in the Spring of 1543. Six years afterward, he again sailed for the St. Lawrence, and was never heard of again. 11. Now was the era of the Reformation in France.^ The doctrines and the teachings of Calvin and others, in opposition to the faith and practice of the Roman Catholic Church had already arrayed great masses of the people in violent hostility to each other. The religious war was an absorbing idea, and for fifty years the French government made no further attempts at dis- covery or colonization. But private enterprise sought to plant a French set- tlement in the land discovered by D'Ayllon.^ 12. The Huguenots, or French Protestants, had a powerful fi:-iend in Jasper Coligny, admiral of France, but a weak protector in the reigning monarch, Charles the Ninth. The fires of persecution were continually burning, and Coligny conceived the noble idea of providing a place of refuge for his Prot- estant brethren, beyond the Atlantic. The king granted him a commission for that purpose, and early in 1562 [Feb. 28], a squadron, under John Ribault, sailed for America. 1. Verse 5, page 36, 2. Note 14, page 48. 3. Verse 21, page 33. Questions. — 8. What is the origin of the town and name of Montreal ? What were the incidents of Car- tier's stay at Quebec ? 9. What other expedi'ion went to the St. Lawrence? 10. What do you know of the French in Canada in 1.542 and 154 ? II. Why did the French cease making voyages of discovery? 12. What French settlement was attempted in America in 1552, and by whom? ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 89 The Huguenots in Florida. Preparations to expel them. 13. The little Huguenot fleet touched first near the harbor of St. Augustine, in Florida.^ Sailing northward, they saw the mouth of the beautiful St. John's river [May, 1562], and, it being the fifth month of the year, they named it May. Making their way along the coast, they disco vered'Port Royal entrance, were charmed with the beauty of the scene, chose the spot for their future home, and built a small fort, which they named Carolina, in honor of the king. Leaving a garrison to defend it, Ribault went back to France with the ships, for reinforcements. Bitter disappointment ensued. Civil war was raging in France, and Coligny was almost powerless. The reinforcements were not supplied, and the little garrison, in despair, built a frail vessel, und, with insufficient stores, embarked for France. Tempests assailed them, and famine was menacing them with death, when they were picked up by an English bark. Thus perished the first seeds of religious freedom which the storms of persecution bore to the New World. 14. Coligny was not discouraged ; and, during a lull in the tempest of civil commotion, another expedition was sent to America, under the command of Laudonniere, who had accompanied Ribault on his first voyage. They arrived in July [1564], pitched their tents on the banks of St. John's, and built another Fort Cai olina. There were elements of dissolution among these emigrants. Many were idle, vicious, and improvident; and provisions soon became scarce. Under pretext of returning to France, to escape famine, quite a large party sailed [December] in one of the vessels. They turned pirates, and depredated extensively upon Spanish property in the West Indies. The remainder be- came discontentefl, and were about to embark for France, when Ribault arrived with emigrants and supplies, and took command.^ 15. When the Spanish monarch heard of the settlement of the French Protestants within his claimed territory, and of the piracies of some of the party, he adopted measures for their expulsion and punishment. Pedro Melendez, a brave but cruel military chief, was appointed governor of Florida, on condition that he should expel the Frenchmen from the soil, conquer the natives, and plant a colony there. He came with a strong armed force, landed in a fine harbor on the coast of Florida, laid the foundations of St. Augustine [Sept. 17th, 1565], and proclaimed the king of Spain to be mon- arch of all North America. 16. On hearing of the arrival of the Spaniards, a large party of the French proceeded to attack them. A tempest wrecked every vessel ; and most of the survivors, who fell into the hands of the Spaniards, were put to death. In the mean while, Melendez made his way through the swamps and forests to the defenseless French settlement, where he massacred about nine hundred 1. Verse 15, page E9. 2, James LeMoyne, a skillful painter, was sent with this expedition, wilh ins-mctions to make colored drawings of every object worthy of preservation. His illustrations of the costume and customs of the natives are very interesting, because authentic. Questions. — Can yon relate the principal events connected with the attempt to make a Huguenot set- tlement in America? 14. What was the character and conduct of the people of a second expedition to plant a settlement ? 15. What expedition was fitted out against the French Protestants in Florida ? 16. What was the fate of the French settlers ? 40 DISCOVERIES. De Grourges's foray upon the Spaniards. English navigators. The Carolina region. men, women, and children, and over their dead bodies placed an inscription, avowing that he slew them, not " because they were Frenchmen, but Luther- ans."^ Upon that field of blood he erected a cross, and laid the foundation of a church to commemorate the deed. 17. The feeble Charles of France took no steps to avenge this outrage. But one of his subjects, a fiery soldier of Gascony, named De Gourges, in- flicted retribution. He hated the Spaniards, and fitting out three ships at his own expense, he sailed for Florida with one hundred and fifty men. He at- tacked the Spaniards, made Iwo hundred prisoners, and, hanging his captives upon the trees almost upon the spot where his countrymen had been mur- dered, he placed over them the inscription — I do not this' as unto Spaniards or mariners, but unto traitors, robbers, and murderers." Too weak to brave the vengeance of Melendez, who was at St. Augustine, De Gourges im- mediately left the coast, and returned to France. The natives were delighted «it seeing their common enemies thus destroying each other. The Spaniards, however, held possession, and a Spanish settlement was ever afterward main- tained at St. Augustine, except during a few years. 18. Although the English seem not to have wholly relinquished the idea of planting settlements in America, it was not until almost eighty years after the discovery of the continent by Cabot," that healthy efforts to found col- onies in the New World, were made by them. Frobisher^ (an eminent nav- igator) and others had explored the north-western coast of North America, to the dreary region north of Hudson's Bay,* in search of precious metals and a north-west passage to India, ^ but without beneficial results. Newfound- land was visited every year by numerous English and French fishing vessels, and the neighboring continent was frequently touched by the hardy mariners. Yet no feasible plans for colonization were matured. 19. When the public mind of England was turned from the cold regions of Labrador and the fancied mineral wealth in its rugged mountains, to the milder South, and the more solid benefits to be derived from plantations than mineSj a new and brilUant era in the history of civihzation began. This change was produced incidentally by the Huguenot adventurers. ° The rem- nant of Coligny's first colony, who were picked up at sea and sent to En- gland, informed the queen of the glory of the climate and the fertility of the soil, of Carolina. When De .Gourges returned from his foray upon the Spaniards, Walter Ealeigh, then a young man of much promise, was learn- ing the art of war with Coligny, in France, and he communicated to his friends in England that Chevalier's account of Florida, which was yet a wil- 1. The Protestants were often called by the general name of Lutherans, because the later Reformation was commenced by the bold opposition of Martin Luther to the alleged corrupt practices of the Romish Church. Note 14, page 48. 2. Verse 3, page 36. 3. Born in Yorkshire, England ; was trained in the navigator's art, and died of wounds received in a naval battle in 1594. 4. Note 7, page 45. 5. Note 4, page 36. 6. Verse 13, page C9. Questions.— 17. How did the French retaliate the cruelty of the Spaniards? 18. Where and how did the I^nglish attempt settlements in America? 1. What events led to thvi efforts of England to plant settlements in the middle regions of America? ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 41 Scheme of Gilbert and Raleigh. Roanoke. Virginia named. derness free for the sons of toil. The Protestant^ feehng of England was strongly stuTed by the cruelties of Melendez, and soon many minds were employed in planning schemes for the colonizing of the pleasant middle regions of North America. . 20. The first healthy plan for settlement was proposed by the learned Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a step-brother of Walter Raleigh. In June, 1578, he ob- tained a liberal patent from the queen. Ealeigli gave him the aid of his hand and fortune ; and early in 1579, Gilbert sailed for America, with a small squadron, accompanied by his step-brother. Heavy storms and Spanish war-vessels compelled them to return, and the scheme was abandoned for a time. Four years afterward [1583] Gilbert sailed with another squadron; and after a series of disasters, he reached the harbor of St. J ohn's, in Nevv^- foundland. There he set up a pillar with the English arms upon it,^ proclaimed the sovereignty of his queen, and then proceeded to explore the coast south- ward. After being terribly beaten by tempests off the shores of Nova Scotia and Maine, and losing his largest ship, he turned his vessel toward England. At midnight, during a gale, his own little bark went down, with all on board [Sept.], and only one vessel of the expedition returned to En- gland to relate the dreadful narrative. 21. Raleigh now obtained a patent for himself [April 158^] Vv^hich made him lord proprietor of all lands that might be discovered by him in America, between the Santee and Delaware rivers. He despatched Philip Amid as and Arthur Barlow, with two well-furnished ships, to explore the American coast. They approached the shores of Caro- lina^ in July, and landing upon the islands of Wocoken and Roanoke, in Pamlico and Al- bemarle Sounds, they took possession of the country in the name of Elizabeth. They re- mained a few weeks, exploring the Sounds and trafficking with the natives, and then returned to England with two sons of the forest.'' The glowing accounts of the newly discovered country filled Raleigh's^ heart with joy ; and the queen truly declared the event to be one of the most glorious of her reign. In memorial of her unmarried state, she gave the name of Virginia to the enchanting region. 22. Raleigh now indulged in brilliant dreams of wealth and power to be derived from the New World, and he made immediate preparations for 1. Note 14, p. 48. 2. Note 1, p. 31. 3. The P^ench Protestants had given the name of Carolina to the region where they attempted settlement, and it haa ever since retained it. See verse 13, page ,- 9. 4. Manteo and Wanrhefe, natives of the adjacent continent : probably of the Uatteras tribe. 5. Born in Devonshire, England, 1552. lie wrote a History of the World while in prison under a false charge of high treason, for which he was beheaded in London, October 29th, 1628. Questions.— 20. What can you tell of thVexpedition under Sir Humphrey Gilbert? 21. What expe- ditions did Sir Walter Raleigh fit out ? What was the result? 42 DISCOVERIES. The English and Indians on Roanoke. Destruction of adventurers. planting settlements on his trans- Atlantic do- mains. He despatched a fleet of seven vessels [April 19, 1585], under the command of Su' liichard Grenville. They narrowly escaped de- struction on the Carolina coast [June], and in consequence Grenville named the point where their peril was greatest, Cape Fear. They landed upon the Island of Roanoke, in Albemarle Sound, and there prepared for a permanent residence. 23. Instead of looking to the fruition of seed- time for true riches, the English turned from the wealthy soil upon which they stood, and went upon vain searches for gold in the forests of the adjoining continent. They treated the kind natives w^ith harshness, and made them their enemies ; and schemes for the destruction of the white intruders were speedily planned. As soon as Grenville departed with the ships, for England, the natives withheld supplies of food, drew the English into perilous positions by tales of gold-bearing shores along the Roanoke river, and finally reduced the colony to the vei'ge of ruin. At that moment, Sir Francis Drake arrived from the West Indies, with his fleet, and afforded them reUef But they were anxious to leave the country, and were all conveyed to England by Drake in June, 158G. A few days after their departure, a well-furnished vessel, sent by Raleigh, arrived ; and a fortnight later, Grenville entered the inlet with three ships well-provisioned. After searching for the departed colony, Grenville sailed for England, leaving fifteen men upon Roanoke. 24. Raleigh now adopted a wiser policy, and instead of sending out mere fortune hunters,^ he collected a band of agriculturists and artizans, with their families, and despatched them [April 26, 1587] to found an industrial State in Virginia. He gave them a charter; and John White, who accompanied them, was appointed governor of the colony. They reached Roanoke in July. There all was desolation. The bones of the fifteen men left by Gren- ville lay bleaching on the ground. Their huts were in ruins, and wild deer w^ere feeding in their little gardens. They had been murdered by the Indians. 25. Manteo,^ who returned in 1585, did not share in the Indian hatred of the white people, and like Massasoit of New England,^ he remained their friend. By command of Raleigh he received Christian baptism, and was in- vested, by White, with the title of Lord of Roanohe^ the first and last peerage created in America. Yet Manteo could not avert nor control the storm that lowered among the Indian tribes, and menaced the English with destruction. The colonists perceived that fearful perils were gathering, and White hastened . 1. Verse l'^^ page 52. 2. Note 4, page 41. 3. Verse 2, page 90. Questions.— 2". What other efforts did Raleigh make ? 2.'?. What ought the English to have sought instead of gold ? What befell the English on the island of Roanoke? How were they saved? Who came with relief? 24. What new scheme did Raleigh undertake? What did the new adventurers find on RonnoVef 25. What can you relate of an Indian Sachem? What interesting event occurred in Viginia at thai time? EKGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 43 Virginia Dare. Abandonment of America. New expeditions. to England toward the close of the year for reinforcements and provisions, leaving behind him his daughter, Eleanor Dare (wife of one of his lieutenants), who had just given birth to a child [August 18, 1587], whom they named Virginia. Virginia Dare was the first offspring of English parents born within the territory of the United States.' 26. When White reached England, the great Spanish Armada^ was pre-* paring for an invasion of Great Bi itain ; and Raleigh, Grrenville, and othersf, were deeply engaged in pubhc affairs. It was not until the following May [1580], that Wliite departed, with two ships, for Virginia. According to custom, he went by the way of the West Indies, and depredated upon Spanish property found afloat. He was beaten in an engagement, lost one of his vessels, and was obliged to return to En- gland. It was not until 1590 that White was allowed to go to Roanoke in search of his daughter and the colony he had left. Both had then disappeared. Roanoke was a desolation; and, though Raleigh, who had abandoned all thoughts of colonization, had five times sent manners, good and true, to search for the emigrants, they were never found.^ Eighty years later, the Corees^ told the En- glish settlers upon the Cape Fear river, that their lost English gentleman, kindred had been adopted by the once powerful Uatteras '^"^^^* triljil,^ and became amalgamated with the children of the wilderaess. The English made no further attempts at colonization at that time ; and so, a cen- tury after Columbus sailed for America, there was no European settlement upon the Korth American continent. Drake had broken up the military post at St. Augustine [1585], and the Red Men° were again sole masters of , the vast domain. 27. Twelve years after the failure of Raleigh's colonization efforts, his friend, Gosnold, sailed in a small bark [March 26, 1G02] directly across the Atlantic for the American coast. After a voyage of seven weeks, he dis- covered the continent near Nahant [May 14, 1602], and sailing southward, he landed upon a sandy point which he named Cape Cod, on account of the great number of those fishes in that vicinity. Continuing southward, he dis- covered Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the group known as Elizabeth 1. Note 2, page 63. 2. This was .1 {rreat naval armament, fitted out by Spain, for the invasion of England in the summer cf 1"88. It consisted of 150 ships, 2,050 great guns, and 30,tKJ0 soldiers and sailors. It was defeated f July 2l] by Admirals Drake and Howard. 3. While Raleigh was making these fruitless searches, the Marquis de la Roche, a wealthy French noble- man, attempted to plant a French colony in America. He was commissioned by the King of France for the purpose, and in 1598 sailed for America with a colony, chiefly drawn from the prisons of Paris. Upon the almost desert island of Sable, near the coast of Nova Scotia, La Roche left forty men, while he returned to Fiance for supplies. He died soon afterward, and for seven years the poor emigrants were neglected. When a vessel was finally sent for them, only twelve survived. They were taken to France, their crimes were pardoned by the king, and their immediate wants were supplied. 4. Verse 11, page 15. 5. Note 10, page 15. G. Verse 1, page 7. Questions — 26. What probably become of White's colony? What was the condition of America in re. gard to settlements a century after the voyage of Columbus? 27. What v.crc the chief iucide-i.s cf au expedition under Gosnold? 44 DISCOVERIES. Explorations of the coast of Maine. De Monts's expedition Islands. Upon one of them, which he named Elizabeth, in honor of his sovereign, Gosnold and his company prepared to found a settlement. Upon an islet, in a tiny lake, they built a fort and store-house.^ Becoming alarmed at the menaces of the Indians and the want of supplies, they freighted their vessel with sassafras roots, and returned to England in June, 1602. 28. The glowing accounts of the country which Grosnold gave, awakened the enterprise of some Bristol merchants,'^ and the following year [1603] they fitted out two vessels for the purposes of exploration and traffic with the natives. The command was given to Captain Bring, who discovered the shores of Maine, near the mouth of the Benobscot [June], and coasting west- ward, entered and cxplorcMl several of the larger rivers of that State. He sailed along the coast to Martha's Vineyard,^ trading with the natives ; and from that island ho returned to England, after an absence of only six months. Bring made another voyage to Maine in 1606, and more thoroughly explored the country. Maine was also visited in 1605, by Captain Weymouth, who had explored the coast of Labrador in search of a north-west passage to India."* He took formal possession of the country in the name of King James, lie decoyed five natives on board his vessel, and then sailed for England. Thes{3 excited much curiosity; and the narratives of other mariners of the West of England, who visited these regions at about the same time, gave a new stimulus to colonizing efibrts. 29. In 1603, De Monts, a wealthy French Huguenot,^ obtained a commis- sion of vice-royalty over six degrees of latitude in New France,® extenrjing from Cape May to Quebec. He prepared an expedition for settlement, and arrived at Nova Scotia,''' with two vessels, in May, 1604.® He passed the Summer there, trafficking with the natives ; and in the Autumn he crossed over to the mouth of the St. Croix (the eastern boundary of Maine), and erected a fort there. He had left a few settlers at Bort Royal (now Annapo- lis) under Boutrincourt. These De Monts joined the following Spring [1605], and organized a permanent colony. He named the place Bort Royal ; and the territory now included in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent Islands, he called Acadie.^ 30. In 1608, De Monts obtained a grant of the monopoly of the fur-trade upon the St. Lawrence, for one year, and a new commission to plant a colony elsewhere in New France. The new expedition was placed un.ler the com- mand of Samuel Champlain, and on the 3d of June, 1608, he arrived, with 1. Dr. Belknap discovered the cellar of this store-house in 17S7. 2. Verse 2, page 35. 3. Properly Martinis Vineyard. 4. Note 1, page 340. 5. Verse 12, page 38. 6. Verse 5, page 36. ' 7. Note 3, page 64. 8. De Monts first brought swine, and other domestic animals, into this portion of America. Some were also taken from there to French settlements planted in Canada a few years later. The company of whirh he was chief, fitted out four vessels. De Monts commanded the two here named, assisted by Champlain and Poutrincourt. 9. In 1G13, Samuel Argall made a piratical visit to these coasts, under the direction of the governor of the Virginia colony. He destroyed the remnant of De Monts' settlement at St. Croix, broke up the peace- ful colony at Port Royal, and plundered the people of every thing of value. Questions. — 28. What were the effects of Gosnold's voyage ? Relate the incidents of Pring's voyage. Who visited the coast of Maine in 1605? What effects followed ? 19. What were the principal incidents of the expedition of Dc Monts ? ENGLISH AND FEENCH DISCOVERIES. 45 Settlement of Quebec. Hudson's exploring voyages. two vessels, at the mouth of the Saguenay, on the St. Lawrence. They ascended the great river, and on the site of Quebec, near where Cartier built his fort ahnost seventy years before,* they planted the first permanent French settlement in the New World. The following Summer, Champlain ascended the Richelieu or Sorel river, with a war party of Indians, and discovered the beautiful lake which bears his name, in the north-eastern part of the State of New York.'^ 31. While the French were exploring, and making efforts at settlement in the direction of the St. Lawrence, the English were not idle. Several private enterprises were in progress, among the most important of which was that of a company of London Merchants who sent Henry Hudson, an intimate friend of Captain Smith,^ to search for a supposed north- eastern ocean passage to India. He made two unsuccessful voyages to the regions of polar ice [1607-8], and the attempt was abandoned. Anx- ious to win the honor of first reaching India by the northern seas, Hudson 'applied to the Dutch East India Company'' for aid. The Amsterdam directors afforded it, and on the 4th of April, 1609, Hudson departed from Amsterdam, in command of the Rolf-Moon^ a yacht of eighty tons. He sought a north-eastern passage, but the ice was impassable. Turning his prow, he steered across the Atlantic, and first touching the continent on the shores of Penobscot Bay, he arrived in sight of the Capes of Virginia in August, 1609. 32. Proceeding northward, Hudson entered the mouths of several large rivers, and finally passed the Narrows^ and anchored in New York Bay. He proceeded almost sixty leagues up the river that bears his name, and took possession of the country in the name of the States Gleneral of Hol- land.® He returned to Europe' in November 1609, THE HALF-MOON. ^nd lils Tcport of the goodly land he had discovered 1. Verse 10, page 38. , /. m- j t+ e. 2. ChamDlain penetrate^! southward as far as Crown Point ; perhaps south of Ticonderoga. It was at about the same time that Hudson went up the river that bears his name, as far as Watei lord ; so mat tnese eminent navigators, exploring at different points, came very near meeting in the wilderness. 5mx jeais afterward. Champlain discovered I.ake Huron, and there he joined some Huron Indians in an expecimon against one of the Five Nations in Western New Yoik. They had a severe battle in the reighborhoocl or the present village of Canandaigua. Champlain died in 16' 4. 3. v erse 11, page5i). _ 4. Dutch mariners, following the track of the Portuguese, opened a successful traffic with hastern Ana, about the vear 1.594. The various Dutch adventurers in the India trade, were united m one corporate bofiy in 1602, with a capital of over a million of dollars, to whom was given the exclusive privilege ot trading in the seas east of the Cape of Good Hope. This was the Dutch East India Company. 6. Entrance to New York Bav between Long and Staten Islands. 6. This was the title of the Government of Holland, answering, in a degree, to our Congress. . T.Hudson, while on another voyage in search of a north-west passage, discovered the great bay m me Questions.— 30. What did De Monts aflerward do? What did Champlain achieve? 31. What were the English doing at this time? For what was Henry Hudson employed? What brought him to America f 32- What were the results of Hudsou's voyage to America ? 46 DISCOVERIES. Results of explorations. Reflections concerning the explorers. set ill motion those commercial measures which resulted in the founding of a Dutch empire in the New World. ^ 33. Now commenced the epoch of settlements. The whole Atlantic coast of North America had been thoroughly or partially explored, the general character and resources of the soil had become known^ and henceforth the leading commercial nations of Western Europe — England, France, Spain and Holland — regarded the transatlantic continent, not as merely a rich garden without a wall, where depredators from every shore might come, and, with- out hinderance, bear away its choicest fruit, but as a land where the perma- nent foundations of vast colonial empires might bo laid, from which parent states would receive almost unlimited tribute to national wealth and nationd glory. When we contemplate these voyages across the stormy Atlantic and con- sider the limited geographical knowledge of the navigators, the frailty of their vessels^ and equipments, the vast labors and constant privations endured by them, and the dangers to which they wei-e continually exposed, we can not but feel the highest respect and reverence for all who were thus engaged in opening the treasures of the New World to the advancing nations of Europe. Although acquisitiveness, or the desire for worldly possessions, was the chief incentive to action, and gave strength to resolution, yet it could not inspire courage to encounter the great dangers of the deep and the wilderness, nor fill the heart with faith in prophecies of success. These sentiments must have been innate ; and those who braved the multitude of perils were men of true courage, and their faith came from the teachings of the science of their day. History and Song, Painting and Sculpture, have all commemorated their deeds. If Alexander the G-reat was thought worthy of having the granite body of Mount Athos hewn into a colossal image of himself,^ might not Europe and America appropriately join in the labor of fashioning some lofty summit of the Alleghanies^ into a huge monument to the memory of the Navigators who lifted the vail of forge tfulness from the face of the New World ?^ northern regions, which bears his name. He was there frozen in the ice during the winter of 1610-11. While endeavoring to make his way homeward in the Spring, his crew became mutinous. They finally seized Hudson, bound his arms, and placing him and his son, and seven sick companions, in an open boat, set them adrift upon the cold waters. They were never heard of afterward. 1. Verse 6, page 57- 2. The first ships were generally of less than one hundred tons' burden. Two of the vessels of Columbus were without decks; and the one in which Frobisher sailed was of only twenty-five tons' burden. 3. Dinocrates, a celebrated architect, offered to cut Mount Athos into a statue of Alexander the Great so large that it might hold a city in its right hand, and in its left a basin of sufficient capacity to hold all the waters that poured from the mountain, 4. Note 7, page 14. 5. Verse 4, paga !?. There has been much discussion concerning the claims of certain navigators io the honor of first discovering the continent of America. A Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, illustrated by docu- ments from the Rolls, published in London in 1832, appears to prove conclusively that he, and not h.s father, was the navigator who discovered North America. A little work entitled Refearche^ renpectiug Americufi Ve.^pi/cius; and his Vot/ageft, prepared by Viscount Santarem, ex-prime minister of Portugal, casts just doubts upon the statements of Vespucius, concerning his command on a voyage of discovery when, he claims, he discovered South America [ver-e. IJ, page M] in 1499. He was doubtless an otficer nnder Ojeda : and it is quite certain that he got possession of the narratives of Ojeda and published them as iiis own. The most accessible works on American Discoveries, are Irving' s X?ye of Columhmt ; Prescott's Ferdinand and Is:abella ; liives of Cabot and Hudson, in Spark's American Biography, and History of the United States by Bancroft and Hildreth. Questions. — ''S. What epoch in the History of the New World now commenced ? How was America regarded? What was the character of the first voyagers to America, and their ships? What reverence is due to them ? SECTION 1. 1. The act of forming a settle- ment is not equivalent to the es- tablishment of a colony or the founding of a state. It is the initiatory step toward such an end, and may, or may not exhibit per- manent results. A colony be- comes such only when settlements assume permanency, and organic laws, subservient to those of a parent gov- ernment, are framed for the guidance of the people. It seems proper, there- fore, to consider the era of settlements as distinct from that of colonial organi- zation. 2. The period of settlements within the bounds of the thirteen original colonies which formed the Confederacy in the War for Independence,^ extends from 1607 to 1733. For fifty years previous to the debarkation [1607] at James- town,^ fishing stations had been established at various points on the Atlantic coast ; and at St. Augustine,^ the Spaniards had kept a sort of military post alive. 1. Chap, v., Sec. II. Questions.— 1. What constitutes a colony 3. Verse 15, page 39. . What is the period of settlements in the United States f 2. Verse 10, page 50. SETTLEMENTS. Settlements of the colonies. Great changes in Europe. The reformation. Yet the time of the appearance of the Enghsh in the James river, is the true point from which to date the inception or beginning of our great confederacy of free States. 3. Twelve years [1607 to 1619] were spent by English adventurers in efforts to plant a permanent settlement in Virginia.^ For seventeen years [1609 to 1623] Dutch traders were trafficking on the Hudson river, before a permanent settlement was estabUshed in New York.- Fourteen years [1606 to 1620] were necessary to effect a permanent settlement in Massachusetts;^ and for nine years [1620 to 1631] adventurers struggled for a foot-hold in New Hampshire.^ The Roman Catholics were only one year [1634-5] in laying the foundation of the Maryland colony. s Seven years [1632 to 1639] were em- ployed in effecting permanent settlements in Connecticut;^ eight years [1636 to 1643] in organizing colonial government in Rhode Island ;' and about fifty years [1631 to 1682] elapsed from the landing of the Swedes on South liver,® before Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (whose several histories of settlements are interwoven), presented colonial features.^ Almost sixty years [1622 to 1680] passed by before the first settlements in the Carolinas became fully-developed colonies;^" but Georgia, the youngest of the thirteen States, had the foundations of its colonial government laid when Oglethorpe, with the first company of settlers, began to build Savannah in the winter of 1733.^^ The first permanent settlement within the bounds of the original colonies was in Virginia. [1607-1019.] 4. Before the lapse of a century after the discoveries of Columbus [1492]," a great social and political revolution had been effected in Europe. Commerce, hitherto confined to inland seas and along the coasts, was sending its ships across oceans. The art of printing had begun its wonderful work;^^ and, through its instrumentality, intelligence had been generally diffused. Mind thus acting upon mind in vastly multiplied opportunities, had awakened a great moral and intellectual power, whose presence and strength had not been suspected. The Protestant Reformation^'' had weakened the bonds of spir- itual dominion, and allowed the moral faculties fuller play ; and the shadows of feudal institutions,'^ so chilling to individual effort, were rapidly disajDpear- ing before the rising sun of the new era in the history of the world. 1. Verse ?0, page 57 Verse 6, page 57- 3. Verse 1?, page 63. 4. Verse ?, page ^4. 5. Verse 6, page 66. 6. Verse \\ page 70. 7. Verse 7, page 72. 8. \^ei se 4, psge 73. 9. Verse 13, page 76. 10. Verse 6, page 78. 11. Verse 5, page < 9. 1?. Chap. II. Sec. II. 13. About the year 14:0. Rude printing from engraved blocks was done before that time ; but when Peter Schoeffer cast the first metal types, each letter separately, at about l^fO, the art of printing truly had bii th. John Faust established a printing office at Mentz, in 1442. John Guttenburg invented cut metal types, and used them in printing a B ble which was commenced in 1445, and finished in l-i60. The names of these three men are usually associated as the inventors of printing. _ 11 Commenced by WickliiTe in England, in 1360 ; by Huss in Bohemia, in 1 05 ; by Luther m Germany, in 1517. From this period until 15(^2, the movement was general throughout Europe. It wn.s an effort to purge the ChristianChurch of alleged impurities, by reforming its doctrine and ritual. The Refoimeis pro- tested against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church, and the title of the movement was, therefore, the Protestant Reformation. The name of Protestants was first given to Luther and othc s, in 15^9. 1". The nature of feudal laws may be illustrated by a single example : William, the Noiman Conqueror Questions —3. Can you name the time of settlement of each of the thirteen original colonies? 4. What causes had produced a revolution in society in Europe, during a century succeeding the discoveries of Co- VIKGINIA. 49 Growth of toleration. Men ready for adventures. Division of Virginia. 5. Freedom of thought and action expanded the area of ideas, and gave birth to those tolerant principles which lead to brotherhood of feeling. The new impulse developed nobler motives for human action than the acquisition of wealth and power, and these soon engendered healthy schemes for found- ing industrial empires in the New World. Aspirations for civil freedom, awakened by greater religious liberty, had begun the work, especially in En- ^ gland, where the Protestants were already divided into two distinct parties, called, respectively. Churchmen and Puritans. The former supported the throne and all monarchical ideas; the latter were more republican; and from their pulpits went forth doctrines inimical to kingly power. These religious differences had begun to form a basis of political parties, and finally became prime elements of colonization. 6. A long contest between England and France ceased in 1604. Soldiers, an active, restless class in England, were deprived of employment, and would soon become dangerous to the public peace. While population and general prosperity had greatly increased, there was another large class, who, by idle- ness and dissipation, had squandered fortunes, and had become desperate men. The soldiers needed employment, either in their own art or in equally excit- ing adventures ; and the impoverished spendthrifts were ready for any thing which promised gain. Such were the men who stood ready to brave ocean perils and the greater dangers of the Western World, when others of enlightened minds devised new schemes for colonization. The weak and timid James the First, ^ who desired and maintained peace with other nations during his reign, was glad to perceive a new field for restless and adventurous men to go to, and he readily granted a liberal patent [April 20, 1606] to the first company formed after his accession to the throne, for planting settlements in Yirginia. 7. The English claimed dominion over a belt of territory extending from Cape Fear, in North Carolina, to Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and indefinitely westward. This was divided into two districts. One extended from the vicinity of New York city northward to the present southern boundary of Can- ada, including the whole of New England, and westward of it, and was called North Virginia. This territory was granted to an association in the west of England, called the Plymouth Company.'^ The other district extended from the mouth of the Potomac southward to Cape Fear, and was called South of England, divided the land of that country into parts, called baronies, and gave them to certain of his fa- voiites, who became masters of the conquered people on their respective estates. For these gifts, and cer- tain privileges, tlie baront, or masters, were to furnish the king with a stipulated amount of money, and a stated number of men for soldiers, when required. The people had no voice in this matter, nor in any pub- lic affairs, and were made essentially slaves to the barons. Out of this state of things originated the exclu- sive privileges yet enjoyed by the nobility of T]urope. Except in Russia, the people have been emancipated i"^tV*^'^ vf'-ssalage, and the an^-ient fornis of feudal power have disappeared. Ir He was the sixth James of Scotland, of the house of Stnart, and son of Mary, Queen of Scotland, by Lord Darnley. The crowns of England and Scotland were united by his accession to the throne of the for- mer kmgdom, in ^Tarch, F.it.S 2. The chief members of the companv were Thomas Hanhfim, Sir John and Rnleigh Gilbert Tsons of Sir Humphrey Gilbert), William Parker, George Popham, Sir John Popham (Lord Chief Justice of England), and Sir Fernando (Jorges, Governor of Plymouth Fort. Questions. — 5. What causes produced a religious and political revolution in England favorable to coloni- zation? T). What classes in p]ngland needed exciting emploj'ment '? Who encouraged emigration to Amer- ica? What made Kine: James favorable to emigration ? 7- What territory in America did the English claim? How was it divided? and what were the boundaries? 3 50 SETTLEMENTS. London and Plymouth cornpanics. First emigration to Virginia. Jamestown. Virginia. This was granted to a company, chiefly residents of London, called the London Company.^ The intermediate domain of almost two hundred miles, was a dividing line, so broad that disputes about territory could not occur, as neither company was allowed to make settlements more than fifty miles beyond its own boundary. 8. The political character of this charter was unfavorable to the best inter- ests of all. The king reserved to himself the right of appointing all officers, and of exercising all executive and legislative power. The colonists were to pay homage to the sovereign, and a tribute of one fifth of the net products of gold and silver found in Virginia ; yet they possessed no rights of self-govern- ment. They were to be governed by a council of seven appointed by the king, who were allowed to choose a president from among themselves. There was also a Supreme Council in England, appointed by the king, who had the general supervision of the colonies, under the direction of th() monarch. That charter proved totally inadequate as a constitution of government for a free people. 9. The Plymouth Company made the first attempt at settlement, and failed.^ The London Company sent Captain Christopher Newport with three vessels, and one hundred and five emigrants [Dec. 1G06], to make a settlement upon Eoanoke Island.^ Among them was Bartholomew Gosnold,* the projector of the expedition. They presented very poor materials for a colony. There was no family among them, and only twelve laborers and a few mechanics." The remainder were " gentlemen,"^ many of whom were vicious, dissolute men, totally unfit for such an entei'prise, and quite unworthy to be actors in the glorious events anticipated by Grosnold and his enhghtened associates at home. 10. Newport did not arrive upon the American coast until April, 1607, when a storm drove his vessels into Chesapeake Bay, where he found a good har- bor. He named the capes at the entrance Charles and Henry ^ in honor of the king's sons. The noble river which he soon afterward entered he called James. Sailing up the broad stream about fifty miles, the immigrants landed upon a beautifiiUy shaded peninsula,® where they chose a site for the capital of the new empire, and called it Jamestown. 11. Disputes had arisen during the long voyage. As the silly king had placed the names of the colonial council in a sealed box, with instructions not to open it until their arrival in Virginia, there was no competent authority on 1. The chief members of the company were Sir Thomas (xales, Sir George Some s, Richard Hakhiyt (the histoiian), and Edward Maria Wingfield, who was Ihe first p-overnor of Virginia. ?. Verse 1, page 5?._ ?. Verse 21, pace 41. ^. Verse 1", page 51. 5. This name was given to wealthy men who we^e not en5raireil in any industrial pursuit, a"d often spent their lives in i'^lleness and dissipation ; a class which, in our day and country, number, happily, very few. Labor is worthily honored as more noble than idleness. 6. This m-iy be called an island, for ihe marsh which connects it with the mainland is often overflowed. The currents of the river have washed away large portions of the original island. QUKSTIONS. — ^. What was the polKical character of the fiv^t charter grflnted for forming settlements in jAmerica? 0. Whom did the London Oomr)aT^v spud to make settlements in >Tnp<;fn? What was (ho character of the settlers? 10. Who commauded the expeiition? and what occurred when they arrived on the American coast ? VIRGINIA. 61 Captain John Smith. Powhatan. Sufferings of the settlers. board to restore harmony. Captain Smith, ^ who was the most able man among them, excited the envy of his companions ; and being charged with a design to murder the council, usurp government, and proclaim himself king, he was placed in confinement. On opening the sealed box, it was discovered that Smith was one of the council. Then he demanded a trial upon the ab- surd charges. The accusation was withdrawn, and he took his seat in the council, over which the avaricious Edward Maria Wingfield was chosen to preside. 12. Newport, Smith, and twenty others, ascended the James river to the Falls at Richmond, and visited the emperor of the Powhatans,^ whose resi- dence was a mile below the foot of the rapids. The title of the emperor was Powhatan. He was a man of great ability, and commanded the reverence of the whole confederation. He was friendly to the English, notwithstanding his people murmured at their presence ; and the visitors returned to Jamestown much gratified. 13. Newport sailed for England in June, 1607, for more settlers and pro- visions. The httle band of immigrants soon perceived the perils of their sit- uation. A large portion of their provisions was spoiled during the voyage. They had not planted, therefore they could not reap. The neighboring tribes evinced hostility, and withheld supplies. Poisonous vajDor arose from the marshes ; and, before the close of summer, one half of the adventurers per- ished by disease and famine. Among the victims was Gosnold. Then it was discovered that president Wingfield was living on choice stores, and was preparing to abandon the colony and escape to the West Indies in the pin- nace^ left by Newport. He was deposed, and EatchfFe, a weak and wicked man, was chosen his successor. He, too, was speedily dismissed; and the settlers, with one consent, wisely turned to Smith, as ruler. 14. Smith soon restored order, and by his courage and energy, inspired the Indians with awe, and compelled them to bring him supplies of food. In October, wild game became plentiful ; and at the beginning of November, the abundant harvest of Indian corn was gathered by the natives, and they sup- plied the settlers with all they needed. Having established a degree of com- fort and prosperity, Smith started, with some companions, to explore the surrounding country. He ascended the Ciickahomminy river, and then, with two companions, penetrated the vast forest that covered the land. Smith's companions were slain by the natives, and he was made a captive. After being exhibited in several villages, he was taken to Opechancanough," the eldest brother of Powhatan, who, regarding Smith as a superior being, 1. See portrnit at the heM^I of Ibis chanter. Smith was one of the most remarkable men of his time. He was bo-n in T.inooln'-bire, E-^irland ; and after many adventures iu Europe, went to America. He died m 1631. He wrote n. Hntory of Virginia, etc. Z^^l^^}'^' ^^^S, 3. A small, light vessel, with sails and oars. 4. Note 4, page 83. Questions— 11 What pm^lnced trouble on their arrival? Wh«^t treatment had Captain John Smith received? V?. What did Smi^b and o+hers do on their arrival ? Who did they visit ? 1^ What soon oc- cnrrpd to tbfi colonists? ^^ What offeft did ^-mith's «nthontv have on the condition ot the colocists? Relate tho adventures of Smith and his companions. What did Pocahontas do? 52 SETTLEMENTS. Captain Smith and Pocahontas. More emigrants. Character of the settlers. spared his life, and conducted him to the em- peror, then at Weroworomoco, on the York river.^ A solemn council decided that the cap- tive must die, and Smith was led out to execu- tion. His head was placed upon a stone, and the heavy clubs of the executioners were raised to crush it, when Pocahontas, a child of " ten or twelve years," ^ the favorite daughter of Pow- hatan, rushed from her father's side, and casting herself upon the captive, besought the king to spare his life. Powhatan consented, and Smith was conducted in safety to Jamestown by a guard of twelve men, after an absence of seven weeks. 15. Smith's captivity was a pubhc benefit. He had acquired a knowledge of the Indian character, and of the country and its resources, and also had formed friendly relations with the sachems and chiefs. Had his companions possessed half as much energy and honesty as Smith, all would have been well. But they were idle, improvident, and dissolute. He found every thing in disorder on his return. Only forty men were living, and the greater por- tion of them were on the point of escaping to the West Indies in the pinnace. 16. Early in 1608 Newport arrived with supplies, and one hundred and twenty immigrants. These were no better than the first adventurers. In- stead of agriculturists and mechanics, with families, they were idle " gentle- men," " packed hither," as Smith said, " by their friends, to escape ill destinies." There were also several goldsmiths, the very men least needed in the colon}^ Some glittering earth in the vicinity of Jamestown,^ was mistaken for gold ; and in spite of the remonstrances of Smith, the whole industry of the colony was directed to the supposed treasure. ^' There was no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, work gold, refine gold, load gold." Newport loaded his vessel with the worthless earth and returned to England with the foolish hope that he was exceedingly rich. 17. Smith remonstrated against idleness, and pleaded for industry, but in vain. He implored the settlers to plow and sow, that they might reap and be happy. They refused to listen, and he turned from Jamestown with disgust. With a few sensible men, he went to explore the Chesapeake in an open boat. He went up the Potomac to the falls above Washington city. He entered the Patapsco, and ate Indian corn on the site of Baltimore. He went up the Susquehannah to the beautiful vale of Wyoming.'* He penetrated the forests even to the territory of the Five Nations,^ and established friendly relations 1. At Shelly, nearly opposite the monlh of Queen's Creek, (xloncester conr-tv, Viisrinia. 2. Verse 27, page fj ). 3. Ve rse 1 0 , pa' ^^e 5()._ 4. Verse 8, pa.^e 228. f . Verse 2, page 18. Questions.— 15. What was the efFect of Smith's captivity ? What conlinneil to be Ihe character of the pet- tiers while Smith was absent ? IP. What was the character of the second compnnv of emigrants to Virginia? Wh-it chiefly engaged their attention ? How dirt Newport show his folly? IT. Why did Smith leave James- town? What places did he vihit during an exploring voyage? What was the character of that voyage? VIRGINIA. 53 Smith's exploring voyage. Smith made President. Commissioners. with the dusky tribes. Within three months he traveled three thousand miles. It was one of the most wonderful of exploring expeditions, considered in all its aspects, ever recorded by the pen of history. The map of the country which Smith constructed on his return, is yet in existence in England, and is remarkable for its general accuracy. 18. Three days after Smith's return [Sept. 10, 1608], he was formally made president of the settlement. Newport arrived soon afterward, with seventy immigrants, among whom were two females, the first Enghsh women seen upon the James river. ^ Smith exerted all his energies to turn the little in- dustry of the settlers to agriculture, and succeeded, in a degree. He wrote to the Supreme CounciP to send over a different class of men. " I entreat you," he said, "rather send but thirty carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons, and diggers of trees' roots, well provided, than a thousand such as we have." Yet, with all his exertions, idleness and improvidence prevailed. At the end of two years from the first landing at Jamestown,^ and when the settlement numbered two hundred strong men, not more than forty acres were under cultivation ; and to the Indians the white people were compelled to look for their chief supply of food. 19. Disappointed in their expectations, the London Company* sought and obtained a new charter [June 2, 1609], which gave them more ample privi- leges. The territory of South Virginia^ was extended northward to the head of the Chesapeake. The Supreme Council was vested with power to fill vacancies in its own body, and to appoint a governor for Virginia, whose rule was made absolute. The lives, liberties, and property of the settlers were at his disposal. They were compelled to contribute a certain share of their earnings to the proprietors, and were mere vassals at will, under a petty despotism. 20. Lord De la Warr (Delaware), an enlightened peer, was appointed governor of Virginia, for life, under the new charter; and soon afterward Newport sailed for America [June 12, 1609], with nine ships, and more than five hundred emigrants.^ Sir Thomas Gates, the governor's deputy, sailed with Newport, accompanied by Sir Greorge Somers. These three were com- missioned to administer the government until the arrival of Delaware. When near the coast, a hurricane dispersed the fleet, and the vessel bearing the com- missioners was wrecked on one of the Bermuda Islands. Seven vessels of the squadron reached the James river in safety. 21. A greater portion of the new immigrants were more profligate, if pos- 1. Verse 3, page 82. 2. Verse 8, page 50. 3. Verse 10, page CO. Verse 7, page 40. 5. Verse?, page 6. Domestic ariimals were row first taken to Virginia. Tliey corristed of 6 mares, 1 horse, 600 swine, a few sheep and goats, and 5!;0 domestic fowls. Two years later 100 cows and some other cattle were brought over. QURSTinNS. — 18. What happened three davs after Smith's return to Jamestown? What did he ask the Oouri'^il of the London Company to do? What was the condition of the colony at the end of two years? 19. Why did Ihe T^ondon Company ask for a new charter? What was the character of tlie cerond charter? /O. What first took place under the new charter? Who were appointed ccmmissioneis to administer ihe government, and what occurred to them ? 54 SETTLEMENTS. Bad conduct of the settlers. Indian hostilities. Destitution and relief. sible, than the first. They were dissohite scions of wealthy families, and many of them came to avoid punishment for crimes at home. They regarded Virginia as a paradise for hbertines, and believed the colony to be without a head until the arrival of the governor or his deputy. Smith, on the contrary, boldly assei'ted his authority as president, and maintained it until an accident in Autumn compelled him to go to England for surgical aid,^ when he dele- gated his authority to George Percy, brother of the Duke of N'orthumberland. 22. Released from the control of Smith, the settlers now gave themselves up to every irregularity of life. Their ample stock of provisions was rapidly consumed. The Indians had great respect for Smith, but after his departure, they openly showed their contempt for the English, withheld supplies of pro- visions, and conceived a plan for their total extermination. Famine ensued, and the winter and spring of 1610 were long remembered as the starving time." Those who went to the cabins of the Indians were murdered ; and, finally, the time for striking the exterminating blow was fixed. Again Poca- hontas performed the part of a guardian angel.^ On a stormy night she hastened to Jamestown, revealed the plot, and thus saved the colony. 23. The horrors of destitution increased, and the settlement of five hun- dred persons, was reduced to sixty within six months after Smith's departure. The commissioners^ constructed a rude vessel upon the barren island where they were wrecked, and in it reached Virginia, in June, 1610. Instead of being greeted by a flourishing people, they were met by a mere remnant, almost famished. Gates determined to sail immediately for Newfoundland,* and distribute the immigrants among the English fishing vessels there. James- town was utterly abandoned, and toward Hampton Roads^ the dejected set- tlers sailed in four pinnaces. Early the next morning white sails greeted their visions. Lord Delaware had arrived with provisions and immigrants ; and that very night, Jamestown, abandoned to pagans in the morning, was made vocal with hymns of thanksgiving to the true God, by the returned settlers. 24. Lord Delaware was a virtuous and prudent man, and under his admin- istration the colony began to prosper. Failing health compelled him to return to England the following spring [March, 1611]; and he left the government in the hands of Percy, Smith's successor, who managed with prudence until the arrival of Sir Thomas Dale, with supplies.^ Dale assumed the govern- ment, and ruled by martial law. Early in September following, Gates arrived with six ships, and three hundred immigrants. A large portion of them were 1. While passing down the James river, in a boat, from the Falls, Smith's bag of powder ignited, and the explosion almost killed him. His wounds were so severe as to require the most skillful surgery. 2. Verse 14, page .51 . ?>. Verse 2'), page 4. Verse 6, page 'S. . 5. Note 1, page 234. 6. Delaware afterward sailed for Virginia, to resume the reins of government, but died on the voyage. QuKSTTONS. — 21. What was the character of the new body of immigrants? How did they regard Vir- ginia? 22. What occurred after Smith sailed for England ? What danger threatened the English, and how were they saved? 28. What further occurred to the Colonists? By what means did the commissioners get to Virginia? In what condition did they find the Colonists? What then occurred? 2i. What can you tell of Lord Delaware and his successors in office, in Virginia? What was the character of emigrants who came with Sir Thomas Gates? VIHGINIA. 55 Change in domestic policy. Marriage of Pocahontas. A great want. sober, industrious men, and their arrival gaye great joy to the four hundred colonists at Jamestown. Gates assumed the functions of governor, and Dale went up the river to plant new settlements at the mouth of the Appomattox and near the Falls. ^ 25. A wise change in the domestic policy was now made. Hitherto the laud had been worked in common, and the product of labor was deposited in public storehouses, for the good of the community. The mdustrious created food for the indolent, and an incentive to effort was wanting. It was found in the assignment of a few acres of land to each man, to be cultivated for his own private benefit. This regulation gave a powerful impulse to industry. Larger assignments were made, and soon the community system was aban- doned, and industry on p ivate account created an ample supply of f3od for all.^ 26. The London Company* obtained a third charter in 1612 [March 22] by which the control of the king was annulled. The Supreme Council was abol- ished and the whole company, sitting as a democratic assembly, elected the officers and ordained the laws, for the colony. Yet no political privilege was granted to the settlers. They had no voice in the choice of rulers and the enactment of laws. But they were contented; and at the beginning of 1613 there were a thousand Englishmen in Yirginia. 27. At about this time an event occurred which proved of permanent bene- fit to the settlement. Powhatan had continued to manifest hostile feelings ever since the departure of Smith. Under pretense of extorting advantageous terms of peace from the Indian king, Captain Argall (a sort of buccaneer),* at the head of a foraging party, stole Pocahontas, and carried her on board his vessel. There a mutual attachment grew up between the maiden and John Rolfe, a young Englishman of good family. He instructed her in let- ters and religion ; and, with the consent of Powhatan, she received the rite of Christian baptism, and became the wife of Rolfe in April, 1613. This union brought peace, and Powhatan was ever afterward the friend of the English. 28. The settlement now prospered remarkably, yet the elements of a per- manent state were wanting. There were no families in Yirginia, and all the settlers indulged in anticipations of returning to England. Gates went home in March, 1614, leaving the administration of government with Sir Thomas Dale, who ruled with wisdom and energy for about two years, and then de- parted, after appointing George Yeardley deputy-governor. During Yeard- ley's administration, the culture of the tobacco plant^ was promoted, and so 1. Near the present City Point and Richmond. 2. A similar result was seen in the operations of the Plyraor.th colony. See verse 5, pag:e 92. 3. Verse 7, page 9. 4. Note 0, page 44. 5. This plant, yet very extensively onltivated in Virginia and adjoining States, was first discovered by Sir Francis Drake, near Tabaco, in Yucatan : hence its name. Drake and Raleigh first introduced it into England. King James conceived a great hatred of it, and wrote a trep.lise against its use. He forbade its cultivation in England, but could not prevent its importation from Virginia. It became a very p-ofitable article of commerce, and the streets of Jamestown were planted with it. Other agricultural productions QUK,STio?JS. — 25. What change took place in the clomestic policy of the .'-ettlcment ? fG. What was the charac- ter of the third charter obtained by the London Company ? Wh«t was the condition and number of the settlers in 1513? 27. What event favorable to the settlers now occurred ? 28. What element of a permanent State was yet wanting ? What kind of industry was encouraged by Governor Yeardley, and what was the result t 56 SETTLEMENTS. Dawn of Republicanism. First Representative Assembly in America. rapidly did it gain in favor, that it soon became not only the principal article of export, but the currency of the colony.* 29. Argall the buccaneer,^ was appointed deputy-governor in 1G17. He was a despot in feelings and practice, and soon disgusted the people. He was succeeded by Yeardley, who was appointed governor in 1619; and now dawned the natal morning of Virginia as a Republican State. Yeardley abolished martial law, released the planters from feudal service to the colony,^ and established representative government.'* The settlement was divided into eleven boroughs, and two representatives, called burgesses, were chosen by the people for each. These, with the governor and council, constituted the colonial government. The burgesses were allowed to debate all matters per- taining to the good of the colony, but their enactments were not legal until sanctioned by the company in England. 30. On the 28th of June, 1G19, the first representative assembly ever con- vened in America, met at Jamestown. Then and there, the foundations of the Virginia commonwealth w^ere laid. The people now began to regard Virginia as their home, and "fell to building houses and planting corn." Within tAVO years afterward, one hundred and fifty reputable young women were sent over to become wives to the planters.^ The tribes of gold-seekers and " gentlemen" were extinct, for "it was not the will of Grod that the new State should be formed of such material ; that such men should be the fathers of a progeny born on the American soil, who were one day to assert Amer- ican hberty by their eloquence, and defend it by their valor." ^ SECTION n. NE W-Y O RK. [1G09-1G23.] 1. On his return to England [Nov. 1609], Henry Hudson forwarded to his employers in Amsterdam,"^ a brilhant account of his discoveries in America. Jealous of the maritime enterprise and growing power of the Dutch, the British king would not allow Hudson to go to Holland, fearing that he might be employed in making further discoveries, or in planting settlements in America. This narrow and selfish poUcy of James was of no avail, for the ocean pathway to new and fertile regions, once opened, could easily be tra- versed by inferior navigators. •were neglected, and while cargroes of tobacco were preparing for England, the necessaries of life were ■wanting. The money value of tobacco was about &S cents a pound. 1. Note 5, page 55. 2. Note page 44. 3. Verse 19, page 53. ^ 4. Yeardley found the people possessed with an intense desire for that freedom which the English consii- tntion gave to every subjr'ct of the realm, and it was impossible to reconcile that feeling with the exercise of the arbitrary power which had hitherto prevailed. He, therefore, framed a plan for a popular assembly as similar to the English Parliament as circumstances would allow. 5. Verse 3, page 82. 6. Bancroft. 7- Verse "2, page 45. Questions. — 29. What was the character of Argall ? What rlid Yeardley do for the beneHf of the settlers ? 30. What important events occurred in Virginia in 1619? What o< her important events oTurred soon afterward? What appeared to be the designs of Providence? 1. What did Hudson do? What did King James do? NKW YORK. 57 Dutch traders in America. Founding of New Netherland. 2. In 1610, some wealthy merchants of Amsterdam, directors of the Dutch East India Company,^ sent a ship from the Texel, laden with merchandise, to traffic for furs and peltries with the Indians upon the Mauritius,^ as the pres- ent Hudson river was then called. Hudson's ship (the Half-Moon^) was also sent liither the same year on a like errand, and others soon followed. Among other commanders came Adrian Block, the first navigator of the dangerous strait in the East river called Hell-Grate. Block's vessel was accidentally burned in the Autumn of 1613, when he and his companions erected some rude huts for shelter, near the site of Bowling Grreen, in New York. These huts formed the germ of our great commercial metropolis. During the winter they constructed a vessel from timber upon Manhattan Island, and early in the spring sailed along the coast to Nahant. 3. Dutch trading vessels now frequently ascended the Mauritius, and a brisk trade was opened with the Indian tribes, almost two hundred miles fi'om the ocean. The traders built a fort and storehouse upon a little island just below Albany [1614], which they called Fort Nassau ; and nine years later, Fort Orange was erected on the site of Albany. 4. In the autumn of 1614 [October 11], a special charter was granted to a company of Amsterdam merchants, giving them the monopoly of trade in the New World, from the latitude of Cape May to that of Nova Scotia, for three years. The territory was named New Netherland in the charter, which title it held until it became an English province in 1664.* Notwithstanding it was included in the grant of James to the Plymouth Company,^ the Dutch were not disturbed in their traffic.^ 5. The trade in furs and peltries became very lucrative, and the company made an unsuccessful application for a renewal of their charter. More exten- sive operations were in contemplation ; and in 1621 [June 3], the States Gren- eral of Holland' incorporated the Dutch West India Company^ and invested it with almost regal powers, for planting settlements in America from Cape Horn to Newfoundland ; and in Africa, between the Cape of Good Hope and the Tropic of Cancer. The special object of its enterprise was New Netherland, and especially the region of the Mauritius. The company was not completely organized until the spring of 1623, when it commenced operations with vigor. 6. The first effort put forth by the company was to seal of nevT nethee- plant a permanent colony, and thus establish a plausible land. pretext for territorial jurisdiction, for now the English had built rude cabins on the shores of Massachusetts Bay.® In April [1623] thirty famiUes, chiefly 1. Note 4, pajre 4'. 2. So named from Prince Maurice, of Nassau. 3. Verse 31, page 4.'. 4. Verse 12, pape 115. 5. Verse 7, page 41^. 6. See Broflhcad's Hittory of the State of New York : Appendix E. 7. Note 6, page 45. 8. Verse 13, page 63. Questions.— 2. What occurred on Manhattan island? 3. What did the Dutch traders now do? 4. TTrw ^ras a new territory formed, and what wps its name? What is said of the quiet cujoyed by ihe Dutch ': 5. What did the government of Holland do? 3^ 58 SETTLEMENTS. Explorations of the New England coast. Captain Smith in New England. Walloons (French Protestants who had fled to Holland), arrived, under the charge of Cornelius Jacobsen May, who was sent to reside in New Neth(T- land, as first director, or governor. Eight of the famiUes went up Hudson's river, and settled at Albany ; the remainder chose their place of abode across the channel of the East river, and settled upon lands now covered by the eastern portion of Brooklyn.^ Then were planted the fruitful seeds of a Dutch colony — then were laid the foundations of the future commonwealth of New York.^ The territory was erected into a province, and the armorial distinction of a count was granted.^ SECTION III. MASSACHUSETTS. [1606-1620.] 1. The Plymouth Company* dispatched an agent to examine North Vir- ginia, soon after obtaining their charter [August 22, 1606], His vessel was captured by a Spanish cruiser. Another, commanded by Martin Pring, was sent, and reached America. Pring confirmed the accounts of Grosnold and others,^ concerning the beauty and fertihty of the New England region. The following year [1607] Greorge Popham^ came, with one hundred immigrants, and landing at the mouth of the Sagadahoc or Kennebeck [August 21], they erected a small stockade, a storehouse, and a few huts. All but forty-five returned to England in the vessels ; these remained, and named their settle- ment St George. A terrible winter ensued. Fire consumed their storehouse and some of their provisions ; and the keen frosts and deep snows locked the waters and the forests against the fisherman and hunter. Famine menaced them, but relief came before any were made victims. Of all the company, only Popham, their president, died. Lacking courage to brave the perils of the wilderness, the settlement was abandoned, and the immigrants went back to England [1608] at the very time when the Frenchmen, who were to build Quebec,' were upon the ocean. Traffic with the Indian tribes was continued, but settlements were not again attempted for several years.^ 2. The interior of the country, now called New England, was an unknown land, until Captain John Smith, with the mind of a philosopher and the cour- 1. The first white child born in New Netherland was Sarah Rapelje, daughter of one of the Walloon set- tlers. Her birth occurred ou the 7th of June, 1325. She has a number of descendants on Long Island. 2. Verse 1, page 711 3. Several hundred years ago there were large districts of country in England and on the continent, gov- erned by earls, who were subject to the c:own, however. These districts were called counties, and the name is still retained, even in the United States, and indicates certain judicial and other jurisdiction. New Netherland was constituted a county of Holland, having all the individual privileges appertaining to an earl- dom, or separate government. The armorial distinclion of an earl, or count, was a kind of cap, called cor onet, seen over the shield in the engraved representation, page 57, of the seal of New Netherland. The figure of a beaver, on the shield, is emblematic of the Hudson river regions, where they abounded, and of one of thci grand objects of settlement here, the trade in furs. 4. Verse 7, page 49. 5. Verse 28, page 44. 6. Note 2, page 49. 7. Verse 10, page 38.. 8. The celebrated Lord Bacon and others fitted out an expedition to Newfoundland in 1610, but it was un- successful. Questions. — 6. What did the Dutch West India Company do? What emigrants went to New Netherland. and where did they settle? 1. What did the Plymouth Company attempt? What circumstances attended their first efforts at settlement ? MASSACHUSETTS^ 59 Nov/ England named. A new company. Its material unfavorable. age of a liero, came in 1614, and explored not only the coasts, but the rivers which penetrated the wilderness. With only eight men, Smith examined the region beyond Cape Cod and the Penobscot, constructed a map of the country, and after an absence of less than seven months, he returned to England, and laid a report before Prince Charles, the heir-apparent to the throne. The delighted prince confirmed the title which Smith had given to the territory delineated on the map, and it was named I^ew England. Crime, as usual, dimmed the luster of the discovery. Hunt, commander of one of the vessels of the expedition, kidnapped twenty-seven of the Indians, with Squanto,^ their chief, took them to Spain, and sokl some of them into slavery.^ And now, at various points from Florida to Newfoundland, men-stealers of different nations, had planted the seeds of hatred and distrust," whose fruits, in after years, were wars and complicated troubles. 3. The following year the Plymouth Company employed Smith to make further explorations in America, and to plant a colony. He sailed on the 4th of July, 1615, but his vessel was captured by a French pirate, and himself and crew were taken to France. Smith escaped to England in an open boat, and aroused the sluggish energies of the Plymouth Company and others, who planned vast schemes of colonization, and made him admiral for life. Eager for gains, some of the members, joining with others, applied for a new char- ter. The king, after much delay, granted one on the 3d of November, 1620, to forty of the wealthiest and most powerful men in the realm, who assumed the corporate title of The Council of Plymouth, and superseded the original Plymouth Company.* The vast domain of more than a million of square miles, lying between the 40th and 48th degree of north latitude, and west- ward to the South Sea,^ was conveyed to them, as absolute owners of the soil. It was the finest portion of the continent, and now embraces the most flourishing States and Territories of our confederacy. 4. This vast monopoly was unpropitious, in all its elements, to the founding of an empire. It was composed of speculators and mercenary adventurers, and these were not permitted to people this land. The same year when that monopoly was formed [1620], a company of devout men and women in Hol- land, who had been driven from England by persecution, came to the wilder- ness of the New World to erect a tabernacle, where they might worship the Great God in honest simplicity and freedom, and to plant in the wilderness the foundation of a commonwealth, based upon truth and justice. Who were they V Let History answer. 5. Because the Pope of Rome would not sanction one of the most flagrant of his social crimes, Henry the Eighth of England defied the authority of the 1. Vprce 2, p3pe90. 2. When some benevolent friars liearrl of Hunt's intentions, they took all the Indians not yet sold, to in- struct (hem as mispionaries. Amonp them was Sqnanto. 3. Verse 20, p^ige 33 ; also note 4, pape 36 ; verse 8, page 3". 4. Verse 7, pa^e 4?. 5. Verse 17, page 32. QuKRTTONS. — 2. What did Captain Smith accomplish in V\4^? How came onr eastern States to be called New Pinglanfi ? What outrag e difl one of Smilh's commanders perpetrate? 3. Wlia+ did Smith attempt, and what befell him? Whnt change in the Plymouth Company was effecled? 4. What was the charac- ter of the new Company ? What other people came to America ? SETTLEMENTS. Papal authority defied. The Puritans. Persecutions in England. head of the Church,^ and by the Act of Supremacy Parhament also cast off the papal yoke. The people were not benefited, lor the king was pope of Great Britain, and they were his slaves. They enjoyed no religious freedom. Heresy was a high crime ; and expressions of freedom of thought and opinion Avere not tolerated. The doctrines and rituals of the Eomish Church w^ere enforced, while the authority of the pope was denied. The people discovered that in exchanging spiritual masters, they had gained nothing, except that the thimders of excommunication^ had lost their effect upon tiie public mind, and tlius one step toward emancipation was gained. 6. Henry's son, Edward, established a more liberal Protestantism in En- gland [1574], and soon the followers of Luther and Calvin^ drew the tangible Hne of doctrinal difference which existed between them. The former retained or allowed many of the ceremonials of the Church of Rome; the latter were more austere, and demanded extreme simplicity in w^or- ship, and great purity of life. For this they were called Puritans, in derision ; a name which soon became honor- able. When Parliament established a liturgy for the Church, the Puritans refused conformity, for they acknowl- edged no authority but the Bible in matters of religion. They became a distinct and influential party in the State [1580], and were specially commended by the continental reformers. 7. In 1553, the Catholic Queen Mary, daughter of Henry the Eighth, re-estabhshed Romanism, and Lutherans and Calvinists were equally in peril. The fires of persecution were hghted, and the first Protestant martyrs were consumed at the stake.^ She was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth [1558], a professed Protestant, and the flames were ex- tinguished. Elizabeth was no Puritan. She endeavored to reconcile the magnificent rituals of a visible Church with the simple requisitions of the Gospel. There was no affinity, and trouble ensued. The Puritans, struggling for power, asserted, in all its grandeur, the doctrine of private judgment in re- ligious matters, and of untrammeled religious liberty. From this high position it was but a step to the broad rock of civil freedom. The Puritan pulpits be- 1. The vicious king: asked Pope Julius III. to divorce him from his queen, Catharine of Arragon, in order that he mightmarry the beautiful AnneBoleyn. The pope properly refused to give his sanction to the crime ; and the licentious monarch, who had been so much of a friend of lhe Reman pontiff as to receive the title of Defender of the Faith, quarreled with the pope, and professed Protestantism. [Note 14, page 48.] 2. An act of Parliament [1534], which declared the king of England the superior head of the Church in that realm, and made Protestantism the established religion of England. 3. The F^ope of Rome assumes the right to excommunicate, or expel from Chrislian communion, whomso- ever he pleases. In former times, even kings were not exempt. An excommunicated person lost socuU caste ; and for centuries this was an iron rod in the hand of ecclesiastics to keep the people in submission to spiritual authority. Happily for mankind, this species of 'despotism, like many other=^, has lost its power. 4. See note 14, page 4«. Calvin was the leading French Reformer. 5. John Rogers, a pious minister, and John Hooper, Bishop of (xloucester. Questions.— 5. Why did King Henry profess Protestantism? What was the condition of his people? and what had they gained? 6. What was the origin of the name of Puritan? What was the character and the position of the Puritans? 7. What persecutions occurred? What did Queen Elizabeth attempt ? What was the result ? MASSACHUSETTS. Gl Persecutions in England. John Robinson. The Pilgrims. came the tribunes of the common people, and the preachers often promulgated the doctrine, that the sovereign was amenohle to public opinion when fairly ex- pressed. The jealousy and the lears of the queen were aroused ; and after several years of effort, the Thirty-Nine Articles of belief, which constitute the rule of faith in the Church of England, were confirmed [1571] by an act of Parliament. 8. In 1583 a court of high commission was established, for the detection and punishment of Non-Conformists,^ with powers almost as absolute as iiie Roman Inquisition. Persecution now began its work in earnest, and contin- ued active for twenty years. The Puritans looked to the accession of James of Scotland [1604]'^ with hope, but were disappointed. When fairly seated on the English throne, he said of them, " I will make them conform, or I wiil harrie them out of the land." There were then more than thirty thousand of them in England. During the first year of James's reign, three hundred of their ministers were silenced, imprisoned, or exiled. The long struggle of the Established Church with the Roman Catholics on one hand, and the Puri- tans on the other, was now decided. It had been a struggle of three quar- ters of a century, not so much for toleration as for supremacy ; and the Church of England was the final victor. 9. Among the devout men who fled from England, was the Reverend John Robinson, pastor of a flock gathered in the northern counties. Informed that there was "freedom of rehgion for all men in Holland," he fled thither, with his people [1608], and established a church at Leyden. They were soon joined by others from their native country. Their purity of hfe and lofty independence commanded the admiration of the Dutch ; and their loyalty to the country from which they had been driven, w^as respected as a noble virtue. 10. Charmed by the narratives of the Dutch voyagers to America, the Puritans, who felt that they were only Pilgrims, resolved to go there, far away from persecutions. A deputa- tion^ went to England [1617], and through the influence of powerful friends,* obtained the consent of the Plymouth Company^ to settle in North Virginia,'"' and also a promise from the king that he v»^ould wink at their heresy, and let them alone. They asked no more. may-flower. 1. This was ihe title of all those Protestants in England who refused to conform to the doctrines ard ce' o- monials of the Established Chnvch. This name was first given in 1572. Ninety years afterward [l-v 21, 2.(V>») ministers of the Established Church, nnwilling to subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles, seceded, aii'l we- e called Dissenters ; a name yet applied to all British Protestants who are not attached to the Chuich of En- E^a id 2. See Note 1, page 4 ». 6. John Carver and Robert Cnshman. 4. Sir Edward Sandys [verse 3, p. 82] was one of their chief advocates in England. 5. Verse 7, page 49. 6. Verse 7, page 40. Questions. — 8. For what purpose was a commission appointed ? How were the Puritans di'^appoi^'ed. and treated? What struggle was concluded ? 9. Who Oed from England ? and whi.her did they go? IIdw we.-^e they esteemed abroad ? 62 SETTLEMENT.^. Departure of the Pilgrims for America. The May-Flower. G-overnment, Some London merchants formed a partnership with them, and furnished cap- ital for the expedition.^ Captain Smith offered his services, but on account of his aristocratic notions, they were decUned. Two ships {Speedwell and May-Flower) were furnished," and in the summer of 1620, a portion of tho Pilgrims in Holland — " the youngest and strongest" — embarked from Delft- Haven for England.^ Robinson and the larger portion of his flock remained at Ley den, ^ and elder Brewster accompanied the voyagers as their spiritual guide. 11. The two ships left Southampton, in England, on the 5th of August, 1G20. The courage of the captain and company of the Speedwell failed, and the vessels put back to port. The sails of the May -Flower were again spread, in the harbor of Plymouth, on the 6th of September, and forty-one men, most of them with families^ (one hundred and one in all) — the winnowed remnant of the Pilgrims who left Delft-Haven — crossed the stormy Atlantic. These were they who came to the New World to lay, broad and deep, a por- tion of the foundations of our happy Republic. 12. After a boisterous passage of sixty-three days, the May-Flower an- chored within Cape Cod.° Before proceeding to the shore, the Pilgrims agreed upon a form of government, and committed it to writing."^ To that first written constitution of government^ ever subscribed by a whole people, the forty-one men afiixed their names, and then elected John Carver to be their governor.® This was done in the cabin of the May- Flower^ and that 1. The services of each emigrant were valued as a capital of ten ponnds, and belonged to the company. AlII profits were to be reserved till the end of seven years, when all the lands, houses, and every produc.ion of their joint industry were to be valued, and the amount divided among the shareholders, accordii g to their respective interests. This was .i community of interest, similar, in character, to those which have been proposed and attempted in our day, under the respective titles of Communism, Fourierism, and Socialism. It fiviled to accomplish its intended purpose, and was abandoned. 2. The Speedwell was a vessel of 60 tons : the May-Floicer of ISO tons, 3. See head of Chapter IV., page 81. That is a copy of Weir's picture of The Embarkation of the Pil- grims-, in the Rotunda of the.Vationalcapiiol. 4. Robinson was never permitted to see America. Notes S and 5, page 92. 6. The following are their names : — John (Carver, William Bradford, Edward Winslow, William Brews- ter, Isaac AUerton, Captain Miles Standish, John Alden, Samuel Fuller, Christopher Martin, William Mullins, William White, Richard Warren, John Howland, Stephen Hopkins, Edward Tilly, John Tilly, Peter Brown, Richard Britteridge, George Soule, Richard Clark, Richard Gardiner, Francis Cook, Thomas Rogers, Thomas Tinker, John Ridgale. Edward Fuller, Jcihn Turner, Francis Eaton, James Chilton, John Crackston, John Billington, Moses Fletcher, John Goodman, Degory Priest, Thomas Wil- liams, Gilbert Winslow, Edward Margeson, John AUerton, Thomas English, Edward Dotey, Edward Leister. Howland was Carver's servant ; Soule was Winslow's servant ; and Dotey and Leister were serv- ants of Hopkins. 6. The foolish statement has often been made, that the Pilgriws intended to land at Manhattan Island (New York), but the commander of the May-FJorcer having been bribed by the Dutch to do so, landed them further east beyond the Dutch possessions! Coppin, the pilot, had been on the coast of New En3;land be- fore, and, in navigating the May-FIo^cer, he only followed his old track. The story is a fable. 7. The following is a copy of th« instrument : " In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are imder- written, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Having tindertaken, for the glory of God and the advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and coimtry, a voyage to plant the fiist colony in the northern parts of Virginia - do, by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and of one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid ; and by virtue hereof, to enact, constitute, and frame just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony ; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereto subscribed our names, at Cape Cod, the eleventh of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign Lord, King James of England, France, and Ireland, the Eighteenth, and of Scotland the Fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620." 8. John Carver was born in England, Avent with Robinson to Holland, and on the 3d of April, 1621, while Governor of Plymouth colony, he died. Questions. — 10. What did the Puritans resolve to do? What did they accomplish ? 11. What occurred after the first departure from England until Iheir arrival in America? 12. What did the Pilyrims do before landing? What made the J/a?/-F/oicer remarkable? NEW HAMPSHIRE. 63 Landing of the Pilgrims. Their sufferings. Laconia. vessel was truly the cradle of liberty in America, rocked on the free waves of the ocean. 13. After many hardships, exploring parties' selected a place for landing, and on the 22 d day of December, 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers first set foot upon a bare rock on the bleak coast of Massachusetts Bay, while all around the earth was covered with deep snow.^ They called the landing place New Plymouth, and there a flourishing vil- lage is now spread out.^ Dreary, indeed, was the prospect before them. Exposure and privations had prostrated one half of the men before the first blow of the ax had been struck to build a habitation. Faith and hope nerved the arms of the healthy, and they began to build. One by one perished. The governor and his wife died in ^ov. carver's chair. 4 April 1621 ; and on the first of that month, forty -six of the one hundred emigrants were in their graves, nineteen of whom were signers of the Constitution. At one time only seven men were capable of assisting the sick. Fortunately the neighboring tribes, weakened by a pesti- lence,^ did not molest them. Spring and Summer came. G-ame became plenty in the forest, and they caught many fishes from the waters. They sowed and reaped, and soon friends from England joined them.® The settle- ment, begun with so much sorrow and suffering, became permanent, and then and there the foundations of the commonwealth of Massachusetts were laid. SECTION IV, NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1622-1680.] 1. Sir Ferdinand Grorges and John Mason (the latter secretary to the Plymouth Council for New England'') obtained a grant of land [1622], ex- tending from the Merrimac to the Kennebec, and inland to the St. Lawrence, and named the territory Lacokia. The same year a colony of fishermen, under David Thompson, seated themselves on the Piscataqua river, just be- low Portsmouth. Another party, under two brothers named Hilton, London 1. Their leader was Miles Standish, a brave soldier, who had served in the Netherlands. He was very- active in the colony as military commander-in-chief, in both fighting and treating with the Indians, and is called "The Hero of New England." He was a magistrate many years, and died at Duxbury, Mass., in 1656. 2. While the explorers were searching for a landing place, the wife of William White, a bride bnt a short time before leaving Holland, gave birth to a son, " the first Englishman born in New B^ngland." They named him Peregrine, and the cradle in which he was rocked is yet preserved. He died at Marshfidd in 1704. 3. "Plymouth Ro<'k" is famous. It is now [18571 in pieces. One part remains in its original position at Hedge's Wharf, Plymouth ; the other is in the center of the town, surrounded by an iron railing. It was dragged thither in 1774, by twenty yoke of oxen, and over it the Whigs [Note 3, page 185.] erected a libertv pole. 4. This was the throne upon whifh sat the first Christian monarch of New England. Governor Carver ■was at the head of a new State, and, as chief magistrate, held the same relative position as King James of England, whose seat was richly ornamented ajid covered with a canopy of ^^ilk and gold. 5. Verse 1, page 90. 6. Verse 3, pnge 91. 7. Verse 3, page 5'\ Questions.— 1.3. Where did the Pilgiims land? What then occurred to them ? What had happened to the neighboring Indian tribes? How were the Pilgrimx relieved from want and distress? 1. What settle- ments were made northward and eastward of Massachusetts? 64 SETTLEMENTS. Founding of New Hampshire. Coalition with Massachusetts. Maryland. fishmongers, commenced a settlement [1623] a few miles above, at Dover; but these were only fishing stations, and did not flourish. 2. In 1629 the Rev. Mr. Wheelwright^ purchased from the Indians the wilderness between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua, and founded Exeter. The same year Mason obtained from Gorges exclusive ownership of that same portion of Laconia. He named the domain New Hampsuire,^ and in 1631 built a house upon the site of Portsmouth, the name which he gave to tlic spot. Other settlements upon the Piscataqua, and along the present coast of Maine, as far as Portland, were attempted. At the latter place a company had a grant of land forty miles square, and formed an agricultural settlement [1631] called Ligonia.^ Pemaquid Point was another settlement, which re- mained an independent community for almost forty years. Trading houses were established as far east as Machias, but they were broken up by the French, and the western limits of Acadie'' were fixed at Pemaquid Pointy about half way from the Penobscot to the Kennebec. 3. In 1641 the several feeble and scattered settlements in New Hampshire formed a coalition with the flourishing Massachusetts colony, and remained dependencies of that province until 1680, when they were separated by order of the king, and New Hampshire became a royal province. Its first govern- ment consisted of a governor and council appointed by the king, and a house of representatives elected by the people. Then was founded the common- wealth of New Hampshire. SECTION Y. MARYLAND. [1634.] 1. Maryland was first settled by persecuted Ptoman Catholics from England and Ireland. While King James worried the Puritans on one hand, for non- conformity,^ the Roman Catholics, at the other end of the religious scale, were subjected to even more severe penalties. As the Puritans increased in 1. Mr. Wheelwright was a brother-in-law of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who was banished from the Mas- sachusetts colony on a charge of sedition. Verse 12, page 94. 2. Mason had been governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire County, England, and these names were given in memory of his former residence. 3. The people of these eastern settlements which formed the basis of the present commonwealth of Maine, did not like the government attempted to be established by the proprietor, and, taking political power into their own hands, placed themselves nnder the jurisdiction of Massachusetts in 1652. The Territory was erected into a county, and called Yorkshire. In 1621, King James, as sovereign of Scotland, placed the Scottish seal to a charter granting to Sir William Alexander, afterward [1633] Earl of Stirling, the whole territory eastward of the State of Maine, nnder the title of Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. The French had already occupied places along the coast, and called the country Acadie. The Scotch proprietor never at- tempted settlements, either in this territory or Canada, which Charles the First had granted to him, and the whole country passed into the hands of the French, by treaty. The earl died in 1640, and all connec- tion of his family with Nova Scotia ceased. His title was held afterward by four successors, the last of whom died in 1739. In 1759 William Alexander (General TiOrd Stirling during our War for Independence) made an unsuccessful claim to the title. The next claimant was Alexander Humphrey, who commenced operations in the Scottish courts in 1815, and by forgeries and frauds was partially successful. The whole was exposed in 1833. Humphrey Avas in this country in 1853, pressing his claims to the monopoly of the Eastern Fisheries, by virtue of the grants of Kings James and Charles more than 200 years ago ! 4. Verse 29, page 44. 5. Note 1, page CI. Questions.—''. What efforts at settlem«^nt occurred in 16:9? What was the origin of New Hampshire? What settlements were made in Maine? What occurred to trading posts there? 3. What did the settlers la New Hampshire do? When was the province of New Hampshire established ? MARYLAND. Go Lord Baltimore. Maryland charter. Civil and religious freedom. numbers and influence, their cry against the Roman Catholics grew louder and fiercer, and while defending themselves from persecution with one hand, thej were inflicting as severe a lash upon the Romanists with the other. Thus subjected to twofold opposition, the condition of the Roman Catholics became deplorable, and in common with other sufferers for opinion's sake, their eyes were turned toward free America. 2. Among the most influential professors of Catholicism was George Cal- vert, an active member of the London Company,^ and Secretary of State at the time when the Pilgrims^ were preparing to emigrate to America. He was so much more loyal in action to his sovereign than to his faith, that he did not lose the king's favor, although frankly professing to be a Roman Catholic ; and for his services he was created an Irish peer [1621], with the title of Lord Baltimore. He also obtained from James a grant [1622] to plant a Roman Catholic colony on a portion of Newfoundland. 3. Lord Baltimore now went to Virginia [1628], with a view of establish- ing a colony of his brethren there. But he foimd the Yirginians as intol- erant as the crown or the Puritans, and he turned his back upon their narrow prejudices and went to examine the beautiful, unoccupied region beyond the Potomac. He was pleased with the country, and applied for a charter to es- tablish a colony there. The London Company was now dissolved,^ and the soil had become the property of the monarch. King Charles readily granted a charter, but before it was completed, Baltimore died [April 25, 1632]. It was soon afterward issued to Cecil, his son and heir [June 20], and in honr^r of the queen, Henrietta Maria,'* the province was called Maryland. The territory defined in the charter extended along each side of Chesapeake Bay, from the 30th to the 45th degree of north latitude, its western fine being the waters of the Potomac. 4. The Maryland charter was drawn, it is believed, by the first Lord Baltimore's own hand. It was the most liberal one yet granted, both in respect of the proprietor and " '^"'"'fSlBP'^'^^ the settlers. The government of the province ' ^ was independent of the crown, and equality in religious rights and civil freedom, was se- ^^^^^^ t^altimore. cured to every Christian sect. The king had no power to levy the smallest tax upon the colonists, and all laws were invahd until sanctioned by a ma- jority of the freemen, or their deputies. 5. The first company of emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics, sailed for 1. Verse 7, pfi{?e 49. 2. Verse 10, page 61. 3. Verse 8, page a3. 4. She was a Roman Catholic and sister of Louis the Thi- teenlh of France. QuE.STlON'S. — 1. What was the conrlition of Roman Catholics nndor Kinir James? 2. Wlio was Georsre Calvevt? and what did he do? 8. When Lord Baltimoi e, how was he received in Virginia? For what territory was a charter given to him ? What was the name and extent of the new province ? 4. B}- whom "Wras tho Maryland charter drawn? and what was its character? 66 SETTLEMENTS. Settlement of Maryland. First Legislature. The Dutch in Connecticut. America on the 2d of December, 1633, under Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, and governor of the province. They arrived in March, 1634, and after sailing up the Potomac, as far as Mount Vernon, they descended the stream, almost to its mouth. They landed upon an estuary of the Chesa- peake, purchased an Indian village, and laid the foundation of a town [April, 1634], which they named St. Mary.^ The honesty of Calvert in paying for the land, secured the good will of the Indians ; and the settlers experienced no sufferings from want, or the hostiUties of the Aborigines.' 6. The first legislative assembly was convened at St. Mary on the 8th of March, 1635. Every freeman being allowed to vote, it was a purely demo- cratic legislature. As the number of colonists increased, this method of mak- ing laws was found to be inconvenient, and in 1639, a representative govern- ment was established, the people being allowed to send as many delegates as they pleased. The first representative assembly made a declaration of rights, defined the powers of the proprietor, and took measures to secure to the colonists all the civil liberties enjoyed by the people of Old England. Then was founded the commonwealth of Maryland. SECTION VI. CONNECTICUT. [1632-16^^9.] 1. The Connecticut river was first explored, as far as Hartford, by Adrian l31ock,^ in 1614, who named it FerscAe, or Fiesh Water River.* Soon after- ward Dutch traders were upon its banks, and might have carried on a peacefiil and profitable traffic with the Indians, had honor and honesty marked their course. But the avaricious agent of the Dutch imprisoned an Indian chief on board his vessel, and would not release him until a ransom of one hundred and forty fathoms of wampum^ had been paid. The exasperated Indians menaced the traders, and near the site of Hartford, a place yet known as Dutch Point, the latter commenced the erection of a fort. The Indians were concihated, and the fort was abandoned for awhile. 2. In 1627, friendly intercourse was opened between the Dutch of New Netherlands and the Puritans.^ With the guise of friendship, but really for 1 Trading posts were established a little earlier than this, within the Maryland province. In 16?1 William Claybonie obtahied a license from the l^ingto traffic with the Indiars ; and when Calve; t and his company came, he had two settlements, one on Kent Island, nearly opposite Annapolis, and another at the present Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the Susqiiehannah. He refused to acknowledge the authority of Baltimore, and trouble ensued. He collected his people on the eastern shoie of Maryland in 163^, with a determination to defend his claims by force of arms ; and in May quite a severe skirmish ensued between his forces and those of the colonists. Clayborne's men were taken prisoners, and he fled to Virginia. He was declared guilty of treason, and sent to England for trial. His estates were forfeited; but, being acquitted of the charge, he returned to Maryland and incited a rebellion. See verse 2, page 120. 2. Verse 12, page 1.5, and verse 19, page 87. 3. Verse 2, page 57. 4. Connecticut is the English orthography of the Indian word Quon-eh-ta-cut, which signifies ''the long river." 5. Probably about $400. See note 1, page 10. 6. Verse 6, page 60. Questions.—'^. What kind of emigrants first settled in Maryland? r'an you relate the incidents of their arrival and settlement ? 6. Where did the first legislative assembly convene in Maryland ? What did it ac- complish? 1. By whom was the Connecticut river first explored? What occurred between the Dutch and Indians ? CONNECTICUT. 67 Policy of the Dutch and Indians. Puritan settlement on the Connecticut. the purpose of strengthening the claims of the Dutch to the Connecticut val- ley, by having an English settlement there, under the jurisdiction of New Netherland, governor Minuit' advised the Puritans to leave the barren land of Massachusetts Bay, and settle in the fertile region of the Fresh Water river. In 1631, a Mohegan chief, then at war with the powerful Pequods^^' desirous of having a strong barrier between himself and his foes, urged the English to come and settle in the Connecticut valley. The Puritans clearly perceived the selfish poHcy of both parties, and hesitated to leave. The fol- lowing year [1632], however, Governor Winslow, of the Plymouth colony,^ visited that fertile region, and, delighted with its appearance, resolved to pro- mote emigration thither. 3. In the mean while, the Council of Plymouth* granted the soil of Con- necticut [1630] to the Earl of Warwick, who, in 1631, transferred his interest to Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, John Hampden, and others. The eastern boundary of the territory was Narraganset river," and the western (like all other charters at that time) was the Pacific Ocean." The Dutch became ap- prized of the movements of the English ; and perceiving no advantage (but detriment) to themselves, they purchased of the Indians the land at Hartford and vicinity, completed their fort,*' and placed two cannons upon it [1633], with the intention of preventing the English ascending the river. 4. In October [1633], Captain William Holmes and a chosen company arrived in the Connecticut river, in a sloop. Holmes was commissioned to make a settlement, and he brought with him the frame of a house. When he ap- proached the Dutch fort he was menaced with destruction. But he was not intimidated, and sailing by unhurt, he landed at the site of Windsor, and there erected his house. The following year the Dutch made an unsuc- cessfiil attempt to drive him from the country. 5. Holmes's colony flourished, and in the Autumn of 1635, a party of sixty men, women, and children, from the Puritan settlements, commenced a jour- ney through the wilderness [Oct. 25] to join him. With their cattle,'' they made a slow and dreary journey of a hundred miles through dark forests and dismal swamps ; and when they arrived upon the banks of the Con- necticut [^^ov. 25], the ground was covered with deep snow, and the river was frozen. It v/as a winter of great trial for them. Many cattle perished.^ A vessel bearing food for the colony was lost on the coast, and _^ the settlers were compelled to subsist upon acorns, ^^^^^^ :jeeti>g-hou6e. and^scanty supplies of Indian corn from the natives. Many returned to Bos- J: v'Jse \ e r!o'- ^Versel4, pareir,; ~T^^^e^^^i3~pa^^^ . * epe page oy. 6. Verse pag:c 69. 6 Verse 1 nacp fifi /. This was the first introduction of cattle into Connecticut . ' o. ine loss m cattle was estimated at about S>1,000. Pi?r?tanVSn?''^^T^^'V ^^^Jl^ ma^e to the Puritans by the D^h and Indians? What did the 4. Carvou rolat;fI.r^ ConneH icnt granted ? What movements did the Dutch make? 68 SETTLEMENTS. Hooker's emigration to Connecticut. Murders by the Pequods. Williains's interposition. ton by water. With the openmg of Spring the necessities of those who re- mained were supplied. They erected a small house for worship on the site of PIartford;and m April, 1636, the first court, or organized government, was held there. 6. At about the time when this company departed, a son of governor Win- throp^ of Massachusetts, Hugh Peter§ and Henry Vane, arrived at Boston from England, as commissioners for the proprietors of Connecticut, with instructions to build a fort at the mouth of the river of that name, and to plant a colony there. The fort was speedily built, and the settlement was named Saybrook, in honor of the two peers named in the charter."^ 7. In June, 1636,- Rev. Thomas Hooker, the light of the western churches," with other ministers, their families, and flocks, in all about one hundred, left the vicinity of Boston for the Connecticut valley. It was a toilsome journey through the swamps and forests. They subsisted upon the milk of their cows which they took with them, and on the 4th of July [1636], they stood upon the beautiful banks of the Connecticut. A great portion of the company set- tled at Hartford. Some chose Wethersfield for a residence ; and others, from Roxbury, went up the river twenty miles, and settled at Springfield. There were now five distinct English settlements upon the Connecticut river. 8. A storm was now gathering. The powerful Pequod Indians^ became jealous of the white people, because they appeared to be the friends of their enemies the Moliegans on tlic West, and of their more powerful foes, the Narragansets^ on the East. They first commenced petty annoyances ; then kidnapped children, murdered men in the forests, and attacked families on the outskirts of the settlement at Saybrook. Their allies of Block Island'' cap- tured a Massachusetts trading vessel, killed the captain^ [July, 1636] and * plundered her. An inefficient expedition from Boston and vicinity penetrated the Pequod country, which resulted in only increasing the hatred and hostility of the savages. The Pequods became bolder, and finally sought an alliance with their enemies, the Narragansets^ in an effort to exterminate the whit people. 9. Roger Williams, who had been banished from Massachusetts,^ was now a friendly resident in the country of the Narragansets^ and heard of the pro- posed alliance. Forgetting the many injuries he had received, he warned the doomed people of the Bay Colony, of impending danger. At the risk of his own life, he descended Narraganset Bay in an open canoe, on a stormy day, visited Miantonomoh, the Narraganset sachem, at his seat near Newport, while the Pequod embassadors were there in council. The latter menaced Williams with death ; yet that good man remained three days, and eff'ectually 1. Verse 8, page 93. 2. Verse page 67. Verse 14, page 16. 4. This island, which lies nearly south from the eastern comer of Connecticut, was visited by Adrian Block, the Dutch navigator, and was called by his name. At the time in question it was thickly populated with fierce Indians. 5. John Oldham, the first overland ex])lorer of the Connecticut liver. 6. Verse 11, page Qtjestions. — 6. Who else oommenred a ^ettlf'ment? and what was it called? 7. Can you relate incidents of nigraiion to the Connecticut in 16 6? 8. What did the Indians do to the. settlers ? and for what reason/ 9. What did Ro£rer Williams do for the English settlers? CONNECTICUT. 69 War with the Pequods. Sassacus. His defeat, flight and death. prevented the alliance.^ And more — he induced the Narragansets to renew hostihties with the Pequods. By this generous service the infant settlements were saved from destruction. 10. During the ensuing Winter, the Indians continued their murderous dep- redations. In the Spring, the authorities of the Enghsh settlements on the Connecticut declared war against the Pequods [May, 1637], and the Massachu- setts and Plymouth colonies agreed to aid them. Soon Captain Mason, who was in command of the fort at Saybrook- and Captain John Underhill, a brave and restless man, sailed in some pinnaces, with about eighty white men and seventy Mohegan Indians under Uncas,^ for Narraganset Bay. There Mianto- nomoh, with two hundred warriors, joined them, and they marched for the Pequod country. Their ranks were swollen by the brave Niantics and others, until five hundred " bowmen and spearmen" were in the train of Captains Mason and Underhill. 11. The chief sachem of the Pequods was Sassacus, a fierce warrior, and the terror of the New England tribes.^ He could summon almost two thousand warriors to the field ; and feeling confident in his strength, was not properly vigilant. His chief fort and village on the Mystic river, eight miles north-east of New London, was surprised at dawn [June 5, 1637], and before sunrise more than six hundred men, women and children, perished by fire and sword. Only seven escaped to spread the dreadful intelligence abroad, and arouse the surviving warriors. The Narragansets turned homeward, and the English, aware of great peril, pressed forward to Groton on the Thames, and there em- barked for Saybrook. They had lost only two killed, and less than twenty wounded. 12. Sassacus had scarcely recovered from this shock, Avhen almost a hun- dred armed settlers, from Massachusetts, under Captain Stoughton, arrived at Saybrook. The terrified Pequods made no resistance, but fled in dismay to- ward the wilderness westward, hotly pursued by the English. Terrible was the destruction in the path of the pursuers. Throughout the beautiful coun- try on Long Island Sound, from Saybrook to New Haven, wigwams and cornfields were destroyed, and helpless women and children were slain. With Sassacus at their head, the Indians flew like deer before the hounds, and finally took shelter in Sasco swamp, near Fairfield, where, after a severe bat- tle, they all surrendered, except Sassacus and a few followers. These fled to the Mohawhs^^ where the sachem was treacherously murdered, and his people were sold into slavery, or incorporated with other tribes. The blow was one of extermination, relentless and cruel. A nation had disappeared in a day." The New England tribes'' were filled with awe, and for forty years the colon- ivSts were unmolested by them. 1. Verse .5, pn^e ?•. 2. Verse 6, page 08. ?. Verse 14, page 16. 4. Verse 15, page 17. 5. Verse 2, pf'ge 18. 6. Verse 15, page 17. Question??. — 10. What preparations were made for war with the Indians? 11, Who was ih^^ head of the Pecinnds, and where was his residence? What occurred to his chief fort and village? 1;\ What did the ..'-Inglish do? and what misfo: tunes befell Sassacus and his tribe? 70 SETTLEMENTS. Settlement of New Haven. Connecticut colony. Rhode Island. 13. In the summer of 1637, John Davenport, an eminent Nonconformist* minister of London, with Theophilus Eaton and Edward Hopkins, rich mer- chants who represented a wealthy company, arrived at Boston. They were cordially received, and urgently soUcited to settle in that colony. The Hutch- inson controversy" was then at its height; and perceiving the religious agita- tions of the people, they resolved to found a settlement in the wilderness. The sagacious Puritans, while pursuing the PequodSj had discovered the beauty and fertility of the country along the Sound from the Connecticut to Fairfield, and Davenport and his companions heard their report with joy. Eaton and a few others explored the coast in autumn, and erecting a hut^ near the Quini- piac creek (the site of New Haven), they passed the winter there, and selected it for a settlement. In the spring [April 13, 1638] Davenport and others fol- lowed ; and under a wide-spreading oak,"* the good minister preached his first sermon. They purchased the lands at Quinipiac, of the Indians, and, taking the Bible for their guide, they formed an independent government, or plant- ation covenant," upon strictly religious principles. There they laid the found- ations of a city, and called it New Haven. 14. The following year the settlers at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, met in convention at Hartford [January 24, 1639], and adopted a written con- stitution, which contained very liberal provisions. It ordained that the gov- ernor and legislature should be elected annually by the people, and they were required to take an oath of allegiance to the commonwealth, and not to the king. The General Assembly, alone, could make or repeal laws; and in every matter the voice of the people was heard. This was termed the Connecticut Colony ; and, notwithstanding it and the New Haven Colony were not united until 1665, now was laid the foundation of the commonwealth of Con- necticut, Avhich was governed by the Hartford Constitution for more than a century and a half. SECTION YII. RHODE ISLAND. [1636-1643.] ^ 1. The first settler in Ehode Island was William Blackstone, a non-conform- ist minister,^ who was the first resident upon the peninsula of Shawmut, where Boston now stands.® Not liking the " lords brethren" in Massachusetts any more than the " lords bishops" of England, he withdrew to the wilder- ness. On the banks of the Paw tucket river he planted, and called the place Rehoboth."^ Although he was the first settler^ Blackstone was not the founder of Rliode Island. 1. Note 1, page Gl. 2. Verse 12, page 94. 3. On Ihe corner of Church and George-streets, New Haven. 4. At the intersection of George and College-streets, New Haven. 5. Note 1, page 61. P. Verse 8, page 93. 7. Room. The name was significant of his aim — he wanted room outside of the narrow confines of what he deemed Puritan intolerance. Questions.— L^. What circumstances led to the settlement at New Haven? Who were the principal men engaged in the i iovement? 1'. What did the settlers at Hartford and vicinity do? What was the charac- ter of their OouStilution ? 1. Who fiixt tcttled in Rhode Island ? and what caused him to do to? RHODE ISLAND. Banishment of Roger Williams. Settlement at Providence. Effects of toleration. 2. When Eoger Williams was banished from Massachusetts, toward the close of 1635,^ he left civilization, and found liberty and toleration among the heathen. After his sentence,^ his persecutors began to dread the influence of his enlightened principles, if he should plant a settlement beyond the limits of existing colonies, and they resolved to detain him. Informed of their scheme, he withdrew from Salem in the dead of winter [January, 1636], and through deep snows he traversed the forests alone, for fourteen weeks, sheltered only by the rude -wigwam of the Indian, until he found the hospitable cabin^ of Massasoit, the chief sachem of the Wampanoags* at Mount Hope. There he was entertained until the buds appeared, when, being joined by five friends from Boston, he seated himself some distance below Blackstone's plant- ation. 3. Williams being within the territory of the Plymouth Company,^ Grov- ernor Winslow® advised him to cross into the Narranganset country, where he could not be molested. With his companions, he embarked in a light canoe, paddled around to the head of JSTarraganset Bay, and upon a green slope, near a spring,"^ they prayed, and chose the spot for a settlement. Wil- liams obtained a grant of land from Canonicus, chief sachem of the Narragan- setSj and in commemoration of " Grod's merciful providence to him in his distress," he called the place Providence. 4. The freedom enjoyed at Providence was soon spoken of at Boston, and persecuted men fled thither for refuge. There men of every creed lived to- gether happily. The same freedom was allowed in politics as in rehgion ; and there was established a pure democracy. Each settler was required to sub- scribe to an agreement, that he would submit to such rules, "not affecting the conscience," as a majority of the inhabitants should adopt for the public good. WiUiams reserved no political power to himself, and the leader and follower had equal dignity and privileges. 5. The powerful Narraganset chief became much attached to Wilhams, and liis influence among them, as we have seen,^ was very powerful. He saved his persecutors from destruction, yet they had not the Christian manUness to ' remove the sentence of banishment. His settlement was enthely unmolested during the Pequod war,^ and it prospered wonderfully. 6. Early in 1638, while Mrs. Hutchinson was yet in prison in Boston, her husband, with William Coddington, Dr. John Clarke, and sixteen others, of concurrent rehgious views, accepted the invitation of Roger Wilhams to set- , tie in his vicinity. Miantonomoh gave them the beautiful island of Aquiday,^^ 1. Verse 11, page 94. 2. Williams was allowed six weeks after the pronunciation of his sentence to prepare for his departure. 6. Massasoit had become acquainted with the manner of building cabins adopted by the settlers at fishi'^g- stations on the coast, and had constructed one for himself. Thev were much more comfortable than wig- ^8"™'^ See verse 7, pa^re 9. 4. Verse 15, page 17. 5. Verse 7, page 49. f-. Verse 2, page 66. 7. This spring is now beneath some fine svcamores, on the west side of Benefit-street, in Providence. ?o X^^^® ^- ^'e' s^e 10, page 69. 10. Verse 12, T)ae:e 94. 11. Note 2. patre 95. 12. This was the Indian name of Rhode Island. It is a Narragan-set word, signifying Peaceable Isle. It is sometimes spelled Aquitneck, and Aquitnet. Questions.— 2. What did the'peiser.Ttors^of^Roger William « ff^rT~~Wliat'did he do? 8. What led 1o the I founding of Prrw7d«/w;e.» 4. What kind of government did Williams establish ? What was the effect ? 5. I Uow was Williams regarded by Ihe Indians? 72 SETTLEMENTS. Settlement of Newport. Rhode Island and P rovidence plantations. Delaware. for forty fathoms of white Wampum.^ They called it Isle of Rhodes, and upon its northern verge they planted a settlement, and named it Portsmouth. A covenant, similar to the one used by Williams,^ v^as signed by the settlers* and, in imitation of the Jewish form of government under the judges, Cod- dington was chosen judge or chief ruler, with three assistants. Others soon came from Boston ; and in 1639, Newport, toward the lower extremity of the island, was founded. Liberty of conscience was absolute ; love was the social and political bond ; and upon the seal which they adopted was the motto, A7nor vincit omnia — " Love is all-powerful." 7. Although the Rliode Island and the Providence plantations were separate in government, they were united in interest and aim. Unwilling to acknowl- edge allegiance to either Massachusetts or Plymouth,^ they sought an inde- pendent charter. For that purpose Roger WiUiams went to England in 1643. The whole parent country was then convulsed with civil war.'* After much delay, he obtained from Parliament (which was then contending fiercely with the king) a free charter of incorporation [March 24, 1644], and all the settle- ments were united under the general title of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Then was founded the commonwealth of Rhode Island. SECTION VIII. DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA. [1631-1682.] 1. The first permanent settlements in the provinces of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, bore such intimate relations to each other, that they may be appropriately considered as parts of one episode in the liistory of American colonization. DELAWARE. 2. Cape Henlopen was the south coast-limit of New Netherland.^ In 1629, the territory between the Cape and the mouth of the Delaware river was purchased of the natives ; and in April, 1631, a vessel from Holland, ^ under the command of Peter Heyes, arrived there with thirty immigrants, with implements and cattle. They seated themselves on the Delaware, near the present village of Lewiston. Heyes returned to Holland, and reported to 1. Note 1, pajre 10. They also ^ave the Indians ten coats and twenty hose, on condition that they should leave the island before the next winter. 2. Verse i, page 71. The following is a copy of the government compact : " We, whose names are under- written, do swear solemnly, in the presence of Jehovah, to incorporate ourselves into a body politic, and, as He shall help us, will submit our persons, lives, and estates, unto our Lord Jesus Christ, the King of kings, and Lord of Hosts, and to all those most perfect and absolute laws of His, given us in His holy Word of truth, to be guided and judged thereby." ?-. This unwillingness caused the other New England colonies to refuse the application of Rhode Island to become one of the confederacy, in 16.3. See verse 15, page 96, 4. Note 10, page 84. 5. Verse 4, page 57- QuKSTTONf?.— 6. What led to a settlement on Rhode Island? What was the result? 7- What did the Rhode Island settlements become? 1. What of the early history of Delaware, New Jersey, and Penn- sylvania? 2. What was the southern coast-limit of New Netherland? What happened on the shores of the Delaware ? DELA\VA1?E. 73 Scheme of Gustavus Adolphus. Swedish West India Company. Jealousy of the Dutch. Captain De Yries,^ his employer. That mariner visited America early the following year [1632], but the little colony was not to be found. Difficulties with the Indians had provoked savage vengeance, and they had exterminated the white people. 3. A competitor for a place on the Delaware now appeared. Usselincx, an original projector of the Dutch West India Company/^ becoming dissatisfied with his associates, visited Sweden, and laid before the enlightened monarch, Gustavus Adolphus, w^ell-arranged plans for a Swedish colony in the New World. The king was dehghted, for his attention had already been turned toward America ; and his benevolent heart was full of desires to plant a free colony there, which should become an asylum for all persecuted Christians. While his scheme was ripening, the danger which menaced Protestantism in Germany, called him to the field, to contend for the principles of the Reform- ation,^ and, with a strong army, he opposed the Imperial hosts marshaled under the banner of the pope on the fields of Germany. Yet the care and tumults of the camp and field did not make him forget his benevolent designs ; and only a few days before his death, at the battle of Lutzen [November 6, 1632], Gustavus recommended the enterprise as ^' the jewel of his kingdom." 4. Christina, the daughter and successor of Gustavus, was then only six years of age. The government was administered by a regency,* at the head of which was Axel, count of Oxenstierna. He was the earhest and most ardent supporter of the great enterprise of Gustavus ; and in 1634, he issued a charter for the Swedish West India Company. Peter Minuit,^ who had been recalled from the governorship of New Netherland, went to Stockholm and offered his services to the new corporation. They were accepted ; and toward the close of 1637, he sailed, with fifty emigrants, landed on the site of Newcastle, in Delaware, in April, 1638, and purchased from the Indians'' the territory between Cape Henlopen and the Falls of the Delaware, at Trenton. They built a church and fort on the site of Wilmington, called the place Chris- tina, and gave the name of New Sweden to the territory. 5. The jealousy of the Dutch was aroused by this "intrusion," and they hurled protests and menaces against the Swedes.*^ But the latter increased ; and upon Tinicum island, a little below Philadelphia, they laid the foundations of a capital for a Swedish province.® The Dutch West India Company^ finally resolved to expel or subdue the Swedes. The latter defied the power of the 1. De Vries was an eminent navig:ator, and friend of the purchasers. To secure his valuable services, the purchasers made him a partner in their enterprise, with patroon [verse 2, page lllj privileges, and the first expedition was arranged by him. He afterward came to America, and was one of the most active men in the Dutch colonies. On his return to Holland, he published an account of his voyages. 2. Verse 5, page r>7. 3. Note 1', page 48. 4. A regent is one who exercises the power of a king or emperor during the absence, incapacity, or child- hood of the latter. For many years George the Third of England was incapable of ruling, and his son. who was to be his successor at his death, was called the Prince Regent, because Parliament had given him power to act as king, in the place of his father. In the case of Chr4st na, ihree persons were appointed regents, or rulers. 5. Verse 1, page 111. 6. The Delaicares. — Verse 13, page \h. 1. Verse -i, page 112. 8. This was done about forty years before William Penn became proprietor of Pennsylvania. 9. Verse 5, page 57. Questions. — ^3. What caused a Swedish emigration to the Delaware? 4. What officer gave a charter to a Swedish company? Whfit was it called? What was done under its direction? 5. What difficulties occurred between the Dutch and Swedes ? What was the result ? 4 74 SETTLEMENTS. Conquest of New Sweden. Settlements in New Jersey. Colonial organization. Dutch. The challenge was acted upon ; and toward the close of the summer of 1G55, Governor Stuyvesant, with a squadron of seven vessels, entered Del- aware Bay.^ In September every Swedish fort and settlement was brought under his rule, and the capital on Tinicum island was destroyed. The Swedes obtained honorable terms of capitulation; and for twenty-five years they prospered under the rule of the Dutch and English proprietors of New Netli- erland. NEWJERSEY. 6. The territory of New Jersey was included in the New Netherland char- ter,^ and transient trading settlements were made [1622], first at Bergen, by a few Danes, and then on the Delaware. Early in 1623, the Dutch built a log fort near the mouth of Timber creek, a few miles below Camden, and called it Nassau;^ and in June, four couples, who had been married on the voyage from Amsterdam, seated themselves upon the site of Gloucester, a little below Fort Nassau. 7. In 1630, Michael Pauw bought, from the Indians, the lands extending from Hoboken to the Raritan ; and also the whole of Staten Island, and named the territory Pavonm} In this purchase Bergen was included. Other settlements were attempted, but none were permanent. In 1631, Captain Heyes, after establishing the Swedish colony at Lewiston,^ crossed the Delaware, and purchased Cape May° from the Indians ; and from that point to BurUngton, traders' huts were often seen. The English became possessors of New Netherland in 1664, and the Duke of York, to whom the province had been given,' conveyed to Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Car- teret [June 24, 1664], all the territory between the North and South (Hudson and Delaware) Rivers ^ and northward to the line of forty -one degrees and forty minutes, under the title of Nova CcBsarea or New J ersey. Soon after- ward several families from Long Island settled at Elizabethtovm,** and there planted the first seed of the New J ersey colony. The following year, Philip Carteret, who had been appointed governor of the new province, arrived with a charter, fair and liberal in all its provisions. It provided for a government to be composed of a representative assembly^ chosen by the people, and a governor and council. The legislative powers resided in the assembly ; the executive powers were intrusted to the governor and his council. Then [1665] was laid the foundation of the commonwealth of New Jersey. 1. Verse 9, page 114. 2. Verse 4, page 57. 3. It was built under the direction of Captain Jacobus May, who had observed attempts made by a French sea captain to set up the arms of France there. The iFort was built of logs, and was little else than a rude block-house, with palisades. [See note 2, page 101.] A little garrison, left to protect it, was soon scattered, and the fort was abandoned. 4. Until the period of our war for independence, the point of land on which Jersey City now stands, was called Panlus's Hook. Here was the eocene of a bold exploit in 1779, Verse I'', page 235. b. Verse 2, page 72. Named in honor of Captain Jacol>us Mav. 7. Verse 12, page 115. 8. Verse 2, page 128. 9. Note 2, page 128. Questions. — 6. When and where were settlements first made in New Jersey? 7- What other purchases «nd settlements were made in New Jersey? What government was given to the settleris? PENNSYLVANIA. 75 The Quakers. William Penn. Quakers in New Jersey. PENNSYLVANIA. 8. At about the commencement of the civil wars [1642-1651] which re- sulted in the death of Chailes the First, a new reUgious sect arose, called Quakers/ Their preachers were the boldest, and and yet the meekest, of all non-conformists.^ Purer than all other sects, they were hated and ■persecuted by all. Those who came to America for "conscience' sake" were persecuted by the Puritans of New England/ the Dutch of New Amsterdam, and the Churchmen of Virginia and Maryland. Only in Rhode Island did they en- joy freedom, and even there they did not always dwell in peace. 9. In 1673, George Fox, the founder of the william penn. Quaker sect, visited all his brethren in America. He found them a despised people everywhere, and his heart yearned for an asylum for his brethren. Among the most influential of his converts was William Penn, son of the re- nowned admiral of that name. Through his influence the Quakers soon pos- sessed the western half of New Jersey, by purchase from Lord Berkeley.* The first company of immigrants landed in the autumn of 1675, and named the place of debarkation Salem.^ They established a democratic form of government; and in November, 1681, the first legislative assembly of Quakers ever convened, met at Salem. 10. In the mean while, Penn, who had been chief peace-maker when dis- putes arose among the proprietors and the people, took measures to plant a new colony beyond the Delaware. He applied to Charles the Second for a charter. The king remembered the services of Admiral Penn,^ and gave his son a grant [March 14, 1681] of three degrees of latitude by five degrees of longitude west of the Delaware," and named the province Pennsylvania. It included the principal settlements of the Swedes. To these people, and others within the domain, Penn sent a proclamation, filled with the loftiest sentiments of republicanism. William Markham, who bore the proclamation, was appointed deputy governor of the province, and with him sailed [May, 1681] quite a large company of immigrants, who were members or em- < ployees of the Company of Free Traders,'' who had purchased lands of the proprietor. 1. This name was given by Justice Bennet, of Derby, in 1650, who was admonished by George Fox to tremble at the word of the Xord.— Haydon. See verse 18, page 97. 2. Note 1, page 61. 3. Verse 18, page 97. ' 4. Verse 2, page 128. T>. Now the capital of Salem county. New Jersey. 6. He was a verv efficient naval commander, and by his skill contributed to the defeat of the Dutch in 1664. The king gave him the title of Baron for his services. Note 15, page -8. 7. Lands in the new province were offered for about ten cents, an acre. Quite a number of purchasers Questions. — 8. What was the ''ondition of the Quakers in America ? 9. Wliat did ibeir founder do ? How came Quakers to possess a part of New Jersey ? What did they do? 10. What did William Penn attempt ? What territory was granted to him ? What inducements were offered to settlers ? What company was formed ? 76 SETTLEMENTS. Founding of Pennsylvania. William Penn in America. The Carolinas. 11. In the spring of 1682 [May], Penn published a frame of government, and sent it to the settlers for their approval. It was not a constitution, but a code of wholesome regulations for the people of the colony.^ He soon after- ward obtained, by grant and purchase [Aug., 1682], the domain of the present State of Delaware, Avliich the Duke ot York claimed, notwithstand- ing it was clearly not his own. It comprised three counties, called The Ter- ritories.'^ 12. Toward the close of August, 1682, Penn sailed for America with about one hundred emigrants. When he arrived at Newcastle, in Delaware [Nov. 6], he found almost a thousand new comers. He was joyfully re- ceived by the old settlers, who then numbered almost three thousand. The Swedes said, ^'It is the best day we have ever seen;" and they all gathered hke children around a father. 13. On the day after his arrival, Penn received from the agents of the Duke of York,^ in the presence of the people, a formal surrender of The Territories; and after resting a few days, he proceeded to visit his brethren in New Jersey, and the authorities at New York. On his return, he met the General Assembly of the province, at Chester,^ when he declared the union of The Territories with Pennsylvania. He also made a more judicious organization of the local government, and then were permanently laid the foundations of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. THE ASSEMBLY HOUSE. SECTION IX. THE CAROLINAS. [1622-1680.] 1. We have already considered the unsuccessful efforts at settlement on the coast of Carolina during the sixteenth century.^ As early as 1609, some dissatisfied people from Jamestown settled on the Nansemond ; and in 1622, Porey, then secretary of Virginia, with a few friends, penetrated the country beyond the Roanoke. In 1630, Charles the First granted a vast domain south of Virginia, from Albemarle Sound to the St. John's river, to Sir unitci, and called themselves The Com'pany of Free Traderft, with whom Penn entered into an agreement concerning the occnpation of the soil, laying out of a city, etc. 1. It ordained a General Assembly, or court, to consist of a governor, a council of seventy chosen by the freemen of the colony, and a house of delegates, to consist of not less than two hundred members, nor more than five hundred. These were also to be chosen by the people. The proprietor, or his deputy (the govern- or), was to preside, and to have a threefold voice in the council ; that is, on all questions, he was to have three votes for every one of the councilors. 2. Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex. 3. Verse 12, page 115. 4. The picture is a correct vepi esentation of the building at Chester, in Pennsylvania, wherein ihe As- sembly met. It was yet standing in i860. Not far from the spot, on the shore of the Delaware, at the mouth of Chester Creek, was also a solitary pine-tree, which marked the place where Penn landed. 6. Verse 21, page 33, to verse 27, page 43." Questions.— 11. What did Penn do in 1082? 12. How was he received in Araeriea? 1.^. What public act. did he perform? What did he do on his return from New York? 1. What attempts at settlement in Carolina were made ? THE CAEOLINAS. 77 Settlement in North Carolina. Emigration to South Carolina. Eobert Heath, his attorney-general. No settlements were made, and the charter was forfeited. 2. Dissenters or ISTonconformists^ now suffered many disabilities in Vir- ginia, and looked to the wilderness for freedom. In 1653, Roger Green and a few Presbyterians left that colony and settled upon the Chowan River, near the present village of Edenton. Other dissenters soon followed. Grovernor Berkeley, of Virginia," wisely organized them into a separate poUtical com- munity [1663], and William Drummond,^ a Scotch Presbyterian minister was appointed their governor. They received the name of Albemarle County Colony, in honor of the Duke of Albemarle, who, that year, became a pro- prietor of the territory. Two years previously [1661], some New England* adventurers settled in the vicinity of Wilmington, on the Cape Fear River, but many of them soon abandoned the country because of its poverty. 3. In 1663, Charles the Second granted the whole ter-ritory named in Heath's charter, to eight of his principal friends,^ and called it Carolina.® As the Chowan settlement was not within the limits of the charter, the boundary was extended northward to the present line between Virginia and North Carolina, and also southward, so as to include the whole of Florida, except its peninsula. The Bahama Islands were granted to the same pro- prietors in 1667."^ 4. A company of Barbadoes planters settled [1665] upon the lands first occupied by the New England people, and founded a permanent settlement there. The few settlers yet remaining were treated kindly, and soon an in- dependent colony, with Sir J ohn Yeamans® as governor, was established. It was called the Clarendon County Colony, in honor of one of the proprietors. Yeamans managed prudently, but the poverty of the soil prevented a rapid increase in the population.^ Now was founded the commonwealth of North Carolina. 5. In January 1670, the proprietors sent three ships with emigrants, under the direction of William Sayle^° and Joseph West, to plant a more southerly colony. They entered Port Royal, landed on Beaufort Island at the spot where the Huguenots built Fort Carolina, in 1564,^^ and there Sayle died 1. Note 1, pagre 61. 2. Verse 11, page 84. 3. Drnmmoiid was afterward executed on account of his participation in Bacon's revolutionary acts. See Note 7, page 88. 4. Verse 2, page ^8. 5. Lord Clarendon, his Prime Minister ; General Monk, just created Duke of Albemarle ; Lord Ashley- Cooper, afterward Earl of Shaftesbury ; Sir (Jeorge Carteret, a proprietor of New Jersey ; Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia ; Lord Berkeley, Lord Craven, and Sir John Colleton. 6. It will be perceived [note page 41] that the name of Carolina, given to territory south of Virginia, was bestowed in honor of two kings named Charles, one of France, the other of England. 7. Samuel Stephens succeeded Drnmraond as governor, in 1667 ; and in 1668, the first popular Assembly in North Carolina, assembled at Edenton. 8. Yeamans was an impoverished English baronet, who had become a planter in Barbadoes to mend his fortune. He was successful, and became wealthy. 9. The inhabitants turned their attention chiefly to the manuf?.cture of boards and other timber, and f»lso turpentine, from the immense pine forests of the cor.pt legions. Pi:ch continues to be the staple trade be- tween the Cape Fear and Roanoke, in the vicinity of the seaboard. 10. Sayle had previously explored the Carolina const. Twenty years before he had attempted to plant an I* Eleutharia," or place dedicated to the genius of Liberty [see Eleutheria, Anthon's Classical Dictionary], in the isles near the coast of Florida. 11. Verse 13. page "P. QuESTloxa— 2. What originated the ATf)emarJe County Colovy ? What had already been done? 3. To whom was Carolina granted? What additions were made to the possessions of the proprietors ? 4. What other settlers founded a colony ? 5. What efforts were made to plant a new southern color y? What did the immigrants do ? 78 SETTLEMENTS. Founding of Charleston. Settlements in the interior. Georgia country. early in 1671. The immigrants soon afterward abandoned Beaufort, and sail- ing into the Ashley Eiver/ seated themselves on its western bank, at a place a few miles above Charleston, now known as Old Town, and there planted the first seeds of a South Carolina colony. 6. West exercised authority until the arrival of Sir John Yeamans [De- cember 1671], who was appointed governor. He came with fifty families, and a large number of slaves.'^ Kepresentative government was iustituted in 1672,^ under the title of the Carteret County Colony ^ so called in, honor of one of the proprietors.* Ten years afterward they abandoned the spot ; and upon Oyster Point, at the junction of Ashley and Cooper Rivers,^ nearer the sea, they founded the present city of Charleston.5 Immigrants came from various parts of Europe, and many Dutch families, dissatisfied with the English rule at New York,*^ went to South Carolina, where lands were freely given to them, and soon, along the Santee and the Edisto, the wilderness began to blossom under the hand of culture. The people would have nothing to do with a government scheme prepared by Shaftesbury and Locke,® but preferred simple organic laws of their own making. Then were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of South Carolina. SECTION X. GEORGIA. [1733.] 1. When the proprietors of the CaroHnas surrendered their charter® to the Crown [1729], the whole country southward of the Savannah river to the vicinity of St. Augustine, was a wilderness peopled by native tribes,** and claimed by the Spaniards as part of their territory of Florida." The English disputed this claim, and South Carohna townships were ordered to be marked out as far south as the Alatamaha. The dispute grew warm and warlike, and the Indians instigated by the Spaniards, depredated upon the frontier English settlements.*^ 2. While the clouds of hostility were gathering, and grew darker every hour, it was lighted up by a bright beam of benevolence, which proved the harbinger of a glorious day. It came from England, where, at that time, poverty was often considered a crime, and at least four thousand unfortunate debtors were yearly consigned to loathsome prisons. The honest and true, 1. Verse 6, pa^e 134. 2. This was the commencement of reg:ro slavery in South Carolina, Yeamans brought almost two hun- dred of them from Barbadoes. From the commencement, Somh Carolina has been a planting State. 3. Note 2, page 134 4. He was also one of the proprietors of New Jersey. See verse 7, page 74. 5. These were so called in honor of Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury. The Indian name of the former was Ke-a-wah, and of the latter, E ti-van. 6. Charleston was laid out in 1680 by John Culpepper, who had been surveyor-general for North Car- olina. See verse 6, page 134. 7. Verse l**-, page 116. P. Verse 1, page 132. 9. Verse 2?, page 139. 10. Chap. I., Sec. VIIT. 11. Verse 18 , page .-2. 12. Verse 20, page 138. Questions. — 6. How was negro slavery first irt' oduced into South Carolina ? What change did the settlers make? How was immigration encouraged? 1. What occurred conceming the Geoigia country? 2. What now occurred in PJngland ? GEORGIA. 79 Prisoners for debt. New settlement proposed. Emigration to Greorgia. the noble and the educated, as well as the ignorant and vile, groaned within prison walls. Their waihngs at length reached the ears of* benevolent rnen. Foremost among these was James Edward Oglethorpe/ a brave soldier, whose voice had been heard often in Parliament against imprisonment for debt. 3. General Oglethorpe was made chairman of a committee of inquiry upon the subject, appointed by Paruament, and his report, embodying a noble scheme of benevolence, attracted attention and admiration. He proposed to open the prison doors to all virtuous men within who would accept the con- ditions ; and with those and other sufferers from poverty and oppression, to go to the wilderness of America, and there estabhsh a colony of freemen, and open an asylum for persecuted Protestants" of all lands. The plan met warm responses in Parliament, and received the hearty approval of George the Second. A royal charter of twenty-one years was gi^anted [June 9, 1732] to a corporation " in trust for the poor," to establish a colony within the disputed territory south of the Savannah, to be called Georgia, in honor of the king.^ Individuals subscribed large sums to defray the expenses of emigrants hither ; and within two years after the issuing of the patent. Par- liament had appropriated one hundred and eighty thousand dollars for the same purpose.'* 4. Oglethorpe was a practical philanthropist. He offered to accompany the first settlers to the wilderness, and to act as governor oi the new province. With one hundred and twenty emigrants he left England [Nov., 1732], and after touching at Charleston [Jan., 1733], he proceeded to Port Royal. There Oglethorpe landed a large portion of his followers, and with a few others, he coasted to the Savannah river. Sailing up that stream as far as Yamacraw Bluff, he landed, and chose the spot whereon to lay the foundation of the capital of a future State.^ 5. The remainder of the emigrants arrived from Port Royal soon afterward [Feb. 12, 1733]. The Winter air was genial, and they commenced the erec- tion of of a town, which they called Savannah, the Indian name of the river.® For almost a year the governor dwelt under a tent, and there he often held friendly intercourse with the chiefs of neighboring tribes. At length when he had 1. See portrait, page 81. Born in Surrey, F^ngland, December 21, 169^. He was a soldier by profession. In 1745, was made a brigadier-general, and fought agninst Charles Edward, the Pretender, who was a grandson of James the Second, and claimed rightful heii ship to the throne of England. Oglethorpe re- fused the supreme command of the British army destined for America in 1775. Died June 30, 1.85, aged 87 y^rs. _ 2. Note 14, page 48. 3. The domain granted by the charter extended alorg the coast from the Savannah to the Alatamaha, and westward to the Pacific ocean. The Trustees appointed by the crown possessed all legislative and execu- tive power ; and therefore, while one side of the seal of the new province expressed the benevolent charac- ter of the scheme, by the device of a group of toiling sUkworms, and the motto, JSTon siln, sed aliis ; the other side bearing, between two urns, thegenlns of " Georgia Augusta," with a cap of Liherfj/ on her head, a spear, and a horn of plenty, was a false emblem. There was no political liberty for the people. 4. Brilliant visions of vast vintages, immense productions of silk for British looms, and all the wealth of ft fertile tropical region, were presented for the contemplation of the commercial acumen of the business men of England. These considerations, as well as the promptings of pure benevolence, made donations liberal and numerous. 5. Rome historians believe that Sir Walter Raleigh, while on his way to South America in 15P5, went np the Savannah river, and held a conference with the Indians on this very spot. 6. The streets were laid out with great regularity : public squares were reserved ; and the houses were all Duilt on one model, 24 by 16 feet, on the ground. Questions.— 3. What led to a settlement in Georgia? How was the scheme encouraged? 4. What did Oglethorpe do ? 80 SETTLEMENTS. Conference with the Indians. General character of the settlers. mounted cannons upon the fort, and safety was thus secured, Oglethorpe met filly chiefs in council [May, 1733], with To-mo-chi-chi^ the chief sachem of the lower Creek Confederacy^ at th^ir head, to treat for the purchase of lands. Satisfactory arrangements were made, and the English obtained sovereignty over the whole domain [June 1, 1733] along the Atlantic from the Savannah to the St. Johns, and westward to the Fhnt and the head-waters of the Chat- tahoochee. The provisions of the charter formed the constitution of govern- ment for the people ; and there, wliere the city of Savannah now stands, was laid the foundation of the commonwealth of Georgia, in the Summer of 1733. Immigration flowed thither in a strong and continuous stream, for all were free in religious matters ; yet for many years the colony did not flourish.^ 6. Never in the history of the world was greater heroism displayed than the seaboard of the domain of the United States exliibited during the period of settlements, and the development of colonies. Hardihood, faith, courage, indomitable perseverance, and imtiring energy, were requisite to accomplish aU that was done in so short a time, and under such unfavorable circumstan- ces. While many of the early emigrants were mere adventurers, and sleep in deserved oblivion, because they were recreant to the great duty which they had self-imposed, there are thousands whose names ought to be perpetu- ated in brass and marble, for their faithful performance of the mighty tnsk assigned them. They came here as sowers of the prolific seed of human liberty; and during the colonizing period, many of them carefully matured the tender plant, while bursting into vigorous life. We, who are the reapers, ought to reverence the sowers and the cultivators with grateful hearts. 1. Tomo-chi-cJii Tvas then an apred mnn, and at his first interviewwilh Oglethorpe, he presented him with a buffalo skin, ornamented with the picture of an eagle. "Here," said the chief, "is a little present ; I give you abuffnlo's skin, adorned on the inside with the head and feathers of an eagle, which I desire yoa to accept, because the eagle is an emblem of speed, and the buffalo of strength. The English are swift as the bird, and strong as the bea?t, since, like the former, they flew over vast seas to the uttermost parts of the earth ; and, lilse the latter, ihey are so strong that nothing can withstnnd them. The feathers of an eagle are soft, and signify love ; thebuffalo's skin is warm, and signifies protection : therefore I hope the English will love and protect our little families." Alas ! the wishes of the venerable To-mo-cJii-chi were never realized, for the white people more often plundered and destroyed, than loved and protected the Indians. 2. Verse 2, page 22. 3. Verse 1, page 139, and verse 9, page 142. Questions. — 5. What did the settlers do on Yamacraw Bluff? What arrangements were made with iho Indians ? What was the condition of the colonists ? 6. What rellections may we indulge ? EMliAEKATION OF THE PILGRIMS. CHAPTEll IV. THE COLONIES. SECTION 1. 1. The colonial history of the United States is comprised within the period commencing when the several settle- ments along the Atlantic coasts became organized into political communities, and ending when representatives of these colonies met in general congress in 1774.^ There was an earUer union of interests and efforts. It was when the English colonies aided the mother country in a long war against the combined hostilities of the French and In- dians. As the local histories of the several colonies after the commencement of that war have but little interest for the general reader, we shall trace the progress of each colony only to that period, and devote a section to the nar- rative of the French and Indian war.'^ JAMES EDWARD OGLETUOEPE. 1, Verse 35, page 1 5. Questions. — 1. What period comprises the colonial history of the United State; was effected previous to 1774 ? 4'^ Sec. XII., page 147- ? What union of efio: ts 82 COLONIES. Progress of the Virginia Settlement. A written Constitution. 2. We have observed that a settlement acquires the character of a colony only when it has become permanent, and the people, acknowledging alle- giance to a parent State, are governed by organic laws.^ According to these conditions, the earliest of the thirteen colonies represented in the Congress of 1774, was VIRGINIA. [1G19]. 3. It was a happy day for the six hundred settlers in Virginia, when the gold-seekers disappeared,^ and the enlightened George Yeardley became gov- ernor, and establislied a representative assembly [June 28th, 1G19] — the first in all America.^ And yet a prime element of happiness and prosperity was wanting. There werefew white women in the colony. The wise Sandys, the friend of the Pilgrim Father s^'^ was then treasurer of the London Company,^ and one of the most influential and zealous promoters of emigration. During the same year when the Puritans sailed for America [1620], he sent more than twelve hundred emigrants to Virginia, among whom were ninety young women, pure and uncorrupt," who were disposed of for the cost of their passage, as wives for the planters.*' The following year sixty more were sent. The family relation was soon established; the gentle influence of woman gave refinement to social life on the banks of the Powhatan ;7 new and powerful incentives to industry and thrift were created, and the mated plant- ers no longer cherished the prevailing idea of returning to England.® 4. Vessel after vessel, laden with immigrants, continued to arrive in the James river, and new settlements were planted, even so remote as the Falls,^ and on the distant bank of the Potomac. Verbal instructions would no longer serve the purposes of government, and the company granted [August, 1621] the colonists a written ConstitutioUj^^ which ratified most of the acts of Yeardley.^^ Provision was made for the appointment of a governor and council by the Company, and a popular assembly to consist of two burgesses or representatives from each borough, chosen by the people. This body, and the council, composed the General Assembly, which was to meet once a year and pass laws for the general good.''-^ Such laws were not vahd, until ap- proved by the company, neither were any orders of the company binding 5 Vel^se ?' pa-e 49 ^* ^^"^^^ ^^^^ ^" ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ 6. Tobacco had already become a circulating medium, or currency, in Virginia. The price of a wife varied tiora 120 to 150 pounds of this product, equivalent, in monev value, to about $90 and $1^2 each. The second cargo" were sold at a still higher price. By the king's special order, one hundred' dissolute vaga- bonds called jail birds" by the colonists, were sent over the same vear, and sold as bond-servants for a specihed time In \ugust, the same year, a Dutch trading vessel entered the James river with negro slaves. 1 wenty of them were sold into perpetual slavery to the planters. This was the commencement of negro slavery in the English colonies [note 5, page 145]. The slave population of the United States in 1860, was 4,000,000, according to the census. 7 Verse 1') page 50 _ 8. Most of the immigrants hitherto were possessed of the spirit of mere adventurers. They came to Amer- ica to repair shattered tortunes, or to gain wealth, with the ultimate object of returning to England to en- ^Iv creation of families made the planters more attached to the soil of Virginia. r^x^^ ^/ ^^'^ Richmond. The fnlls, or ranids, extend about six mile«. rrul ^-"6 people of the May-floicer formed a vritten ron titution for themselves. [Verse 12, page 62.] Virgima was modeled after the consiilntion of England. 11. Verse r9, page 56. 12. This was the beginning of the Virginia House of Burgesses, of which we shall often speak. Questions.— 2. What constitutes a colony ? 3. What was wanting in Vi. gi^ia ? How was the want sup- plied? What was the effect ? 4. What pro-ress did the colony make? What was the character of tho constitution ? How did the Virginians regard it ? VIUGINIA. 83 Terrible Indian massacre. Vengeance of the white people. upon the colonists, until ratified by the Genei'til Assembly. Trial by jury was established, and courts of law conformable to those of England were organ- ized. Ever afterward claiming these privileges as rigJdSj the Virginians look back to the Summer of 1621 as the era of their civil freedom. 5. Sir Francis Wyatt, who had been appointed governor under the Consti- tution, and brought the instrument with liim, was delighted with the aspect of affairs in Virginia. But a dark cloud soon arose. The neighboring Indian tribes^ gathered in solemn council. Powhatan, the friend of the English after the marriage of his daughter,^ was dead, and an enemy of the white people ruled the dusky nation.^ The English were now four thousand in number, and rapidly increasing. The Indians read their own destiny — annihilation — upon the face of every new comer ; and, prompted by the first great law of his nature, self-preservation, the red man resolved to strike a blow for life. 6. An Indian conspiracy to exterminate the white people was formed in the Spring of 1622. At mid-day, on the first of April, the hatchet fell upon all of the more remote settlements; and within an hour, three hundred and fifty men, women and cliildren were slain.^ Jamestown^ and neighboring plantations were saved by the timely warning of a converted Indian.^ The people were on their guard and escaped. Those far away in the forests de- fended themselves bravely, and then fled to Jamestown. Within a few days, eighty plantations were reduced to eight. 7. Now concentrated at Jamestown, the people prepared for vengeance. A vindictive war ensued, and a terrible blow of retaliation was given. The Indians upon the James and York rivers w^ere slaughtered by scores, or were driven far back into the wilderness. Yet a blight was upon the colony. Sick- ness and famine followed close upon the massacre. Within three months, the colony of four tliousand souls was reduced to twenty-five hundred , and at the beginning of 1624, of the nine thousand persons who had been sent to Virginia, from England, only eighteen hundred remained. 8. The holders cf the stock of the London Company^ had now become very numerous, and their meetings, composed of men of all respectable classes, assumed a political character, in which two distinct parties were represented, namely, the advocates of liberty, and the supporters of the royal prerogatives. The king was offended by the freedom of debates at these meetings, and re- garded them as inimical to royalty and dangerous to the stability of his throne.^ 1. The Powhatans ; verse 10, pag:e 15. , , ^ \ ^^^^^ ^7, page 55. ?. Powhatan died in 1618, and was Kucceeded in office by his younger brother, Opechancauough [verse 12, page 85]. This chief hated the English. He captured Smith. . , , , 4. Onechancanough was wily ar.d exceedingly treacherous. Only a few days before ihe massacre, he de- clared'that " Fooner \he skies wonld fall than his friendship with the Eng..sii should be dissolved." Even on t:;e day of tbe massacre, the Indians entered the houses of the planters wilh usual tokens of friendship. 5. Verse 10, page .'0. . . -n- ^ • ^ x 6. This was Chanco, who was informed of the bloody design the evening previous. Tie desired to save a white friend in Jamestown, ar.d crave him the information. It was too late to send word to the more remn+e settlements. Among those who fell on this occasion, were six members of the council, and several of the wealthiest inhabitants. 7. Verse 7, pas'e 40. 8. These meetings wore quite freanent ; and so important were the members, in political affflirs. that they could influence the election of members of Parliament. In 1623, the accomplished Nicholas Ferrar, an Oh'-stto^s.— 5. Wliat fronble appeared ? 6. What conspiracy was formed ? What terrible disaster befell the Virgiuians? 7. How did they retaliate? What else befell the colony? 84 COLONIES. Dissolution of the London Company. Troubles in Virginia. He determined to regain what he had lost by granting the liberal third charter^ to the company. He endeavored to control the elections. Failing in this, he sought a pretense for dissolving the Company. A commission was appointed [May, 1G23] to inquire into their affairs. It was composed of the king's pliant instruments, who, having reported in favor of a dissolution of the Company, an equally pliant judiciary accomplished his designs [October, 1623], and a quo ivcm-anto' was issued. The company made but little opposition, for the settle- ment of Virginia had been an unprofitable speculation from the beginning; and in July, 1624, the patents were canceled,^ and Virginia became a royal province again. 9. King James boasted of the beneficent results to the colonists which would flow from this usurpation, by which they were placed under his special care. He apointed Yeardley,'' with twelve councilors, to administer the gov- ernment, but wisely refrained from interfering Avitli the House of Bui gesses.^ The king lived but a few months afterward, and at his death [April 6, 1G25] he was succeeded by his son, Charles the First. That monarch was as selfish as he was weak. He sought to promote the welfare of the Virginia planters, because he also sought to reap the profits of a monopoly, by becoming him- self their sole factor in the management of their exports. He allowed them political privileges, because he asked their sanction for his commercial agency.® 10. Yeardley died in November, 1627, and was succeeded by Sir John Har- vey [1629], a haughty and unpopular royalist. He was a member of the commission appointed by James ]'' and the colonists so despised him, that they refused the coveted monopoly to the king. After many and violent disputes about land titles, the Virginians deposed him [1635] and appointed commis- sioners to proceed to England with an impeachment. Harvey accompanied the commission. The king refused to hear complaints against the accused, and he was sent back clothed with full powers to administer the government. He ruled almost four years longer, and was succeeded [November, 1639] by Sir Francis Wyatt. 11. Sir Wiliam Berkeley,® an able and elegant courtier, succeeded Wyatt in August, 1641. For ten years he ruled with vigor, and the colony prospered wonderfully.® But, as in later years, commotions in Europe now disturbed the American settlements. The democratic revolution in England,^" which active opponent of the court party, was elected to Parliament, by the inflnence of the liOndon company. This fact, doubtless, caused the king to dissolve the Company the present year. 1. Verse 4, page 82. 2. A writ of quo warranto is issued to compel a person or corporation to appear before the king, and show by what authority certain privileges are held. 3. The Company had expended almost $700,000 in establishing Ihe colony, and this great sum was almost a dead loss to the stockholders. 4. Verse 28, page 55. 5. Note 12, page 82. 6. In June, 162^ the king, in a letter to the governor and council, asked Ihem to convene sn assembly to consider his proposal to contract for the whole crop of tobacco. He lhus tacitly acknowledged the legality of the republican assembly of Virginia, hitherto not mnctioned, hwi or\\y permitted. 7- Verso 8, page 83. 8. Was born near London : educated at Oxford ; became, by travel and education, a polished gentleman ; was governor of Virginia almost 40 years, and died in Julv, 1677. 9. In 16t8 the number of colonists was 20,000. " The cottages were filled with children, as the ports were with ships and immigrants." 10. For a long time the exactions of the king fostered a bitter feeling toward him, in the hearts of the Questions.— 8. What can you tell of the London Company and the king? 9. What did the king do? What was the character of his successor? 10. Why did the Virginians hate Governor Harvey ? What oc- curred between hira and them ? VIRGINIA. 85 Loyalty of the Virginians. Parliamentary authority. A compromise. brought Charles the First to the block, and placed Oliver Cromwell in power, now began [1642], and religious sects in England and America assumed po- litical importance. Pui'itans^ had- hitherto been tolerated in Virginia, but now the Throne and the Church were united in interest, and the Virginians being loyal to both, it was decreed that no minister should preach except in conformity to the constitution of the Church of England.^ Many non-con- formists^ were banished from the colony. 12. The Indians were again incited to hostihties [April, 1644], by the rest- less and vengeful Opechancanough,'^ and for two years a bloody border war- fixve was carried on. The King of the Powhatans^ was finally made captive, and died while in prison at Jamestown. The power of the confederation was completely broken, and after ceding large tracts of land'' to the English, the chiefs acknowledged allegiance to the authorities of Virginia. 13. The Virginians remained loyal during the civil war in England" [1641-1649], and when Republican government was proclaimed, they boldly recognized the son of the late king, although in exile, as their sovereign.® The republican Parliament was incensed, and took measures to coerce Virginia into submission to its authority. For that purpose Sir Greorge Ayscue was sent with a powerful fleet, bearing commissioners of Parliament, and anchored in Hampton Roads in March, 1652. 14. Although the Virginians had resolved to submit rather than fight, they made a show of resistance. They declared their willingness to compromise mth the invaders, to which the commissioners, surprised at the bold attitude of the colonists, readily consented. Instead of opening their cannons upon the Virginians, they courteously proposed submission to the authority of Par- liament upon terms quite satisfactory to the colonists. Liberal political con- cessions to the people were secured, and they were allowed nearly all those civil rights which the Declaration of Independence,^ a century and a quarter later, charged Greorge the Third with violating. 15. Until Charles the Second was restored to the throne of his father [May 29, 1660], Virginia was virtually an independent State, for Cromwell made no appointments except that of governor. Already the people had elected Richard Bennet [1652] to fill Berkeley's place. In 1656, Cromwell appointed Samuel Matthews governor. On the death of the Protector [1658], people. In 1641 they took up arms ag:ainst their sovereign. One of the chief leaders of the popnl ir pa-ty was Oliver Cromwell. The war continued until 1649, when the royalists were subdued, and the king- was beheaded. Parliament assumed all the functions of government, and ruled urtil 165.3, when CromAvclI, the insurgent leader, dissolved that body, and was proclaimed supreme vnler, wi h ihe ehannahf. 5. He was born in England, educated a lawyer, and in Virginia was a men:ber of the council. He was about thirty years of age at that time. 6. King Philip's war was then raging in Massachusetts, and the white people, everywhere, were alanned. See Verse 21, page 98- ' . Verse 19, r«?e 87. 8. The chief leaders of the republican party at the capital, were Willinm Drummond, who had been gov- ernor of North Carolina [verse 2, page 771, and Colonel Richard Law enre. 9. This event was the planting of one of the most vigorous and fruitful germs of American nationality. It was the first bending of power to the boldly-expressed will of the people. 10. Williamsburg, four miles from Jamestown, and midwnv between the York and James rivers, was then called the Middle Plnvtation. After +1ie accession of Wilh'nm and Mary [see verse 3", page 103], town was laid out in the form of the ciphers WM, and was named Williamsburg. Governor Nicholson made it the capital of the province in 1698. Questions. — 19. What gave the people an excuse for a-mirg? What caused an Ind'nn war? "^0. What cauped an insurrection ? and what was done ? 21. How did the rebellion progress? 22. Wliat did the people gain ? What more can you tell of the rebellion and of Bacon ? 88 COLONIES. Governor Berkeley humbled. His bad faith. Destructioji of Jamestown. it without delay. The frightened governor speedily eompUed [July 4, 1676], and, concealing his anger, he also, on compulsion, signed a letter to the king, highly commending the acts and motives of the " traitor." The Assembly also gave him the commission of a general of a thousand men. 23. On receiving his commission, Bacon marched against the Pamunkey Indians.^ Berkeley then crossed the York river, and at Gloucester he sum- moned a convention of royalists. All the proceedings of the Republican As- sembly were reversed, and the governor again proclaimed Bacon a traitor [July 29, 1676]. The indignation of the patriot leader was fiercely kindled, and, marching back to Jamestown, he lighted up a civil war. The property of royalists was confiscated, their wives were seized as hostages, and their plantations were desolated. Berkeley fled to the eastern shore of the Chesa- peake. Bacon proclaimed his abdication, called an Assembly in his own name, and was about to cast off all allegiance to the British crown, when in- telligence was received of the arrival of imperial troops to quell the rebellion.^ 24. Berkeley, with some royalists and English sailors under Major Robert Beverly, now [Sept. 7] returned to Jamestown. Bacon collected his troops, and drove the governor down the James river. Informed that a large body of royalists and imperial troops were approaching, the Republicans applied the torch [Sept. 30] just as the night shadows came over the village.^ When the sun arose on the following morning, the first town built by Englishmen in America* was a heap of smoking ruins. Nothing remained standing but a few chimneys, and that old (ihurch tower^ which now attracts the eye and heart the voyager upon the bosom of the James river. 25. Leaving the site of Jamestown, Bacon pressed forward with his little army toward the York, de- termined to drive the royalists from Virginia. But he was smitten by a deadlier foe than armed men. The malaria of the marshes at Jamestown had poisoned his blood, and he died [Oct. 11, 1676] of malignant fever, on the north bank of the York. There was no m.an to re- ceive the mantle of his abihty and influence, and his departure was a death- blow to the cause he had espoused. Before the 1st of November, Berkeley returned to the Middle Plantation^ in triumph. 26. Berkeley signalized his restoration to power by acts of wanton cruelty. Twenty-two of the insurgent leaders had been hanged,^ when the more mer- 1. This was a small tribe on the Pamunkey river, one of the chief tributai-ies of the York river. 2. This was an error. The fleet sent with troops to quell the insurrection did not arrive until April the following year. Colonel Jeffreys, the successor of Berkeley, came with the fleet. 3. Besides the church and court-house, Jamestown contained sixteen or eighteen houses, built of brick, and quite commodious, and a large number of humble log cabins. 4. Verse 10, page 5't. 5. The church, of which the brick tower alone remains, was built about 1620. It was probably the third church erected in Jamestown. The ruin is now [1857] a few rods from the encroaching bank of the river, and is about thirty feet in height. The engraving is a correct representation of its present appearance. In the grave-yard adjoining are fragments of several monuments. 6. Note 10, page f ?• 7. The first man executed was Colonel Hansford. He has been justly termed the first martyr in the cause Questions. — '3. What did Berkeley do? What favored him? What occurred at Jamestown? 25. What calamity befell the patriots? VIRGINIA. 89 Berkeley's tyranny. Firmness of the Republicans. Profligate governors. ciful Assembly implored him to shed no more blood. But he continued fines, imprisonments, and confiscations, and ruled with an iron hand, until recalled by the king, in April, 1677.^ There was no printing-press in Virginia to record current history," and for a hundred years the narratives of royalists gave hue to the whole afi'air. Bacon was always regarded as a traitor^ and the effort to establish a free government is known in history as Bacon's Eebellion. Such, also, would have been the verdict of history had Washington and his compatriots been unsuccessful. 27. The effects of these civil commotions were felt for many years. The people were borne down by the petty tyranny of royal rulers ; yet the prin- ciples of republicanism grew apace. The popular Assembly became winnowed of its aristocratic elements ; and, notwithstanding royal troops were quartered in Yirginia,^ to overawe the people, the burgesses were always firm in the maintenance of popular rights.^ In reply to Governor Jeffreys, when he ap- pealed to the authority of the Grreat Seal of England, in defense of an arbi- trary act in seizing the books and papers of the Assembly, the burgesses said, " That such a breach of privilege could not be commanded under the Grreat Sea], because they could not find that any king of England had ever done so in former times." The king ordered the governor to " signify his majesty's indignation at language so seditious;" but the burgesses were as indifferent to royal frowns as they were to the governor's menaces. 28. Lord Culpepper, who, under the grant of 1673,^ had been appointed governor for hfe [1677], arrived in 1680. His profligacy and rapacity dis- gTisted the people. Discontents ripened into insurrections, and the blood of patriots again flowed.*^ At length the king became incensed against Culpep- per, revoked his grants [1684], and deprived him of office. Yet Effingham, his successor, was equally rapacious, and the people were on the eve of a gen- eral rebellion, when King Charles died, and his brother James® was proclaimed [February, 1685] liis successor, with the title of James the Second. 29. The people hoped for benefit by the change, but their burdens were increased. Again the wave of rebellion was rising high, when the revolution of 1688^ placed William of Orange and his wife Mary upon the throne. Then of liberty in America. Dnimmond and Lawrence were also executed. They wore considered ringleaders and the prime instigators of the rebellion. 1. Charles said, " The old fool has taken more lives in that naked country than I have taken for the mur- der of my father." 2. Berkeley was an enemy to popular enlightenment. He said to commissiorers sent from England in 1671, Thank God, there are no free schools nor printing-press; and I hope we sliull not have these hundred years ; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has di- vulged these, and libels against the best govemment." De?pots are always afraid of the printing press, for it is the most destructive foe of tyranny. 3. These troops were under the command of Sir Henry Chirheley, who managed with prudence. They proved a source of much discontent, because their subsistence was drawn from the planters. For the same cause, disturbances occurred in New York ninety years afterward. Verse 16, page 177. 4. Verse 4, page 8 r^. Note 4, page TG. 6. By the king's order, Culpepper caused several of the insurgents, who were men of influence, to be hanged, and a " reign of terror," miscalled tranquiVity, followed. 7. Arlington [note 4, page 8"| had already disposed of his interest in the grant to Culpepper. 8. James, Duke of York, to v/hom Charles gave the New Netherlai^ds in l'^64. See verse 1'?, page 115. 9. James the Second, by his bigotry and intolerant spirit, tj^ranny, and oppression, rendered him- QuESTiONS.— 2". What temper did the governor show? and how? How was Bacon long rrararded? ?7. What were the effects of these commotions? How did the people assert their dignity ? :8. What was the character of Culpepper? What bad rulers were in Virginia? 90 COLONIES. Eflfects of the Revolution in England. Indian welcome for the Puritans. a real change for the better took place. The popular will, expressed by Par- liament, became powerful ; and this potency of the National Assembly was extended to similar colonial organizations. The powers of governors wore defined, and the rights of the people were understood ; and, notwithstanding commercial restrictions bore heavily upon the enterprise of the colonies, the diflusion of just political ideas, and the growth of free institutions in America, were rapid and healthful. 30. The history of Virginia, from the revolution of 1688 down to the com- mencement of the French and Indian war, is the history of the steady, quiet, progress of an industrious people, and presents no prominent events of inter- est to the general reader.^ SECTION 11. MASSACHUSETTS. [1620.] 1. " Welcome, Englislimen I welcome. Englishmen !" were the first words which the Pilgrim Fathers' heard from the lips of a son of the American for- est. It was the voice of Samoset, a Wampanoag chief, who had learned a few English words of fishermen at Penobscot His brethren had hovered around the little community of sufierers at New Plymouth^ for a hundred days, when he boldly approached [March 26, 1621] and gave the friendly salutation. He told them to possess the land, for the occupants had nearly all been swept away by a pestilence. The Pilgrims thanked God for thus making their seat more secure, for they feared the hostility of the Aborig- ines. 2. When Samoset again appeared, he was accompanied by Squanto,* a chief who had recently returned from captivity in Spain ; and they informed the white people of Massasoit, the grand sachem of the Wampanoags^ then residing at Mount Hope. An interview was planned. The old sachem came with barbaric pomp,^ and he and Grovernor Carver^ smoked the calumet^ to- self hateful to his subjects. William, Prince of Orange, Starltholder of Holland, who had married Mary, a Protestant daughter of James, and his eldest child, was invited by the incensed people oddi^''(^^ coining silver money,'' the first within %> %7^'-/KL ^ J^^^ the territory of the United States. J i;x^v^ K^uctuv. . j^jj^gT MONEY COINED IN THE UNITED STATES. During the same year, settlements in the present State of Maine, imitating the act of those of New Hampshire^ eleven years earlier [1641], came under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. 18. An important element of trouble and perplexity was now introduced. There arrived at Boston [July, 1656], two zealous religious women,^ called Quakers. This was a sect recently evolved from the heaving masses of En- glish society,' claiming to be more rigid Puritans than all who had preceded them. Letters unfavorable to the sect had been received in the colony, and the two women were cast into prison, and confined for several weeks.^ With eight others who arrived during the year, they were sent back to England.^ Others came, and a special act against the Quakers was put in force [1657], but to no purpose. Opposition increased their zeal, and precisely because they were not wanted, they came. They suffered stripes, imprisonments, and general contempt; and, finally, on the recommendation of the Federal Commissioners,'" Massachusetts, by a majority of one vote, banished them, on 1. Verse 13, page 85. 2. Note 10, page 84. 3. Uncoined gold and silver. 4. In October, 1651, the General Court or Legislature" of Massachusetts ordered silver coins of the values, of threepence, sixpence, and a shilling sterling, to be made. The mint-master was allowed fifteen pence out of every twenty shillings, for his trouble. He made a large fortune by the business. From the circumstance that the effigy of a pine-^ree was stamped on one side, Ihese coins, now very rare, are called pine tree monei/. The date [1G52] was not altered for thirty years. Massachusetts was also the first to issue paper money, i,i the shape of treasury notes, in 1690. See Verse 37, page 106- 5. Verse 3, page 6 J. 6. Mary Fisher and Ann Austin. 7. The founder of the sect was George Fox, who promulgated his peculiar tenets about 1651^ He was a man of education and exalted purity of character, and soon,learned and influential men became his co-work- ers. They still maintain the highsst character for mornlity and practical Christianity. See note 1, page 75. 8. Their trunks were searchefl, and the religious books found in them were burned by the hangman, on Boston Common. Suspected of being witches [note 2, page 106], their persons were examined, in order to discover certain marks which would indicate their connection with the Evil One. 9. Mary Fisher went all the way from liOndon to Adrianople, to carry a divine message to the Sultan. She was regarded as insane ; and as the Moslems respect such people as special favorites of God, Mary Fisher was unharmed in the Sultan's dominions. 1 \ Verse 15, page 96. Questions.— in. What government chang-e took place in Massachusetts After the Union ? 17- What was the political character of the colonists? What progress did they make during Cromwell's rule? 18. What sect gave the colonists trouble ? What treatment did the Quakers receive ? 98 COLONIES* Persecution of the Quakers. Offenses of New England. Navigation Act. pain of death [1658]. The excuse pleaded in extenuation of this barbarous law waSj that the Quakers preached doctrines dangerous to good government.^ 19. The death penalty did not deter the exiles from returning; and many others came because they courted the martyr's death and reward. Some were hanged, others were publicly whipped, and the prisons were soon filled with the persecuted sect. The severity of the law finally caused a strong expres- sion of public sentiment against it. The Quakers were regarded as true mar- tyrs, and the people demanded of the magistrates a cessation of the bloody and barbarous punishments. The death-penalty was soon [1661] abolished ; the fanaticism of the magistrates and the Quakers subsided, and a more Chris- tian spirit of toleration prevailed. No longer sufferers for opinion's sake, the Quakers turned their attention to the Indian tribes, and nobly seconded the efforts of Mahew and Eliot in the propagation of the Gospel among the pagans of the forest.^ 20. On the restoration of monarchy [1660], the judges who condemned Charles the First to the block, were outlawed. Two of them (William Goffe and EdAvard Whalley) fled to America, and were the first to announce at Boston the accession of Charles the Second. Orders were sent for their arrest, and officers were dispatched from England for the same purpose. The colo- nists effectually concealed them ; and for this act, and the general sympathy manifested by New England for the republican party, the king resolved to show them no favor. They had been exempt from commercial restrictions during Cromwell's administration ; now these were revived, and the stringent provisions of a new Navigation Act^ were rigorously enforced. The people A^ainly petitioned for relief ; and, finally, commissioners were sent [August, 1644] to settle the peace and security of the country on a sohd foundation."'* 21. The colonists regarded this measure with indignation, not only as a vio- lation of their charters, but as an incij^ient step toward establishing a system of domination, destructive to their liberties. Massachusetts boldly protested against the exercise of their authority within her limits, but at the same time asserted her loyalty to the sovereign. The commissioners experienced the opposition of the other New England colonies, except Rhode Island. Their acts were generally disregarded, and after producing a great deal of irritation, they were recalled in 1666. The people of Massachusetts, triumphant in their 1. The Quakei-s denied all human anthority, and regarded the power of magistrates as delegated tyranny. They preached purity of life, charity in its broadest sense, and denied the right of any man to control the opinions of another. Conscience, or " the light within," was considered a sufficient guide, and they deemed it their special mission to denounce "hireling ministers," and " persecuting magistrates," in person. It was this oflensive boldness which engendered the violent hatred toward the sect in England and America. 2. John Eliot has been truly called the Apostle to the Indians. He began his labors soon after his arrival in America, and founded the first church among the savages, at Natic, in 1(160, at which time there were ten towns of converted Indians in Massachusetts. Thirty-five years later, it was estimated that there were not less than 3,0n0 adult Christian Indians in the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket alone. 3. Note 3, page 86. 4. These were Colonel Richard Nicolls, Sir Robert Carr, George Cartwright, and Richard INTaverick. They came with a royal fleet, commanded by Colonel Nicolls, which had been sent to assert English author- ity over the possessions of the Dutch, in New Netherland. See verse 12, page 115. Questions. — 19. How were the Quakers punished? What effect did the severe punishments have ? 20. How did 1 he colonists first hear of the accession of Charles the Second? How were they treated by the king? For what purpose were commissioners sent? 21. How (i id the colonists regard the commissioners and their duties? In what way did the people gain a triumph? What was the relative condition of England and her colonies ? MASSACHUSETTS. 99 Kiug Philip and his grievances. His ire excited, opposition to royal oppression, ever afterward took a front rank in the march toward complete freedom. The licentious king and his ministers were too much in love with voluptuous ease to trouble themselves with far-off colonies; and while Old England was suffering from bad government, and the puissance of the throne was lessening in the estimation of the nations, the colonies flour- ished in purity, peace, and strength, until Metacomet, the son of the good Massasoit,^ kindled a most disastrous Indian war, known in history as KING PHILIP S WAR. 22. While he lived, Massasoit kept his treaty with the Plymouth colony^ faithfully. Metacomet, or Philip,^ resumed the covenants of friendship, and kept them inviolate for a dozen years. But as spreading settlements were reducing his domains acre by acre, breaking up his hunting-grounds, diminishing his fisheries, and menacing his na- tion with servitude or annihilation, his patriotism was aroused, and he willingly listened to the hot young warriors of his tribe, who counseled a war of extermination against the English. At Mount Hope,* the seat of the chief sachems of the Warn- panoags^ in the solitudes of the primeval forests, he planned, with consummate skill, an alhance of all the New England tribes^ against the Eu- ropean intruders. 23. One of the praying Indians" (as the converted ones were called),^ was a sort of secretary to Philip, and, after becoming acquainted with the plans of the sachem, he revealed them to the authorities at Plymouth. For this he was slain by his countrymen, and three Wampanoags were convicted of his murder, on slender testimony, and hanged. The ire of the tribe was fiercely kindled, and they thirsted for vengeance. The cautious Phihp was overruled by his fiery young men, and remembering the wrongs and humiliations he had personally received from the English,"^ he trampled upon solemn treaties, sent his women and children to the Narragansets for protection, and kindled KING PHILIP. 1. Verse 2, page 90. 2. Verse 2, page 90. 3. Massasoit had two sons, whom Governor Prince named Alexander and Philip, in compliment lo their bravery as warriors. Alexander died soon after the decease of his father ; and Philip became chief sachem of the Wampanoags. 4. Mount Hope is a conical hill, 30O feet in height, and situated on the west side of Mount Hope Bay, about two miles from Bristol, Rhode Island. It was called Pokanoket by the Indians. 5. The tribes which became involved in this war numbered, probably, about 25,000. Those along the coast of Massachusetts Bay, who had suffered terribly by a pestilence just before the Pilgrims came [verse 1 , page 90], had materially increased in numbers ; and other tribes, besides the New England Indians proper [verse 1.^, page 171, became parties to the conflict. 6. Note 2, page 98. His name was John Sassamon. He had been educated at Cambridge, ^lassachusetts, and was sent as a missionary among the Indians. He was ardently attached to the while people. 7. In 1671, Philip and his tribe being suspected of secretly plotting the destruction of the English, were deprived of their fire-arms. He never forgot the injury, and long meditated revenge. Questions. — ?2. How lopg did Philip keep the covenant made with Massasoit? What causes made him violate it? What did he do? 23. What was the immediate cause of war? What, probably, were Philip's feelings, and those of his followeis? 100 COLONIES. Kindling of King Philip's war. Its terrible effects. the flame of war. No doubt he commenced hostihties contrary to the teach- ings of his better judgment, for he was sagacious enough to foresee failure. 24. Philip struck the first blow at Swanzey, thirty-five miles south-west from Plymouth. The people were just returning from their houses of worship, for it was a day of fasting and humiliation [July 4, 1675J, in anticipation of hostilities. Many were slain and captured, and others fled to the surrounding settlements, and aroused the people. The men of Plymouth, joined by those of Boston and vicinity, pressed toward Mount Hope. Philip was besieged in a swamp for many days, but escaped with most of his warriors, and became a fugitive with the Kipmucs^'^ an interior tribe of Massachusetts. These espoused his cause, and with full fifteen hundred warriors, he hastened toward the white settlements in the far-off valley of the Connecticut. In the mean while the little army of white people penetrated the country of the Narragansets^ and extorted a treaty of friendship from Canonchet,' chief sachem of that powerful tribe. 25. Philip and his followers aroused other tribes to a war of extermination, by the secret and eflicient methods of treachery, ambush, and surprise. Men in the fields, families in their beds at midnight, and congregations in houses of worship, were attacked and massacred. The Indians hung like the scythe of death upon the borders of the English settlements, and for several months a gloomy apprehension of the extermination of the whole European popula- tion in New England, prevailed.'* 26. From Springfield northward to the present Yermont line, the valley of the Connecticut was a theater of confusion, desolation and death, wherever white settlements existed. Almost the whole of a party of twenty Englishmen^ sent to treat with the Nipmucs^ were treacherously slain by the savages in ambush [Aug. 12, 1675], near Quaboag, now Brookfield. That place was set on fire, when a shower of rain put out the flames, and the Indians were driven away by a rehef party of white people.^ The village was partially saved, but immediately abandoned. Soon afterward a hot battle w^as fought near DeerfiekF [Sept. 5], and a week later [Sept. 12] that settlement was laid in ashes. On the same day (it was the Sabbath), Hadley, further down the river, was attacked while the people were worshipmg. In the midst of the alarm and confusion, a tall and venerable-looking man, with white, flowing hair and beard, suddenly appeared, and brandishing a glittering sword, he 1, Verse 15, page 17. 2. Verse 15, page 17. 3. A son of Miantonomoh, whose residence was upon a hill a little rorlh of the city of iMewport, R. I. That hill still bears the the name of Miantonomoh, abveviated to " Tonomy Hill." S^ee Verse 9, page P8. 4. The white population in New England, at this time, has been estimated at fifty-five thousand. Haver- hill, on the Menimac, was the frontier town in the direction of Maine : and Northfield, on the horders of Vermont, was the highest settlement in the Connecticut valley. Westfield, one hundred miles west of Bos- ton, was the most remote settlement in that direction. 5. Captains Wheeler and Hutchinson were sent from Boston to endeavor to reclaim the Nipmucn. Ap- prised of their coming, the Indians lay in ambush, and fired upon Ihem from the thickets of a swamp. 6. Under Major Willard. The Indians set fire to every house except a strong one in which the people had secured themselves and were besieged there two days. The Indians set fire to this last refuge, when rain extinguished the flames. 7. Between 180 white people and about 700 Indians. [See, also, verse 43, page 107. Questions. — 2t. Relale some of the first incidents of the war. Who opposed Philip? and what did he th'^n do? What did the Plvmnnth people do- 25. What was the characte- of the war? TG. Where was (be chief theater of desolation ? What places were attacked ? What happened at Hadley ? MASSACHUSETTS. 101 Continuation of the war. Terrible blow upon the Indians. placed liimself at the head of the affrighted people, and led them to a charge which dispersed and defeated the foe. He as suddenly disappeared, and the inhabitants believed that an angel from heaven had been sent to their rescue. It was Goffe, the fugitive English judge/ who was then concealed in that settlement. 27. On the 23d of September, the paths of Northfield were wet with the blood of many valiant young men under Captain Beers ; and on the 28th, " a company of young men, the very flower of Essex," under Captain Lathrop, were butchered by almost a thousand Indians on the banks of a little stream near Deerfield, which still bears the name of Bloody Brook. Others, Avho came to their rescue, were engaged many hours in combat with the Indians until crowned with victory. 28. Philip now resolved to attack Hatfield, the chief settlement of the white people above Springfield. The Springfield Indians joined him,^ and with almost a thousand warriors, he fell [Oct. 29, 1675], upon the settle- ment. He was repulsed with such loss that, gathering his broken forces on the eastern bank of the Connecticut/ he marched toward Rhode Island. The Narragansets^ in violation of the recent treaty,'' received him, became his allies, and went out upon the war-path late in autumn. Fifteen hundred men of New England marched to punish Canonchet and his tribe for their perfidy. The snows of early winter had fallen, and at least three thousand Indians had collected in their chief fort in an immense swamp, ^ where they were supplied with provisions for the winter. It was a stormy day in December [Dec. 29], when the English stood before the feeble paHsades of the savages. They offered but little opposition to the besiegers ; and within a few hours, five hundred wigwams, with the winter provisions, were in flames. Hundreds of men, Avomen and children perished in the fire. A thousand warriors w^ere slain or wounded, and several hundreds were made prisoners. The English lost eighty killed, and one hundred and fifty wounded. Canonchet was made prisoner, and slain ; but Philip escaped, and with the remnant of the Narra- gansets^ took refuge again with the Nipmucs. 29. Philip was busy during the winter. He 'nly solicited the Mohaichs^ to join him, but he was seconded by the tribes eastward of Massachusetts,^ who also had wrongs to redress. The work of desolation began early in the 1. Verse 20, page r8. 2. They had been friendly until now. They plotted the entire destruction of the Springfield setllement ; but the people defended themselves bravely within their palisaded houses. Many of the strong houses of frontier settlements were thus fortified. Trunks of trees, eight or ten inches in diameter, were cut in uniform length:-!, and stuck in the ground close togethei*. The upper ends were sharpened, and the v/hole were fastened together with green withes or other contrivances. 3. Verse 1, page G6. 4. Verse 24, page 100. 5. This swamp is a small distance S.W. of the village of Kirtrs- ton, in Washington County, R.I. The fort waf^on an island which contains about five acres of tillable land, in the norlh-west part of the swamp. The Stnnington and Pi'ovidence railway passes along PALISADED BUILDrXG. the northern verge of the swamp. 6. Verse 2, page 18. 7. Verse 1^, page 17- The tribes of M aine were about 40 0 strong. QuKSTTOvs.— 27. Where else did massacres occur? 28. How came Philip's power to be broken? How did the Nnrrngansetx behave? How were they punished for their perfidy ? 102 COLONIES. Devastations by the Indians. Death of King Philip. Territorial accessions. spring of 1676, and within a few weeks the war extended over a space of almost three hundred miles. Weymouth, Groton, Mcdfield, Lancaster, and Marlborough, in Massachusetts, were laid in ashes; Warwick and Provi- dence, in Rhode Island, were burned ; and everywhere the isolated dwellings of settlers were laid waste. But internal feuds weakened the power of the savages ; and both the Nipmucs^ and the Narragansetr charged their mis- fortunes to the ambition of Philip. The cords of alliance were severed. Some surrendered to avoid starvation ; other tribes wandered off and joined those in Canada;^ while Captain Church,* the most famous of the partisan ofBcers of the English colonies, went out to hunt and destroy the fugitives. During the year, between two and three thousand Indians were slain or had submitted. Philip was chased from one hiding-place to another, but for a long time he would not yield. He once cleft the head of a warrior who pro- posed submission. 30. The last of the Wampanoarjs'^ at length bowed to the pressure of cir- cumstances. He returned to the land of his fathers^ [August, 1676], and soon his wife and son were made prisoners. This calamity crushed him, and he said, " Now my heart breaks ; I am ready to die." A few days afterward, a faithless Indian shot him, and Captain Church cut off the dead sachem's head.° His body was quartered ; and his little son was sold to be a bond- slave in Bermuda."^ So perished the last of the princes of the Wampanoags ; and thus ended, in the total destruction of the power of the New England Indians^ the famous King PmLip's War."® 31. While the Massachusetts colony was yet weak in resources, from the effects of the Indian war,^ and the people were yet engaged in hostilities with the Eastern tribes, it made territorial accessions by purchase, and at the same time boldly asserted its chartered rights. For many years there had been a controversy between the heirs of Sir F. Grorges^^ and John Mason and the Massachusetts colony, concerning a portion of the present territory of Maine and New Hampshire, which, by acts of the inhabitants, had been placed [1641 and 1652] under the jurisdiction of the authorities at Boston.^^ The judicial decision was in favor of the heirs [1677], and Massachusetts immediately pur- 1. Verse 15, pa^e 17. 2. Verse 15, pagce 17. 3. Verse 16, page 17. 4. Benjamin Church was born at Plj-mouth, Mass., in 1639. He continued hostilities against the eastern Indians until 1704. He fell from his horse, and died soon afterward, at Little Compton, Januaiy 17, 1718, aged 77 years. 5. Note 4, page 99. 6. The rude sword, made by a blacksmith of the colony, with which Church cut off Philip's head, is in the possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 7. The disposal of the boy was a subject of serious deliberation. Some of the elders proposed putting him to death ; others, professing more mercy, suggested selling him as a slave. The most profitable mea- sure appeared the most merciful, and the child was sold into bondage. The head of Philip was carried in triumph to Plymouth, and placed upon a pole. 8. The result of this war was vastly beneficial to the colonists, for the fear of savages, which prevented a rapid spread of settlements, was removed. From this period may be dated the real growth of New England. 9. During the war. New England lost six hundred men ; a dozen towns were destroyed : six hundred dwellings were burned ; every twentieth family was houseless ; and every twentieth man who had served as a soldier, had perished. The cost of the war equaled five hundred thousand dollars ; a very large sum at that time. 10. Verse 16, page 17. 11. Verse 1, page P3. 1?. Verse 3, page 64, and note 3, page 64. Questions. — 29. What occurred in the Spring of 1676? How did Philip lose strength and influence? What did Captain Church accomplish ? .^0. What finally crushed the spirit of Phib'p? What was the fate of himself and family? 31. How came Massachusetts to increase its territory? How was the first royal province in New England made? MASSACHUSETTS. 103 Designs of the king. Colonial charters taken away. Seizure of Andros. chased [May 1, 1677] their interest for six thousand dollars.* New Hamp- shire was detached three years afterward [1680], and made a royal province — the first in New England ; but Maine, which was incorporated with Massa- chusetts in 1692, continued a part of that commonwealth until 1820. 32. The profligate king both feared and hated the growing republics in America, especially those in the East They were ostensibly loyal portions of his realm, but were really independent sovereignties, continually reacting upon the mother country, to the damage of the " divine right" of kings. Charles had long cherished a desire to take their government into liis own hands, and he employed the occasion of the rejection of Edward Randolph (a custom-house officer, who had been sent to Boston [1679] to collect the revenues and otherwise exercise authority),^ to declare the Massachusetts charter void. He issued a quo warranto [1683],^ and procured a decision in his favor in the high-court of chancery [June 28, 1684], but he died [Feb. 26, 1685], before his object was effected. 33. James the Second* continued the oppressive measures of his brother toward the New England colonies. The people petitioned and remonstrated, and were treated with contempt. Their hardships in conquering a wilder- ness, and their devotion to the English constitution, had no weight with the royal bigot.^ He also declared the charter of Massachusetts forfeited, and appointed Joseph Dudley president of the country from Rhode Island to Nova Scotia. Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Boston soon afterward [Dec. 30, 1686], clothed with authority to govern all New England. He soon made bare the rod of oppression, and began to rule with a tyrant's rigor.*' The people were about to practice the doctrine that ^' resistance to tyrants is obedi- ence to Godj^'' when intelUgence reached Boston [April 14, 1689], that James was driven from the throne [1688], and was succeeded by William and Mary, of Orange.^ The inhabitants of Boston seized and imprisoned Andros and fifty of his political associates [iVpril 28, 1689], sent them to England under a just charge of mal-administration of public affairs, and re-established their constitutional government. Again republicanism was triumphant in Massa- chusetts. 34. The revolution in England^ was a cause of war between that country and France. James (who was a Roman Catholic), fled to the court of Louis 1. The portion of Maine then purchased, was the tract between the Piscataqna and the Kennebec. That between the Kennebec and Penobscot belonged to the Duke of York, and the territory between the Penobscot and the St. Croix, was held by the French, pursuant to a treaty. 2. Randolph appears to havft been a greedv adventurer, and was, consequently, a faithful servant of his royal master, in oppressing: the colonists, rie exaggerated Ihe number nnd resources of the people of Xew England, and thus excited the king's fears and cupidity. Previous to Randoli b's appointment, the colony nad despatched agents to England, to settle impending difficulties amicably. They failed, and Randolph came in the same vessel in which they returned. ^. wote 2, page 8 \. 4. Verse 28, page F9. 5. Note 0, page 80. 6. Among other arbitrary acts, Andros laid restraints upon the freedom of the press, and marriage con- tracts ; and, to use a modern term, he "levied black mail ;" that is, extorted money, by menaces, when- opportunity oflFered. He advanced the fees of all officers of the government to an exorbitant degree ; ^7 )^"*^^y threatened to make the Church of England the established religion in all America. 7. This was Cromwell's motto ; and Thomas Jefferson had it engraved upon his private seal. 8. Note 9, page 89. 9. Note 9, page 89. Questions. — '^2. TTow did the king regard the American colonies? What act of usnrp'^tion did he attempt? How did James the Second treat the colonists ? What did Crovemor And os do ? What happened to hira and to his povereiern ? 104 COLONIES. Events on the frontiers. Destruction of English settlements. Sir William Phipps. the Fourteenth, king of France, and that monarch espoused the cause of the fugitive. Hostilities between the two nations commenced the same year, and their quarrel extended to tlieir respective colonies in America. The con- flict, which continued more than seven years, is known in history as KING William's war. 35. In this contest, the colonists suffered terribly. The French Jesuits,^ who had acquired great influence over the eastern tribes," easily excited them to renew their fierce warfare with the English.* They also made the savages their allies ; and all along the frontier settlements, the pathway of murder and desolation was seen. Dover, a frontier town, was first attacked by a party of French and Indians [July 7, 1G89] ; and the venerable Major Wald- ron^ and twenty others of the little garrison were killed. Twenty-nine of the inhabitants were made captive, and sold as servants to the French in Canada. In August following, an Indian war party, instigated by Thury, a Jesuit, fell [August 12] upon an EngHsli stockade* at Pemaquid (built by Andres), and captured the garrison. A few months later, Frontenac^ sent a party of three hundred French and Indians from Montreal, to penetrate the country toward Albany. On a gloomy night in wmter, Avhen the snow was twenty inches in depth, they fell upon Schenectada [Feb. 18, 1690], a frontier town on the Mohawk, massacred many of the people, and burned the village. Early in the spring, Salmon Falls [March 28], Casco [May 27], and other eastern villages, were attacked by another party of the same mongrel foe, the natural ferocity of the Indians being quickened by the teachings of their white allies.® 36. These atrocities aroused all the colonies to a sense of their danger in having such foes intent upon their destruction ; and the New England people resolved on speedy retahation. In May, Massachusetts fitted out an ex- pedition, under Sir WiUiam Phipps, a native of Pemaquid, consisting of eight or nine vessels, with about eight hundred men. Phipps seized Port Eoyal,^ in Acadie, and obtained sufficient plunder from the inhabitants to pay the ex- penses of the expedition. In June, Port Royal was again plundered by En- glish privateers from the West Indies. 1. This was a Roman Catholic religious order, foimded by Ignatius Loyola, a Spaniard, in 15.' 9. They have ever been remarkable for Iheir great devotion to their cause, their self-denial and masterly sagacity in the acquirement and maintenance of power. Their missionaries preached Christianity in every part of the habitable globe. They came with the first French adventurers to America, and under their influence, ■whole tribes of Indians eastward of Massachusetts and in Canada, were made nominal Christians. This was one of the ties which made the savages such faithful allies to the French during the contests between them and the English, previous to 17G3. 2. Verse 16, page 17- 5. Waldron was eighty years of age. He had played false with the New Hampshire Indians during King Philip's war, and they now sought revenge. They tortured him to death. 4. Note 3, page 150. 5. Governor of Canada. 6. In these massacres, attributed to the Jesuits, we mav find a reason for the sharp intolerance of the Protestant majority in Maryland [verse 5, p. I 'l], the disabilities of Roman (^atholics in Virginia, New York, and New England, and their exclusion from the priA'ileges of f eemen, in tolerant Rhode Island. Tlie most potent operations of the Jesuits were in secret, and the colonists were compelled to regard every Roman Catholic as the natural enemy of Protestants, and as laboring to destroy every measure tending to human freedom. 7- Verse 29, page 44. Questions. — ?4. What was the effect of the English revolution? 3'. What did Jesuit influence effect? What places were attacked by the French and Indians? Relate the circnmstance". 30. What effect did these atrocities have? What retaliatory expedition was formed? and what did it effect? MASSACHUSETTS. 105 Expedition against Canada. Union of New England colonies. A new constitution. 37. Encouraged by the success in Acadie, the colonies of New England and New York coalesced in efforts to conquer Canada.^ It was arranged to send a land expedition from New York, by way of Lake Champlain, against Montreal,^ and a naval expedition against Quebec.^ The command of the former was intrusted to the son of Grovernor Winthrop of Connecticut," and the expense was borne jointly by that colony and New York.^ Sir William Phipps commanded the latter, which Massachusetts alone fitted out. It con- sisted of thirty-four vessels, with two thousand men. Both were unsuccess- ful. Some of Winthrop's troops, with Indians of the Five Nations," under Colonel Schuyler, pushed toward the St. Lawrerce, and were repulsed [Aug., 1690] by Frontenac, the Grovernor of Canada. The remainder did not go beyond Wood Creek, now W^hitehall, at the head of Lake Champlain, and all returned to Albany."^ Phipps reached Quebec about the middle of October, and landed the troops ; but the city was too strongly fortified® to promise a successful siege, and he returned to Boston before the winter set in.^ Mas- sachusetts was obliged to issue bills of credit, or paper money, to defray the expenses of this expedition.^" 38. Soon after his return, Sir WiUiam Phipps was sent to England to so- licit aid in further warfare upon the French and Indians, and also to assist in efforts to procure a restoration of the charter of Massachusetts, taken away hj King James." Assistance was refused ; and King William, instead of restoring the old charter, granted a new one, and united under it the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia,^" by the old name of Massachusetts Bay Colony^ and made it a royal province. Phipps was ap- pointed governor by the king, and returned to Boston with the charter, in May, 1692. 39. The new constitution was offensive to the people, for they w^ere al- lowed scarcely any other political privilege except the right to choose rep- resentatives. The king reserved the right to appoint the governor, his deputy, and the secretary of the colony, and of repeahng the law^s within three years after their passage. This abridgment of their liberties produced general dissatisfaction, and alienated the affections of the people from the mother country. Yet one good resulted from the change. The theocratic or religious element in the government, which fostered bigotry r.nd intolerance, 1. Verse 47, page 167- ?. Verse 8, prg-o ."7. ?. Vc se 7, pap-e ^. 4. Verse page 6?>. 5. Milborne, 9on-in-law of Jacob lieisler, the democratic governor of New York [verse 17, page 117], undertook to provide subsistence for the army, which marched from Albany early in July. 6. Verse 2, page 18. 7. Leislei- was so much ircensed at this failure, that he caused 1he ?rrest r f Wirthvcp, at Albany. The^e had ever been a jealous rivalry between ihe people of New York pud Cor.reciicrt , rr.d the feud which p'.e- vailed among the mixed troops was Ihe chief cause of the miscarriage of the enle'piise. 8. Phipps, having no chart to guide him, was nine weeks cautiouslv makine his wrv around Acadie and up the St. Law-enre. In Ihe mean while, a swift Indian mnner. f om Pcmnquid, spefl^ across the country, and informed the French, at Quebec, of the npnrofich of Phinps. in time for Ih^m to well prepare for defense. 9. This repulse was considered so important bv ihoFrei^rh. ^hat King Louis had a commemoiative medal struck, with the legend—" France rictoriova in fhe Neir TTo?-/^." 10. Note 1, page '^•7. The total amount of the issue was S 3.'^.3.'^8. 11. Verse 3.^, page 103. 12. New Scotland, the name given to the country which the French called Acadie. Note 3, page 64. QURSTirtvs.— 37. What eTovts were made to "onnuer Car.ad-i? What were the rcsnHs? "8. For whf^t pur- V^^e was Phipps sent to England ? What did the king do ? £9. What was the character of the new chartei ? What were its effects upon the people? 5* 103 COLONIES. Witchcraft in Massachusetts. lost its power, for toleration was guarantied to all Christian sects, except Roman Catholics ; and the right of suffrage was extended to others than members of congregational churches/ 40. Now occurred a strange episode in the history of Massachusetts. A belief in witchcraft^ destroyed the peace of society in many communities, and shrouded the whole colony in a cloud of gloom. This belief had a strong hold upon the minds of the people of old England, and of their brethren in America. Excitement upon tlie subject suddenly broke out at Danvers [March, 1692] (then a part of Salem), and spread like an epidemic. A niece and daugh- ter of the parish minister exhibited strange conduct ; and under the influence of their own superstitious belief, they accused an old Indian servant-woman in the family of bewitching them. Fasting and prayer, to break the " spell," were of no avail, for their malady increased. The alarm of the family spread to the community ; and soon a belief prevailed throughout the colony, that evil spirits, having ministering servants among men, overshadowed the land. Old and ill-favored women were first accused of practicing the art of witch- craft ; but at length neither age, sex, nor condition afforded protection from the accuser's tongue. Even the lady of Grovernor Phipps did not escape sus- picion. Magistrates were condemned, many pious persons were imprisoned, and Mr. Burroughs, a worthy minister, was executed. For more than six months the awful delusion prevailed ; and during that time twenty persons suffered death, fifty-five were tortured or frightened into a confession of witch- craft, and when a special court, or legislature, was convened in October [1692], one hundred and fifty accused persons were in prison. A reaction, almost as sudden as the beginning of the excitement, now took place in the public mind. The prison doors were opened to the accused, and soon many of the accusers shrunk abashed from the public gaze.'** 41. King William's war""* continued until 1697, when a treaty of peace, made at E-yswick [Sept. 20] in the west of Holland, terminated hostilities.^ Up to that time, and later, the New England people suffered greatly from their mongrel fo3. Remote settlements in the direction of Canada and Nova 1. Note 6, page 9'>. 2. A bsliaf in witchcraft, or the exercise of supernatural power, by men and women, has been prevalent for ages. Punishment of persons accused of it, was first sanctioned by the Church of Rome a little more than three hundred years ago. Cei'tain tests were instituted, and thousands of innocent persons were burned alive, drowned, or hanged, 1 1 Europe. Within three months, in 1515, five hundred persons were burned in Geneva, in Switzerland. In the diocese of Como, 1,000 were burned in one year. In 1520, an incredible number, from among all classes, suffered death in France. And within fifty or sixty years, during the six- teenth century, more thin 10), 0)0 persons perished in the flames in Germany alone. Henry the Eighth of England made the practice of witchcraft a capital offense; and a hundred years later, " witch-detecters" traversed the country, and brought many to the stake. Enlightened men embraced the belief ; and even Sir Matthew Hale, th3 most distinguished of England's judges, repeatedly tried and condemned persons ac- V,^fo K witchcraft. The English laws against witchcraft were adopted in New England ; and as early as ^^1 'Th^'"v?i-'^?"i^ had suffered death for the alleged offense, in the vicinity of Boston. 6. Ihe behef m witchcraft did not cease with the strange excitement : and Cotton Mather andother pop- f ^'Vf ^''9^® defense. Calef, a citizen of Boston, exposed Mather's credulity, which greatly irri- f 1? u- 1 "^"I'^'Qr. He first called his opponent " a weaver turned minister ;" bnl ns his tormentor's blows fall thick and fast, in a series of letters, MaOier called him a "coal from hell," and prosecuted him for slander.^ The credulous clergyman was glad to withdraw the suit. 4. Page 104. 5. This war cost England one hundred and fifty millions of dollars, in cash, beside a loan of one hun r,o® i more. This loan was the commencement of the enormous national debt of England, now [1857] amounting to about four thousand millions of dollars. Questions.— 40. What delusion prevailed in Massachusetts? How did it commence? What were its effects ? MASSACHUSETTS. 107 India. 1 depredations. Treaty of Ryswick. Queen Anne's war. Scotia continued to be harassed. Almost a hundred persons were killed or made captive [July 28, 1694] at Oyster river (now Durham), ten miles from Portsmouth, in New Hampshire. Two years later, Baron St. Castine, and a large force of French and Indians, captured [July 25, 1096] the garrison at Pemaquid, and exchanged the prisoners for French soldiers in the hands of the English.^ In March, 1697, Haverhill, thirty miles from Boston, was at- tacked, and forty persons were killed or carried into captivity;*^ and during the following summer, more remote settlers were great sufferers. 42. The treaty at Ryswick produced a lull in the storm of cruel warfare which had so long hung upon the English frontiers, continually menacing the colonists with wide-spread destruction.^ It was very brief, for pretexts for another war were not long wanting- James the Second died in September, 1701, and Louis the Fourteenth, who had sheltered the exile,'* acknowledged his son, James Francis (commonly known as the Pretender), to be the law- ful heir to the English throne. This offended the English, because the crown had been settled upon Anne, second daughter of James, who was a Protest- ant. These, and some minor causes, impelled England to declare war against France.^ Hostilities commenced in 1702, and continued until a treaty of peace was concluded at Utrecht [April 11, 1713], in Holland. The French and English in America were involved in this war ; and the latter suffered much from the cruelties of the Indians who were under the influence of the former. This is known in America as QUEEN ANNE's WAR. 43. Fortunately for the people of New York, the Five Nations had made a treaty of neutrality with the French in Canada [Aug. 4, 1701], and became an impassable barrier against the savage hordes from the St. Lawrence. The tribes from the Merrimac to the Penobscot, had made a treaty of peace with New England [July, 1703], but the French induced them to violate it ; and before the close of summer, the hatchet fell upon the people of the whole frontier, from Casco to Wells. Blood flowed in almost every valley ; and early the next spring [March, 1704], a large party of 1. They also took the English fort of St. John's, Newfoundland, and olher posts on (hat i^lard. 2. Among their captives was a Mis. Dustan, her child and nurse. Her infant was soon killed, and ^h? and her nurse were taken to Canada. A little more than a month afterward, Mrs. D., her companion, and another prisoner, killed ten of twelve sleeping Indians, who had them in custody, and made iheir way back to Haverhill. ?'. Just before the conclusion of this treaty, a Board of Trade and Planfationf: was established by the En- glish government, whose duty it was to have a general oversight of the Amen'can colo'^ies. Tb^s was r. permanent commission, consisting of a president and seven members, called Z-^rr?.* o/^ Trade. Thiscor^T- mission was always an instrument of oppression in the hands of royalty, and, as will be seen, wasa powe-'-fnl promoter of that discontent which led to the rebellion of the colonies in 1775. '. Verse 34, page lO.?-. 5. It is known in European history as ihe War of the SpamyJi Sncre'^sion. QrrFSTTOXS. — 41. What trentv closed the war ? Relate some of the sufferings of the New England peonTe. 42. What caused another war? and what wn^^ it called ? Wlien did it commence? 4.^^. What secured New York Rsrninst the French and Indians? Wliat occurred upon tlie Xew Enjrland frontiers? What caa yon tell of (ho Williaiu? fnmilv? 108 COLONIES. Destruction of Deerfield. Expedition against Acadio. Expedition against Quebec. French and Indians destroyed Deerfield, on the Connecticut river, ^ killed forty of the inhabitants, and carried one hundred and twelve away to the wilderness. Among these Avas Rev. John Williams, the minister.^ Similar scenes occurred at intervals during the whole progress of the war. Remote settlements were abandoned, and the people on tlie frontier collected in fortified houses,^ and cultivated their fields in armed parties of half a dozen or more. 44. In the spring of 1707, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hamp- shire, determined to chastise the French on their eastern borders. Connecti- cut refused to join in the enterprise, and the three colonies alone prepared an armament. Early in June, a thousand men under Colonel Marsh, sailed from Nantucket for Port Royal,* in Acadie, convoyed by an English man-of- war,^ but nothing was elFected except the destruction of considerable prop- erty outside the fort. Three years later, an armament left Boston [Sept., 1710], and, in connection with a fleet from England under Colonel Nicholson, demanded and obtained a surrender of the fort and garrison [Oct. 13], at Port Royal. The name of the place was changed to Annapolis, in honor of the Queen,*' and Acadie was annexed to the English realm under the title of Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. 45. War still continued, and the following summer. Sir Hovenden Walker arrived at Boston [July, 1711], with an English fleet and army, designed for the conquest of Canada. New England promptly raised additional forces, and on the 10th of August, fifteen men-of-war and forty transports, bearing al- most seven thousand troops, departed for the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec. Walker, like Brad dock,' haughtily refused to listen to experienced subordi- nates, and lost eight of his ships, and almost a thousand men, on the rocks at the mouth of the river, on the night of the 2d of September. Disheartened by this calamity, Walker returned to England with the remainder of his fleet, and the colonial troops went back to Boston. On hearing of this failure of the naval expedition, a body of troops marching from Albany to attack Mon- treal, retraced their steps.^ Hostilities were now suspended, and in the spring of 1713, a treaty of peace w^as concluded [April 11], at Utretcht. The Eastern Indians sued for peace; and at Portsmouth the Governor of Massa- \ 1. The only house that escaped the flames was that of the Rev. John Williams, represented in the en- \ graving on pa^e 107. It stood near the center of the village nntil within a few years. 1 1'. Mrs. Williams, and other canlives who were unable to travel as rapidly as the Indians, were murdered. \ On his arrival in Canada, Mr. Williams was treated with respect by the French, and after two years of \ captivity was ransomed, and returned to Massachusetts. The cliief object of ihe expedition to Deerfield, j appears to have been to carry otf the bell that hung in Williams's church. Tbnt bell was purchased the I year previous for the church of Saut St. Louis, at Caughnawaga, near Montrenl. The vessel in which it was I brought from Havre was captured by a New England privateer, and the bell wns purchased for the Decr- Ifield meeting-house. Father Nicolas, of the church at Caughnawaga, accompanied the expedition, and the Ibell was carried in triumph to its original destination, where it still remains. 3. Note 2, page 101. ^. Ver?e 29, page * 5. The common term for a war fMp, as distinguished f-om an armed hHg, schooner, or floop. , fi. King William had no children ; and Anne, the daughter of James (who was married to Prince George of Denmark), succeeded him as sovereign of England in 1702. 7. Verse 14, P. Verse 8, page 190. 2. A battery is a place raised to the height of an object to be attacked, upon which heavy cannons arc placed. , , 3. The property obtained by the English amounted, in value, to little less than five millions ot dollars. 4. It consisted of forty sh'ips of war, fifiy-six transports, thirly-five hundred men, and forty thousand muskets for the use of the French and Indians in Canada. . v i i a- a 5. D' \nville, with two or three vessels, anchored at Chebucto (now Halifax, Nova Scotia) where he (tied, it is believed, by poison. His lieutenant also committed suicide, in consequence of mortified P"«e. 1 liese disasters to the French fleet were regarded by the people of New England as special maniifestations ot Providence in their favor. Public thanksgivings were offered ; and no one doubted the right ot the l<;n- glish to the whole of Acadie. QuFSTTONS.— ''8. Describe the expedition against T.onisburg, and the effect of its appearance. 49. Wliat was the disposition of the forces before Louisburg ? What did the fleet do? What was the resiilt " .U. What preparations were made by the French to retrieve their los.ses ? What was the result f What were the terms of the treaty that was made ? NEW YORK. Ill Treaty of peace. Settlements in New Netherland. afterward a treaty of peace was concluded at Aix-la-Cbapelle, in western Germany, when it was agreed that all prisoners should be released, and all acquisitions of property or territory, made by either party, were to be restored. Both of the principal parties were heavy losers by the contest;* while the strength of the colonists, yet to be called forth in a more important struggle, was revealed and noted. 51, Ancient national animosities, religious differences, and recent causes for irritation, had inspired the English and French with intense mutual hatred, when the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed on the 18th of October, 1748. The allegiance of Massachusetts and its sister colonies to the British crown, restrained the resentment of the people while England and France were at peace. Soon, disputes about local boundaries began,^ and it was not long before preparations for war were seen in America. Then came that final bloody struggle between the English and French, for dominion in the New World, known as the French and Indian War,"^ SECTION III. NEW YORK. [1623.] 1. Peter Minuit,^ recently appointed governor of New Netherland,^ arrived at New Amsterdam in May, 1626. He immediately purchased of the In- dians, for about twenty-four dollars, the whole of the island of Manhattan, on Avhich the city of New York now stands, and began vigorously to perfect the founding of a state similar to those of Holland. He erected a strong fortification near the site of the present Battery ^ and called it Fort Amster- dam.^ By conciliatory measures he gained the confidence of the Indians ; and he also opened a friendly correspondence with the Puritans at Plymouth."^ The Enghsh reciprocated the friendly expressions of the Dutch ; at the same time they requested the latter not to send their trappers quite so far eastward as Narraganset Bay, to catch otters and beavers.® 2. To encourage emigration to New Netherland, the Dutch West India Com- pany^ offered [1629] large tracts of land and certain privileges to those per- sons who should lead or send a given number of emigrants to occupy and till 1. Parliament afterward reimbursed to the colories the cost of their preparations against Canada, amount- inp: to more than a million of dollars. See verse 30, page 160. 2. Verse 4, page 148. 3. Page 147. 4. Verse 4, page 73. 5. Verse 4, page f ". 6. See picture on page 116. 7- Verse 12, page 62. 8. Trade in furs was the chief occupation of the Dutch of New Netherland at this time. They became expert trappers, and were seen as far east as Nantucket, and even Cape Cod. The trade soon became profitable to the Company. The first year's remittance of furs to Amsterdam was valued at $11,000. This trade greatly increased ; and before the troubles with the Indians in 1640, the value of furs sent to Holland annually, was more than $60,0C0. 9. Verse 5, page 57. Questions.— 51. What can«'ed the English and French to hale each other? What restrained the colonists from continuing the war ? What was the last great struggle of the two nations in America? 1. What measures were taken by the first Dutch governor for founding a state? What relations subsisted between the Dutch and the English and Indians? 112 COLONIES. Patroons. Governor Van Twiller. Troubles with the Indians. the soil.^ Directors of the company" availed themselves of the privilege, and sent Wouter Yan Twiller to examine the country and select the lands. Im- mio^rants came'; and then were laid the foundations of the most noted of the manorial estates of New York.^ The proprietors were called patroons^ or patrons. 3. Van Twiller was appointed governor in 1G33, and in the beginning he had difficulties with the English on the Connecticut river.* He was more distinguished for his marriage connection with Yan Rensselaer, one of the patroons^ than for any administrative qualities. Yet circumstances favored the advancement of the colony, and he ruled quite satisfactorily, especially to the Company, whose interests he faithfully served. He was succeeded in office, in May, 1638, by Sir William Kieft, at the moment when the Swedish colonists^ were seating themselves upon the banks of the Delaware. 4. Kieft, the fifth governor or director-general, was a bold, rapacious, and unscrupulous man, and soon brought serious trouble upon the colony. He began a tyrannous rule by concentrating executive power in his own hands ; and his administration was a stormy and unfortunate one. The sum of its record is a tale of continual strife with the Swedes on the Delaware,*' the English on the Connecticut,"^ the Indians all around him, and the colonists at his door. His difficulties with the Indians proved the most disastrous of all, and finally wrought his own downfall. Previous to his arrival, the inter- course of the Dutch -with tho Indians had been quite friendly.^ The fur trade was extending, and trappers and traders were all abroad among the native tribes. These carried a demon of discord with them. They furnished the Indians with rum^ and quarrels and murders ensued. The avaricious Kieft also demanded tribute of w^ampum^ and beaver-skins from the Eiver tribes ; and in a short time their friendship for the Dutch became weakened. 5. Some Raritan^^ Indians in New Jersey were accused of robbery. Kieft sent an armed force to punish them [July, 1640], and blood flowed. Several Indians were killed, and their crops were destroyed. Savage vengeance did not slumber long. The Raritans murdered four planters on Staten Island [June, 1641], and destroyed considerable property.^ ^ An expedition sent to 1. The land was to be fairly purchased of the Indians, and then the title was to be confirmGd by the Dn'ch government. The privileges granted to the purchasers made them, in a degree, feudal lords [note 15, page 48], yet they were exempted from paying tribute to supreme authority. 2. Killian Van Rensselaer, who purchased a trnct at Fort Orange (Albany) ; Samuel Godyn and Samuel Bloemart, who selected land in West Jersey, on the Delaware ; and Michael Pauw, whose domain included Jersey City and vicinity. See Verse 7, page 74. 3. Van Rensselaer. Very larere tracts of land in Albany and Rensselaer counties. porfion.<5 of the first Patroons' estates, are yet (186-5) in possession of the family. After 1340, many scenes of violence and bloodshed were witnessed on those lands, irrovving out of disputfs with tenants, when they were called UF)on to pay even the most nominal rent which was demanded. Social and political questions aro«jo, and produced two strong parties. The defense of the tenantry was termed Aiifi Rentism, 4. Verse 4, page (\1 . 5. Verse 4, page 73. 6. Verse 5, page 73. 7, Verse 4, page G7. 8. The Dutch had made a settlement, and built a fort at Albany [verse page .571, and made a treatv of friendship with the 31nhaic7cs [verse 2, page 18]. This the River Indians, in the vicinity of New Amsterdam, di 1 not like, f >r the Mohawl-fi were their oppressors. 9. Note 3, page 10, 10. A tribe of the Lenni-Lenape". Verse 13, page 15. 11. This plantation belonged to DeVries [note 1, page 73], who was a friend of the Indians. Questions. — 2. What did the Dutch West India Company do to encourage emigration? Wlio wc-e Patroons? 3. What marked the beginning of Van Twller's administration? What was its character? Who succeeded him? 4. What was the character of Kieft? What marked his administration? What caused trouble with the Indians? 5. What causes led to hostilities with the Indians? NEW YORK. 113 Kieft's unpopularity. First popular Assembly. Cruel massacre of Indians. punish the offenders was unsuccessfd. Soon afterward, a young Westchester Indian, whose uncle had been murdered by a Hollander, near where the Halls of Justice now stand,^ revenged the murder, according to' the custom of his people,^ by killing an inoffensive Dutchman living at Turtle Bay.^ His tribe refused to surrender him on the demand of Kiefb, and the governor de- termined to make war upon all the offending savages. G. Already the people had begun to murmur at Kieft's course, and charged the troubles with the Indians directly upon him. Unwilling to assume the entire responsibihty of a war himself, the governor called a meeting [August 23, 1641] of the heads of famihes in New Amsterdam, for consultation/- These promptly chose twelve select men" [August 29], with De Yries* at their head, to act for them; and tbis was the first representative assembly ever formed among Europeans on Manhattan Island. They did not agree with the governor's hostile views ; and Kieft finding them not only opposed to his war designs, but that they were also takmg cognizance of alleged grievances of the people, dissolved them [February, 1642]. Finally, the commission of other murders by Indians, and the presence of a body of Moliawhs^ who had come down to exact tribute from the River tribes, concurred with the changed opinions of some leading citizens of JSTew Amsterdam, to make Kieft resolved to embrace this opportunity to chastise the savages. A large number of them had fled before the MohawkSj and sought shelter with the Ilackensacks, near Iloboken, and there craved the protection of the Dutch. JSTow was offered an opportunity for a wise nnd humane governor to make a covenant of peace and friendship ; but Kieft could not be satisfied without a flow of blood. At midnight, in February, 1643, a body of Hollanders and Mohawks crossed the Hudson, fell upon the unsuspecting fugitives, and before the dawn, massacred almost a hundred men, Avomen, and children. 7. This massacre aroused the fiery hatred and vengeance of all the sur- rounding tribes, and a fierce war was soon kindled. Villages and farms were desolated, and white people were butchered wherever found by the incensed Indians.^ The Long Island tribes,'' hitherto friendly, joined their kindred, and the very existence of the Dutch colony was menaced. Fortunately for the settlers, that eminent peace-maker, Roger Williams,"^ arrived, to embark for England,® and he pacified the savages [1643], and secured a brief repose for the colony. But the war was soon renewed, and for two years the colony suffered dreadfully. Having no competent leader, they employed Captain John Underbill,^ v/ho successfully beat back and defeated the Indians, and 1. On Center-street, New York city. There was once a fresh-water pond there, snrroimderl by the forest. 2. The Indians had a custom concerning an avenger of blood, similar to that of tha Jews. It was the dnty nnd the privilege for the next of kin to the murdered man, to avenge his blood by killing the murderer. The Indians took the life of anv one of the tribe of the ofTender. 3. At the foot of Fortv-fifth-street, on the East river. 4. Note 1, page 73. 5. It was during this frenzy of revenge that M' s. Ilufchinson, who had been banished from ivrassachuf^crts, nnd had taken up her residence in the present Westchester county, New York, was murdered, with all her family. The stream upon which she lived is yet known as Hutchinson's river. 6. Verse 14, page 16. 7. Verse 9, page 68. S. Verse 7, page 7\ 0. Verse 10, page C9. QUKSTIONS. — ''\ What made the peonle murmur? What did the governor do? Wliat outrage was com- mitted? 7. What were the effects of this massacre? Can you relate the circumstances of an Indian wur? 114 COLONIES. Peter Stuyvesant His character and government. Swedes on the Delaware. hostilities ceased. The Mohawks came and claimed sovereignty over the Eiver Indians, and made a treaty of peace with the Dutch. 8. Kieft's conduct was so offensive to the colonists and the company, that he was recalled, and he sailed for Europe in 1647, in a richly-laden vessel. It was wrecked on the coast of Wales, and there the governor perished. He had already been succeeded in office [May 27, 1G47] by Peter Stuyvesant, lately governor of Curagoa, a soldier of eminence, and possessed of every requisite for an efficient administration of government. His treatment of the Indians was very kind and just, and they soon exhibited such friendship for the Dutch, that Stuyvesant w^as falsely charged with a design to employ them in murdering the English in New England.^ Long accustomed, as a military leader, to arbitrary rule, he was stern and inflexible, but he had the reputation of an honest man- He immedi- PETES STUYVESANT. ^ , J 1 j j n i ately commenced much-needed reforms ; and during his whole administration, which was ended by the subjugation of the Dutch by the English,2 in 16G4, he was the faithful and energetic defender of the integrity of the province against its foes. By prudent management he avoided collisions with the EngUsh, and peaceably ended boundary disputes^ w^ith them in the autumn of 1650. He then turned his attention to the grow- ing power of the Swedes, on the Delaware. 9. In 1651, Stuyvesant built Fort Casimer, on the site of the present New Castle, in Delaware. This was soon seized by the Swedes, and the garrison made prisoners. The States-G-eneral* resolved to prevent further trouble, and for this purpose, gave Stuyvesant full liberty to subjugate the Swedes. At the head of six hundred men, he sailed for the Delaware in August, 1655, and by the middle of October, he had captured all the Swedish fortresses, and sent the governer (Risingh) and several influential men to Europe. Some of the settlers withdrew to Maryland and Virginia, but the great body of them quietly submitted, took an oath of allegiance to the States-General of HoUand, and continued in peaceable possession of their property. Thus, after an exist- ence of about seventeen years. New Sweden^ disappeared by absorption into New Netherland. 10. While Stuyvesant and his soldiery were absent on the Delaware, some 1. Verse 15, page 93. This idea prevailed, because during almost the entire winter of 165'^-", N'inigrct and two Narraganset sachems had been in New Amsterdam, and on very friendly terms with Stuyvesant. These sachems, who were true friends of the English, positively disclaimed all bad intentions on the part of stuyvesant, and yet historians of the present day repeat the slander. 2. Verse 1*^, page 115. 3. Verse page 67. He went to Hartford, and there made a treaty which fixed the eastem boundary cf New Netherland nearly on the line of the present division between New York and Connecticut, and across Long Island, at Oyster Bay, thirty miles eastward of New York. The Dutch claims to lands on the Con- necticut river were extinguished by this treaty. 4. Note 4, page 45. 5. Verse 4, page 73. Questions. — 8. What happened to (rovemor Kieft? Who was his successor ? What was Stuyvesant's character? and what did he accomplish? 9. What measures were adopted by Stuyvesant to humble the Swedes? What occurred to the Swedes in Ifv..^? NEW YOKK. * 115 Strife between Stuyvesant and the people. English conquest of New Netherland. Indians, who were not yet reconciled to the Dutch, menaced New Amster- dam/ The return of the governor produced quiet, and, for eight years, the colony was very little disturbed by external causes. Then the Esopus In- dians suddenly fell upon the Dutch settlements [June, 1663] at Wiltwyck (now Kingston"), and killed and captured sixty-five of the inhabitants. Stuyvesant promptly sent a sufficient force to chastise them ; and so thoroughly was the errand performed, that the Indians sued for peace [May, 1664], and made a treaty of friendship. 11. While the governor had been judiciously removing all causes for trouble with his neighbors, there was a power at work within his own domain which gave him great uneasiness. The democratic seed planted by the Twelve, in Kieft's time,^ had begun to grow vigorously under the fostering care of a few enlightened Hollanders, and some Puritans who had settled in New Nether- land. The latter, by their applause of Enghsh institutions, had diffused a de- sire among the people to partake of the blessings of English liberty, as they understood it. Stuyvesant was an aristocrat by birth, education, and pursuit, and vehemently opposed every semblance of democracy. At the beginning he found himself at variance with the people. At length, an assembly of two deputies from each village in New Netherland, chosen by the inhabitants, con- vened at New Amsterdam [December, 1653], without the approbation of the governor. Their proceedings displeased him ; and finding argument of no avail, he exercised his official prerogatives. The people grew bolder at every rebuff, and finally they not only resisted taxation, but openly expressed a will- ingness to bear English rule for the purpose of enjoying English liberty. The opportunity for change was not long delayed. 12. A crisis in the affairs of New Netherland now approached. Charles the Second of England, without any fair pretense to title, gave the whole terri- tory of New Netherland [March 22, 1664] to his brother James, Duke of York.* The duke sent an Enghsh squadron, under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls,^ to secure the gift; and on the 3d of September, 1664, the red cross of St. George^ floated in triumph over the fort, and the name of New Amsterdam was changed to New York."^ It was an easy conquest, for, while the fortifications and other means of defense were very weak, the people were not unwilling to try English rule. Stuyvesant began to make conces- sions to the people when it was too late, and when his real strength, the popular will, had departed from him. He hesitated long before he would sign 1, Verse 1, page 111. 2. Near the Hudson river, in the present Ulster county. Verse 27, page 224. 3. Verse 6, page 113. 4. Verse 7, page 'i4. 5. Note 4, page 9 . 6. The royal standard of England is sometimes so named because it bears a red cross, which is called the *' cross of St. George," the patron saint of Great Britain. Afier the Union with Scotland [note 1, page 49], the cross of St. Andrew (in the form of an X) was adrlod, and is now seen on the British flag. In the center are the royal arms. This Union, as the figure is called, v.-as borne upon the American flag, sometimes, until after the Declar ation of Independence, in 1776. It was iipon the flag of thirteen stripes, alternately red and white, which Washington caused to be unfurled at Cambridge, on the first day of that year. See verse 1, page 197. 7. The name of Fort Orange settlement [note F, page 1 12] was changed to Albany, one of the duke's titles. Questions. — 10. What Indian hostilities occurred on the Hudson? What were the results? 11. What new power appeared in the Dutch colony? How was it fo<^tered? How was it regarded by Stuyvesant? What did the people do? 12. What led to the subjugation of the Dutch by the English ? How was it effected ? What was Stuyvesant's course? 116 COLONIES. New York under the English. Tyranny. Political changes. the articles of capitulation ; and thus, until the end, he was faithful to his employers, the Dutch West India Company} With the capital, the remain- der of the province passed into the hands of the English ; and early in Octo- ber, 1664, New Netherland was acknowledged a part of the British realm, and Nicolls the conqueror, became governor." Let us consider NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH. 13. The people of New York^ soon perceived that a change of masters did not enhance their prosperity and happiness. They were disappointed in their hope of having a representative government ; and their taxes, to support a government in which they had no voice, were increased. Lovelace, the vile successor of Nicolls [1667], increased their burdens ; and when they sent a respectful pro- test to him, he ordered the pa- per to be burn- ed by the com- ciTY OF NEW YORK IN 1664. ^^^^^ hangmau. He was a petty tyrant, and declared that the people should have liberty for no thought but how to pay their taxes." But the people did think on some- thing else, and Avere on the eve of open rebellion when the clouds of national war overshadowed local difficulties. 14. War again commenced between England and Holland in 1672 ; and in July the following year, a Dutch squadron sailed up the Bay of New York, and, in the absence of the governor, took possession of the fort and town [August 9, 1673] without firing a shot. The easy conquest was the work of treason ; yet the traitor went unpunished.'* New Jersey, and the territories of Delaware^ yielded ; and for sixteen months [July, 1673, to November, 1674] Nev/ York was again New Netherland. When the two nations made a treaty of peace, the province was restored to the English, and remained in their possession until our Independence was declared, in 1776.^ These changes raised some doubts concerning the validity of the duke's title, and the king gave him another grant in July, 1674. Sir Edmond Andros^ was 1. Verse 5, page 57. 2. We have elsewhere noticed the fact, that before Nicolls was dispatched, the duke, being certain of vic- tory, &old that part of New Netherland now included in New Jersey, to other parlies. See verse 7, page 74. Long Island, which had been previously granted 1o the Earl of Stirling, was purchased by the Dutch, in total disregard of the claims of Connecticut. The colonies [verses 4 and (>, pages 73 and /4J on the Dela- ware remained under the jurisdiction of New York, and were governed by depiities. .3. The above picture is a correct view of the city of New York two hundred years ago. It is now [J8C5] the largest city on the American continent. On the left of the picture is seen Fort Amsterdam [verse 1, page 111], with the church and governor's house within it, and a windmill. 4. The traitor was Captain John Manning, the commander of the fort. He was, doubtless, bribed by the Dutch commander ; and the fact that the king screened him from punishment, gave the color of truith to the charge that the monarch shared in the bribe. 5. Verse 11, page 76. 0. Verse 10, page 202. 7. Verse 33, page 10". Questions. — l'^. How were the people disappointed ? What did the English government do? 14. What occurred in New York In 1673 ? By what means did the Dutch regain the province ? How did the English again get possession? NEW YOKK. 117 Increase of the popular strength. Jacob Leisler. The aristocracy offended. appointed governor under the new charter, and continued arbitrary rule, with increased vigor.^ 15. Andros returned to England at the close of 1G83, when the duke ap- pointed Thomas Dongan, to succeed him. In the mean while, the duke had listened to the judicious advice of William Penn, and instructed Dongan to call an assembly of representatives. They met [October 17, 1683], and with the hearty concurrence of the governor, a Charter of Liberties was estab- lished,- and the permanent foundation of a representative government was laid. The people rejoiced in the change, and were heartily engaged in efforts to perfect a wise and liberal government, when the duke was elevated to the throne, as James the Second,^ on the death of Charles, in February, 1685. As king, he refused to confirm the privileges which, as duke, he liad granted; and having determined to introduce the Roman Catholic religion into the province as the established church, he commenced by efforts to enslave the people. A direct tax was ordered; the printing-press — the right arm of knowledge and freedom — was forbidden a place in the colony ; and the pro- vincial offices were filled by Roman Catholics. These proceedings gave pain to the liberal-minded Dongan ; and when the king, in his religious zeal, instructed the governor to introduce French priests among the Five Nations,^ he re- sisted the measure as highly inexpedient.^ 16. The people were again on the eye of open rebellion, when the intelh- gence of the flight of James, and the accession of William and Mary,^ reached them. They immediately appointed a committee of safety, and with almost unanimous voice, sanctioned the conduct of Jacob Leisler (an influential mer- chant, and commander of the militia), who had taken possession of the fort in the name of the new sovereigns, and by order of the people. Afraid of the people, Nicholson, the successor of Dongan, fled on board a vessel and departed, and the people consented to Leisler's assuming the functions of governor until a new one should be appointed. The aristocracy and the magistrates were ofiended, and denouncing Leisler as an usurper, they accused him of treason, when Governor Sloughter arrived, in 1691. 17. In the mean while, Leisler conducted affairs with prudence, and energy. Having the sanction of the people, he needed no further authority ; and when a letter from the British ministers arrived [December, 1689], directed to Gov- 1. The rluke claimed the country from the Connecticut river to Cape Henlopen. Andios attempted to ex- ercise authority eastward of the line agreed upon by the Dutch and the Connecticut people | note 3, page 114], and went to Saybrook in the sTimmer of 1676, with an armed party, to enforce the claim. He met with such resistance that he was compelled to return to New York without accomplishing his design. See verse 6, page 2. The Assembly consisted of the governor and ten coimcilors, and seventeen deputies elected by the free- holders. They adopted a Declaration of Bights, and asserted the principle, so nobly fought for a hundred years later, that taxation and representation are inseparable — in other words, that taxes can not be levied without the consent of the people, expressed by their representatives. At this time the colony was divided into tAvelve counties. 3. Verse 28, page f9. 4. "S'evse 2, page 18. 6. This measure would have given the French, in Canada, an influence over the Indians that might have proved fatal to English power on the continent. The Five Nations remained the fast friends of the En- glish, and stood as a powerful barrier against the French, when the latter twice invaded the Iroquois terri- tory, in endeavors to reach the English at Albany, 6. Note 9, page i:9. Questions. — 15. What political changes took place in New York? How did a duke, made l-ing, disap- point the people? What measures did he attempt? 16. What other changes took place i.>. New York? What did the people do? How did the aristocracy regaid iheir movements? 118 COLONIES. Trial and execution of Leisler and Milborne. Desolation of French settlements. ernor Nicholson, or, in his absence, to such as, for the time being," con- ducted affairs, he considered it as fairly addressed to himself. Milborne, his son-in-law, acted as his deputy, and was included in the accusations of the magistrates, who had now retired to Albany. They held Fort Orange^ until the invasion of the French in February 1690,^ when they felt the necessity of claiming the protection of the government at New York. They then yielded, and remained comparatively quiet until the arrival of Richard In- goldsby, Sloughter's Ueutenant, early in 1691. 18. Ingoldsby announced the appointment of Henry Sloughter as gover- nor ; and without producing any credentials of authority, he haughtily de- manded of Leisler [Feb. 9, 1691] the surrender of the fort. Of course Leisler refused compliance ; but as soon as Sloughter arrived [March 29], he sent a messenger to announce his desire to surrender all authority into his hands. Leisler's enemies had resolved on his destruction ; and when he came for- ward to deliver the fort, in person, he and his son-in-law were seized and cast into prison. They were tried on a charge of treason, found guilty, and con- demned to suffer death. Sloughter withheld his signature to their death warrant ; but, when made drunk at a dinner party prepared for the purpose, he put his name to the fatal instrument. Before he became sober, Leisler and Milborne were suspended [May 26, 1691]^ upon a gallows.^ * 19. Sloughter was a weak and dissolute, but honest man. He convened a popular assembly, and formed a liberal constitution. Light was thus dawning hopefully upon the province, when delirium tremens^ at the close of a drunken revel, ended the administration and the life of the governor [Aug. 2, 1691], in less than three months after the murder of Leisler and Milborne. 20. Sloughter was succeeded by Benjamin Fletcher, a man of violent pas- sions and quite as weak and dissolute. He became the tool of the aristocracy, and was hated by the people. Party spirit, engendered by the death of Leisler, burned intensely during the whole administration of Fletcher ; and, at the same time, the French and Indians, under the guidance of Frontenac, the able governor of Canada,* were traversing the northern frontiers of the province. Fletcher prudently listened to the advice of Major Schuyler,^ of Albany, respecting the Indians; and under his leadership, the English, and their unwavering allies, the Five Nations, successfully beat back the foe to the St. Lawrence, and so desolated the French settlements [1692] in the vicinity of Lake Champlain,^ that Frontenac was glad to remain quiet at Montreal. 1. Note 8, page 11''. 2. At this time Schenectada was desolated. See verse .^5, pag:el"4. 3. Their estates were confiscated; but after a lapse of several years, and when the violence of parly spirit had subsided, the property was restored to their families. 4. From 1678 to 1682, and again from 1689 to 16^8, when he died, at the ajre of 77. 5. Peter Schuyler. He was mayor of Albany, and acquired unbounded influence over the Five Nations. Verse page 18. 6. Schuyler's force was about three hundred MohavJr.t and as many English. They slew about three hundred of the French and Indians, at the north end of the lake. QuKSTiONS. — 17- How did Leisler manage affairs? What course di^l the magistrates and others pursue? 1«. What circumstances led to the death of Leisler and Milborne ? 19. What was the character of Sloughter ? What were the promises of his sho'-t administration? How did he die? 20. What causes made Fletcher's a-Iministration an exciting one ? What was done against the French and Indians ? HEW YORK. 119 Kidd and liis associates. Misrule of Sir Edward Hyde. Party newspapers. 21. The Earl of Eellomont, an honest and energetic Irish peer, succeeded Fletcher in 1698 ; and the following year, New Hampshire,^ and Massachu- setts- were placed under his jurisdiction. He commenced reform with great earnestness, and made vigorous efforts to suppress piracy,^ which had become a fearful scourge to the infant commerce of the colonists. With Eobert Liv- ingston^ and others, he fitted out an expedition under the famous Captain Kidd, to destroy the buccaneers. Kidd himself was afterward hung for piracy [1701], and the governor and his friends were charged with a partici- pation in his guilt.^ 22. Death removed Bellomont [March 16, 1701] when his Hberal policy was about to bear fruit. He was succeeded by Edward Hyde (afterward Lord Cornbury,)'' a libertine and a knave, who cursed the province with misrule for seven years. He persecuted all denominations of Christians, except those of the Church of England, embezzled the public moneys, involved himself in heavy debts, and on all occasions was the practical enemy of popular free- dom. The people finally demanded and obtained his recall, and the moment his official career ceased [1708], his creditors cast him into prison, where he remained until his accession to the peerage, on the death of his father.'' From this period until the arrival of William Cosby, as governor [1732], the roy^l representatives,® unable to resist the will of the people, as expressed by the Assembly, allowed democratic principles to grow and bear fruit.^ 23. Eip Yan Dam, "a man of the people," was acting governor when Cosby came. They soon quarreled, and two violent parties arose — the Democratic, which sided with Van Dam, and the Aristocratic which sup- ported the governor. Each party had the control of a newspaper, and the war of words raged violently for a long time. The governor, unable to com- pete with his opponent, finally ordered the arrest of Zenger [Kov., 1734], the publisher of the Democratic paper, on a charge of libel. After an imprison- 1. Verse 2, page 64. 2. Verse 7, page 9^. 3. Because Spain claimed the exclusive right to the West India seas, her commerce in that region was regarded as fair plunder. Privateer commissions were readily granted by the English, French and Dutch governments ; and daring spirits from all countries were found under their flags. The buccaneers, as they were called, became very numerous and powerful, and at length depredated upon English commerce as well as Spanish. Privateers, or those legally authorized to seize the property of an enemy, hecame pirates, or sea robbers. Privateering is only legalized piracy. 4. An immigrant from Scotland, and ancestor of the Livingston family in this country. He was connected, by marriage, with the Van Rensselaer and Schuyler families ; and in 1685,' received from Governor Donc'an a grant of a feudal principality (see patroon, verse 2, page 111^ on the Hudson, yet known as Livingston's Manor. 5. Bellomont and his friends were accused of connivance with Kidd, and sharing the plunder with him. It appears quite certain that Kidd was made a scape-goat for others in high station. King William himself was a shareholder in the enterprise for which Kidd was fitted out. Kidd appeared publicly in Boston, where he was arrested, sent to England, tried, and executed. 6. Verse 7, page 129. 7. According to an unjust law of Engl.md, a Peer of the realm (who is consequently a member of the House of Lords, [note 7, page 177]) can not be arrested for debt. This law, enacted in the reign of Henry the Eighth, still prevails. 8. Lord Lovelace, Ingoldsby, Hunter, Schuyler, Burnet, and Montgomcrie. 9. We have already noticed [verse 42, pnge 1071 the breaking out of Queen Anne's War in 1702, and tho successful expeditions fitted out and sent in the direction of Montreal in 1";C9 and 1711. The debt which these expeditions laid upon New York was felt for manv years. 10. The New York TTe^Zr??/ J'o?/rna? (Democratic), bv John Peter Zenger ; The Neio York Gazette ( Arisio- cratic), by William Bradford. The latter owned the first press ever set up in the province. He commenced printing in New York in 16%. See note 3, page 147. Questions. — ?1. What occurred early in the administration of Bellomont? What expedition was ar- ranged? and for what purpose? What was the result ? 22. Who Avas Bellomort's successor? What caused thepeop'e to hate him ? What was done to him ? What showed the power of the people ? 23. What parties ■were formed in New York? How did they oppose each other? What occurred daring their disputes ? 120 COLONIES. Trial of Zenger. Triumph of Democratic principles. Events in Maryland. ment of thirty-five weeks, Zenger v^as tried by a jury, and acquitted [July, 1735]. He was defended by Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, who was presented by the magistrates of the city of New York with a gold box, as a token of their esteem for his noble advocacy of popular rights. Then was distinctly drawn the hne of demarcation between repubUcans and royalists. 24. The history of New York from the arrival of Cosby until the com- mencement of the French and Indian War,^ is composed chiefly of the records of party strife, and presents very Uttle matter of interest to the general reader. Only one event demands special attention, namely, the supposed conspiracy of negroes in 1741 to burn and plunder the city, murder tha inhabitants, and set up a government under a man of their own color. Several incendiary fires had occurred in rapid succession, and a house had been robbed by some slaves. The idea of a regular and horrid conspiracy at once prevailed, and, as in the case of the Salem Witchcraft,^ an intense panic pervaded all classes, and many innocent persons suffered. This is known in history as Tlie Negro SECTION IV. MARYLAND. [1G39.] 1. Maryland Iiad its colonial birth when the first popular Assembly con- vened at St. Mary for legislative purposes, on the 8th of March, 1635.* Its sturdy growth began when, in 1639, the more convenient form of representa- tive government was established. It was crude, but it possessed the elements of repubhcanism. The freemen chose as many representatives as they pleased, and others were appointed by the proprietor. These, with the governor and secretary, composed the legislature. At this first session a Declaration of Rights was adopted ; the powers of the governor were defined; and all the privileges enjoyed by English subjects were guarantied to the colonists.^ 2. The Indians in the vicinity, becoming jealous of the increasing strength of the white people, began to evince hostility. Frequent collisions occurred ; and in 1642, a general Indian War commenced in the region between the Potomac and the ChesaJ)eake. It was terminated in 1645, but the quiet of the province was soon disturbed again. Clayborne had returned from En- gland^' [1645], and speedily fanned embers of discontent into a flame of open rebellion. He became too powerful for the local authorities, and Governor Calvert"^ was obliged to flee to Yirginia. During a year and a half, the in- surgents held the reins of government, and the horrors of civil war brooded 1. T^ge 147. 2. Verse 40, page 106. 3. Before the par.ic was allayed, fbur white people were hanged ; and eleven negroes were burned, eighteen were hanged and fifly were sent to the West Indies and sold. 4. Verse 6, page 66. 6. Verse 6, page 63. 6. Note 1, page 66. 7- Verse 5, page 66. Questions. — ?4. What characteristics does the history of New York present from Cosby to the French and Indian War? Can you relate the particulars of the Negro Plot? 1. When was the birlh, and where began the real growth of the Maryland colony? What was the form and character of its govcixment? 2. What events disturbed the tranquillity of the colonists? MARYLAND. 121 Toleration Act. Troubles in Maryland. Re-organization of Government. over the colony. The rebelhoii was suppressed in the Summer of 1646, and Calvert resumed his office, in August. 3. An important law was enacted by the Assembly in 1649, known as The Toleration Act. Religious freedom was guarantied by the Charter,^ yet as much animosity existed between the Protestants^ and Roman Catholics, the Assembly^ thought proper to give the principle the solemn sanction of law. By that act every professed believer in Jesus Christ was allowed free exercise of his religious opinions. Thither persecuted Churchmen of New England, and oppressed Puritans of Virginia, fled and found an asylum. This act is the pride and glory of the early legislature of Maryland ; yet it was not the first instance in America, as is oflen alleged, when religious toleration received the sanction of law.'* 4. Favored by events in the mother country, republicanism grew steadily in the new State. Royalty was abohshed in England [1649], and for more than ten years the democratic idea was prevalent throughout the realm. Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, professed republicanism on the death of the king, but he had been too recently a royalist to secure the con- fidence of Parliament. Stone, his lieutenant, was removed from office [April 16, 1651] by commissioners (of whom Clay borne was one), who were sent to administer the government of the Colony. He was soon afterward [July 8] restored. On the dissolution of the Long Parhamcnt, [1653]^ Cromwell re- stored full power to the proprietor, but the commissioners, who withdrew to Virginia, returned soon afterward, and compelled Stone to surrender the gov- ernment into their hands. 5. The colonial government had been re-organized in the meantime. The legislative body was divided into an Upper and Lower House [1650] ; the former consisting of the governor and his council, appointed by the proprietor, and the latter of representatives chosen by the people. At the same session, a law was passed prohibiting all taxes unless levied with the consent of the freemen. So great had been the influx of Protestants, that they now [1654] out-numbered the Roman Catholics as voters and in the Assembly. They ac- knowledged the authority of Cromwell, and boldly questioned the rights and privileges of an hereditary proprietor.^ The Roman Catholics adhered to Lord Baltimore, and bitter religious hatred was fostered. The Protestants finally disfranchised their opponents, excluded them from the Assembly, and 1 . Verse 4, page 65. 2. Note 14, page 48. 3. Bozman in his Hi.Hory of Maryland, (II. 350-356) rmintains that the maio ity of the members of thj Assembly of 1649, were Protestants. 1 ^' ^" 16^7, the General Assembly of Rhode Island, convened at Portsmouth, adopted a code of laws which closed with the declaration that " all men mifrht walk as their conscience persuaded them, without molestation, every one in the name of his God." This was broader toleration than the Maryland ^w]l^""riu^^'^' ^* restrict men to belief in Jesus Christ. 5. When Charles the First was beheaded [Note 10, page 8^], the Parliament assumed supreme authority, anrt remained in permanent session. Cromwell, with an army at his back, entered that assembly in the Autumn or 1653, ordered them to disperse, and assumed supreme power himself, under the title of Lord « A ■ .^^ British legislature is known in history as the Long Parliament. 6. According to the original charter, the successors of Lord Baltimore were to be proprietors forever. ^ Questions.— 3. What important law was made in 1649? What were its principal features ? How should it be regarded ? 4. What political changes took place? What course did TiOrd Baltimore pursue ? What did Cromwell eflFect? 5. What change in government had been eflected? What were the religious aspects and general sentiments of the colonists? 122 Civil war in Maryland. COLONIES. Anarchy. toward the close of 1654 pSTov.], passed an act declaring Eoman Catholics not entitled to the protection of the laws of Maryland. 6. Civil war ensued. Stone returned to St. Mary,' organized an armed force composed chiefly of Eoman Catholics, seized the colonial records, and assumed the office of governor. Skirmishes ensued, and finally a severe bat- tle was fought [April 4, 1655] not far from the site of Annapolis, in which Stone's party was defeated with a loss of about fifty men, killed and wounded. Stone was made prisoner, but his life was spared. Four other leading sup- porters of the proprietor were tried for treason and executed. 7. Anarchy prevailed in the province for many months, when the discord- ant elements were brought into comparative order by the appointment of Josiah Fcndall [July 20, 1656], as govornor. He was suspected of favoring the Roman Catholics, and was soon arrested by order of the Protestant As- sembly. For two years bitter strife continued between the people and the agents of the proprietor, when, after concessions by the latter, Fendall was acknowledged governor [April 3, 1658]. His prudence secured the con- fidence of the people, but the death of Cromwell [Sept. 1658], presaging a change in the English government, gave them uneasiness. Ailer long de- hberation, the Assembly determined to avoid all further trouble with the proprietor, by asserting the supreme authority of the people. They accord- ingly dissolved the Upper House [March 24, 1660]," and assumed the whole legislative power of the State. They then gave Fendall a commission as governor for the people. 8. Monarchy was restored in England in June, 1660,^ and the original order of things was re-estabUshed in Maryland. Lord Baltimore having assured the new king that liis republican professions* were only temporary expedients, was restored to all his proprietary rights by Charles. Fendall was tried and found guilty of treason, because he accepted a commission from the rebellious Assembly. Baltimore, however, wisely proclaimed a general pardon for all political offenders in Maryland ; and for almost thirty years afterward, the province enjoyed repose. 9. Maryland was governed mildly and prudently under the new proprietor, Charles Calvert, and the people were prospering in their poHtical quietude, when the Revolution in England^ shook the colonies. The deputy govern oi- of Maryland hesitated to proclaim William and Mary,^ and this was made a pretense, by a restless spirit named Coode,"^ for exciting the people. He gave currency to the absurd report that the local magistrates and the Roman Catholics, had leagued with the Indians^ for the destruction of all the Prot- 1. Verse 5, p. 65. 2. Verse 5, p. 121. 3. Note 1, p. 86. 4. Verse 4, p. 121. 5. Note 9, page 89. 6. Verse 29, p. 89. 7. Coode had been a confederate in a former insurrection, but escaped conviction. f^. A treaty with the Indians had just been renewed, and the customary presents distributed among them. This, Coode falsely adduced as evidence of a coalition with the savages. Questions. — 6. What were the chief events of a civil war in 165.'> ? 7- What state of things existed for three years after the civil war? What did the Assembly do ? 8. What political chanetes row took place? How (iid they affect the colony? 9. What was the effect of the Revolution in England on Maryland? What rumors were circulated f What commotions ensued ? CONKECTICUT. 123 Coode's insurrection. Quiet. Constitutions of settlers in Connecticut. estants in the colony. A similar actual coalition of Jesuits^ and savages on the New England frontiers,^ gave a coloring of truth to the story, and the old religious feud instantly burned again intensely. The Protestants formed an armed association [Sept., 1689] and, led on by Coode, they took possession of the government, called a Convention, and invested it with legislative powers. Its first acts were to depose the tliird Lord Baltimore, and to re-assert the sovereign majesty of the people. 10. The Convention managed public affairs until 1691, when the king un- justly deprived Baltimore of all his political privileges as proprietor [June 11], and made Maryland a royal province.^ Lionel Copley was appointed the first royal governor in 1692. New laws were instituted — rehgious toleration was abolished — the Church of England was made the established religion, to be supported by a tax on the people; and in the State founded by Roman Catholics, the members of that denomination were cruelly disfranchised, with the consent of their sovereign. 11. In 1716, the proprietary rights of Lord Baltimore (now deceased) were restored to his infant heir, and the original form of government was re-es- tabhshed. Such continued to be the political complexion of Maryland until the storm of the Revolution [1776] swept away every remnant of royalty and feudalism. SECTION V. CONNECTICUT. [1639.] 1. The example of the Connecticut colony"* in forming a political constitu- tion [January 24, 1639], was speedily followed [June 4] by the settlers of New Haven.^ The religious element was supreme in the new organization, and the Bible was made the Statute Book of the colony ; and, in imitation of the constitution of the Plymouth settlers, none but church members were al- lowed the privileges of freemen.® A committee of twelve men was appointed, who selected seven of their members to be pillars" in the New State. These had power to admit as many others as they pleased to take part with them in legislation. Theophilus Eaton was chosen governor."^ 2. Many of the New Haven settlers -being merchants, they sought to found a commercial colony, but heavy losses by the wreck of vessels® discouraged 1. Note 1, VA^e 104. 2. Verse 35, page 104. 3. King William had an exalted idea of loval prerogatives, and was as mnch disposed as the Stuarts (ihe kings of England from James the First to James Ihe Second) to suppress democracy in the colonies. He repeatedly vetoed (refused his assent to) Bills of Rights enacted hy the colonial Assemblies ; refused his as- sent to local laws of the deene-^tt interest to the colonists ; and instructed his governors to prohibit printing in the colonies. Note 2, page 89. 4. Verse 14, page 70. 5. Verse 13, page 70. The people assembled in a barn to form the new constitution. 6. Note 6, page 9"^. 7. He was annually chosen to fill the office, until his death, which occurred in 1657. 8. In 1647, a new ship belonging to the colony foundered at sea. It was laden with a vahiable cargo, and the passengers belonged to some of the leading families in the colony. Several smaller vessels were lost during five or six years. QUKSTIONS. — 10. How came Maryland to be made a royal province? "What changes then took place ? What wrong was perpetrated? 11. What was the political "condition of Marylnnd from 1716 until the War for Independence? 1. What was the character of the ^ew Haven Constitution? 124 COLONIES. Difficulties with the Dutch. Liberal charter for Connecticut. them, and they turned their special attention to agriculture. Prudence marked the course of the magistrates of the several colonies in the Connecti- cut valley,^ and they were blessed with prosperity. But difficulties with the Dutch respecting territorial boundaries,^ and menaces of the neighboring In- dians, gave them uneasiness, and made them readily join the New England confederation in 1643.^ The following year the little independent colony at Say brook'' purchased the land of one of the proprietors of Connecticut,^ and became permanently annexed to that at Hartford. ° 3. The treaty made with G-overnor Stuyvesant at Hartford in 1650,' gave token of future tranquillity. But the repose was soon broken by international war. England and Holland drew the sword against each other in 1652 ; and because it was reported that Ninigrct, the wily sachem of the Narragansets^ had spent several weeks at New Amsterdam in the winter of 1652-3,^ the belief prevailed in New England, that Stuyvesant had leagued with the In- dians for the destruction of the English.^" Great excitement ensued, and a majority of the commissioners" decided [1653] upon war with the Dutch. Immediate hostilities were prevented by the refusal of Massachusetts to fur- nish its quota of supplies. The Connecticut colonies (who were nearest the Dutch) applied to Cromwell for aid, and he sent four ships of war for the purpose. Before their arrival,^- a treaty of peace had been concluded between the two nations, and blood and treasure were saved. The Assembly at Hart- ford took possession of all property then claimed by the Dutch ; and after that the latter abandoned all claims to possessions in the Connecticut valley. 4. On the restoration of Charles the Second [1660], the Connecticut colony expressed its loyalty, and obtained a charter. At first, Charles was disposed to refuse the application of Winthrop,^^ the agent of the colony, for he had heard of the sturdy republicanism of the petitioners. But when Winthrop presented his majesty with a ring which Charles the First had given to his father, the heart of the king was touched, and he granted a charter [May 30, 1662] which not only confirmed the popular constitution of the colony, but contained more liberal provisions than any yet issued from the royal hand.^* Its boundary as defined included a portion of Khode Island, and the whole New Haven Colony.^'" The latter gave a reluctant consent to the union in 1. Verse 7, p. 68. 2. Page 67, and note S, p. lU. 3. Verse 15, p. 96. 4. Verse 6, p. 68. 5. Verses, p. 67. 6. Verse 14, p. 70. 7. Note 3, p. 114. 8. Note 1, p. 114. 9. This report was set atioat by Uncas, the mischievous 3Iohegan sachem [verse 10, p. 69], who hated the Ifarraganfetfi. It had no foundation in truth. See also verse 14, page 16. 1 >. Verse 8, page 114. 11. Verse 15, page 96. 12. Roger Williams, then in England, managed to delay the sailing of the fleet, and thus, again, that em- inent peace-maker prevented bloodshed. Verse 9, page f8. 13. John Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts. He was chosen Governor of Connecti- cut in 1657, and held the office several years. Such was his station when he appeared in England to ask a charter of the king. Hopkins (who was one of the founders of the New Haven colony) was chosen the first Governor of the Connecticut colony, and for several years he and Haynes were alterr.alely chosen chief magistrate. 14. This original charter is now [1865], in the office of the Secretary of State of Connecticut. It contains a portrait of Charles the Second, handsomely drawn in India ink, and forming part of an initial letter. This was the instrument afterward hidden in the great oak. See Verse 7, page 1* 5. 15. Verse 13, page 70. Thus the several settlements were united under the general name of Connecticut. Questions. — 2. Why did the New Haven settlers wish to found a commercial colony? What was the condition of the Connecticut settlements ? What annexation took place? 3. What disturbed the tranquillity of the New England colonies? What was the effect and the termination of th« disturbance? 4. How did Connecticut obtain a charter from the king? What boundaries did it define ? What difficulties ensued? CONNECTICUT. 125 Andros in Connecticut. Usurpation of authority. Andros and the Connecticut charter. 1665, but Rhode Island positively refused the alliance. The two colonies dis- puted for more than sixty years concerning the boundary. 5. With the exception of some settlements far up the river, the colony of Con- necticut suffered but little during King Philip's War.^ Yet it furnished its full quota of men and supplies, and its soldiers bore a conspicuous part in breaking the power of the New England Indians.^ At the same time the colonists were obliged to defend their liberties against the attempted usurpations of Andros, then Governor of New York.^ He claimed jurisdiction as far as the mouth of Connecticut river; and in July, 1675, he proceeded to Saybrook with a small naval force, to assert his authority. He was permitted to land ; but when he ordered the garrison in the fort to surrender, and began to read his commission to the people, Captain Bull, the commander, ordered him to be silent. Perceiving the strength and determination of his adversary, Andros wisely withdrew, and returned greatly irritated to New York. 6. Yery little occurred to disturb the quiet and prosperity of Connecticut, for the next dozen years. Edmund Andros again appeared as a usurper of authority. He had been appointed Grovernor of New England [1686],'' and on his arrival, demanded of all the colonies a surrender of their charters. They all comphed, except Connecticut. She steadily refused to give up the guaranty of her political rights ; and finally Andros proceeded to Hartford with sixty armed men, to enforce obedience. The Assembly were in session when he arrived [Nov. 10, 1687], and received him courteously. He de- manded the surrender of the charter, and declared the colonial government dissolved. 7. Already a plan had been arranged for securing the safety of the charter and preserving an appearance of loyalty. The debates were purposely pro- tracted until the candles were lighted, at evening, when the charter was brought in and laid upon the table. Just as Andros stepped forward to take it, the candles were suddenly extinguished. The charter was seized by Cap- tain Wadsworth of the mihtia, and under cover of the night it was effectually concealed in the hollow trunk of a huge oak, standing not far from the Assembly chamber.^ When the candles were relighted, the members were in perfect order, but the charter could not be found. An- dros assumed the government, and with his own hand wrote the word Einis after the last record of the Charter Assembly. The government was administered in his own name until he was driven fr om Boston in 1689,' when the charter 1. Page 99. 2. Verse 15, p. 17. 3. Verse 14, p. 116^ 4. Verse^S,^ l^^ mat tree remained vigrorous until about one o'clock in the morning of the 21st of August, 1856, when u was prostrated during a heavy storm. 6. Verse 33, page 103. Questions.— 5. How was Connecticut affected by Indian wars? What usurpation did Andros attempt? and what was the result ? fi. What exciting scene occurred at Hartford in 1687 ? 7. How did the Connecti- cut people preserve their charter ? What then occurred ? 126 COLONIES. Governor Fletcher at Hartford. Firmness of Wadsworth. Rhode Island. was taken from the oak [May 19, 1689], a popular Assembly was convened, Eobert Treat was chosen governor, and Connecticut again assumed her posi- tion as an independent colony. 8. A little more than four years later, the Connecticut people were again compelled to assert their chartered liberties. Colonel Fletcher, then Governor of New York,^ held a commission which gave him command of the militia of Connecticut.^ The Legislature appealed to the charter, and refused to ac- knowledge Fletcher's authority. In November, 1693, he repaired to Hart- ford, and ordered the militia to assemble. The Hartford companies, under Captain Wadsworth,^ were drawn up in line; but the moment Fletcher attempted to read his commission, the drums were beaten. His angry order of Silence !" was obeyed for a moment ; but when he repeated it. Wads- worth boldly stepped in front of him and said, Sir, if they are again inter- rupted, I'll make the sun shine through you in a moment." Fletcher perceived the futility of further assumption of authority, and returned to New York, greatly chagrined and irritated. The matter on being reported to the king was settled by a compromise. 9. Connecticut had now [1700] a population of about thirty thousand. During Queen Anne's war^^ and the stirring events in America from that time until the commencement of the French and Indian war,^ when her people numbered one hundred thousand, Connecticut went hand in hand with her sister colonies in labors for mutual welfare , and her history is too closely in- terwoven with theirs to require further separate notice. SECTION VI. RHODE ISLAND. [l 644.] 1. Rhode Island commenced its independent colonial career in 1644, when the Providence and Rhode Island plantations were united under the same gov- ernment.® That charter was confirmed by the Long Parliament^ in October, 1652, and this put an end to the persevering efforts of Massachusetts to absorb " WiUiams's Narraganset Plantations." That colony had always coveted the beautiful Aquiday,® and feared the reaction of Williams's tolerant principles upon the people from whose bosom he had been cruelly expelled.^ 2. Like other colonies, Rhode Island was disturbed by internal commotions, 1. Verse ro, pajre 118. ^ ^. ^ , 2. The declared object of this comraission was to enable Fletcher to call forth the Connecticut mihtia when proper, to r«pel an expected invasion of northern New York, by the French and Indians. 8. Verse 7, page 125. 4. Page 107- 5. Page 147. 6. Verse 7, page 72. A general assembly of deputies from the several towns, met at Portsmmilh on the 2^\\i of May, 16 i7, and organized the new government by the election of a president and other officers At that time a code of laws was adopted, which declared the government to be a democracy, and that ' all men might walk as their conscience persuaded them." Verse 3, page 121. Note 5, page 121. 8. Note 12, page 71. 9- Verse 2, page /I. Questions.— 8. What other attempted usurpation did the Connecticut people repel ? How was it done ? What was the result? 9. What was the general condition and progress of Connecticut? 1. When did Rhode Island commence its colonial career? What was its relation to Massachusetts ? NEW JERSEY. 127 Rhode Island charter. Newport. Berkeley and Smibert growing out of religious disputes and personal ambition. These were quieted toward the close of 1653, when Roger Williams was chosen president. Crom- well confirmed the royal charter [May 22, 1655] ; and during his administra- tion, the colony prospered. On the accession of Charles the Second,^ Khode Island applied for and obtained a new charter [July 8, 1663], highly demo- cratic in its general features, and similar, in every respect, to the one granted to Connecticut^ The first governor elected under this instrument, was Ben- edict Arnold f and by a colonial law, enacted during his first administration, the privileges of freemen were granted only to fi-eeholders and their oldest sons. 3. Rhode Island yielded to Andros* in January, 168T ; but the moment in- telligence reached the people of the accession of Wilham and Mary^ [May 11, 1689], and the imprisonment of Andros at Boston,^ they assembled at New- port, resumed their old charter, and re-adopted their seal — an anchor^ with Hope for a motto. Under this charter Rhode Island continued to be governed for one hundred and fifty-seven years, when the people, in representative con- vention [1842], adopted a constitution. Newport soon became a thriving commercial town ; and when, in 1732, John Franklin established there the first newspaper in the colony, it contained five thousand inhabitants, and the whole province about eighteen thousand.^ Near Newport the celebrated Dean Berkeley purchased lands [1729] ; and with him came John Smibert, an artist, who introduced portrait-painting into America.^ Notwithstanding Rhode Island was excluded from the New England confederacy,^" it always bore its share in defensive efibrts; and its history is identified ath that of New England in general, from the commencement of King William's war.^^ SECTION VIL NEW JERSEY. [1664.] 1. We have considered the settlements in New Jersey, Penr'=5ylvania, and Delaware, in the same section, as constituting a series of events having inti- 1. Verse 15, page 85. 2. Verse 4, page 124 This charter guarantied free toleration in religious matters, and the Legislature of the colony re^asserted the principle, so as to give it the popular force of law. The assertion, made by some, that Roman Catholics were excluded from voting, and that Quakers were outlawed, is erroneous. 6. He was governor several times, serving in that office, altogether, about eleven years. He was chief magistrate of the colony when he died, in 1678. 4. Ve.-se page 103 5. Verse .^3, page 103. 6. Verse 33, page 103. 7- Verse 6, page 319. o T. i f®' ^"°"V0^" ^ere Indians, and more than 1,000 were negroes. y. herkeley preached occasionally in a small Episcopal church at Newport, and presented the consrrega- tion wltn an organ, the first ever heard in / merica. Smibert was a Scotchman, and married and settled at ijoston. His picture of Berkeley and his family is still preserved at Yale College [verse 1\ page 146], in iNsw Haven, lierkeley (afterward made bishop of a diocese in Ireland ) made great efforts toward the estab- iisnment ot the arts and learning in America. Failing in his project of foundirg a new Universitv, he b^e- came one of the most liberal benefactors of Yale College. In view of the future progress of the colonies, he wrote tuat prophetic poem, the last verse of which commences with the oft-quoted line— ^ ,^ ^ " Westward the course of Empire takes its wav." 10. Verse 15, page 95. 11. Verse 34, page 103. 12. Chap- HI., Sec. VIII., page 72. Qut;stions.— «>. What disturbed the colony ? What was the character of a new charter ? What law was enacted? 3. What did the people do when thev he?ird of the imprisonment of Andros ? What can you tell «i N ewpo: t and the population of Rhode Island ? For what w;is it remarkable ? 128 COLONIES. Founding of New Jersey. Troubles with the settlers. Sale to Quakers. mate relations with each other. The history of the colonial organization of the first two is separate and distinct. Delaware was never a separate colony or State until after the Declaration of Independence, in 1776. 2. The founding of the New Jersey colony occurred when, in 1664, the Duke of York sold tlie territory to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ;^ and the new proprietors began the work of erecting a State. They pubhshed a form of agreement, which they called Concessions,"^ in which hberal offers were made to immigrants who might settle within the territoiy. Among otlier provisions, the people were to be exempt from the payment of quit- rents and other burdens, for the space of five years. Allured by the liberality of the " Concessions," as well as by the salubrity of the climate and the fertil- ity of the soil, many families came from Long Island [1664], and settled at Elizabethtown f and in August the following year, Philip Carteret (brother of one of the proprietors), was appointed governor, and arrived at Elizabethtown with a number of settlers. 3. Nothing disturbed the repose of the colony during the five years' ex- emption from rents; but when, in 1670, the specified halfpenny, for the use of each acre of land, was required, murmurs of discontent were loud and uni- versal. Those who had purchased land from the Indians, denied the right of the proprietors to demand rent from them ; and some of the towns had even denied the authority of the Assembly, at its first sitting in 1668. The whole people combined in resisting the payment of quit-rents ; and after disputing with the proprietors almost two years, they revolted, called a new Assembly, appointed a dissolute, illegitimate son of Sir George Carteret, governor [May, 1672], and soon [July] compelled Philip Carteret to leave the province. Preparations were in progress to coerce the people into submission, when New J ersey, and all other portions of the territory claimed by the Duke of York, fell [August, 1673] into the hands of the Dutch.^ 4. On the restoration of the territory to the English^ [November, 1674], the Duke of York procured a new charter;^ and then, regardless of the rights of Berkeley and Carteret, he appointed Edmund Andros, " the tyrant of New England,"' governor of the whole domain [July 11, 1674]. Carteret demur- red, and the duke partially restored his rights. Berkeley sold his interest in the province [March 28, 1674] to Edward By Hinge, an English Quaker. Pe- cuniary embarrassment caused Byllinge to assign his interest to William Penn 1. Verse 7, page 7^. The province was called New Jersey in honor of Carteret, who was governor of the island of Jersey, in the British Channel, dnrinarthe civil war. He was a stanch royalist, and was Ihe last commander to lower the royal flag, when ihe Parliament had triumphed. 2. This was a sort of constitution, which provided for a government +o he composed of a governor and conncil appointed hy the proprietors, and an assembly chosen by the frepholders of the province. The legis- lative power resided in the assembly ; the executive in the governor. The council and the assembly were eanh restricted to twelve members. 3. So called, in honor of Elizabeth, wife of Sir George Carteret. 4. Verse 14, page 116. 5. Verse 14, page 116. 6. Verse 14, page 116. 7- Verse Zs , page 103. Questions. — ^1. What is the difference in the history of the fettlement and the colony of New Jersey? 2. When was the colony founded? What advantages were offered to settlers ? What settlers came ? 3. How long was the province quiet? What events produced commotion ? What ended them temporarily ? 4. How did the Duke of York treat the proprietors of New Jersey ? How came a portion of the province to change owners ? How was it divided ? NEW JERSEY. 129 First Assembly in New Jersey. Settlement of East Jersey. Union of the Jerseys. [1675] and two others.^ These purchasers, unwilling to maintain a political union with other parties, successfully negotiated with Carteret for a division [July 11, 1676] of the province. Carteret received the eastern portion as his share, and the Quakers the western part. From that time the divisions were known as East and West Jersey. 5. The proprietors of West J ersey gave the people a remarkably liberal constitution of government [March 13, 1677]; and in 1677, more than four hundred Quakers came from England and settled below the Raritan. Andros required them to acknowledge the authority of the Duke of York. They re- fused ; and the matter was referred to the eminent Sir WilHam Jones for adjudi- cation, who decided against the claims of the duke. The latter submitted to the decision, released both provinces from allegiance to him, and the Jerseys became independent of foreign control. The first popular Assembly in West Jersey met at Salem, in November, 1681, and adopted a code of laws for the government of the people.^ 6. East J ersey was purchased by William Penn and eleven of his brethren [February 11, 1682], who obtained a new charter, and appointed [July 27, 1683] Robert Barclay,^ a very eminent Quaker preacher from Aberdeen, gov- ernor for life. A large number of his sect came from Scotland and England ; and others from New England and Long Island settled in East Jersey to enjoy prosperity and repose. But i*epose, as well as the administration of Barclay, was of short duration ; for when James succeeded Charles, he appeared to consider his contracts made while duke^ not binding upon his honor as hing. He sought to annul the American charters, and succeeded, as we have seen, in subverting the governments of several,^ through the instrumentality of Andros. The Jerseys were sufferers in this respect, and were obhged to bow to the tyrant. 7. When Andros was driven from the country in 1689,^ the Jerseys were left without regular governments, and for more than twelve years anarchy prevailed in those provinces. The proprietors gladly relinquished the govern- ment by surrendering it to the crown, in April, 1702. In July the two provinces were united as a royal domain, and placed under the government of Sir Edward Hyde, the licentious ruler of New York.^ 8. New Jersey remained a dependency of New York, with a distinct legis- lative Assembly of its own, until 1738, when, through the efforts of Lewis 1. These p^irchasers immediately sold one half of their interest to the Earl of Perth, from whom the pres- ent town of Perth A mhoy derives a part of its name. ^- mbov, or Amho, is pn Indian name. 2. A remarkable law was enacted at that session. It provided that in all criminal cases, except treason, mnrdfr, and theft, the a^g:rieved party shonld have power to pardon the offender. 3. He was the anthor of " An Apology for Quakers," a work highly esteemed by his sect. _ It was written in Latin, and translated into several continental languaeres. Barclay and Penn were intimate persciial friends, and traveled much together. He died in Ury, in WO, jicrcd 42 years. 4. Verse 28, page bJ. 5. Verse S*^, page 103 ; verses 6 and 7, page 125 ; verse 3 page 127- 6. Verse a"^, page 7. The proprietors retained their property in the soil, and their claims to qrit-rents. Their organization nas never ceased ; and nnsold, barren tracts of land in West Jersey are still held by that ancient tennre. 8. Verse 22, page 110. QUKSTiows. — .5. What cansed the rapid progress of West Jersey ? How came a popnlar assembly to be established in West Jersey? 6. What changes took place in East Jersey? What did James, as kin(/, at- tf>TnT>+ to do? and v.hat did he accomplish ? 7. What occurred after the expulsion of Andros? 8. How lorg was New Jersey a dependency of New York ? When was it made an independent royal province ? 6* 130 COLONIES. William Penn and the Indians. Founding of Philadelphia. Morris,' the connection was forever severed. Morris was appointed the first royal governor of New Jersey, and managed public affairs with ability and general satisfaction. From that period until the independence of the colonies was declared in 1776, the history of New Jersey presents but few events of interest to the general reader. 1. Pennsylvania began its colonial career when, in the Autumn of 1682, WilHam Penn arrived,^ and by a surrender by the agents of the Duke of York, the Territories which now constitute the State of Delaware, were united with his province.^ Already he had proclaimed his intention of being governed by the law of kindness* in his treatment of the Indians ; and when he came, he proceeded to lay the foundation of his new State upon Truth and Justice. He met the Delaware chiefs in council, under a wide-spreading elm^ [Nov. 4, 1682], and there made with them a solemn covenant of peace and friendship, and paid them the stipulated price for their lands. We meet," he said, on the broad pathway, of good faith and good will ; no advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love." The Indians were de- lighted, and their hearts melted with good feeling. Such treatment was an anomaly in the history of the intercourse of their race with the white people. Even then the fires of a disastrous war were smouldering on the New En- gland frontiers.® It was wonderful how the savage heart, so lately the dwell- ing of deepest hatred toward the white man, became the shrine of the holiest attribute of our nature. We will live in love with WilUam Penn and his children," they said, as long as the moon and the sun shall endure." They were true to their promise — not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian. 2. Soon after Penn's arrival,^ he proceeded to lay out a capital city [Nov. 1682], upon lands purchased from the Swedes, lying between the Delaware and the Schuylkill rivers. The boundaries of streets were marked upon the trunks of the chestnut, walnut, pine, and other forest trees which covered the land,® and the city was named Philadelphia, which signifies brotherly love. 1. Son of an officer in Cromwell's army, wbo purchased an estate near New York, known as Morrisiana. He died in 1716. A part of that estate yet [1865] remains in possession of the Morris family. 2. Verse 12, page 76. 3. Verse 11, page 76. 4. By his direction, his agent, William Markham, had opened a friendly correspondence vrith the Indians, and Penn himself had addressed a letter to them, assuring them of his love and brotherly feelings toward them. 5. The Penn Society of Philadelphia erected a monument upon the spot where the venerable elm stood. The tree was blown down in 1810, and was found to be 283 years old. The monument is near the inter- section of Hanover and Beach -streets, Kensington, Philadelphia. 6. King Philip's War, page 99. 7- Verse 12, page 76. 8. This fact was the origin of the names of Chestnut, Walnut, Pine, Spruce, and other streets in Phila- delphia. For many years after the city was laid out, these street marks remained, and afforded shade to the inhabitants. Questions.— 1, How was the State of Pennsylvania founded? Can you relate the particulars of Penn's treaty with the Indians? What effect did his kindness h" ve upon them"? 2. Relate the circumstances con- cerning the founding and early growth of Philadelphia. What were the prospects of the new State f SECTION VIII. PENNSYLVANIA. [1682.] PENNSYLVANIA. 131 Liberal goyernmeiit of Pennsylvania. Discontants. Penn's troubles and triumphs. V7ithin twelve months almost a hundred houses were erected/ and the In- dians came daily with wild fowl and venison, as presents for their " good Father Penn." Never was a State blessed with a _^ more propitious beginning, and internal peace and prosperity marked its course wliile the Quakers controlled its councils. 3. Penn convened a second Assembly at Phila- delphia, in March, 1683, and then gave the people a Charter of Liberties," so ample and just, that the government was really a representative democ- racy. Free rehgious toleration was ordained, and laws for the promotion of pubUc and private moral- ity were framed.^ Unlike other proprietors, Penn surrendered to the people his rights in the appointment of officers, and until his death, his honest and highest ambition appeared to be to promote the happiness of the colonists. 4. Penn returned to England in August, 1684, leaving five members of the Council, and Thomas Lloyd as president, to administer the government dur- ing his absence. Soon afterward, the English Revolution occurred [1688] and Kinir James was driven into exile.^ Penn's personal regard for James con- tinued after his fall ; and for that loyalty, which had a deeper spring than mere political considerations, he was accused of disaffection to the new gov- ernment,* and suffered imprisonments. In the mean while discontent had sprung up in Pennsylvania, and the ^' three lower counties on the Delaware,"-^ offended at the action of some of the Council, withdrew [April 11, 1691] from the Union.*' Penn yielded to their wishes so far as to appoint a separate deputy -governor for them. 5. Penn's provincial government was taken from him in 1692 [Oct. 31], and Pennsylvania was placed under the authority of Governor Fletcher of New York, who reunited the Delaware counties [May, 1693], to the parent prov- ince. All suspicions of Penn's disloyalty having been removed in 1694, his chartered rights were restored to him [Aug. 30], and he appointed his original agent, William Markham, deputy-governor. He returned to America ai the close of 1699 and found the people discontented, and clamorous for greater political privileges. He gave them a new frame of government [Nov. 6, 1701], more liberal in its concessions than the former. It was cheerfully ac- cepted by the Pennsylvania people, but those of the Delaware territories, 1. Markhjim, Perm's agent, erected a lioupe for the proprietor's nse, in 1682. Another, and finer honse was occupied by Penn in 1700. It yet remains on the corner of Norris's alley and Second street. It was the residence of General Arnold in 1778. Note 5, page 226- 2. It was ordained "that to prevent lawsuits, three arhilrators, to he called Peace Makers, should he appointed by the county courts, to hear and determine small differences between man and man ; that child- ren should be taught some useful trade ; thr.t factors wroriging their employers should make satisfaction and one third over ; that all causes for irreligian and vulgarity should be repressed, and that no man should be molested for his religious opinions." 3. Note 9, page 80. A. Verse 29, page SO. fi. Verse 11, page 7(1. 6. Verse 13, page 76. Questions. — 3. What new form of government was given to the colony? Wliat were Penn's aims? What caused the prosperity of his colony? ^. What occurred soon after Penn's return to Engl:! antes, Henry the Fourth of France issued an edict in 1598, in favor of the Huguenots, or Protestants, allowing them free toleration. The profligate Louis the Fourteenth, stung with remorse in his old age, sought to gain the favor of heaven by bringing his whole people into the bosom of the Roman Catholic Church. He revoked the famous edict in 1686, and instantly active opposition to the Hugueno-.s was kindled throughout the empire. Many thousands of the Protestants left France and found refrge ui other countries. 3. Verse 3, page 148. 4. Verse 1, page i: 2. 5. The Spaniards at St. Augustine had menaced the English settlements in South Carolina, and, as we have seen (note 1), had actually broken up a little Scotch colony at Port Roval. 6. Note 1,3, page 138, ' 7. Verse 4, page 1?3. ^ 8. On his arrival, Sothel took sides with the people afrainst Colleton, and thus, in the moment of their ^"S'er, he unfortunately gained their good-will and confido^ice. 0. Verse 1, page 132. 10. The culture of rice was introduced into South Carolina during Archdale's administration. Some seed was given to the governor bv the captain of a vessel from Madagascar. It was distributed among several planters, and thus its cultivation began. Questions.— 7. What was done at Charleston in 1^82? What immigrant'? were fill'ng South Carolina? How did the EM. Can you relate the progress and the result of the expedition ? 1.. What other expedition was undertaken ? How did it end? 138 COLONIES. The Anglican church. Spanish invasion. Kindling of an Indian war. 18. The province had scarcely become tranquil after this chastisement of the Indians, when a new cause for disquietude appeared. Some of the pro- prietors had long cherished a scheme for establishing the Anglican Church,^ as the State religion, in the Carolinas. Governor Johnson, with a majority of Churchmen in the Assembly, accomphshed it, and Dissenters^ were excluded from all public oflBces. This was a usurpation of chartered rights, and the aggrieved party laid the matter before the imperial ministry. Their cause was sustained; and by order of Parliament, the colonial Assembly repealed the law of disfranchisement [November, 1706], but the Church maintained its ex- alted position until the Revolution. 19. The attack upon St. Augustine^ excited the ire of the Spaniards, and an expedition, composed of five French and Spanish vessels,* with a large body of troops, was sent from Havana to assail Charleston, take possession of the province, and annex it to the Spanish domain of Florida.^ The squadron crossed Charleston bar [May, 170G], and about eight hundred troops were landed at different points. The people seized their arms, and led by the gov- ernor and Colonel Rhett, they drove the invaders back to their vessels, after kilUng or capturing almost three hundred men. So the storm which appeared so suddenly and threateningly, was dissipated in a day. 20. A more formidable tempest brooded over the colony a few years later, when a general Indian confederacy was secretly formed, to exterminate the white people by a single blow. Within forty days, in the spring of 1715, the Indian tribes from the Cape Fear to the St. Mary's, and back to the mountains, had coalesced in the conspiracy ; and before the people of Charles- ton had any intimation of danger, one hundred white victims had been sacri- ficed in the remote settlements. The Creeks^^ Yamasees^'' and Apalachians^ on the south, confederated with the Cherokees^ Catawhas^^ and Congarees^^ on the west, in all six thousand strong ; while more than a thousand warriors issued from the ISTeuse region, to avenge their misfortunes in the wars of 1712-13.^^ It was a cloud of fearful portent, that hung in the sky; and the people were filled with terror, for they knew not at what moment the con- suming lightning might leap forth. 21. At this fearful crisis, Grovernor Craven acted with the utmost wisdom and energy. He took measures to prevent men from leaving the colony ; to secure aU the arms and ammunition that could be found, and to arm faitliful negroes to assist the white people. He declared the province to be under martial law,^^ and then, at the head of twelve hundred men, black and white, 1. Note 4, page 1^6. 2. Note 1, page 61. 3. Verse 15, page 39. 4. It will be lemembered [vevse 42, page 107] that in 1702, England declared war against Fiance, and that Spain was a party to the quarrel. 5. Verse 18, page 32. f). Verse 2, page 22. 7- Verse 4, page 22. 8. Note 7, page 1C7. 9. Verse 1, page 20. 10. Verse 1, page 19. 11. This was a small tribe which inhabited the country in the vicinty of Columbia, South Carolina. VK Verse U, page 136. 13. Martial law may be proclaimed by rulers, in an emergency, and the civil law, for the time being, is QtjESTiONS.— 18. What new cause disturbed the repose of the colonists ? What arbitrary measures were adopted? How were they opposed? 19. What effect did the attack on St. Augustine produce? Can yoti relate the circumstances attending the attempted invasion of South Carolina by the Spariards? 20 What danger threatened South Carolina ? What tribes formed a confederacy ? GEORGIA. 139 Close of the Indian war. The Carolinas become royal provinces. he marched to meet the foe who were advancing, with the knife, hatchet, and torch in fearful activity. The Indians were at first victorious, but after several bloody encounters, the Yamassees and their southern neighbors were driven across the Savannah [May, 1715], and halted not until they found refuge under Spanish guns at St. Augustine. The Cherokees and their northern neighbors had not yet engaged in the war, and they returned to their hunt- ing grounds, deeply impressed with the strength and greatness of the white people. 22. The proprietary government was now drawing to a close. While the labors of the people were building up a prosperous state, the proprietors re- fused assistance to them in times of danger, or reimbursement of money expended in the protection of the province from invasion. The whole burden of debt incurred in the war with the Yamassees^ was left upon the shoulders of the colonists. The proprietors not only refused to pay any portion of it, but enforced their claims for quit-rents, with great severity. Perceiving no hope in the future, but in the royal rule and protection, the inhabitants met in convention; resolved to forswear all allegiance to the proprietors; and appointed [Dec. 21, 1719], Colonel Moore^ governor of the colony. The matter was laid before the imperial government, when the colonists were sus- tained, and South Carolina became a royal province.^ 23. The people of the northern province^ also resolved on a change of government ; and after a continued controversy for ten years, the proprietors sold all their claims to the soil and incomes in both provinces to the king. North and South Carolina were then separated. George Burrington was appointed the first royal governor over the former, and Robert Johnson over the latter. From that period until the commencement of the French and Indian war,'' the general history of the Carolinas presents but few features of interest, except the efforts made for defending the colony against the Span- iards and the Indians. The people gained very little by a change of owners ; and during forty-five years, until the Revolution made the people independent, there was a succession of disputes with the royal governors. SECTION X. GEORGIA. [1732.] 1. Oglethorpe's colony on the Savannah^ rapidly increased in numbers, and within eight years, twenty-five hundred emigrants were sent over, at an ex- made subservient to the military. This object is to allow immediate and energetic action for repelling in- vasions, or for other purposes. 1. Note 2, page 1:7. 2. The first governor, by royal appointment, was Fra ici?: Nicholson, who had been successively governor of New York [verse 17, page 117], Maryland, Virginia, and Nova Scotia. 3. Verse 4, page 77- 4. Chap. IV., Sec. XII., page U, . 5. Verse 5, page 79. QuKSTioxs. — 21. What measures did the governor adopt ? Can you relate the incidents and results of the war? What tribes were not engaged .' 22. How W3re the people treated by the proprietors? What did the people do ? 23. What changes took place in the two provinces ? How did the change affect the people ? 140 COLONIES. The Georgia colony. Wesley and Whitefield. Movements of the Spaniards. pense to the Trustees^ of four hundred thousand dollars. Yet prosperity did not bless the enterprise. Many of the settlers were unaccustomed to habits of industry, and were mere drones ; Knd as the use of slave labor was pro- hibited, tillage was neglected. Even the industrious Scotch, German, and Swiss families who came over previous to 1740, could not give that vitality to industrial pursuits which was necessary to a development of the resources of the country. 2. Oglethorpe went to England, and returned in 1736, with about three hundred immigrants. Among them were one hundred and fifty Highlanders, well skilled in mihtary affairs. These constituted the first army of the colony during its early struggles. John Wesley, founder of the Methodist denomi- nation, also came with Oglethorpe, to make Georgia a religious colony, and to spread the gospel among the Indians. He was unsuccessful ; for his strict moral doctrines, and his rigid discipline, made him unpopular among the great mass of the colonists, who winced at restraint. The eminent George White- field also visited Georgia [1738], when only twenty-three years of age, and succeeded in estabhshing an orphan asylum near Savannah, which flourished many years, and was a real blessing. The Christian efforts of those men, prosecuted with the most sincere desire for the good of their fellow-mortals, were not appreciated. Their seed fell upon stony ground, and after the death of Whitefield [1770] his " House of Mercy" in Georgia, deprived of his sus- taining influence, became a desolation. 3. The rapid increase of the new colony excited the jealousy of the Span- iards at St. Augustine, and the vigilant Oglethorpe prepared to oppose any hostile movements agains his settlements. He established a fort at the site of Augusta, as a defense against the Indians, and he erected fortifications at Darien, on Cumberland Island, at Frederica (St. Simon's Island), and on the north bank of the St. John, the southern boundary of the English claims. Spanish commissioners came from St. Augustine to protest against these preparations, and to demand the immediate evacuation of the whole of Georgia, and of all South Carohna below Port Eoyal.'^ Oglethorpe, of course, refused compliance, and the Spaniards threatened him with war. 4. In the winter of 1736-7, Oglethorpe went to England, and returned the following Autumn [Oct. 1737], bearing the commission of a brigadier, and leading a regiment of six hundred well-disciplined troops, for the defense of the whole southern frontier of the English possessions,^ but for two years their services were not much needed. In May, 1740, Oglethorpe marched for St. Augustine, with four hundred of his best troops, some volunteers from 1. Verse 3, page 79. 2. Note 1, page 135. 3. Ilis commission gave him the command of the militia of South Carolina also, and he stood as a guard between the English and Spanish possessions in the southern country. Questions.— 1. How did Oglethorpe's colony progress ? What causes retarded its prosperity ? 2. Who came wilh Oglethorpe on his return from England in 1736? What religions and benevolent eflbrls were made? flow did they succeed? 3. What events troubled the colonists? What preparations for war did Oglethorpe make? What demands Avere made by the Spaniards ? 4. How wero the Georgians prepai'ed for defense in 1(37 ? Why was an expedition against Florida planned ? How was it begun ? GEORGIA. 141 Hostilities between the Georgians and the Spaniards. Oglethorpe's stratagem. South Carolina, and a large body of friendly Creek Indians/ in all, more than two thousand men. 5. Oglethorpe captured two forts, one within two miles of the city ; but when he appeared before the town and fortress, and demanded instant sub- imission, he was answered by a defiant refusal. A small English rleet blockaded the harbor, and for a time cut off supplies from the Spaniards, but swift-winged galleys^ passed through and bore to the garrison several weeks' provisions. Oglethorpe had no artillery with which to attack the fortress, and being warned by the increasing heats of summer, and sickness in his camp, not to wait for their supplies to become exhausted, he raised the siege and returned to Savannah. 6. The Spaniards, in turn, prepared to invade Georgia in the summer of 1742. An armament fitted out at Havana and St. Augustine, consisting of thirty-six vessels, with more than three thousand troops, entered the harbor of St. Simon's, and landed a little above the town of the same name on the 16th of July. Oglethorpe had been apprised of the intentions of the Spaniards, and made his head-quarters at his principal fortress at Frederica. He was at Fort Simon, near the landing-place of the invaders, with less than eight hundred men, exclusive of Indians, when the enemy appeared. He immediately spiked the guns of the fort, destroyed his stores, and retreated to Frederica. There he anxiously av/aited hoped-for reinforcements and sup- plies from Carolina, but in vain. 7. Oglethorpe successfully repulsed several detachments of the Spaniards, who attacked him at Frederica,^ and finally he resolved to make a night assault upon the enemy's battery, at St. Simon's. A deserter (a French soldier) de- feated his plan ; but the sagacity of Oglethorpe caused the miscreant to be instrumental in driving the invaders from the coast. He bribed a Spanish prisoner to carry a letter to the deserter, which contained information respect- ing a British fleet that was about to attack St. Augustine. Of coure the let- ter was handed to the Spanish commander, and the Frenchman was arrested as a spy. The intelligence in Oglethorpe's letter alarmed the enemy ; and while some ofi&cers were holding a council, some Carolina vessels, with sup- plies for the garrison at Frederica, appeared in the distance. Believing them to be part of the British fleet alluded to in the letter, the Spaniards determ- ined to attack the Georgians immediately, and then hasten to St. Augustine. On their march to assail Frederica they were ambuscaded in a swamp. Great slaughter of the invaders ensued, and the place is still called Bloody Marsh, 1. Verse ?, pajre 22. 2. A low built vessel propelled by both sails and oars. The war vessels of the ancients were all galleys. See Norman vessel, page 27. 3. The remains of Fort Frederica, so late as 1860, formed a very picturesque ruin on the plantation of "W. W. Hazzard, Esq., of St. Simon's Island. 4. Oglethorpe addressed the Frenchman as if he was a spy of the English. He directed the deserter to represent the Cieorgians as in a weak condition, to advise the Spaniards to attack them immediately, and to persuade the Spaniards to remain three days longer, within which time six British men-of-war, and two thousand men from Carolina would probably enter the harbor of St. Augustine. Questions. — .'. Canyon relate the incidents of this expedition? What was theresnlt? n. What invR- Bion of Georgia took place? How did Oglethorpe oppose tlie Sparifi-ds V 7. How did Oglethotpe manage to drive the Spaniards away? Can you relate the incidents of the repulse? 142 COLONIES. Salvation of Georgia. Condition of the province. A retrospect. The survivors retreated in confusion to their vessels, and sailed immediately to St. Augustine.^ On their w^ay, they attacked [July 19] the EngUsh fort at the southern extremity of Cumberland Island,'^ but were repulsed w^ith the loss of two galleys. The whole expedition was so disastrous to the Spaniards, that the commander (Don Manuel de Monteano) was dismissed from the service. Oglethorpe's stratagem saved Georgia, and, perhaps. South Carolina, from utter ruin. 8. Oglethorpe went to England in 1743, and never returned to Georgia, where, for ten years, he had nobly labored to establish an attractive asylum for the oppressed.^ He left the province in a tranquil state. The mild mili- tary rule under which the people had lived, was now changed to civil gov- ernment [1743], administered by a president and council, under the direction of the Trustees;* yet the colony continued to languish. Several causes com- bined to produce this condition. We have already alluded to the inefficiency of most of the earlier settlers, and the prohibition of slave-labor.^ They were also deprived of the privileges of commerce and of traffic with the In- dians ; and were not allowed the ownership, in fee, of the lands which they cultivated.^ 9. In consequence of these restrictions, there were no incentives to labor, except to supply daily wants. General discontent prevailed. They saw the Carolinas growing rich by the use of slaves, and by commerce with the West Indies. Gradually the restrictive laws were evaded. Slaves were brought from Carolina, and hired, first for a short period, and then for a hundred years, or for life. The price paid for life service was the money value of the slave, and the transaction was, practically, a sale and purchase. The slave-ships came to Savannah directly from Africa; slave labor was generally used [1750], and Georgia became a planting State. At the expiration of the twenty-one years named in the patent,'' the trustees gladly resigned the charter into the hands of the king [1752] ; and from that time until the Revolution, Georgia remained a royal province. SECTION XI. A RETROSPECT. [1492-1756.] 1. We have now considered the principal events which occurred within the domain of our Repubhc from the time of first discoveries [1492] to the com- mencement of the last inter-colonial war,® a hundred years ago, a period of 1. They first burned Fort Simon, but in their haste, they left several of their cannons and a quantity of their provisions behind them. 2. Fort WiUiam. There was another small fort on the northern end of the island called Fort Andrew. 3. Verse 3, page '9. 4. Verse 3, page 79. 5. Verse 1, page 139. 6. Verse 5, page 9J. 7- Verse 3, page 79. 8. Chap. IV., Sec. XII., page 147. Questions. — 8. In what condition did Oglethorpe leave the province ? What yet retarded the progress of the colony? 9. How was slave-labor introduced into Georgia? How did it affect its prosperity? What change took place in 1752 ? A RETKOSPECT. 143 General characteristics of the colonists. about two hundred and sixty years. During that time, fifteen colonies were planted,^ thirteen of which were commenced within the space of about fifty- six years [1607 to 1673]. By the union of Plymouth and Massachusetts,'* and Connecticut and New Haven, ^ the number of colonies was reduced to thirteen, and these were they which went into the revolutionary contest in 1775. 2. - Several European nations contributed vigorous materials for these col- onies ; and people of opposite habits, tastes, and religious faith, became com- mingled, after making impressions of their distinctive characters where their influence was first felt. England furnished the largest proportion of colonists, and her children always maintained sway in the government and industry of- the whole country ; while Scotland, Ireland, G-ermany, Holland, France, Swe- den, Denmark, and the Baltic region, contributed large quotas of people. Churchmen and Dissenters,* Eoman Catholics and Quakers,^ came and sat down beside each other. For a while, the dissonance of nations and creeds prevented entire harmony, but the freedom enjoyed ; the perils and hardships encountered and endured ; the conflicts with pagan savages on the one hand, and of hierarchicaP and governmental oppression on the other, which they maintained for generations, shoulder to shoulder, diffused a brotherhood of feeling throughout the whole social body of the colonists, and resulted in harmony, sympathy, and love. And when, as children of one family, they loyally defended the integrity of Great Britain (then become the ''mother country" of nearly all) against the aggressions of the French and Indians^ [1756 to 1763], and yet were compelled, by the unkindness of that mother, to sever the filial bond,^ [1776] all differences were forgotten, and they struck the dismembering blow as with one hand. 3. The character of the people of the several colonies, differed according to their origin and influence of climate and pursuits. The Virginians and their southern neighbors, enjoying a mild climate, productive of tendencies to vo- luptuousness and ease, were from those classes of English society where a lack of rigid moral discipline allowed free living and its attendant vices. They generally exhibited less moral restraint, more hospitality, and greater frank- ness and social refinement than the people of New England. The latter were from among the middle classes, and included a great many religious en- thusiasts, possessing more zeal than knowledge. They were extremely strict in their notions; very rigid in their manners, and jealous of strangers. Their early legislation, recognizing, as it did, the most minute regulations of social 1. Virginia, Plymouth, Massachnsetts Bay. New Hampshire, Connecticut, New Haven, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. 2. Verse 38, page 105. 3. Verse 4, page 124. 4. Note 1, page 61. 5. Note 1, page ^8. 6. Hierarchy is, in a general sense, a priestly or ecclesiastical government. Such was the original form of government of the ancient Jews, when the priesthood held absolute rule. 7. Chap. IV., Sec. XII., page 147. 8. Verse 10, page 202. Questions. — 1. What events have we considered in the preceding pages? What colonies were formed? and what were their names in 1775? 2. What sort of people formed the colonies? Why were they united? How did they manifest unity ? 3. What determined the character of the people of the several colonies? Can you give the general characteristics of those of each section of the country ? 144 COLONIES. New Englanders, Dutch, and Marylanders. life, often presented food for merriment/ Yet their intentions were pure ; their design was noble ; and, in a great degree, its virtuous purposes were accomphshed. They aimed to make every member of society a Christian, according to their own pattern ; and tliey erected strong bulwarks against those little vices which compose great private and public evils. Dwelling upon a parsimonious soil, and possessing neither the means nor the inclination EARLY N. E. iK'USK.s for sumptuous Hving, their dwellings were sim- ple, and their habits frugal. 4. The manners, customs, and pursuits of the Dutch prevailed in New York, and portions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, even a century after the English conquest of New Netherlands [1664], and society had become permeated by English ideas and customs. They were plodding money- getters; abhorred change and innovation, and' loved ease. They possessed few of the elements of progress, but many of the substantial social virtues necessary to the stabiUty of a State and the health of society. From these the Swedes and Finns upon the Delaware'* did not differ mucli ; but the habits of the Quakers, who finally predominated in West Jersey^ and Pennsylvania,^ were different. They always exhibited are-, fined simplicity and equanimity, without ostentatious displays of piety, that won esteem ; and they were governed by a re- ligious sentiment without fanaticism, which formed a power- ful safeguard against vice and immorality. 5. The early settlers of Maryland' were also less rigid morahsts than the New Englanders, and greater formalists in ruTou^viAN. [1660.] religion. They were more refined, equally industrious, but lacked the stability of character and perseverance in pursuits, of the people 1. They assumed the right to regulate the expenditures of the people, even for wearing apparel, accord- ing to their several incomes. The general court of Massachusetts, on one occasion, required ihe proper officers to notice the "apparel" of the people, especially their "ribands and great boots." Drinking of healths, wearing funeral badges, and many other things that seemed improper, were forbidden. At Hart- ford, the general court kept a constant eye upon the morals of the people. Freemen were compelled to vote under penalty of a fine of sixpence ; the use of tobacco was prohibited to persons under twenty years of age, without the certificate of a physician, and no others were allowed to use it more than once a day, and then they must be ten miles from any house. The people in Hartford were all obliged to rise in the morn- ing when the watchman rang his bell. These are but a few of the hundreds of similar enactments found on the records of the New England courts. In 164 1, the Legislature of Massachusetts passed a law, which im- posed the penalty of a flogging upon any one who should kiss a woman in the streets. More than a hundied years afterward, this law was enforced in Boston. The captain of a British man-of-war happened to return from a cruise, on Sunday. His overjoyed wife met him at the wharf, and he kissed her several times. The magistrates ordered him to be flogged. The punishment incurred no ignomin.y, and he associated freely with the best citizens. When about to depart, the captain invited the magistrates and olhers on board his vessel, to dine. When dinner was over, he caused all the magistrates to be flogged, on deck, in sight of ihe town. Then assuring them that he considered accounts settled between him and them, he dismissed them, and set sail. 2. This is a picture of one of the oldest houses in New England, and is a favorable specimen cf the best class of frame dwellings, at that time. It it is yet standing [1865), we believe, near Medfield, in Massa- chusetts. 3. Verse 12, page 115. 4. Verse 4, page 73. 5. Verse 4, page 128. 6. Verse 10, page 75. 7. Verse 1, page 64. Questions. — 4. What do you know about the Dutch, Swedes, and Quakers? 6. What kind of people set- tled Maryland? How did these several kinds of people agree at the beginning of the war for independence? A RETROSPECT. * 145 Pursuits of the colonists. of the East. But at the close of the period we have been considering [175GJ, the pecuUarities of the inhabitants of each section were greatly modified by intermigration, and a general conformity to the necessities of their several con- ditions, as founders of new States in a wilderness. The tooth of religious bigotry and intolerance had lost its keenness and its poison, and when the representatives of the several colonies met in a general Congress,^ [Sept. 1774] for the public good, they stood as brethren before one altar. 6. Agriculture was necessarily the chief pursuit of the colonists, yet during the time we have considered, manufactures and commerce were not wholly neglected. Necessity compelled the people to make many things which their poverty would not allow them to buy ; and manual labor, especially in the New England provinces, was dignified from the beginning. The settlers came where a throne and its corrupting influences were unknown, and where the idleness and privileges of aristocracy had no abiding place. In the magnificent forests of the New World, where a feudal lord^ had never stood, they began a life full of youth, vigor, and labor, such as the atmosphere of the elder gov- ernments of the earth could not sustain. They were compelled to be self- reliant, and what they could not buy from the workshops of England for their simple apparel, and furniture, and implements of culture, they rudely manu- factured,^ and were content. 7. Their commerce, too, had but a feeble infancy, and never, until they were politically separated from Great Britain [1776], could their interchange of commodities be properly dignified with the name of Commerce. England early became jealous of the independent career of the colonists in respect to manufactured articles, and navigation acts'* and other unwise and unjust re- straints upon the expanding industry of the Americans, were brought to bear upon them. As early as 1636, a Massachusetts vessel of thirty tons made a trading voyage to the West Indies; and two years later [1638], another ves- sel went from Salem to New Providence, and returned with a cargo of salt, cotton, tobacco, and negroes.^ This was the dawning of commerce in Amer- ica. The Eastern people also engaged quite extensively in fishing, and all 1 Verse 35, page 185. 2. Note 15, page 48. 3. From the beginning of colonization there were shoemakers, tailors, and blacksmiths in the several col- onies. Chalmers says of New England in 16'<3 : " There be fine iron works which cast no guns ; no house in New England has above twenty rooms ; not twenty in Boston have ten rooms each ; a dancing-school was set up here, but put down ; a fencing-school is allowed. There be no musicians by trade. All cord- age, sailcloth, and mats, come from England ; no cloth made there worth four shillings per yard ; no alum, no copperas, no salt, made by their sun." 4. The first navigation act (I60I] fo' bade all importations into England, except in English Fhip?, or those belonging to English colonies. In 1660, this act was confirmed, and unjust additions were made to it. The colonies were forbidden to export their chief productions to any country except to England or its dependen- cies. Similar acts, all bearing heavily upon colonial commerce, were made law, from time to time. See Note 3, page 83. 5. This was the first introduction of slaves into New England. The first slaves introduced into the En- glish colonies, were those landed and sold in Virginia in 1620. (See Note 6, page 82.) They were first rec- ^nized as such, by law, in Massachusetts, in 1641 ; in Connecticut and Rhode Island, about 1650: in New York in 1656 ; in Maryland in 1663 ; and in New Jersey in 1665. There were but few slaves in Pennsvlvania, and those were chiefly in Philadelphia. There were some there as earlv as 1690. The people of Delaware held some at about the same time. The introduction of slaves into the Carolinas, was coeval with their set- tlement, and into Georgia about the year 1750, whenthe people generally evaded the prohibitory law. Verse Questions.— 6. What was the chief pursuit of the colonists ? Whv was labor dignified? What gave the colonists success? 7- What was the commerce of the colonies? What hinderances did England make f What commercial efforts did the colonists make ? What did Parliament do ? 7 146 COLONIES. Manufactures and government restrictions. were looking forward to wealth from ocean traffic, as well as from the land, when the passage [1660] of the second Navigation Act^ evinced the jealousy of G-reat Britain. From that period, the attention of Parliament was often directed to the trade and commerce of the colonies ; and in 1719, the House of Commons declared " that erecting any manufactories in the colonies, tended to lessen their dependence upon Grreat Britain." 8. Paper, woolen goods, hemp, and iron were manufactured in Massachu- setts and other parts of New England, as early as 1732, and almost every family made coarse cloth for domestic use. Hats were manufactured and car- ried from one colony to the other in exchange ; and at about the same time, brigantines and small sloops were built in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, and exchanged with West India merchants for rum, sugar, wines, and silks. 9. Unwisely considering the increase of manufactures in the colonies to be detrimental to English interests, greater restrictions were ordained. It was enacted that all manufactories of iron and steel in the colonies, should be con- sidered a " common nuisance," to be abated within thirty days after notice being given, or the owner should suffer a fine of a thousand dollars.'-^ The ex- portation of hats even from one colony to another was prohibited, and no hatter was allowed to have more than two apprentices at one time. The im- portation of sugar, ram, and molasses, was burdened with exorbitant duties; imd the Carolinians were forbidden to cut down the pine-trees of their vast fjrests, and convert their wood into staves, and their juice into turpentine and tar, for commercial purposes.^ These unjust and oppressive enactments formed a part of that " bill of particulars" which the American colonies pre- sented in their account with Great Britain, when they gave to the world their reasons for declaring themselves ''free and independent States." 10. Education received early and special attention in the colonies, particu- larly in New England. Schools for the education of both white and Indian children were formed in Virginia as early as 1621 ; and in 1692, WilHam and Mary College was established at Wilhamsburg.* The Eeformed Dutch Church established a school in New Amsterdam, in 1633. Harvard College, at Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, was founded in 1637. Yale College, in Connecticut, was established at Saybrook in 1701,^ and removed to its present location, in 1. Note 3, page 86. 2. A law was enacted in 175D, which prohibited the " erection or contrivance of any mill or other engine for slitting or rolling iron, or any plating forge to work with a tilt-hammer, or any furnace for making steel i ! the colonies." Such was the condition of manufactures in the United States, one hundred years ago. Notwithstanding we are eminently an agricultural people, the census of 1850 shows that we have, in round numbers, $530,000,000 invested in manufactures. The value of raw material is estimated at $550,000,000. The amount paid for labor during that year, was $240,000,0"0, distributed among 1,050,000 operatives. The value of manufactured articles is estimated at more than a thousand millions of dollars ! 3. For a hundred years the British government attempted to confine the commerce of the colonies to the interchange of their agricultural products for English manufactures only. The trade of the growirg col- onies was certainly worth securing. From 1738 to IT 'S, the average value of exports from Great Britain to the American colonies, was almost three and a quarter millions of dollars annually. 4. The schools previously established did not flourish, and the funds appi'opriated for their support were given to the college. 5. In 1700, ten ministers of the colony met at Saybrook, and each contributed books for the establishment of a college. It was incorporated in 1701. See note 9, page 127. QUKSTiONS.— 8. In what industrial pursuits did Npw England people ereage? 0. What ininrions restrf'^- tions did the British government impose? What did they lead to? 10. How was education fostered in the colonies? What coll 3ges were formed? THE FBENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 147 Education. Common schools. Books and newspapers. New Haven, in 1717. It was named in honor of Elihu Yale, president of the East India Company, and one of its most liberal benefactors. The college of New Jersey, at Princeton, called Nassau Hal\ was incorporated in 1738. 11. But the pride and glory of New England has ever been its common schools. These received the earhest and most earnest attention. In 1636, the Connecticut Legislature enacted a law which required every town that contained fifty famihes, to maintain a good school, and every town containing one hundred householders, to have a grammar-school.^ Similar provisions for general education soon prevailed throughout New England ; and the peo- ple became remarkable for their intelligence. The rigid laws which dis- couraged all frivolous amusements, induced active minds, during leisure hours, to engage in reading. The subjects contained in books then in general cir- culation, were chiefly History and Theology, and of these a great many were sold. A traveler mentions the fact that, as early as 1686, several booksellers in Boston had "made fortunes by their business.""^ But newspapers, the great vehicle of general intelligence to the popular mind of our day, were very few and of little worth, before the era of the Revolution.^ 12. Such were the people, and such their political and social condition, at the commencement of the last inter-colonial war, w^hich we are now to con- sider, during which they discovered their strength, the importance of a con- tinental union, and their real independence of Great Britain.* SECTION XIL THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [l756-l763.] 1. The first three inter-colonial wars, or the conflicts in America between the English and French colonies, already noticed,^ originated in hostilities first declared by the two governments, and commenced in Europe. The fourth 1. These townships were, in general, organized religious communities, and had many interests in common. 2. Previous to 1763, there had been seventy booksellers in Massachusetts, two in New Hampsliire, two in Connecticut, one in Rhode Island, two in New York, and seventeen in Pennsylvania. 3. The first newspaper ever printed in America was the Bos^ton News ZeWer, printed in 1704. The next was established in Philadelphia in 1719. The first in New York was in 1725; in Maryland, in 1728: in South Carolina, in 1731 ; in Rhode Island, in 1732 ; in Virginia, in 1736 ; in New Hampshire, in 1753 ; in Connecticut, in 1755 ; in Delaware, in 1761 ; in North Carolina, in 1763 ; in Georgia, in 1763 ; and in New Jersey, in 1777. In 1850, there were published in the United States, 2.800 newspapers and magazines, having a circulation of 5,000,000 of copies. The number of copies printed in that year was about '23.000,000. 4. We have no exact enumeration of the inhabitants of the colonies ; but Mr. Bancroft, after a careful ex- amination of many official returns and private computations, estimates the number of white people in the colonies, at the commencement of the French and Indian war, to have been about 1,16.',000, distributed as follows : In New England (N. H., Mass., R. I., and Conn.), 426,000 ; in the middle colonies (N. Y., N. J., Penn., Del., and Md.), 45^,000: and in the southern colonies (Va., N. and S. Carolina, and Ga.), 2' 3,000. The estimated number of slaves, r60,00\ of whom nbmit 11.0 0 were in New England ; middle colonies, 71,00 ) ; and the southern colonies, 178,000. Of the 1,165,000 white people, Dr. Franklin estimated that only about 80,000 were of foreign birth, showing the fact tha; emigration to America had almost ceased. At the beginning of the Revolution, in 1775, the estimated popplalion of the thirteen colonies was 2,803, 00'\ The documents of Congress in 1776, give the ronnd number of 3,0 0,000. 6. King William's tear (page 104) ; Queen Anne's tear (page 107) ; and King George's var What were their pursuits? What gave influence to the French? 3. What made fbe French and Enp-Ii'-h i^ ' tt.o'-'-o premies to ca^'h o+Tirr? What circumstances awakened the fears and jealousies of the English? What did they respectively claim? THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 149 Troubles in the Ohio region. Washington's mission. His journey. king granted six hundred thousand acres of land, on the south-east bank of the Ohio river, to a company composed of London merchants and Virginia land speculators, with the exclusive privilege of traffic with the Indians. It was called TJie Ohio Company. Surveyors were soon sent to explore, make boundaries, and prepare for settlements ; and English traders went even as far as the country of the Miamies^ to traffic with the natives. The French re- garded them as intruders, and seized [1753] and imprisoned some of them. Apprehending the loss of traffic and influence among the Indians, and the ultimate destruction of their line of communication between Canada and Louisiana, the French commenced the erection of forts between the Alleghany river and Lake Erie, near the present western line of Pennsylvania." Tlie Ohio Company complained of these hostile movements; and as their grant lay within the chartered limits of Yirginia, the authorities of that colony con- sidered it their duty to interfere. Robert Dinwiddle, the lieutenant-governor, sent a letter of remonstrance to M. De St. Pierre, the French commander.^ George Washington was chosen to be the bearer of the dispatch. He was a young man less than twenty-two years of age, possessed much experience of forest hfe, and was adjutant-general of one of the four militia districts of Yir- ginia. From early youth he had been engaged in land-surveying, and had become accustomed to the dangers and hardships of the wilderness; and was acquainted with the character of the Indians, and of the country he was called upon to traverse. 5. The mission of young Washington involved much personal peril and hardship. The savage tribes through which he had to pass, were hostile to the English, and the French he was sent to meet were national enemies, wily and suspicious. With only two or three attendants,* Washington started from Wilhamsburg late in autumn [October 31, 1753], and after journeying full four hundred miles (more than half the distance through a dark wilder- ness), encountering almost incredible hardships, amid snow, and icy floods, and hostile Indians, he reached the French outpost [December 4] at Yenango.^ He was politely received, and his visit was made the occasion of great con- viviality by the officers of the garrison. Wine made the Frenchmen incautious, and they revealed to the sober Washington their hostile designs against the English, which the latter had suspected. 6. After tarrying a day at Yenango, Washington pushed forward to the head-quarters of St. Pierre, at Le Boeuf ^ That officer entertained him po- 1. Verse 7, page 14. '\ Twelve hundred men erected a fort on the south shore of Lake Erie, at Presque Isle, now Erie ; soon afterward, another was bnilt at Le Bccuf, on the Venango (French creek), now the village of Watcrford ; and a third was erected at Venango, at the junction of French creek and the Alleghany river, now the vil- lage of Franklin. 3. Already the governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania had received orders from the imperial govern- ment to repel the French by force, whenever they were " found wilhin the undoubted limits of their prov- mces." 4. He was afterward joined by two others at Wills creek (now Cumberland), in Maryland. 5. Note 2, above. 6. Note 2, abov?. Qttf.pttoxs. — 4. What bro^eht the question of claims to an issue? What did Dirwiddie do? Wb'^n- did he ser.d to the Freneh ? 5. Whj»* nuf»li<s did young Washington's misdon require? Can you relate tho circumstances of his journey ? What folly did the Frenchmen commit ? 150 COLONIES. Result of Washington's mission. Warlike preparations against the French. Bloodshed. litely during four days, and then gave hini a written answer to Dinwiddie's remonstrance, enveloped and sealed. Washington retraced his perilous path- way through the wilderness, and after an absence of eleven weeks, he again stood in the presence of Governor Dinwiddie [January 16, 1754], his mission fulfilled to the satisfaction of all. His judgment, sagacity, courage, and exec- utive force — qualities which eminently fitted him for the more important duties as chief of the Revolutionary armies, more than twenty years afterward [1775] — were nobly developed in the performance of his mission. They were publicly acknowledged, and were never forgotten. 7. During Washington's absence, the Legislature of Virginia had made an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars for the support of troops to be led against the French. The revelations made to Washington confirmed the sus- picions of Dinwiddie. St. Pierre said he was acting in obedience to the orders of his superior, the Marquis Du Quesne,' at Montreal, and refused to withdraw his troops from the disputed territory. Dinwiddie immediately prepared an expedition against the French, and solicited the co-operation of the other col- onies. It was the first call for a general colonial union against a common enemy. All hesitated, except North Carolina. Its legislature promptly voted four hundred men, and they were soon on the march for WincJiester, Virginia. Some volunteers from South Carolina and New York, also hastened toward the seat of future war. The Virginians nobly responded to the call, and a regiment was soon organized, with Colonel Joshua Fry as its commander, and Major Washington as his lieutenant. The troops rendezvoused at Alexandria, and from that city, Washington, at the head of the advanced corps, marched [April 2, 1754] toward the Ohio. 8. In the mean while, the Ohio Comjmny had sent thirty men to construct a fort at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, now the site of Pittsburg. A party of French and Indians attacked and expelled them [April 18], completed the fortification, and named it Du Quesne, in honor of the governor-general of Canada.^ When intelligence of this event reached Washington on his march, he hastened forward, with one hundred and fifty men, to a point on the Monongahela less than forty miles from Fort Du Quesne. There he was informed that a strong force was marching to inter- cept him, and he cautiously fled back to the G-reat Meadows, where he erected a stockade,^ and called it Fort Necessity.'* Before completing it, a few of his troops attacked an advanced party of the French, under J umonviUe. They were surprised at the dead of night [May 28], and the commander and nine of his men were slain. Of the fifty who formed the French detachment, only 1. Pronounced Du Kane. 2. Verse 7, above. 3. stockade is a general name of structures for defense, formed by driving strong posts in the ground, so as to make a safe inclosure. It is the same as a palisade. See picture on page 1' 1. 4. Near the national road from Cumberland to Wheeling, in the south-eastern part of Fayette county, Pennsylvania. The Oreat Meadows are on a fertile bottom about four miles from the foot of Laurel Hill, and fifty from Cumberland. Questions.— 6. What elFO did Washington do? What did his performance of these dntie<« reveal? 7. What did the Virginia losrislature do? What actioTi on the part of the English did the reply of the French commander produf*p? What expedition was formed? 8. What took place at Ihe junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers? What did Washington do? What caused the first bloodshed? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAT?. 151 First bloodshed. Capitulation of Fort Necessity. Colonial Congress at Albany. about fifteen escaped. This was the first blood-shedding of that long and eventfiil conflict known as TJie French and Indian war} 9. Two days afler this event [May 30], Colonel Fry died, and the whole command devolved on Washington. Troops hastened forward to join the young leader at Fort Necessity, and with about four hundred men he pro- ceeded to Fort du Qiiesne. M. de Yilliers, brother of the slain Jumonville, had marched at about the same time, at the head of more than a thousand Indians, and some Frenchmen, to avenge the death of his kinsman. Advised of his approach, Washington fell back to Fort Necessity, and there, on the 3d of July, he was attacked by almost fifteen hundred foes. After a conflict of about ten hours, de Villiers proposed an honorable capitulation.^ Washington signed it on the morning of the 4th, and marching out of the stockade with the honors of war, departed, with his troops, for Yirginia. 10. During this military campaign, a civil movement of great importance was in progress. The British ministry, perceiving war to be inevitable, ad- vised the colonies to secure the continued friendship of the Six Nations,^ and to unite in a plan for general defense. All the colonies were invited to ap- point delegates to meet in convention at Albany, in the summer of 1754. Only seven responded by sending delegates.* The convention was organized on the 19th of June.^ Having renewed a treaty with the Indians, the subject of colonial union was brought forward. A plan of confederation, similar* .o our Federal Constitution, drawn up by Dr. Franklin, was submitted.® It was adopted on the 4th of July [1754], and was ordered to be laid before the sev- eral colonial Assemblies, and the imperial Board cf Trade, ^ for ratification.^ Its fate was singular. The Assemblies considering it too aristocratic — giving the royal governor too much power — refused their assent j and the Board of Trade rejected it because it was too democratic.^ Although a legal union was not consummated, the grand idea then began to bud. It blossomed in the midst of the heat of the Stamp Act excitement,^" eleven years later [1765], and its fruit appeared in t:he great Congress of 1774. 1. It is known in European history rs The Seven Years'' War. 2. A mutual restoration of prisoners was to take place, and the English were not to erect any establish- ment beyond the mountains, for the space of a year. The English troops were to march, unmolested, back to Virginia. 8. Verse 5, page 19. 4. Nsw Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and IVfaryland. 5. James Delancy, of New York, was elected president. There were twenty -five delegates in all. 6. Franklin was a delegate from Pennsylvania. The idea of union was not a new one. William Penn suggested the advantage of a union of all the English colonies, as early as 1700 ; and Coxe, Speaker of the New Jersey Assembly, advocated it in 17i2. Now it first found tangible expression under the sanction of authority. 7. Note ?, page 107. 8. It proposed a general government to be administered by one chief mngistrate, to be appointed by the crown, and a council of forty-eight members, chosen by the several Legislatures. This council, answering to our Senate, was to have power to declare war; levy troops, raise monev, regulate trade, conclude pence, and many other things necessary for the general good. The delegates ifrom (Connecticut alone objected to ine plan, because it gave the governor-general veto power, or the right to refuse bis signature to laws or- Q° ThA « and thus prevent them bef-oming statutes. RTavpmlnt 1 1^^'^''^^® ^^'^ proposed a plan which contained all the elements of a system for the utter en- rifTra nf dependence of the Americans. Thev proposed a general govprnment, composed of the gover- Hraw +1^^!^®''^^ colonies, and certain select members of the several Councils. These we-o to have powerto ^mr»T^c S British Treasury for money to carry on the impending war : the sum to be reimbursed bv taxes ..^vl "P*^" l^*^ colonists by Parliament The colonists preferred to do their own fighting and lew their own taxes, independent o£ Great Britain. ^ 10. Verse 11, page 175. Q^^'^^TIONS.— 9. How came Wnshineton to have chief command? "What oocnrred at Tort Nece-^-^itv? la What important event took place at Albany in 1754? What was the f^ite of Franklin's plan of union ? 152 COLONIES. Indian hostilities. Preparations for war. Braddock. Plan of campaign. 11. Soon after the close of this convention, the Indians commenced mur- derous depredations upon the New England frontiers [August and September, 1754] ; and French emissaries were busy among the tribes west of the Alle- ghanies, arousing them to engage in a war of extermination against the En- glish. Shirley was putting forth energetic efforts in Massachusetts ; New Vork voted $25,000 for military service, and Maryland $30,000 for the same. The English government sent over $50,000 for the use of the colonists, and with it a commission to Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, appointing him com- mander-in-chief of all the colonial forces. Soon disputes about military rank and precedence, ran high. Washington resigned his commission, and the year [1754] drew to a close without any eflScient preparations for a conflict with the French. CAMPAIGN OF 1 755. 12. War had not yet been declared by the two nations ; and for more than a year and a half longer the colonies were in conflict, before England and France formally announced hostihty to each other. In the mean while the British government extended its aid to its colonies. Early in 1755 [Feb. 20], Edward Braddock, an Irish oflicer of distinction, arrived in Chesapeake Bay with two regiments of liis countrymen. He had been appointed commander- in-chief of all the British and provincial forces in America; and at his re- quest six colonial governors* met in convention at Alexandria [April] to assist in making arrangements for a vigorous campaign. Three separate expeditions were planned ; one against Fort du Quesne,^ to be led by Braddock ; a sec- ond against Niagara and i' .'ontcnac (Kingston), to be commanded by Grover- nor Shirley ; and a third against Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, under General William Johnson,^ then an influential resident among the Mohawk nation of the Iroquois confederacy.* Already a fourth expedition had been arranged by Shirley and Governor Lawrence, of Nova Scotia, designed to drive the French out of that province, and other portions of ancient Acadie.5 The legislatures of the several provinces, except Pennsylvania and Georgia, voted men and supplies for the impending war. The Quaker Assembly of Pennsylvania was opposed to military movements; the people of Georgia were too poor to contribute. 13. The eastern expedition first proceeded to action. Three thousand men, under General John Winslow,® sailed from Boston on the 20th of May, 1755, and landed at the head of the Bay of Fundy. There they were joined by Colonel Monckton with three hundred British regulars"^ from the neighboring garri- 1. Rhirlev, of MassachhsHts ; Dinwiddie, of Virginia; DeLincy, cf JVeto Yorh ; Sihar-ps, of Maryland ; Morris, of Pennrylvania ; and Dcbbs, of North Carolina. Admiral Keppel, commander of the British fleet, was also preseiit. 2. Verse 8, pajre 1.^0. 3. Verse 19, pnpre 1:5. 4. Verse 2, pa?e 18. 5. Verse 29, pa^e 44. 6. He was a f^rent-grrandson of Edward Winslow, the third governor of Plymouth. He was a major-gen- eral in the Massachnsetts militia, brt on this occasion held the office of lientenant-colonel. 7. This terra is used to denote soldiers who are attached to the regular army, and as distinguished from QrKSTiONR.— n. Wliat troubles ensiled on the frontier? What p^epn-ntions were made for war with the French and Indians? \NhM produced feebleness of action ? 12. What was done before Englarid and France declared war? Wh?t was Braddock's first movement? What expeditions were planned? and what preparations were made? 153 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Desolation of Acadie. Expedition against Fort du Quesne. Battle with French and Indians. son, and that officer, having official precedence of Winslow, took the com- mand. They captured the forts of the French [June] without difficulty, and placed the whole region under martial rule.^ This was the legitimate result of war. But the cruel sequel deserves universal reprobation. The total de- struction of the French settlements was decided upon. Under the plea that the Acadians would aid their French brethren in Canada, the innocent and happy people were seized in their houses, fields and churches, and conveyed on board the English vessels. Families were broken, never to be united ; and to compel the surrender of those who fled to the woods, their starvation was insured by a total destruction of their growing crops. In one short month, their paradise had become a desolation, and a happy people were crushed into the dust. 14. On account of delays in obtaining provisions and wagons, Braddock did not commence his march from Wills Creek (Cumberland), until the 10th of June, 1755. His force consisted of about two thousand men, British and provincial. Anxious to reach Fort du Quesne before the garrison should re- ceive reinforcements, he made f Dreed marches with twelve hundred men, leaving Colonel Dunbar, his second in command, to fol- low with the remainder, and the wagons. Colonel Wash- ington^ had consented to act as Braddock's aid, and to him was given the command of the provincials. Knowing, far better than Braddock, the perils of their march and the kind of warfare they might expect, he ventured, modestly, to give advice, founded upon his ex- perience. But the haughty general would listen to no ^^^"'^ qufsne. suggestions, especially from a provincial subordinate. This obstinacy proved his ruin. 15. When within ten miles of Fort du Quesne, and marching at noon-day [July 9], in fancied security on the south side of the Monongahela, a volley of bullets and a cloud of arrows assailed the advanced guard, imder Lieutenant- Colonel Gage.^ They came from a thicket and ravine close by, where a thousand dusky warriors lay in ambush. Again Washington asked permis- sion to fight according to the provincial custom, but was refused. Braddock must manoeuvre according to European tactics, or not at all. For three hours, deadly volley after volley, fell upon the British columns, while Braddock at- tempted to maintain order, where all was confusion. The slain soon covered the ground. Every mounted officer but Washington was killed or maimed, and finally the brave Braddock himself, after having several horses shot under volunteers and militia. The latter term applies to the j>:reat bodv of citizens who are liable to do perpetur.l military duty only in time of war. 1. Note 13, papre 138. 2. Verse 4, page 148. 3. Afterward General Gage, commander-in-chief of the British troops at Boston, at the beginnicg cf the Revolution. Verse 33, page 184. QnKSTiONS. — 13. What did the eostern expedilion aconnir'li«h ? Wlnt outrages were comm't^ed by i< ? 11. How was Braddock delayed? IIow did he piogre«!«5? What did Wasbi^eton advi<^c? 1'. Where rid n. battle ocur? Can von relafe ibo ci'-'^ump'arf es ? What was the principal cause of defeat? How were any saved ? How and where was Braddock buried ? 7* 154 COLONIES. Death of Braddock. Expedition against Niagara. Johnson's expedition. liim, was mortally wounded.^ Washington remained unhurt.'^ Under his direction the provincials rallied, while the regulars, seeing their general fall, were fleeing in great confusion. The provincials covered their retreat so gal- lantly, that the enemy did not follow. A week afterward [July 15], Wash- ington read, by torch-light, the impressive funeral service of the Anglican Church,^ over the corpse of Braddock. Colonel Dunbar received the flying troops, and marched to Philadelphia [Aug.] with the broken companies. Wash- ington, with the southern provincials, went back to Vir- ginia. Thus ended the second expedition of the cam- paign of 1755. 16. The expedition against Niagara and Frontenac, under Shirley, though not so disastrous, was quite as unsuccessful. It was late in August before Shirley had collected the main body of his troops at Oswego, whence GENERAL BRADDOCK. intcudcd to go to Niagara, by water. His force was twenty-five hundred strong on the first of September, yet circumstances compelled him to hesitate. The prevalence of storms, and of sickness in his camp, and finally the desertion of the greater part of his Indian aUies,^ made it perilous to proceed, and he relinquished the design. Leaving sufficient men to garrison the forts which he had commenced at Oswego,*"^ he marched the remainder to Albany [Oct. 24], and returned to Massachusetts. 17. General Johnson's expedition against Crown Point^ accomplished more than that of Braddock' or Shirley,^ but failed to achieve its main object. In July [1755] about six thousand troops, drawn from New England, New York, and New Jersey, had assembled at the head of boat navigation on the Hud- son (now the village of Fort Edward), fifty miles north of Albany. They were under the command of Greneral Lyman^ of Connecticut ; and before the arrival of General Johnson in August, with cannon and stores, they had erected a strong fortification, which was afterward called Fort Edward.^'' On 1. Braddock was shot by Thomas Faucett, one of \he provincial soldiers. His plea was self-preservation. Braddock had issued a positive order, that none of the English should protect themselves behind trees as the French and Indians did. Faucett's brother had taken such position, and when Braddock perceived it, he struck him to the earth with his sword. Thomas, on seeing his brother fall, shot Braddock in the back, and then the provincials, fighting as they pleased, were saved from utter destruction. 2. Dr. Craik, who was with Washington at this time, and also attended him in his last illness, says that while in the Ohio country with him, fifteen years afterward, an old Indian chief came, as he said, " a long way" to see the Virginia colonel at whom he fired his rifle fifteen times during the battle on the Mononga- hela, without hitting him. Washington was never wounded in battle. 3. Note 4, page 136. 4. Tribes of the Six Nations [verse 5, page 19], and some Stock-bridge Indians. The latter were called Homatonics, from the river on which they were found. They were a division of the Mohegan [verse 14, page 16] tribe. ^ w ^/^^^'^^ east and Fort Pepperell on the west of Oswego river. Fort Pppperell was after- ward called Fort Oswego. See map, page 157. The house was built of stone, and the walls were three feet thick It was withm a square inclosure composed of a thick wall, with two strong sanare towers, cs/^'r^ /P"- X^"^"® of land on Lake Champlain, the French erected a fortification which thev called Fort bt. * rederic On the Vermont side of the lake opposite, there was a French settlement as early as 1731. in allusion to the chimneys of their houses, which remained long after the settlement was destroyed, it is still known as Chimney Point. 7. Verse 1.5, page 153. 8. Verse Ifi, page 154. ^ y. 15orn in Durham, Connecticut ; was a graduate of Yale CJollege, and became a lawyer. He performed important services during the whole war. He died in Florida, in 1775. 10. It was first called Fort Lyman. Johnson, jealous of General Lyman, changed the name to Edward. Questions.— 16. Can you relate the circumstances of the expedition against Niaga-a ? What did Shirley accomplish? 17. What preparations were made against Crown Point? What was done in the vicinity of Lake George ? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAP.. 155 Events near Lake George. An ambuscade. Battle at Lake George. liis arrival, Johnson took command, and with the main body of the troops, marched to the head of Lake George, about fifteen mik^s distant. 18. In the mean while, Greneral Baron Dieskau, with about two thousand men, chiefly Canadian miUtia and Indians, was approaching from Montreal, by way of Lake Champlain, to meet the English.^ When Johnson arrived at Lake G-corge [Sept. 7], Indian scouts informed him that Dieskau was dis- embarking at the head of Lake Champlain (now the village of Whit^'hr.ii), preparatory to marching against Fort Edward. The next scouts brought Johnson the intelligence that Dieskau's Indians, terrified by the English cannons when they approached Fort Edward, had induced him to change his plans, and that he was marching to at- tack his camp. Colonel Williams was immediately sent [Sept. 8] with a thousand Massachusetts troops, and two hundred Mohawks^ under the famous chief, Hendrick, to intercept the enemy. They met in a narrow defile, four miles from Lake George. The En- glish suddenly fell into an ambuscade. Williams and Hendrick were both killed,^ and their followers fell back in great confusion, upon Johnson's camp, hotly pursued by the victors. 19. J ohnson was assured of Williams's defeat before the flying fugitives made their appearance. He immediately cast up a breastwork of logs and limbs, placed upon it two cannons which he had received from Fort Edward two days before, and when the enemy came rushing on, close upon the heels of the English, he was pre- pared to receive them. The fugitives had just reached Johnson's camp when Dieskau and his flushed victors appeared. Unsuspicious of heavy guns upon so rude a pile as Johnson's battery ex- hibited, they rushed forward and made a spirited at- tack. One volley from the English cannons made the Indians flee in terror to the shelter of the deep forests around. The Canadian militia also fled as General Lyman and a body of troops approached and finall}'-, the French troops, afler continuing the con- FOET EDWAED. SIB WILLIAM JOHNSON. from Fort Edward ; flict several hours, and losing their commander,'* withdrew, and hastened to 1. Dieskan and his French troops narrc—ly escaped capture by Admiral Poscawen, on Iheir way from France, off Newfoundland. They eluded his fleet during a fog, and went in safety up the St, Lawrence. 2. Verse 2, paere 18. 3. While on his way north, Williams stopped at Albany, made his will, and beccnealhed certain property to found a free school for Western Ma':pachnpetts. That was Ihe foundation of " Williams's College" — ^liis best monument. The rock near which his body \ris found, south of the road from Olenr's Falls to Lake Georpe, still bears his name ; and a collecfion of wrter on (he battle sri-ound is called Bloody Pond. A. Dieskau was found mor+ally wounded, carried into the E^rlish cnmp, and ihere lenderly treated. He was afterward conveyed to New York, whence he failed to England, where he died. Orr^STiONR. — P. Whnt exTPditiAT" rpp'^sed the English? Can you relate the circumstances, and 'he result? ID. What occurred at the head of Lak? CJcorge and vicinity? 156 COLOXIES. Fort AVilliani Henry. Plan of the campaign of 1756, Crown Point. Their baggage was captured by some New Hampshire troops from Fort Edward, and the defeat was complete. 20. Johnson erected a fort on the site of his camp, and called it Fort Wil- ham Henry ; and being informed that the French wei-e strengthening their works at Crown Point, and were fortifying Ticonderoga/ he thought it pru- dent to cease offensive operations. He garrisoned Fort Edward and Fort WilHam Henry, returned to Albany, and as the season was advanced [Oct. 1755], he dispersed the remainder of his troops. For his services in this cam- paign, the king conferred the honor of knighthood upon him, and gave him twenty-five thousand dollars. This honor and emolument properly belonged to General Ly- FORT WILLIAM HENKY. ruaii, thc Tcal licro of the campaign.^ Johnson had Sir Peter Warren and other friends at court, and so won the unmerited prize. CAMPAIGN OF 1756. 21. The campaign of 1755 having assumed all the essential features of regular war, and there appearing no prospect of reconciliation, England form- ally proclaimed hostilities against France [May 17, 1756], and the latter soon afterward [June 9] reciprocated the action. Shir- ley, who had become commander-in-chief after the death of Braddock, was superseded by General Abercrombie^ in the spring of 1756. He came as the heutenant of Lord Loudoun, whom the king had appointed to the chief command in America, and also governor of Virginia. Abercrombie ar- rived, with several British regiments, early in June. The plan of the campaign for that year had already been arranged by a convention of colonial governors ~- ' held at 'New York early in the season. Ten thou- sand men were to attack Crown Point six thou- sand were to proceed against Niagara ;5 three thousand against Fort du Quesne;^ and two thousand were to cross the coun- try from the Kennebec, to attack the French settlements on the Chaudiere river. ABEECEOMBIE. 1. Verse "2, pa?e 161. 2. Lyman urged Johnson to pnrsne the French, and assail Crown Point. The MohairJcs burned for an opportunity to avenge Ihe death of Hendrick. But Johnson preferred ease and safety, and spent the autumn in constructing Foit William Henry. He meanly withheld all praise from Lyman, in his dispatches lo gr-v- ernment. Johnson was born in Ireland in 1714. He came to America to take charge of the lands of his uncle, Admiral Warren [ve'se 4^, pa^e 109], on the Mohawk river, and gained great influence over the In- dians of New York. He died at his seat in the Mohawk valley, in 1774. B. A strong party in England, irritated by the failures of the campaign of 1'55, cast the blame of Brad- dock's defeat and olher disasters, upon the Americans, and finallv procured the recall of Shirley. He com- pletelv vindicated his character, and was appointed governor of the Bahama Islands. 4. Verse 38, page 164. 6. Verse .- 9, page 164. 6. Verse 8, page 15^ Questions. — 20. What course did Johnson pursue? What awards did he receive? f^nd how we'-e ihey deserved? 21. When did England and France declare war? Who took the command in America? What was the plan of the campaigr- of 17:6? FEENCII AND INDIAN WAR. 157 Expedition against Crown Point. Capture of Oswego. Defensive operations. 22. G-eneral Winslow^ had been appointed to the command of the expedi- tion against Crown Point, and had collected seven thousand men at Albany, when Abercrombie arrived. Difficulties immediately occurred respecting mil- itary rank, and caused delay. They were not adjusted when the tardy Lou- doun arrived; and his arrogant assumption of superior rank for the royal officers, increased the irritation and discontent of the provincial troops. When t!iese matters were finally adjusted, in August, the French had gained such positive advantages, that the whole plan of the campaign was disconcerted. 23. The Marquis de Montcalm succeeded Dieskau^ in the command of the French troops in Canada. Perceiving the delay of the English, and the in- efficiency of their commander-in-chief, he collected about five thousand Frenchmen, Canadians, and Indians, at Frontenac,^ and crossing Lake On- tario, landed, with thirty pieces of cannon, a few miles east of Oswego. Two days afterward, he appeared before Fort Ontario [August 11, 1756], on the east side of the river, then in command of Colonel Mercer. After a short but brave resistance, the garrison abandoned the fort [August 12], and withdrew to an older fortification, on the west side of the river. Their commander was killed, and they were soon obliged to surrender themselves [August 14] prisoners of war. The spoils of victory for Montcalm were fourteen hundred prisoners, a large quantity of arms and military stores, and several vessels. After securing these, he demol- ished the forts, ^ and returned to Canada. The whole country of the Six Nations was now laid open to the incursions of the French. 24. When intelligence of the fall of Oswego reached Loudoun, he recalled the troops then on their way to- ward Lake Champlain ; and all the other expeditions were abandoned. Forts WilHam Henry ° and Edward^ were strengthened; fifteen hundred volunteers and drafted militia, under Washington, were placed in stockades,^ for the defense of the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers ; and on the western borders of the Carolinas several military posts were established as a protection against the Cherohees^ and 1. Verse T?, pap:el"'2. T. Versel8, pag:el'5. B. Verse l!!', page 152. _ 4. A palisaded block-house built by order of Governor Burnet in 17 7, near the spot where Fort Pepperell was erected. A redoubt is a fortified building, of peculiar construction, well calculated for defense. They were generally built of logs, in the form represented in Ihe engravirg. They were usually two stories, with narrow openings through which they might fire muskets. They were sometimes prepared with open- ings for cannons. 5. This was to please the Six Nations, who had never felt contented with this supporter of power in their mids^ The demolition of these forts induced the Indians to assume an attitude of neutrality, by a solemn treaty. 6. Verse ro, page 156. Tt commanded a view of the lake from its head to the Narrows, fifteen miles. 7. Verse 17, page 1.54. The Hudson is divided at Fort Edward, in+n two channels, by Roger's Island, on which the provincial troops out of the fort, usuallv encamped. BLOCK-HOUSE. 8. Note page iro. 9. Verse 1, page ''0. QUBSTTONS. — '^1. What preparation*! were marie a£rair'^+ Crown Point ? What cauped ♦he failure of the ex- peiition? Z'. Who commanded the French in 1756? What was done at Oswego by Montcalm and his fol- lowers? 158 COLONIES. Battle of Kittanning. Expedition against Louisburg. Montcalm at Fort William Henry. Creelis^ whom French emissaries were exciting to hostilities against the En- gUsh. The most important achievement of the provincials during that year, was the chastisement of the Indians at Kittaning, their chief town, situated on the Alleghany river. During several months they had spread terror and des- olation along the western frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and almost a thousand white people had been murdered or carried into captivity. Colonel John Armstrong of Pennsylvania,^ accompanied by Captain Mercer of Vir- ginia, with about three hundred men, attacked them on the night of the 8th of September [1756], killed their principal chiefs, destroyed their town, and dispersed and completely humbled them. CAMPAIGN OF 1757. 25. At a military council held at Boston early in 1757 [January 19], Lord Loudoun proposed to confine the operations of that year to an expedition against Louisburg,^ and to the defense of the frontiers. Because he was com-- mander-in-chief, wiser and better men acquiesced in his plans, but deplored his want of judgment and executive force. The people of New England, in particular, were greatly disappointed when they ascertained that the execu- tion of their favorite scheme of driving the French from Lake Champlain, was to be deferred. However, the general ardor of the colonists was not abated, and the call for troops was so promptly responded to, that Loudoun found himself at the head of six thousand provincials on the 1st of June. 26. The capture of Louisburg was the earl's first care. He sailed from New York on the 19th of June, and on arriving at Halifax ten days afterward, he was joined by Admiral Holbourn, with a powerful naval armament and five thousand land troops, from England. They were about to proceed to Cape Breton,'' when they were informed that six thousand troops were in the fortress at Louisburg,^ and that a French fleet, larger than Holboum's was lying in that harbor. The enterprise was abandoned, and Loudoun returned to New York [Aug. 31], to hear of defeat and disc: race on the northern front- ier, the result of his own ignorance and utter unskillfulness. 27. Toward the close of July, Montcalm left Ticonderoga with about nine thousand men (of whom two thousand were Indians), and proceeded to be- siege Fort William Henry, at the head of Lake Greorge.® The garrison of three thousand men was commanded by Colonel Monro, a brave Enghsh of&cer, who felt strengthened in his position by the close proximity of his chief. General Webb, who was at the head of four thousand troops at Fort Edward,"^ only fifteen miles distant. But his confidence in his commanding general was sadly misplaced. When Montcalm demanded a surrender of the 1. Verse ?, pape 12. 2. He was a General in the war for Independerce. Note 2, page 201. 3. Verse 48, page 109. 4. Note 7, page 109. 5. Verse 48, page 109. 6. Verse TO, page 156. 7. Verse 17, page 154. Qttesttons. — "4. How did the fall of Oswego affect Loudoim's movements? What preparations were made for frontier defenses? What did General Armstrong effect? 25. What did Londonn propose? Howwerothe colonists di'^appoirted ? and how were thev affected? 2(^. In what expedition did liondonn eneaere? How was it conducted? What was the result? 27. What did Montralm do in the Summer of 1757 ? Can you relate the circnmstances of the siege of Fort William Henry ? How did General Webb behave? FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. lo9 Bad conduct of Webb. Surrender of Fort William Henry. Condition of the colonists. fort and garrison [ Aug. 3, 1757], Monro boldly refused, and sent an express to G-eneral Webb for aid. It was not furnished. For six days Montcalm con- tinued the siege, and expresses were sent daily to Webb for reinforcements, but in A'ain. Even when Greneral Johnson,^ with a corps of provincials and Putnam's Rangers,^ had, on reluctant permission, marched several miles in the direction of the beleaguered fort, Webb recalled them, and sent a letter to Monro, advising him to surrender. 28. Webb's letter was intercepted by Montcalm,^ and he sent it to Monro with a peremptory demand for capitulation. Perceiving further resistance to be useless, Monro yielded. Montcalm was so pleased with the bravery dis- played by the garrison, that he agreed upon very honorable terms of sur- render, and promised the troops a safe escort to Fort Edward. Montcalm's Indians, expecting blood and booty, were enraged by the merciful terms, and at the moment when the English entered the forests a mile from Fort William Henry, the savages fell upon them with great fury, slaughtered a large num- ber, plundered their baggage, and pursued them to within cannon-shot of Fort Edward. Montcalm declared his inability to restrain the Indians, and expressed his deep sorrow. The fort and all its appendages were burned or otherwise destroyed.* It was never rebuilt, and now [1857] its site is occu- pied by a hotel for summer visitors. Thus ended the military operations of Lord Loudoun, for 1757. 29. The result of the war, thus far, was humiliating to British pride, while it incited the French to greater efforts in the maintenance of their power in America. In the Anglo-American^ colonies there was much irrita- tion. Knowing their own competency, unaided by royal troops, to assert and maintain their rights, they regarded the interferences of the home government, as clogs upon their operations. Some of the royal governors were weak and rapacious, and all were marked by a haughty deportment offensive to the sturdy democracy of the colonists. Their demands for men and money, did not always meet with cheerful and ample responses ; and the arrogant assumptions of the English officers, disgusted the commanders of the provincial troops, and often LAKE GEOEGEAND VICINITY. 1. Verse 19, page 155. 2. Israel Putnam, afterward a major-greneral in the army of the Revolution. He row held the commis- sion of major, and with Major Rogers and his Rangers, performed important services during the whole French and Indian war. 3 It is said that Montcalm was just on the point of raising the siege and returning to Ticonderoga, when Webb's cowardly letter fell into his hands. The mmher and strength of Johnsons's troops had been greatly exaggerated, and Montc«lm was preparing to flee. 4. Major Putnam visited the ruins while the fires were vet hnrnin^ and he described the scene as very appalling. The bodies of murdered Englishmen were scat+ere'i in every direction some of Ibem half con- sumed among the embers of the conflagration. Amo^g the dead were more than one hundred women, many of whom had been scalped [note 1, page 111 bv the Indians. 5. This is the title given to Americans who are of English descent. Those who are de'^cercl«nts of the Saxons who settled in England, are called Anglo-Saxons. QnERTioys.— 28. How came Monro to surrender? What atrocities were committed ? Whnt w>>^ done with the fort? 29. What had thewar thus far effected ? What were the feelings of the colonists ? What reasons had they for complaints ? What might they have done ? What was done in P^ngland ? 160 COLONIES. Pitt called to be prime-minister. His policy. Campaign of 1758. cooled the zeal of whole battalions of brave Americans. Untrammeled by the orders, exactions, and control of imperial power, the Americans would probably have settled the whole matter in a single campaign ; but at the close of the second year of the war [1756] the result appeared more uncertain and remote than ever. The people of England had perceived this clearly, and clamored for the dismissal of the weak and corrupt ministry then in power. The popular will prevailed, and WilUam Pitt, by far the ablest states- man England had yet produced, was called to the control of public affairs in June, 1757. 30. Energy and good judgment marked every movement of Pitt's admin- istration, especially in measures for prosecuting the war in America. Lord Loudoun was recalled,^ and Greneral Abercrombie'^ was appointed to succeed him. A strong naval armament was prepared and placed under the com- mand of Admiral Boscawcn ; and twelve thousand additional English troops were allotted to the service in America.^ Pitt addressed a circular to the sev- eral colonies, asking them to raise and clothe twenty thousand men. He promised in the name of ParHament, to furnish arms and provisions for them ; and also to reimburse the several colonies, all the money they should expend in raising and clothing the levies. These Hberal offers had a magical effect, and an excess of levies soon appeared. New England alone raised fifteen thousand men;* New York furnished almost twenty-seven hundred, New Jersey one thousand, Pennsylvania almost three thousand, and Virginia over two thousand. Some came from other colonies. Royal American troops organized in the Carolinas, were ordered to the North; and when Aber- crombie took command of the army in May, 1758, he found fifty thousand men at his disposal ; a number greater than the whole male population of the French dominions in America, at that time.^ CAMPAIGN OF 1758. 31. Louisburg,^ Ticonderoga,^ and Fort du Quesne,® were the principal points of operation specified in the plan of the campaign of 1758. Boscawen arrived at Halifax early in May, with about forty armed vessels bearing a 1. Pitt gave as a chief reason for recalling Loudoun, that he could never hear from him, and did not know what he was about. Ijoudoun was always arranging great plans, but executed nothing. It was re- marked to Dr. Franklin, when he made inquiries concerning him, that he was "like St. George on the signs— always on horseback, but never rides forward." 2. Verse 21, page 156. .S. Pitt had arranged such an admirable militia system for home defense, that a large number of ihe troop? of the standing army could be spared for foreign service. 4. Public and private advances during 17;'8, in Massachusetts alone, aunounted to more than a million of dollars. The taxes on real estate, in order to raise money, were enormous ; in many cases equal to two thirds of the income of the tax-payers. Yet it was levied hy their own reprefentativef!, and they did roi murmur. A few years later, an almost nominal tax, in the form of duty upon an article of luxury, levied witho'it their mnsent, excited the people of that colony to rebellion. See verse 29, page 182. 5. The total number of inhabitants in Canada, then capable of bearing arms, did not exceed twenty thou, sand. Of these, between four and five thousand were regular troops. 6. Verse 48, page 109. 7. Note 5, page VM. 8. Verse 8, page 150. Questions.— ""O. What did Pitt exhibit? What preparations were made for war? How did Pitt please ihn Ampi' icans? What were the effects of his liberal policy ? .^1. What was the plan of the campaign of 1758? Can you relate Ihe circumstances of the capture of Louisburg? What were the spoils? What w^re the effects of this victory? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 161 Siege and capture of Loiiisburg. Expedition against Ticonderoga. Death of Lord IIo\rc. LOBD AMHEKST. land force of twelve thousand me -"mder G-eneral Amherst^ as chief, and General Wolfe'^ as his lieuten- ant. On the 8th of June the troops landed, without much opposition, on the shore of Grabarus Bay, near the city of Louisburg.^ The French almost imme- diately deserted their outposts, and retired within the town and fortress. After a vigorous resistance for almost fifty days, and when all their shipping in the harbor was destroyed, the French surrendered [July 26, 1758] the town and fort, together with the island of Cape Breton and that of St. John (now Prince Edward), and their dependencies, by capitulation. The spoils of vic- tory were more than five thousand prisoners, and a large quantity of mu- nitions of war. By this victory, the English became masters of the coast almost to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. From that time the decline of French power in America was continual and rapid. 32. While Amherst and Wolfe were conquering in the East, Abercrombie and the young Lord Howe were leading seven thousand regulars, nine thousand provincials, and a heavy train of artillery, against Ti- conderoga, then occupied by Montcalm with about four thousand men. Abercrombie's army had ren- dezvoused at the head of Lake George, and at the close of a calm Sabbath evening [July, 1758] they went down that beautiful sheet of water in flat-boats, and at dawn landed at its northern extremity [July 6]. The wdiole country from there to Ticonderoga was covered with a dense forest, and tangled morasses lay in the pathway of the English army. Led by incompetent guides they were soon bewildered, and while in this con- dition, they were suddenly attacked by a French scouting party. The enemy was repulsed, but the victory was at the expense of the life of Lord Howe.* He fell at the head of the advanced guard, and a greater part of the troops, who considered him the soul of the expedition, retreated in confusion to the landing-place. 33. Intelligence reached Abercrombie that a reinforcement for Montcalm was approaching. Deceived concerning the strength of the French lines across the neck of the peninsula on which the fortress stood, ^ he pressed for- 1, Lord Jeflery Amherst was born in Kent, England, in 1717- lie was commandei- -in-chief of the army ia England, during a part of our war for Independence, and afterward. He died in 1797, aged eightv years. 2. Note 3, page 165. 3. Note 7, page 109. 4. Lord Ilowe was brother of Admiral Lord Howe, who commanded the British fleet on the American coast, in 1 73-'77, and of Sir William Howe, the commander of the land forces. lie was greatly beloved by the troops, and Mante, who was in the service, remarks : " With him the soul of the expedition seemed to expire " He was only thirty-fonr years of age when he fell. The legislature of Massachusetts Bay appro- priated SI, 250 for a monument to his memory, in Westminster Abbey. His remains were conveyed to Al- bany by Onptain (afterward (xeneral) Philip'Schuyler, and there placed in a vault. 5. The diagram (page VW) shows the general form of the principal works. The ground on which Ticon- QuESTioxs. — "2. Whpt wns occurring at Ticonderoga? Can von relate the cir'-Timstances of the advance of the English army ? V/hat disasters befell them? What canVou tell of Lord Howe? TICONDEBOGA. 162 CX)LONIES. Defeat of Abercrombie. Expedition against Fort du Quesne. ward to the attack without his artillery, and or- dered his troops to scale the breastworks [July 8], in the face of the enemy's fire. They, proved much stronger than he anticipated/ and after. a bloody conflict of four hours, Abercrombie fell back to Lake George, leaving almost two thou- sand of his men dead or wounded, in the deep forest.^ He hastened to his former camp at the head of the lake, and then, on the urgent solicita- tion of Colonel Bradstreet, he detached three thousand men under that officer, to attack the LOUD iiowK. French post at Frontenac.^ They captured the fort, garrison, and shipping, without much resistance, on the 27th of August.* Bradstreet lost only three or four men in the conflict, but a fearful sickness broke out in his camp, and destroyed about five hundred. Widi the re- mainder, he slowly retraced his steps, and at the carrying place on the Mo- hawk, where the village of Rome now stands, his troops assisted in building Fort Stanwix.^ Abercrombie, in the mean while, after garrisoning Fort George," returned with the remainder of his troops to Albany. 34. General John Forbes commanded the expedition against Fort du Quesne/ and in July had about nine thousand men at his disposal, including the Virginia troops under Colonel Washington, at Fort Cumberland. Pro- tracted sickness and perversity of will and judgment, caused delays almost fatal to the expedition. Contrary to the advice of Washington, Foibes in- sisted in constructing a new road, further north, over the mountains, instead of following the one made by Braddock. His progress was so slow, that in September, when it was known that not more than eight hundred men were at Fort du Quesne,® Forbes, with six thousand troops, was yet east of the Afleghanies. Major Grant, at the head of a scouting party of Boquet's ad- vanced corps, was attacked [Sept. 21], defeated, and made prisoner. Still Forbes moved slowly and methodically, and it was the 8th of November be- fore he joined Boquet with the main body, fifty miles from the point of des- deroga stood is about one hundred feet above the level of the lake. Water is upon three sides, and a deep morass extends almost across the fourth, forming a narrow neck, where ihe French had erected a strorg line of breastworks with batteries. This line was about a mile north-west of ihe fortress, which occupied the point of the peninsula. The ruins of the fort are yet [18^5] quite picturesque. See page 170. 1. The breastworks were nine feet in height, covered in front by sharpened branches of felled trees, point- ing outward like a mass of bayonets. 2. Among the wounded was Captain Charles Lee, afterward a general in the anny of the Revolution. 3. Verse 12, page 152. 4. They made eight hundred prisoners, and seized nine armed vessels, sixty cannons, sixteen raortaiF, large quantity of ammunition and stores, and goods designed for tralfic with the Indians. Among Bi ad- street's subalterns, was Nathaniel Woodhull, afterward a general at the commencement of the war forlrdc- pendence [see note 1, page 205]. Stark, Ward, Poraeroy, Gridley, Putnam, Schuyler, and many olhe'S who were distinguished in the revolutionary struggle, were active participants in the scenes of the Frerch and Indian War. 5. Verse 2?, page 921 , 6. Fort George was erected about a mile south-east of the ruins of Fort William Henry, at the head of Lake George. The ruins of the main work, or citadel, are still [18G5] quite prominent. 7. Verse 8, p. 150. 8. The capture of Fort Frontenac spread alaim among the French west of that important point, because their supplies from Canada were cut off. It so affected the Indians with fear, that a greater part of iho:e who were allied to the French, deserted them, and Fort du Quesne was feebly garrisoned. OuESTiONS.— 3.^. What did Abercrombie attempt? What befell him? What other expedition was planned, pnd how was it executed? 34. What were the operations of the English in Western Pennsylvania, in UJSS? How was Fort du Quesne captured ? What did Forbes then do? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 163 Capture of Fort du Quesne. Preparations for the final struggle. tination. The approach of winter, and discontent of the troops, caused a council of war to decide upon abandoning the enterprise, when three prisoners gave information of the extreme weakness of the French garrison. Washing- ton was immediately sent forward, and the whole army prepared to follow. Indian scouts discovered the Virginians when they were within a day's march of the fort, and their fear greatly magnified the number of the provin- cials. The French garrison, reduced to five hundred men, set fire to the fort [Nov. 24], and fled down the Ohio in boats, in great confusion, leaving every thing behind them. The Virginians took possession the following day. Forbes left a detachment of four hundred and fifty men, to repair and gar- rison the fort, and then hastened back to go into winter quarters. The name of Fort du Quesne was changed to Fort Pitt^ in honor of the great English statesman.^ 35. The campaign of 1758 resulted in great gain to the English. They had effectually humbled the French, by capturing three of their most important posts, and by weakening the attachment of their Indian aUies. Many of the Indians had not only deserted the French, but at a great council held at Easton, on the Delaware, during the summer [1758], had, with the Six Na- tions,^ made treaties of friendship or neutrality with the English.'* CAMPAIGN OF 1 759. 36. The final struggle was now at hand. Encouraged by the success of the campaigns just closed, Pitt conceived the magnificent scheme of conquering all Canada, and destroying, at one blow, the French dominion in America. That dominion was really confined to the region of the St. Lawrence. Pitt had the rare fortune to possess the entire confidence and esteem of the Parlia- ment and the colonists. The former was dazzled by his greatness; the latter were deeply impressed by his justice. He had promptly reimbursed all the expenses incurred by the provincial Assemblies during the campaign,^ amounting to almost a million of dollars, and they promptly seconded his scheme of conquest, which had been communicated to them under an oath of secresy. 37. General Abercrombie^ was succeeded by General Amherst;"^ and early in the spring [1759], the new commander-in-chief found twenty thousand provincial troops at his disposal. A competent land and naval force was also sent from England to co-operate with the Americans, and the campaign opened with brilliant prospects for tlie colonies. The general plan of oper- ations against Canada, was similar to that of Phipps and Winthrop in 1690.^ 1. Verse 29, papre 159. 2. Louisburg, Frontenac, and Du Quesne. Gibers, except Quebec, were stockades. Note 3, page 150. 3. Verse 5, page 19. 4. The chief tribes represented, were the Del. 11. Marion, Moultrie, and several other men, afterward distinguished in the war for Independence, ac- companied Gi ant on this occasipn. QUESTiOxVS. — 47. How was Montreal captured? What was surrendered with Montreal ? What was done with the conquered people ? 48. How did the conquest affect the English colonies? Where did war con- tinue? What did a treaty effect? -.9. What English frontiers suffered Indian cruelties? What caused a war? How was it terminated? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 169 "conspiracy of Pontiac. His subjugation and death. Condition of the colonies. 50. Scarcely had the storm ceased in the South, when another, more por- tentous and alarming, gathered in the North-west. Pontiac, a sagacious chief of the Ottawds^"^ who had been an early ally of the French, secretly confederated several of the AlgonquIxN tribes [176o], lor the purpose of ex- pelling the English from the country west of the Alleghanies.'-^ After the fall of Montreal,^ he had professed an attachment to the English ; and as there seemed safety for settlers west of the mountains, emigration began to pour its Uving streams over those barriers. Like Piiilip of Mount Hope,^ Pontiac saw, in the future, visions of the displacement, perhaps destruction, of his race, by the pale-faces ; and he determined to strike a blow for hfe and coun- try. So adroitly were his plans matured, that the commanders of the west- ern forts had no suspicions of his conspiracy until it was ripe, and the first blow had been struck [June, 1763]. Within a fortnight, all the posts in pos- session of the English, west of Oswego, fell into his hands, except Niagara,* Fort Pitt" and Detroit. Boquet saved Pittsburg;^ Niagara was not at- tacked ; and Detroit, after sustaining a siege of almost twelve months, was relieved by Colonel Bradstreet^ [^^ay 1764], with reinibrcements. The In- dians were now speedily subdued, their power was broken, and the hostile tribes sent their chiefs to ask for pardon and peace. The haughty Pontiac refused to bow. He went to the country of the Illinois'^ and was murdered [1769]. This was the last act in the drama of the Frexch and Indian War.'" 51. We have now arrived at a point in the history of the United States, of great interest and importance. We have traced the gTOwth of the colonies through infancy and youth, their interests and destinies gradually comming- Hng, until they really formed one people/^ strong and lusty, like the mature man, prepared to vindicate natural rights, and to fashion poUtical and social systems adapted to their position and wants. We view them now, conscious of their physical and moral strength, possessing clear views of right and 1. Verse 3, page 13. 2. The confd deration consisted of the Ottawa,!^, Miamies, Wt/andotf^, Chippeicas, Pottmcatomiefi, Jli'^sissa- gwies, Shawnees, Ontagamies. oc Foxe-<, and Winnebagoes [seclioa ii, page 12]. The (Se«ecas, l be most west- erly clan of the Six N ations, also joined in the conspiracy. Verse 47, page 167- 4. Verse 2 ', page < 9. 5. Verse 39, page 161. 6. Verse "4, pnge 162. 7. Henry Boquet was a brave English officer. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in 115 and was in the expedition against Fort du Quesne [verse 34, page 16 ]. In 1768, Amherst sent him from Montreal, with provisions and military stores for Fort Pitt. His arrival was timely, and hi.-, saved the garrison from des- truction. The following year he commanded an expedition against the Indians in Ohio, and was successful. His journal was published after the war. 8. Verse 33, page 151. 9. An Finglish trader bribed a Peoria Indian to murder him, for which he gave him a barrel of rum. The place of his death was Cahokia, a small village on the east side of the Mississippi, a little below St. Louis. Pontiac was one of the greatest of all the Indian chiefs known to the white people, and deserved a bet'.er fate. It is said, that during the war of 1763, he appointed a commissary, and i.ssued bills of credit. So highly was he esteemed by the French inhabitants, that these were received by them. Montcalm thouglit much of him ; and at the time of his death, Pontiac was dressed in a French uniform, presented to him by that commander. See verse 3, page P. 10. The most accessible work in which the details of colonial events may be found, is Graham's Colonial Hifitory of the United States, in two volumes octavo, published by Blanchard and Lea, Philadelphia. \\. It must not be understood that there was yet a perfect unity of feeling among the various colonists. Sectional interests produced sectional jealousies, and these worked much mischief, even while soldiers from almost every colony were fighting shoulder to shoulder [verse 17, page :06] in the continental army. Bur- naby, who traveled in America at this period, expressed the opinion, that sectional jeafFiusy and dissimilar- ity would prevent a permanent union ; yet he avers that the people were imbued with ideas of independence, and that it was frequently remarked among them, that "the tide of dominion was running westward, and that America was destined to be the mistress of the world." Questions.— r)0. What Indian confederacy and conspiracy was formed Who was the instigator? and what were his motives? What did Pontiac accomplish? How was ht' crushed? 170 COLONIES. Fuiure topics for contemplation. justice, and prepared to demand and defend both. This is the point in the progress of the new and growing nation to which our observation is now di- rected, when the great question was to be decided, whether independent self- control should be enjoyed, or continued vassalage to an ungenerous parent should be endured. Our next topic will be the events connected with the settlement of that question. B1JIN8 TICONDEBOGA. JAMES OTIS. SECTION 1. 1. The principles of civil and religious liberty, and the inalienable rights of man which they involve, were recognized and asserted long before Columbus left Palos for the New World. ^ Their maintenance had shaken thrones and overturned dynas- ties before Charles the First was brought to the block f and they had lighted the torch of Revolution long before the trumpet-tones of James Otis^ and Patrick Henry* aroused the Anglo- Amer- icans^ to resist British aggression. From the earliest steps in the progress of the American colonies, we have seen the democratic theories of all past reformers developed into sturdy democratic practice ; and a love of liberty, which had germinated beneath the heat of persecution in the Old World, budded and blossomed all over the New, wherever English hearts beat, or English tongues gave utterance. 1 . Verse 8, page 29. 4. Note 5, page 175. 2. Verse 11, page 8 8. Verse 9, page 174. 5. Note 5, page 150. Question. — 1. What can you tell of the principles of civil and religious liberty? 172 THE REVOLUTION. Strength and independence of the colonists. 2. Nor did English hearts alone cherish the precious seedling, nor English tongues alone utter the noble doctrines of popular sovereignty ; but in the homes of all in this beautiful land, whatever country gave the inmates birth, there w^as a shrine of freedom, and a refuge for the oppressed. Here king- craft and priest-craft never had an abiding-place, and their ministers v^ere always weak in the majestic presence of the popular will. 3. From the beginning, the colonists had evinced an impatience of arbitrary rule ; and every manifestation of undue control by local magistrates or distant monarchs — every effort to abridge their liberties or absorb their gains, stim- ulated the growth of democratic principles. These permeated the whole social and political life in America, and finally evolved from the crude materials of royal cliarters, religious covenants and popular axioms, that galaxy of repre- sentative governments which, having the justice of the English Constitution, the truth of Christian ethics, and the wisdom of past experience for their foundation, were united in " the fullness of time," in that symmetrical com bination of free institutions, the Republic of the United States of America. 4. The war of the Revolution was not the violent result of recent discon- tents, but the culmination of a long series of causes tending to such a climax. The parliamentary enactments which kindled the rebellion, were not oppress- ive measures entirely novel. They had their counterparts in the British statute-books even as early as the restoration of monarchy [1660]/ a hundred years before. They were only re-assertions of tyrannical legislative power and royal prerogatives, to which the colonies, in the weakness of their infancy and early youth, were compelled to submit. Now they had grown to matur- ity, and dared to insist upon receiving exact justice. They had recently emerged from an exhausting war, which, instead of weakening them, had taught them their real moral, political, and physical strength. They had also learned the important lesson of power in union. 5. Having acquired a mastery over the savages of the wilderness, and as- sisted in breaking the French power on their frontiers into atoms,^ the colo- nists felt their manhood stirring within them, and they tacitly agreed no longer to submit to the narrow and oppressive pohcy of G-reat Britain. Their industry and commerce were too expansive to be confined within the nar- row limits of those restrictions which the Board of Trade,^ from time to time, had imposed, and they determined to regard them as mere ropes of sand. For long and gloomy years they had struggled up, unaided and alone, from feebleness to strength. They had built fortifications, raised armies, and fought battles for England's glory and their own preservation, without England's aid, and often without her sympathy." And it was not until the growing import- 1. Verse 15, page 85. 2. Verses -17 and 48, pages 167, 168. 3. Note 3, page 107. 4. Georgia, aJone, received parliamentary aid [verse 3, page 79], in the establishment of settlements. In all the other colonies, where vast sums were expended in fitting out expeditions, purchasing the soil of the Questions. — 2. When and by whom were these principles cheiished? What were their effects? 3. What developed democratic sentiments? How were they manifested? What were their results in .America? 4. What can you tell of the origin of the war of the Revolution? What remote causes assisted in producing it? 5. What made the colonists feel strong? What was the condition of their commerce? What had they done alone ? What caused Britain to be just ? What justified rebellion ? PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 173 The form of British oppression. ance of the French settlements excited the jealousy of G-reat Britain, that her ministers perceived the expediency of justice and liberality toward her colo- nies, in order to secure their loyalty and efficient co-operation/ Compelled to be self-reliant from the beginning, the colonists were made strong by the mother's neglect ; and when to that neglect she added oppression and scorn, they felt justified in using their developed strength in defense of their riglits. 6. The colonists could not complain of the willful exercise of tyrannical power on the part of G-reat Britain. There was no motive for such a course. They complained of an unjust and illiberal policy, which accompHshed all the purposes of absolute tyranny. The rod of iron was often covered with velvet, and was wielded, as often, by ignorant rather than wicked hands. Yet the ignorant hand w^ith the concealed rod, smote as lustily and offensively as if it had been a wicked one, and the rod bare. The first form of governmental and proprietary oppression,^ was in the appointment of local rulers. The peo- ple were not represented in the appointing power. Then came commercial restrictions,^ prohibitions to manufacture,^ imposts upon exchanges,^ and direct taxation,^ by enactments of Parliament, in which the colonists were not rep- resented. At the beginning they had asserted, and during their whole prog- ress they had maintained, that important political maxim, that taxation with- out REPRESENTATION IS tyranny. This was the fundamental doctrine of their political creed — this was the test of all parliamentary measures — this was the strong rock upon which the patriots of the Revolution anchored their faith and hope. 7. When the treaty of Paris [1763] closed the French and Indian war, the colonists looked forward to long years of prosperity and repose. A young monarch/ virtuous and of upright intentions, was just seated [1761] upon the British throne. Having confidence in his integrity, and having recently felt the justice of the government, under the direction of Pitt,*' they were disposed to forget their grievances. But the serenity of the colonial sky soon disap- peared, and it was not long before violent tempests were raging there. Even before the treaty at Paris, a cloud had arisen which portended future trouble. The war had exhausted the British treasury,^ and ministers had devised various schemes for replenishing it. They had observed the resources of the colonists, as manifested by their efibrts during the recent struggle,^" and as they were Indians, and sustaining the settlers, neither the crown nor Parliament ever contributed a farthing of pecuniary aid. The settling of Massachusetts, alone, cost a million of dollars. Lord Baltimore spent two hundred thousand dollars in colonizing Maryland ; and William Penn became deeply involved in debt, in his efforts to settle and improve Pennsylvania, 1. Verse 36, page 163. 2. Three forms of government had existed, namely, charter, proprietary, and royal. The Now England governments were based on royal charters ; New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Carolinas. were owned and governed by individuals or companies ; and the remainder were immediately subject to the crown. Notwithstanding this diversity in the source of government, the anti-monarchicarspirit pervaded the people of all, from the beginning, and gave birth to popular legislative Assemblies. Note .3, page 86. 4. Verse 9, page 1^6. r>. Note 1, page 175. 6. Verse ^1, page 182. 7 George the Third. H« was crowned in M^l, at the age of twenty years. He reigned almost sixty year", and died in IS^O. His son was appointed Regent. 8. Verse ' 6, page 'H?. 9. Note 8, page 168. 10. French and Indian war. See page 147. QUESTTONS. — 6. Of what did the colonists .1'istly complain? What did a narrow policy accomplish? Of what rights were the colonists deprived? What was thf^ir political maxim? 7- What gave the colonists rmmi.«e of prosperity? In what did they take pride' What caused the government to disappoint them? What did the government do ? 174 THE REVOLUTION. Writs of Assistance. Opposition to them. James Otis. relieved from further hostilities by the subjugation of Canada^ the gov- ernment looked to them for aid. Instead of asking it as a favor ^ it was de- manded as a right ; instead of inviting the colonial assemblies to levy taxes and make appropriations, government assumed the right to tax their expand- ing commerce ; and then commenced a vigorous enforcement of existing rev- enue laws, which had hitherto been only nominally oppressive.^ 8. The first act which revealed the intentions of Parliament to tax the colonies by enforcing the revenue laws, was the authorization [1761], of Writs of Assistance. These were general search-warrants, which not only allowed the king's officers who held them, to break open any citizen's store or dwell- ing to search for and seize foreign merchandise, on which a duty had not been paid, but compelled sheriffs and others to assist in the work. The people could not brook such a system of petty oppression. The sanctities of private life might be invaded, at any time, by hirelings. 9. These writs were first issued in Massachusetts, and immediately great excitement prevailed. Their legality was questioned, and the matter was brought before a court held in the old town-hall in Boston. The advocate for the crown (Mr. Gridley) argued, that as Parliament was the supreme legislature for the whole British nation, and had authorized these writs, no subject had a right to complain. He was answered by James Otis,^ the younger, then advocate-general of the province. On that occasion, the in- tense fire of his patriotism beamed forth with inexpressible brilliancy, and his eloquence was like lightning, far-felt and consuming. On that day the trum- pet of the Revolution was sounded. ^' The seeds of patriots and heroes were then and there sown;" and when the orator exclaimed, "To my dying day I will oppose, with all the power and faculties God has given me, all such in- struments of slavery on one hand, and villainy on the other," the independ- ence of the colonies was proclaimed.^ From that day began the triumphs of the popular will. Yery few writs were issued, and these were ineffectual. 10. The young king unwisely listened to the councils of Bute,^ an unprin- cipled Scotch adventurer, who had been his tutor, and turned his back upon Pitt.^ Disastrous consequences ensued. Weak and corrupt men controlled 1. Verse 47, page 167- 2. Commercial restrictions were imposed upon the colonies as early as 1651 [note 3, page 86]. In 1660, 16/2, 1676, 1691, and U92, attempts were made by Parliament to derive a revenue by a tarifi-taxation upon the colonies. In 1696, a proposition was made to levy a direct tax upon the colonies. Then, not only in I5ritain, but in Ameiica, the power of Parliament (wherein the colonists were not represented) to taix those colonics, was strenuously denied. • 3. James Otis was born at Barnstable, Mass., in 1725. He was the leader of the Revolutionary party in Massachusetts, at the beginning. He was wounded by a British official in 1769, and never fairly recovered. He was killed by lightning in 1,72. See portrait at the head of this chapter. 4. Later than this [1768], Otis wrote to a friend in London, and said : " Our fathers were a good people ; we have been a/ree people, and if you will not let us remain so any longer, we shall be n great people, and the present measures can have no tendency but to hasten with great rapidity, events Avhich every good and honest man would wish delayed for nges." He evidently alluded to the future independence of the colonies. 5. Bute was a gay Scotch earl, poor and proud. He became a favorite with the mother of George the Third, was appointed his tutor and acquired such influence over the mind of the prince, that on his acces- sion to the throne, he made him his chief minister and adviser. The English people were much incensed ; and the unwise measures of the early years of Geo- ge's reign, were properly laid to the charge of Bute. A placnrd was put up in London, with the words, "No Scoich minister— no petticoat government." 6. Pitt, disgusted by the ignorance and assurance of Bute, and the misplaced conhdence of the king, re- Qtjestions.— 8. What measure caused the first resistance? Can j^ou explain its character? What was done in opposiiion? What was the result? 9. When and where were Writs of Assistance first issued? What occurred in the old town-hall at Boston ? PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 175 The Stamp Act. Opposition to it in America. his cabinet, and Parliament approved of illiberal and unjust measures toward the colonists. The Sugar bill^ was re-enacted, and at the same time, George Grenville, then prime-minister, proposed "certain stamp duties on the col- onies." The subject was left open for consideration almost a year, when, in defiance of the univesral opposition of the Americans, the famous Stamp Act, which declared that no legal instrument of writing should be valid, unless it bore a government stamp, became a law.^ Now was executed without hesi- tation, a measure which no former ministry had possessed courage or reckless- ness enough to attempt.^ 11. Intelligence of the passage of the Stamp Act produced general and intense indignation in Amer- ica. The hearts of the people were yet thrilled by the eloquent denunciations of Otis,'* and soon Pat- rick Henry sent forth a response equally eloquent, from the heaving bosom of the Virginia Assembly.^ The people boldly expressed their indignation. The pulpit denounced the scheme, and associations of Sons of Liberty^ in every colony, put forth their en- ergies in defense of popular freedom. The press, then assuming great power, spoke out like an oracle of Truth. In several cities popular excitement cre- ated mobs, and violence ensued. The Stamps were seized on their arrival, and secreted or burned. Stamp distributors^ were in- sulted and despised, and on the day when the law was to take effect [Nov. 1, 1765], there were no officials courageous enough to enforce it. signed office, and retired to his country seat at Hayes. The king esteemed him highly, but was too much controlled by Bute to follow his own inclinations. 1. A bill which imposed a duty upon sugar, coffee, indigo, etc., imported into the colonies from the West Indies. 2. The stamps were upon blue paper, in the form seen in the engraving above, and were to be at- tached to every piece of paper or parchment on which a legal instrument was written. For these stamps, government charged specific prices : for example, for a common property deed, one shilling and sixpence ; for a diploma or a certificate of a college degree, two pounds, etc., etc. 3. During Walpole's administration [1732], a stamp duty was proposed. He said, "I will leave the tax- ation of America to some of my successors, who have more courage than I have." Sir William Keith, Governor of Pennsylvania, proposed such a tax in 1739. Franklin thought it just, when a delegate in \he Colonial Congress at Albany, in 1754 [verse 10, p. 151 J. But when it was proposed to Pitt in 1759, he said, *' I will never burn my fingers with an American Stamp Act." 4. Verse 9, p. 1.4. 5. He introduced a series of resolutions, highly tinctured with rebellious doctrines. He asserted the gen- eral rights of all the colonies ; then the exclusive right of the Virginia Assembly to tax the people of that province, and boldly declared that the people were not bound to obey any law relative to taxadon which did not proceed from their representatives. The last resolution declared that whoever should dissent from the doctrines inculcated in the others, should be considered an " enemy of the colonies." The introduction of these resolutions produced great excitement and alarm. Henry supported them with all the power of his wonderful eloquence. Some rose from their seats, and others sat in brealhless silence. At length, when alluding to tyrants, he exclaimerl, " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George ilie Third" — there was a cry of " Treason ! treason !" He paused a moment, and said — " mav profit hy their example. If that be treason, make the most of it." [See picture at the head of this chapter. The head of the speaker is a correct likeness of Patrick Henry.] A part of his resolutions were adopted, and these formed the first gauntlet of defiance cast at the feet"^of the British monarch. Their power was felt through- out the land. 6. These Associations were composed of popular leaders and others, who leagued with the avowed de- termination to resist oppression to the uttermost. After their organizanon in the different colonies, they formed a sort of National icague, and by continual correspondence, aided effectually in preparing the way for the Revolution. 7. Men appointed by the crown to sell the government stamps, or stamped paper. Questions.— 10. What did the young king unwisely do? What consequences ensued? What odious measure did Parliament adopt, and how? 11. What were the effects of the Stamp Act, in America? What associations were formed ? What did they do? How was the popular indignation evinced? 176 THE REVOLUTION. Stamp Act Congress. Sons of Liberty. Spirit of the people. 12. In the midst of this great excitement, a Congress of Delegates ap- pointed by several colonies, assembled [Oct. 7] at New York.* They con- tinued in session fourteen days, and in three well-written documents,'^ they ably set forth the grievances and the rights of the colonists, and petitioned the king and Parliament for a redress of the former, and acknowledgment of the latter. The proceedings of this Second Colonial Congress^ were applauded by all the provincial assemblies, and the people of America were as firmly united in heart and purpose then, as they were after the Declaration of Independ- ence, more than ten years later. 13. The first of November was observed as a day of fasting and mourn- ing. There were funeral processions and tolling of bells. The colors of ves- sels were placed at half-mast, and the newspapers exhibited the black -line tokens of public grief The courts were now closed, legal marriages ceased, ships remained in port, and for some thne all business was suspended. But the lull in the storm was of brief duration. The people were only gathering strength for more vigorous achievements in defense of their rights. The Sons of Liherti/ put forth new efforts; mobs began to assail the residences of officials, and burn distinguished royalists in effigy.^ Merchants entered into agreements not to import goods from G-reat Britain while the obnoxious Act remained a law, and domestic manufactures Wvire commenced in almost every family.® The wealthiest vied with the middhng classes in economy, and wore clothing of their own manufacture. That wool might not become scarce, the use of sheep flesh for food was discouraged. Soon, from all classes in Amer- ica, there went to the ears of the British ministry, a respectful, but firm, pro- test. It was seconded by the merchants and manufacturers of London, whose American trade was prostrated,' and the voice, thus made potential, was heard and heeded in high places. 14. In the mean while, Grenville® had been succeeded in office by the Mar- quis of Eockingham, a friend of the colonies, and an enlightened statesman. 1. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina, were represented. The Assemblies of those not represented, declared their readiness to agree to whatever measures the Congress might adopt. Timothy Ruggles, of Massachusetts (who afterward commanded a corps of Tories) [note 3, page 185], presided. 2. A Declaration of BigJits, written by John Cruger, of New York : a Memorial to both Houseft of Par- liament, by Kobert R. Livingston, of New York ; and a Petition to the king, by James Otis, of Massachu- setts. Verse 10, page 151. 4. Note 6, page 175. 6. Public indignation is thus sometimes manifested. A figure of a man intended to represent the obnox- ious individual, is paraded, and then hung upon a scaffold, or burned at a stake, as an intimation of the deserved fate of the person thus represented. It was a common practice in England at the time in question, and has been often done in our own country since. 6. The newspapers of the day contain many laudatory notices of the conformity of weaKhy people to these agreements. On one occasion, forty or fifty yourg ladies, who called themselves " Daughters of Libertj-," met at the house of Rev. Mr. Morehead, in Boston, with their spiiuiing wheels, and spun two hundred and thirty-two skeins of yarn, during the day, and presented them to the pastor. It is said " there were up- ward of one hundred spinners in Mr. Morehead's Society." "Within eighteen months," wrote a gentle- man at Newport, R. I., " fonr hundred and eighty-seven yards of cloth, and thirty-six pairs of stockings, have been spun and knit in the family of James Nixon, of this town." 7. Half a million of dollars were due to them by the colonists, at that time, not a dollar of which could be collected under the existing state of things. 1. Verse 10, page 174. Questions. — 12. What Congress assembled at New York? What did the delegates do ? What were the effects? 1". What happened on the first of November, 1765? What did the people do in opposition to the Stamp Act? How were they heard? 14. What change in the ministry took place? What was done con- cerning the stamp Act ? What was the result ? PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 177 Repeal of the Stamp Act, The Declaratory Act. William Pitt, who had been called from his retire- ment^ by the voice of the people, hoping much from the new ministry, appeared in Parliament as the earnest champion of the Americans. Justice and expediency demanded a repeal of the Stamp Act,-^ and early in January, 1766, a bill for that purpose was introduced inio the House of Commons, an I was warmly supported by Pitt, Barre, and others. Then Edmund Burke first appeared as the cham- pion of right, and during the stormy debates on the subject which ensued, he achieved some of those william pitt. earliest and most wonderful triumphs of oratory, which established his fame, and endeared him to the American people.^ The obnoxious Act was re- pealed on the 18th of March, 1766. London warehouses were illuminated, and flags decorated the shipping in the Thames. In America, pubhc thanks- givings, bonfires and illuminations, attested the general joy, and Pitt,'' who had boldly declared his conviction that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies without their consent,^ was lauded as a political Messiah. Non- importation societies were dissolved, business was resumed, and the Americans confidently expected justice from the mother country, and a speedy recon- ciliation. 15. But another storm soon began to lower. Pitt, himself, tenacious of British honor, and doubtful of the passage of the Repeal Bill without some concessions, had appended to it an act, which declared that Parhament pos- sessed the power " to bind the colonies, in all cases whatsoever." The egg of tyranny which lay concealed in this declaratory act," as it was called, was not perceived by the colonists, while their eyes were filled with tears of joy; but when calm reflection came, they saw clearly that germ of future oppressions, and were uneasy. They perceived the Repeal Bill to be only a truce in the war upon freedom in America, and they watched every move- ment of the government party with suspicion. Within a few months after- ward, a brood of obnoxious measures were hatched from that egg, and aroused the fiercest indignation of the colonists. 16. A large portion of the House of Lords, ^ the whole bench of Bishops,'' 1. Note 6, pajre 174. 2. Verse 10, page 174. ?). Born in Ireland in 17S0. He became a lawyer ; was a popular writer as well as speaker ; was in office about thirty years, and died in 1,9. . 4. See portrait on pa^e 177- William Pitt was born in 170'^, and held many hi°:h offices. During an exciting debate in Parliament, on American affairs, in 1778, he swooned, and died within a month after- ward. 5. "Taxation," said Pitt, " is no part of the governing or legislative power. Taxes are 1 he voluntary gift or grant of the Commons alone." " I rejoice," he said, " that America has resisted. Three millions of people, so dead to all the feelings of liberty, as voluntarily to become slaves, would liave been fit instru- ments to make slaves of the rest." And Colonel Barre declared that the colonies were planted by English oppression, grew by neglect, and in all the essential elements of a free people, were perfectlv independent of Great Britain. He then warned the government to act justly, or the colonies would be "lost to Great Britain forever. 6. Every peer in the British realm is a legislator, by virtue of his title ; and when they are assembled for legislative duties, they constitute the House of Lords, or upper branch of the legislature, answerirg, in some degree, to our Senate, 7. Two archbishops, and twe nty-four b i shops of England and Wales , have a right to sit and vote in the Question.— 1\ What caused new excitements in Am.erica? 8* 178 THE REVOLUTION. The mutiny act. New taxation schemes. Action of the colonial assemblies. and many of the Commons, were favorable to coercive measures toward the Americans. Not doubting the power of ParUament to tax them, they pre- vailed on the Ministry to adopt new schemes for replenishing the exhausted treasury^ from the coffers of the colonists, and m-ged the justice of employ- ing arms, if necessary, to enforce obedience. Troops were accordingly sent to America [June, 1766] ; and a Mutiny Act was passed, which provided for their partial subsistence by the colonies.'^ The appearance of these troops in New York, and the order for the people to feed and shelter the avowed instru- ments of their own enslavement, produced violent outbreaks in that city, and burning indignation all over the land. The Assembly of New York arrayed itself against the government, and refused compliance with the demands of the obnoxious act. 17. Soon after these troops were sent to America, Pitt was called to the head of the Ministry, and was created Earl of Chatham [July 30, 1766]. He opposed the new measures as unjust and unwise. Charles Townshend, the chancellor of the exchequer, coalesced with Grenville^ in bringing new taxa- tion schemes before Parliament. A bill was passed [June, 1767] for levying duties upon tea, glass, paper, painters' colors, etc., imported into the colonies. Another was passed in July for establishing a Board of Trade tn the colonies, independent of colonial legislation, and for creating resident commissioners of customs to enforce the revenue laws.'' Then another, a few days later, which forbade the New York Assembly to perform any legislative act whatever, until it should comply witli the requisitions of the Mutiny Act.^ 18. This direct blow at popular liberty, and these new taxation schemes, produced excitement throughout the colonies, almost as violent as those on account of the Stamp Act.'^ The colonial Assemblies boldly protested ; new non-importation associations were formed ; pamphlets and newspapers were filled with inflammatory appeals to the people, defining their rights, and urg- ing them to a united resistance;^ and early in 1768, almost every colonial As- sembly had boldly expressed its conviction that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies. These expressions were in response to a circular issued by Massachusetts [Feb. 1768] to the several Assemblies, asking their co-operation in obtaining a redress of grievances. That circular greatly offended the Min- House of Lords, and have the same political importance as the peers. By the act of union between Ireland and England, four " lords spiritual," from among the archbishops and bi-shops of the former country, have a seat in the House of Lords. The " lords temporal and the lords spiritual" constitute the House of Lords. The House of Commons is composed of men elected by the people, and answers to the House of Representa- tives of our Federal Congress. 1. Verse 7, page 173. i 2. This act also allowed military officers, possessing a warrant from a justice of the peace, to break into any house where he might suspect deserters were concealed. Like the Writs of Assistance [verse page 17+, this power might be used for wicked purposes. 3. Verse 10, page 174. In January, 176,', Grcnville proposed a direct taxation of the colonies to the amount of twenty thousand dollars. 4. Note 2, page 14, and note 3, page 107. 5. Note 2, page 178. G. Verse 10, page 174. 7. Among the most powerful of these appenls, were a series of letters, written by John Dickinson of Philadelphia, and entitled, Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer. Like Paine's Crisis, ten years later [note 3, page '"02j, these Letters produced a wide-spread and powerful etfect on the public mind. James Olis as- serted, in a pamphlet, that " taxes on trade [tariffs], if designed to raise a revenue, were just as much a violation of their rights as any other tax." Questions. — 16. Who proposed to compel the Americp-.s to submission? What act was passed? What then occurred ? 17. What happened to Pitt? What measures wee proposed? and by whom? 18. What was now done in Amenca ? What publications appeared? What did the Assemblies do? PRELlMmAUY EVEKTS. 179 Mi jisterial circular. Commissioners of customs. Troops at Boston. istry; and the Governor of Massachusetts was instructed to command the Assembly, in the king's name, to rescind the resolution adopting it. The As- sembly passed [June 30, 17G8] an almost unanimous vote not to reFcind,^ and made this very order an evidence of the intentions of government to enslave the colonists, by restraining the free speech and action of their representatives. «jo' 19. The British Ministry continued to disregard the portentous warnings which every vessel from the New World bore to their ears. Having re- solved on employing physical force in the maintenance of obedience, and not doubting its potency, they became more regardless of even the forms of justice, and began to treat the colonists as rebellious subjects, rather than as fiee British brethren. Ministers sent circulars to the colonial Assemblies, warning them not to imitate the factious disobedience of Massachusetts ;^ and the royal governors were ordered to enforce submission by all means in their power. The effect of these circulars was to disgust and irritate the Assem- blies, and to stimulate their sympathy for Massachusetts, now made the special object of royal displeasure. 20. The new commissioners of customs^ arrived at Boston in May, 1768. They were regarded with as much contempt as were the tax-gatherers in Judea, in the *ime of our Saviour. It was difficult to restrain the more ig- norant and excitable portion of the population from committing personal violence. A crisis soon arrived. In June, 1768, the sloop. Liberty^ belong- ing to John Hancock, one of the leaders of the popular mind in Boston,^ arrived at that port with a cargo of Madeira wine. The commissioners demanded the payment of duties, and when it was refused, they seized [June 10] the vessel. The new^s spread over the town, and the people resolved on effectual resistance. The commissioners were assailed by a mob; their houses were damaged ; and they were obliged to seek safety in Castle Wil- liam^ a small fortress at the entrance to the harbor.^' 21. Alarmed by these demonstrations of the popular feeling, Grovernor Ber- nard unwisely invited General Gage,' then in command of British troops at Halifax, to bring soldiers to Boston to overawe the inhabitants.*^ They came in September [Sept. 27, 1768], seven hundred in number, and on a quiet Sab- bath morning, landed under cover of the cannons of the British ships which brought them, and with drums beating, and colors flying, they marched to the Common,^ with all the parade of a victorious army entering a conquered 1. James Otis and Samuel Adams were ihe principal speakers on Ihis occasion. "When Lord Hill - Ijorough fcolonial secretary] knows," said the former, " that we will not rescind our acts, he should apply to Parliament to rescind theirs. Let Britons rescind their measures, or the colonies are lost to them for- erer." 2. Verse 18, page 178. 3. Verse 17, page 178. 4. The puhlicaivf, or toll gatherers of Judea, being a standing monument of the degradation of the Jews under the Roman yoke, were abhorred. One of the accusations against our Saviour was, that he did " eat vrhh pybKcons and sinners." 5. Verse V\ page 203. G. About three miles S.E. from Boston. The fortress was ceded to the U. S. in 1'98 ; and the following year it was visited by President Adams, and named Fort Independence, its present title. 7. Verse 47, page 167. 8. Previous to this request, the British ministry had resolved to send troops thither. 9. A large public park, on the southern slope of Beacon Hill. Qttt?sttonr. — 10. How did the ministry act? What o' de-s we^e issued? How did those rTect the r'^lo- ni-is? '0. How we^e Ihe commissioners of customs regarded? What produced excitement P,os^o"? What was effected? 21. What insult was offered to Ihe people of Boston? Wliat did British troops do? 180 THE REVOLUTION. Proceedings in parliament. Disputes with governors. Quarrel with the troops. city. Eeligion, popular freedom, patriotism, were all outraged, and the cup of the people's indignation was full.^ The colonists were taught the neces- sary lesson, that armed resistance must oppose armed oppression.^ 22. The Assembly of Massachusetts refused to afford food and shelter for the royal troops among them, and for this offense. Parliament; now become the supple instrument of the crown, censured their disobedience, approved of coercive measures, and by resolution, prayed the king to revive a long obso- lete statute of Henry the Eighth, by which the Governor of the refractory colony should be required to arrest and send to England for trial, on a charge of treason, the ringleaders in the recent tumults.^ The colonial Assembly in- dignantly responded by re-asserting the chartered privileges of the people, and denying the right of the king to take an offender from the country, for trial. And in the House of Commons a powerful minority battled manfully for the Americans. Burke pronounced the idea of reviving that old statute as ^-horrible." "Can you not trust the juries of that country?" he asked. If you have not a party among two millions of people, you must either change your plans of government, or renounce the colonies forever." But a majority voted [Jan. 26, 1769] in favor of the resolution. 23. For more than a year afterward the colonies were agitated by disputes with the royal governors. The Assembly of Massachusetts, encouraged by the expressed sympathy of the other colonies, firmly refused to appropriate a single dollar for the support of the troops. They even demanded their with- drawal from the cit}^, and refused to transact any legislative business while they remained. Daily occurrences exasperated the people against the troops, and finally led to bloodshed in the streets of Boston. 24. A ropemaker quarreled with a soldier [March 2, 1770], and struck him. Out of this affray grew a fight between several soldiers and rope- makers. The latter were beaten, and this result aroused the vengeance of the more excitable portion of the inhabitants. A few evenings afterward [March 5], about seven hundred of them assembled in the streets for the avowed purpose of attacking the troops.^ A sentinel was assaulted near the custom-house, when Captain 1 As the people i-efused to supply the troops with quarters, they were placed, some in the State House, some in Faneuil Hall [page 184], and others in tents on the Common. Cannons were planted at diflerent point- • sentinels challenged the citizens as they passed ; and the whole city had the appearance of a camp. 2, There were, at that time, full two hundred thousand men in the colonies, capable of bearing arms. 3. Verse 20, page 119. 4 These were addressed by a tall man, disguised by a white wig, and a scarlet cloak, who closed his harangue by shouting " To the main guard! To the main guard !" and then disappeared. It was always believed that the tall man was Samuel Adams, one of the most inflexi- ble patriots of the Revolution, and at that time a popular leader. He was a descendant of ore of the early Puritans [verse 6, page 60], and was born in Boston in 1722. He was one of the signers of the Declara- tion of Independence; was af erward Governor of Massachusetts, and died in 1803. A purer patriot than Samuel Adams, never lived. Questions,— 2\ What did the r.cssachusetts Assembly do? What did Parliament do? How were cer- tain measures regarded bv the colonists and by Burke In the House of Commons? 23. What continued to disturb the colonists? What did the MaBsachusetts Assembly do? 24. What quarrel and tight happened in Bostop ? What sad affair occurred ? PAMUEL ADAMS. PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 181 Riot and massacre in Boston. Trial of soldiers. Duty upon tea. Preston, commander of the guard, went to his rescue with eight armed men. Irritated and assailed by the mob, the soldiers fired upon the citizens, killed three, and dangerously wounded five.^ The mob instantly retreated, when all the bells of the city rang an alarum, and in less than an hour several thou- sands of exasperated citizens were in the streets. A terrible scene of blood would have ensued, had not Grovernor Hutchinson assured the people that justice should be vindicated in the morning. 25. The people demanded the instant removal of the troops from Boston and the trial of Captain Preston and his men for murder. These demands were complied with. The troops were removed to Castle William/ [March 12, 1770], and Preston, ably defended by John Adams and Josiah Quincy, two of the popular leaders, was tried and acquitted, with six of his men, by a Boston jury. The other two soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. This result was a comment on the enforcement of the statute of Henry the Eighth, highly favorable to the Americans.^ It showed that in the midst of popular excitement, the strong conservative principles of justice bore rule. The victims of the riot were regarded as martyrs to liberty,'' and for many years, the memory of the " Boston Massacre," as it was called, was kept alive by anniversary orations in the city and vicinity. 26. On the day of the bloody riot in Boston [March 5], Lord North, who was then the English prime minister, proposed to Parliament a repeal of all duties imposed by the act of 1767,^^ except that upon tea. An 'act to that effect was passed a month afterward [April 12]. This concession was wrung from the minister by the clamor of English merchants and manufacturers, who again felt severely the operations of tho non-importation associations in America. As tea was a luxury, North supposed the colonists would not ob- ject to the small duty laid upon that article, and he retained it as a standing assertion of the right of ParUament to impose such duties. The minister en- tirely mistook the character of the people he was dealing with. It was not the petty amount of duties of which they complained, for all the taxes yet imposed were not in the least burdensome to them. They were contending for a great principle which lay at the foundation of their liberties ; and they regarded the imposition of a duty upon one article as much a violation of their sacred rights, as if ten were included. So they continued their non-importa- tion league against the purchase and use of tea.® 1. The leader of the mob was a powerful mulatto, named Attucks. He and Samuel Gray, and James Caldwell, were killed instantly ; two others received mortal wounds. 2. Note 6, page 179. 3. V -irse 2 page 180. It was so regarded in England. 4. They were buried with great parade. All the bells of Boston and vicinity tolled a funeral knell while the procession was moving ; and as intended, the affair made a deep impression on the public mind. 6. Verse 17, page 17.'^. 6. Even before North's proposition was made to Parliament, special agreements concerning the disuse of tea, had been marie. Already the popular feeling on this subject had been manifested toward a Boston merchant who continued to sell tea. A company of half-grown boys placed an effigy near his door, with a nnger upon it pointing toward his store. While a man was attempting to pull it down, he was pelted with dirt and stones. He ran into the store, and seizing a gun discharged its contents among the crov/d. A Questions. — 25. What did the people demand? How were these demands comnlied with ? How C\ 1 the Americans exhibit justice? How were the victims of riot regarded? 16. What did Lord No -^h propose? What made him do it? How did he mistake the character of the Americans? What were the Americans contending for ? 182 THE DEVOLUTION. The Regulators cf North Carolina. Capture and destruction of iln Gasp^. 27. In 1771, the CaroUnas, hitherto exempted from violent outbursts of popular indignation, became the theater of great excitement. To satisfy the rapacity and pride of royal governors, the in :lustry of the province of North Carolina, especially, was enormously taxed.^ The oppression was real, not an abstract principle, as at the North. The people in the interior at length formed associations, designed to resist unjust taxation, and to control public affairs. They called themselves Regulators ; and in 1771 were too numerous to be overawed by local magistrates. Their operations assumed the character of open rebellion, and Governor Tryon'' marched into that region with an armed force, to subdue them. They met him upon the Alamance Creek, in Ala- mance county [May IG, 1771], and there a bloody skirmish ensued. The Regulators were subdued and dispersed, and Tryon marched back in triumph to the sea-board, after hanging six of the leaders [June 19]. These events aroused, throughout the South, the fiercest hatred of British power, and stim- ulated that earnest patriotism so early displayed by the people below the Roanoke, when the Revolution broke out.^ 28. In June, the following year, an event on ISTarraganset Bay widened the breach between Great Britain and her colonies. The commander of the British armed schooner Gaspe, stationed there to assist the commissioners of customs* in enforcing the revenue laws, annoyed the American navigators by haughtily commanding tiiem to lower their colors when they passed his ves- sel, in tokeii of obedience. The William Tells of the Bay refused to bow to the cap of this petty Gesler.^ For such disobedience, a Providence sloop was chased by the schooner. The latter grounded upon a low sandy point; and on that night [June 9, 1772], sixty-four armed men went down from Provi- dence in boats, captured the people on board the Gasps, and burned the ves- sel. Although a large reward was offered for the perpetrators (who were well known in Providence),^ they were never betrayed. 29. Early in 1773, a new thought upon taxation entered the brain of Lord North.' The East India Company,^ having lost their valuable tea customers boy named Snyder was killed, and Christopher Gore ("afterward Governor of IMassaehusetts), was wounded. The affair produced great excitement. At about the same time three hundred " mistresses of families," in Boston, signed a pledge of total abstinence from the use of tea, while the duty remained upon it, A few days afterward a large number of young ladies signed a similar pledge. 1. Governor Tryon caused a palace to be erected for his residence, at Newbern, at a cost of S75,000, for the payment of which the province was taxed. This was in 1768, and was one of the principal causes of discontent, which produced the outbreak here mentioned. 2. Verse 5, page 200. 3. Verse 14, page 198. 4. Yerse 17, page 178. 5. Gesler was an Austrian governor of one of the cantons of Switzerland. Tic placed his cap on a pole, at a gate of the town, and ordered all to bow to it, when they should enter. William Tell, a brave leader of the people, refused. He was imprisoned for disobedience, escaped, aroused his countrymen to arms, drove tbeir Austrian masters out of the land, and achieved the independence of Switzerland. 6. One of the leaders was Abraham Whipple, a naval commander diiring the Revolution [verse 2, page 239]. Several others were afterward distinguished for bravery during that struggle. Four years afterward, when Sir James Wallace, a British commander, was in the vicinily of Newport, Whipple became known as the leader of the attack on the Ga>-pe. Wallace sent him the following letter : " You, Abraham Whip- ple, on the 9lh of June, 1772, burned his majesty's vessel, Ihe Gaype, and I will hang you at the yard-arm." To this Whipple replied: "To Sir James Wallace ; Sir: Always catch a man before you hang him. Abraham Whipple. " 7. He was also Earl of Guilford. Ho was an honest, but misguided statesman. He died in 179 at the age of sixty years. He was prime minister of England during almost the entire period of our war for Inde- pcTidence. 8. The English East India Company was formed and chartered in 1603, for the purpose of carrying on a QtJESTiONS.— 27. What happened in North Carolina? Who were ihe Eejulators? What did oppressive measures effect? 28. What happened in Narragansct Bay ? PRELIMINARY EVENTS. New tea act. The East India company. Tea-ships sent to America. in America, by the operation of the non-importation associations/ and liaving more than seventeen milhons of pounds of the herb in their warehouses in England, petitioned Parliament to take off the duty of three pence a pound, levied upon the importation of the article into America. The company agreed to pay the government more than an equal amount, in export duty, if the change should be made. Here was an excellent opportunity for the government to act justly and wisely, and to produce a perfect reconciliation; but the stupid ministry, fearing it might be considered a submission to rebellious subjects," refused the oKve branch of peace. But, continuing to misapprehend the real question at issue, North introduced a bill into Parliament, al- lowing: the company to export their teas to Amer- ^ , . i ^ ^ L02D NOETH, ica, on their own account, without paying any ex- port duty. As this would make tea cheaper in America than in England, he concluded that Americans would not object to paying the three pence duty. This concession to a commercial monopoly, while spurning the appeals of a great principle, only created contempt and indignation throughout the col- onies. 30. The East India Company, blind as the minister, regarded the American market as now open for their tea, and soon after the passage of the bill [May 10, 1773], several large ships, heavily laden with the article, were on their way across the Atlantic. These movements were known in America before the arrival of any of the sliips, and the people in most of the sea-board towns resolved that it should not even be landed. The ships which arrived at New York and Philadelphia, returned to England with their cargoes ; at Annapo- lis, it was destroyed ; at Charleston it was landed, but was not allowed to be sold ; while at Boston, the attempts of the governor and his friends,^ who were consignees, to land the tea in defiance of the public feeling, resulted in the destruction of a large quantity of it. On a cold moonlight night [December IG, 1773], at the close of the last of several spirited meetings of the citizens held at Faneuil Hall,^ a party of about sixty persons, some disguised as Indians, trade by sea between England and the countries lying east of the Cape of Good Hope [note 1, page 28]. It continued prosperous ; and about the middle of the last century, the governor of its stations in India, ruder the pretense of obtaining security for their trade, subdued small territories, and thus planted the foundation of that great British empire in the East, which now comprises the whole of Hindoslan, from Cape Comorin to the Himalaya mountains, with a population of more than one hundred and twenty millions of people. 1. Verse 13, page 176. 2. The public mind in Massachusetts was greatly inflamed against (Jovernor Hutchinson at this time, whose letters to a member of Parliament, recommending stringent measures toward the colonies, had been sent to the Speaker of the colonial Assembly, by Dr. Franklin. At about the same time. Parliament had passed a law, making the governor and jndge'^ of Massachusetts independent of the Assembly for their sal- aries, these being paid out of the revenues in the hands of the commissioners of customs. This removal of these officials beyond all deper^dence upon the people, constituted them fit instruments of the crown for op- pressing the inhabitants, and in that a«;pect the colonists viewed the measure, and condemned it. .S. Because the Revolutionary meetings in Boston were held in Fareuil Hall, it was (and still is) called The Cradle of Liberty. It was built and presented to the town by Peter Faneuil, in 1742. The picture on the next page shows its form during the Revoluiion. QtiESTTOys. — 29. What new scheme was proposed? What did the ministry do? How did the Americans regard the matter? ?)0. How was the East India Company deceived? What did it do? How were cargoes of tea received in America? What happened iu Boston? 184 THE REVOLUTION. Destruction of tea at Boston. The Boston port bill. Other oppressive measures. J ^ ■ __AWyiiiiiiif FANEUIL HALL. rushed on board two vessels in the harbor, laden with tea, tore open the hatches, and in the course of two hours, three hundred and forty-two chests containing the herb, were broken open, and their contents cast into the water. 31. This event produced a powerful sensation throughout the British realm. All of the Amer- ican colonies sympathized with the Bostonians, but the exasperated government adopted re- taliatory measures, notwithstanding full payment for damage to their property was promised to the East India Company. Parliament, by enactment [March 7, 1774], ordered the port of Boston to be closed against all commercial transactions whatever, and the removal of the custom-house, courts of justice, and other public offices, to Salem. The Salem people patriotically refused the proffered advantage at the expense of their neighbors ; and the inhabitants of Marblehead, fifteen miles distant, offered the free use of their harbor and wharves to the merchants of Boston. Soon after the passage of the Boston Port Bill, another act which leveled a blow at the charter of Massachusetts, was made a law [March 28, 1774]. It deprived the people of many of the dearest privileges guarantied by that instrument.^ A third retahatory act was passed on the 21st of April, providing for the trial, in England, of all persons charged in the colonics with murders committed in support of government, giving, as Colonel Barre said, encouragement to military insolence already so insupportable." A fourth bill, providing for the quartering of troops in America, was also passed by large ma- jorities in both Houses of Parliament ; and in anticipation of rebellion in America, a fifth act was passed, making great concessions to the Eoman Catholics in Canada, known as the Quebec Act. This excited the animosity of all Protestants. These measures created universal indignation toward the government, and sympathy for the people of Boston. 32. The Port Bill went into operation on the 1st of June, 1774. It was a heavy blow for Boston. Business was crushed, and great suffering ensued. Everywhere, tokens of the livehest sympathy were manifested. Flour, rice, cereal grains, fuel, and money were sent to the people from the different col- onies ; and sympathizers in London subscribed one hundred and fifty thousand dollar? for the poor of Boston. 33. To enforce these oppressive laws. General G-age, the commander-in- chief of the British army in America,^ Was appointed governor of Massachu- setts, and an additional military force was ordered to Boston. These coercive 1. It empowered sheriffs, appointed by the crown, to select juries, instead of leaving that power with the selectmen of the towns, who were chosen by the people. It also prohibited all town meetings and other gatherings. It provided for the appointment of the councils, judges, justices of the peace, etc., by the crown or its representative. 2. Verse 21, page 179. Questions. — 31. How was the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor regarded? What did the people offer to do? What parliamentary measures did it occasion? 32. What was the effect of the Boston Port' liiU? What sympathy was manifested? PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 185 Committees of correspondence. Call for a continental congress. demonstrations greatly increased the public irritation, and diminished the hopes of reconcihation. Slavish submission or armed resistance was now the alternative presented to the American people. Committees of correspondence which had been formed in every colony in 1773/ had been busy in the inter- change of sentiments and opinions, and throughout the entire community of Anglo-Americans there was evidently a general consonance of feeling. Yet they hesitated, and resolved to deliberate in solemn council before they should appeal to " the last argument of kings."^ 34. The patriots of Massachusetts stood not alone in their integrity, for in all the colonies the WmGS" were as bold and inflexible. But those of Massachusetts, "being the special objects of royal vengeance,'* suffered more and required more boldness to act amono^ bristling: bayonets and shot- ° o ^ SNAKE DEVICE. ted cannons. Yet they grew stronger every day under persecution, and bolder as the frowns of British power became darker. Even while troops to overawe them were parading the streets of Boston, sturdy representatives of the people assembled at Salem, ^ and sent forth an invitation to all the colonies to appoint delegates to meet in a general Con- gress at Philadelphia on the 5th of September following [1774]. It met with a hearty response from twelve of the thirteen colonies, and the Press seconded the measures with great emphasis. Some newspapers bore a significant device. It was a snake, cut into thirteen parts, each part bearing the initials of a colony upon it, as seen in the engraving. Under these were the signifi- cant words, Unite^ or die, 35. Before the close of August, the delegates were appointed, and the First Continental Congress^ assembled in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia [Sept. 5, 1774], on the appointed day. All but Georgia were represented. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was appointed President, and Charles Thomson, of Pennsylvania, Secretary.^ The regular business of the Congress commenced 1. At a consultation of leading members of th^ Virginia House of Assembly in March, 1773, held in the old Raleigh tavern at Williamsburg, at which Patrick Henry, Thomas Jetleison, Richard Henry Lee, and others were present, it was agreed to submit a resolution in the House the following day, appointing a com- mittee of vigilance and correspondence, and recommendirjg the same to the other colonies. The mcasuie ■was carried, and these committees formed one of the most powerful engines in carrying on the work of the Revolution. Similar committees had already been formed in several towns in Massachusetts. 2. These words, in Latin, were often placed upon cannons. 3. The terms Whig and Tory, had been long used in England as titles of political parties. The former denoted the opposers of royalty ; the latter indicated its supporters. These terms were introduced into America two or three years before the Revolution broke out, and became the distinctive titles ihc patriots and loyaJvit^. 4. Verse 31, page 18^. 5. At that meeting of the General Assembly of Massachusetts, the patriots matured a plan for a general Congress, provided for munitions of war to resist Biitish power in their own province, and formed a general non-importation league for the whole country. lu the midst of their proceedings. General Gage sent his secretary to dissolve them, but the doors of the Assembly chamber were locked, and the key was in Sam- uel Adams's pocket. Having finished their business, the Assembly adjourned, and thus ended the last ses- sion of that body, under a royal governor. 6. This name was given to distinguish it from the two colonial Congresses [pages 151 and 176] already held ; one at Albany in 1754, the other at New York in 1765. ^ 7. Thomson was Secretary of Congress perpetually from 177^, until the adoption of the Federal Constitu- tion, and the organization of the new government, in 1'89. He was born in Ireland in 1730, came to Amer- ica when eleven years of age, and died in 1824, at the age of ninety-four years. Questions. — .'^.S. What was done to enslave the people? What powerful revolutionary measnre was now in operation? What was the public feeling? .^4. What spirit was viable in all the colonies? What did the Massachusetts people do and suffer:' What did the Assembly of that province propose? 186 THE EE VOLUTION. The first continental congress. on the morning of the 7th, after an impressive prayer for Divine guidance, uttered by the Eev. Jacob Duche,^ of Philadelphia. They remained in session until the 26th of October, during which time they matured measures for future action, which met with the general approbation of the American people.^ They prepared and put forth several State ^ papers,^ marked by such signal ability and wis- dom, as to draw from the Earl of Chatham, these words in the House of Lords: ''I must declare and avow that in all my reading and studying of history — (and it has been my favorite study — I have read Thucydi- des, and have stud- ied and admired the master States of the world) — that for so- lidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, un- der such a complication of circumstances, no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the general Congress at Philadelphia. ""^ 36. In all its proceedings Congress manifested decorum, firmness,^ moderation and loyalty; and when the delegates resolved to adjourn to meet again at the same place on the 10th of May following [1775], unless the desired redress of grievances should be obtained, they did so with an earnest hope that a reconciliation might speedily take place, and render another national council unnecessary. But they were doomed to bitter disappoint- ment. Grreat Britain was blind and stubborn still. CAEPENTEE S HALL. CIIAELES THOMSON. 1. Duclie was a minister of the Chnrch of England, and became a Tory. 2. They prepared a plan for a general commercial non-intercourse with Great Britain andherWest Indian possessions, which was called The American Associatioti, and was recommended for adoption throughout the country. It consisted of fourteen articles. In addition to the non-intercourse provisions, it was recom- mended to abandon the slave-trade, to improve the breed of shtep, to abstain from all extravagances in liv- ing and indulgence in horse-racing, etc., and the appointment of a committee in every town to promote conformity to the requirements of the Af-socmtion. It was signed by the 62 members present. 3. A Bill of Rights ; An Address to the people of Great Britain, written by John Jay ; another to the several Anglo-American colonies, written by William Livingston ; another to the inhabitants of Quebec, and a petition to ]he king. In these, the grievances and the rights of the colonies were ably set forth. 4. He also said in a letter to Stephen Sayre, on the 24th of December, 1774, "I have not words to express my satisfaction that the Congress has conducted this most arduous and delicate business, with such manly wisdom and calm resolution, as do the highest honor to their deliberation." 5. On the 8th of October they unanimously Resolved, That this Congress approve the opposition of the inhabitants of the Massachusetts Bay, to the execution of the late acts of Pari ament [verse 31, page 180, and if the same shall be attempted to be carried into execution by force, in such case all America ought to support them in their opposition." This resolution, in letter and spirit, was the embodiment of the Revo- lutionary sentiment. Questions. — 35. Can you relate the circumstances of the assembling of the first Continental Congress? What was done during the session ? What opinions did Pitt express concerning its members? 36. What was the character and conduct of the first Continental Congress? What was hoped for? FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 187 Preparations for war. Minute-men. Effects of a rumor. SECTION II. FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l775.] ♦ 1. During the Summer of 1774, the people commenced arming themselves. They practiced daily in military exercises ; the manufacture of arms and gun- powder was encouraged; and throughout Massachusetts in particular, the people were enrolled in companies, and prepared to take arms at a moment's warning. From this circumstance they were called minute-men. At the same time, the Massachusetts leaders were laboring, with intense zeal, to place the province in a condition to rise in open and united rebelhon when necessity should demand. And all over the land, the provincial assemblies, pubHc speakers and the press, were boldly proclaiming the right of resist- ance. These demonstrations alarmed Gleneral Grage,^ and he commenced fortifying Boston Neck.^ He also seized and conveyed to the city large quantities of ammunition found in the neighboring villages, and employed stringent measures for preventing intercourse between the patriots in the city and in the country. The exasperated people were anxious to attack the soldiers in Boston, but they were restrained by prudent counselors.^ 2. On the 3d of September, a rumor went abroad that British ships were cannonading Boston. Within two days, full thirty thousand minute-men were under arms, and hastening toward that city. They were met by a con- tradiction of the rumor ; but the event conveyed such a portentous lesson to Grage, that he pushed forward his military preparations with as much vigor as the opposition of the people would allow.'^ He thought it expedient to be more conciliatory ; and he summoned the colonial Assembly to meet at Salem on the 5th of October. Then dreading their presence, he revoked the order. Ninety delegates met, however, and organized by the appointment of John Hancock^ president. They then went to Cambridge, where they formed a Provincial Congress, and labored earnestly in preparations for that armed resistance which now appeared inevitable. They made provisions for an army of twelve thousand men ; soh cited other New England colonies to augment it to twenty thousand ; and appointed Jedediah Preble and Artemas Ward,® •I J; y^^^^^^' P*^® Thomas Gage was a native of England ; was Governor of Montreal [verse 4", page 167] m 1(60, and commander-in-chief in 1/63. He was Governor of Massachusetts in 1(74 •. left Ameiica iu 1775 ; and died in 1787. 2. The peninsula of Boston was originally connected with the main land by a narrow isthmus called the Neck. It has been greatly widened by filling in the marginal morasses ; and over it now passes the fine avenue which connects the city with Roxbury, on the main. H. Many hundreds of armed men assembled at Cambridge. At Oharlestown, the people took possession ol the arsenal, after Gage had carried off the powder. At Portsmouth, N. IL, they captured the fort, and earned oft the ammunition. At Newport, R. I., the people seized the powder, and took possession of forty pieces of cannon at the entrance of the harbor. In New York, Philadelphia, Annapolis, Williamsburg, ^Jr?'",^^^®"' Savannah, the people took active defensive measures, and the whole countrv was in a blaze of indignation. 4. Carpenters refused to work on the fortifications ; and much of the material was destroved bv fire at night m spite of the vigilance of the guards. Gage sent to New York for timber and workmen. The people there would not permit either to leave their port. 5. Verse :0, page 179. 6. Verse 8, page 1?0. Questions.— 1 . What did the people do in 17'4? Who were minvte-mm ? What alavm^-d General Gage? What did he do? 2. What rumor went abroad? What were the effects? What did the Massachusetts As- sembly do? 188 THE REVOLUTION. Proceedings in Parliament. The British army in Boston. March toward Lexington. men of experience in the French and Indian war/ generals of all the troops that might be raised. 3. Such was the condition of affairs in America, when Parliament assembled in 1775. Dr. Franklin and others," then in England, had given a wide circu- lation to the Addresses put forth by the Continental Congress ;^ and the En- glish mind was already influenced in favor of the Americans. Pitt came on crutches'* from his retirement, to speak for them in the House of Lords, and he proposed conciliatory measures [Jan. 7, 1775], which were rejected. In their stead, Parliament struck another severe blow at the industry of New England [March] by prohibiting fishing on the banks of Newfoundland.^ The Ministers also endeavored to promote dissensions in America, by crippling the trade of the southern and middle colonies, but exempting New York, Delaware, and North Carolina. The scheme signally failed. Common dan- gers and common interests, drew the ligaments of fraternity closer than ever, and in the Spring of 1775, all hope of reconciliation had vanished. The people of the colonies, though weak in military resources, were strong in purpose ; and, relying upon the justice of their cause, and the assistance of the Lord God Omnipotent, they resolved to defy the fleets and armies of Great Britain. 4. There were three thousand British troops in Boston, on the 1st of April, 1775, and Gage felt certain that he could suppress insurrections. Yet he felt uneasy concerning the gathering of ammunition and stores" by the patriots at Concord, sixteen rniles from Boston. Toward midnight, on the 18th, he secretly dispatched eight hundred men, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, to destroy them. All his precautions were vain. The vigi- lant Dr. Warren,' who was secretly watching all the movements of Gage, became aware of the expedition early in the evening; and when it moved, Paul Revere® had landed at Charlestown, and was on his way to Concord to arouse the inhabitants and the minute-men.® Soon afterward, church- bells, muskets, and cannons, spread the alarm over the country; and when at dawn [April 19, 1775], Pitcairn, with the advanced guard, reached Lex- ington, a few miles from Concord, he found eighty determined minute- men drawn up to oppose him. Pitcairn rode forward, and shouted, Dis- 1. Sec. XII., pajre 147. 2. Dr. Franklin had been the agent in England, for several of the colonies, for about ten years. 3. Notes, page 186. 4. Pitt was greatly afflicted wilh the gont. Sometimes he was confined to his honse for weeks by it; and he was sometimes seen on the floor of Parliament leaning upon crutches, and his legs swathed in flannels. 5. At that time there were employed by the Americans, in the British Newfoundland fisheries, about 400 ships, 2,000 fi'hing shallops, and TO.OOO men. On account of this blow to Ihe fishing trade, a great many inhabitants of Nantucket and vicinity, chiefly Quakers, went to North Carolina, and in Orange and Guilford counties, becnrae planters. Their descendants are yet numerous there. e. Early in the vear secret orders had been sent by the Ministry, to the royal governors, to remove all ammunition and scores out of the reach of the neople, if they made any hostile demonstrations. 7. Afterward killed in the battle on Breed's Hill. Verse 11, page in. 8. Revere wa'^ one of the most active of the Sons of Liberty [verse 11, page 175] in Boston. Like Isaac Sears, of New York, his eminent services in the cause of freedom have been overlooked. Their fame is eclipsed by men of greater minds, but no sturdier patriotism. 9. Verse 1, page 187. Questions.— .S. What occurred in England? What did Pilt attempt? What did P«i liament do? How were the Americans afTected? 4. What was the condition of the British in Boston ? What did Gage attempt to lie? and why ? How were the people aroused? What occurred at Lexington? FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 189 Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord. Effects of these events. perse ! disperse, you rebels ! Down with your arms, and disperse I" They refused obedience, and he ordered his men to fire. That dreadful order was obeyed, and the first blood of the Revolution flowed upon the tender grass on the G-reen at Lexington. Eight citizens were killed and several were wounded. The last survivor of that noble band^ died in March, 1854, at the age of almost ninety-six years. 5. The British now pressed forward to Concord, and destroyed the stores. They were terribly annoyed by the minute-men^ on their way, who fired upon them from behind walls, trees, and buildings. Having accomplished their purpose, and killed several more patriots in a skirmish there, the royal troops hastily retreated to Lexington. The country was now thoroughly aroused, and minute-men were gathering by scores. Nothing but the timely arrival of Lord Percy with reinforcements, saved the eight hundred from total de- struction. The whole body now retreated. All the way back to Bunker's Hill,^ in Charlestown, the troops were terribly assailed by the patriots ; and they lost, in killed and wounded, two hundred and seventy- three. The loss of the Americans was one hundred and three.* 6. InteUigence of this tragedy spread over the country like a blaze of light- ning from a midnight cloud, and like the attendant thunder-peal, it aroused all hearts. From the hills and valleys of New England, the patriots went forth by hundreds, armed and unarmed; and before the close of the month [April, 1775] an army of twenty thousand men were forming camps and piling for- tifications around Boston, from Roxbury to the river Mystic, determined to confine the fierce tiger of war, which had tasted their blood, upon that little peninsula. The provincial Congress,^ sitting at Watertown, with Dr. Warren at its head, worked day and night in consonance with the gathering army. They appointed military officers, organized a commissariat for supplies, issued bills of credit for the payment of troops, for which the province was pledged,® and declared [May 5] General G-age to be an inveterate enemy" of the people. 7. And as the inteUigence went from colony to colony, the people were equally aroused. Arms and ammunition were seized by the Sons of Liberty^ provincial Congresses were formed, and before the close of summer, the power of every royal governor, from Massachusetts to Georgia, was utterly destroyed. Everywhere the people armed in defense of their hberties, and took vigorous measures for future security. Some aggressive enterprises were undertaken by volunteers. The most important of these was the seizure of the strong fortresses of Ticonderoga' and C;-own Point,® by Connecticut and 1. Jonathan Harrington, who played the fife for tbs mim te-men, on the morning of the battle. The ■writer visited him in 1848, when he was ninety years of age. He then had a perfect recollection of the events of that morning. 2. Verse 1, page 187. 3. Verse 9, page 190. 4. Appropriate monuments have been erected to the memory of the slain, at Lexington and Concord, and Acton, Davis, the commander of the miliiia at Concord, wasfi om Acton, and so were most of hi.s men. 5. Verse 2, page 1H7. 6. The amount issued was three hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. 7. Verse .32, page 161. 8. Averse 38, page 164. QUKSTIONS.— 5. What occurred at Concord? What befell the British troops? 6. What was the effect of the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord? What did New England people do? 7- What effects were seen throughout the colonies? What expeditions were undertaken? What were the results? 190 THE REVOLUTION. Capture of Ticonderoga. Breed's Hill fortified. Yermont militia, under the command of Colonels Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. Ticonderoga and its garrison were taken possession of at dawn, on the 10th of May, 1775; and two days afterward. Colonel Seth Warner, of the expedition, with a few men, captured Crown Point. The spoils of vic- tory, consisting of almost one hundred and fifty pieces of cannon, and a large quantity of ammunition and stores, were of vast consequence to the Amer- icans. A few months later [Mar. 1776], some of these cannons were hurling death-shots into the midst of the British troops in Boston.^ 8. On the 19th of May [1775], the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts clothed the Committee of Safety, sitting at Cambridge, with full powers to regulate the operations of the army. Artomas Ward was appointed com- mander-in-chief, Eichard Grridley,^ chief engineer, and Putnam, Stark, and other veterans, who had served bravely in the French and Indian war,^ were appointed to important commands. The military genius then developed, was now brought into requisition. Day by day the position of the British army became more perilous, when on the 25th of May, large reinforcements, under Q-enerals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, arrived. The whole British force in Boston now amounted to about twelve thousand men, besides several well- manned vessels of war, under Admiral Graves ; and Gage resolved to attack the Americans and penetrate the country. 9. On the 10 th of June, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans in arms to be rebels and traitors, and offering a free pardon to all who should return to their allegiance, except those ai'ch-ofifenders, John Hancock,^ and Samuel Adams.'' These he intended to seize and send to England to be hanged. The vigilant patriots, aware of Gage's hostile intentions, strength- ened their intrenchments on Boston Neck,'' and on the evening of the 16th of June, General Ward sent Colonel Prescotf^ with a detachment - of one thousand men, to take possession of, and fortify Bunker's Hill, which com- manded an important part of Boston and the surrounding water. By mis- take they ascended Breed's Hill, within cannon-shot of the city, and laboring with pick and spade all that night, they had cast up a strong redoubt^ of earth, on the summit of that eminence, before the British were aware of their presence. Gage and his officers were greatly astonished at the apparition of this military work, at the dawn of the 17th. 10. The British generals perceived the necessity for driving the Americans from this commanding position, before they should plant a heavy battery there, for in that event, Boston must be evacuated. Before sunrise [June 17, 1775], 1. Verse 4, pa^e 199. 2. Note 1,-page 110. 3. Chapter IV., Sec. XII., page 147. 4. Verse 2, page 1-^7. 5. Note 4, page 180. 6. Note 2, page 109. 7. William Prescott was born at Groton, Massachusetts, in 1726. He was at Louisburg [verse 4)^, p. 102] in 174.5. After the battle of Bunker's Hill, he served under Gates, until the surrender of Burgoyne, when he left the army. He died in 179'. 8. A redoubt is a small fortification, generally composed of earlh, and having verv few features of a reg- ular fort, except its arrangement for the use of cannons and muskets. They are often temporary structures, cast up in the progress of a siege, or a protracted battle. The diagram A, on the map, page 191 shows the form of the redoubt ; «, is the entrance. Questions.— 8. What hostile preparations were made in Massachusetts? What was the conditioTi of the British army in Boston? 9. What did General Gage now do? What defensive measures did the Americans take? FIKST YEAR OF THE WAll FOR INDEPENDENCE. 191 Battle of Bunker's Hill. a heavy cannonade was opened upon the redoubt, from a battery on Copp's Hill, in Boston/ and from shipping in the harbor, but with very little effect. Hour after hour the patriots worked on in the erection of their fort, and at noon-day, their toil was fin- ished, and they laid aside their implements of labor for knapsacks and muskets. Gen- eral Howe, with Gen- eral Pigot, and three thousand men, cross- e d the Charles river at the ^ same time, to Morton's Point, at the foot of the eastern slopes of Breed's HHl, BUNKES S niLL UATTLE. MONUMENT. formed his troops into two columns, and marched slowly to attack the redoubt. Although the British commenced firing cannons soon after they had begun to ascend the hill, and the great guns of the ships, and the battery on Copp's Plill, poured out an incessant storm upon the redoubt, the Americans kept perfect silence until they had approached within close musket-shot. Hardly an American could be seen by the slowly-approaching enemy, yet behind those rude mounds of earth lay fifteen hundred de- termined men.^ 11. When the British column was within ten rods of the redoubt, Prescott shouted Fire ! and instantly whole platoons of the assailants were prostrated by well-aimed bullets.^ The survivors fell back in great confusion, but were soon rallied for a second attack. They were again repulsed, with heavy loss, and while scattering in all directions. General Clinton arrived with a few fol- lowers, and joined Howe as a volunteer. The fugitives were rallied, and they rushed up to the redoubt in the face of a galling fire. For ten minutes the battle raged fearfully, and, in the mean while, Charlestown, at the foot of the 1. That portion of Copp's Hill, where the Brilish battery was constructed, is a hnrial-^ronnd, in which lie many of the earlier residents of that city. Among them, the Slather family, distinguished in the early history of the commonwealth. • 2. During the forenoon. General Putnam had been busy in forwarding reinforcements for Prescott, and when the battle began, about five hundred had been added to the detachment. 3. Prescott ordered his men to aim at the waistbands of the British, and to pick off their oflRcers, whose fine clothes would distinguish them. Questions.— 10. How did the redoubt on Breed's Hill affect the British? What did they do? What movements were made by the British troops? 11. Can you relate the chief incidents of the battle of Bun- ker's Hill? How were the two armies affected? 192 THE REVOLUTION. Result of the Battle of Bunker's Hill. Death of General Warren. eminence, having been fired by a carcass^ from Copp's Hill,^ sent up dense columns of smoke, which completely enveloped the belligerents. The firing in the redoubt grew weaker, for the ammunition of the Americans became exhausted. It ceased, and then the British scaled the bank and compelled the Americans to retreat, while they fought fiercely with clubbed muskets.^ They fled across Charlestown Neck/ gallantly covered by Putnam and a few brave men, and un lcr that commander, took position on Prospect Hill, and fortified it. The British took possession of Bunker's Ilill,-'^ and erected a forti- fication there. There was absolutely no victory in the case. The Americans had lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about four hundred and fifty men. The loss of the British, from like causes, was almost eleven hundred." This was the first real battle' of the Revolution, and lasted almost two hours. 12. That beautiful day in June, bright and cloudless, was a terrible one for Boston and its vicinity. All the morning, and during the fierce conflict, roofs, steeples, and every high place, in and around the city, were filled with anxious spectators. Almost every family had a representative among the combatants ; and, in an agony of suspense, mothers, wives, sisters and daughters, gazed upon the scene. Many a loved one perished ; and there the country lost one of its most promising children, and freedom a de- voted champion. Dr. Warren, who had just been appointed Major-Genera1, had crossed Charlestown Neck in the midst of flying balls from the British shipping, and reached the redoubt on Breed's Hill, at the moment when the enemy scaled its banks. He was killed by a musket-ball, while retreating. Buried where he fell, near the redoubt, the tall Bun- ker Hill monument of to-day, standing on that spot, commemorates his death as well as the patriotism of his countrymen.® 13. While these events were occurring in Ne'W England, the Revolution was making rapid progress elsewhere. Late in 1. A rarca.<;.risoners. 7. A hattle is a conflict carried on bv larcre bodies of troops, according to the rules of military tactics: a elcirmish is a sudden and irregular fight between a few troops. 8. Joseph Warren was born in Roxbnry. in 1740. He was at the head of his profession as a physician when the events of the approaching Revolution brought him into public life. He v^as thirty -five years of age when he died. His remains rest in St. Paul's church, in Boston. A statue in his honor was inaugurated on the 17th of June, 1857. Questions. — 12. Who were spectators of the battle? What calamity befell the / mericans? FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 193 Patrick Henry's boldness. Events in the South. Second Continental Congress. March, Patrick Henry^ had again aroused his countrymen by his eloquence, in the Virginia Assembly at Richmond, when he concluded a masterly speech with that noted sentiment which became the war-cry of the patriots — "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" When, twenty-six days later [April 20], Gov- ernor Dunmore, by ministerial command,'^ seized and conveyed on board a British vessel of war, a quantity of gunpowder belonging to the colony, that same inflexible patriot went at the head of armed citizens, and demanded and received from the royal representative, full restitution. And before the battle of Bunker's Hill,^ the exasperated people had driven Dunmore"* from his palace at Williamsburg [June], and he was a refugee, shorn of political power, on board a British man-of-war in the York river. 14. In the meantime, a stiU bolder step had been taken in the interior of North Carolina. A convention of delegates, chosen by the people, assembled at Charlotte, in Mecklenberg county [May, 1775], and by a series of resolu- tions, virtually declared their constituents absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, ^ organized local government, and made provisions for military defense. In South Carolina and Georgia, also, arms and ammunition had been seized by the people, and all royal authority was repudiated. * 15. In the midst of these excitements, the Second Continental Congress convened [May 10] at Philadelphia. Notwithstanding New England was in a blaze of war, royal authority had virtually ceased in all the colonies, and the conflict for independence had actually begun, ^ that august body held out to Great Britain a loyal, open hand of reconciliation."^ At the same time, they said, firmly, ^' We have counted the cost of this contest, and find nothing so dreadful as voluntary slavery." They did not foolishly lose present advan- tages in waiting for a reply, but pressed forward in the work of public secur- ity. Having resolved on armed resistance, they voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men ; and two days before the battle of Bunker's Hill^ [June 15, 1775], they elected George Washington commander-in-chief of all the forces raised, or to be raised, for the defense of the colonies.^ They adopted 1. Born in Hanover county, Virginia, in 1736. He appeared suddenly in public life when almost thirty years of age. He was an active public man during the whole of the Revolution, was Governor of Virginia, and died in 1799. See correct portrait in the picture at the head of this chapter. 2. Note 6, page 188. 3. Page 191. 4. Dunmore was strongly suspected of a desire to have the hostile Indians west of Ihe Alleghanies anni- hilate the Virginia troops sent against them in the summer of 1774. Thev suffered terrible loss in a battle at Point Pleasant, on the Ohio, in October of that year, in consequence of the failure of promised aid from Dunmore. They subdued the Indians, however. 6. This declaration of independence was made about thirteen months previous to the general Declaration made by the Continental Congress, and is one of the glories of the people of North Carolina. 6. Verse 5, page 189. 7. In July, Congress sent a most loyal petition to the king, and conciliatory addresses to the people cf Great Britain. 8. Verse 11, page 191. 9. Washmgton was a delegate in Congress from Virginia, and his appointment was wholly unexpected to • '"^'u- u " ^^^^ came to choose a commander-in-chief, John Adams arose, and after a brief speech, m which he delineated the qualities of the man whom he thought best fitted for the important service, he nominated Washington. That patriot was gazing intently in the face of Mr. Adams, at the moment, and when his name fell from the lips of the speaker, he rushed into an adjoining room, utterlv abashed. Con- gress immediately adjourned, and the next day Washington was elected commander-in-chief At the same time Congress resolved that they would "maintain and assist him, and adhere to him, Avith their lives and fortunes, m the cause of American liberty." When President Hancock announced to Washington his ap- pomtment, he modestly and with great dignity, signified his acceptance in the following terms: "Mr. Questions. — 13. What revolutionary movements occurred in Virginia? 14. What revolutionary movement occurred in North Carolina, South Carolina, and (Jeorgia? 15. What occurred at Philadelphia? Vrhat was the condition of the country? What did the Continental Congress do ? 9 194 THE KEVOLUTION. Washington commander-in-chief. Invasion of (Canada. the troops at Boston^ as a Continental Army, and appointed general officers^ to assist Washington in its organization and future operations. 16. Washington took command of the army at Cambridge, on the 3d of J uly, and with the aid of General Grates, order was soon brought out of great confusion, and the Americans were prepared to commence a regular siege of the British army in Boston.^ To the capture or expulsion of those troops, the efforts of Washington were mainly directed during the summer and autunm of 1775. His army, fourteen thousand strong, extended from Boxbury on the right to Prospect Hill, two miles north-west of Breed's Hill, on the left. The right, was commanded by General Ward, the left by General Lee. The center, at Cambridge, was under the immediate control of the commander-in-chief 17. The Canadians had been cordially invited to join their Anglo-Amer- ican'* neighbors,^ in efforts to obtain redress of grievances, but having very httle sympathy in language, religion, or social condition with them, they re- fused, and were necessarily considered positive supporters of the royal cause. The capture of the two fortresses on Lake Champlain'' [May, 1775], having opened the way to the St. Lawrence, a well-devised plan to take pos- session ©f that province and prevent its becoming a place of rendezvous and supply of invading armies from Great Britain, was matured by Congress and the commander-in-chief' To accomplish this, a body of New York and New England troops were placed under the command of Generals Schuyler^ and Montgomery,^ and ordered to proceed by way of Lake Champlain to Montreal and Quebec. ■ 18. The invading army appeared before St. John on the Sorel, the first mihtary post within the Canadian line, at the close of August, 1775. De- ceived in regard to the strength of the garrison and the disposition of the Canadians and the neighboring Indians, Schuyler fell back to Isle Aux Noix,^" and after making preparations to fortify it, hastened to Ticonderoga to urge President, though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me, in this appointment, yet I feel great dis- tress, from a consciousness that my abilities and military experience may not be equal to the extensive and important trust. However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their service, and for the support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their approbation. But lest some unlucky event should happen, imfavorable to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in this room, that I, this day, declare with the iTtmost sincerity, I 60 not thhik myself equal to the command I am honored with. As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress that, as no pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept the arduous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses ; those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I desire." 1. Verse 6, page 189. 2. Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam, major-generals ; Horatio Gates, adjutant-general ; and Seth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery, David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spen- cer, John Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathaniel Greene (all New England men), brigadier -generals. 3. Verse 4, page 188. 4. Note 5, page 159. 5. The Congress of 1774, made an appeal To the inhabitanti of Q^rebec, in which was clearly set forth the ^grievances of the colonists, and an invitation to fraternize with those already in union. 6. Verse 7, page 189. 7. A committee of Congress went to Cambridge in August, and there the plan of the campaign against Canada was arranged. 8. Philip Schuyler was born in Albany, New York, in 1733. He was a captain under Sir William John- eon [verse 17, page 154], in 1755, and was in active public service, in civil affairs, until the Revolution. Ho was a legislator after the war, and died in 1804. See portrait on page 196. 9. Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland, in 1737. He was with Wolfe at Quebec [verse 40, page 165], and afterward married and settled in the State of New York. He gave promise of great military ability, when death ended his career. See portrait on page 196. 10. Note 3, page 164. Questions. — ^16. What did Washington first do? Wliat was his chief desire? What hostile prepara.^ tions were made ? 17. What of the Canadians ? What plans against Canada were fcwrmed ? and how commenced ? FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 195 Capture of St. John and Cbambly. Defeat at Montreal. Arnold's expedition. forward more troops. Sickness compelled him to return to Albany, and the whole command devolved upon Montgomery. To- ward the close of September that energetic officer laid siege to St. John. The garrison maintained an obstinate resistance for more than a month, and Montgomery twice re- solved to abandon it. 19. During the siege, small detachments of brave men went out upon daring enter- prises. One of eighty men, under Colonel Ethan Allen, ^ pushed across the St. Law- rence, and attacked Montreal [Sept. 25, 1775], then garrisoned by quite a strong force under Greneral Prescott.^ Allen and his party were defeated, and he was made prisoner and sent to England in irons. Another expedition under Colonel Bedell, of New Hampshire, captured the strong fort at Chambly on the 30th of October; and at about the same time. Sir G-uy Carleton, Gov- ernor of Canada, with a reinforcement for the garrison of St. John, was re- pulsed [Nov. 1] by a party under Colonel Warner, at Longueuil, nearly opposite Montreal. These events alarmed Preston, the commander at St. John, and he surrendered that post to Montgomery, on the 3d of November. 20. The Americans now pressed forward to Montreal. Carleton had escaped from thence to Quebec, and the city and garrison were surrendered [Nov. 13], after a feeble resistance. Leaving a garrison there, at St. John and Chambly, Montgomery, with a little more than three hundred ill-clad troops, hurried toward Quebec, for winter frosts were binding the waters, and blinding snow was mantling the whole country. 21. While this expedition, so feeble in numbers and supphes, was on its way to achieve a great purpose, another, consisting of a thousand men under Colonel Benedict Arnold,^ had left Cambridge [Sept. 1775], and was making its way through the wilderness by the Kennebec and Chaudiere'^ rivers, to join Montgomery before the walls of Quebec. After enduring incredible toils and hardships in traversing dark forests and tangled morasses filled with snow and ice, and exposed to intense cold and biting hunger, they arrived at Point Levi,^ opposite Quebec, on the 9th of November. Four days afterward [Nov. 13], the intrepid Arnold, with only seven hundred and fifty half naked men, not more than four hundred muskets, and no artillery, crossed the St. Law- rence to Wolfe's Cove,^ ascended to the plains of Abraham,"^ and boldly de- 1. Ethan Allen was born in Ijitchfield county, Conn. He went to Vermont at an earlr ag-e, and in 1770 was one of the bold leaders there in the opposition of the settlers to the territorial claims of New York. He was never engaj^ed in active military service after his capture. He died in Vermont in February, 1789, and his remains lie in a cemetery two miles from Burlington, near the Winooski. 2. Verse 9, page 215. 3. Verse 7, page 189. 4. Pronounced Sho-de-are. 5. Verse 41, page V5. 6. Verse 4?, page 165. 7- Verse 40, page 165. QuESTiONf!. — IS. Can you relate the first movements of the royal army? 19. What small enterprises were undertaken ? What were the results ? 20. What occurred between Montreal and Quebec ? 21. What other bold expeditions were undertaken? Can you relate some of its incidents? What junction of forces took place ? 196 THE REVOLUTION. The Americans at Quebec. Siege. Death of Montgomery. WALLS OF QTJEIJEC. manded a surrender of the city and garrison. Soon the icy winds, and intel- hgence of an intended sortie^ from the garrison, drove Arnold from his bleak encampment, and he ascended the St. Lawrence, twenty miles above Quebec, and there awaited the arrival of Montgomery. They met on the 1st of De- cember [1775], and woolen clothes which Montgomery had captured at Mon- treal, were placed on the shivering limbs of Arnold's troops. The united forces, about nine hundred strong, then marched to Quebec. 22. The Americans reached Quebec on the evening of the 5th, and the next morning Montgomery sent a letter to Carle ton, by a flag,^ demanding an im- mediate surrender. The flag was fired upon, and the invaders were defied. With a few light cannons and some mortars, and exposed to almost daily snow-storms in the open fields, the Amer- icans besieged the city for three weeks. An assault was ^ irppj, \ finally agreed upon ; and before dawn, on the morning of i T7^^^''""' friendly to Great Britain, were anxious to humble her pride. Deane was successful in his embassy ; ^ ^ v and during the Summer of 1776, he obtained fifteen thousand muskets from the French arsenals, and abundant promises of men 1. Verse 4, page ■; 99. 2. Verse 8, pag3 '^01. 8. Verse 10, page 202. 4. Verse 13, page 204. 5. The Te Deum Landamut (We praise the.". O Go I) was always chanted in churches in England, and on the continent, after a great viclory, great deliverance, oic. 6 Verse 25, page 209. 7- Silas Deane was a native of Connecticut. His public life ended before the close of the Revolution, and he died in England in 1789. Questions.— 1. How did the British Parliament act? What folly did the king and Parliament exhibit? 2. How did the Continental Congress act? What agent was appointed, and what did he accomplish? What bond of union was made ? • 212 THE REVOLUTION". Diplomacy, Articles of Confederation. The American army at Trenton. and money. And when the Declaration of Independence [July 4] was made, Congress appointed a regular embassy^ [Sept. 22] to the court of France, and finally sent agents to other foreign courts.^ They also planned, and finally executed measures for strengthening the bond of union between the several colonies, already made powerfully cohesive by common dangers and common hopes. Articles of Confederation^ which formed the organic laws of the nation until the adoption of the Federal Constitution, were, after more than two years' consideration, approved by Con- gress,^ and produced vastly beneficial results dur- DB. FBANKLIN. 3. Congress, we have observed,* delegated all miUtary power to Washington, and he used it with energy and discretion. We left him at Trenton, prepared to act offensively or defensively, as circumstances should require. He was joined by some troops under Generals Mifflin and Cad- wallader, on the night of the 1st of January. Yet with these, liis effective force did not exceed five thousand men. Toward the evening of the 2d of January, 1777, Cornwallis, with a strong force, approached from Princeton, and after some skirmishing, the two armies encamped on opposite sides of a small stream which runs through the town, within pistol-shot of each other. Washington commenced intrenching his camp, and Cornwallis, expecting reinforcements in the morning, felt sure of his prey, and deferred an attack for the night. 4. The Americans were in a most perilous situation. A conflict with such an overwhelming force as was gathering, appeared hopeless, and the Dela- ware, becoming more obstructed by ice every hour, rendered a retreat across 1. The embassy consisted of Dr. Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. Franklin and Lee joined Deane at Paris, in the middle of December, 1776. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 17' 6. He was a printer, established himself in Pennsylvania, and, for many years before the Revolution, was an active public man, and noted philosopher. He was in Europe during most of the Revolution. On his return he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania. He died in 1790. Arthur Lee was born in Virginia in 1740, and was a brother of Richard Henry Lee [verse 9, page 201J. He was a fine writer, and warm patriot. He died in 1782. 2. Holland, Spain, and Prussia. 3. In July, 1775, Dr. Franklin submitted a plan of union to Congress. On the 11th of Juue 1776. a com- mittee was appointed to draw up a plan. Their report was laid aside, and not called up until April, 1777. From October until the 15th of November following, the subject was debated two or three times a week, when thirteen Articles of Confederation were adopted. The substance was that the thirteen confederated States should be known as the United States of America ; that all engage in a reciprocal treaty of alliance and friendship, for mutual advantage, each to assist the other when help should be needed ; that each State should have the right to regulate its own internal affairs ; that no State should separately send or receive embassies, begin any negotiations, contract engagements or alliances, or conclude treaties with any foreign power, without the consent of the general Congress ; that no public officer should be allowed to accept any presents, emoluments, office, or title from any foreign power ; and that neither Congress nor State govern- ments should possess the power to confer any title of nobility ; that none of the States should have the right to form alliances among themselves, without the consent of Congress : that they should not have the power to levy duties contrary to the enactments of Congress ; that no State should keep up a standing army or ships of Avar, in time of peace, beyond the amount stipulated by Congress ; that when any of the States should raise troops for the common defense, all the officers of the rank of colonel and under, should be appointed by the legislature of the Stnte, and the superior officers by Congress ; that all the expenses of the war should be paid out of the public Treasury ; that Congress alone should have power to com money, and that Canada might at any time be admitted to the confederacy when she felt disposed. The last clauses were explanatory of the power of certain governmental operations, and contained details of the same. Such was the form of government which existed as the basis of our Republic, for almost twelve years. 4. Verse 26, page 210. Question.— 3. What did Washington and hi8 troops do at Trenton? THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 213 Corawallis outgeneraled. Battle of Princeton. Flight of the Americans. it, in the event of a surprise, almost impossible. An escape under cover of the night was the only chance of safety, but the ground was too soft to allow the patriots to drag their heavy cannons with them ; and could they with- draw unobserved by the British sentinels, whose hourly cry could be heard from the camp ? Toward midnight the wind changed, and the ground was soon hard frozen. Leaving a few to keep watch and feed the camp-fires to allay suspicion, Washington silently withdrew, with all his army, artillery, and baggage; and at dawn [Jan. 3, 1777J, he was in sight of Princeton, prepared to fall upon Cornwallis's reserve there.^ The British general had scarcely recovered from his surprise and mortification, on seeing the deserted camp of the Americans, when the distant booming of cannons, borne upon the keen winter air, fell ominously upon his ears. Washington and the British reserve were combating. 5. Washington did not reach Princeton as early as he expected, and instead of surprising the British, and then pushing forward to capture or destroy the enemy's stores at New Brunswick, he found a por- tion of the troops already on their march to join Cornwallis at Trenton. A severe encounter oc- curred, when the American militia giving away, the British, with a victorious shout, rushed forward, ex- pecting to produce a general rout. At that moment Washington advanced with a select corps, brought order out of confusion, and leading on his troops with waving sword and cheering voice, turned the tide of battle and achieved a victory. The brave General Mercer,^ while fighting at the head of his men, was killed, and many other beloved officers were lost on that snowy battle-field.^ Nor was the conflict of that morning yet ended. When Cornwallis perceived the desertion of the American camp, and heard the firing at Princeton, he hastened, with a greater portion of his troops, to the aid of his reserve, and to secure his stores at New Brunswick. The Americans, who had not slept nor scarcely tasted food for thirty-six hours, were compelled, just as the heat of the first battle was over, to contest with fresh troops, or fly with the speed of strong men. Washing- ton chose the latter alternative, and when Cornwallis entered Princeton, not a "rebel" was to be found. 1. A brigade under Lieutenant-Colonel Mawhood, consisting of three regiments and three troops of dragoons, were quartered there. 2. Mercer's horse had been shot under him, and he was on foot at the head of his men, when a British soldier felled him with a clubbed musket [note 3, p. 192]. Hugh Mercer was a native of Scoiland. He was a surgeon on the field of Cuiloden, and was practicing medicine in Fredericsburg, Virginia, when ihe Revolution broke out. He was with Washington in the French and Indian war. He was made commander of the flying camp in 1776, and at the time of his death was about fifty-six years of age. .3. The chief of these were Colonels Hamlet and Potter, Major Morris, and Captains Shippen, Fleming, and Neal. QnE.STiONS. — 4. What was the situation of the Americans? How did they escape? What surprised Com- wajlis? 5. What occurred at Princeton? What did Cornwallis do? What was the coudiiion of the Amer- ican troops ? 214 THE REVOLUTION. The British driven out of New Jersey. The summer campaign. Tryon's depredations. 6. Too weak to attempt the capture of the British stores at New Bruns- wick, Washington retreated rapidly toward the hill country of East Jersey.^ Allowing time only to refresh his troops at Pluckemin, he pressed forward to Morristown, and there established his winter quarters. But he did not sit down in idleness. After establishing small cantonments^ at different points from Princeton to the Hudson Highlands, he sent out detachments to harass the thoroughly perplexed British. These expeditions were conducted with so much skill and spirit, that on the 1st of March [1777], not a British nor a Hessian soldier could be found in New Jersey, except at New Brunswick and Amboy.^ Those dreaded battalions which, sixty days before, were allr- powerful in New Jersey, and had frightened the Continental Congress from Philadelphia, were now hemmed in upon the Raritan, and able to act only on the defensive. Considering the attending circumstances, this was a great triumph for the Americans. It revived the martial, spiiit of the people and the hopes of all good patriots ; and hundreds in New Jersey, who had been deceived by Howe's proclamation, and had suffered Hessian brutality, openly espoused the Whig cause. Congress had returned to Philadelphia,^ and com- menced its labors there with renewed vigor. 7. The main body of the two armies did not commence the summer cam- paign until almost the first of June. In the mean while, smaller detachments were in motion at various points. A strong armament was sent up the Hud- son, in March, to destroy American stores at Peekskill. The Americans there, under the command of General McDougal,^ perceiving a defense of the property to be futile, set fire to the stores and retreated to the hills in the rear. The British returned to New York the same evening [March 23, 1777]. Almost a month afterward [April 13], CornwalHs went up the Raritan from New Brunswick, to surprise the Americans under General Lin- coln, at Boundbrook. The latter escaped, with difficulty, after losing about sixty men and a part of his baggage. 8. Toward the close of April [April 25], Governor Try on,® at the head of two thousand British and Tories, went up Long Island Sound, landed at Compo [April 26], between Norwalk and Fairfield, marched to Danbury, destroyed a large quantity of stores belonging to the Americans, burned the town, and cruelly treated the inhabitants. Perceiving the militia to be gathering in great numbers, he retreated rapidly the next morning, by way 1. Verse 4, page 128. 2. Permanent stations for small bodies of troops. 3. The Americans went out in small companies, made sudden attacks upon pickets, outposts, and foraging parties, and in this way frightened the detachments of the enemy, and drove them in to the main body on the Raritan. At Springfield, a few miles from Elizabethtown, they attacked a party of Hessians, who were penetrating the country from Elizabethport [Jan. 7, 1777], killed between forty and fifty of them, and drove the remainder in great confusion back to Staten Island. A larger foraging party was defeated near Som- erset court house [Jan. 20] by about five hundred New Jersey militia under General Dickinson ; and New- ark, Elizabethtown, and Woodbridge, were taken possession of by the patriots. 4. Verse 24, p. 209. 5. Born in Scotland, and came to America in early childhood. He was a zealous Whig and active officer. He rose to the rank of major-general, was a New York State senator, and died in 17F6. 6. Verse 27, page 182. Tryon now held the commission of brigadier in the British army. He was par- ticularly distinguished for his cruelty in several marauding expeditions. We shall meet him again. Questions. — 6. What did the Americans do when they left Princeton? What did the Americans do during the winter? What were the etfects of the American victories? 7- What movements were made in the spring of 1777 ? What can you tell of an expedition up the Hudson ? What of another in New Jersey ? THIRD FEAR OF THE WAR FOR [NDEPENDENCE. 215 Exploits of the Americans. Perplexing movements of the British. of Ridgefield. Near that village, he had some severe skirmishing with the militia under Generals Wooster, Arnold,^ and Silliman. Wooster was killed,^ Arnold narrowly escaped, but Silliman, keeping the field, harassed the British all the way to the coast. At Compo, and while embarking, they were terribly galled by artillery under Lamb.^ Tryon lost almost three hun- dred men during this expedition, and killed or wounded about half that number of Americans. 9. The British were not always the aggressors. Toward the close of May [May 22], Colonel Meigs, with one hundred and seventy men, crossed Long Island Sound in whale-boats, from Guilford, Connecticut, and at two o'clock in the morning of the 23d of May, attacked a British provision post at Sag Harbor, on the eastern extremity of Long Island. They burned a dozen ves- sels, the store-houses and contents, and secured ninety prisoners, without losing a man of their own -party. For this exploit Congress voted thanks and a sword to Colonel Meigs. A little later in the season, an equally bold exploit was performed on Rhode Island. On a dark night in July [July 10], Colonel William Barton, with a company of picked men, crossed Narraganset Bay in whale-boats in the midst of the British fleet, stole cautiously to the quarters of General Prescott/ the British commander on Rhode Island, seized him while in bed, and carried him across the bay to Warwick, and then to Providence.^ Congress voted Barton an elegant sword. 10. Washington continued his head-quarters at Morristown until near the last of May. During the Spring he had inoculated a large portion of his troops for the small-pox;^ and when the leaves put forth, a fair degree of health prevailed in his camp, and his army had increased by recruits to almost ten thousand men. The movements of the British perplexed him. Bur- goyne was assembhng an army at St. John^ and vicinity, preparatory to an invasion of New York by way of Lake Champlain, to achieve the darhng object of the British ministry, the occupation of the country on the Hudson.® But whether Howe was preparing to co-operate with Burgoyne, or to make another attempt to seize Philadelphia,® Washington could not determine. He prepared for both events by stationing Arnold with a strong detachment on the west side of the Delaware, concentrating a large force on the Hudson, and moving the main body of his army to Middlebrook, within ten miles of the British camp at New Brunswick. 1. He was one of the most daring of the American officers. For his gallantry on this occasion, Congress ordered a horse, richly caparisoned, to be presented to him. 2. David Wooster was born in Stratford, Conn., in 1710. He was at Louisburg in 1745, became a captain in the British army, and was in the French and Indian war. His loss was much deplored. 3. Verse ^3, page 196. 4. Verse 19, page 195. Prescott's quarters were at a house yet [1865] standing, a short distance above Newport, and about a mile from the bay. 5. Prescott was afterward exchanged for General Charles Lee. Note 4, page TOO ; also verse 5, page 226. 6. The common practice of vaccination at the present day, was then unknown in the country. Indeed, the attention of Jenner, the father of the practice, had then just been turned to the subject. It was prac- ticed here a year after the close of the war. 7. Verse 18, page 194. 8. Verse 27, page 224. 9. Verse 2?, page 208. Questions. — 8. Can you relate the circumstance of Trvon's expedition to Connecticut? 0. What can vou tell of an flxpedition to Sag Harbor? What of an exploit on Rhode Island? 10. What was the position and condition of the American army in May, 1777? How was Washington perplexed? and what did he do? 216 THE REVOLUTION. Howe and Washington in New Jersey. Wasnington in Philadelphia. La Fayette. 11. On the 12th of June [1777], Howe passed over from New York, where he had made his head-quarters during the Winter, concentrated the main body of his army at New Brunswick, and tried to draw Washington into an engagement by a feigned movement [June 14, 1777] toward the Delaware. The chief remained in his strong position at Middlebrook until Howe sud- denly retreated [June 19], and appeared to be evacuating New Jersey. Washington Avas deceived. He ordered strong detachments in pursuit, and advanced several miles in the same direction, with his whole army. Howe suddenly changed front [June 25], and attempted to gain the rear of the Americans; but, after Stirling's brigade had maintained a severe skirmish with a corps under Cornwallis [J uns 26], the Americans regained their camp without much loss. Five days afterward [June 30], the whole British army crossed over to Staten Island, and left New Jersey in the complete possession of the patriots. 12. On the 12th of July, Burgoyne, with a powerful army,^ took possession of Crown Point^ and Ticonderoga,'-* and spread terror over the whole North. At the same time the British fleet at New York took such a position as in- duced the belief that it was about to pass up the Hudson and co-operate with the victorious invader. Finally, Howe left General Clinton in command at New York, and embarking on board the fleet with eighteen thousand troops [July 23], he sailed for the Delaware. When Washington comprehended this movement he left a strong force on the Hudson, and with the main body of his troops pushed forward to Philadelphia. There he was saluted by a power- ful ally, in the person of a stripling, less than twenty years of age. He was a w^ealthy French nobleman, who, several months before, while at a dinner with I he Duke of Gloucester,'* first heard of the struggle of the Americans, their Declaration of Independence, and the prepara- tions made to crush them. His young soul was fired with aspirations to give them his aid ; and quitting the army he hurried to Paris. Although he had just mar- ried a young and beautiful girl, and a bright career was opened for him in his own country, he left all, and hastened to America in a vessel fitted out at his own expense. He ofiered his services to the Conti- nental Congress,^ and that body gave him the com- mission [July 31] of a major-general. Three days afterward [Aug. 3], he was introduced to Washing- ton at a public dinner, and within less than forty days he was gallantly fight- ing [Sept. 11] for freedom in America, on the banks of the Brandy wine. That 1. Burgovne's army consisted of about seven thousand British and German troops, and a large body of Canadians and Indians. 2. Verse 38, page 184. 3. Verse 32, page 161. 4, The Duke was the brother of the King of England, and at the time in question, was dining with some French officers, in the old town of Mentz, in Germany. 5. Verse 35, page 185. Questions. — 11. What movements were made by the British ? How was Washington deceived? What then happened? I"'. What was done on Lake Champlain ? How did the Brilish fleet maneuver? What did the two armies do? Who joined the Americans at Philadelphia? and what of his history? THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 217 Battle of Brandywine. 3'oung general was the Marquis de La Fayette/ whose name is forever linked with that of Washington and Liberty. 13. Howe did not go up the Delaware, but ascended Chesapeake bay, and at its head, he disembarked [Aug. 25], and marched toward Philadelphia. Wash- ington had advanced beyond the Brandywine creek, and took post a few miles from Wilmington. Howe's superior force compelled him to fall back to the east side of the Brandywine ; and at Chad's Ford, several miles above Wil- mington, he made a stand for the defense of Phila- delphia. At that point the Hessians, under Knyphau- sen,^ attacked the left wing of the Americans [Sept. 11, 1777], commanded by Washington in person ; while Howe and Corn- wallis, crossing the stream several miles above, fell upon the American right, under G-eneral SuUivan, near the Birmingham meet- ing-house.^ The contest raged fearfully during the whole day. At night the shattered and defeated battalions of patriots retreated to Chester, and the following day [Sept. 12] to Philadelphia. Many brave men were killed or disabled on that sanguinary field. La Fayette was severely wounded and the patriots lost full twelve hundred men, killed, wounded, and made prison- ers. The British lost almost eight hundred.^ 14. Having rested a few days, Washington crossed the Schuylkill, and proceeded to confront Howe, who was making slow marches toward Phil- adelphia. They met [Sept. 16] twenty miles Avest of that city, and some skirmishing ensued ; but a heavy rain prevented a general battle, and the 1. He was born on the 6th of September, 1757. He married the daughter of the Duke de Noailles, a beautiful heiress, at the age of eighteen years. He first landed on the coast of South Carolina, aud made a land journey to Philadelphia. His application was not received at first, by the Continental Congress, but when his true character and design were known, they gave him a major-general's commission. He was afterward an active patriot in his own country in rnany perilous scenes. He visited America in It 2-l-'5 [verse 11, page 304], and died in IS.'^J, at the age of seventy-seven years. The Baron de Kalb [verse 8, page 242J and eleven other French and Polish officers, c&me to America in La Fayette's vessel. 2. Verse 20, page 207. 3. This was (and is yet) a Quaker meeting-house, situated a few miles from Chad's Ford, on the roadfrom Jefiferis's Ford (where Howe and Cornwallis crossed) to Wilmington. 4. A ballet passed through his leg. He was conveyed to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, wliere the Moravian sisters nursed him during his confinement. Count Pulaski began his militni y career in the American army, on the field of Brandywine, where he commanded a troop of horse, and after the battle he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier. He was slain at Savannah. See note 1, page 237. 5. The building seen in the corner of the map, is a view of the head-quarters of Washington, yet [IStiS] standing, a short distance from Chad's Ford. Questions.— 13. What course did the British take ? What happened near the Brandywine creek ? What can you tell of the battle? 10 BATTLE AT THE BEANDYWINE. 218 THE KEVOLUTION. Surprise of Wayne at Paoli. Movements in Pennsylvania. Battles at the Delaware forts. Americans withdrew toward Reading. General Wayne, in the mean while, was hanging upon the rear of the enemy with about fifteen hundred men. On the night of the 20th, he was surprised by a party of British and Hessians, under Grcneral Grey, near the PaioU Tavern, and lost about three hundred of his partj^^ With the remainder he joined Washington, then near Yalley Forge. 15. The Americans had collected a large quantity of ammunition and mili- tary stores at Reading ; and as the movement of Howe indicated an intention to seize them, Washington abandoned Philadelphia, and took position at Potts- grove, thiity-five miles distant, to protect those indispensable materials for his army. Howe crossed the Schuyllvill [Sept. 23, 1777] near Norristown, and marched to the federal city^ [Sept. 2G], without opposition. Congress fled at his approach, first to Lancaster [Sept. 27], and then to York, where it assem- bled on the 3()th, and continued its session there until the following summer. The main body of the British army was encamped at Germantown, four miles from Philadelphia, and Howe prepared to make that city his winter quarters.^ IG. A few miles below Philadelphia, on opposite sides of the Delaware, were two forts of considerable strength (Mifflin and Mercer), garrisoned by the Americans. While the British army was marching from the Chesapeake'' to Philadelphia, the fleet had sailed round to the Delaware, and had ap- proached to the head of that bay. These forts commanded the river ; and a chevaux-de-fris&' just below them, completely obstructed it, so that the army in Philadelphia could obtain no supplies from the fleet. The possession of these forts was important; and on the 22d of October they were attacked by detachments sent by Howe. Fort Mercer was assailed by two thousand Hes- sian grenadiers, under Count Donop.® They were repulsed by the garrison of less than five hundred men, under Lieutenant-Colonel Greene, after losing their commander' and almost four hundred soldiers. The garrison of Fort Mifflin, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, also made a gallant defense, but afrer a series of assaults by land and water, it was abandoned [Nov. 16, 1777]. Two days afterward, Fort Mercer was also abandoned, and several British r/ ships sailed up to Philadelphia.® 1. The bodies of fifty-three Americans, found on the field the next morning', were interred in one broad grave; and forty years afterward, the " Republican Artillerists" of Chester county, erected a neat marble monument over them. 2. Philadelphia. New York, and Washington, have been, respectively, federal cities, or cities where the Federal Congress of the United States assembled. 3. Note 6, page 224. 4. Verse 13, page 217- 6. Chevaux-de-frise are obstructions placed in river channels to prevent the passage of vessels. They are generally made of a series of heavy timbers, pointed with iron, and secured at an angle in a strong frame filled with stones, as seen in the engraving. The upper figure shows the position under water— the lower one shows how the timbers are arranged, and the stones placed in them. 6. Verse 24, page 209. 7. Donop was terribly woimded, and taken to the house of a Quaker near by, where he expired a few days afterward. He was bnvicd beneath the fort. A few years ago his bones were disinterred, and his skull was taken possession of by a New Jersey CIIEVAUX-DE- physician. FBI8E. 8. In the defense of these forts, the -Ameiicans lost about three hundred men, and the enemy almost double that number. QUKSTIONS. — 14. What movements were made bv Washington ? Wliat bannered to troops under Wayne? 15. Why did Washington encamp at Pottsgrove? What did (reneral Howe do? What did Congrees do? Ifi. How was the approach to Philadelphia by water, guarded? What can you tell of occurrences on the Dela- ware? THIED YEAR OF THE AVAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 219 Battle at German town. Burgoyiie on Lake Champlain. BATTLK AT GEEMANTOWN. 17. Washington moved down the Schuylkill to Skippack Creek [Sept. 25], and from that point he marched, silently, on the evening of the 3d of October, toward the camp of the enemy, at Germantown. He reached Chest- nut Hill, beyond that village, at dawn the follow- ing morning, and the attack soon commenced near there. After a severe battle during several hours, the patriots were repulsed, with a loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about equal to that at Brandywine.^ The British lost only about six hundred. On the 19th, Howe broke up his encampment at Germantown. Three weeks af- terward, he proceeded to place his whole army in winter quarters in Phila- delphia. Washington retired to his camp on Skippack Creek ; and on the 29th of November, prepared to go into winter quarters at White Marsh, four- teen miles from Philadelphia. 18. While these events, so disastrous to the Americans, were occurring on the Delaware, others of vast importance were transpiring on the banks of the Hudson and on Lake Champlain. Burgoyne,^ with more than ten thousand men, invested Ticonderoga on the 2d of July. The fortress was garrisoned by General St. Clair, with only about three thou- sand men. Upon Mount Independence, on the op- posite side of the lake, were a small fortification and a weak garrison.^ On the approach of Burgoyne, St. Clair^ left his outworks, gathered his force near the fortress, and prepared for an assault ; but when, on the evening of the 5th, he saw the scarlet uni- forms of the British on the top of Mount Defiance,^ and a battery of heavy cannons planted there, ^ more than five hundred feet above the fort, he knew re- sistance would be vain. That evening he sent his GENESAL ST. CLAIB. 1. Washington felt certain of victory at the beginning of the battle. Just as it commenced, a dense fcg overspread the country ; and through the inexperience of some of his troops, great confusion, in their move- ments, was produced, A false rumor caused a panic among the Americans, just as the British were about to fall back, and a general retreat and loss of victory were the result. In Germantown, a strong stone house is yet [1865] standing, which belonged to Judge Chew. This a part of the enemy occupied, and from the windows tired with deadly effect upon'the Americans. 2. Verse 10, p. 215. 3. During the previous year, the Vmericans constructed a picketed fort, or stockade [note 3, page 150' on that eminence, built about three hundred huts or barracks, dug several wells, and placed batteries [note 2, page 110] at different points. The remains of these are now [18r7] everywhere visible on Mount Inde- pendence. This was so called because the troops took possession of it on the 4th of July, 1776. Verse 10, page 202. 4. Arthur St. Clair was a native of Scotland, and came to America with Admiral Koscawen, early in May, 1755. He served under Wolfe ; and when the Revolution broke out he entered the American army. He served during the war, and afterward, and died in 181^', at the Mge of eighty-four yeRrs. 5. This is a hill about 750 feet in height, situated on the south-west side of the outlet of Lake George, op- posite Ticonderoga. 6. With immense labor Burgoyne opened a road up the northern slope of Mount Defiance, and dragged heavy artillery to the summit. From that point every ball might be hurled within the fort below, -w ithout difficulty. QUKSTTOXS. — 17. What caused Washington to attack the British at Germantown? What can you tell of the battle? What did the two armies then do? 18. What events were occurring elsewhere? Can you tell what happened at Ticonderoga? What did the Americans do? 220 THE REVOLUTION. Capture of Ticonderoga. Misfortunes of the Americans. Schuyler's camp on the Mohawk. ammunition and stores up the lake to Skenesborough/ and under cover of the darkness, silently crossed over to Mount Independence, and commenced a re- treat toward Fort Edward,^ the head-quarters of General Schuyler, who was then in command of the northern army. 19. The light of a burning building, fired on Mount Independence, dis- covered their flight to the enemy, and a strong party was immediately sent in pursuit.^ At dawn, the British flag was waving over Ticonderoga; and a little after sunrise [July 7, 1777] the rear division of the flying Americans, under Colonel Seth Warner,"^ were overtaken in Hubbardton, Vermont, and a severe engagement followed. The patriots were defeated and dispersed, and the victors returned to Ticonderoga.^ Before sunset the same evening, a flotilla of British vessels had overtaken and destroyed the Americans' stores which St. Clair had sent up the lake, and also another large quantity at Skenesborough. The fragments of St. Clair's army reached Fort Edward on the 12th, thoroughly dispirited. Within a week the Americans had lost al- most two hundred pieces of artillery, and a large amount of provisions and mihtary stores. 20. Even with this reinforcement, Schuyler had only about four thousand effective men — a number totally inadequate to com oat with those of Bur- goyne. He therefore sent a strong party toward Skenesborough to fell huge trees across the roads, and to destroy all the bridges so as to obstruct the march of the invaders, while he slowly retreated down the Hudson valley to tiie mouth of the Mohawk, and there established a fortified camp.'^ His call for aid was nobly responded to, for the whole country was thoroughly aroused to a sense of peril. Detachments were sent from the regular army to strengthen him ; and soon Greneral Lincoln came with a large body of New England mihtia. When General Gates arrived, to take the chief com- mand/ he found an army of thirteen thousand men ready to meet the in- vader. 21. Burgoyne did not reach Fort Edward^ until 1. Now Whitehall. It was named after Philip Skene, who settled there in 1761. The narrowpart of Lake Champlain, from Ticonderoga to Whitehall, was formerly called Wood Creek (the name of the stream that enters the lake at Whitehall^, and also South River. 2. Note 5, page 161. 3. These consisted of the brigade of Gener.al Fraser, and two Hes- sian corps. 4. Verse 7, p. 189. 5. The Americans lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, a little more than three hundred ; the British reported their loss at one hun- dred and eighty-three. 6. Thaddeus Kosciuszko, a Polish refugee, who came with Lafay- ette [verse 12, p. 216], was now attached to Schuyler's army, as engineer. Under his direction, the intrenchments at the mouth of the Mohawk river were constructed ; also those at Stillwater and Saratoga. The camp at the mouth of the Mohawk was upon islands just balow the Great, or Cohoes' Falls. 7. General Schuyler had superseded Gates in June. The latter KOSCIUSZKO. tad a strong party of friends in Congress, and the command of the northern army was ungenerously taken from Schuyler at the moment when, by great exertions and through great hardships, he had a force prepared to confront Burgoyne ■with fome prospect of success. 8. It was while Burgoyne was approaching that point, that Jane M'Crea, the betrothed of a young Tory Questions. — 19. What discovered the retreat of the Americans ? What then occurred ? What disasters befeU the Americans? 2'\ What was the condition of the American army? and what did Schuyler do? How was his army increased? THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 221 Battle of Bennington. Battle of Oriskany. Death of Herkimer. JOSEPH BRANT. the 30th of July.^ His army was worn down by fatigue, and his provisions were almost exhausted. To replenish his stores, he sent a party of six hundred, under Colonel Baume, to seize provisions and cattle which the Americans had collected at Bennington, thirty-five miles distant. Colonel John Stark had called out the New Hampshire militia ; and near Hoosick, within five miles of Bennington, they met [Aug. 16] and defeated the marauders. And toward evening when another party, under Colonel Brey- man, approached, they also were defeated by a continental force under Colonel Seth Warner.^ Many of the enemy were killed, and a large num- ber were made prisoners. Burgoyne's entire loss in this expedition was almost a thousand men. The Americans had one hundred killed, and as many wounded. This defeat was fatal to Burgoyne's future operations.^ Stark was made a brigadier in the continental army for his gallantry. 22. At this time, the Mohawk valley was a scene of great confusion and alarm. St. Leger and his savages, joined by the Mohawk Indians, under Brant,^ and Tories under Johnson^ and Butler, had arrived from Oswego, and invested Fort Schuyler [Aug. 3, 1777]. The gar- rison was commanded by Colonel Gransevoort, and made a spirited defense. General Herkimer rallied the mihtia of his neighborhood ; and while march- ing to the assistance of G-ansevoort, he fell into an Indian ambuscade [Aug. 6] at Oriskany.® His party was totally defeated, after a bloody conflict, and in the British army, was shot, while being conveyed by a party of Indians from Fort Edward to the British camp. Her death was ch^vrged upon the Indians, and it was made the subject of the most bitter denun- ciations of the British ministers, for employing such cruel instrumentalities. The place of her death is a short distance from the village of Fort Edward. The pine-tree which marked the spot decayed a few years ago, and in 1853 it was cut down, and converted into canes and boxes for the curious. 1. He was obliged to construct forty bridges on the way, and to lemove the many trees which lay across the roads. To estimate the fatigue which the troops must have endured during that hot month, it must be remembered that each soldier bore a weight of sixty pounds, in arms, accoutrements, and supplies. 2. Verse 7, page 189, and verse 19, page 220. 3. It dispirited his troops, who were worn down with the fatigue of the obstructed march from Skenes- borough to Fort Edward. It also caused a delay of a month at that place, and in the meauiime their provisions were rapidly diminishing. While at Fort Edward, Burgoyne received intelligence of the defeat of St. Leger T verse 2?, page 2-^1] at Fort Stanwix. 4. Joseph Brant was a Mohawk Indian, and a great favorite of Sir William Johnson. He adhered to the British, and went to Canada after the war, where he died in 1807, aged t^ixty-five years. 5. Sir William Johnson [verse 19. page 155] (now dead) had been a sort of autocrat among the Indians and Tories in the Mohawk valley. He flat- tered the chiefs in various ways, and through them he obtained almost un- bounded influence over the tribes, especially that of the Mohawks. He was in the habit of giving those chiefs, who pleased him, a diploma, certifying their good character, and faithfulness to his majesty. These contained a picture, representing a treaty council, of which the annexed engraving is a copy. His family were the worst enemies of the Americans durirg the ' Vr'^^ war, in that region. His son, John, raised a regiment of Tories, called p Ji^-^- Johmon Green>^ (those who Joined St. Leger) ; and John Butler, a cruel ^f^T^^^jf leader, was at the head of another bond, called B"t7er\'i Rangers. These ^^^^i:^ co-operated with Brant, the grent Mohawk sachem, and for years they made the Mohawk valley and vicinity, a scene of terror. These men were the allies of St. Leger on the occa.sion in question, fi. The place of the battle is about half-wav between Utica and Rome. The latter village is upon the site of Fort Stanwix, built by Bradstreet and his troops in 17'S [verse "3, page 1(51 ]. It was repaired and garrisoned in 1776, and its name was changed to Fort Schuyler. Another Fort Schuyler was built during the French and Indian war, where Utica now stands. A TRFATY. Questions.— 21. What was the condition of the British army? What enterprise was imdertaken? and what was the result? 22. What occurred in the Mohawk valley? 222 THE REVOLUTION. Battles at Saratoga. himself mortally wounded. On the same day, a corps, of the garrison, under Colonel Willet, made a successful sortie, V and broke the power of the be- siegers. Arnold, who had been sent by Schuyler to the relief of the fort, soon afterward approached, when the besiegers fled [Aug. 22], and quiet was restored to the Mohawk valley. 23. Burgoyne was greatly perplexed. To retreat, advance, or remain inactive, seemed equally perilous. With little hope of reaching Albany, where, he had boasted he would eat his Christmas dinner, he crossed the Hudson and formed a fortified camp on the hills and plains of Saratoga, now the site of Schuylerville. General Gates advanced to Bemis's Heights,^ a httle above Stillwater, and also formed a forti- fic'd camp.^ A severe, indecisive action ensued on the 19th of GENERAL I.UU«OYNE. JiEMIS 6 HEIGHTS. but September. Night terminated the conflict, and both parties claimed the victory.'' Burgoyne fell back to his camp, where he resolved to await the arrival of expected detachments from General Clinton, who was to attack the posts on the Hudson Highlands, and force his way to Albany.^ But after waiting a few days, and hearing nothing from Clinton, he prepared for another attempt upon the Americans, for the militia were flocking to Gates*s camp, and warriors of the Six Nations" were gathering there. His own forces, on the contrary, were hourly diminishing. As his star, which arose so brightly at Ticonderoga,'' began to decline upon the Hudson, the Canadi- ans and his Indian allies deserted him in great numbers.® He was compelled to fight or flee. Again he advanced ; and after a severe battle [Oct. 7] of several hours, almost on the same ground occupied on the 19th of September, he was compelled to fall back to the heights of Saratoga, and leave the patriots in the possession of the field. Ten days afterward [Oct. 17], finding only three days' provisions in his camp, hearing nothing of Clinton, and per- ceiving retreat impossible, he was compelled to surrender his whole army 1. Note 1, page KC. 2. About four miles north cf the village of Stillv/ater, and twenty-five north of Albany. 3. The remains of some of the intrenchments were yet visible in 1850, when the writer visited the locah'ty. 4. The number of Americans engaged in this action, was about ?,500 : that of the British was about 3,000. The former lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, 319 ; the British loss was rather less lhan 500. 5. Verse 27, page 2?4. 6. Verse 5, page 19. 7. Verse 18, page 219. _ 8. The Indians had been disappointed in their expcctaiions of l)lood and phmder ; and now was their himting season, when provisions must be secured for winter use. The Canadians saw nothing but defeat in the future, and left the army in whole companies. Questions. — 23. How was Burgoyne perplexed ? What movements were made by the two armies? can you tell of two battles that ensued ? THIRD YEAK OF THE WAIl FOR INDEPENDENCE. 223 Surrender cf Burgoyne. Effects of that event. prisoners of war.^ Of necessity the forts upon Lake Champlain now fell into the hands of the patriots. 24. This was a glorious victory for the Americans. It gave them a fine train of brass artillery, five thousand muskets, and a vast amount of muni- tions of war. Its moral efifect was of greater importance. All eyes had been anxiously turned to the army of the ISTorth, and Congress and the people listened eagerly for every breath of rumor from Saratoga. How electric was the effect when a shout of victory came from the camp of Gates !^ It rolled over the land, and was echoed from furrows, workshops, marts of commerce, the halls of legislation, and from the shattered army of Washington at White- marsh.^ Toryism stood abashed ; the bills of Congress rose twenty per cent, in value private capital came from its hiding-places, for pubhc employment ; the militia flocked to the standards of leaders, and the great patriot heart of America beat with the strong pulsations of hope. 25. The effect in Europe was also favorable to the Americans. The high- est hopes of the ministers rested on this expedition, and the generalship of Burgoyne justified their expectations. It was a most severe blow, and gave the opposition in Parliament the keenest weapons. Pitt, leaning upon his crutches,^ poured forth eloquent denunciations [December, 1777] of the mode of warfare pursued — the employment of Grerman hireUngs,^ and brutal sava- ges.' " If I were an American, as I am an Englishman," he exclaimed, ^' while a foreign troop was landed in my country, I never would lay down my arms — never, never, never !" In the Lower House,® Burke, Fox, and Barre were equally severe upon the government. 26. This victory weighed mightily in favor of the Americans at the court of France. Unaided by any foreign power, they had defeated and captured a well-trained army of about six thousand men. ^' Surely such a people possess the elements of success, and will achieve it. We may now safely strike En- gland a severe blow,^ by acknowledging the independence, and forming an 1. The whole number surrendered was 5,791, of whom 2,412 were Germansor Resnians [verse 2, page 198], under the chief command of the Baron Reidesel, whose wife accompanied him, and aftei ward wrote a veiy interesting accounl of her experience in America, Burgovne did dine at Albany [verse 23, page 222], but as a prisoner, though a guest at the table of (leneral Schn*yler. His troops were marched to Cambridge, wiih the view of sending them to Europe, but Congress thought it proper to retain ihem, and they were marched to theiaterior of Virginia. John Burgoyne was a son of Lord Bii.glev. On his return to England, he resumed his seat as a member of Parliament, and opposed the war. He died in 1,9 . 2- General Gates was so elated with the victory, which had been prepared for bv General Schuvler, and won by the valor of Arnold and Morgan [verse .18, page 196], that he neglected the courtesy due to the com- mander-in-chief, and instead of sending his dispatches to him, he sent his aid. Colonel Wilkinson, with a verbal message to Congress. That body also foigot its dignity in the hour of its joy, and the voung officer was allowed to announce the victory himself, on the floor of Congress. In his subsequent dispatches. Gates did not mention the names of Arnold and Morgan. Congress voted a gold medal to Gates. S. Verse 17, page 219. 4. Note 2, page 198. 5. Note A, page 18^. 6. Verse page 19% ' member justified the employment of the Indians, by saving that the British had a right to use the means which God and nature had given them." Pitt scoinfillv repeated the passage, and said, " These aooniinaoie principles, and this most abnminable avownl of them, demand most decisive indignation, icaii upon that nght reverend bench (pointirg to the bishops), those holy ministers of the Gospel, and pious pastors ot the church— I conjure them to join in the holv work, and to vindicate the religion of their Q 'n ... 8. Note 7, pace 177- y. i< ranco rejoiced at the embarrassments of England, on account of her revolted colonies, and from the Deginmng secretly favored the latter. She thought it it-expedient to aid the colonies openlv, until there ap- peared some chance for their success • yet arms and money were secretly provided for a long time previous QURSTIONS.— ?4, What were the effects of Rureovne's defeat in America? 25. What were the effects of the victory, in Enrope? What occurred in the British Parliament? 16. What effect did the victory have in France? What did the French governmpnt do? 224 THE REVOLUTION. Treaty with France. The British on the Hudson. Valley Forge. alliance with her revolted colonies," argued the French government. And so it did. Within a little more than a hundred days after Burgoyne laid down his arms at Saratoga, France had formed an alliance with the United States [Feb. 6, 1778], and publicly avowed it. 27. G-eneral Clinton attempted co-operation with Burgoyne, but too late for success. He ascended the Hudson with a strong force, captured the Highland forts^ [Oct. 6, 1776], and sent a marauding expedition above these mountain barriers, to devastate the country [Oct. 13], and endeavor to draw off some of the patriot troops from Saratoga.^ They burned Kingston, and penetrated as far as Livingston's manor, in Columbia county. Informed of the surrender of Burgoyne, they hastily retreated, and Clinton and his army returned to New York. Some of Gates's troops now joined Washington at Whitemarsh.^ Howe made several attempts to entice the chief from his encampment, but without success.'* Finally Washington moved from that position [Dec. 11], and went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, where he might more easily alford protection to Congress at York, and his stores at Reading.^ The events of that encampment at Valley Forge afford some of the gloomiest, as well as some of the most brilliant scenes in the records of American patriotism. SECTION y. FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [I'^'^S-] 1. In the bosom of a rugged gorge on the banks of the Schuylkill, twenty miles north-west of Philadelphia, the American army was encamped during the severe winter of 1777-78. Many of the soldiers had marched thither from Whitemarsh, barefooted, and left bloody foot-piints in the snow on their dreary journey. There, half-clad and scantily fed, they shivered in rude huts, while the British army was indulging in comforts and luxuries within a large city.^ Yet that freezing and starving army did not despair, nor to the alliance. Her motives were not the henevolent ones to aid the patriots, so much as»a selfish desire to in.inre P^iigland for her own benefit. A Bourbon (the family of French kings) was never known to be an honest advocate of free principles. 1. Forts Clinton and Montgomery, situated on opposite sides of a stream which forms the dividing line between Orange and Rockland counties. Fort Independence, near Peekskill, and Fort Constitution, op- posite West Point, were abandoned 0!i his approach. Fort Putnam, at West Point, was not yet erected. 2. While the garrisons of the two forts (who escaped) were re-gathering, back of New Windsor, a man from the British army was arrested on suspicion of being a spy. He was seen to swallow something. An emetic bronght it np, and it was discovered to be a hollow silver bullet, containing a dispatch from Clinton to Burgoyne, written on thin paper. That bullet is yet in the family of George Clinton, who was the first Republican Governor of New York. 3. Verse 17, page 119. 4. Howe marched ont to attack Washington on the 4th of December, expecting to take him by surprise. A Quaker lady of Philadelphia, who had overheard British officers talking about this enterprise, at her house, gave Washington timely information, and he was too Avell prepared for Howe to fear his menaces. After some skirmishes, in which several Americans were lost, Howe returned to Philadelphia. .5. Verse 15, page ri8. 6. The power of the British army was very much weakened by indulgence during that wiT>ter. Profli- gacy begat disease, crime, and insubordination. The evil effects produced upon the army led Dr. Franklin to say, "Howe did not lake Philadelphia — Philadelphia took Howe." Gene-al Howe' took leave of the army in May, and the officers gave him a splendid farewell /^f^, wliicli was called a ^Tifchianza, signifying a medley. For a full description, see Lossing's Field-Book of the Bet ohition, volume ii. Questions. — ''7. WliMt did Gener??! Clinton do? What did an expedi ion np the Hudson accomplish; What occurred nefr Whi^emarsh? What did Washington do? 1. What can you tell of the encampment at Valley Forge? How did the Americans snfler ? By what were they cheered ? FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 225 Encampment at Valley Forge. Proceedings in Parliament. Commissioners. did tlie commander-in-chief, who shared their privations, and sulfered injury at the hands of in- triguing men,^ lose confidence in the patriotism of the people or his troops, or doubt the wisdom of Providence.'^ In the spring, intelligence of the treaty of alliance with France was received f and when the news spread through the camp [May 1, 1778], shouts loud and long shook the forests which shrouded the hills around Valley Forge."* 2. Light also emanated from the British throne and Parliament. The capture of Burgoyne, and the general failure of the campaign for 1777, made the English people, and a powerful minor- ity in Parliament, clamorous for peace and recon- ciliation. Lord Xorth, the prime minister,^ was compelled to listen. To the astonishment of every body, he proposed [Feb. 17] a repeal of all the acts of Parliament obnoxious to the Americans, which had been enacted since 1763 ; and in the course of his speech in favor of his conciliatory plan, he actually proposed to treat the Continental Congress as a legal body. Two bills, ex- pressing these conciliatory measures, were passed after much opposition,^ and received the signature of the king [March 11]. Commissioners'^ were appointed to proceed to America to negotiate for peace with Congress, and the British Government seemed really anxious to offer the olive branch, w^ithout qualifi- cation. But the Americans had been too often deceived to accept any thing confidingly from that source ; and as soon as these bills reached Congress [April 15], and it was found that they made no mention of the independence of the colonies, that body at once rejected them as deceptive. Congress re- fused also to negotiate with the Commissioners until Great Britian should withdraw her fleets and armies, or unequivocally acknowledge the independ- ence of the United States. After unsuccessfully appealing to the American people, and one of them endeavoring to bribe members of Congress,® the com- missioners returned to England, and the war went on. 1. During this season a scheme was formed among a few officers of the army, and members of Congress, for depriving Washington of his command, and giving it to Gates or Lee. One of the chief actors in the plot was General Conway, an Irishman, who belonged to the Continental aimy. The plot was discovered and defeated, and Conway was led to make a most humble apology to Washington, for his conduct. 2. On one occasion, Isaac Potts, whose house was Washington's head-quarters at Valley Forge, discov- ered the chief in a retired place, pouring out his soul in prayer to his God. Potts went to his wife and said, " If there is any one on this earth to whom the Lord will listen, it is George Washington." Verse 2 page 2:3. 4. On the 7'h of May the army fired salutes in honor of the event, and by direction of the chief, they all shouted. Huzza for the King of France ! ' 5. Verse i9, page IS '. 6. Pitt was favorable to these billij ; but when a proposi'ion was made to acknowledge the independence of the colonies, and thus dismember the British empire, he opposed the measure with all his might. He was in favor of reconriJiation, not of reparation. It was during his speech on that subject that he was seized with 1he illness [April 7] which terminated his life a month aferward. Pitt was born in November, 1708, and died on the 11th of May, 1778, when almost seventy years of age. 7. Karl of Carlisle, George Johnstone, and William Eden. 8. Among those who were approached, was General Joseph Reed. To Mrs. Ferguson, the lady who was QuRSTiONS.— 2. What was done in England? What did Parliament do? How did the Americans treat the whole matter ? ENCAMPMLNT AT VALLEY I OKGE. 10* 226 THE EEVOLUTION. French fleet in the Delaware. Evacuation of Philadelphia. Battle of Monmouth. 3. The first movement of the French government, in comphance with the requirements of its treaty with the United States, was to dispatch a squad- ron under Count D'Estaing, to blockade the British fleet in the Delaware/ When, a month before he sailed, the British ministry was officially informed [March 17, 1778] of the treaty, and it was considered equivalent to a decla- ration of war, a vessel was dispatched with a message to the British com- manders, ordering them to evacuate Philadelphia and the Delaware, and to concentrate their forces at New York. Fortunately for Lord Howe, he had left the Delaware a few days before the arrival of D'Estaing- [July 8, 1778], and found safety from the heavy French vessels, in the waters of Amboy or Earitan Bay. 4. Sir Henry Clinton succeeded Sir William Howe^ in command, toward the close of May, and on the 18th of June, he withdrew his whole army (eleven thousand strong) from Philadelphia, and started for New York, by the way of New Brunswick and Amboy. Washington was on the alert, and brealving up his encampment at Valley Forge,'' he pursued Clinton with more than equal force,^ and compelled liim to change his course in the direction of Sandy Hook, while New Jersey militia continu- ally harassed his flanks and rear." Finally a gen- eral engagement took place [June 28, 1778] on the plains of Monmouth, in the present village of Free- hold, in New Jersey. 5. It was Sabbath morning, and one of the most sultry ever known when the two armies met in conflict, and from nine o'clock in the forenoon, until dark of that long summer day, the terrible contest raged. It was commenced by the advanced division of the American army, under General Charles Lee.^ His apparent want of skill or courage, and a misunderstanding of orders on the part of some of his officers, produced a general and tumultuous retreat of made the vehicle of a proposition to give him fifty thousand dollars, and a lucrative office, if he would favor the views of the commissioners, he is reported to have said, '■'lam not tcorth purchatirig, but such as /am, the King of England is not rich enough to do it.^^ 1. It consisted of twelve ships of the line, and four large frigates. 2. Silas Deane [page 211] returned to America in D'Estaing's flag-ship, and Gerard, the first French min- ister to the IJnited States, came in the same vessel. Congress was now in session in Philadelphia, having returned from York [verse 15, page 218] on the 3;Kh of June. 3. Howe was made a baronet, and called Sir William, because of his success (such as it was) in the battle at Brooklyn, in Aiigust, 1776, [see page 205J. Clinton was a son of George Clinton, governor of the prov- ince of New York in 17 !3, and a grandson of the Earl of Lincoln. After the war, he was made governor of Gibraltar [1795], and died there the same year. 4. Verse 1, page 225. 5. Arnold was yet quite lame from the effects of a severe wound in the leg, which he received in the bat- tle of Bemis's Ileiorhts [verse 23, page 2'-2], and at his solicitation, Washington left him in command of a corps at Philadelphia, with the powers of a military governor. Washington ci-ossed the Delaware in pursuit of Clinton, with a little more lhan li\0'0 men. 6. Washington was anxious to attack Clinton, when he was in the vicinity of Allentown, but Lee and others overruled his opinions in a council of war. Greene, T^a Fayette and Wayne agreed with the chief, and supported by these able officers, he resolved on a general engagement. 7. [Verse 5, page 200]. This command was first given to La Fayette, but when Lee signified his readiness to lead it, it was given to him, as he was the senior officer. GENEKAL CLINTON. Questions.— 3. What did the French government do ? What did the British do? 4. Who succeeded Howe, and what did he do? How did the Americans annoy the British? 5. What can you tell of the battle of Monmouth? What did General Lee do? What movements were made by Clinton and Wash- ington? FOURTn YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 227 Escape of the British. Events on Rhode Island. The fugitives were met by the approach inp: and bei no- bo vaiu" [verse 22, y. 121] as the leader of the Indians, and the instigator of the crimes of which ihey weie guilty. IJoih of tliese men wer ? ba 1 enongh ; but recent investigations clearly demonstrate that Brant was not iliere at iJ.l ; and ihe t;e;v;y for surrender, which is still in existence, granted most humane terms to the besieged, instead of the terrible one represented in our histories, as " The Hatchet.^'' 3. The fugitives who escaped from the valley were chiefly natives of Connecticut, and they made their way hoiTfi3war'l as fast as pos'^ible. Many of them crossed the Hudson river at Pottghkeepsie, where they told their terrible stories, the facts of which were greatly exaggerated bv their fears, atid these we.e pub- lished in HoWit Joirnal, to form a text for a tale of the direst wee for the future h:storan. 4. Verse 22, page 221. Xote.'^, page 2?1. 6. He was a son of Colonel John Butler, and one of the most brutal of the Torv leaders. He was killed by an Oneida Indian in 1781, while fleeing before some ^ mericans. 7. Among the latter was the Hon. James S. Campbell, vet [ P65] living in the same village. He retains a vivid recollection of the terrible events of a two years' captivity. 8. See Campbell's Annals of Tryon County ; Simms's History of Schoharie County ; Stone's Life of Dra::t, Questions.— 9. What terrible tragedy occurred ? 10. What did Brant and Butler do ? How did the people 230 THE KE VOLUTION. Relative position of the Americans and British. Invasion of Georgia. end of the second year. The belligerent forces occupied almost- the same rel- ative position which they did in the autumn' of 1776/ while the Americans had gained strength by a knowledge of military tactics,^ naval operations, and the art of civil government ; and they had secured the alUance of the power- ful Em^opean rival of Great Britain/ and the sympathies of Spain and Hol- land. The British army was hemmed in upon only two islands/ almost two hundred miles apart, and each about fourteen miles in length; while the Americans possessed every other strongliolJ in the country. 12. D'Estaing sailed for the West Indies [Nov. 3, 1778] in the autumn, to attack the British possessions there. To defend these, it was necessary for the British fleet on our coast to proceed to those waters.^ This movement would prevent any co-operation between the fleet and army in aggressive move- ments between the populous and now well-defended North ; they could only co-operate in active operations against the sparsely -settled South. These con- siderations caused a change in the plans of the enemy ; and late in November [Nov. 27], Sir Henry Clinton dispatched Colonel Campbell, with a.bout two thousand troops, to invade Greorgia. They proceeded by water, and lauded at Savannah on the morning of the 29th of December. General Robert Howe^ was there, with only about a thousand men, and these were dispirited by the failure of a recent expedition against Florida in which they had been engaged.' They defended the city nobly, however, until an overwhelming force, by power and stratagem, compelled them to retire. They then fled, in confusion, up the Savannah river, and took shelter in the bosom of South Carolina. The capital of Georgia became the head-quarters of the British army at the South ; and the enemy retained it until near the close of the con- test [1782], even when every foot of soil in the State, outside the intrench- ments around the city, was possessed by the patriots. 1. Verse 27, page 210. 2. Among the foreign officers who came to America in 1777, was the Baron Steuben, who joined the Continental army at Valley For^e [verse 1, page 2-5]. He was a veteran from the armies of Frederic the Great of Prussia, and a skillful disciplinarian. He was made J.u- spector-tieneral of the army ; and the vast advantages of his military instruction were seen on the field of Monmouth [verse 5, page 2261, and in other subsequent conflicts. He died in the interior of New York in 1,95. 3. Verse 26, page £23. 4. Manhattan or York Island, and Rhode Island. 5. Admiral Hotham sailed for the West Indies on the 3d of Novem- ber ; and early in December, Admiral Byron, who had just succeeded Lord Howe in chief naval command, also sailed for that destination. 6. Verse 25, page 197. 7. A great number of Tories were organized in Florida, and commit- ted so many depredations upon the settlers on the G-eorgian froniiers, t'lat Howe, during the summer of 1778, went thither to disperse them. He penetrated to the St. Mary's river [June], where he awaited rein- forcements and supplies, by water. Want of co-operation on the part of the governor of Georgia and the naval commander, produced much disunion ; and sickness soon reduced the number of effective men so iiAiiOX STiSUU^N. much, that the enterprise was abandoned. Questions. — n. What was the position and prospects of each army in the autumn of 1778? 12. What caused an expedition to be sent against Georgia? What did it accomplish? FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 231 Gloomy prospect. Designs against Canada. War at the South. SECTION VI. FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1779.] 1. The dawn of 1779 was gloomy wi(h evil forebodings for the patriot cause. The finances of the country were in a wretched condition. One hun- dred milUons of dollars of Continental money^ were afloat without the security of even good public credit;^ and their value was rapidly depreciating.^ Only small sums had been obtained, by loan from Europe ; and a general tax, im- posed by Congress upon the respective States, was of little avail. No French army was yet upon our soil to aid us, nor had French coin yet gladdened the hearts of unpaid soldiers. A French fleet had indeed been upon our coasts,'* but had now gone to fight battles for France in the West Indies, after mock- ing our hopes with broken promises of aid.^ 2. A plan for invading Canada and the eastern British provinces, and for seizing the British posts on the western lakes, had been matured by Congress and the Board of War,*' in the autumn of 1777. When it was submitted to Washington, he exposed its folly, and the scheme was abandoned. For sev- eral weeks the commander-in-chief co-operated with Congress [Jan., 1770] in person, in preparing a plan for the campaign of 1779. It was finally resolved to act on the defensive, except in retaliatory expeditions against the Indians and Tories in the interior. This scheme promised the most beneficial results, for it would be safer and less expensive than offensive warfare. 3. The principal military operations of the year were carried on in the two extreme sections of the confederacy. The chief efforts of the Americans were directed to the confinement of the British army to the sea-board, and chastis- ing the Indian tribes. The winter campaign opened by Campbell^ [Dec. 29, 1778] continued until June, and resulted in the complete subjugation of Georgia to British rule. 4. Soon after the fall of Savannah, General Prevost marched from Florida, captured [Jan. 9, 1779] the American fort at Sunbury,^ and assumed the chief command of the British forces in the South. In the mean while. General Lincoln had been appointed [Sept., 1778] commander-in-chief of the southern 1. Page 198. 2. Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, who was the chief financial agent of the government during (he Rev- olution, was a wealthy merchant, with almost unlimited credit. At the period in question, when Congress could not borrow a dollar on its credit, Robert Morris found no difficulty in raising millions upon his own. For a long time he alone furnished the " hard money" which government used. 3. Note 2, page 198. During this year the British government caused an immense amount of counterfeit Continental bills to be made, and sent to New York. These were scattered by thousands over the country, and caused universal suspicion of the genuine. By this trick, the true bills were much depreciated ; but ihc worst feature of the transaction was the great loss to innocent individuals who had taken the spurious ones. 4. Verse 7, page 228. 5. Verse 12, page 220. 6. On the Uth of June, 1776, Congress appointed a committee, to be styled the " Board of War and Ord- nance," to have the general supervision of military affairs. John Adams was the chairman, and Richard Peters was secretary. Peters was the real " Secretary of War" until 1781, when he was succeeded by Gen- eral Lincoln. Gates was chairman in 177?. 7- Verses 13, 14, page 235. 8. Verse 1?, page 2 0. 9. About twenty-eight miles southward from Savannah. It wast an important post, and with it fell the hopes of the Republicans in east Georgia. « Questions. — 1. What was the financial condition of the .Vmcricans in 1779? Wliat made the future appear, gloomy? 2. What plan was arranged? and how was it defeated? What did Washington and Congress dof What were the chief features of the campaign of 1779? 232 . THE REVOLUTION. Defeat of Tories. Battle on Brier Creek. Loss of the Americans. army of patriots.^ He made his head-quarters at Purysburg [Jan. 6], twenty- five miles above Savannah, and tliere commenced the formation of an army, composed of some Continental regiments, new recruits, and the broken forces of General Ilowe.^ While Lincoln was collecting his forces on the Carolina bank of the Savannah, Campbell marched^ up the Georgia side to Augusta, for the purpose of encouraging the Tories, opening a communication with the Creek Indians* in the west (among whom the British had active emissaries), and to awe the Whigs. At the same time, a band of Tories, under Colonel Boyd, were desolating the Carolina frontiers, while on their march to join the royal troops. They were attacked [Fah, 14, 1779], and utterly defeated, by Colonel Pickens, at the head of the militia of Ninety-six.^ Boyd and seventy of his men were killed, and seventy-five were made prisoners. Pickens lost thirty-eight. 5, The defeat of Boyd alarmed Campbell and encouraged Lincoln. The latter sent General Ashe, with about two thousand men,' to drive Campbell from Augtista and to confine the invad- ers to the low, sickly sections near the sea. The British fled [Feb. 13, 1779] at the approach of Ashe, and ^vere pursued by him [Feb. IG] as far as Brier Creek, about forty miles below Augusta, wdiere he halted to establish a camp. There Ashe^ was surprised and defeated [March 3] by General GEXKK.vL LINCOLN. p^evost, and lost almost his entire army by death, captivity, and dispersion. Some were killed, others perished in the morasses, and many were drowmed in attempting to escape across the Savannah.^ This blow deprived Lincoln of one fourth of his army, and led to the temporary re-establishment of royal government in Georgia.'" 6. Toward the last of April, Prevost crossed the Savannah [April 27] w^ith 1. Benjamin Lincoln was born in Massachusetts, in 1733. He was a farmer. He joined the Continental army in 1777, and rose rapidly to the station of Major-General. He commanded the militia against Shay's insurgents (note 3, page 261) in 1786. He was also a useful public officer m civil aliairs, and died in 1810. 2. Verse 12, page ISO. ^ , , ^ 3. When Campbell departed for Augusta, Prevost sent Colonel Crardiner with some troops, to take pos- session of Port Royal Island, some sixty miles below Charleston, preparatory to a march upon that city. Gardiner was attacked by General Moultrie with Charleston militia on the morning of the 3d of February. Almost everv British otlicer (except the commander) and many privates were killed. Gardiner and a few men escaped' in boats, and Moultrie, whose loss was trifling, joined Lincoln at Purysburg. 4. Verse 2, page 22. 5. Verse 12, page 253. 6. Seventy of them were tried and found guilty of treason, and sentenced to be hung. Only five were executed. 7. Lincoln was joined by Generals Ashe and Rutherford, with North Carolina regiments, about the 1st of February, and his army now amounted to little more than three thousand men. 8. John \ she was born in England in 17; 1, and came to America when a child. He was engaged in the R''g>dator War [verse 2J, page 1S2] and was one of the most active of the Noith Carolina patiiots. He died of 'small-pox in 1781. 9. About one hundred and fifty killed and drowned, eighty-nine made prisoners, and a large number who were dispersed, did not take np arms again for several months. 10. At the beginning of 1'76, the bold Whigs of Savannah had made Governor Sir James Wright a pris- oner in his own house ; and the provincial Assemblj', assuming governmental powers, made provisions for military defense, issued bills of credit, etc. [February, 1776]. Wright escaped and went to England. He returried"in July, 1779, and resumed his office as governor of the " colony." Questions.— i. What movements were made in Georgia? What did Lincoln and Campbell do? What did * Tories do? and how were they served? What did the defeat of the Tories effect? What can you tell of General Ashe's movements ? What misfortune occurred? FIFTH TEAK OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 233 Prevost marches upon Charleston. He demands a surrender. His retreat. two thousand regulars, and a large body of Tories and Creeh Indians, and marched for Charleston. Lincoln had recruited, and was now in the field with about five thousand men, preparing to recover lost G-eorgia, by entering the State at Augusta, and sweeping the country to the sea. But when he discovered the progress of Prevost, and that even the danger of losing Savan- nah did not deter him from his attempts upon Charleston, Lincoln hastened to the relief of the menaced city. Fortunately for the Kepublicans, the march of Prevost was so slow, that when he arrived [May 11] before the city, the people were prepared for resistance. 7. On the morning of the 11th of May, Prevost approached the American intrenchments thrown across Charleston Neck^ and demanded an immediate surrender of the city. He was answered by a prompt refusal, and the re- mainder of the day was spent in preparations for an assault. That night was a fearful one for the citizens, for they expected to be greeted at dawn with bursting bomb-shells,^ and red-hot cannon-balls. When morning came [May 12, 1779], the scarlet uniforms of the enemy were seen across the waters upon John's Island, and not a hostile foot was upon the Charleston peninsula. Prevost had been informed of the approach of Lincoln, and at midnight he conjmenced a retreat to Savannah, by the way of the islands along the coast. For more than a month some British detachments lingered upon John's Island. Then they were attacked at Stono Ferry^ [June 20] by a part of Lincoln's army, but after a severe engagement, and the loss of almost three hundred men in killed and wounded, they repulsed the Americans, whose loss was greater. Prevost soon afterward estabhshed a military post at Beaufort, on Port Royal Island,^ and then retreated to Savannah. The hot season pro- duced a suspension of hostilities in the South, and that region enjoyed com- parative repose for several months. 8. While these events were in progress at the South, Sir Henry CHnton was sending out marauding expeditions from New York, to plunder and harass the people on the sea coast. Governor Tryon^ went [March 25, 1779] from Kingsbridge^ with fifteen hundred British regulars and Hessians,"^ to destroy some saltworks at Horseneck, and attack an American detachment under General Putnam, at Greenwich. The Americans were dispersed [March 26], and Putnam barely escaped capture by some dragoons.® He rallied his troops 1. Charleston, like Boston [note 2, page 187], is situated upon a peninsula, the neck of which is made quite narrow by the Ashley and Cooper rivers and the marshes. Across this the Americans had hastily cast up embankments. These served a present purpose, and being strengthened, were of great value to the Ameiicans the following year. See verse 2, page 5c9. * 2. Hollow balls, or shells of cast-iron, filled with gunpowder, slugs, etc. In an orifice communicating with thepowder, is a slow match. This is ignited, and the shell is hurled from a morlar (a short cannon) into the midst of a town or an armj'. When the powder ignites, the shell is burst into fragments, and these wilh the slugs make terrible havoc. They are sometimes the size of a man's head. 3. Ten miles south-west from Charleston. 4. Note 1, page I'-. 5. Verse 8, page 214. 6. The passage across the Harlem river at the upper end of York or Manhattan Island. 7. Verse d, page 198. 8. On this occasion he performed the feat of descending a steep hill on horseback, making his way, as common history asserts, down a flight of stone steps, which had been constructed for the convenience of OnF,STiON55. — 6. What movements were made against Charleston? What did Lincoln and Prevost do? 7. What occurred at Charleston ? What did the people expect ? How were they disappointed ? What skir- mish occurred? and what result followed? 8. What was Sir Henry Clinton attempting? What occurred at (ireenwich ? 234 THE REVOLUTION. Marauding expeditions. Capture of Stony Point. at Stamford, pursued the British on their return toward New York the same evening, recaptured a quantity of plunder in their possession, and took thirty- eight of them prisoners. 9. In May, Sir George Collier entered Hampton Roads^ [May 9], with a small fleet, bearing General Mathews with land troops, destined to ravage the country in that vicinity. They spread desolation on both sides of the Eliza- beth river, from the Roads to Noifolk and Portsmouth. After destroying a vast amount of property, they withdrew ; and at the close of the month, they were up the Hudson river, assisting Sir Henry CUnton in the capture of the fortress at Stony Point, on the 31st of May, and also the small fort on Ver- planck's Point, opposite, on the 1st of June. Both these posts fell into the power of the British, after a spirited resistance. 10. On the night of the 4th of July [1779], Collier's vessels bore Governor Tryon, and two thousand five hundred troops, to the shores of Connecticut, to plunder and destroy the towns on the coast. Tliey plundered New Haven [July 5], and laid East Haven [July C], Faii-field [July 8], and Norwalk [July 12] in ashes. Not contented with this wanton destruction of propert}'', the invaders insulted and cruelly abused the defenseless inhabitants ; and the in- human leader boasted of his extreme clemency in leaving a single house stand- ing on the New England coast. ^ 11. Three days after the destruction of Norwalk, [July 15], General Wayne was marching secretly to attempt the re-capture of Stony Point, on the Hudson. The fort stood upon a rocky promontory, surrounded by water and a marsh, and was very strong in its position. So secretly was the whole move- ment conducted, that the British garrison were unsuspicious of danger. At midnight, the little army of patriots crossed the 8T0NT POINT. morass in the rear, and attacked the fort with ball and bayonet at two separate points, in the face of GENEEAL WAYNE. people who had to ascend this hill to a church on its summit. The whole matter is an exaggreralion. Ait eye-witness of the event says that Putnam pursued a zig-zag course down the hill, and only descended four or five of the steps near Ihe bottom. The feat was not at all extraordinary when we consider that a troop of dragoons with loaded pistols were at his heels. These however dared not follow the flying gene'-al. 1. Verse 2^, page 54. This is a hody of water at the conjimction of the -Tames and Elizabeth river?, and commimicfitirg wi!h Ihe sea. It is one of the most- spacious harbors in the world. The village of Hamp- ton lies upon its northern border. See verse 25, page 197- 2. Alluding to these outrages of Tryon, and the burning of Kingston [verse 27, page 224] by Vaughan, Trumbull, in his M^Fingal, says. Behold, like whelps of British lion, . Our warriors, Clinton, Vanghan, and Tryon, Questions. — 9. What depredations were committed in Virginia? What occurred on the Hudson river? 10. What expedition went to Connecticut? What outrages were committed? and where? FIFTH YEATl OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 235 Lee's exploit at I'aulus's Hook. Daniel Boone. Events in the West. a heavy cannonade from the aroused garrison. At two o'clock in the morn- ing [July 16, 1779J, Wayne, though wounded in the head, wrote to Washing- ton, The fort and garrisou, with Colonel Johnson, are ours." This was considered one of the most brilliant events of the war.^ The British lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about six hundred men ; the loss of the Amer- icans was fifteen killed, and eighty-three wounded. The spoils were a large amount of military stores. 12. A month later [August 19], Major Henry Lee^ surprised a British gar- rison at Paulus' Hook (now Jersey City^), opposite New York, killed thirty soldiers, and took one hundred and sixty prisoners. These, and other smaller successes about this time, elated the Americans ; but their joy was soon turned into sorrow, because of disasters in the extreme East. Massachusetts had fitted out almost forty vessels to attempt the seizure of a British post on the Penobscot river. Just as the troops were about to land for the purpose, a British fleet arrived, destroyed the flotilla, took many of the soldiers and sail- ors prisoners, and drove the remainder into the wilderness [Aug. 13]. These, after great hardships in the forests, reached Boston toward the close of Sep- tember. 13. During the latter half of 1778 and the beginning of 1779, the patriots gained some important advantages in the vast wil- derness west of the Alleghanies. For several years, Daniel Boone* and other pioneers had been battling with the Indians, and more recently, they had meas- ured strength and skill with British leaders. Finally, Major Greorge Rogers Clarke^ led a regular expedi- tion against British posts in the present States of In- diana and Illinois. He first captured Kaskaskia [July 4, 1778], then Cahokia [July 9], and finally Vincennes [August]. Acting in the capacity of a daniel boone. peace-maker, he was working successfully toward the pacification of the western tribes, when the commander of the British fort at Detroit retook Yincennes^ [Jan., 1779]. With a few men, Clarke traversed the dreadful March forth, with patriotic joy, To ravish, plunder, and destroj-. Great generals ! Foremost in (heir nation — The journeymea of desolation !" 1. Wayne was highly complimented by all. Congress gave him thanks, and a gold medal ; and silver medals were awarded to Colonels Stewart and De Fleury, for their gallantry on the occasion, Anthony Wayne was born in Pennsylvania in 1745. lie was a professional surveyor, then a provincial legislator, and became a soldier in 1/75. He was very active during the whole Avar ; and was efficient in subduing the In- dians in the Ohio country in 1793. He died on his way home, at Erie, near the close of I'iOti. 2. Note 3, page 251. 3. Note 2, page 112. 4. Boone was one of the boldest pionecs of the great Wesf. lis went over the mountains as early as 1769, and took his family there in 1773. He built a fort on the site of the present Boonesborough, in 1775, and hia wife and daughters were the first white women ever seen on the banks of the Kain-tnck-ee. He did good service in the cause of the patriots, against the Indians, but was afterward treated with ingratitude. He died in 1820, at the age of almost ninety years. 5. (ylarke was a native of Virginia, and was born in 17''2. He was the most accomplished and useful, in a military point of view, of all the western pioneers durirg the Revolution. He was then a young man. He died near Louisville, Kentucky, in 1818. 6. They traversed the " drowned lands" of Illinois, through ice and snow, for a whole week ; and just be- Questions. — 11. What brave exploit was performed at Stony Pointy and how? 12. What did Major Lee do ? What disaster befell the Americans in the East? 13. What occun-ed west of the Alleghanies? Wbat can you tell of Clarke's operations ? 236 THE REVOLUTION. Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians. Siege of Savannah. wilderness of a hundred miles from the Ohio; and on the 20th of February, again unfurled the stripes and stars over the fort at Yincennes^ and a captured garrison. 14. The atrocities at Wyoming,^ and Tipon the head waters of the Susque- hannah, aroused the indignation of the Avhitc peo- ple ; and in the summer of 1779, General Sullivan was sent into the heart of the country of the Six Nations,^ to chastise and humble them.* On the last day of July he marched up the Susquehannah from Wyoming, with about three thousand soldiers. At Tioga Point, he was joined [Aug. 22] by Gen- eral James Clinton,^ who came from the Mohawk valley with about sixteen hundred men, and they penetrated the country to the Genesee river. In GENEUAL SULLIVAN. thc coursc of tlircc weeks, they destroyed forty In- dian villages, and a vast amount of food growing in fields and gardens. ° It was a terrible retribution, yet it did not crush the power of the Indians. They were only awed for a time. The chastisement created the most intense hatred of the white people of the States throughout all the tribes in the West ; and Washington, who directed all the military movements, was called by them An-na-ta-haw4es^ or The town-destroyer." 15. Early in September [1779] Count P'Estaing appeared off the coast of Geor- gia with a powerful fleet, prepared to co- operate with General Lincoln in an attack upon the British at Savannah. - He landed troops and heavy battery cannon ; and, on the 23d of September, the combined armies commenced the siege. After making slow progress for a fortnight, D'Estaing became impatient of delay,' and proposed an at- tempt to take the place by storm. It was agreed to, and the assault commenced on the morning of the 9th of October. fore reachinj? Vincennes, they waded through the cold flood that covered the country, more than five miles, the water sometimes so deep as to leave only their breasts and head above, dry. 1. Verse 2, page 148. ?. Verse 8, papre 2l"8." 3. Verse 5, page 19. British emissaries had gained over to the royal interest the whole of the Six Nations except the Oiieidas. These were kept loyal to ibe republicans, chiefly through the instrumentality of one or two Christian missionaries. 4. John Sullivan was born in Maine in 17'0. He was a delegate in the first Continental Congress (177*), and was one of the first eight brigadiers in the Conlinental army. He resigned his commission in 1779 ; was afterward a member of Congress, and Governor of New Hampshire, and died in 1795. 5. Was born in Ulster county. New York, in 17.%. He was a captain in the French and Indian war, and an active officer during the Revolution. He died in 1812. 6. The Seneca Indians were beginning to cultivate rich openings in the forests, known as the " Oene'^ee Flats," quite extensively. They raised large nnantities of corn, and cultivated gardens and oroha ds. The dwellings were of the rudest character, and their villages consisted of a small collection of these mis- erable huts, of no value except for winter shelter. 7. D'Estaing expressed his fears, not only of the arrival of a British fleet, to blockade his own in the Savannah river, but of the autumn storms, which might damage his vessels before he could get to sea. Questions. — 14. What aroused the people? What can you tell of Sullivan's expedition? What did it effect? 1.5. What did D'Estaing do? What occurred at Savannah? What can you tell of the siege and its tiermination ? SIEGE OF SAVANNAH. 1779. FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAK FOB INDEPENDENCE. 237 Abandonment of the siege of Savannah. Movements of the British. After five hours of severe conflict, there was a truce for the purpose of bury- ing the dead. Already, nearly a thousand of the French and Americans had been killed and wounded.^ D'Estaing was averse to renewing the assault, and made preparations to withdraw. Lincoln yielded an unwilling assent to the movement, and the enterprise was abandoned at the moment when the American commander felt certain of victory.'-^ Ten days afterward, the French fleet had left the coast, and Lincoln was retreating toward Charleston. Thus closed the campaign for 1779, at the South. The repulse at Savannah was a severe blow to the hopes of the patriots of Georgia, and spread a gloom over the whole South. 16. Very little of general importance transpired at the North, after the close of Sullivan's campaign, except the withdrawal of the British troops from Rhode Island, on the 25th of October. La Fayette had been m France dur- ing the summer, and chiefly through his efforts the French government had consented to send another powerful fleet, and several thousand troops, to aid the Americans. When informed of this intended expedition, the British ministry ordered Clinton to cause the evacuation of Rhode Island,^ and to concentrate at New York all his troops at the North. When this was ac- complished, Clinton sailed for the South at the close of the year [Dec. 25],- with about five thousand troops, to open a vigorous campaign in the Caro- linas. Washington, in the mean while, had gone into winter quarters at Mor- ristown.'* 17. Difiiculties had gathered thick and fast around Grreat Britain during 1779. Spain had declared war [June 16] against her,^ and a powerful French and Spanish naval armament had attempted [August] to effect an invasion of England. American and French cruisers were hovering around her coasts ; and in September [Sept. 23] the intrepid John Paul Jones^ had con- quered two of her proud ships of war, after one of tlie most desperate naval 1. Among the mortally wounded, was Count Pulaski, the brave Pole whom we first met in the battle on the Brandy wine [note 4, page 217.] He died on board a vessel bound for Charleston, a few days after Ihe siege. Serjeant Jasper, whose bravery at Fort Moultrie we have noticed [note 6, p. 201], was also killed, while nobly holding aloft, upon a bas- tion of the British works which he had mounted, one of the beautiful colors [note 6, p. 201] presented to Moultrie's regiment by ladies of Charleston. Savannah honors both these heroes, by having parks bear- ing their names. 2. Verse 7, page 228. 3. A rumor reached the British on Rhode Island, that the French armament was approaching, and so rapid was their retreat that they left behind them all their heavy artillery, and a large quantity of stores. 4. Verse 6, page 214. Strong detachments were stationed among the Hudson Highlands, and the cavalry were cantoned in Connecticut. 5. Hoping to regain Gibraltar, Jamaica, and the two Floridas, whicb Great Britain had taken from her, Spain made a secret treaty of pea^^e with France in April, 1779, and in June declared war against Great Britain. This event was regarded as higlilv favorable to the Amer- icans, because any thing that should cripple England would aid them. 6. He was born in Scotland in 1747, and came to Virginia in boyhood. He entered the American naval service in 1775, aud was active during the whole war, rear-admiral in the Russian service. He died in Paris in 178^. COUNT PULASKI. He was afterward Questions.— If). What occurred at the North? What did the French and Ersrlisli governments do? What did Washington and Clir.*on do? 17. What ran von tell of R^irnpf^an affnirs at this time? What great naval battle occurred? What can you tell of the operations of the United States Navy? How was the war regarded? What did Parliament do? 288 THE REVOLUTION. Naval operations. JOHN PAUL J0NL8. fights ever known. ^ In America, there had been very little success for the British arms; and sym- pathy for the patriots was becoming more and more manifest in Europe. Even a great portion of the intelligent English people began to regard the war as not only useless but unjust. Yet in the midst of all these difficulties, the government put forth mighty energies. Parliament voted (;ighty-five thousand seamen and thirty-five thou- sand troops for general service, in 1780, and appropriated one hundred millions of dollars to defray the expenses. A GUN-BOAT AT BOSTON. 1. The naval operations during the War for Independence do not occupy a conspicuous place in history, yet they were by no means insignificant. The (continental Congress took action on the subject of an armed marine in the autumn of 1775. Already Washington had fitted out some armed vessels at Boston, and con- structed some gun-boats for use in the waters around that city. These were propelled by oars, and covered. In November, the government of Massachusetts established a Board of Admiralty. A committee on naval alFairs, of which Silas Deane [ verse 2, page 2111 was chairman, was appointed by the Continental Congress in October, 1775. Before the close of the year, the construction of almost twenty vessels had been ordered by Congress ; and the Marine. Committee was so re-organized as to have in it a representative from each colony. In November, 1(7^, a Continental Navy Board to assist the Jifarmc Committee was appointed ; and in October, 1779, a Board of Admiralty was installed. Its secretary (Secretary of the Navy) [verse 3, page 2701 was John Brown, until 1771, when he was succeeded by General McDougal [note 5, page 214]. Robert Morris also acted as authorized Ayent of Marine ; and many privateers were fitted out by him on his own account. In November, 1776, Cougress determined the relative rank of the naval commanders, such as admiral equal to a major- general on land ; a commodore equal to a brigadier-general, etc. The first commander in-chief of the navy, or high admiral, was Esek Hop- kins, of Rhode Island, whom Congress commissioned as such in De- cembpr, 1775. He first went against Dnnmore [verse 25, page 197] on the coast of Virginia. He also went to the Bahamas and captured the town of New Providence, and its governor. Sailing for home, he. captured some British vessels off the east end of Long Island, and with these prizes he went into Narraganset Bay. In the mean while, Paul Jones and Captain Barry were doing good service, and New England cruisers were greatly annoying English shipping on our coast. In 1777 r)r. Franklin, under the authority of Congress, issued com- missions to naval officers in Europe. Expeditions were fitted out in French sea-ports, and these produced great alarm on the British coasts. While these things were occurring in European waters, Cap*ain«? "niflflle, Manlv, M'Neil, Hinman, Barrv, and others, were making many prizes on the American coasts. Finallv, in the' Spring of 1779. an expedi- tion was fitted out at li'Orient under the auspices oF the French and Anierican governments. It consisted of five vessels, under the command of John Paul Jones. Thev sailed first in June, for the British waters, took a few prizes and returner! . Thev sailed again in August, anrl on the 2''d of September, while off the coastof Scotland not far above the mouth of the Ilnmber, Jones, with hi^ flag-ship (the Bonhomme Rirhard), and two others, fell in with and encountered a small British fleet, which was convoying a number of mer- chant-vessels to the Baltic Sea. An engagement took place after nis-ht had fallen upon the scene, and for three hours one of the most desperate sea fights on record raged off Flambovough Head. Jones manaeed to lash the Richard to the British ship Serapis, and with muzzle to muzzle they poured broadsides into each other. Three limes both shins were on fire. The Serapift finallv yielded, and t'^n minutes afterward, the Co'mte'fs of Scarborough, another large English vessel, surrendered. Jones's ship was so much injured that, sixteen hours after the battle, she went to th'^ bottom of the ooean. Congress gave Jones a gold medal f)r his bravery. Many other brave fifts were perfo'med bv ^ merifan seamen during the remainder of the war. For a condensed account of the whole naval onP'-avolnfion, and of the "whale-boat ADMIRAL HOPKINS. warfare" on the coast, see supplement to Lossing's Field-Book of the Bevolution. SIXTH YEAR OF THE "WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 289 War in the South. Expedition against Charleston. SECTION yii. SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l780.] 1. Sir Henry Clinton left the Hessian general Knyphausen,^ in command at 'New York, when he proceeded [Dec. 25th, 1779] southward^ with the main body of his army. To aid the southern patriots, Washington sent the Baron De Kalb^ and others thither, the following Spring [1780], and thus the two armies were so much weakened at head-quarters, that military operations at the North almost ceased during that year. The Carolinas became the chief theater of war, and many and bloody were the acts upon that stage. Invasions from without, and the cruelties of Tories* in their midst, made 1780 a year of great woe for the patriots and their families in the Carolinas. 2. Clinton and his forces were borne by a strong fleet with two thousand marines, under Admiral Arbuthnot. After encountering heavy storms^ they arrived on the coast of Georgia in January ; and early in February [Feb. 10], proceeded against Charleston. Clinton's troops were landed [Feb. 11] upon the islands below the city, on the shores of the Edisto inlet, thirty miles dis- tant; but instead of marching at once to make an assault upon the town, the British commander prepared for a regular siege. General Lincoln was in Charleston with a feeble force, ^ when CUnton landed ; and he was about to flee to the interior, when intelligence of the tardy plans of the British reached him. He then resolved to remain, and prepare for defense. Grovernor Rutledge"^ was clothed with all the power of an absolute dic- tator ; and so nobly did the civil GOVERNOR RUTLEDGE. 1. Verse 20, page 207. 2, Verse 16, page 237- 3. Verse 6, page 241. 4. At no time during the war were the Tories more active, throughout the whole country, than in 1780. They were the most inveterate enemies of the patriots, and the leaders were in continual correspondence with each other, with the British gov- ernment, and with the royal commanders in America. Their correspondence was carried on chiefly in cipher writing, understood only by themselves, so that in the event of their letters falling into the hands of the Whigs, their contents would re- main a secret. The engraving shows the alphabet of the cipher writing of some New York Tories. 5. During a severe storm off Cape Hatteras, one vessel, carrying heavy battery cannons [note ?, page 1101, was lost, and almost all the cavalry horses of Tarleton's legion, perished at sea. Tarleton supplied himself with others, soon after landing, by plundering the plantations near the coast. f^^m- "X ^- During the preceding winter, Lincoln's army had dwindled to a mere handful. ^ ^ The repulse at Savannah had so disheartened the people, that very few recruits could be obtained, and when Clinton arrived, Lincoln's army did not exceed fourteen hundred men in number. The finances of the Stnte were in a wretched condition, and the To'-ies were everywhere active and hopefnl. 7. John Rutledge was born in Ireland, and came to South Carolina when a child. He was one of the most active patriots of the South. After the war he was made a indtre of tb« Supremo Court of the United States, and also chief justice of South Carolina. He died in 1800. CYPHEE ALPHABET. Qhkstions. — ^ . What movements wore made bv the British and V merican troop" ? What wn<5 the situation of the two armies? 2. What can you tell of Clinton's southern expedition? What preparations were made for a siege at Charleston? 240 THE EEVOLUTION. m Siego of Charleston. and military authorities labor for the public good, that when the invaders crossed the Ashley [March 29, 1780], and sat down before the American works on Charleston Neck,^ the besieged felt strong enough to resist them. The intrenchments had been greatly strengthened, and works of defense had been cast up along the wharves, and at various points around the harbor. Fort Moultrie"'^ was strongly garrisoned, and Commodore Whipple^ was in command of a flotilla of small armed ships in the harbor. 3. Arbutlmot sailed up the harbor on the morning of the 9th of April,* and sustaining but trifling damage from the guns of Fort Moultrie, anchored within cannon-shot of the city.^ Clinton in the meantime had erected bat- teries in front of the American lines on the Neck,^ and both commanders joined in a summons for the patriots to surrender. Expecting reinforcements from the interior, the people of the beleagured city refused compliance, and for more than a month the siege went on."^ In the meantime American detachments sent out between the Cooper and Santee rivers, to keep open a communication with the interior, were attacked and defeated by parties of British horsemen,® and at the close of the month [April, 1780], the city was completely environed by the foe. CornwaUis had arrived [April 18], from New York with three thousand fresh troops, and all hopes for the patriots faded. 4. The night of the 9th of May was a terrible one for Charleston. That day a third summons to surrender had been refused, and late in the even- ing a general cannonade commenced. Two hundred heavy guns shook the city with their thunders, and all night long destructive bombshefls" were hailed upon it. At one time the city was on fire in five dif- ferent places. Nor did morn- ing bring rehef The enemy had determined to take the city by storm. The cannonade con- tinued all the day, and the fleet moved toward the town to open a bombardment. At two o'clock on the morning of the 3: He had!;:ivi?^'ly TMarch 251 crossed 4 b^J^dro'v^Whiple's little fleet to the LI^?s\'eartfe lo'wn, and cast anchor in Five Fathom Hole, not far from St. John's jsland. ^^«op1« near the month of 5. Whipple could not contend with the stro-g ships, so he sunk several of tis jessds iie^^^^ the Cooper river, and formed a chevanx-de-frise [note 5, pap-e 218] to prevent the enemy s ships passmg be yond the town so as to enfilade the American works on the Neck. xu <• ^^iVhtv rnnTions and 6. On Sunday morninfr, the Istof vNpril, the British first broke ground in the face of eighty cannons and ""^''ae^'J^a^Woo'w arrived with seven hundred Virginians, and others from North Carolina ""rOiMhe '\'h of A^^'l^Tarleton defentod Colonel Huger on the head waters of the ^S^^^/jj^'^^,^^ killed twentv-five Americars. Oi. the 6th of May, a party under White., of New Jersey, w^^^^ routed at a ferrv on the Santee, with a loss of about thirty m killed, wounded, and pnsone-s. IheseiJnusn detachments overran the whole country below the Cooper and Santee, in the course of a few days. 9. Note 2, page 23?. Questions.— 3. Wh«t occurred at Charleston and vicinity? What of the progress of the siege ? 4. What further can you tell of the progress and end of the siege? SIEGE OF CHARLESTON, 1780. SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOB INDEPENDENCE. 241 Surrender of Charleston. Subjugation of the Carolinas. De Kalb on the march. 12th, a proposition for surrender was made to Clinton, and his guns were all silenced before dayhght. Lincoln and his troops, with a large number of citizens, were made prisoners of war. The citizens, and a great number of soldiers, were paroled.' Altogether, the captives amounted to between five and six thousand y and among the spoils of victory were four hundred pieces of cannon. 5. The loss of this southern army was a severe blow for the Republicans. It was followed by measures which, for a time, prostrated South Carolina at the feet of royal power. With an activity hitherto unusual lor the British officers, Clinton took steps to secure and extend his conquest, and to re-estab- lish royal power in the South. He sent out three strong detachments of his army to overrun the country. One, under Cornwallis, marched up the Santee toward Camden ; another, under Lieutenant-Colonel Cruger, was ordered to penetrate the country to Ninety-six,^ and a third, under Lieutenant-Colonel Brown, marched to Augusta,* in Georgia. A general truce was proclaimed, and a pardon to all who should accept British protection. The silence of fear overspread the whole country ; and mistaking this lull in the storm of war for permanent tranquillity, Clinton and Arbuthnot, with a large body of troops, sailed [June 5, 1780] for New York. 6. The lull was of short duration. DeKalb'^ did not reach the borders of South Carolina until mid- summer, and then not an American was in arms in the lower country.'^ Although Congress had con- fidence in the skill of De Kalb (who, by the capture of Lincoln, became the commander-in-chief at the South), yet it was thought best to send General Gates' thither, because of the influence of his name. When it was known that Gates was approaching, southern hearts beat high with hope, for they ex- pected great things from the conqueror of Bur- general gates. goyne.® Many patriots, who, in their extremity, had signed paroles" and 1. A prisoner on parole is one wbo is left to go anywhere within a prescribed space of country, or within a city, under certain restrictions relative to conduct. Prisoners taken in war, are often paroled, and allowed to return to their friends, with an agreement not to take up arms. It is a point of honor wiih a soldier, to " keep his pfu ole," and when such a one is again taken in battle, during the period of his parole, he is treated not as a prisoner, but as a traitor. 2. In violation of the solemn agreement for sui-render, Clinton caused a great number of leading men in Charleston to be seized, and carried on board prison-ships, where hundreds suffered tortures. Many were taken to St. Augustine and immured in the fortress there. 3. Verse 12, page 253. J. Verse pnge :31. 5. Verse 1, page CSO. 6. Among the American detachments which had hastci;ed toward Charleston to assist Lincoln, and ro^ treated when they heard of his fall, was that of CJolonel J5nford, consisting of -^OO Continental infantry, and a small troop of cavalry, with two field-pieces. He recreated from Camden on Cornwallis's approach, and near the Waxhaw creek, some sixty miles further norlli, he was overtaken and surprised by Tarleton and his cavalry. They gave no quarter, but massacred or maimed the larger portion of Bnford's command. His loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was .31'?. He also lost his artillery, ammunition, and baggage. The cruelty of Tarleton was condemned l)y Kritisli writer lliemselves. 7. Horatio Gates was a native of England, and was educated for military lifs. He was the first ad- jutant-general of the Continental army [note 2, page 194], and was made major-gcnernl in 1776. He retired to his estate in Virginia at the close of the war, and finally took up his abode in New York, where he died in 1806, at the age of seventy-eight years'. t-'. Verse 2:', page 222. Questions.—.'). What did the siege effect, and what followed ? How was South Carolina subdued? 6. Who had command of the southern army ? What was the eflect of Gates's approach? What partisans ftppoared, and what did they do? 11 242 THE IJEVOLUTION. Partisans in the field. Meeting of Gates and Cornwallis, Battle near Camden. protections,"* seeing how little solemn promises were esteemed by the con- queror, disregarded both, and flocked to the standard of those brave partisan leaders, Sumter, Marion, Pickens, and Clarke, who now called them to the field. While Grates and his army were approaching, they were preparing the way for conquest. They swept over the country in small bands, striking a British detachment here, and a party of Tories there, and soon so effectually ^ alarmed the enemy in the interior, as to check the onward progress of in- vasion. 7. Sumter^ first appeared in power on the Catawba. Kepulsed at Rocky Mount [July 30, 1780], on that river, he crossed it, and at Hanging-rock, a i\iw miles eastward, he fell upon and dispersed [Aug. 6], a large body of British and Tories ; yet, through the folly of his men, he did not secure a victory.^ Marion, at the same time, was smiting the enemy among the swamps of the lower country, on the borders of the Pedee. Pickens was annoying Cruger in the neighborhood of the Saluda, and Clarke was calling for the patriots along the Savannah, Ogcechee, and Alatamaha, to drive Brown'' from Au- gusta. 8. Earl Cornwallis was left in chief command at Charleston, and his troops on the Santee were intrusted to Lord Eawdon. When that general heard of the approach of Gates, he gathered all his available forces at Camden, where he was soon joined by the earl. Gates came down from the hill country through Lancaster district, and on the night of the 15th of August, he marched from his camp at Clermont, to surprise the British at Camden. Without being aware of this move - ment, Cornwallis and Eawdon advanced at the same hour to surprise the Americans. A little after midnight they met [August 16, 1780], near Sander's creek,^ a few miles north- of Camden, on the Lancaster road. A slight skirmish be- tween the vanguards ensued, and early in the morning a ' general battle begun. After a desperate strugle with an overwhelming force, the Americans were compelled to yield. The route became general, and the Amer- icans lost in killed, wounded, BRUTISH SAN DESK 8 CKEEK. 1. Verse 4, pag'e 240. 2. Thomas Sumler was a native of South Carolina, and was «arly in the field. Ill health compelled him to leave the army just before the close of the war, in 17M. He was afterward Con- gressman, and died on the High Hills of Santee [verse 14, page 253] in lf^32, at the age of ninety-eight years. 3. Having secured a portion of the British camp, Sumter's men commenced plundering, and drinking the liquors found there. They became intoxicated, and were unable to complete the victory, yet the British dared not follow Sumter in his slow retreat. 4. Verse 5, pnge 241. 5. The roads being in deep sand, the footsteps of the ap- proaching armies could not be heard by each other. They came together in the dark, almost noiselessly, and both were equally surprised. GENEBAL BUMTEK. Questions.— 7. What did Sumter do ? What were Mavion, Pickens, and Clarke accomplishing ? P. What, military movement now took place? What can you tell of a batile near Camden, and its results? tilXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 243 Defeat of the Americans. Great loss of the Americans. Bad policy of the British. BABON DE KALB, and prisoners, about a thousand men, besides all of their artillery and ammunition, and a greater portion of their baggage and stores.^ The British loss was three hundred and twenty-five. Among the killed was the brave Baron de Kalb,^ whose remains yet He under a neat monument at Camden. 9. Grates vainly endeavored to rally his flying troops, and with a few followers he hastened to Charlotte,^ eighty miles distant. There he contmued to be joined by officers and men, and he began to hope that another arnjy might be speedily collected. But when, a few days after his own defeat, he received intelligence that Sumter's force had been nearly annihilated by Tarleton^ [August 18, 1780], on the Fishing creek, near the Catawba, he almost despaired. ^ The victory of the British was again complete, and at the close of Summer, there were no Eepublicans in arms in South Carolina, ex- cept Marion and his men. Within three months [May 12 to August 16], two American armies® had been annihilat- ed, and one of the most formidable par- tisan corps'^ scattered to the winds. 10. Governed by a foolish and wicked policy, Cornwallis now proceeded to establish royal authority, by the most severe measures. In- stead of winning the respect of the people by wisdom and clemency, he thought to subdue them by cruelty. Private rights were trampled under foot, and social organization was superseded by the iron rule of military des- potism.® His measures created the most bitter hatred, and hundreds of patriots 1. General Gates had felt so certain of victory, that he had made no provisions for a retreat, or the salvation of his stores in the rear. His troops were scattered in all directions. Many were shot down in their flight, and even now [1857] bullets are found in the old pine-trees on the route of their retreat. Gates did Indeed, as General Charles Lee predicted he would, " exchange his northern laurels for southern willows." 2. De Kalb was a native of Alsace, a German province ceded to France. He had been in America as a secret French agent, about fifteen years before. He came to America with La P'ayette in 17^7, and Con- gress commissioned him a major-general. He died of his wounds at Camden, three days after the battle. La Fayette laid the corner-stone of his monument in 1825. 3. Verse 14, page 193. 4. Tarleton was one of the most active and unscrupulous officers of the British army. He was distin- guished for his abilities and cruelties during the southern campaigns of 1780-'81. He was' born in Liveipool in 17.5 k He married a daughter of the Duke of Ancaster, in 1798,- and was afterward made a major-general. 5. Sumter himself escaped, but with a loss of fifty men killed and three hundred made prisoners. Tarle- ton took them by surprise, for Sumter had no suspicion of his being in the neighboihood. 6. Lincoln's and Gates's. 7. Sumter's. 8. He issued cruel orders to his subalterns. They were directed to hang every militia-man who had once served in Loyalist corps, but was now found in arms against the king; and many who had submitted to COLONEL TAELETON. GENERAL MAIUON. Qttfstions.— 9. What did Gates do? What events discouraged him? WhRt was rnw the condition of the Southern patriots* ? 10. How unwisely and wickedly did Cornwallis act ? What did his conduct produce? 244 THE REVOLUTION. Battle at King's Mountain. Activity of American partisans. who might have been concUiated, were goaded into active warfare by the lash of miUtary power. Everywhere the people thirsted for vengeance, and only awaited the call of leaders, to rally and strike again for homes and freedom. 11. FeeUng confident of his power in South Carolina^ Cornwallis^ now pre- pared to invade the North State. Early in September he proceeded with his army to Charlotte,2 while detachments were out in various directions to awe the Republicans and encourage the loyalists. While Tarleton was operating on the east side of the Catawba, Major Patrick Ferguson was sent to embody the militia who favored the king, among the mountains west of the Broad river. Many profligate and worth- less men joined his standard, and on the 1st of October, 1780, he crossed the Broad river at the Cherokee ford (Yorkville district), and encamped LOED coKNvvALLis. among thc hills of King's Mountain, with about fifteen Irin lred men. Several corps of Whig militia united to oppose him,^ and on the 7th of October, they fell upon liis camp on King's Mountain. A very severe engagement ensued, and the British were totally defeated. Fer- guson was slain, ^ and three hundi'cd of his men were killed and wounded. The spoils of victory, which cost the Americans only twenty men, were eight hundred prisoners, and fifteen hundred stand of arms. This defeat was, to Cornwallis, what the affair at Bennington" was to Burgoyne. 12. Marion, in the mean while, was daily gaining strength in the lower country, and greatly annoyed the British detachments there, while Pickens and Clarke were hourly augmenting their forces in Greorgia, and south-western Carolina. Sumter, too, undismayed by his recent defeat, again appeared in the field,*' and other leaders were coming forth between thc Yadkin and Broad rivers. Alarmed by the defeat of Ferguson, and these demonstrations on flank and rear, Cornwallis withdrew [Oct. 14] to South Carolina, and toward Clinton [verse 4, page 2:0], and taken profeclion, and had remained at home quietly during the recent re- volt, were imprisoned, their property taken from them or destroyed, and iheir families treated wiih the utmost rigor. See note 3, page 253. 1. Charles, Earl Cornwallis, was born in Suffolk, England, in 1738. He was educated for military life, and commenced his career in 1759. After the Revolution i.i America, he was made Governor-General of India [note 8, page 182], theu Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and again Governor of India. He died near Benares, East Indies, in 1803. 2. His advanced corps were attacked by the Americans under Colonel Davie, on their arrival at Charlotte, but after a severe skirmish the patriots were repitlsed. 3. Th ise were commanded by Colonels Campbell, Shelby, Cleveland, Sevier, Winston, McDowell, and Williams, in all nearly eighteen" hundred strong. 4. On the spot where Fergiison was slain, a plain stone has been erected to the memory of that officer, and of Americans who were killed. 5. Verse 21, page 2.0. 6. Sumter collected a small force in the vicinity of Charlotte, and returned to South Carolina. For some weeks he annoyed the British and Tories very much, and Lord Cornwallis, who called him The Carolina Game C'orl% used great endeavors to crush him. On the night of the 1 ih of November, Major Wemyss, at the head of a British detachment, fell upon him near the Broad river, but was repulsed. Eight days afier- ward he had a very severe engagement with Tarleton, at Blackstock's plantaiion on the Tyger riVer, in a Union district. He had now been jo ned by some Georgians under Colonels Clarke and Twiggs. The Brit- ish were repulsed, with a loss, in killed and wounded, of about .'(X). The Americans lost only three killed and five wounded. Sumler was among the latter, and he was detained from the field for several months, by his wounds. QUESTIONS. — 11. What did Cornwallis attempt? What expedition was defeated near the Broad river, an! how? What of the battle? What were Marion and others doing? What did Cornwallis do? and why ? SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 245 Events in New Jersey. Arrival of a French fleet. the close of October [Oct. 27], made his head-quarters at Winnsborough, mid- way between the Broad and Catawba rivers, in Fairfield district. Here he remained until called to the pursuit of Grreene/ a few weeks later. 13. While these events were progressing at the South, others of great im- portance were transpiring at the North. As we have observed,^ military operations were almost suspended in this region during the year, and there were no offensive movements worthy of notice, except an invasion of New Jersey, in June. Befoi-e the arrival of Clinton from Charleston, Knyphausen^ had sent General Matthews from Staten Island, with five thousand men, to penetrate New Jersey. They took possession of Elizabethtown [June 7], and burned Connecticut Farms ]^ but at Springfield, detachments which had come down from Washington's camp at Morristown, drove them back to the coast. There they remained a fortnight. In the meantime, Clinton arrived, and joining Matthews with additional troops [June 22], endeavored to draw W^ashington into a general battle, or to capture his stores at Morristown. He failed in both. In a severe skirmish at Springfield [June 23], the British were defeated by the Americans under General Greene. After setting fire to the village, the enemy retreated, and passed over to Staten Island. 14. A few days after this invasion, the American people were made glad by the arrival, at Newport [July 10], of a powerful French fleet, under Ad- miral Ternay, bearing six thousand troops, under the Count de Rochambeau.^ This arrival caused Clinton to be more circumspect in his movements, and he made no further attempts to entice Washington to fight. Yet he was en- deavoring to accomplish, by his own strategy and the treason of an American officer, what he could not achieve by force. While the French army were landing upon Rhode Island, and preparing for winter quarters there, Clinton was bargaining with Benedict Arnold for the strong military post at West Point,'' and its dependencies, among the Hudson Highlands, and Avith it, the liberties of America, if possible. 1. Verse 8, page 250. 2. Verse 16, page 237. T. Verse .0. page 207. 4. Now the village of Union, on the road from Elizabethtown to Springfield. Y*^^ 5. In order to prevent any difficulties in relation to command, between the American an I French officers, the Government of France appointed Washington a lieutenant-general of the empire. This allowed him to take precedence of Rochambeau, and made him commander-in-chief of the allied armies. The French army did not enter upon a fall campaign, but remained in camp on Rhode Island and in Connecticut, until the fol- lowing year [verse 18, page 255]. The French cavalry were stationed at Lebanon, the residence of Joseph Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut, who was one of the most effiicent civil officers, next to Robert Morris [verse .S, page 248, of the Revolution. He was born in 1710. He was the Whig leader in Connecticut, and filled the office of Governor for many years. He died in 1785. 6. During the spring and summer of 1778, the passes of the Hudson Highlands were much strengthened. A strong redoubt, called Fort Clinton (in honor of George Clinton, then Governor of New York), was erected on the extreme end of the promontory of West Point. Other re- I doubts were erected in the rear; and upon Mount Independence, five hundred feet above the point, the strong fortress of Fort Putnam was built, whose gray ruins are yet visible. Besides these, an enormous iron GOVERNOR TRUMBULL, chain, each link weighing more than one hundted pounds, was stretched across the Hudson at West Point, to keep British ships from ascending the river. It was floated upon timbers. Qttkstions. — 1.'^. What movements occurred at the North? What skirmishes in New Jersey? 11. What event gave joy to the Americans? What did Clinton now do and attempt? 246 THE REVOLUTION. Defection of Arnold. His correspondence with the enemy. Capture of Andr5. 15. Benedict Arnold^ was a bold soldier, but a bad man. Impulsive, vin- dictive, and unscrupulous, he was personally unpopular, and was seldom with- out a quarrel with some of his companions-in-arms. Soon after his appointment to the command at Phila- delphia,^ he was married to the beautiful young daughter of Edward Shippen, one of the leading loy- alists of that city. He lived in splendor, at an ex- pense far beyond his income. To meet the demands of increasing creditors, he engaged in fraudulent acts which made him hated by the public, and caused charges of dishonesty and malpractices in office to be preferred against him, before the Continental Con- gress. A court-martial, appointed to try him, con- victed him, but sentenced him to a reprimand only. Although Washington performed that duty with the utmost delicacy, Arnold felt the disgrace. It awakened vengeful feelings which, operating with the pressure of debt, made him listen with complacency to the suggestions of a bad nature. He made treasonable overtures to Sir Henry Clinton, and by a correspondence for sev- eral months (under an assumed name, and with propositions couched in com- mercial phrases) with the accomplished Major Andre, ^ Clinton's adjutant- general, he bargained with the British commander to betray West Point and its dependencies into his hands. For this service he was to receive a brigadier's commission, and fifty thousand dollars in cash. 16. By patriotic professions, Arnold obtained the command of West Point in 1780; and the time chosen for the consummation of his treasonable designs was when Washington was absent, in September, in conference with the French officers at Hartford, Connecticut. Arnold and Andre met, for the first time [Sept. 22], at Haverstraw, on the west side of the Hudson, and ar- ranged a definite plan of operations. Clinton was to sail up the river with a strong force, and after a show of resistance, Arnold was to surrender West Point and its dependencies into his hands. The sloop-of-war Vulture^ which conveyed Andre up the river, was driven from her anchorage by shots from an American cannon on shore, and he was obliged to cross to the eastern side of the Hudson, and make his way toward New York by land."^ At Tarry- town, twenty-seven miles from the city, he was stopped [Sept. 23] and searched by three young militia men,^ who, finding papers- concealed in his 1. He harl fought nobly for freedom until 1778, when his passions got the better of his judgment and con- science. He was a native of Norwich, Conn., where he was born in January, 1740. He went to England after the war, and died in London in June, 1801. His young wife died there also two years afterward. 2. Note .5, page 226. 8. Arnold's hand-writing was disguised, and he signed his letters Guf^tavus. Andre's letters were signed John Anderson. A correspondence was carried on between them for more than a year. 4. The sloop lay off Teller's Point, just above the mouth of the Croton river. On that point, some Amer- icans, wifh an old iron six-pounder, so galled the Vulture, that she was compelled to drop further down the river. That old cannon is preserved at Sing Sing, New York. a. John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, all residents of Westchester county. Andre offered them large bribes if they would allow him to pass, but they refused, and thus saved their country from ruin. Questions.— 15. What can you tell of Benedict Arnold? What wicked act did he propose? and for what? 16 What can you tell of Arnold's treason? How was it thwarted? What of Andre and his capture? SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAU FOJl INDEPENDENCE. 247 c'Treason of Arnold. Execution of Andr6. Continuation of the war. boots/ took him to the nearest American post. The commander could not seem to understand the matter, and unwisely allowed Andre to send a letter to Arnold, then at his quarters opposite West Point. The alarmed traitor fled [Sept. 24] down the river in his barge, and found safety on board the c 17. Andre was hanged as a spy at Tappan ^|Qct. 2, 1780], opposite Tarry town. Wash- -ington would have spared Andr>, if tha -stern rules of war had permitted. The young soldier has always been more pitie 1 . tlian blamed ; while the name of Arnold will ever be regarded with the bitterest scorn. Thankful for this deliverance from the dan- gers of treason, Congress voted [Nov 3, 1780]^ each of the three young militia men, a silver medal, and a pension of two hundred dollars a year for hfe. 18. Another year now drew to a close, and yet the patriots were not sub- dued. England had already expended vast treasures and much blood in en- deavors to subjugate them. Notwithstanding this, and unmindful of the fact that a large French land and naval armament v^rere already on the American ; shores,^ she seemed to acquire fresh vigor as every new obstacle presented V itself. And when the British ministry learned that Holland, the maritime rival of England, was secretly negotiating a treaty with the United States for : loans of money and other assistance, they caused a declaration of war against that government to be immediately proclaimed [Dec. 20, 1780], and procured from Parliament immense appropriations of men and money, ships and stores, to sustain the power of Great Britain on land and sea. CAPTOE S MEDAL. SECTIOISr VIIL SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l781.] 1. The opening of 1781 was marked by one of the noblest displays of true heroism, for which the War for Independence was so remarkable. Year after year, the soldiers had suffered every privation from the lack of money and clothing. Faction had now corrupted the Continental Congress, and the public welfare suffered on account of the tardiness of that body in the per- formance of its legitimate duties. Continental money had become almost 1. These papers are well preserved. Afier being in private hands more than seventy years, they were pur- chased, and deposited in the New York State I^ibrary in 1853. 2. On one side is the word " Fidelity," and on the other, " Vincit amor patri^" — '• The love of conn- try conquers." 3. Verse U, page 145- QuESTiONS. — 17. What was done with Andre ? How are Arnold and Andre regarded ? How were the captors rewarded? 18. What had England accomplished and endured at the close of 178')? What troubles menaced her in Knrope? What did she do? 1. What event distinguished the opening of 1781 ? Crvn you relate the circumstances? 248 THE EEVOLUTION. Patriotism of American troops. Mutiny of New Jersey troops. Efforts of Congress. worthless/ and the pay of officers and men was greatly in arrears. They liad asked in vain for aid; and finally, on the 1st day of January, 1781, thir- teen hundred of the Pennsylvania line left the camp at Morristown,'^ with the avowed determination of marching to Philadelphia, and in person de- manding justice from the national legislature. 2. When the mutineers reached Princeton, they were met by British emis- saries from New York, who came to seduce them by bribes to enter tlie serv- ice of the king. Indignant at this implied suspicion of their patriotism, the insurgents seized the spies^ and delivered them to General Wayne"^ for punish- ment There they were met also by a deputation from Congress, who relieved their immediate wants, and gave them such satisfactory guaranties for tin; future, that they returned to their duty. When offered a reward for delivering u[) the spies, they refused to accept it, saying, " Our necessities" compelled us to demand justice from our government; ive ash no reward for doing our duty to our country against its enemies 3. On the 18th of January, a portion of the New Jersey hue, at Pompton, followed the example of their conu*ades at Morristown. But the mutiny was soon quelled'' [Jan. 27], and these events had a salutary effect. They aroused Congress and the people to the necessity of more efficient measures for the support of the army. Taxes were imposed and clieerfully paid; a special agent sent abroad to obtain loans was quite successful,^ and a national bank^ was established at Philadelphia, and placed under the charge of Robert Morris, to whose superintendence Congress had recently intrusted the public Treasury. To his efforts and financial credit, the country was indebted for the means to commence offensive opera- tions in the spring of 1781. 1. Thirty dollars in paper were then worth only one in silver. See note page 198. 2. The head-quarters of Washington were now at New Windsor just above the Hudson Highlands. The Pennsylvania troops were cantoned at Morristown, New Jersey ; and the New Jersey troops were at Pomp- ton, in the same State, 3. Washington had sent Wayne to biing the insurgents hack to duty. When he placed himself before them, with loaded pistols, they put their bayonets to his breast, and said, "We love and respect you, but if you fire you are a dead man. We are not going to the enemy ; on the contrary, if they were now to come out, you should see us fight under your orders with as much alacrity as ever." 4. A committee of Congress appointed to report on the condition of the army said, a short time previous to this event, that it was "unpaid for five months, that it seldom had more than six days' provisions in ad- vance, and was, on several occasions, for sundry successive days, without meat ; that the medical depart- ment had neither sugar, coffee, tea, chocolate, wine, nor spirituous liquors of any kind, and that every department of the army was without money, and had not even the shadow of credit left." This report heightens the glowing colors of their patriotism. 5. Washington sent General Robert Howe, with five hundred men, to suppress the mutiny. Two of the ringleaders were hanged, and the remainder quietly submitted. 6. Colonel John I.aurens [note4 page 258] was sent to France to ask for aid. He procured about $1,200,- 000 as a subsidy, and a further sum as a loan ; and also a gn;iranty for a Dutch loan of about $2,000,0^0. These sums, and the operations of Morris's Bank, gave essential relief. 7. This was called the Bank of North America, the first ever established in the United States. Morris was born in England in 1733, and came to America in childhood. He was a successful merchant in Philadelphia, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and the great financier of the Revolution. He Questions. — 2. How did mutineers display remarkable patriotism? 3. What other mutiny occurred? How was it suppressed? What good did these accomplish? What financial arrangements were made, and by whom? SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 249 Arnold and Phillips in Virginia. Greene takes command of the southern army. 4. While half-starved, half-naked troops were making such noble displays of patriotism amid the snows of New Jersey, Arnold, now engaged in the service of his royal master, was commencing a series of depredations upon lower Virginia, with about sixteen hundred British and Tory troops, and a few armed vessels. He went up the James river, and after destroying [Jan. 5, 1781] a large quantity of public and private stores at Kichmond, and vicinity, he went to Portsmouth [Jan. 20], opposite Norfolk, and made that his head-quarters. Great efibrts were made by the Americans to seize and punish the traitor.^ La Fayette was sent into Virginia with twelve hundred men to oppose him, and a portion of the French fleet went [March 8, 1781] from Ehode Island, to shut him up in the Elizabeth river, and assist in cap- turing him. Admiral Arbuthnot" pursued and attacked [March 16] this fleet, and compelled it to return to Newport. General Phillips soon afterward joined Arnold [March 26] with more than two thousand men, and took the chief command. The traitor accompanied Phillips on another expedition up the James river [April], and after doing as much mischief as possible be- tween Petersburg and Kichmond, he returned to New York.^ We shall meet Arnold presently on the New England coast.* 5. The southern States became the most important theater of the cam- paign of 1781. General Greene,^ who was appointed [Oct. 30, 1780] to suc- ceed General Gates at the South, arrived at the head-quarters at Charlotte, and on the 3d of December took formal com- mand. He arranged his little army into two divisions. With the main body he took post at Cheraw, east of the Pedee, and General Morgan was sent with the remainder (about a thousand strong) to occupy the country near the junction of the Pacolet and Broad rivers. Cornwallis's position was between the two. That general was just preparing to march into North Carolina again,® when Greene made this disposition of his army. 6. Unwilling to leave Morgan in his rear, died in 1806, in comparative poverty, having lort an immense fortune by speculations in lands in western New York, since known as the Holland Land Company's purchase. 1. Soon after the capture of Andre, and before his execution, great efforts were made to seize Arnold. Sergeant Champe, one of Major Lee's dragoons, went in disguise to New York, enlisted into a corps over which Arnold had command, ascertained the nature of his nightly movements, and had almost consum- mated apian for abducting him and carrying him to the Jersey shore, when the traitor was ordered io the southern expedition. Instead of carrying .A rnold off, Champe, himself, was taken to Virginia wi ;h the corps in which he had enlisted. Thei e he escaped, and joined Lee in the Carolinas. 2. Verse 2, page 239. 3. Phillips sickened and died at Petersburg, when Cornwallis, who soon afterward arrived, took the gen- eral command. 4. Verse 19, page 5. Nathanael Greene was born of Quaker parents, in Rhode Island, in IT'O. He was an anchor-smith, and was pursTiing his trade when the Revolmion broke out. He hastened to Boston after the skirmish t t Lexington, and from that time, until the close of the war, was one of the most useful oflRcers in iho army. He died near Savannah in 1785, and was buiied in a vault in that city. His sepulchre can not bo identified. 6. Verse 11, page 141. Questions. — 4. What did Benedict Arnold do in Virginia? What was done to capture him ? What ex- Hediiion did he undertake with Phillips? 6. What milit'^ry movements were made in the South? 11* GENEBAL GBEENE. 250 THE REVOLUTION. Battle of the Cowpens. Great retreat of the Americans. GENERAL MOIIGAN. Cornwallis sent Tarleton to capture or disperse his command. The Amer- icans retreated before his superior force, but were overtaken at the Cowpens^^ in Spartanburg district, and compelled to fight. Morgan* and his brave fol- lowers turned upon their pursuers, and combated with them for more than two hours [Jan. 17, 1781], with skill and briivery. The British were defeated with a loss of almost three hundred men in kiHecl ami wounded, five hun- dred made prisoners, and a -large quantity of arms, ammunition, and stores. It was a brilhant victory, and Congress gave Morgan a gold medal, as a token of its approbation. Colonels Howard^ and Wash- ington,^ whose soldierly conduct won the battle, re- ceived each a silver medal. 7. At the close of the battle, Morgan pushed for- ward with his prisoners, intending to cross the Ca- tawba, and make his way toward Virginia. When Cornwallis heard of the defeat of Tarleton, he de-<- stroyed his heavy baggage, and hastened with his whole army to intercept Morgan and his prisoners. He reached the Catawba in the evening, two hours after Morgan had crossed. Feeling confident of his prc}^, he deferred his passage of the stream until morning. A heavy rain during the night filled the river to its brim, and while the British were de- tained by the flood, Morgan had reached the banks of the Yadkin, wliere he was joined by General Grreene and his escort. 8. Now commenced a remarkable retreat of the American army under Grreene, from the Yadkin to the Dan. Cornwallis reached the western bank of the former [Feb. 3, 1781], just as the Americans got safely on the eastern shore, and he was again JijM arrested in his progress by a sudden sweUing of the "^Mik floods. Onward the patriots pressed, and soon Cornwallis was in full chase. At Guilford court house Greene was joined [Feb. 7] by his main body colonel Washington. 1. The scene of the battle is among the Thicketty mountains, west of the Broad rivec It was called Coicpem fiom the fact that some time before the Revolution, some traders at Camden kept herds of cows ia that fertile region. , , , , » u 2. Daniel Morgan was born in New Jersey in 17f8, and was in the humble sphere oF a wagoner, when called to the field. He had been a soldier under Braddock and jomed Washmgton at Cambridge ni 17/5. lie was a farmer in Virginia after the war, where he died in 1802. . 3. John Eager Howard, of the Maryland line. He was born in Baltimore county lu l/5\ He went irto^ military service at the commencement of tha war. He was in all of the principal battles of the Revolu- tion, was chosen Governor of Maryland in 1778, was afterward a United States Senator, and died m Octo- 4. ' William Washington, a relative of the general. He was born in Stafford county, Va. He enlered the army under Morcer, who was killed at Princeton fverse 5, page 213], and greatly distinguished himselt at the South, as commander of a corps of cavalrv. Taken prisoner at Eutaw Springs [verse 15, page ^56], he remained a captive until the close of the war, and died in Charleston, in March, 1810. In a personal com- bat with Tarleton, at the battle of the Cowpens Wa'^hington wounded his antagonist in his hand. Some said Mrs. Jones, another time he ex- months afterward, Tarleton said sneeringly to Mrs. Willie Jones, a witty American lady Washington, I am told, is illiterate, and can not write his own name." " Ah ! colonel," i "you ought to know better, for you bear evidence that he can make his mark.^^ At anot Question?.— 6. What did Cornwallis wish to do? What was done? and what else can you tell of a bsttlef How were the victors rewarded? 7. What was done after tha battle of the Cowpens, by the two armies? SEVENTH YEAK OF THE WAU FOR INDEPENDENCE. ^ 251 Cornwallis gives up pursuit. Greene's army in North Carolina. Battle at Guilford. from Cheraw,^ and all continued the flight, for they were not strong enough yet to turn and fight. After many narrow escapes during the retreat, G-reene reached the Dan [Feb. 13], and crossed its rising waters safely into the friendly bosom of Halifax county, in Virginia. When Cornwalhs arrived, a few hours later [February 14], the stream was too much swollen to allow him to cross. For the third time the waters, as if governed by a special Providence, inter- ' posed a barrier between the pursuers and the pursued. Mortified and dis- pirited, the earl here abandoned the chase, and moving sullenly southward through North Carolfna, established his camp at Hillsborough. 9. Greene remained in Virginia only long enough to refresh his troops, and ^^teceive recruits,^ and then he recrossed the Dan [Feb. 23], to oppose Cornwallis in his efforts to embody the loyalists under the royal banner. Colonel Lee,^ with his cavalry, scoured the coun- try around the head waters of the Haw and Deep rivers, and foiled the efforts of Tarleton who was recruiting in that region. On one occasion he de- feated and dispersed [March 2] a body of three hundred loyalists under Colonel Pyle,* near the Alamance creek, after which the Tories kept quiet ■" and very few dared to take up arms. G-reene, in COLONEL HENEY LEE- BATTLE OF GUILFOED. the meantime, had moved cautiously forward, and on the 1st of March [1780], found himself at the head of almost five thousand troops. Feeling strong enough now to cope with Cornwalhs, he sought an engage- ment with him, and on the loth they met, and fiercely contended, near Guilford court house.'^ That battle was one of the severest of the war. Although the Americans were repulsed and the British became mas- ^ ters of the field, the victory was almost as destructive for Cornwallis as a defeat. ^' Another such victory," ** t^ressed a desire to see Colorel Washington. Mrs. Jones's sister instantly replied, " Had you loolced behind " you at the Coupenn, you might have had that pleasure." 1. Verse 5, page 2 i). 2. On his way South to take command of the southern army, he left the Baron Steuben in Viiginia, to gather recruils, provisions, etc., aud forward them to him. This serviceihe Baron performed with elhciencv. See note 2, page 230. 3. Henry Lee was born in Virginia, in 17r6. He entered the military service as captain of a Virginia company in 1776, and in 1777 joined the Continental armj^ At the head of a legion he performed extra- ordinary services during the war, especally at the South. He was afterward Governor of Virginia, and a member of Congress. He died in 1818. 4. Lee sent two young countrymen, whom he had captured, to the camp of Pyle, to inform that leader that Tarleton whs approaching, and wished to meet him. Pyle had never seen Tarleton, and when he came up he supposed TiCe and his party to be that of the renowned British officer. Friendly salutations were ex- presscfl, and at a word, the Americnns fell upon the loyalists, killed almost a hundred of them, and di<=- persc'l the remainder. This event took place two or three miles from the scene of the Regulator battle men- tioned on page 18'^. 5. About five miles from the present village of Greensborough, in Guilford county, North Carolina. QuT!STiONS.— 8. What remnrkable event now occurred ? What can you tell of Greene's retreat and cscftip ? , 9. What did the Americans now do? What exploit did Lee perform? What can you tell of a battle and ila j-esults? 252 THE REVOLUTION. Character of the battle at Guilford. Battle near Camden. Capture of British posts. said Charles Fox in the British House of Commons, will ruin the British army." His battalions were so shattered^ that he could not maintain the advantage he had gained. Thoroughly dispirited, he abandoned western Carohna and moved [March 19], with liis whole army, to Wilmington, near the seaboard. Greene rallied his forces and pursued the British as far as the Deep river, in Chatham county. There he relinquished the pursuit, and prepared to re-enter South Carolina. 10. Lord Rawdon^ was now in command of a British force at Camden. Greene marched [April G], directly for that place, and on the 19th of -April he encamped on Ilobkirk's Hill, about a mile from Rawdon's intrenchments. Six days afterward [April 25, 1781], he was surprised^ and defeated by Raw- don, after a sharp battle, in which the Americans lost in killed, wounded, and missing, two hundred and sixty-six men. The British lost two hundred and fifty-eight.'' Greene conducted his retreat so well, that he cariied away all his artillery and baggage, with fifty British prisoners. 11. The two armies were now about equal in numbers, and Greene's began to increase. Alarmed by this, and for the safety of his forts in the lower country, Rawdon set fire to Camden and retreated [May 10, 1781] to Nel- son's Ferry, on the Santee. He had ordered Cruger' to abandon Ninety-Six" and join Brown at Augusta;' and had also directed Maxwell to leave Fort Gianby,^ and retire to Orangeburg,^ on the North Edisto. But his orders and liis movements were made too late. Within the space of a week, four important posts fell into the hands of the Americans,'" and Greene was making rapid marches toward Ninety-Six. Lee had pressed forward and co- operated with Pickens in holding the country between Ninety-Six und Au- gusta, to prevent a junction of the garrisons at either of those places. At the beginning of June [1781], the British possessed only three points in South Carolina, namely, Charleston, Nelson's Ferry, and Ninety-Six. 1. The Ainencans lost in killed and wounded, about four hundred men, besides almost a thousand who deserted to their homes. The loss of the British was over six hundred. Among the otlieerswho were killed was Lieutenant-Colonel Webster, who was one of the most efficient men in the British army. On this occa- sion Greene's force was much superior in numbers to that of Cornwallis, and he had every advantage of position. , , , . 2. Ver^e'H, page 253. 6. Greene was breakfastmg at a sprmg on the eastern slope of Hobkirk's Hill, when Rawdoii's armv, by a circuitous route through a forest, fell upon him. Some of his men were cleaning their guns, others were washing their clothes, and all wei-e unsuspicious of darger. 4. The number of killed was remarkably small. Tlie Americans had only eighteen, and the British thirty-eight, slain on the battle-field. 5. Ve'se 5, page '241. 6. So called because it was ninety-six miles from the frontier fort, Prince George, on the Keowee river. Its site IS occupied by the pleasant village of Cambridge, in Abbeville district, one hundred and forty-seven miles north-west from Charleston. y Verse 5, page 241. 8. On the western side of the Congaree, two miles from the present citv of Columbia. South Carolina. ' 9. On east b«nk of the North Kdisto, about sixty-five miles south of Columbia. M Jv • Pnrf ® principal leT.ders against these posts. Orangeburg was taken on the lllh of May , I-ort Motte on the 12th ; the post at Nelson's Ferry on the 14th, and Fort Granbv on the irth. Fort Watson, situated on the Sante^e a few miles above Nelson's Ferry, was taken on 1he l^h of April. Fort Motte was near the innction of the Wateree and Congnroe, forty miles south from Camden. Nelson's Ferry IS at the mouth of hutaw creek, on the Santee, about fifty miles from Charleston hobkirk's hill. Questions.— 10. What occurred near Camden? What can you tell of a battle there? 11 How did the IccVrS'?' "°^^^^P^^«^ What movements did Lord Rawdon order? What series of import^mteTeS^ SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 253 Siege of Ninety-Six. Surrender of Augusta. High Hills of Santee. 12. Greene commenced the siege of Ninety-Six^ on the 22(1 of May, with less than a thousand regulars and a few raw mihtia. For almost a month, his efforts were unavailing. Then hearing of the approach of Kawdon, with a strong force, to the relief of Ci-uger, the Americans made ah unsuccessful effort [June 18] to take the place by storm. They raised the siege the following evening [June 19], and retreated beyond the Saluda. . Rawdon pursued them a short distance, when he wheeled and marched to Orangeburg. 13. While this siege was progressing, Lee and Pickens, with Clarke and others of G-eorgia, were making successful efforts on the Savannah. Lee cap- tured Fort Galphin, twelve miles below Augusta, on the 21st of May, and then sent an officer to demand of Brown an instant surrender of his garrison. The siege of Augusta was commenced on the 23d, and continued until the 4th of June, when a general assault was agreed upon. Brown now proposed a surrender; and the following day [June 5, 1781] the Americans took possession of that im- portant post. They lost fifty-one men, killed and wounded ; the British lost fifty-two killed, and three hundred and thirty-four (including the wounded) made prisoners. At the close of the siege, Lee and Pickens^ hastened to join Greene before Ninety-Six. 14. When Rawdon retired toward Orange- burg, Greene became his pursuer, but finding liim strongly intrenched at that place, the Amer- GENEKAL PICKENS. . i . i /-t i i -it leans crossed the (Jongaree, and the mam body encamped upon the High Hills of Santee^ in Santee district, there to pass the hot and sickly season. Leaving his troops at Orangeburg, in the command of Colonel Stewart, Rawdon departed for England.^ 15. Greene was reinforced by North Carohna troops, in August, and at the close of that month he marched upon Orangeburg.* Stewart (who had been 1. The principal work was a star redoubt [note 8, page 190]. There was a picketed inclosure [note ?, page IJI] around the little village ; and on the west side of a stieam running from a spring (a) was a stockade (jiofeS, page I V)] fort. Tha besiegers encamped at four diifereut points around the works. Kosciuszko[note 5, page 220J was the engineer in chief. 2. Andrew Pickens was born in Pennsylvania in 1739. In childhood he went to South Carolina, and was >ne of the lirst in the field for liberty. lie was a very useful officer, and good citizen. He died in 1^7. 3. A short time before he sailed, Rawdon was a party to a cruel transaction which created a great deal of excitement throughout the South. Among those who took British protection after the fall of Charleston, in [verse 4, page 2401, was Colonel Isaac Hayne, a highly respectable Carolinian. When General (ireene, the following year, confined the British to Charleston alone, and these protections had no force, Havne con- sidered himself released from the obligations of his parole, took up arms for his country, and was made a prisoner. Colonel Balfour was then in chief command at Charleston, and from the beginning seemed deter- mined on the death of Hayne. Rawdon exerted his influence to save the prisoner, but finally he co'isented to his execution, as a traitor. Greene was inclined to retaliate, but, fortunately, hostilities soon afterwnrd jeased, and the flow of blood was stopped. 4. Verse 11, page 252. QuKSTiONS.— 12. What post was besieged? What can you tell of the siege of Ninety-Six? W What Tjcre other American officers doing? What can you tell of the capture of Augusta by the America:. s ? What movements were now made by the two armies ? 254 THE REVOLUTION. Battle of Eutaw Springs. British driven to the coast Cornwallis in Virginia. joined by Cniger from Ninety-Six), retreated to Eutaw Springs, near the south-west banks of the Santee, and there encamped. Grreene pursued, and on the morning of the 8th of September [1781], a severe battle commenced. The British were driven from their camp ; and Greene's troops, Hke those of Sumter at Hanging Eock,^ scattered among the tents of the enemy, drinking and plundering. The British unexpectedly renewed the battle, and after a bloody conflict of about four hours, the Americans were obliged to give yrdj. That night the British retreated toward Charleston. The next day [Sept. 9, 1781 J, Greene advanced and took possession of the battle-field, and then sent detachments in pursuit of the enemy.^ The Americans lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, five hundred and fifty-five. The British lost six hundred and ninety- three. 16. At this time, Marion, Sumter, Lee, and other partisans, were driving British detachments from post to post, and smiting parties of loyalists in every direction. The British finally evacuated all their stations in the country, and retired to Charleston, pursued almost to the verge of the city, by the bold American scouts. At the close of the year [1781], the British at the South were confined to Charleston and Savannah; and besides these places, they did not hold a single post south of New York. Late in the season [Nov.], Greene moved his army^ to the vicinity of Charleston ; wliile Wayne, early in 1782, was closely watching the British at Savannah. 17. While Greene and Rawdon were maneuvering in South Carolina, Corn- wallis was attempting the subjugation of Virginia. He left Wilmington* on the 23 th of April, crossed the Eoanoke at Halifax, and on the 20th of May, reached Petersburg, where he took the command of the troops of the deceased Phillips.^ Lafayette was then in Virginia,'' but his force was too small effect- ually to oppose the invaders, and the State seemed doomed to British rule. For the purpose of bringing La Fayette into action, CornwalKs penetrated the country beyond Richmond, and destroyed an immense amount of property."^ Fie also sent out marauding parties in various directions,* and for several weeks the whole State was kept in great alarm. He finally proceeded [June, L781] slowly toward the coast, closely pursued by La Fayette. Wayne, and 1. Verse 7, page 24?. 2. Congre.'^s awarded a gold medal to Greene for his skill and bravery at Eutaw Springs. The battle, al- though it resulted in the repulse of the Ameiicans, was more disastrous to the British than to them. 3. After the battle of Eutaw Springs, Greene again encamped on the High Hills of Santee, from which he sent out expeditions toward Charleston. These were successful, and the enemy were kept close upon the sea-board, during the remainder of the war. 4. Verse 9, page i;5l. 5. Note 3, page 249. 6. Verse 4. page 240. 7. The principal object of Cornwallis in marching beyond Richmond, was to prevent a junction of troops, tinder Wayne, then approaching through Maryland, wilh La Fayette. But the marquis was too expert, out- marched the earl, and met Wayne on the 10th of June, _ 8. Colonel Simcoe, commander of the Queen's Rangers, was sent to capture or destroy stores at the junc- tion of the Fluvanna and Rivanna rivers. He also dispatched Tarleton to attempt the capture of Governor Jefferson and the Legislature, who had fled from Richmond to Charlottesville, near the residenceof Mr. Jef- ferson. Seven members of the Legislature fell into his hands [June 4], and Mr. Jefferson narrowly escaped capture by fleeing from his house to the mountains. Questions. — 15. How was Greene strengthened ? and what did he do ? What battle occnrred ? What can you tell about it t 10. What were Marion and others now doing? What was now the condition of the Brit- ish in South Carolina and Georgia? 17. What was Cornwallis attempting in Virginia? Who opposed him? and whp.t were llie prospects? What did the British detachments do? What can you teil of Comwallis's movements? SEVENl^H YEAK OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 255 The allied armies. Deceptive letters. March for Virginia, allied ^Steuben. While lying at W^illiamsburg, he received [June 29] orders from General Clinton to take post near the sea, in order to reinforce the garrison at New York, if necessary, which was now menaced by the combine'd American and French armies. He crossed the James river [July 9] at Old Jamestown,^ and proceeded by land to Portsmouth ; but disliking that situation, lie went to Yorktown, on the York river, and commenced fortifying that place [Aug.] and Gloucester Point, opposite. 18. While these movements were progressing at armies had met on the Hudson river [July C], in .Westchester county, for the purpose of attacking Sir Henry Clinton, in New York. The Americans were under the immediate command of Washington, and the French under the Count de Pochambeau.^ Count de Grasse was then in command of a French fleet in the West Indies, and Washington confidtmtly ex- pected his aid in the enterprise. But while preparing to strike the blow, Clinton was reinforced [Aug. 11] by nearly three thousand troops from Europe ; and intelligence came from De Grasse that he could not give his co-operation. Thus foiled, Washington turned his thoughts to Vir- ginia ; and when, a few days afterward, he learned from De Barras,^ at New- port, that De Grasse was about to sail for the Chesapeake, he resolved to march southward. 19. Washington V7rote deceptive letters to General Greene in New Jersey, and sent them so as to be in- tercepted by Sir Henry Clmton. He thus blinded the British commander to his real intentions ; and it was not until the alUed armies had crossed the Hudson, passed through New Jersey, and were marching fi-om the Delaware toward the head of Chesapeake Bay,* that Clinton was convinced that an attack upon the city of New York was not the object of Washington^ movements. It was then too late for successful pur- suit, and he endeavored to recall the Americans by sending Arnold to desolate the New England coast. Although there was a terrible massacre perpetrated by the marauders at Fort Grisw^old,^ [Sept. G, COUNT DE KOCHAMBEATT. COimT DE GRASSE. 1. TTere he was attacked by Wayne, who. after striking the British a severe biow. hastily retreated, with but little loss, back to the main army, two miles distant. 2. Born -.\t Vendome, in France, in 1725. He was a distinguished officer in the French army, and alter his return from Ame:ica, was made a field marshal by his king. He was pensioned by Bonaparte, and died in 1807. 3. The successor of Admiral de Ternay, in the conimand of the French fleet. Ternay died at Newport. 4. This is generally called, in the letters and histories of the time, " Head of Elk," the rarrow, r-pper part of the Chesapeake being called Elk river. There stands the village of Elkton. .5. Arnold landed at the month of the Thames, and proceeded to attack Fort Trumbnll. near New London. The garrison evacuated it, and the village was burned. Another division of the expedition went up ou the QUKRTiONS. — 18. What did the allied armies do? What did they attempt? Why wa? the scheme aban- doned? '0. How did Washington mislead Clinton? What did the allied aimies do? What did Clinton at- tempt ^ and how? What can you tell of Arnold's expedition to Connecticut ? What naval battle occurred? 256 THE REVOLUTIO^T. laviil battle. Siege of YorktoAvn. 1781], and New London, opposite, almost in sight of the traitor's birth-place,* was burned, it did not check the progress of Washington. Nor did reinforce- ments sent* by water to aid Cornwallis, effect their object, for when Admiral Grraves arrived off the Capes [Sept. 5], Do Grasse was there to guard the entrance to the Chesapeake.^ lie v/ent out to fight Graves, but after a par- tial action both withdrew, and the French anchored [Sept. IC] within the Capes. ^ 20. The alhed armies, about twelve thousand strong,'* arrived before York- town on the 28th of September, 1781, and after compelling the British to abandon their outworks, commenced a regular siege. They opened a heavy cannonade upon the town and the British works on the evening of the 9th of October. They hurled red-hot balls among the English shipping in front of the town, and burned several vessels. Disasters were gathering a fearful web of difficulty around Cornwallis. Despairing of aid from Chnton, and perceiving his strong fortifications crumbling, one by one, under the terrible storm of iron from a hundred heavy cannons, he attempted to escape on the night of the IGth, by crossing to Gloucester, breaking through the French troops stationed there, and making forced marches toward New York. east side of the Thames, attacked Fort Griswold at Groton, and after Colonel Ledyard had surrendered it, he and almost every man in the fort were cruelly murdered, or badly wounded. There is a monument to their memory, at Groton. 1. At Norwich, at the head of the Thames, a few miles north of New London. See note 1, page ?4fi. Z. Graves mtended to intercept a French squadron which was on its way with heavy cannons and military stores for the armies at Yorktown. He wrs not aware that De Grasf^e had left the West Indies. 6. 1 he place of anchorage was in Lynn Haven Bav. The hostile fleets were in sight of each other for five succ^sive days, but neither party was anxious to renew the combat. 4. The whole of the American and French forces, employed in the sieere, amounted to a little over six- teen thousand men. Of the \ mericans, about seven thousand were regular troops, ard four thousand mi- litia. The French troops numbered about five thousand, including those brought by De Grasse from the West Indies. 5. The British lost one hundred and fifty-six killed, three hundred and twenty-six wounded, and seventy missing. The combined armies lost, in killed and wounded, about three hundred. Among the spoils were SIEGE OF TOKKTOWN. When the van of his troops em- barked, the waters of the York river were perfectly calm, al- though dark clouds were gath- ering on the horizon. Then a storm arose as sudden and as fearful as a summer tornado, dis- persed the boats, compelled many to put back, and the attempt was abandoned. Hope now faded, and on the 19th, Cornwallis surren- dered the posts at Yorktown and Gloucester, with almost seven thousand British soldiers, and his shipping and seamen, into the hands of Washington and De Grasse.^ Clinton appeared at the Questions.— 20. What can you tell of the siege of Yorktown? What was the result? CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 257 SuiTcnder of Corawallis. Effects of that event. entrance to Chesapeake Bay a few days afterward, with seven thousand troops, bjt it was too late. The final blow which smote down British power in America had been struck, and the victory was complete. Clinton returned to New York, amazed and disheartened. 21. From every family altar where a love of freedom dwelt — from pulpits, legislative halls, the army, and from Congress^ [October 24], went up a shout of thanksgiving and praise to the Lord Grod Omnipotent, for the success of the allied troops, and these were mingled with universal eulogies of the Great Leader and his companions in arms. The clouds which had lowered for seven long years appeared to be breaking, and the splendors of the dawn of peace burst forth, like the light of a clear morning after a dismal night of tempest. And the desire for peace, which had long burned in the bosom of the British people, now found such potential expression, as to bo heeded by the British ministry. The intelligence of the fate of Cornwallis and his party, fell with all the destructive energy of a bomb-shell in the niidst of the war-party^ in Parhament ; and the stoutest declaimers in favor of b^iyoncts and gunpowder, Indians and Glerman mercenaries,^ as fit instruments for enslaving a free peo- ple, began to talk of the expediency of peace. Lord North'* and his adminis- tration, who had misled the nation for twelve years, gave way under the pressure of the peace sentiment, and retired [March 20, 1782] from office. The advocates of peace then came into power, and early in the following May, Sir Guy Carleton arrived in New York, with propositions for a recon- ciliation. SECTION IX. CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1782-1789.] 1. Intelhgence of the capture of Cornwallis^ reached General Greene on the 30th of October, 1781, and that day was spent by the army as one of jubilee. The event seemed to be a guaranty for the future security of the Republicans in the South, and Governor Rutledge® soon called a Legislative Assembly, to seventy-five brass, and one hundred and sixty iron cannons ; seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-four muskets ; twenty-eight regimental standards ; a large quantity of musket and cannon-balls, and nearly eleven thousand dollars in specie in the military chest. The array was surrendered to Washington, and the shipping and seamen to De Grasse. The latter soon afterward left the Chesapeake and went to the West Indies. Rochambeau remained with his troops in Virginia during the winter, and the main body of the American army marched north, and went into winter quarters on tlie Hudson. A stror.g detachment under General St. Clair [verse 18, p. 219] was sent south to diive the British from Wilmington, and reinforce the array of General Greene, then lying near Charleston. 1. A messenger, with a dispatch frora Washington, reached Philadelphia rt midnight. Before dawn the exulting people filled the streets; and at an earlv hour, Secretary Thomson [ver^e r5, p. 185] road that cheering letter to the assembled Congress. Then that aucust body went in procession 1o a temple of the living God [October 24th, 1781], and there joined in public thanksgivings to the King of kings, for the great victory. They also resolved that a marble column should br* erected at Yorktown, to commemorate the event ; and that two stands of colors should be nrc-ented to Washington, and two pieces of cannon to each of the French commanders, Rochambeau and De (i^rasse. 2. Lord George Germair-c said that Lord North received the intelligence, as he would have done a can- non-ball in his breast." He pacfd the room, and throwing his firms w-ildly about, kent exclaiming, " O, God ! it is all over, it is all over !" 3. Verse 2, page 19". 4. Verse ' 9, page 1S2. 5. Verse 20, page 256. 6. Verse ?, page 230. Qtit-sttons.— 21 . What effect did the victory at Yorktown have? What was done by the British Parlia- ment? What political changes took place? 258 THE REVOLUTION. Vigilance of the Americans. Troceedings in Parliament. Treaty of peace, meet at Jacksonborougli, to re-establish civil authority. An offer of pardon for penitents, brought hundreds of Tories from the British lines at Cliarlcston, to accept the clemency. Yet the vigilance of the Americans was not allowed to slumber, for a wary foe yet occupied the capitals of South Carolina and Georgia. Marion and his men kept " watch and ward" over the region be- tween the Cooper and the Santee, while Greene's main army lay near the Edisto ; and Wayne kept the enemy as close within his intrenchments at Savannah. Alarmed by the approach of St. Clair/ the British fled from Wil- mington, and took post on St John's Island, just below Charleston. Wash- ington, at the same time, was keeping Clinton and liis army close prisoners in New York." 2. On the 4th of March/ 1782, the British House of Commons^ resolved to end the war. Orders for a cessation of hostilities speedily went forth to the British commanders in America. On the 11th of July [1782], the British evacuated Savannah, and on the 14th of December following, they also de- parted from Charleston.'* They remained in New York almost a year longer [Nov. 25, 1783], under the command of Sir Guy Carleton,^ who had succeeded Sir Henry Clinton, because the final negotiations for peace were not com- pleted, by ratification, until near that time. 3. Five commissioners'' were appointed by the United States to conclude a treaty of peace with Great Britain. They met two Endish commissioners, for that purpose, at Paris, and there, on the 30th of November, 1782, they signed a preliminary treaty. French and English commissioners also signed a treaty of peace on the 20 th of January following. Congress ratified the action of its commissioners in April, 1783, yet negotiations were in progress until September following, when a definitive treaty was signed' [Sept. 3, 1783] at Paris. At the same time, definitive treaties between England, France, Spain, and Holland, were signed by their respective commissioners, and the United States became an acknowledged power among the nations of the earth. 4. The joy of the American people, in view of returning peace and prosper- ity, was mingled with many gloomy apprehensions of evil. The army, which, through the most terrible sufferings, had remained faithful, and become con^ 1. Note 5, page 256. 2. Verse 18, page 2:5. 3. Note 7, page 177- 4. During the preceding summer, (Jeneral lieslie, Ihe British commander at Charleston, made several at- tempts to penetrate the country for the purpose of seizing provisions for his army. I.ate in August, he at- tempted to ascend the Combahee [verse 20, page 2?>\ for that purpose, when he was opposed by the Amer- icans under (Jeneral Gist, of the ]S[aryland line. Colonel John Laurens [note 6, page 248] volunteered in tho service ; and in a skirmish at daybreak, on the 2nih of August, he was killed. The last blood of (he Revo- lution was shed at Stono Ferry [verse 7, page 233] in September following, when Captam Wilraot was killed in a skirmish with a British foraging party. 5. Verse 19, page 19^. 6. This number was appointed in order that different sectior-s of the Union might be represented. "Ihe commissioners were John Adams, John Jay, Dr. Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens. Ja ferson did not serve. j. as 7. England acknowledged the independence of the United States ; allowed ample boundaries, extending northward to the great lakes, and westward to the Mississippi, and au unlimited right of fishing on the banks of Newfoundland. The two Floridas were restored to Spain. Questions. — 1. How did the intelligence of the capture of Cornwallis affect the American army and the ppnnle? What occurred in the vicinity of Charleston? 2. What was done in the British House of Commons? What was done bv the British army in America? 3. What was done toward the establishment of peace' What can you tell of negotiations and their results? What treaties were agreed to? CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 259 Discontents of the army. Provisions made by Congress. Washington resigns his commission. queror, was soon to be disbanded ; and thousands, many of them made inva- lids by the hard service in which they had been engaged, would be compelled to seek a livelihood in the midst of the desolation which war had produced. For a long time the public treasury had been empty, and neither officers nor soldiers had received any pay for their services. A resolution of Congress, passed in 1780 [Oct. 21], to allow the officers half pay for life, was ineffective, because funds were wanting. Already the gloomy prospect had created wide-spread murmuring in the army; and on the 11th of March, 1783, a w^cll- written address was circulated through the American camp (then near New- burg), which advised the army to take matters into their own hands, make a demonstration that should arouse the fears of the people and of Congress, and thus obtain justice for themselves.^ For this purpose, a meeting of officers was called, but the great influence of Washington prevented a response. He then summoned all the officers together, laid the matter before them [March 15], and obtained from them a patriotic expression of their faith in the ^'just- ice of Congress and the country." In a few days the threatening cloud passed away. 5. Soon after this event, Congress made arrangements for granting to the officers full pay for five years, instead of half pay for life ; and to the soldiers full pay for four months, in partial liquidation of their claims. On the eighth anniversary of the skirmish at Lexington [April 19, 1783], a cessation of hos- tilities was proclaimed in the army, and on the 3d of November following, the army was disbanded. That glorious band of patriots then quietly returned to their homes, to enjoy, for the remnant of their lives, the blessings of the lib- erty they had won, and the grateful benedictions of their countrymen. Of the two hundred and thirty thousand Continental soldiers, and the fifcy-six. thousand militia who bore arms during the war, not more than five hundred now [1857] remain among us!^ And the average age of these must be more than ninety years. 6. Washington met his officers at New York, and there had an affectionate parting with them^ [Dec. 4, 1783]. He then hastened to Annapolis, in Maryland, where the Congress was in session, and on the 23d of December, he resigned into its custody the commission which he received [June 16, 1775] from that body more than eight general mifflin. cf3A^Pll^^^''®'^^ y'*^ anonymous, but it wns nf eiward acknowledged to be «ewburg? 5. What provisions di 1 Congress make for the officers and soldiers of the Revolu- U?" I. . military movement occurred ? What can vou tell of the Revolutionary soldiers? 6. What did Washmgton now do? What interesting event occurred at Annapolis' 260 THE REYOLUTIOi^. Society of the Cincinnati. Evacuation of New York. years before.^ His address on that occasion was simple and touching, and the response of General Mifflin,^ the President, was equally affecting. The spectacle was one of great moral subUmity. Like Cincinnatus, Washington laid down the cares of State, and returned to his plow. Already the last hostile foot had departed^ [Nov. 25], and his country was free and inde- Dendent.'* 7. A little while before the fnial disbanding of the army, many of the of- ficers, then at Ncwburg, on the Hudson,^ met [June 19j 1783], and formed an association, which they named the Society of the Cincinnati. The chief objects of the Society were to promote cordial friendship and indissoluble union among themselves ; to commemorate, by frequent re-unions, the great struggle they had just passed through ; to use their best endeavors for the promotion of human liberty ; to cherish good feeling between the respective States; and to extend benevolent aid to those of the Society whose circumstances miglit require it. They formed a General Society, and elected Washington its first President. They also made provision for the formation of auxiliary State So- cieties. The Order of the Society" consists of a gold eagle^ suspended upon a ribbon, on the breast of which is a medal- lion with a device, representing Cincinnatus receiving the Eoman senators.'^ Several State Societies are yet [1857] in onDEK. existence. 8. Although the war was ended and peace was guarantied, the people had much to do in the adjustment of public affairs, to secure the liberty and inde- pendence proclaimed and acknowledged. The country was burdened with 14th of ihe same monlli, he made an arrangement with General Carle- ton for the British evacuation of New York. 1. Verse 15, page 193. 2. Thomas Mitiiin was born in Philadelphia, in 1744. He was a Quaker [note 7, page 97], but joined the patriot army in 1775, and rap- idly rose to the rank of m;ijor-general. He was a member of Congress after the war, and also Governor of Pennsylvania. He died in January, 1800. 3. The British evacuated New York on the 25th of November, and on that day. General Knox, the efficient artillery commander during the war, entered the city with a small remnant of the Continental army, and took possession. He was accompanied by Governor George Clinton, of New York, and all the State officials. Before evening, the last British soldier had departed from the Bav. Like Governors Trumbull [note 5, page ''4.51 and Rutledge [verse 2, page 239], Clinton, in a civil capacity, was of immense service to the American cause. He was born in Ulster / countv. New York, in 1789. He was Governor about eighteen years, and died in 1812, while Vice-President of the United States. See veise IS, page 284. John Adams was the first minister of the United States to Great Britain. He was politely received by King George the Third, and that monarch was faithful to his promises 5. Verse 4, page 258. 0. An order is a badge, or visible token of regard or distinction, con- ferred upon persons for meritorious services. On the breast of Baron Steuben, on page 2.30, is the order of Fidelity^ presented to him by Fred- eric the Great of Prussia, for his services in the army of that monarch. \ . . kings are very costly, being made of gold, and silver, and precious stones. The picture of the order of the Cincinnati, given above, is half the size of the original. 7. Cincinnatus was a noble Koman citizen. When the Romans were menaced with destruction bv an enemy, the Senate appointed delegates to invite Cincinnatus to assume the chief magistracy of the nation. GOVERNOR CLINTON. Some of the ordem conferred by OuESTiONS. — What Fociety was formed? and by whom? What was its organization? and what its objects? What of its order? CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 261 Enibarrassinents of the government. The Federal Constitution. heavy debts, foreign and domestic/ and the Articles of Confederation'^ gave Congress no power to discharge them, if it had possessed the abihty. On its recommendation, however, the individual States attempted to raise their re- spective quotas, by direct taxation.^ But all were impoverished by the war, and it was found to be impossible to provide means even to meet the arrears of pay due to the soldiers of the Revolution. Each State had its local obliga- tions to meet,* and Congress could not coerce compliance with its recom- mendations. 9. It was now perceived that, while the Articles of Confederation formed a sufficient constitution of government during the progress of war, they were not adapted to the pubHc wants in the new condition of an independent sov- ereignty, in which the people found themselves. There appeared a necessity for a greater centralization of power, by which the States would not only bo drawn into a closer union, but the G-eneral Government could act more effi- ciently for the public good. A better system of commercial regulations was demanded; and in September, 1786, delegates from six States convened at Annapolis, in Maryland, to consider the matter. This Convention suggested the propriety of holding another, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.^ For that labor, representatives from all the States but Rhode Island, met in the State House in Philadelphia,^ in May, 1787, and chose General Washington to preside. After long deliberation,'^ and a clear perception of the utter inutility of the existing organic laws, the Convention cast aside the Articles of Confederation ^ and formed an entirely new instru- ment— the National Constitution under which we now live. 10. The Constitution was submitted to Congress [Sept. 28, 1787], and that They found him at his plow. He immedietely complied, raised an army, subdued the enemy, and after bearing the almost imperial dignity for fourteen days, he resigned his otfice, and returned to his plow. How like Cincinnatus were Washington and his compatriots of the War for Independence. , 1. According to an estimate made by the Register of the Treasury in 1(90, the entire cost of the War for Independence, was at least one hundred and thirty millions of dollars, exclusive of vast sums lost by indi- viduals and the several Slates. The Trea.'^ury payments amounted to almost ninety-three millions, chiefly in Continental bills. The foreign debt amounted to eight millions oi dollars ; and the domestic debt, due chiefly to the officers and soldiers of the Revolution, was uioie than thirty millions of dollars. 2. Note 3, page 212. 3. This effort produced great excitement in many of the States ; and in IMassachusetts, in 1"87, the people openly rebelled. The insurrection became so formidable, that an armed force of several thousand men was required to suppress it. The insurgents were led by Daniel Shay, and it is kr.own in history as SJiay^s Rebellion. 4. In the Convention which framed theNationalConstitution, ro subject created more earnest debate than a proposition for the Genernl Government to assume the debts of the States conti acted in providing mtai s for carrying on the war. The debts of the .'^evcrfil States were unenual. Those of Mnssachuse'ls and South Carolina, amounted to more than ten millions and a half of dollars, Avhile ihe debts of all the other States did not extend, in the aggregate, to fifteen millions. This assumption was lii.ully made, to the amount cf $21,500,000. See verse 4, page 165. .^ Verse 2, page 2i i. 6. Page 20?. 7. Such conflicting interests were represented in this Convention, that it was doubtful, for a loiig time, whether the members would come to anv agreement : and some proposed a fnal adjourrment. At this mo- mentous crisis. Dr. Franklin arose, and said to the Piof-idert : "How has it hrpper:cd, ^"N lhat while giop- ii'g so long in the dark, divided in our opinions, and now ready to separate without acccmplishmg the grert objects of our meeting, that we have T>ot hitherto once thought of humbly applying to the Father of Lights to illuminate our understanding? In the beginning of the contest with Britain, when we were sensible rt danger, we hrd daily prayers in this room, for divine protection. Our prayers, sir, were heard, ana they were graciously answered." After a few more remarks, he moved that " henceforth, prayers, imploring the as- Ristance of Heaven, and its blessitigs on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morumg before we proceed to business," The resolution was not adopted, as the convention, except three or four persons, thought prayers unnecessary. Objections were also made, because there were no funds to defray the ex- penses of such clerical services. OnESTiONS —8 What was the general condition of the country? What was done for the common good I t wv.nt defects were seen in the form of CJoverument of the United States? What was done to improve itr What instru Ticnt was form d? 262 THE REVOLUTiOlSr. pjxpiration of the old Congress. Commencement of the new government. body sent copies of it to the several State Legislatures, in order that it might be considered in conventions of the people.^ These were assembled, and the requisite number of States having ratified it,^ Congress fixed the time for choosing electors^ for President and Vice-President ; the time for making choice of these officers, and the time and place when and where the government should commence operations under the new Constitution. On the 4th of> March, 1789, the old Continental Congress expired, and the National Consti- tution became the organic law of the new Pepubhc. Thus was consum- mated the last act in the War for Independence.* Then the United States OF America commenced their glorious career.^ 1. The new Constitntion found many and nble opponents. There was a reluctanee on Ihe part of Iho people of several States to resign any of theirState sovereignty into ihehandsof aNationalor ceuual power. There were long and violent debates in the Slate conventions ; and the newspapers were filled with discus- sions. The Constitution found the most etficient support in a series of essays called The Federalist, written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. They had a powerful etTect upon the public mind, and accomplished much in bringing about a ratification of the Constitution by a majority of the States. 2. The conventions of the several Stales ratified tlie Constitution in the following order : — Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787 ; New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787 ; (Jeorgia, Jan. V, 1788 ; Connecticut, Jan. 9, 1788; Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788; Maryland, April l8, 1788 ; South Carolina, May 23, 17.'8; New Hamp- shire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 16, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. 3. The first electors were to be chosen the first Wednesday in January, 1789, and they were to meet and choose a President and Vice-President of the United States, on the first Wednesday in February. The new government went into operation on the first Wednesday in March, 1789, in the city of New York. The in- auguration of the first President [verse 1, p. 263] did not take place until the ?{)\\\ of April following. 4. During the first session of Congress xmder the IVationalConstitulion, sixteen amendments to that instru- ment were agreed to, ten of which were subsequently ratified by the States, and now form a part of the great compact. 5. For details of the history, biography, scenery, relics, and traditions of the War for Independence, see Lossing's Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution. Questions.— 10. What was done with theNationalOonstitution? What important acts were done accord- ing to its provisions? What was the crowiiicg act of the War for Independence? INAUGmRATION OF WASHTNGTON. CHAPTER VL THE NATION. SECTION L Washington's administration. 1789—1797. 1. When the Constitution^ had received the approval of the people and was made the supreme law of the Eepublic, all minds and hearts GOUVERNEU3 M0KKI8. wcro tumod toward Washington as the best man to perform the responsible duties of chief magistrate of the na- tion. He was chosen [April 6, 1789] President of the United States by the unanimous vote of the electors^" and John Adams was made Yice-President. 1. This instrument, in language and general arrangement, is the work of Gouverneur Morris, into -^vhose hands the convention of 1787 placed the crude materials which had been adopted at various times dining the session. Gouvemeur Morris was born near New York, in 1752. He was a lawyer, and active in public life. In 179? he was appointed minister to France, and after his return he was a legislator for many years. He died in 1816. 2. These are men elected by the people in the various States, to meet and choose a President and Vice- Fresident of the United States. Their number is equal to the whole number of Senators and Reprepenla- nves to which the several States are entitled. So the people do not vote directly for the Chief Magistrate. Formerly, the man who received the highest number of votes was declared to be'President, and he who re- QuESTiONS.— 1. What was done when the Constitution was adopted? What can you tell of the first Pres- ident, and his inauguration? 264 THE NATION. Election and inauguration of Washington. Organization of the government. Washington came from Mount Yernon, and was greeted with ovations by the people throughout his whole journey. On the 30th of April, he appeared upon the street-gallery of the old City HalP in New York, and there, in the presence of an immense concourse of people, the oath of office was adminis- tered to him by Chancellor Livingston.'^ Af- ter delivering an impressive address to the members of both Houses of Congress, the President and the representatives of the peo- ple went in solemn procession to St. Paul's Church, and there invoked the blessings of the Supreme Ruler upon the new govern- ment just inaugurated. 2. Never were men called upon to per- W form duties of greater responsibility than those which demanded the consideration of Washington and his compeers. The first session^ was chiefly occupied in the organ- ization of the new government, and m the elaborating of schemes for the future pros- perity -of the Republic. The first efforts of Congress were directed to the arrangement of a system of revenues,* to adjust and reg- ulate the wretched financial affairs of the country. Three executive departments — K^;^ Treasury, War, and Foreign Affairs^ — were created, the heads of which were to be styled secretaries, instead of ministers, as in Europe. These the President might ap- point or dismiss with the concurrence of the Senate. They were to constitute a cabinet council, always ready for consultation with the President, on public affairs, and bound to give him their opinions in writing when required. 3. A national judiciary was estabhshed, consisting of a Supreme Court, WASHINGTON, AND HIS EESIDENCE. ceived the next highest number -was proclaimed Vice-President. Now these are voted for as distinct can- didates for separate offices. 1. It stood on the site of the present Custom House, corner of Wall and Broad-Streets. In the picture on the preceding page, a correct representation of its street-gallery is given. 2. One of the committee [verse 10, p. 20 ] to draft the Declaration of Independence. He was born in New York in 1747, became a lawyer, and was always an active public man. He was minister to France in 1801, when he piirchnsed TiOnisiana f(n-the United States. See verse 2, page 273. He died in 1813. 3. Members of the House of Representatives are elected to seats for two years, and they hold two sessions or sittings during that time. Each full term is called a Congrefs. Senators arj elected by the State Legis- latures to serve f-ix years. 4. Tonnage duties were levied, and also a tariff, or duties upon foreign goods. These duties were made favorable to American shipping. Questions. — 2. What responsibilities were laid upon our first federal officers? What was done by the first National Congress? 3. What can you tell of a national Judiciary? What was done with tlic Conetitu- tion? What appointments did Washington make? Washington's administration. 265 The judiciary and revenue systems. Admission of Vermont. ALEXANDER HAMILTON-. having one chief justice' and five associate justices;'-'' and also Circuit and Dis- trict Courts, which had jurisdiction over certain specified cases. After a session of almost six montlis, Congress adjourned [Sept. 29, 1789], and Washington, having appointed his cabinet council,"" made a brief tour through the northern and eastern States to make himself better acquainted with the people and their resources. 4. The second session of the first Congress com- menced in January, 1790, when Hamilton'* made some of those- able financial reports, which estab- lished the general line of national policy for more than twenty years. On his recommendation, the general government as- sumed the pubhc foreign and domestic debt, incurred by the late war, and also the State debts contracted during that period.^ A system of revenue from imposts and internal excise, proposed by Hamilton, was adopted ; and an act was passed making the District of Columbia" the permanent seat of the Federal government, after the lapse of ten years from that date. 5. A third session commenced in December, 1790, and before its close, measures were adopted which laid the foundations of public credit and national, prosperity deep and abiding. North Carolina [Nov. 21, 1789], and Ehode Island [May 29, 1790], had already become members of the con- federacy, by adopting the Constitution ;^ and during this session, Vermont® was admitted [Feb. 18, 1791] as a sister State. Settlements were now 1. John Jay [verse 12, p. 268] of New York, one of the most active and acute lawyers in the country, was appointed the first chief justice of the United States, and Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, was made attorney-general. Randolph suc- ceeded Patrick Henry as Governor of Virginia in I'lSS, and was very active in the Convention of 1,87. Verse 9, page 161. He suc- ceeded Jefferson as Secretary of Stale, and died in 18 3. 2. John Rutledge [verse 2, p. 239] of S. C. ; James Wilson of Penn. ; William Cushing of Mass. ; Robert H. Harrison of Md. ; and John Blair of Va. 3. A lexander Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury ; Henry Knox, Secretary of War ; and Thomas Jefterson, Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Jefferson was then United States minister at tlie court of France, and did not enter upon his duties until March, 1:90. The office of Secretary of the Navy was not created until the pi esirlency of Mr. Adams. Naval aiTairs were under the control of the Secretary of War. General Knox was one of the most efficient officers of the Revolution, having, from the heuiiining, the chief command of the artillery. He was hnvn in Boslon in r.50, entered Ihe army as captain of ar^illerv, aiW i ose to the rank of mnjor- g>ineral. He resigned his secrelarv.-liip in 1794, and died in Maine in 1-OG. 4. Alex.T^'^^cr TT'^m'l^on vp'^- ho—^ in ihe island of Nevis, ore of . ^, . , . the British Wo t T i i 1757. He joined the people of New York in their revolutionary movements, while yet a student of Ki'ig's (now Columbia) college. He was Wash- ington s secretary, and was always distinguished as a fire writer and accompHshed soldier. He was^ruly ?-}^ 2.. \.c ^•'"^^^ history. He was forced in^o a, personal combat with Aaron Burr, which cost him his life, in July, !8iW. His widow, daughter of General Schuvler, died on the 9th of November, 1S54, at the age of ninety-seven years, 5. Verse 8, page 26 ). (Government assumed the payment of State debts to the amount of S"l,fO0,00O. (.. V erse 6, page . 7. Verse 9, paee : 61. ». Vermont was originally called ihe New HampsJiire Grantft, ar^d was claimed hv both New York and TVew Hampshire. In I777, the people met in convention, and proclaimed the territo ies an independent State. Atter purchasing the claims of New York for $30,000, it was admitted into the Union. Questions.— 4. What financial arrangements were made? What in reference to the future seat of gov- ernment? 5. What three States were added to the Union ? What settlements and territorial organizations GENERAL KZWX. 12 266 THE NATION. The North-West Territory. United States Bank. Indian wars. rapidly spreading beyond the Alleghanies/ and the subject of teriitorial or- ganizations was pressed upon the consideration of Congress. Already the North- Western Territory^ embracing the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Il- linois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, had been established [July, 1787], an 1 Ten- nessee had been constituted [March 26, 1790] the Territory South- West of the Ohio. G. Pursuant to the recommendation of Hamilton, a national financial agent, called the Bank of the United States,^ was incorporated, and provision was made for the establishment of a mint^ for national coinage. 7. For several years after the peace of 1783,* the British held possession of western posts belonging to the United States, and tlie fact that they were continually exciting the Indians against the American people, caused a preva- lent belief that the British government yet hoped for an opportunity to bring the new Republic back to colonial dependence. In the Summer of 1790^ the Indians continued hostilities, and General Harmer was sent into the country north of the present Cincinnati, with quite a strong force, to desolate their villages and crops as Sullivan did those of the Senecas in 1779.^ In this he succeeded, but in two battles [Oct. 17 and 22, 1790], near the present village of Fort Wayne, in Indiana, he was defeated, with considerable loss. A year afterward, General St. Clair,'' then governor of the North- West Territory, marched into the Indian country, with two thousand men. While in camp near the northern line of Darke county, Ohio, on the border of Indiana, he was surprised and defeated [Nov. 4, 1791] by the Indians, with a loss of about six hundred men. 8. General Wayne'' was appointed to succeed St. Clair in military command, and he marched into the Indian country in the Autumn of 1793. He spent the Winter near the place of St. Clair's defeat, where he built Fort Recovery, and the following Summer [1794] he pushed forward to the Maumee river, and built Fort Defiance.® He went down that stream with three thousand men, and not far from the present Maumee City,^ he fought and defeated [Aug. 20] the Indians.^ ^ He then laid waste their country ; and the following year the chiefs of the Western tribes met [Aug. 3, 1795] commissioners of the United States, at Greenville,^ ^ made a treaty of peace,^^ and ceded to the 1 The firpt census, or ennraei ation of the inhabitants of the United States, was completed in 1791. The number of all sexes and color -was 3,929,000. The number of slaves was 695,0i 0 At that time the whole banking capital in the United States was only S2,000,000, invested in the Baal: of North America at Philadelphia [verse 3, page 248], the Bank of New York, in New York city, and the Bankof 31assachnsett'>\ in Boston. The Bank of the XJuited States began its operations in corporate form, in February, 17^»<, with a capital of $10,000,000. 3. The first mint went into operation in 179.', in Philadelphia, and remained the sole issuer of coin, in Ihe United States, until 1: 33, when a branch was established in each of the States of Georgia, North Carolina, and Louisiana. 4. Verse page 25>. 5. Verse li, page 2"6. 0. Verse 18, page 219 7. Verse 11, page 234. 8. At the junction of the Au Glaize with the Maumee river, in the south-east part of Williams countv, Ohio. 9. In the town of Waynesfield. The British then occupied a fort at the Maumee rapids, near by. 10. Verse 13, page 15. 11. In Darke county, Ohio. There Wayne built a fort in 1793. 12. Verse 9, page 14. Questions. — n. Whatcan yon tell of a bank and mint? 7. What caused ill-feeling toward the British ? How were Ir>dians influenced, and what did thov do? Vv''bnt battles and defeats occurred? 8 Whatcan you tell of Wayne's expedition into (he Indian country ? What was the result? Washington's administration. 267 Federalists and Republicans. French Revolution. Troubles with the French minister. latter a large tract of land in the present States of Michigan' and Indiana. After that, the United States had very little trouble with the Western In- dians, until just before the breaking out of the war of 1812-15.^ 9. During the second session of the second Congress, party spirit became rampant among the people, as well as in the national legislature. Hamilton and Jefferson, the heads of distinct departments^ in Washington's cabinet, differed materially concerning important public measures, and then were drawn those lines of party distinction, known as Federalist and Republican^'' which continued for a quarter of a century. During the Summer of 1792, very lit- tle of pubHc interest occurred, except the admission [June 1, 1792] of Ken- tucky^ into the Union, but the marshaling of forces for the presidential election. In the Autumn, Washington and Adams were re-elected by large majorities, yet the Republican party were daily gaining strength. A bloody revolution was in progress in France. The people there had abohshed mon- archy, and murdered their king, and the new Republic in name (a political chaos in reality), sent M. Grenet as its minister to the United States, to obtain the co-operation of the American people. The French Republic had declared war against England, Spain, and Holland, and needed transatlantic assistance. Remembering the recent alliance,''' and sympathizing with all efforts for popu- lar freedom, the Republican party here, and many of the FederaHsts, received Genet"^ with open arms, and espoused his cause. 10. Genet's zeal outstripped his prudence, and defeated his plans. Without waiting for an expression of opinions or intentions from the government of the United States, he began to fit out privateers® in our ports, to depredate upon English, Dutch, and Spanish property f and when Washington pru- dently issued [May 9, 1793] a proclamation, declaring it to be the duty and the interest of the people of the United States to preserve a strict neutrality toward the contending powers of Europe, Genet persisted, and tried to excite hostility between our people and their government. Washington finally re- quested [July], and obtained his recall, and Fouchet, who succeeded him [1794], was instructed to assure the President that the French government disapproved of Genet's'" conduct. 1. The British hsM possession of Detroit, and nearly all Michigan, until 1796. See verse 12, page 2t 8. 2. Verse 5, page 280. 3. Vei>e 2, page "64. 4. The Federah'. ts wi^re (hose who favored the concentration of great power in the Federal Governmerit. The Republicans were for dilfuf-ing powe'- among the people. .5. Kentucky, which had b-^en settled chiefly by Virginians, and was claimed as a part of the territory of that State, was now erected into an equal member of the Republic. Its first settlement was at Boones- boro, by Daniel Boone, in 1775. He and Clarke [verse la, page -235] were co-workers against the British and Indians, during the Revolnlion, and by extraordinary exertions, they redeemed a great portion of Ken- tucky from savage rule. Yi't Born e died in 1 20, at almost ninety years of age [note -5, page 2r5], without owning siiffin'ent land for a burial-place in all Kentucky. The legislature of Missouri gave him ten Ihou sand acres of wild land. 6. Verse26, page 223- 7. He arrived at Charleston in April, 1793, and then prepared for future operations. 8. Note 4, page 19S. 9. These cruisers brought captured vessels into oxar ports, and French consuls actually held courts o; admiralty, and au1ho!iz{^d the sale of the prizes ; and all this was done before Genet was recognized as a minister, by the American gove-nment. 10. Edward Charles Genet was the son of a distinguished public man in France. He married a daughter of Governor George Clinton [note 3, page 260], and remained in the United States. He died at Greenbush, Qttfsttons. — 9. What can you tell of party spirit' What special occurrence took place in 179*'? What of tlie revolution in France, and its ii, Ohio was formed into a Territory, the residue of the North-west Territory remained as one until 1809, when the two Territories of Indiana and Illinois yveie formed. 5. In violalion of a treaty made in the year 1795, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana closed the port of New Orleans in 18 2. Great excitement prevailed throughout the western settlements ; and a proposition wag made in Congress, to take forcible possession of the territory. It was afcerlaintd that, by a secret treaty, the country had been ceded to France, by Spain. Negotiations for its purchase were immediately opened with Napoleon, and the bargain was consummated in April, 1803. The United Stales took peaceable pos- session in the aulnmn of that year. It contained about 85,00) mixed inhflbitants, and about 40,( 00 negro slaves. When this bnrgain was consummated, Napoleon said, prophetically, " This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States ; and I have just given to England a maritime rival that will sooner or la'er humble her pride." 6. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, in Africa. They are known as the Parhary Poirers. 7- In September, 1800, Captain Bainbridge arrived jit Algiers, in the frigate Ge.oige Wofhington, with the annual tiibute money [verre 14, page 269]. The dey, or governor, demanded the nse of his vessel to carry an embassador to Constantinople. Bainb;idge remonstrated, when the dey haughtily observed, *' You pny me tribute, by which you become my slaves, and therefore I have a right to order you, as I think prrpe-."' Bainbridge was obliged to comply, for the castle guns would not allow him to pass out of the ha bor. He had the honor of first displaying the .Ajnerican flag before the ancient city of Constantinople. The Sul >in regarded it as a favorable omen of future friendship, because his flag bore a crescent or new-moor, and ilie American, a group of stars. QnKSTiONS.— 2. What signalized Jetlerson's administration? What additions were made to the Urion? S. What occurred in relation to the pirates of the Mediterranean ? What can you tell of an expedition against tbcni ? 12* COMMODOHE liAINIlEIDGE. 274 \ THE NATION. r.ccapturo of the Philadel2:)hia. Expedition under Eaton and Hamct. LIEUTENANT DECATUE. of Morocco to termSj he appeared before Tripolij with his squadron. One of liis vessels (the Philadelphia), commanded by Bainbridge/ struck on a rock in the harbor, while rcconnoiterinp:, and was captured [Oct. 31, 1803] by the Tripolitans. The officers were treated as prisoners of war, but the crew were made slaves. 4. Early the following year, Lieutenant Decatur,^ wdth only seventy-six men, sailed into the harbor in the evening [Feb. ] 6, 1804] ; and running alongside the Philadelphia (Avhich lay moored near the castle, and guarded by a large number of Tripolitans), boarded her, killed or drove into the sea all of her turbaned de- fenders, set her on fire, and under cover of a heavy cannonade from the American squadron, escaped with- out losing a man.^ This bold act humbled and alarmed the bashaw;^ yet his capital withstood a heavy bom- bardment, and his gun-boats gallantly sustained a se- vere action [Aug. 3] with the American vessels. 5. Through the aid of Ilamet Caramelli, brother of the reigning bashaw (or governor) of Tripoli, favorable terms of peace were secured the followinp^ year. The bashaw was a usurper, and Ilamet, the rightful heir to the throne,^ was an exile in Egypt. He readily concerted with Captain "William Eaton, American consul at Tunis, in a plan for humbling the bashaw, and obtaining his own restoration to rightful authority. Early in March, 1805, Eaton left Alexandria, with seventy United States seamen, accompan- ied by Ilamet and his followers, and a few Egyptian troops. They made a j :)urnoy of a thousand miles across the Barcan desert, and on the 27th of April, captured Derne, a Tripolitan city on the Mediterranean. Three weeks later [May 18], they had a successful battle with Tripolitan troops; and on the 18th of June they again defeated the forces of the bashaw, and pressed forward to- ward Tripoli. The terrified ruler had made terms of peace [June 4, 1805] with Colonel Tobias Lear, American consul-generaP in the MOnAMMEBAN GOLDIEU. 74. lis was captain of a merchart vessel at the are He was distinguished during the second Wai- for 1. William Bainb'iige was born in New Jersey, in 1"' of nineteen years, and entered the naval service in 1.9 Ind3p3ndence [verse 6, page 2^0] and died in 183 . Stephen Decatur was born in Maryland, in 1779. He entered the navy at the age of nineteen years. Afier his last cruise in the Mediterranean, he supei intended the building of gun-boats He rose to the rank of comnaodore, and during the second War for Independence [verse 6. page 280] he was distinguished for his skill and braverv. He afterward humbled the Barbery Powers [note 6, page ^73] ; and after retm-ning home, he was killed in a duel with Commodore Barron, in March, l>-20. ?>. Tiiis act greatly enraged the Tripolitans, and the American prisoners were treated with the utmost severitj'. 4. B;ishaw, or Pach i [Pa^-shaw] is the title of the governor of a province, or town, in the dominions of the Sultan fov emperor) of Turkey. These Barbary States are all under the Sultan's rule. 5. The t)ashiw, wbo was a thii d son, had mnrdered his father and (dder brother, and compelled Hamet to fly for liis life. Willi quite a large number of followers he fled into Rgvpt. 6. A consul is an olficer appointed by a government to reside in a foreign port, to have a general super' Questions. — ^. What bold act was perfo-med in the harbor of T ipoli? What were its effects? 5. What remarkable expedition was undertaken? What did it accomplish? Jefferson's administration. 275 Aaron Burr ia the West. His military scheme. Trial for treason, and acquittal. Mediterranean, and thus disappointed the laudable ambition of Eaton, and the hopes of Hamet.^ 6. The great West was now rapidly filUng with adventurers, and the materials for new States were gathering. Michi- gan was erected into a Territory [1805], and all along the Mississippi, extensive settlements were commencing. Taking advantage of the restless spirit of these settlers, and the general impression that the Spanish population of Louisiana wouhl not quietly submit to the jurisdiction of the Unite 1 States,^ Aaron Burr sought to make them subserv- ient to his own ambitious purposes. His murder [July 12, 1804:] of Hamilton in a duel,^ made him everywhere detested ; and being superseded in the office of Yice-President of the United States by George Chnton,* he sought a new held for achiev- ing personal aggrandizement. In the Summer of 1800, he was active in the organization of a military exped'tion in the West, and the secrecy with which it was carried on, excited the su picions of the general government. He was suspected of a design to dismember the Union, and to establish an independ- ent empire west of the Alleghanies, with him.- self at the head. He was arrested in the Missis- sippi Territory'^ in February, 1807, tried at Eichmond, in Virginia, on a charge of treason, and acquitted. The testimony showed that his probable design was an invasion of Mexican prov- inces, and there to establish an independent gov- einment.^ 7. The year 1807, is remarkable in American history, as the era of the commencement of suc- cessful steamboat navigation. Experiments in EOI5E2T FULTON. vision of the commer cial interests of his country there. In some ca?es they have powers almost eqnal to a minister. Snch is the case with consuls within the ports of Mohammedan countries. The word con.'^ul was applied to Napoleon [verse ', p;i?:.) 27iJ in the ancient Roman sense. It was the title of the chief magis- trate of Rome during the Republic. 1. Ilamet afterward came to the United States, and applied to Congress for a remuneration for his serv- ices in favor of the Americans. During 1853 a descendant of Hamet was here on the same errand. Bo.b were unsuccessful. 2. Verse 2, page 273. 3. A political quarrel led to fatal results. Burr had been informed of some remarks made by Hamilton, in public, derogatoiy to his character, and hedemande l a retraction. Hamilton considered his demand un- reasonable, and refused compliance. Burr challenged him to fight, and Hamilton reluctantly met him on the west side of the Hudson, near Hoboken, Avhere Ihey fought with pistols. Hamilton discharged his weapon in the air, but Burr took fatal aim, and his antagonist f^ll, Hamilton died the next day. 4. Jefferson's second election took place in the Autumn of 1805, and George Clinton, of New York, was chosen Vice-President in the place of Burr. 5. He was arrested by Tjieutenant (afterward major-general) Gaines, near Fort Stoddart, on the Tombigbee river, in the present State of Alabama. 6. Aaron Burr was born in New-Jerse5% in 17'r>. In his twei.tie'h j'ear he joined the continental army, and accompanied Arnold f verse 21, page lO'l ii ^li" P^pedition against Quebec. HI health compelled hira to leave the army in 1770, and he became a distinguished lawyer and active public man. He died on Staiea Island, near New York, in 1836. QuKSTTON?. — (^. Whit "an yon tHl of settlements west of the Alleghanies? "What notable movement was made in the Mississippi Valley ? Who was at the head of it ? and what was the result ? 276 THE NATION. Fulton and steam navigation. Condition of Europe. Orders and decrees.. that direction had been made in tins country many years before, but it was reserved for Eobert Fulton to bear the honor of success. He spent many years in France, in the study of the subject, and through the influence and pecuniary aid of llobert R. Livingston,^ he was enabled to construct a steam- boat, and to make a voyage on the Hudson, from New York to Albany, " against wind and tid(^," in thirty-six hours.^ He took out his first patent in 180D. "Within a little more than forty years, the vast operations connected with steamboat navigation have been brought into ex- istence. 8. The progress of events in Europe now be- gan to disturb the amicable relations which had subsisted between the two governments of the United States and Great Britain, since the ratifi- cation of Jay's treaty.^ Napoleon Bonaparte was upon the throne of France as emperor, and in 1806 he was king of Italy, and his three brothers were made ruling monarchs. Although England had joined the continental powers against him [1803], in order to crush the democratic revolution commenced in France, all Europe was yet trembUng in his presence. But the United States, by maintaining a strict neutraUty, neither coveted his favors nor feared his power; at the same time American shipping being allowed free intercourse between the English and French ports, enjoyed the vast advantages of a profitable carrying trade between them. 9. But the belligerents, in their anxiety to damage each other, adopted measures at once destructive to American commerce, and in violation of the most sacred rights of the United States. In this matter, G-reat Britain took the lead. By an order in council, that government declared [May 16, 1806] the whole coast of Europe, from the Elbe in Germa- ny, to Brest, in France, to be in a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated by issuing [Nov. 21] a decree at Berlin, which declared all the ports of the British islands to be in a state of blockade.^ Great Britain, by another order [Jan. 7, 1807] prohibited all coast trade with France, and thus the gamesters played with the world's peace and prosperity. American vessels were seized by both English and French a felucca gun-i;oat. 1. Note 2, page 2C4. 2. Robert Fnlton was born in Pennsylvania, and was a student of West, the great painter, for_ several year?. He had more genius for mechanics, than for the fine arts, and he turned his efforts in that direction. He died in 1 15, poon afier launching a steamship of war, at the age of fifty years. 3. Verse 1:*, page 2i 8 4. The B i>ish privy council consists of an indefinite number of gentlemen, chosen by the sovereign, and having no dii ect conned ion with the cabinet ministers. The sovereign may, under the advice of this coun- cil, issue ovderf of proclamation which, if not contrary to existing laws, are binding upon the subjects. These are for temporary purposes, and are called Orders in Co"nc?7. 5. Napoleon intended Ihis as a blow against England's maritime superiority, and it was Ihe beginning of ■what he termed the Continental System, the chief object of which was the ruin of Great Britain. Questions.— 7. For what was the year 1807 remarkable? What can you tell of steam navigation? 8. What of the progress of events in Europe? What can you tell of Napoleon Bonaparte? How did eveTils in Europe affect American commerce? 9. What evil did the warring paitics do? What European measures affected the commerce of the United States? What was the position of t4ic United States? JEFFERSOJSr's ADMINISTKATION". 27? Excitement against the British. The Leopard and Chesapeake. Embargo act. cruisers, and American commerce dwindled to a domestic coast trade. ^ The United States lacked a navy to protect her commerce on the ocean, and the swarms of gun-boats,^ which Congress had authorized as a substitute, were quite inefficient, even as a coast-guard. 10. The American merchants, and all in their interest, so deeply injured by the "orders" and decrees"^ of the warring monarchs, demanded redress of grievances. Grreat excitement prevailed throughout the country, and the most bitter feeling was beginning to be felt against Great Britain. This was increased by her haughty assertion and offensive practice of the doctrine that she had the right to search American vessels for suspected deserters from the British navy,'* and to carry away the suspected without hinderance. Tiiis right was strenuously denied, and its policy vehemently condemned, because American seamen might be thus forced into the British service, under tbe pretense that they, were deserters. Indeed, this had already happened.^ 11. A crisis approached. Four seamen on board the United States frigate Chesapeake,, were claimed as deserters from the British armed ship Melampus.^ They were demanded, but Commodore Barron, of the Qhesapeake, refused to give them up. The Chesapeake left the coast of Virginia on a cruise on the 22d of June, 1807, and on the same day she was chased and attacked by the British frigate Leopard. Unsuspicious of danger and unprepared for an attack, Barron surrendered his vessel, after losing three men killed and eighteen wounded. The four men were then taken on board the Leopard, and the Chesapeake returned to Hampton roads.' Investigation proved that three of the seamen (colored men) were native Americans, and that the fourth had been impressed into the British service, and had deserted. 12. This outrage aroused the nation and provoked retaliatory measures. The President issued a proclamation in July [1807], ordering all British armed vessels to leave the waters of the United States, immediately, and forbidding any to enter, until full satisfaction for the recent insult, and security against future aggressions should be made.^ In the meantime France and Endand 1. In May 1806, James Monroe [verse 1, page 301] and William Pinckney, were appointed to assist in the negonationof a treaty with Great Britain, concerning the rights of neutrals, ihe impiisonment of seamen, right ot search, etc A treaty was hnally signed, bnt as it did not offer security to American vessels against the aggressions ol British ships in searching them and carrying off seamen, ^Tr. Jefferson refused to submit It to the Senate and rejected It. The Federalists condemned the course of the President, but subseciiient events proved his wisdom. rr^i' ^^'•^ S"^^" sailing vessels, having a cannon at the bow and stern, and manned bv full armed men tor the purpose of boarding other vessels. o y q ppp-p o-n id\ ;^^Jt"^^'"f •^{'■'".^ ? ^^^j^^* ^^^^r become an alien'.' At the time in qrc- i,mv n n. Jj .^ \ 'V-^ ^V'^^^ «'i^Jects wherever fonnd, and place them in ilie Jn^/i «Vn I^'. 7^ ihoagii, by legal process, they had become citizens of a'lother nation. Our laws givo miv1 P^rTf™?i ?,r'^ ''''' adopted citizens, and would not allow Great Britain to exercise her asserted piivilege towaid a BriioM who had become a citizen of the Hnited States anDlicatiSr'Jhr'r^.^^^^ in the years 17% and 1797, Mr. King, the American minister in London, had made ^5 /f. I L;^^^^^ P ^r""®" P«»-^5"n whom were Americans), who had been seized on the false charge of being deserters, and pressed into the British service month oT'tV rh?J.'lov'"K^'''"'wK^^'-''^' Melompm was one, was lying in Linn Haven bay, at the 7! Note i pa^e S '''''^ commanded by Admiral Berkeley. afe%^i?sfJc)S'V?.?X''J^^^^^ instructions to Mr. Monroe, our minister in England, to dema^.d immedi- ate satisfaction for the outrage, and secnnly against nmilar evenis in fntnre Grekt Britain fhe-ermn dispa chedan eriYoy extraordinary to the United States, to settle the difficul v in qnes^ on The I would not enter into negotiations until the President should withdraw his proclamation, and so ihTraaUer Tr^%T^''.fn^(^lLT^'^^^^ British doct.i.ie was pro- m.iigated aad opposed ; ll. What hostile events occurred in 1:^07 ? 278 THE NATION. The orders" and " decrees." Repeal of Embargo act. Election and inauguration of Madiso-.j. continued to play their desperate commercial game, unmindful of the interests of other nations, or the obligations of international law. A British order in councir was issued on the 11th of November, 1807, forbidding neutral nations to trade with France or her allies, excepting upon payment of a tribute to Great Britain. Napoleon retaliated by issuing [Dec. 17] a decree at Milan, forbid- ding all trade with England or her colonies; and authorizing the confiscation of any vessel found in his ports, which had submitted to English search, or paid the exacted tribute. When the American Congress met [Dec. 22], that body decreed an embargo^ which detained all vessels, American and foreign, in our ports; and ordered American vessels abroad to return home immedi- ately, that the seamen might be trained for the inevitable war. Thus the chief commerce of the world was brought to a full stop. 13. The embargo was a very unpopular measure with the commercial people of the United States, for it spread ruin throughout the shipping interest. As it failed to obtain from England and France any acknowledgment of Amer- ican rights, it was r(ipealed on the 1st of March, 1800, three days before Mr. Jefferson retired from office. Congress, at the same time, passed [March 1, 1800] a law which forbade all commercial intercourse with France and En- gland, until the orders in council" and the ^' decrees"^ should be repealed. 14. Mr. Jefferson having served his country as chief magistrate for eight consecutive years, nov/ retired to private life ; and James Madison, who had been elected to succeed him, in the previous Autumn, entered upon his duties [March 4], with George Clinton^ as Vice-President. SECTION IV. Madison's administration. [1809-1817.] 1. No man appeared better fitted for the office of chief magistrate of the HepubHc at that time of general commotion, than Mr. Madison." He had been Secretary of State during the whole administration of Mr. Jefferson, and was familiar with every event which had contributed to produce the existing hos- tile relations between the United States and Great Britain. His cabinet^ was composed of able men ; and in the eleventh Congress,^ which convened on the 22d of May, 1809, in consequence of the critical state of affairs, there Mood until November, 18U (more than four years), when the British government declarer! the attaclc on the Chefapeahe to have been nnanthonVed, and promised peruniary aid to the families of those who were killed, at that time. But Britain wonld not relinquish the l isrht of search, and so a cause for quarrel re- mained. 1. Note 4, pacre 27fi. /. Verse 9, pagre 27fi. 8. Note 8, page /6'\ 4. James ATadison was born in Vi' g-inia, in 17.51. He was a member of the Continental Conpress and one of the chief supporters [note 1. papre 2^21 of iheNational Constitution. He was a vigorous and voluminous political writer. He retired f'om public life in 18' 7, and died in IK^fi. ^. Robert Smi'h, Secretary of S:it did the Americans do? 7. WTiat move- ments were made at Plattsburg? What hostile preparations had been made on Lake Champlain ? KIAGAEA. FEONTIEE. 29'6 THE NATION. Battles ai Plattsburg. Troops on the sea-coast The British in Maryland. by the invaders. On the morning of the 11th, the British fleet came around Cumberland Head, with a fair wind, and attacked M'Donough's squadron in Piattsburg Bay. At the same time the British land troops opened a heavy cannonade upon the Americans. Alter a severe engagement of two hours and twenty min- utes, M'Donough became victor, and the whole British fleet was surrendered to him.^ The land force fought until dark, and every attempt of the British to cross the Saranac was bravely resisted. During the evening, Prevost hastily retreated, leaving his sick and wounded, and a large quan- coMMODOEE m'donough. tlty of military stores, behind him. The British loss, in killed, wounded, and deserted, from the 6th to the 11th, was about twenty-five hundred ; that of the Americans, one hundred and twenty-one. The victory was applauded with the greatest enthusiasm throughout the land, and gave emphasis to the efiect of another at Baltimore, which had been re- cently achieved.^ 9. While the northern frontier was the scene of stirring military events, the sea-coast Avas not exempt from trouble. The principal ports, from New York to Maine, were blockaded by British war- vessels ; and early in the Spring, a depredating warfare again^ commenced on the shores of the Chesapeake. These were but feebly defended by a small flotilla,^ under the veteran. Com- modore Barney;^ and when, about the middle of August, a British squadron, of almost sixty sail, arrived in the bay, with six thousand troops, under Gen- eral Ross, destined for the capture of Washington city, it proved of little value. 10. Ross landed [Aug. 19, 1814] at Benedict, on the Patuxent,® with five thousand men, and marched toward Washington city.' Barney's flotilla, lying higher up the stream, was abandoned and burned, and his marines joined the gathering land forces, under General Winder. Ross was one of Wellington's most active commanders, and Winder had only three thousand troops to oppose him, one half of w^hom were undisciplined militia. A sharp engagement took place [Aug. 24] at Bladensburg, a few miles from Washing- ton city, when the militia fled, and Barney, fighting gallantly at the head of 1. The Americans lost, in Itilled and wounded, one hundred and sixteen ; the British one hundred and ninety-four. Among them was Commodore Downle, whose remains lie under a monument at Piattsburg. 2. Verse 12, page 197. 3. Verse 20, page 2'.t2. 4. It consisted of a cutter (a vessel with one mast), two gun-boats [verse 9, page 276], and nine barges, or boats propelled by oars. 5. Born in Baltimore, 1759. He entered the naval service of the Revolution in 1775, and was aclive during the whole war. He bore the American flag to the French National (Convention in 1796, and entered the French service. He returned to America in 1800, took part in the war of 1812, and died at Pittsburg in 1818. 6. About twenty-five miles from its mouth. 7. Another small division was sent up the Potomac, but effected little else than plunder. Qttesttons. — 8. What occurred on land, at Piattsburg? What occurred on the lake near Piattsburg? What was the result of the battle? 9. What ocr-urred on the sea-coast? What was done in Chesapeake Buy ? 10. What did the British under Ross do ? What battle occurred ? and what outrages were committed ? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 297 Washiugton city burned. Unsuccessful attack on Baltimore. Attack on Stonington. his seamen and marines, was made prisoner.* Ross pushed forward to Wash- ington city the same day, burned [Aug. 24] the Capitol, President's house, and other pubhc and private buildings, and then hastily retreated [Aug. 25] to his shipping. 11. Flushed with success, Ross proceeded to attack Baltimore, where the veteran, Greneral Smith,- was in command. lie landed [Sept. 12, 1814] with almost eight thousand troops, at North Point, fourteen miles from the city, while a portion of the fleet went up the Patapsco to bombard Fort M 'Henry. He immediately pressed forward, but was soon met by the advanced corps of Greneral Strieker, and a slight skirmish ensued. Ross was killed, and the command devolved on Colonel Brooke, who continued to advance. A severe battle now commenced, which continued an hour and a quarter, when the Americans fell back, in good order, toward the city. In this engagement the British lost about three hundred men ; the Americans one hundred and sixty-three. Both parties slept on their arms^ that night; and the following morning [Sept. 13], the British advanced as if to attack the city. 12. The fleet, in the mean while, had opened its bombs and cannons upon the fort, whose garrison, under Major Armistead, made a most gallant de- fense. The bombardment continued most of the day and night, and no less than fifteen hundred bomb-shells were thrown. The people in the city felt in immediate danger of an attack from the land troops ; but toward the morning of the 14th, these silently embarked, and the disheartened and discomfited enemy withdrew.'* This defense was hailed as an important victory. 13. During the Summer, the whole coast eastward from Sandy Hook^ was greatly annoyed by small British squadrons, which captured many American coasting vessels, and sometimes menaced towns with bombardment. Finally, in August [1814], Commodore Hardy appeared before Stonington, and opened a terrible storm of bomb-shells and rockets'*' upon the town. The attack continued four successive days [Aug. 9-12], and several times land forces attempted to debark, but were always driven back by the militia. The object of this unprovoked attack seems to have been, to entice the American forces from New London, so that the British shipping might go up the Thames, and destroy some American frigates, then near Norwich. The ex- pedition signally failed. 1. Until the late-'t momert, it was not Icnown whether Washin0on or Baltimore was to be attacked. Winder's troops, employed for the defense of both cities, were divided. The loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and by desertion, was almost a thousand men ; that of the Americans was about a hundred kiHed and wounded, and a hundred and twenty taken prisoners. The President and his cabinet were at Bla- densburg when the British approached, but returned to the city when the conflict began, and narrowly escaped capture. 2. Samuel Smith, the commander of Fort Mifflin [verse 16, pa^e ?18] in 1777. He was bom in Pennsyl- vania in 1752 ; entered the Revolutionary army in 1^76 ; afterward represented Baltimore in Congress ; and died in April, ia^9. 3. Note ^ page 227. 4. General Smith estimated the entire loss of the British, in their attack upon Baltimore, at "between six and seven hundred." .*>. Verse 5, page ''OO. It is a low sand-bank, stretching along the shore of New Jersey. 6. Rockets used for setting fire to towns and shipping, are made similar to the common " sky-rocket," brt filled with inflammable substances, which are scattered over buildings and the rigging of ships. Ottfrttons. — 11. What occurred near Baltimore? 12. What can you tell of a bombardment ? How cid it terminate? 13. What occurred on the New England coasts? 13* 298 THE NATION. Difficulties in Florida. Capture of Pensacola. British at New Orleans. 14. We have already considered Jackson's successful warfare upon the Oreek Indians.^ In the course of the Summer of 1814, he wrung from them a treaty which completed their downfall as a nation," and the war at the South was considered ended. But the common enemy, favored by the Span- iards at Pensacola, soon appeared. A British squadron, cruising in the Gulf of Mexico, took possession of the forts at Pensacola, by permission of the Span- ish authorities, and there fitted out an expedition against Fort Bower (now Fort Morgan), at the entrance to Mobile Bay,^ then commanded by Miijor Lawrence. Among the British land troops on the occasion, were two hun- dred Creek warriors. The attack was made on the afternoon of the 15th of September. Tlie British were repulsed, with the loss of a ship of war and many men. 15. General Jackson held the Spanish governor of Florida responsible for sheltering the enemies of the United States. FaiUng to obtain any satisfac- tory guaranty for the future, Jackson marched from Mobile with about two thousand Tennessee militia and some Choctaw warriors, against Pensacola. He stormed [Nov. 7, 1814] the town, drove the British to their shipping, and finally from the harbor, and made the governor beg for mercy, and surrender Pensacola and all its military works, unconditionally. The British fleet disap- peared the next day [Nov. 8], and the victor retraced his steps [Nov. 9]. On his arrival at Mobile, Jackson found messages from New Orleans, begging his immediate march thither, for the British in the Gulf of Mexico, reinforced by thousands of troops from England, were about to invade Louisiana. 16. Jackson instantly obeyed the summons. He found the people of New Orleans in the greatest alarm [Dec. 2], but his presence soon restored quiet and confidence. He declared martial law, and soon placed the city in a state of comparative security;'* and when the British squadron, bearing General Packenham and about twelve thousand troops, many of them Wellington's veterans, entered Lake Borgne, he felt confident of success, even against such fearful odds. 17. The British fleet captured a flotilla of American gun-boats in Lake Borgne^ [Dec. 14] ; and eight days afterward [Dec. 22], about twenty-four hundred of the enemy reached the Mississippi, nine miles below New Or- leans. An American detachment, led by Jackson in person, fell upon their camp the following night [Dec. 23, 1814], but withdrew, after killing or 1. Verse 15, page 290. 2. They agreed to give up a large portion of their country as indemnity for the expenses of the war ; to allow the United States to make roads through the remainder ; and also, not to hold intercourse with any British or Spanish posts. 3. On the east side, about thirty miles south from Mobile. 4. All the inlets, or bayous, were obstructed, and the banks of the Mississippi were so fortified as to pre- vent the ascent of vessels. A battery was erected on Chef Menteur, at the entrance to Lake Ponchartrain. 5. The Americans lost, in killed and wounded, about forty ; the British, about three hundred. The attack was made by the enemy in about forty barges, conveying twelve hundred men. The American gun-boats were under the command of Lieutenant (late Commodore) Thomas Ap Catesby Jones. Questions. — 14. What can you tell of trouble with the British in Florida? I.*). How did J.irkson regard and treat the Spanish authorities in Florida? What occurred at Pensacola? What caused Jack'^^on's hasty departure? 16. What caused alarm at New Orleans? What measures did Jackson adopt? 17. What did th j British do? What skirmish took place? and what was the result? SECOND WAR FO!l INDEPENDENCE. 299 Battle of New Orleans. wounding four hundred of the British. The Americans lost about one hun- dred. 18. Jackson now concentrated his troops (about three thousand in number, and mostly mihtia) within a hne of intrenchments cast up four miles below the city,^ where they were twice cannonaded by the British, but without much effect. Finally, on the morning of the 8th of January, 1815, Packen- ham advanced with his whole force, numbering more than twelve thousand men, to make a general assault. Reinforced by about three thousand militia (chiefly Kentuckians), Jack- son now had six thousand expert marksmen concealed behind his intrenchments, or stationed at the batteries on his extended hne. When the British had approached within reach of these batteries, the Americans opened a terrible cannonade. Yet the enemy continued to advance until within range of the American rifles. Yolley after volley then poured a deadly storm of lead upon the invad- ers. The British column soon wavered, General Packenham fell, and the entire army fled in dismay, leaving seven hundred dead, and more than a thousand wounded, on the field. The fugitives hastened to their encamp- ment [Jan. 9], and finally to their ships [Jan. 18]. and escaped.^ The Amer- icans were so safely intrenched, that they lost only seven killed, and six wounded. It was the crowning victory,^ and last land battle of moment of the Second War for Independence.'' 19. The victory at New Orleans made the country vocal with rejoicings, and soon afterward, the proclamation of peace [Feb. 18, 1815] spread a smile of happiness over the whole Union. As early as December, 1813, the British government had sent overtures of peace to that of the United States.^ They 1. These infrenchmeTils were a mile in length, extending from the river so far into theswamn, as to be im- passable at the extremity. Along this line were eight distinct batteries, with heavy cannons ; and on the opposite side of the river was a battery with fifteen cannons. 2. While these opera; ions were in prog/ess on he Mississippi, the Brilifrh fleet had not beer, inactive. Some vessels bombarded Fort St. Philip, below New Orleans, on the illh of January, and continned the attack for eight days without success. In the mean while, Admiral Cockburn was pursuing his detestable wai fare along the Carolina and Georgia coasts, menacing Charleston and Savannah with destruction, and landing at obscure points to plunder the inhabitants. 3. During 1814 the war continued on the ocean, yet there were no battles of great importance. The Pea- cock captured the British brig Epervier, on the 29th of April, off the coast of Florida. The TFa'p. Captain Blakely, also made a successful cruise, hnt after capturing her thirteenth prize, disappeared, and wa« never heard of again. Probably lost in a storm. Tho President, Commodore Decatur, was captured off" Long Island, on the 16th of January, l!^15, and on the lOtli of February following, the Constitution, Commodore Stewart, had a severe action with the British frigate Cyane, and sloop-of-war Levant, and captured both. Soon after this, the Bi iiish brig Penguin was captured, but the proclamation of peace now ended the war. 4. Note 4, page 2^1. 5. The British schooner Bramhle arrived at Annapolis, Maryland, on the 1st of January, 1814, bearing a flag of truce, and a proposition for peace. On the 6th, the President informed Congress of the fact. yViVil Cavalry" cT^^X^ |! 1)1 An Am. Reserve jjl I JiichsonsE.Zrs. l! 1 fi^**"^* J.ACKso^fs Line GYP R ES SVo" Cd'tial' Rodriqiu z v ^^u ■/,■■ ...^^ „.— - - - -Bn.TisHS Column ^^^"^^^^^ D Br.Batteries Br.Eatteries BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. QUKSTTONS. — 18. What preparations did Jackson make for attack ? What number of soldiers had cch a-mv? What can ymi lell of the battle of New Orleans and its results? 19. What were the eSects of the battle of New Orleans? What was done towa.d a treaty of peace? 300 THE KATTON. Treaty of Peace. Hartford Couvention. War with Algiers. were promptly met by the latter in a conciliatory spirit, and commissioners were appointed by the two powers to negotiate a treaty.' They met in the city of Ghent, in Belgium, in the month of August, 1814, and on the 24th of December following, a treaty was signed, wliich both governments speedily ratified. 20. During these negotiations, the war, as we have seen, was vigorously prosecuted, and the opposition of the Federalists grew more intense. It reached its culmination in December, when delegates, appointed by several New England legislatures, met [Dec. 15, 1814] in convention at Hartford, for the purpose of considering the grievances of the people, caused by a state of war, and to devise speedy measures for its termination. This convention, whose sessions were secret, was denounced as treasonable, but patriotism ap- pears to liavc prevailed in its councils, whatever may have been the designs of some. Its plans for disunion or secession, if any were formed, were ren- dered abortive soon after its adjournment, for, on the 18th of February, 1815, peace was proclaimed by the President, and then a day of national thanks- giving to the Almighty, for the blessed event, was observed throughout the Union. 21. The contest with England had but just ended, when the United States was compelled to engage in a brief WAR WITH ALGIERS. As we have observed,^ the United States had paid tribute to Algiers since 1795. Every year, as his strength increased, the ruler of that Barbary State became more insolent,^ and finally, believing that the United States navy had been almost annihilated by the British, he made a pretense for renewing dep- redations upon American commerce, in violation of the treaty. Our govern- ment, determined to pay tribute no longer, accepted the challenge, and in May, 1815, Commodore Decatur* proceeded with a squadron to the Mediter- ranean, to humble the pirate. 22. Fortunately, the Algerine fleet was cruising in the Mediterranean, in search of American vessels. On the 17th of June [1815], Decatur met and captured the frigate of the Algerine admiral, and another vessel with almost six hundred men, and then sailed for the bay of Algiers. He immediately demanded [June 28] the instant surrender of all American prisoners, full in- demnification for all property destroyed, and absolute relinquishment of all claims to tribute from the United States, in future. Informed of the fate of 1. The United States coramissioners were John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russel, and Albert Gallatin [note 1, page 273]. Those of Great Britain were Admiral Lord Gambier, Henry Gonlbourn, and William Adams. These commissioners are all dead. Mr. Clay, who died in 1852, was the last survivor. '2. Verse 14, page 269. 3. Verse 3, page 273. In 1812, the Bey compelled Mr. Lear, the American consul [verse 5, page 274], to pay him $27,000, for the safety of himself, family, and a few Americans, under the penalty of all being made slaves. 4. Verse 4, page 274. Questions. — 20. What did the Federalists do? What can you tell of a secret convention? What of peace? 21. What other war did the United States engage in? What can you tell of the relations between the United States and Algiers? What did the former resolve to do? 22. What can you tell of Commodore Decatur's exploits in the Mediterranean ? What did he accomplish? MONROK'S ADMTXISTl^ATION. 801 Decatur in the Mediterranean. Election and inauguration of Monroe. a part of his fleet, the Dey^ yielded to the humiliating terms, and signed a treaty [June 30] to that effect. 23. Decatur then sailed for Tunis,^ and demanded and received [July, 1815] from the bashaw^ forty-six thousand dollars, in payment for American vessels v^hich he had allowed the English to capture in his harbor. The same de- mand, on the same account, was made upon the bashaw of Tripoh,^ and De- catur received [August] twenty-five thousand dollars from him, and the re- storation of prisoners. This cruise to the Mediterranean gave full security to American commerce in those seas, and greatly elevated the character of the government of the United States in the opinion of Europe. JSTow was ac- complished, in a single cruise, what the combined powers of Europe dared not to attempt. 24. The eventful administration of Mr. Madison now drew to a close, and very little of general interest occurred, except the chartering of a new United States Bank,^ and the admission of Indiana [Dec, 1816] into the Union of States. In the autumn of 1816, James Monroe of Virginia, who was Mad- ison's Secretary of War for a few months, was elected President of the United States, and Daniel D. Tompkins,^ of New York, Vice-President.^ %. SECTION VIT. Monroe's administration. [1817-1825.] 1. Mr. Monroe® was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1817, at Congress Hall, in AYashington city, the Capitol having been partially rebuilt.* He selected his cabinet from the Republican party and never, since the formation of the government, had a President been surrounded with abler counselors." Monroe was a judicious and reliable man ; and when we reflect upon the condition of the country at that time — in a transition state from war I. Verse 14, page 269. 2. Verse 3, page 273. 3. Verse 5, page 274. 4. Verse 5. page 274. 5. The first, as we have observed [verse 6, page 266], was chartered in 17P1. The charter expired in 1811. A project for a new bank was presented to the consideration of Congress, at the session of 181.5-16, and on the 10th of April, 1816, a charter for twenty years, with a capital of $35,000,009, was gi anted. The existence of the bank expired with this charter in 18.36. 6. Born in 1774. lie was a prominent Democrat when Jefferson was elected fverse 6, page 272] Preside' t of the United States. He was Chief-Justice of New York, and also Grovernor of the State. He died on Staten Island, in 1825. 7. Mr. Monroe's election was by an almost unanimous vote. Only one vo^e (in Ncav Hampshire) was cast ag linst him. 8. James Monroe was born in Virginia in 1759. He entered the patriot army in 1776, and rose to the rank of captain. He was a member of Congress in 1783, of the U. S. Senate in 179 », Governor of Virginia in 1799, an r minister to France and England in 1803. He died in New York on the 4th of Julv, 1831. 9. Verse 10, page 296. 10. Verse 9, page 267. II. John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State ; William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury ; John 0. Calhoun, Secretary of War ; Benjamin Crowninshield, Secretary of the Navy- and William Wirt, Attorney- (reneral. He offered the War Department to the venerab e Governor Shelby, of Kentucky [verse 8. page 288], who declined it. Calhoun was appointed in December, 1817. Crowninshield, who was in Madison's cabinet, continued in office until the close of November, 1818, when Smith Thompson, of New York, was ap- pointed in his place. Questions.— 2.3. What did Dec«tur accomplish at Tunis and Tripoli? What did hi« cruise efFoct ? 24. What notable events occurred during the remainder of >Tadison's administration? 1. When and where was Monroe inaugurated President of the United States? Why there? What was the character of his cabinet? What was the condition of the country? 302 THE NATION. Emigration to the West. Buccaneers in the Gulf of Mexico. and confusion to peace and order — his ele- vation to the presidency seems to have been a national blessing. 2. During the war, a large number of manufacturing establishments had been nur- tured into vigorous life by great demands and high prices; but when peace returned, and European manufactures flooded the country at very low prices, wide-spread ruin ensued, and thousands of men were compelled to seek other employ men tsi The apparent misfortune was a mercy in disguise, for the nation. Beyond the Allcghanies, millions of fertile acres, possessing real wealth, were awaiting the tiller's industry and skill.^ Agriculture beckoned the bank- rupts to her fields. Homes in the East were % deserted ; emigi-ation flooded over the mount- ains in a broad and vigorous stream ; and be- 1 fore the close of Monroe's administration, four flourishing States had started into being^ from the wilderness of the great West, and one in the East.^ 3. The first year of Monroe's adminis- tration was chiefly distinguished by the admission [Dec, 1817] of a portion of the Mississippi Territory into the Union, as a State/ and the suppression of two piratical and slave dealing establish- ments near the southern and south-western borders of the republic. One of them was at the mouth of the St. Mary, Florida, and the other at Galveston, Texas. In addition to a clandestine trade in slaves, these buc- caneers,^ under pretense of authority from one of the Spanish repubhcs of South America,^ were endeavoring to liberate the Floridas from the dominion of Spain.'' In November, 1817, United States troops proceeded to take pos- MONEOE, AND UIS EI SIDENOE. 1. The progress of the States and Territories west of the Alleghanies [note 7, page 14] in wealth and pop- ulation, is truly wonderful. Fifty years ago, those immense lakes, Ontario, Erie, Michigan, Huron, and Su- perior, were entirely without commerce, and an Indian's ca? oe was almost the only craft seen upon them. In 1860, the value of traffic upon these waters and the navigable rivers, was estimated at 1800,000,000. And never was the giowth of the great "West more rapid than at the present. '2. Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and Missouri. 3. Maine. 4. The Territory was divided. The western nortion was made a State, and the eastern was erected into a Territory, named Alabama, after its principal river. It included a portion of Georgia, given for a consider- ation. See note 4, page 851. 5. Note 3, page 119. 6. During the first quarter of the present century, nearly all of the countries in Central and South Amer- ica, which, since the conquests of Cortez [verse 23, page 33] and Pizarro [note 5, page 34], had been under the Spanish yoke, rebelled, and forming republics, became independent of Spain. It was the policy of our government to encourage these republics, by preventing the rc -establishment of monarchical power on the American continent. This is known as " The Monroe Doctrine." 7. Verse 18, page 32. QUKSTiONS. — % What caused wide-spread commercial ruin? What good ensued? 3. What events dis- tinguished the flrst year of Monroe's administration ? Can yon relate the circumstances? MONROpyS ADMINISTRATION. eS03 Indian "War at the South. Pensacola again seized. Cession of Florida. session of Amelia Island, the rendezvous of the pirates on the Florida coast, and the Galveston establishment soon disappeared for want of support. 4. Another difficulty arose at about the same time. A motley host, com- posed chiefly of Seminole Indians/ Creeks dissatisfied with the treaty of 1814,^ and runaway negroes, commenced murderous depredations upon the frontier settlements of Georgia and the Alabama Territory, toward the close of 1817. General Gaines^ was sent to suppress these outrages, and to remove every Indian from the Territory which the Creeks had ceded to the United States in 1814. His presence aroused the fiercest ire of the Indians, who, it was ascer- tained, were incited to hostilities by British subjects protected by the Spanish authorities in Florida. Gaines was placed in a perilous position, when Gen- eral Jackson, with a thousand mounted Tennessee volunteers, hastened [Dec, 1817] to his aid. 5. Jackson marched [March, 1818] into Florida, took possession [April] of the weak Spanish post of St. Mark, at the head of Appallachee Bay,'* and sent the civil authorities and troops to Pensacola.^ At St. Mark he secured the persons of Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert C. Ambrister/ who, on being tried [April 2G] by a court-martial, were found guilty of being the principal emissaries among the southern Indians, inciting them to hostilities. They were both executed on the 30th of the same month. Jackson afterward, seized Pensacola [May 24], captured the fortress of Barancas [May 27] at the entrance to Pensacola Bay, and sent the Spanish authorities and troops to Havana. 6. General Jackson was much censured at first for this invasion of the Ter- ritory of a friendly power, and his summary proceedings there, l^ui he was sustained by the government and the majority of the people. These measures also led to the important treaty" at Washington, in February, 1819, by which Spain ceded to the United States the whole of the Floridas and the adjacent islands, and that country was erected into a Territory in February, 1821. General Jackson was appointed [March, 1821] the first governor of the newly- acquired domain. 7. While the treaty concerning Florida was pending, the southern portion of a vast region of the remaining Territory of Louisiana, extending westward of that State to the Pacific ocean, which was erected into the " Missouri Ter- 1. Verse 4, page 22. ?. Verse 14, pagre 2f 8. 3. Edmund P. Gaines was born in Virginia, in 1777- He entered the army in 1799, and rose giadually tintil he was made major-general for his gallantry at Fort Erie [verse 5, page 294], in 1814. He remained in the army until his death, in 1849. 4. Verse 24, page 34. 5. Verse 14, page 298. 6. Arbuthnot was a Scotch trader from New Providence, one of the Bahama Islands. He had a store on the Suwaney river, where many of the hostile Indians and negroes congregated. Ambrister was an En- glishman, about twenty -one years of age, who had borne a lieutenant's commission in the British service. He was also at the Suwaney settlements, and put himself at the head of the Indians and negroes. 7. Made by John Quincy Adams for the United States, and Don Onis, the Spanish embassador at Wash- ington. Hitherto, the United States had claimed a large portion of Texas, as a part of Louisiana. By this treaty, Texas was retained by the Spaniards. The cession was made as an equivalent for all claims against Spain for injury done the American commerce to an amount not exceeding $5,0.0,000. This treaty was not finally ratified until February, ]8?1. Questions. — 4. What can you tell of border warfare at the South? What was done to suppress it? 5. What did Jackson do in Florida? Who caused trouble there? What rigorous measures were carried out? 6. How were Jackson's proceedings regarded? What was his plea? What was the result? 304 THE NATION. Admission of new States. Missouri Compromise. Pirates in the West Indies. ritory" in 1812, was formed into a government [1819], and called Arkansas. In December, the same year, Alabama was admitted into the Union ; and at the same time, Missouri and Maine were making overtures for a similar po- sition. Maine was admitted in March, 1820,^ but the entrance of Missouri was delayed until August, 1821, by a violent and protracted debate which sprung up between the North and the South on the subject of the admission of sla- very, into that state. 8. During the session of 1818-19, a bill was introduced into Congress, which contained a provision forbidding the introduction of slavery or involun- tary servitude into the new State of Missouri, when admitted. Violent de- bates arose, and the subject was postponed until another session. The whole country was agitated by disputes on the subject; and when it was again brought before Congress [Nov. 23, 1820], angry disputes and long discussions ensued. A compromise was finally agreed to [Feb. 28, 1821], by which slavery should be allowed in Missouri and in all territory south of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude (southern boundary of Missouri), and prohibited in all the territory northerly and westerly of these limits. This is known as The Missouri Compromise.'^ Under this compromise Missouri was admitted [Aug. 21, 1821], and the excitement on the subject ceased. The confederation was now composed of twenty-four sovereign States.^ 9. During the pendency of the Missouri question, Mr. Monroe was re- elected President [1820], and Mr. Tompkins* Vice-President, by an almost unanimous vote, the old Federal party,^ as an organization, being nearly ex- tinct. His administration had been very popular, and the country was blessed with gene^l prosperity. Two other measures, besides those already noticed, received the warmest approbation of the people. One made provision, in some degree, for the surviving officers and soldiers of the Revolution, and their fam- ilies; the other was an arrangement made with G-rcat Britain [Oct., 1818], by which American citizens were allowed to share with those of that realm, in the valuable Newfoundland fisheries.® 10. Very Uttle of general importance, aside from the rapid progress of the country, occurred during the remainder of Monroe's administration, except the suppression of piracy among the West India Islands, and the visit of G-eneral La Fayette^ to the United States, as the nation's guest. In 1822, a small American squadron destroyed more than twenty piratical vessels on the coast of Cuba, and the following year the work was completed, by a larger force, under Commodore Porter.® 11. La Fayette arrived at New York, from France, in August, 1824, and 1. Verse 31, page 102. 2. Verse 8, page 347. 3. Illinois was admitted as a State in December, 1818. 4. V erse i'4, page .SOI . 5. Verse 9, page 2^7- 6. Verse 15, page 340. At the same time, the northern boundary of the United States, from the liake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, was defined. 7- Verse 12, page 216. 8. Verse 21, page l93. Questions. — 7. What new Territory was formed? and how? What new States songht admission into Ihe Union? What caused agitation ? 8. What can you tell about the admission of Missouri into the Union? What compromise was made? and what did it effect? 9. What political changes occurred? What was the char- acter of Monroe's administration? What measures were popular? 10. What was done to suppress piracy? ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 305 Visit of La Fayette. Election and inauguration of J. Q. Adams. during about eleven succeeding months, he made a tour of over five thousand miles, throughout the United States. He was everywhere greeted with the warmest enthusiasm, and was often met by men who had served under him in the fiirst War for Independence. When he was prepared to return, an American frigate, named Brandywine^ in comphment to him,' was sent by the United States government to convey him back to France. 12. In the Autumn of 1824, the people were called upon to select a suc- cessor to Mr. Monroe. Four candidates, representing the different sections of the Union, ^ were put in nomination. The result was, that the choice devolved upon the House of Representatives, for the second time.^ That body chose John Quincy Adams, President. John C. Calhoun had been chosen Vice-President by the people. The election and final choice produced great excitement throughout the country, and engendered po- litical rancor equal to that which prevailed during the administration of the elder Adams.* SECTION VIII. ADAMS's ADMINISTRATION. [1825-1829.] 1. John Quincy Adams^ was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1825. The Senate being in session, he immediately nominated his cabinet officers, and all but one were confirmed by a unanimous vote of that body.^ 2. The political views of Mr. Adams were consonant with those of Mr. Monroe, and ~9 ^ ■ J. Q. ADAMS, AND HIS EESIDENCE. 1. His first battle for freedom in America, was that on the Brandy wine, in September, 17i7, where he was wounded in the leg. Note 4, page 217. 2. John Quincy Adams in the East, William H. Crawford in the South, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay in the West. 3. Note 4, page 2??. 4. Ver?e6, page 272. 5. John Quincy Adams, son of President John Adams, was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1767, and nt the time of his death, his home residence was in the old family mansion, so long occupied by his father. He was in public life in the service of his country, from his youth, as legislator at home, and rairister abroad. He was a fine scholar and sound statesman, and a warm-hearted philanthropist. He died at Wash- ington city, in 1848, while a member of the House of Representatives. 6. Henry Clay, Secretary of State ; Richard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury ; James Barbour, Secretary of War ; Samuel L. Southard (continued in office). Secretary oif the Navy ; and William Wirt (continued), At- torney-General. There was considerable opposition in the Senate to the confirmation of Henry Clay's nom- ination. He had been charged with defeating the election of General Jackson, by giving his influence to Mr. Adams, on condition that he should be appointed his Secretary of State. This, however, was only a bubble on the surface of political strife, and had no truthful substance. In the Senate, there were twenty- seven votes in favor, and fourteen against confirming the nomination of Mr. Clay. Questions.— 11. What distinguished man visited the United States? How was he received? and how Bent home? 12. What occurred in the Autumn of 1824? WLa' wa. Ihe result of the election of President? 1. What of Mr. Adams's inauguration and appointments' 306 THE NATION. Adams's administration. Singular coincidence. Erie CanaL the foreign and domestic policy of his administration was generally con- formable to those views. The amity which existed between the United States and foreign governments, and the absence of serious domestic troubles, made the administration of Mr. Adams a remarkably quiet one. Thoroughly ac- quainted with all the pubhc interests, and as thoroughly skilled in eveiy art of diplomacy and jurisprudence, he managed the alfaira of State with a fideUty and sagacity which command our warmest approbation. 3. The most exciting topic, at the beginning of Adams's administration [1825], was a controversy between the National government and the chief magistrate of Georgia, concerning the lands of the Creek Indians, and the re- moval of those aboriginals from the territory of that State. Governor Troup, impatient at the tardiness of the United States in extinguishing Indian titles and removing the remnants of the tribes, according to stipulation,* assumed the right to do it himself. The United States took the attitude of defendei-s of the Indians, and, for a time, the matter bore a serious aspect. The diffi- culties were finally settled, and the Creeks'^ and Cherokees^ gradually removed to the rich wilderness beyond the Mississippi.* 4. The fillieth anniversary of American In lependence, which occurred on the 4th of J illy, 182G, was distinguished by a most remarkable coincidence. On tliat d.iy, and almost at the same lioui*, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson expired. They were both members of the committee who had framed the Declaration ol Independence,^ both signed it,^ both had been foreign ministers,' both had been Vice-Presidents, and then Presidents of the United States, and boih had lived to a great age.® These coincidences, and the manner and time of their death, produced a profound impression upon the public mind. I. When G^'O' tria i clinquished her claims to portions of the Mississippi Territorj- [note 4, pnge 302], the Federal aovei luneiu ajnced lo purchase, for that State, the Indian lands wiihin its borders, " whenever it could be ponccably tlone npon reasonable terms." The CreeJcf, who, with their neighbors, the C^ero/.'ce*, were beginuinp: !o p::ictioc tbs arts of civilized life, refused to sell their lands. The Governor of Georgia demanded the immediate fnlOlment of the contract. He caused a survey of the lands to be made, and pre- pared to distribute them by lottery, to the citizens of that State. The Federal government interfered in be- half of the Indians, and a civil war was menaced. 2. Verse 2, page 22. 3. Verse 1, page 10. 4. The great Erie canal, in the State of New York, was completed in 1825. It was the most important and stupendous public improve- ment ever undertaken in the United States. Its earliest advocate wap Jesse Hawlev, who, in a series of articles published m 1807 and ISCS, signed Hercules, set forth the feasibility and great importance of such a connection of the waters of Lake E.ie and the Hudson river. His views were warmly seconded by Gouverneur Morris [page 163J, Dewitl Clinton, and a few others, and its flnal accomplishment was the result, chief3y,'of the untiring efforts, privately and officially, of the latter gentleman, while a member of the Legislature, and Governor of ihQ State. It is three hundred and sixty-three miles in length, and ihe first estimate of its cost was $5,000,0 0. Portions of it have since been enlarged, to meet the increasing demands of its commerce ; and m 1853, the people of the State decided, by a general vote, to have it en- larged its entire length. Dewitt Clinton, its chief patron, was a son of General James Clinton, of Orange county. New York. He waf born in March, 1769. He was Mayor of New York ten years, ami was elected Governor of the Stale in 1817, and again in 18l0 and 1^26. He died suddenly while in that office, in February, 1828. 5. Verse 10, page 202. . . , ^ ■ ^v. 6. Jefferson was it author, and Adams its principal supporter in the Continental Congress. DFWiTT CLINTON. 7- Note 4, page "GO, and note 3, page 2f^5. DEWITT CLINTON. ^ Adams died at Quincy, Massachusetts, at the age of almost m*nety-one years. Mr. Jefferson died at Monticello, Virginia, at the age of almost eighty-three years. OtJESTiONS — 2. What was the character of his administration? and what did he accomplish ? 3. What pcrious difficulty occurred in 1825 ? How was it settled? 4. What occurred on the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of the United States? ADAMS'S ADMIN ISTEATIOX, 807 Congress at Panama. The American System. Anti- Masons. 5. So peaceful and prosperous were the remaining years of Mr. Adams's administration, that public affairs present very few topics for the pen of the general historian.' The most important movement in foreign policy, was the appoinment, early in 1826, of commissioners^ to attend a congress of represent- atives of the South American republics,^ held at Panama [June, 1826], on the Pacific coast. This appointment produced much discussion in Congress, chiefly on party grounds. The result of the congress at Panama was compar- atively unimportant, so far as the United States were concerned, and appears to have had very little influence on the affairs of South America. 6. It was during the administration of Mr. Adams that the policy of pro- tecting home manufactures, by imposing a heavy duty upon foreign articles of the same kind, assumed the shape of a settled national polic}^, and the founda- tion? of the American Sysiem^'^ as that policy is called, were then laid. It was very popular with the manufacturers of the North ; but the cotton-growing States, which found a ready market for the raw material in England, op- posed it. A tariff law, passed in 1828 [May 15], was very obnoxious to the Southern people.^ They denounced it as oppressive and uncon- stitutional, and it led to menaces of serious evils in 1831 and 1832.^ 7. Another presidential election was held in the Autumn of 1828, and resulted in the elec- tion of Andrew Jackson for President, and John C. Calhoun'' (re-elected) Vice-President, john c. calhoun. 1. An event occurred in 1826 which produced great excitement throughout the country, and led to the formation of a new, and, for a time, quite a powerful political partv. William Morgan, of western New York, announced his intention to publish a book, in which the secrets of Fice :\rMsourv were to be disclosed. He was suddenly seized at Canandaigua one evening, placed in a carriage, and vva-'i^ever heard of after- ward. Some Free Masons were charged with his murder, and the report of an investigating committee, ap- pointed by the New York State Legislature, confirmed the suspicion. The public mind was greatv agitated, and there was a disposition to exclude Free Masons from oflfice. An Anli Masonic pari v was formed, and its organization spread over several States. In 1831, a national Anti-Masoi^ic convenlion was held at Phila- delphia, and William Wirt, of Virginia, was nominated for the office of President of ihe United States. Al- though the party polled a considerable vote, it soon afterward disarpeared. 2. R. C. Addison, and John Sargeant, commissioners, and William B. Rochester of New York their Becretary. 3. Note 0, page>.02. .ori'® Illiberal commercial policy of Great Britain canned tariT Inws to he enacted by Congress as early as i816, as retaliatory measures. In 1824, imposts were laid on fo ^'i^n fabrics, with a view to encourage American manufactures. In July, 18 >7, a national convention wfis held at Harrisburg, in Pennsylvania, to discuss the subject of protective tariffs. Onlv four of the slave S<;.tPs sent delegates. The result of ihe convention was a memorial to Congress, asking an augmentation of duties on several articles then manufac- tured in the United States. The Secretary of the T-ea^-urv called attention to the subject in his Report in X Th r ..^f "^'■^ss took up the matter, and a Tariff Bill became a law in Mav following. i\X:. ^ articles on which heavy protective duties werp laid, were woolen and cotton fabrics. At th-t l^^'o K f Jl® annual imports of cotton goods fi om Orpat Britain, was about $8,000,000 ; that of woolen gooasaoout tne same. The exports to Great Britain, of mtton, rice, and tobacco, alone (the chief products ot the southern States), were about $24, 001,rOO annually. These producers feared a great diminution of their exports, ny a tariff that should almost wholly prohibit the importation of three million of dollars' worth of British cotton and woolen fabrics, annuallv. 6. Yerse 6, page .^10. /. Jonn (v. Calhoun was born in South Carolina, in 1782. He first appeared in Congress in 1811, and was always distinguished for his consistency, especially in his ^^npport of the institution of slavery, and the doc- Z'^tu i ^fr^dl^'f'n-; oY'Y ""2 ^^'^^ debater and subtle logician. He died at Washington city, While a member of the United States Senate, in March, 1850. in*i82T" Whjt«.^^m^^ ^- What national policy was established plefiog al^ect rs^V'^TSdf ' ^""^ of a presidential election in 1828? What 308 THE NATION. Election and inauguration of Jackson. His character. by large majorities. During the contest the people appeared to be on the verge of civil war, so violent was the party strife, and so malignant were the denunciations of the candidates. When it was over, perfect tranquillity pre- vailed, the people cheerfully acquiesced in the result, and our system of government was nobly vindicated before the world. 8. President Adams left to his successor a legacy of unexampled national prosperity, peaceful reflations with all the world, a greatly diminished national debt, and a surplus of more than five millions of dollars in the pubUc Treasury. During liis administration, more than five millions of dollars had been distri- buted among the surviving soldiers of the Revolution.^ ' ^ . • ♦ > . ^ SECTION IX. Jackson's administration. [1829-1837.] 1. General Jackson'' was surrounded by several surviving officers and soldiers of the Revolution when, on the 4th of March, 1829, he was inaugurated President of the United States. The whole of President Adams's cabinet officers having resigned, Jackson im- mediately nominated his political friends for his counselors, and the Senate confirmed his choice.^ 2. Jackson was possessed of strong pas- sions, an uncorrupt heart, and an iron will. Honest and inexorable, he seized the helm of the ship of state with a patriot's hand, re- solved to steer it according to his own con- ceptions of the meaning of his guiding chart, The Constitution^^ unmindful of the interfer- ence of friends or foes. His audacity amazed his friends, and alarmed his opponents ; and no middle men existed. He was either thor- oughly loved or thoroughly hated; and for JACKBOOT, AND HT8 RESIDENCE. ciglit ycars hc bravcd the fierce tempests of 1. Verse 9, pape 304. 2. Andrew Jackson was born of Protestant Irish parents, in North Carolina, in 1767. He took part in the War of the Revolution while yet a lad, and was always distinguished for his bravery and patriotism. The chief events in his military life have been given in preceding pnges. On leaving the presidency, he retired to private life on his estate, near Nashville, Tennessee, where he died in June, 1845. :\ Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State ; Samuel D. Ingh?im, Secretarv of tiie Treasury; John TT. Eaton, Secretary of War ; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy ; and John McPherson Berrian, Attorney-General. It having been determined to make the Postmaster-Gleneral a cabinet officer, William T. Barry was ap- pointed to that station. 4. Page 261. Questions.— 8. What legacies did President Adams leave? 1. What can you tell of Jackson's inaugura- tion and appointments ? 2. What was Jackson's character ? How did he manage public affairs ? Jackson's administration. 309 Troubles with the Indians. The United States Bank. party strife,^ domestic perplexities,^ and foreign arrogance,^ with a skill and courage which demand the admiration of his countrymen, however much they may have dififered with him in matters of national policy. 3. The claims of~ G-eorgia'* to lands held by the powerful Cherokee tribe^ of Indians, lying within the limits of that State, were among the first subjects of general interest which occupied the attention of the President. Jackson favored the views of the Georgia authorities, and the white people proceeded to take possession of the Indians' land. Trouble ensued, and civil war was again menaced. In March [March 30, 1832], the Supreme Court of the United States decided against the claims of Georgia ; but that State, favored by the President, resisted the decision. The difficulty was finally adjusted ; and in 1838, General Scott^ v^as sent thither, with several thousand troops, to remove the Cherokees^ forcibly, if necessary, beyond the Mississippi. Through the kindness and concihation of Scott, they were induced to migrate peace- fully. 4. Another cause for public agitation appeared in 1832. In his first annual message [Dec, 1829], Jackson took strong ground against the renewal of the charter of the United States Bank,^ as not authorized by the Constitution. Congress decided that such an act would be both constitutional and expedient ; and at the close of 1831, the proper officers of the bank petitioned for a re- newal of its charter. Long debates ensued ; and, finally, a bill for re-charter- ing the bank passed both Houses of Congress.^ Jackson vetoed'" it [July 10, 1832] ; and as it failed to receive the support of two thirds of the members of both Houses, the Bank Charter expired, by limitation, in 1836. The com- mercial community, regarding a national bank as essential to their prosperity, were alarmed ; and prophecies of panics and business revulsions, everywhere uttered, helped to accomplish their own speedy fulfilment. 5. During the Spring of 1832, portions of some of the western tribes," re- siding in Wisconsin,^' led by Black Hawk,^^ a fiery Sac chief, commenced 1. Following the precedent of Jefferson [verse 1, page 272], he filled a large number of the public offices ■with his political friends, after removing the incumbents. These removals were for all causes ; and during his administration, they amounted to six hundred and ninety out of several thousands, who were removable. The entire number of removals made by all the preceding presidents, from 1790 to 1829, was seventy-four. 2. Verse 3, page ; 09, and verse 7, page 310. Note 2, page 313. 4. Verse 3, page 306. 5. Verse 1, page 20. 6. Note 2, page 295, and verse 18, page 326. 7. The Cherokees were involved in the difiiculties of their Creek neighbors. They were defended against the encroachments of the Georgians during Adams's administration, but in December, 18 9, they were crushed, as a nation, by an act of Congress. The Cherokees were more advanced in the arts of civilized life than the Creeks. They had churches, schools, and a printing-press, nnd wore becoming successful agricul- turists. It appeared cruel in the extreme 1o remove them from their fertile lands and the graves of their fathers, to the wilderness ; yet it was, doubtless, a proper measure for insuring the prosperity of boih races. But now, again, the tide of civilixalion is beating against their borders. Will thev not be borne upon its powerful wave, further into the wilderness? 8. Verse 24, page 301. 9. The Senate, on the 11th of June, by twenty-eight against twentv votes ; and by the House of Represent- atives, on the 3d of July, by one hundred and seven against eighty-five. 10. That is, refused to sign it ; and returned it to Congress with his reasons, for reconsideration by that body. The Constitution gives the President this power, and when exercised, a bill can rot become law with out his signature, unless it shall, on reconsideration, receive the votes of two thirds of the members of both Hotises of Congress. See article I., section 7, of the Constitution, page 362. 11. f^acs, Foxes, and Winrtehagnes. See Chap. I.. Sec. II., page 1?. 12. This was not made a Territory until four years after this event. 13. Verse P, page 11. QtTKSTlONS.— 3. What can you tell of the claims of Georgia to Indian lands ? How were the diflRcnlties ad- lusted? 4. What other event caused public agitation ? What can you tell of the T"'n4ted States Bank and it s rel at ion to the business of the country ? 5. What border war occurred in 1832 ? What of its progress and results? 310 THE NATION. Black Hawk war. Nullification. Jackson's proclumatio:i. [April, 1832] warfare upon the frontier settlements of Illinois. After several skirmishes with United States troops and Illinois militia, under General At- kinson,^ the Indians were driven beyond the Mississippi. Black Hawk was captured [Aug., 1832], and taken to Washington city ; and then, to impress his mind with the strength of the nation he had foolishly made war with, he was conducted through several of the eastern cities. This brief strife, which appeared quite alarming at one time, is known as the " Black Hawk war."^ 6. The discontents of the cotton-growing States, produced by the tariff act of 1828,^ assumed a serious aspect in South Carolina, toward the close of 1832. An act of Congress, imposing additional duties upon foreign goods, passed in the Spring of 1832, led to a State convention in South CaroHna, in November following. That assembly declared the tariff acts unconstitutional, and, therefore, null and void. It resolved that duties should not be paid ; and proclaimed that any attempt to enforce the collection of duties in the port of Charleston, by the general government, would be resisted by arms, and would produce the withdrawal of South Carolina from the Union. To support this determination, military preparations were immediately made, and civil war appeared inevitable. 7. The crisis was promptly met by President Jackson, in a proclamation [Dec. 10], which denied the right of a State to nullify any act of the Federal government ; and warned those who were engaged in fomenting a rebellion, that the laws of the United States would be strictly enforced by military power, if necessary. This proclamation met the hearty response of every friend of the Union, of whatever party, and greatly increased that majority of the President's supporters, who had just re-elected him to the chief magistracy of the repubhc.'^ The nullitiers^ of South Carolina, though led by such able men as Calhoun^ and Hayne,^ were obliged to yield for the moment; yet their zeal and determination in the cause of State rights, were not abated. Every day the tempest-cloud of civil commotion grew darker and darker ; HENRY CLAY. 1. Henry Atkinson was a native of North Carolina, and entered the armv as captain, in 18"8. He was re- tamed m (he army after the second War for Indenendence, was made nHintant-^eneral, and was finally ap- pointed to the command of the Western Army. He died at Jf-fferson barfarks, in Jnne, 1842. Z. Black Hawk returned to his people, hnt was, with ditficnltv, restored (o his former digrnity of chief. He died in October, 1R40, and was bnried on the banks of the Mississippi. 3. Verse 6, pajre 307- 4. Jackson was re-elected by a lar^e majority, in Noyember, 1832, over Mr. Clay, the opposing candidate. Martin Van Buren, of New York, was elected Vice-P esidert . , fi s ^oiioi 7?-J favored the doctrine that a State migrht nullify ^he n^-ts of the Federal government, were ivr"/ -7 dangerous doctrine itself was called nvllifi cation. 0. JNote 7, page 307. Mr. Calhoun had recently resigned the office of Vice President of the United States, and was one of the ablest men in Congress. He asserted the doctrine of State supremacy boldly on the floor of Congress, and held the same opinion until his death. 7. Robert Y. Hayne was one of the ablest of southern statesmen. The debate between Hayne nnd Web- ster, in the Senate of the United States, is regarded as one of the most eminent, for sagacity and eloquence, that ever marked the proceedings of that body. QuKSTiONS, — 0. What cnnsed discontents in the Sonth ? What did thev l<»ad to? 7. What did the Presi- dent do? What effect did his proclamation have? What measure allayed the excitement Jackson's administration. 311 A compromise. Removal of deposits from United States Bank. Excitement. until, at length, Henry Clay,^ a wanii friend of the American system,* came forward, in Congress [Feb. 12, 1833], with a bill, which provided for a gradual reduction of the obnoxious duties, during the succeeding ten years. This compromise measure was accepted by both parties. It became a law [March 3], and discord between the North and South soon ceased, but only ibr a season. 8. In his annual message to Congress, in December, 1832, Jackson recom- mended the removal of the pubhc funds from the custody of the Bank of the United States.^ Congress, by a decided vote, refused to authorize the mea- sure; but after its adjournment, the President assumed the responsibility of the act, and directed the Secretary of the Treasury to withdraw the govern- ment funds (then almost $10,000,000), and deposit them in certain State banks. The Secretary refused compliance, and was dismissed from office. His successor obeyed the President;^ and in October, 1833, the act was ac- compHshed. The effect produced was sudden and wide-spread commercial distress. The business of the country was plunged from the height of pros- perity to the depths of adversity, because its intimate connection with the na•^ tional Bank rendered any paralysis of the operations of that institution fatal to commercial activity. This fact confirmed the President in his opinion of the danger of such an enormous moneyed institution. 9. Intense excitement now prevailed throughout the country ; yet the President, supported by the House of Eep- resentatives, persevered and triumphed. The State deposit banks loaned freely, confidence was gradually restored, and apparent general prosperity^ returned. The wisdom and fore- cast of General Jackson, in this matter, ap- pear to be universally acknowledged. The necessity for such an institution is no longer admitted, and its dangerous power, if wickedly exercised, may be plainly seen. 10. Toward the close of 1835, the Sem- inole Indians, guided by their head sachem, Micanopy, and led by their principal chief, Osceola,^ commenced a distressing warfare upon the frontier settlements of Florida. The cause of the outbreak was an attempt to remove them to the wilderness beyond the Mississippi."^ It was a sanguinary war, and almost 1. Henry Clay was 'borTi in Virginia, in 1775. He became a lawyer at Richmond, and at the a e:e of twenty- one he established himself in his profession at Lexington, Ky. He first nppeared in Congress, as senator, in 1806, and from that period his life was chiefly devoted to the public service. He died at Washington cily, while U. S. Senator, in 18.51 2. Verse n. page 3 w. 3. By the law of 1816, for chartering the banlc, the fnnds of the United States were to be deposited with that inWitution, aijd to be withdrawn only by the Secretary of the Treasury. 4. The dismissed Secretary was "William J Duane ; the rie\vly-appointe, by installments, as indemnification for French spolia- tions on American commerce, under the operations of the several decrees of Napoleon, from 18 Jo to 1811. The French government did not promptly comply with the agreement, and the President assumed a hostile tone, which caused France to perform her duty. Similar claims against Portugal were made, and payment obtained. A treaty of reciprocity was made with Russia and Belgium, and everywhere the American flag commanded the highest respect. Questions.— 12. What did the Indians do during 1836 ? ^Vhat of their subjugation ? 1^. What took place in the Autumn of 1835? 14. What can you say of President Jackson's administration, and the position of the republic ? What was the result of a presidential election in 1836 ? 15. What was Jackson's last otficial act? What can you tell of the " Specie Circular V" What did Congress do ? 14 314 THE NATION. Inauguration of Van Buren. Speculation. SECTION X. VAN BUREN 'S ADMINISTRATION. [1837-1841.] 1. When Mr. Yan Buren^ entered the presidential mansion as its occupant, on the 4th of March, 1837,^ the business of the country was on the verge of a terrible con- vulsion and utter prostration. The distress- ing effects of the removal of the public funds [Oct., 1833] from the United States Bank,'^ and the operations of the " specie circular"* had disappeared, in a measure ; but as the remedy for the evil was superficial, the cure was only apparent. 2. The chief remedy had been the free loaning of the public money to individuals by the State deposit banks ;^ but a commercial disease was thus produced more disastrous than the panic of 1833-34. A sudden ex- pansion of the paper currency was the result ; and the consequences of such multiplied fa- cilities for obtaining bank loans were an im- mensely-increased importation of foreign goods, inordinate stimulation of all industrial pursuits and internal improvements, and the operations of a spirit of speculation, especially in real estate, which assumed the features of a mania, in 1836. A hundred cities were VAN BUREN, AND HIS EESTDENCE. fouuded, and a thousand villages were "laid out" on broad sheets of paper, and made the basis of vast money transactions. Borrowed capital was thus diverted from its sober, legitimate uses, to the fos- 1. Martin Van Ihn en was born at KinderhooTc, New York, in December, 1782. He chose the profession of law.^ In 1815 he became At'.orney-General of his native State, and in 1828 was elected Governor of the Srime, having served the country in the Senate of the United States. He was appointed minister to England in 1831. After his retirement from ihe presidency in 1841, Mr Van Buren spent a greater portion of his time on his estate in his native town. He went to Europe at the close of i853, the first of the chief magis- trates of the republic to visit the Old World after their term of office had expired. He died in July, 1862. 2. He appointed John Forsyth, Secretary of State ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Treasury ; Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War ; Mahlon Dickinson, Secretary of the Navy; Amos Kendall, Postmaster-Gen- eral ; and Benjamin F. Butler, Attorney-General. All of them, except Mr. Poinsett, held their respective offices under President Jackson. 3. Verse 8, page 311. 4. Verse 15, page 313. 5. The State banks which accepted these deposits, supposed they would remain undisturbed until the gov- ernmeiit should need them for its use. Considering them as so much capital, they loaned their own funds freely. But in January, 1836, Congress aulhorized the Secretary of the Treasury to distribute all the public funds, except $5,0)0,000, among the severnl Slates, according to their representation. The funds were ac- cordingly taken from the deposit banks, after the first of January, 1837, and these banks being obliged to curtail their loans, a serious pecuniary embarrassment was produced. Questions. — 1. What was the condition of the country when Van Buren was inaugurated? 2. What remedy had been used, and how did it work? What did land speculation do? VAN buren's administbation. 815 Immense failures. Suspension of specie payments. Seminole war. tering of schemes as unstable as water, and as unreal in their fancied results as dreams of fairy-land. 3. Overtrading and speculation, relying for support upon continued bank loans, were suddenly checked by bank contractions early in 1837, and during March and April of that year, there were mercantile failures in the city of New York alone, to the amount of more than a hundred millions of dollars.^ The effects of these failures were felt to the remotest borders of the Union, and credit and confidence were destroyed. 4. Early in May, 1837, a deputation from the merchants and bankers of New York waited upon the President, and solicited him to defer the collection of duties on imported goods ; rescind the specie circular ;" and to call an extraordinary session of Congress to adopt relief measures. He acceded to the first request only. When his determination was known, all the banks in New York suspended specie payments, and their example was speedily fol- lowed throughout the country. The measure embarrassed the general gov- ernment, and it was unable to obtain gold and silver to discharge its cwn obligations. The public good now demanded legislative relief, and an extra- ordinary session of Congress was convened on the 4th of September. During a session of forty-two days, it did little for the general relief, except the pass- age of a bill authorizing the issue of treasury notes, not to exceed, in amount, ten millions of dollars.^ 5. The Seminoles^ still continued hostile.* After severe encounters with the United States troops, several chiefs appeared in the camp of General Jesup^ (who was then in chief command), at Fort Dade,^ and signed [March 6, 1837] a treaty which guarantied immediate peace, and the instant departure of the Indians to their new home beyond the Mississippi. But the lull was tem- porary. The restless Osceola caused the treaty to be broken ; and during the Summer of 1837, many more soldiers perished in the swamps while pursuing the Indians. At length, Osceola,"^ with several chiefs and seventy warriors, appeared [Oct. 21] in Jesup's camp under the protection of a flag. They were seized and confined f and soon afterward Osceola was sent to Charleston, where he died of a fever, while immured in Fort Moultrie.® This w^as the 1. Fifteen months before [Dec, 1835], property to the amount of more than $'20,000,000 bad been destroyed by fire in the city of New York, when five hundred «md twenty-nine buildings were consumed. 2. In his message to Congress at this session, the President proposed the establishment of an independent treasury for the safe keeping of the public funds, and their entire and total separation from banking institu- tions. This scheme met with vehement opposition. The bill parsed the Senate, but was lost in the Hou^e. It was debated at subsequent sessions, and finally became a law on the 4th of July, 1840. It is known as The Sub-Treasury Scheme. 3. Versc 3, page 22. 4 Verse 10, page 311. icVo TJ°™^^ '^^^"P ^^^^ Virginia in 1788. He was a brnve and uFefnl officer during the war of Ibi/-16, and was retained in the army. He was breveted major-general in 1828, and was succeeded in com- mand in Florida by Colonel Zachary Taylor [verse 4, page 321] in 1838. He died at Washington city, in 1861. 6. On the head waters of the Withlacoochee, about forty miles north-east from Fort Brooke, at the head of Tampa Bay. See map on page 312. 7. Verse 10. page 311. 8. General Jesnp was much censured for this breach of faith and the rules of honorable warfare. His ex- cuse was the known treachery of Osceola, and a desire to put an end to bloodshed, by whatever means he might be able to employ. 9. On Sullivan's Island, upon the site of Fort Sullivan of the Revolution [verse 8, page £01]. Near the en- trance gate to the fort is a small monument erected to the memory of Osceola. QUEST10NS.--8. What caused business failures? and to what extent? 4. Wh«t was the Pre-^idert asked to do? What was done? What caused an extra session of Congress ? What did Congress do? 5. What can you tell of the Seminole Indians? What can you tell of Osceola ? How did his death efFect his people? 816 THE NATION. End of Seminole war. Troubles in Canada. Maine boundary. hardest blow yet dealt upon the Seminoles; but they continued to resist, not- withstanding almost nine thousand United States troops were in their terri- tory at the close of 1837. 6. A large body of Indians suffered a severe repulse [Dec. 25] on the north- ern border of Macaco Lake/ from six hundred troops under Colonel Taylor.'^ That officer succeeded Jesup, and for more than two years afterward, en- dured every privation in efforts to bring the war to a close. In May, 1839, a treaty was made which appeared to terminate the war ; but murder and rob- beries continued, and it was not until 1842 that peace was finally secured. This war, which lasted seven years, cost the United States many valuable lives, and millions of treasure. 7. The peaceful relations between the United States and G-reat Britain were somewhat disturbed by a revolutionary movement which commenced in Canada in 1837, and at one time seemed to promise a separation of that terri- tory from the British crown. ^ The movement was esteemed a patriotic effort to secure independence, and enlisted the warmest sympathies of the Americans in the North. Banded companies and individuals joined the rebels and so general became this active sympathy on the northern frontier, that peace between the two governments was jeoparded. President Tyler finally issued [Sept. 25, 1841] an admonitory proclamation,^ which prevented further ag- gressive movements, and quiet was restored. 8. While this excitement was at its height, long-pending disputes concern- ing the boundary between the State of Maine and the British province of New Brunswick, had ripened into armed preparations for settUng the matter by combat. This, too, threatened danger to the peaceful relations between the two governments. The President sent G-eneral Scott to the theater of the dispute, in the winter of 1839, and by his wise and conciliatory measures, he prevented bloodshed, and produced quiet. The whole matter was finally set- tled, by treaty, on the 20th of August, 1842.^ 9. Mr. Yan Buren was nominated for re-election in 1840. He was op- 1. Sometimes called Big Water Lake. The Indian name is O-ke-cho-bee, and by that name the battle is known. 2. Afterward General Taylor and President of the United States. See page 334. 3. Both Upper and Lower Canada exhibited revolutionary movements. The principal leader of the revolt in Tipper Canada was William Lyon Mackenzie ; the prime mover in the Lower Province was Louis Joseph Papineau. The movements of the revolutionary party were well planned, but local jealousies prevented unity of action, and the scheme failed. 4. A party of Americans took possession of Navy Island, situated in the Niagara liver, about two miles above the falls, and belonging to Canada. They numbered seven hundred strong, well provisioned, and pro- vided with twenty pieces of cannon. They had a small steamboat named Caroline, to ply between Schlosser, on the American side, and Navy Island. On a dark night in December, 1H3/', a party of royalists fiom the Canada shore crossed over, cut the Caroline loose, set her on fire, and she went over the great cataract while in full blaze. 6. In 1858, General Scott was sent to the frontier to preserve order, and was assisted by proclamations by tha President and also the Governor of New York. Yet secret revolutionary associations, called " Hunter's Lodges," continued for two or three years. Against these, President Tyler's proclamation, here referred to, was specially directed. 6. This was negotiated at Washington city by Daniel Webster for the United States, and Lord Ashburton (special minister) for Great Britain. Besides settling the boundary question, this agreement, known as the Ashburton Treaty, provided for the final suppression of the slave trade, and for the giving up of criminal fugitives from justice, in certain cases. Questions.— 6. What more of the Seminole war? What of its termination ? 7. What new movement of importance commenced in 1837 ? How was it esteemed ? What can you tell of the sympathy of the people of tho United States ? 8. What boundary dispute arose ? How was it settled ? Harrison's and tyler's administration. 317 Election and inauguration of Harrison. His death. posed by William Henry Harrison of Ohio, the popular leader west in the war of 1812.* Never, before, was the country so election, and never before was a presidential contest characterized by such demoralizing proceedings. The political change was won- derful, and General Harrison was elected by an overwhelming majority, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. And now, at the close of the first fifty years of the repub- lic, the population had increased from three and a half millions of all colors, to seventeen millions. in the excited north- by an SECTION XL Harrison's and tyler's administration. [1841-1845.] 1. The dawn of Harrison's administration gave omens of a brighter day for the country ; and when his inaugural address went over the land, and the wisdom of his choice of cabinet counselors^ was known, prosperity was half restored, for confidence was re- enthroned in the commercial world. But all the hopes which centered in the new Presi- dent were soon extinguished, and the anthems of the inaugural day were speedily changed to solemn requiems. Precisely one month after he uttered his oath of office, before Chief-Justice Taney, on the eastern portico of the capitol, the new President died [April 4, 1841], at the age of sixty-eight years.^ 2. The only official act of general importance performed by President Har- rison during his brief administration, was the issuing of a proclamation on the 17th of March, calling an extraordinary session of Congress, to commence at the close of the following May, to legislate upon the subject of finance and revenue. HARRISON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 1. Verse 1, page 2SL 2. Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury ; John Bell, Secretary of War ; George E. Badger, Secretary of the Navy ; Francis Granger, Postmaster-General ; and J. J. Crit- tenden, Attorney-General. 3. Willinm Henry Harrison was born in Charles City county, Virginia, in February, 1773. His father was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Young Harrison pi-epared to be a physician, but entered the army as ensign in the United States artillery, in 1791. He was afterward appointed Governor of Indiana Territory, and was very active during the war of 1812. At its close he retired to his farm on the banks of the Ohio. He served in the national council, and was finally raised to the highest post of horor in the na- tion. His last disease was pneumonia, or bilious pleurisy, which terminated his life in a few days. Questions.— 9. What can you tell of the presidential election in 1840? Whnt of ih<' population? 1. What can you tell of President Harrison and his administration? 2. What was his chief cfficial act? 318 THE NATION. President Tyler. Extra session of Congress. Exploring expedition. 3. According to the provisions of the Con- stitution, the Vice-President became the of- ficial successor of the deceased President ; and on the 6th of April the oath of office was administered to JOHN TYLER. He retained the cabinet appointed by Pres- ident Harrison until September following, when all but the Secretary of State resigned/ 4. The extra session of Congress called by President Harrison, commenced on the ap- pointed day [May 31, 1841], and continued until the 13th of September following. The Sub-treasury act^ was repealed; a general Bankrupt law^ was enacted; but the chief object sought to be attained during this ses- sion, namely, the chartering of a Bank of the United States, was not achieved. Two sep- arate bills* for that purpose were vetoed^ by the President, who, like Jackson, thought he perceived great evils to be apprehended from the workings of such an institution. The course of the President was vehemently cen- sured by the party in power, and the last veto led to the dissolution of his cabinet. Mr. Webster^ patriotically remained at his post, for great public interests would have suffered by his withdrawal at that time. 5. The second year [1842] of Mr. Tyler's administration w^as distinguished by the return of the United States Exploring Expedition the settlement 1. He then appointed Walter Forward, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Spencer, Secretary of War ; Abel P. Upshur, Secretary of the Navy Charles A. Wickliffe, Postmaster-General ; and Hugh S. Legare, Attorney-General, Mr. Tyler had the misfortune to lose three of his cabinet officers, by death, in the course of a few months. Mr. Legare accompanied the President to Boston on the occasion of celebrating the com- pletion of the Bunker Hill monument [map, page 191], in June, 184?, and died there. On the 28th of Febru- ary following, the bursting of a gun on board the steamship Princeton^ while on an excursion on the Poto- mac, killed Mr. Upshur, then Secretary of State, Mr. Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, and several other distinguished gentlemen. The President and many ladies were on board. Among the killed was Mr. Gar- diner, of the State of New York, whose daughter the President soon afterward married. 2. Note 2, page 315. 3. This humane law accomplished a material benefit. Thousands of honest and enterprising men had been crushed by the recent business revulsion, and were so laden with debt as to be hopelessly chained to a narrow sphere of action. The law relieved them ; and while it bore thus heavily upon ihe creditor class, for a while, its operations were beneficent and useful. When dishonest men began to make it the pretense for cheating, it was repealed. 4. One was passed on the 16th of August, 1841 ; the other, modified so as to meet the President's object- tions, it was believed, passed September 9lh. ^. Note fO, page 309. 6. Daniel Webster was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire, in 178?. He was admitted to the bar in Bos- ton, in 180.5. He commenced his political career in Congress, in 1813. He was in public employment a greater portion of the remainder of his life, and was the most distinguished statesman of his time. He died at Marsh- field, Massachusetts, in October, 1P52. 7. This expedition, commanded by Lieutenant Wilkes, of the United States navy, had been sent, several Questions. — 3. What can you tell of a successor in office ? 4. What was done by the extra session of Con- gress ? What important act was passed? What did the President do? and what was the r suit? TYLER, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Tyler's administration. 819 Change in tariff. Difficulties in Rhode Island. Texas. DANIEL WECSTEE. of the North-eastern boundary question;^ essential modifications of the tariff ; and do- mestic difficulties in Rhode Island. Bj the Compromise act of 1832,- duties on foreign goods were to reach the minimum of reduc- tion at 'the close of 1842, when the tariff would only provide revenue^ not 'protection to manufactures^ like that of 1828.^ The latter object appeared desirable; and by an act passed on the 29th of June, 1842, high duties were imposed on many foreign articles. The President vetoed it, but another tariff bill, less objectionable, received his assent on the 9 th of August. 6. The Ehode Island difficulties originated in a movement to adopt a State Constitution of government, and to abandon the old charter given by Charles the Second* [16G3], under which the people had been ruled for one hundred and eighty years. Disputes arose concerning the proper method to be pursued in making the change, and these assumed a serious aspect. Two parties were formed, known respectively as the " suffrage" or radical party ; the other as the " law and order," or conservative party. Each formed a Constitution, elected a Grovernor and legislature,^ and finally armed [May and June, 1843] in defense of their respective claims. The State was on the verge of civil war, and the aid of National troops had to be invoked, to restore quiet and order. A free Constitution, adopted by the " law and order" party in No- vember, 1842, to go into operation on the first Tuesday in May, 1843, was sustained, and became the law of the land. 7. The country was much agitated during the last year of Mr. Tyler's ad- ministration, by discussions concerning the proposed admission of the inde- pendent republic of Texas, on our south-west frontier, as a State of the Union. The proposition was warmly opposed at the North, because the annexation would increase the area and political strength of slavery, and lead to a war with Mexico.® A treaty for admission, signed at Washington on the 12th of years before, to explore the ^reat southern ocean. It coasted along what is supposed to be an Antarctic cor- Th»I seventeen hundred miles in the vicinity of latitude 66 degrees south, and between longitude 96 ana 154 degrees east. The expedition brought home a great many curiosities of island human life, and a large number of fane specimens of natural history, all of which are now [1857] in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington city. The expedition made a voyage of about ninety thousand miles, equal to almost four times the circumference of the globe. \ Thr?' !;,Sff^f ^ ^^'^^ P^-e 3^0- ^- ^erse 6, nage 307- 4. Verse 2, page 126. npl W K-ino. f^ ^u- ^^'^^ elected Thomas W. Dorr, governor, and the " law and order" partv chose Sam- fpnPoH t« Jrfr. magistrate. Dorr was finally arrested, tried for and convicted of treason, and sen- 184^ h,,f ^"^"^ ^'^^ '^^^^^ '^^'^ excitement having pas-^ei awav in a measure, he was released in June, 1853' aepnved of all the civil rights of a citizen. These disabilities were removed in the Autumn of 189^ "xP*^ ^^"^ domain of that anf>ient Mexico conquered bv Cortez Tverse 23, page a?]. In hVa '"^"^^ ^ republic under Generals Victoria and Santa Anna, and was divided into States united Djr a i«eaeral Constitution. One of the=;c was Texas, a territory which was originally claimed by the United QTTKSTTOys— 5. What distinguished the second year of Tyler's administration ? What of tariff bills? 6. What can you tell of diflRf-nlties in Rhode Island ? What was the progress and the results ? 7. What agi- tated the country toward the close of Tyler's administration ? Why was the admission of Texas opposed ? What was finally done ? 820 THE NATION. Annexation of Texas. Election and inauguration of Polk. April, 1844, was rejected by the Senate [June 8] ; but to the next Congress the proposition was presented in the form of a joint resolution, and received the concurrence of both Houses on the 1st of March, 1845, and the assent of the President on the same day. 8. The subject of the annexation of Texas had an important bearing upon the presidential election in 1844. It became more and more popular with the people throughout the Union ; and James K. Polk, of Tennessee, who was pledged in favor of the measure, was elected President [Nov., 1844], and George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, Vice-President. The opposing candidates were Henry Clay and Theodore Frelinghuysen. The last important olBcial act of President Tyler^ was the signing [March 3, 1845] of the bill for the ad- mission of Florida and Iowa into the Union of States. 1. The largest concourse of people ever before assembled at Washington city, witnessed the inauguration of Mr. Polk^ on the 4th of March, 1845. His address on that occasion clearly indicated that enei-getic poHcy which dis- tinguished his administration. On the day after his inauguration he nominated his cabinet officers,^ and the Senate immediately confirmed them. 2. The most important topics which claimed the attention of the adminis- tration, were the annexation of Texas, and the claims of Great Britain to a large portion of the vast territory of Oregon, on the Pacific coast.'* states as a part of Louisiana, purchased [verse ?, page 273] from France in 180^, but ceded to Spain in 1870. In 1821-'2, a colony from the tjnited States, under Stephen F. Austin, made a settlement on both sides of the Colorado river ; and the Spanish government favoring immigration thither, caused a rapid increase in the population. There were ten thousand Americans in ihat province in 183 \ Santa Anna became military dic- tator, and the people of Texas, unwilling to submit to his arbitrary rule, rebelled. A war ensued ; and on the 2d of 3! arch, 1S£6, a convention declared Texas independent. Much bloodshed occurred afterward ; but a final battle at San Jacinto, in which the Texans were Jed by General Houston, for several years a Uni- ted States senator from Texas, vindicated the position the people had taken, and terminated the strife. Texas remained an independent republic until its admission into our Federal Union in 1845 1. John Tylt r was born in Charles City county, Virginia, in March, 1790. He was admitted to college studies at the aire of twelve years; to the bar, as a lawyer, at the age of nineteen; and was elected a member of the Virginia Legislature when only twenty one years of aere. He was a member of Congress at the aye of twenty six. He was made Governor of Virginia in 1825, and afterward represented his State in Congress. After his retirement from the presidency he resided upon his estate, near Charles City court-house, in Charles City county, Virginia. He died in January, 1862. James K. Polk was born in Mecklenburg county. North Carolina, in 1705. While he was a child his fnther settled in Tennessee ; and the first appearance of young Polk into public life, was as a member of the Tf>nne«see liCgislatn' e, in 182''. Two years afterward he was elected to Congress, and was almost continu- al Iv there until elected President of the United States. He died at his residence, near Knoxville, Tennessee, in June, 18^9. 3. James Rnchanan, Secretary of State ; Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury ; William L. Marcy, Secretary of War ; Oeorge Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy ; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General ; and John Y. Mason, ttornev-General. 4. This vast territovy, between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific, had been, for some time, a subject of f^-'^^pute bpfwepn the Unitf^d States and Great Britain. In 1818 it was mntnally agreed that each nation should equally en.iov the privileges of all the bays and harbors on that coapt, for ten years. This agreement was renewed in 18 7 for an indefinite time, with the stipulation, that either party might rescind it by givini? the oet in 18^0. The Mexican commissioners acknowledged two millions of dollars, and no more. In 1843 the whole amount was acknowl- edged by Mexico, and the payment was to be made in twenty installmeiits, of S3. What caused excitement in the United States? What did Congress do? What can you tell of the plan of a campaign ? folk's administeatiok. 325 Capture of Matamoras and Monterey. General Woofs services. 13. While great rejoicings and illuminations were in progress in the United States, Greneral Taylor was in Mexico, preparing for other brilliant victories.^ He crossed the Rio Grande, drove the Mexican troops from Matamoras, and took possession of that town on the 18th of May. There he remained until the close of August, receiving orders from government and reinforcements, and preparing to march into the interior. 14. The first division of his army, under General Worth,^ marched toward Monterey^ on the 20th of August. General Taylor, with the remainder (in all more than six thousand men), followed on the 3d of September ; and on the 19th, the whole army^ encamped within three miles of the doomed city, then defended by General Ampudia,^ with more than nine thousand troops. It was a strong town, at the foot of the great Sierra Madre, well fortified by both nature and art, and presented a formidable obstacle in the march of the victor toward the interior. But having secured the Saltillo road,^' by which supplies for the Mexicans in Monterey were to be obtained, G-eneral Taylor commenced a siege on the 21st of September. The conflict continued almost four days, a part of the time within the streets of the city, where the carnage was dreadful. Ampudia surrendered the town and garrison on the fourth day^ [Sept. 24]; and leaving General Worth in command there, G-eneral Tay- lor encamped at Walnut Springs, three miles distant, and awaited further orders from his government.^ 15. General WooP had been commissioned to muster and prepare for ser- vice the gathering armies of volunteers. He performed this duty so promptly, that by the middle of July, twelve thousand of them had been inspected, and mustered into service. Nine thousand of them were sent to the Rio Grande, to reinforce General Taylor ; and the remainder repaired to Bexar,^° in Texas, where they were disciplined by General Wool, in person, preparatory to marching into the province of Chihuahua,*^ in the heart of Mexico. 16. Wool went up the Rio Grande with about three thousand men, and on the last day of October, reached Monclova, seventy miles north-west from 1. On the 30th of May he was rewarded for his skill and bravery by a commission as major-general, by brevet. See note (i, pajja 3:^1. 2. William J. Worth was born in Columbia county, New York, in 1794 ; was a gallant soldier during the war of 1S12-'15 ; was retained in the army ; and for his gallantry at Monterey, was made a major-general by brevet, and received the gift of a sword from Congress. He was of great service during the whole war with Mexico. He died in Tv^xas, in May, 18i9. 3. Pronounced Mon-tar-rmj . It was the capital of New Leon. 4. The principal officers with General Taylor at this time, were Generals Worth, Quitman, Twiggs, But- ler, Henderson, and Hamer. 5. Verse 7, page 32-\ 6. This road passes through the mountains along the San Juan river, and is the only communication be- tween Monterey and the fertile provinces of Coahuila and Durango. The command "of this road was ob- tained after a severe contest with Mexican cavalry, on the 20th of May, by a party under (reneral Worth. 7. The Mexican soldiers were permitted to march out with the honors of war ; and, beine: short of pro- visions, and assured that Sauta Anna, now at the head of the Mexicans, desired peace, General Taylor agreed to a cessation of hostilities for cisht w ^eks, if permitted by his government. 8. The Americans lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, 561. The number lost by the Mexicans was never ascertained, but it was supposed to be more than 1,0^0. 9. John Ellis Wool is a native of New York. He entered the army in 181'^, and soon rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, for gallant conduct on Queenstown Heights [verse 11, page 282]. He has belonged to the army ever since. He wa.s breveted brigadier in 1826, and, for (rallant conduct at Bucna Vista, in was bre- veted m.'i.jor-gcncral. and made full major general in 1862. 10. Austin's settlement. See note 6. page 319. 11. Pronounced Chee-tcah-icah. Questions.— 13. What was Taylor doing while his countrymen at home were rejoicing? 14. What movements were made toward the interior of Mexico? What can you tell of the siege of Monterey? 15. What can you tell of General Wool's services? What was done with recruits? 326 THE NATION. The American army in Mexico. General Scott at Vera Cruz. Demand on General Taylor. Monterey. His kindness to the people won their confidence and esteem, and he was regarded as a friend. There he was informed of the capture of Mon- terey,' and guided by the advice of Greneral Taylor, he abandoned the pro- ject of penetrating Chihuahua, and marched to the fertile district of Parras, in Coahuila, where he obtained ample supphes for his own and Taylor's forces. 17. By order of the United States government, the armistice of Monterey^ ceased on the 13th of November. General Worth, with nine hundred men, took possession of Saltillo [Nov. 15, 1846], the capital of Coahuila,^ and Gen- eral Taylor, leaving General Butler in command at Monterey, marched for Yictoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, with the intention of attacking Tampico, on the coast. That place had already surrendered* [Nov. 14], and being in- formed that Santa Anna was collecting a large force at San Luis Potosi,^ he returned to Monterey, to reinforce General Worth, if necessary. Worth was joined by Wool's division, near Saltillo, on the 20th of December, and Taylor again advanced and took possession [Dec. 29] of Yictoria. 18. The conquering Taylor was now compelled to endure a severe trial of his temper and patriotism. General Scott had ar- rived before Vera Cruz [Jan., 1847], for the pur- pose of invading Mexico from that point, and being the senior officer, he took supreme com- mand. Just as Taylor was preparing for a vigor- ous Winter campaign, he received an order from General Scott, ^ to send him a large portion of his best officers and troops, to assist against Yera Cruz, and to act thereafter only on the defensive."^ Taylor instantly obeyed, and he and General Wool were left with an aggregate force of only about five thousand men (only five hundred reg- GENEEAL SCOTT. ulars) to opposc an army of twenty thousand, now gathering at San Luis Potosi, under Santa Anna. They united their forces at Agua Nueva,® twenty miles south from Saltillo, on the 4th of February, and, weak as he was, Taylor determined to fight the Mexicans, who were now ad- vancing upon him. 1. Verse 14, page 325. 2. The agreement for a cessation of hostilities is bo called. See verse 31, page 332. 3. Pronounced Co-ah tceel-ah. 4. Commodore Conner, who commanded the " Home Squadron" in the Gulf, captured Tampico. Tobasco and Tuspan were captured by Commodore Perry, in October following. 5. Santa Anna was elected provisional president of Mexico, in December, and in violation of his peace promises to Commodore Conner, he immediately placed himself at the Read of the army. 6. Winfield Scott was born in Virginia in 1786. He was admitted to law practice at the age of twenty years. He joined the army in 1808, was made lieutenant-colonel in 1812, and passed through the war that ensued, with great honor to himself and his country. He was breveted major-general in 1814, and was made general-in-chief of the army in 1841. His successes in Mexico greatly added to his laurels. He was made lieinenant-general in 1855, and retired from active service late in 1861. 7. The necessity for this order was as painful to General Scott as it was mortifying to General Taylor. Before leaving Washington, Scott wrote a long private letter to General Taylor, apprizing him of (bis neces- sity, expressing his sincere regrets, and speaking in highest praise of the victories already achieved in Mexico. 8. Pronounced Ag-wah JVew-vah, or New Water. Questions. — 16. What can you tell of Wool's movements? Wliat did he accomplish? 17- What of the armistice at Monterey? What movements did the Americans make? What had been done? 18. What mortifying orders did Taylor receive? How did he act? What was the condition of his army ? What did he proceed to do ? folk's administration. 327 Battle of Buena Vista. Taylor leaves Mexico. Army of the West. 19. The Americans fell back [Feb. 21] to Buena Yista/ within eleven miles of Saltillo, and there, in a narrow defile in the mountains, encamped in battle order. At about noon the next day [Feb. 22], the Mexican army approached within two miles of them ; and Santa Anna, assuring Taylor that he was sur- rounded by twenty thousand troops, and could not escape, ordered him to sur- render within an hour. Taylor politely refused the request, and both armies prepared for battle. There was some skirmishing during the afternoon f and early the following morning [Feb. 23] a terrible conflict commenced. It was desperate and bloody, and continued until sunset. Several times the over- whelming numbers of the Mexicans appeared about to crush the little band of Americans ; and, finally, Santa Anna made a desperate assault^ upon the American center, commanded by Taylor in person. It stood like a rock against a billow, and by the assistance of the artillery of Bragg, Washington, and Sherman, the martial wave was rolled back, the Mexicans fled in con- fusion, and the Americans were masters of the bloody field. 20. The Mexicans all withdrew durino' the night, leavino' their dead and wounded behind them.* The in- vaders were now in possession of all the northern Mexican provinces, and Scott was preparing to storm Vera Cruz^ and march to the capital.^ In the course of a few months. General Taylor left Wool in command [Sept., 1847] and returned home, every- where receiving tokens of the high- est regard from his countrymen. Let us now consider other operations of the war during this period. 21. The command of the " Army of the West"^ was given to General Kearney,® with instructions to conquer New Mexico and California. He left Fort Leavenworth in June, and after a journey of nine hundred miles over the Great Plains and among the mountain ranges, he arrived at Santa Fe, the cap- ital of New Mexico, on the 18th of August. He met with no resistance f and 1. Pronounced Btce-nah Ves-tah — Pleasant View. This was the name of a hacienda (plantation) at An- gostura. 2. It was the anniversary of the birth of Washington, and the American war-cry was, TJie memory of Washington ! 3. To deceive the Americans, Santa Anna resorted to the contemptible trick of sending out a flag in token of surrender, at the moment of making an assault, hoping thereby to cause his enemy to be less vigilant. Taylor was too well acquainted with Mexican treachery to be deceived. 4. The Americans lost two hundred and sixty-seven killed, four hundred and fifty-six wounded, and twenty-three missing. The Mexicans lost almost two thousand. They left five hundred of their comrades dead on the field. Among the Americans slain was Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, son of the distinguished Heniy Clay, of Kentucky. Verse 7, page 310, 5. Note 2, page 329. C\ On the day of the battle at Buena Vista, General Minon, with eight hundred cavalry, was driven frcm Saltillo by Captain Webster and a small party of Americans. On the 26th of Ftbruary, Colonels Morgan and Irvin defeated a party at Agua Frio ; and on the 7th of March, Major Giddings was victorious at Cei- alvo. 7. Verse 12, page 324. 8. Stephen W. Kearney was a native of New Jersey. He was a gallant soldier in the war of 1812-'15. He was breveted a brigadier in 1846, and major-general in December the same year, for gallant conduct in the Mexican war. He died at Vera Cruz in October, 1848, at the age of fifty-four years. 9. The governor and four thousand Mexican troops fled at his approach, and the people, numbering about six thousand, quietly submitted. QUESTTOVS.— 10. What did the two a-mies do? What can you tell of a battle that occurred? By wh^t name is it known ? 20. What did the Mexicans do ? What had been accomplished ? What did Taylor do ? EEGIOX OF TAYLOE'S OPEEATIOInS. 328 THE NATION. Operations in California. Doniphan's expedition. having taken peaceable possession of the country, and constituted Charles Bent its Grovernor, he marched toward California. He soon met an express from Commodore Stockton^ and Colonel Frvlmont, informing him that the con- quest of California had already been achieved.'^ The main body of his troops then returned to Santa Fe, and with one hundred men he pushed forward to Los Angelos, near the Pacific coast, where he met [Dec. 27, 1846] Stockton and Frc mont. In company with these officers, he shared in the honor of the final events which completed the conquest and pacification of California. 22. Fremont claimed the right to be gov- ernor, and was supported by Stockton and the people ; but Kearney, his superior officer, would not acquiesce. Fremont refused to obey him, and Kearney departed, sailed to Monterey, and there, in conjunction with Com- modore Shubrick, he assumed the office of governor, and proclaimed [Fob. 8, 1847] the annexation of California to the United States.^ 23. While Kearney was on his way to Cali- fornia, Colonel Doniphan, by his command, was engaged, with a thousand Missouri volunteers, in forcing the Navajo Indians to make a treaty of peace. This was accom- plished on the 22d of November, 1846, and then Doniphan marched toward Chihuahua,'' to join General Wool. When within eighteen miles of its capital, he was confronted [Feb. 28, 1847] by four thousand Mexicans. These he completely routed,^ and then pressing forward to the city of Chihuahua, he en- tered in triumph, raised the flag of the United States upon its citadel [March 2], in the midst of a population of forty thousand, and took possession of the province in the name ot his government. After resting six weeks he marched 1. Robert F. Stockton is a son of one of the New Jersey signers of the Declaration of Independence. He entered the navy in 1811, and was appointed commodore in 1838. He left the navy in May, 1850, and became a member of the United States Senate from New Jersey. 2. Lieutenant-Colonel Fremont was sent with a party of about sixty men, to explore portions of New Mex- ico and California. When he arrived in the vicinity of Monterey, on the Pacific coast, he was opposed by a Mexican force under General Castro. Fremont aroused all the American settlers in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, captured a Mexican post and garrison, and nine cannons and two hundred and fifty mus- kets, at Sonoma Pass [June 15, 1816], and then advanced to Sonoma, and defeated Castro and his troops. The Mexican authorities were effectually driven out of that region of the country ; and on the 5th of July, the American Californians declared themselves independent, and placed Fremont at the head of their af- fairs. Two days afterward, Commodore Sloat, then in command of the squadron in the Pacific, bombarded and captured Monterey ; and on the 9th, Commodore Montgomery took possession of San Francisco. Com- modore Stockton arrived on the 15th, and, with Colonel Fremont, took possession of the city of Los Angelos on the 17th of August. 3. Fremont was ordered home to be tried for disobedience of orders. He was deprived of his commission, but the President, valuing him as one of the ablest officers in the army, offered it to him again. Fremont refused it, and went again to the wilderness and engaged in exploration. When California became a State, he was elected its first United States Senator [1851]; and in 1855 he was the candidate of the " Republican" party for the ofFioe of President of the United States. He was a mnjor-general in the late Civil "War. 4. At Braceti.iti the viilleyof the Rio del Norte, they met a large Mexican force on the 22(1 of December, under General Ponce de lieon. He sent a black flag to Doniphan, with the message, ' ' We will neither ask nor give quarter." The Mexicans then advanced and fired three rounds. The Mi^sourians fell upon their faces, and the enemy, supposing them to be all slain, rushed forward for plunder. The Americans suddenly arose, and delivering a deadly fire from their rifles, killed two hundred Mexicans, and dispersed the remain- der in great confusion. 5. The Americans lost, in killed and wounded, only eighteen men ; the Mexicans lost about six hundred. Questions. — 21. What can you tell of the movements of General Kearney ? What conqne«ts were made? 22. What can you tell of Fremont and Kearney? 13. What can you tell of Doniphan's expedition, and his wonderful march? folk's administkation. 329 Attack on Yera Cruz. Its capture. March int o the interior. to Saltillo [May 22], where General Wool was encamped. Doniphan then returned to New Orleans, having made a perilous march from the Mississippi, of about five thousand miles. The conquest of all northern Mexico,' with California, was now complete, and General Scott was on his march for the great capital. Let us now consider GENERAL SCOTt's INVASION OF MEXICO. 24. The Mexican authorities having scorned overtures for peace made by the government of the United States in the Autumn of 1846, it was deter- mined to conquer the whole country. For that purpose General Scott was directed to collect an army, capture Yera Cruz,' and march to the Mexican capital. His rendezvous was at Lobos Island;' and on the 9th of March, 1847, he landed near Yera Cruz with an army of about thirteen thousand men, borne thither by a powerful squadron commanded by Commodore Conner.^ He invested the city on the 13th; and five days afterward [March 18], having every thing ready for an attack,^ he summoned the town and fortress, for the last time, to surrender. A refusal was the signal for opening a genera ^ cannonade and bombardment from hi^ batteries and the fleet. The siege con- tinued until the 27th, when the city, the strong castle of San Juan d' Ulloa, ^' with five thousand prisoners and five hundred pieces of artillery, were sur- rendered to the Americans.' The latter had only forty men killed, and ubout the same number wounded. At least a thousand Mexicans were killed, and a great number were maimed. 25. General Scott took possession of Yera Cruz on the 29th of March, 1847, and on the 8th of April, the advanced force of his army, under General Twiggs, commenced their march for the interior, by wny of Jalapa.® Santa Anna had advanced, with twelve thousand men, to Cerro Gordo, a difficult mountain pass at the foot of the eastern chain of the Cordilleras. He was strongly fortified, and had many pieces of cannon well placed for defense. 1. Some conspiracies in New Mexico against the new government, ripened into revolt in January, 1847. Governor Bent and others were murdered at Fernando de Taos on the 19th, and massacres occurred in other quarters. On the 23d, Colonel Price, with three hundred and fifty men, marched against and defeated the insurgents, at Canada, and finally dispersed them at the mountain gorge called the Pass of Embudo. 2. This city was considered the key to the country. On an island opposite was a very strong fortress, called the castle of San Juan d Ulloa [note 6, page 329], always celebrated for its great strength, ajid con- sidered impregnable by the Mexicans. 3. About one hundred and twenty-five miles north from Vera Cruz. 4. Verse 4, page 321. 5 The engrineering operations were performed very skillfully under the direction of Colonel Totten, an officer of the warof 1S12. For his bravery at Vera Cruz he was made brigadier-general l)y brevet He died at Washington city in April. 1862. 6. Pronounced San Whan-dah oo-hto-a'i. 7. It is estimated that during this siege not less than six thousand seven hundred shots and shells wer« thrown by the American batteries, weighing, in the aggregate, more than four thousand pounds. ;-. Pronounced Ilah-lah pah. Questions. — 24. What did the United States government determine to do? and why? What was General Sco't directed to do ? What can you tell of his expedition against Vera Cruz? What of the attack and sur- lender ? INTRiiNv^ILMENTS AT VESA CEUZ. 330 THE NATION. Battle at Cerro Gordo. Victorious march toward the city of Mexico. Scott had followed Twiggs with the main body. His whole army now num- bered about eight thousand five hundred men/ Having skillfully arrano-ed his plans, he attacked the enemy on the 18th of April. The assault was suc- cessful. More than a thousand Mexicans were killed or wounded and three thousand were made prisoners.'^ The boastful Santa Anna^ narrowly escaped capture by fleeing upon a mule taken from his carriage. The Americans lost, in killed and wounded, four hundred and thirty-one. 26. On the 19th of April the victors entered Jalapa; and on the 22d, Gen- eral Worth unfurled the stripes and stars upon the castle of Perote, on the sum- mit of the eastern Cordilleras, fifty miles from Jalapa. This was considered the strongest fortress in Mexico, next to Vera Cruz, yet it was surrendered with- out resistance.* Onward the victorious army marched ; and on the 15th of May [1847] it entered the ancient walled and fortified city of Puebla,"^ with- out opposition from the eighty thousand inhabitants within. Here the Amer- icans rested, after a series of victories almost unparalleled. Within two months, an army averaging only about ten thousand men, had taken some of the strongest fortresses on this continent^ made ten thousand prisoners, and captured seven hundred pieces of artillery, ten thousand stand of arms, and thirty thousand shells and cannon-balls. Yet greater conquests awaited them. 27. General Scott remained at Puebla until August,^ when, being reinforced by fresh troops, sent by way of Vera Cruz, he resumed his march toward the capital, with more than ten thousand men, leaving a large number sick in the hospital.^ Their route was through a Ijeautiful region, well w^atered, and clothed with the richest verdure, and then up the slopes of the great Cordilleras. From their lofty summits, and almost from the same spot where Cortez and his fol- lowers stood amazed more than three centuries before,^ Scott and his army looked down [Aug. 10, 1847] upon that glorious panorama of intervales, lakes, Extinct volcanoes EOUTE OF THE U. S. AEMY FEOM VEEA CEUZ TO MEXICO. 1. A strong garrison had been left at Vera Cruz. 2. Having neither men to guard, nor food to sustain the prisoners, General Scott dismissed them on parole. Note 1, page '24:1. 3. Before the battle, Santa Anna said, " I will die fighting rather than the Americans shall proudly tread the imperial city of Aateca." So precipitate was his f]ight that he left all his papers behind liim, and his wooden leg. He was so severely wounded in his leg, while defending Vera Cruz against the French, in 18"8, that amputation was necessary, and a wooden one was substituted. 4. Fifty-four pieces of cannon and mortars were captured here, and a large quantity of munitions of war. 5. Pronounced Prceb-lah. 6. During this long halt of the American army, the government of the United States made unavailing ef- forts to negotiate for peace. The Mexican authorities refused the olive branch, and boasted of their patriot- ism, valor, and strength, while losing post after post, in their retreat toward the capital. 7. At one time there were eighteen himdred men sick at Puebla ; and at Pevote seven hundred died during the Summer, notwithstanding the situations cf these places, on lofty table lands, v?ere cor.sidered exceerlingiy healthful. 8. Verse 13, page 31. Questions. — 25. What movements toward the interior of Mexico were made? What opposition was en- countered? What can yon tell of a battle at Cevro Gordo? 26. What progress did the Americans make? Wliat important conquests were accomplished ? What bad now been achieved? 27. What can you tell of tlie march toward tho Mexican capital ? What of the country near the capital ? folk's administration. 331 Battles of Churubusco and Contreras. Flight of Santa Anna. cities, and viUages, in the great valley of Mexico— the capital of the Aztec Empire'— the seat of " the Halls of the Montezumas.'" 28. On the 11th of August, General Twiggs' cautiously led the advance of the American army toward the city of Mexico, and encamped at San Augus- tine, on the Acapulco road, eight miles south of the capital. Before him lay the strong fortress of San Antonia, and close on his left were the heights of Churubusco, crowned with embattled walls covered with cannons, and to be reached in front only by a dangerous causeway. Close by was the fortified camp of Contreras, containing six thousand Mexicans, under General Valencia; and between it and the city were Santa Anna and twelve thousand men, held in reserve. 29. Such was the general position of the belligerents when, a little after midnight on the 20th of August [1847], General Smith' marched to the attack of the^camp at Contreras. The battle opened at sunrise. It was sanguinary, but brief, and the Americans were victorious. Eighty of&cers and three thousand private soldiers were made prisoners ; and the chief trophies were thirty-three pieces of artillery. In the mean while. Generals Pierce and Shields,"^ with a small force, had kept Santa Anna's powerful reserve at bay. 30. Scott now directed a similar movement against Churubusco. Santa Anna advanced ; and the whole region became a battle-field, under the eye and control of the American commander-in- chief: The invaders dealt blow after blow suc- cessfully. Antonio yielded, Churubusco was taken, and Santa Anna abandoned the field and fled to the capital. It was a memorable day in Mexico. An army thirty thousand strong, had been broken up by another less than one liiird its strength in numbers ; and at almost every step the Ameri- cans were successful. Full four thousand of the Mexicans were killed or tic :i;P^''p'^^^^^"' OPEIiATIONS NEAE MEXICO. 1. According to the faint glimmerings of ancient Mexican history which have come down to us, the Az- tecs, who occupied that country when it first became known to Europeans [verse 22, page 33], came from the North, and were more refined than any other tribes, which, from time to time, had held possession of the country. They built a city within the borders of Lake Tezcuco, and named it Mexico, in honor of MexitU, their god of war. Where the present great cathedral stands, they had erected an immense temple, dedicated to the sun, and there offered human sacrifices. It is related that' at its consecration, almost sixty thousand human beings were sacrificed. The temple was built about the year 1480, by the predecessor of Montezuma, the emperor found by Cortez. 2. This expression, referring to the remains of the palace of Montezuma in Mexico, was often used during the war. 3. David E. Twiggs was horn in Georgia, in 1790. He wns a mnjor at the close of the war of 1812-'15, and was retained in the army. He was breveted a major general af'ef the battle at Monterey, and for his gal- lantry there received the gift of a sword from Congress. He died in 1863. 4. General Persifer F. Smith, of Louisiana. 5. General James Shields, of Illinois, afterward United States Senator from that State. Questions.— 28. What did General Twiggs do? Whnt were the relative positions of the opposing armies? What of the Mexican defenses? 29. What can von tell of the fir?t conflict near the city of Mexico? 30. What other hostile movements occurred ? What strong places yielded to the Americans ? What was accom- plished on the 20th of August, 1847 ? 332 THE NATION. Negotiations for peace. Battles near the city. The fall of Mexico. wounded, three thousand were made prisoners, and thirty-seven pieces of cannon were taken, all in one day. The Americans lost, in killed and wounded, almost eleven hundred. 31. General Scott might now have entered the city of Mexico in triumph^ but he preferred to bear the olive branch rather than the palm. As he ad- vanced to Tacubaya [Aug. 21], within three miles of the city, a flag came from Santa Anna to ask for an armistice, preparatory to negotiations for peace.^ It was granted ; and Nicholas P. Trist, who had been appointed by the United States government a commissioner to treat for peace, went into the capital [Aug. 24] for that purpose. Scott made the palace of the archbishop, at Tacubaya, his head-quarters, and there anxiously awaited the result of the conference until the 5th of September, when Mr. Trist returned, with the intelligence that his propositions were not only spurned with scorn, but that Santa Anna had violated the armistice by strengthening the defenses of the city. Disgusted with the continual treachery of his foe, Scott declared the armistice at an end [Sept. 7], and prepared to storm the capital. 32. On the morning of the 8th of September, less than four thousand Amer- icans attacked fourteen thousand Mexicans, under Santa Anna, at El Molinos del Rey (the King's Mills), near Chapultepec. They were at first repulsed, with great slaughter ; but returning to the attack, they fought desperately for an hour, and drove the Mexicans from their position. Both parties suffered dreadfully. The Mexicans lost almost a thousand dead on the field, and the Americans lost about eight hundred. 33. Chapultepec was doomed. It was a lofty hill, strongly fortified, and the seat of the military school of Mexico. It was the last place to be defended outside the suburbs of the city. Scott erected four heavy batteries to bear upon it, on the night of the 11th of September ; and on the next day [Sept. 12, 1847] a heavy cannonade and bombardment commenced. On the 13th the assailants commenced a furious charge, routed the enemy, with great slaughter, and unfurled the American flag over the shattered castle of Chapul- tepec. The Mexicans fled to the city along an aqueduct, pursued by General Quitman'^ to its very gates. That night Santa Anna and his army, with the officers of government, fled from the doomed capital ; and at four o'clock the following morning [Sept. 14] a deputation from the city authorities waited upon General Scott, and begged him to spare the town and treat for peace. He would make no terms, but ordered Generals Worth and Quitman' to move forward, and plant the stripes and stars upon the national palace. The vic- L Note 2, page 19G. 2 John A. Quitman was a native of New York. He led volunteers to the Mexican war. and was brev- eted and presented with a sword, hy Coneress, for his gallantry. He was Governor of Mississippi in 1851. He was a leader of the secessionists of the South after Calhoun's death, and died in July, 1858. 3. The approach of each was along sexjarate aqueducts. See map, page 331. Questions. — 31. What forbearance did Scott show? What negotiations were entered into? What did Scoit do ? What was the result of his forbearance ? 3?. What occurred on the morning of the 14th of Sep- tember? What of a battle? 33. What can you tell of the attack on Chapultepec? What victories did th« Americans achieve? What can you tell of the flight of the Mexicans? What favor was asked of General Sco.t ? What can you tell of the surrender of the capital ? folk's administration. 833 Treaty with Mexico. Election of General Taylor to the Presidency. torious generals entered at ten o'clock, and on the Grand Plaza} took formal possession of the Mexican empire. 34. Order soon reigned in the capital. Santa Anna made some feeble ef- forts to regain lost power^" and failed ; and before the close of October, he was a fugitive, stripped of every commission. The President of the Mexican Con- gress assumed provisional authority ; and on the 2d of February, 1848, that body concluded a treaty of peace, with commissioners of the United States, at Gruadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty was finally agreed to by both govern- ments, and on the 4th of July following, President Polk proclaimed it.^ oSTew Mexico and California^ now became Territories of the United States. 35. Besides ths war with Mexico and the settlement of the Oregon bound- ary question^ with Great Britain, Mr. Polk's administration was distinguished by the estabHshmenu of an independent treasury system,^ by which the na- tional revenues are collected in gold and silver, or treasury notes, without the aid of banks ; and a revision of the tariff laws in 1846, by which protection to American manufactures was lessened. During the last year of his administra- tion, Wisconsin was admitted [May 29, 1848] into the Union of States, mak- ing the whole number thirty. 36. The popularity which General Taylor had gained by his brilliant vic- tories in Mexico, caused him to be nominated for President of the United States in many parts of the Union, even before he returned home and he was chosen to be a candidate for that office, by a national convention, held at Philadelphia in June, 1848. His opponent was General Lewis Cass, of Mich- igan, afterward Secretary of State. General Taylor was elected by a large majority, with Millard Fillmore, of New York, as Vice-President. 1. Place. This is the large publio square in the city of Mexico. 2. He appeared before Puebla on the 22d of September, where Colonel Childs had been besiegred since the 13th. The approach of General Lane frightened him away ; and in a battle with the troops of that leader at Huamantla, Santa Anna v/as defeated. On the 18th of October he was again defeated at Atlixco, and there his troops deserted him, and he became a fugitive, seeking safety, by flight, to the shores of the Gulf, See note 6, page 343. 3. It stipulated the evacuation of Mexico by the American army, within three months ; the payment of $3,C00,000 in hand, and $12,000,000 in four annual installments by the United States to Mexico, for the teni- tory acquired by conquest ; and, in addition, to assume debts due to certain citizens of the United States to the amount of g53,500,< 00. ii also fixed boundaries, etc. 4. During the same month that a treaty of peace was'signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a man employed by Captain Sutter, who owned a mill twenty -five miles up the American fork of the Sacramento river, discov- ered gold. It was very soon found in other localities, and during the Summer, rumors of the fact reached the United States. These rumors assumed tangible form in the President's message in December, 1848 ; and at the beginning of 1849, thousands were on their way to the land of gold. Around Cape Horn, across the Isthmus of Panama, and ovar the great central plains of the continent, men went by hundreds : and far and wide in California, the precious metai was found. From Europe and South America hundreds flocked thither ; and the Chinese came also by scores from Asia, to dig gold. The dreams of the early Spanij-h voyagers [verse 24, page 34], and those "of the English who sought gold on the coasts of Labrador [verse 18, page 40], and up the rivers of the middle of the continent [verse 23. page 42], have been more than realized, and many contmue [1865] to go thither, and yet the gold seems inexhaustible. Since its first discovery in 1848 to the close of 1864, there was brought from California, and deposited in the mint (and its branches) of the United States alone, almost $600,000,000 5. Verse 5, page 322. 6. Note 2, page 315. 7. Verse 20, page 327. Questions.— 34. What hostile efforts did Santa Anna make ? What became of him ? What government was established in Mexico? and what did it do? What treaty was made? 35. What else distinguished President Polk's administration ? What can you tell of a treasury system ? What other events look placer S6. What can you tell of the presidential election in 1848? 334 THE NATION. Inauguration of President Taylor. California a State. SECTION XIII. Taylor's administration. [1849-1850.] 1. Because the 4th of March, 1849, occurred on the Sabbath, Zachary Tay- lor^ took the oath of office as President of the United States on the 5th, and appointed his cabinet on the following day.^ The appointments were confirmed by the Senate ; and with the heart of a patriotic and honest man, Taylor entered upon his re- sponsible duties with a sincere desire to serve his country as faithfully in the cabinet as he had in the field. ^ He had the sympathies of a large majority of the people with him, and his inauguration was the promise of great hap- piness and prosperity for the country. 2. Thousands of adventurers were flocking to California from all parts of the Union when Taylor took the presidential chair, and ele- ments of a new and powerful State were rap- idly gathering there. Statesmen and politi- cians perceived the importance of the new Territory, and soon the question whether slavery should have a legal existence there, became an absorbing topic in Congress and among the people. The inhabitants of Cali- fornia decided the question for themselves. In convention at San Francisco, the people voted against slavery, and a Constitution for a State government, adopted in convention at Monterey, on the 1st of September, 1849, TAYLon, AND HIS RESIDENCE. cxcludcd skvcry from the Territory for ever.-* 1. Zacbary Taylor was born iu Virginia, in November, 178i. He went with his father to Kentucky the following year, and his childhood was passed near the present city of Louisville. He entered the United States army in 1807. He was a distinguished subaltern during the war of 1812-'15, and attained the rank of major. He was of great service in the Florida war [verse 6, page 316] ; and when hostilities with Mexico appeared probable, he was sent in that direction, and, as we have seen, displayed great skill and bravery. He died in July, 1850, having performed the duties of President only sixteen months. 2. He appointed John M. Clayton, Secretary of State ; William M. Meredith, Secretary of the Treasury ; George W. Crawford, Secretary of War ; William B. Preston, Secretary of the Navy ; Thomas Ewing, Sec- retary of the Interior (a new office recently established, in which some of the duties before performed by the State and Treasury Departments are attended to) ; Jacob Collamer, Postmaster-General ; and Reverdy Johnson, Attorney-General. 3. Verse 6, page 32"*, to Verse 20, page 327. 4. General Riley, the military governor of California, established a sort of judiciary by proclamation, in August, 1849, witli Peter H. Burnet as Chief-Justice. Before that time there was no statute law in Califor- nia. By proclamation, (rovernor Riley called a convention to form a State Constitution, and when it was adopted, Burnet was elected governor, and the first Legislature was held at San Jose, on the 20th of Decem- ber following. Questions.— 1. What can you tell of President Taylor's inauguration? TTow did the future appear? 2. What great emigration was in progress ? How was California regarded ? What can you tell of its organiza. tion as a State ? Taylor's administration. 335 Slarery agitation in Congress. Compromise measures agreed to. The birth and maturity of this new State seemed like a dream — all was ac- complished within twenty months after gold was discovered near Sutter's Mill* 3. When the United States senators^ appointed by the Legislature of Cali- fornia,^ went to Washington, they carried their Constitution with them, and presented a petition [February, 1850J, asking for the admission of that Terri- tory into the Union as a free and independent State.^ The article of the Con- stitution which excluded slavery, became a cause for violent debates in Con-^ gross, and of bitter sectional feehng between the people of the North and South. As in 1832,^ there were menaces of secession from the Union, by southern representatives, and never before did civil war appear so inevitable. 4. Happily for the country, some of the ablest statesmen and patriots the republic had ever gloried in, were members of the national legislature at that time, and with consummate skill they directed and controlled the storm. In the midst of the tumult and alarm in Congress and throughout the land, Henry Clay again^ appeared as the potent peace-maker between the Hotspurs of the North and South ; and on the 25th of January, 1850, he offered, in the Sen- ate, a plan of compromise which met the difficulty. Eleven days afterward [Feb. 5, 1850] he spoke nobly in defense of his plan, denounced secession as treason, and implored his countrymen to make every sacrifice but honor, in support of the Union. Mr. Clay's plan was warmly seconded by Daniel Webster; and other senators approving of compromise, submitted propo- sitions. 6. Finally, a committee of thirteen was appointed to consider the various plans and report a bill. It consisted of six northern and six southern senat- ors, and these chose the thirteenth. The Senate appointed Mr. Clay chairman of the committee ; and on the 8th of May following, he reported a bill. It was discussed for four months ; and on the 9th of September, each measure included in the bill having been thoroughly considered separately, the fa- mous Compromise Act of 1850 had passed both Houses of Congress, and be- came a law.® While this important discussion was progressing. President 1. Note 4, page 333. 2. John C. Fremont and William M. G"win. Edward Gilbert and G. H. Wright were elected members of the House of Representatives. 3. At this time our government was perplexed by the claims of Texas to portions of the Territory of New Mexico, recently acquired [verse 34, page 333], and serious difficulty was apprehended. Early in 1850, the inhabitants of New Mexico petitioned Congress for a civil government, and the Mormons of the Utah region also petitioned for the organization of the country they had recently settled, into a Territory of the United State. See note 4, page 336. 4. Verse 6, page 310. 5. Verse 7, page 310. 6. Because several measures, distinct in their objects, were embodied in the act, it is sometimes known as the " Omnibus Bill." The most important stipulations of the act were, 1st. That California should be ad- mitted into the Union as a State, with its anti-slavery Constitution, and its territorial extent from Oregon to the Mexican possessions ; 2d. That the vast country east of California, containing the ilormon settlements near the Great Salt Lake, should be erected into a Territory, called Utah, without mention of slavery ; 3d. That New Mexico should be erected into a Territorv, within satisfactory boundaries, and without any stipu- lations respecting slavery, and that ten millions of dollars should be paid to Texas from the Federal treasury in purchase of her claims ; 4th. That the slave-trade in the District of Columbia should be abolished ; 5th. A law providing for the arrest, in the northern or free States, and return to their masters, of all slaves who should escape from bondage. The last measure of the Compromise Act produced, and continues to produce, much dissatisfaction at the North ; and the execution, evasion, and violation of the law, in several instances, have led to serious disturbances and much bitter sectional feeling. Questions. — 3. What did California representatives do ? What effect was produced by the anti-slavery article in its State Constitution ? 4 What can you say of American statesmen ? What was done to promote harmony? 5. What can you tell of the Compromise Act of 1850? What melancholy event occurred? What important event followed ? 336 THE NATION. Death of President Taylor. Fillmore becomes President Invasion of Cuba. FILLMOEE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Taylor was seized with a disease similar to cholera, which terrainated his earthly career on the 9th of July, 1850. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution,^ he was immediately succeeded in office by the Vice-President, MILLARD FILLMORE.^ 6. Although the administration of Presi- dent Taylor was brief, it was distinguished by events which have an important bearing upon the future destiny of our republic. One of these was an invasion of Cuba by a force under General Lopez, which was organized and officered in the United States, in viola- tion of existing* neutrality laws. Lopez landed at Cardenas on the 19th of April, 1850, expecting to be joined by some of the Spanish troops and native Cubans, and, by concerted action, to rid the island of Spanish bondage. But the people and troops did not co-operate with him, and, disappointed, he returned to the United States to prepare for a more formidable expedition.^ During Taylor's administration, one new State and three Territories^ were added to the confed- 1. Verse 3, page 318, and Article II., Sec. 1., Constitution, page 366. 2. Millard Fillmore was born in January, 1800, in Cayuga county, New York, His early education was limited, and at a suitable age he was apprenticed to a wool-carder. At the age of nineteen, bis talent at- tracted the attention of Judge Wood, of Cayuga county, and he took the humble apprentice under his charge, to study the science of law. He became eminent in his profession. He was elected to the Assembly of his native State in 1829, and in 18 >2 was chosen to represent his district in Congress. He was re-elected in 1837, and was continued in office several years. In 1844 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of governor of his native State, and in 1848 he was elected Vice-President of the United Sta1ef=^. The death of Taylor gave him the presidency, and he conducted public affairs with dignity and skill. In 1856 he was the candidate of the "American" or " Know Nothing" party for the presidency of the United States, but was unsuccessful. 3. Verse 11, page S^S. 4. The State of California and the Territories of New Mexico, Utah, and Minnesota. The greater portion of the inhabitants of Utah are of the re- ligious sect called Mormons, who, after suffering much in Missouri and Illinois from their opposers, penetrated the deep wilderness [1848] in the interior of our continent, and near the Great Salt Lake, in the midst of the savage Utah tribes, they have built a large city, made extensive planta- tions, and founded an empire almost as large, in territorial extent, as that of Alexander the Great. The sect was founded in 1827, by a shrewd young man, named Joseph Smith, a native of central New York, who professerl to have received a special revelation from Heaven, giving him knowledge of a book which had been buried many centuries before, in a hill near the village of Palmyra, whose leaves were of gold, upon which were engraved the records of the ancient people of America, and a new gospel for man. He found dupes, believers, and followers : and now [1865] there are Mormon missionaries in every quarter of the globe, and the com- munion numbers, probably, not less than two hundred thousand souls. There has been, for several years, a sufficient number in Utah to entitle them to a State Constitution, and admission into the Union. Their per- JOSEPH smith. QuKSTiONS. — 6. What can you sav of P' esident Taylor's administration ? What expedition was attempted in ISjO ? What additions were made to the confederacy ? Fillmore's administeation. 337 Support of Compromise Act. Change in post-office laws. The magnetic telegraph. eracj, and preparations were made for organizing other local governments within the domain of the United States. 7. Mr. Fillmore assumed the duties of President of the United States on the 10th of July, 1850. At his request, President Taylor's cabinet ministers re- mained in office until the 15th, when new heads of departments were ap- pointed.^ William R. King, of Alabama, was elected President of the Senate, and thus became ex-officio Vice-President of the United States.^ 8. The most important measure adopted during the early part of Fillmore's administration, was the Compromise Act, already considered.^ During his official career, the President firmly supported all the requirements of the act, and his judicious course kept the waters of public opinion comparatively calm, notwithstanding the workings of the Fugitive Slave Law frequently pro- duced much excitement, where it happened to be executed. At the close of his administration, in the Spring of 1853, there was very little disquietude in the public mind on the subject of slavery. 9. In the Spring of 1851, Congress made important changes in the general post-office laws, chiefly in the reduction of letter postage, fixing the rate upon a letter weighing not more than half an ounce, and pre-paid, at three cents, to any part of the United States, excepting CaUfornia and the Pacific Territories. This measure was a salutary one, and has been productive of much social and commercial advan- tage, for interchanges of thought are proportion- ately more frequent than before, and friendly intercourse and business transactions by letters are far more extensive. At the same time, electro-magnetic telegraphing had become quite perfect ; and, by means of the subtle agency of electricity, communications were speeding over thousands of miles of iron wire, with the rapidity of mOFESSOK ?htnino'/ The e stab- mission of polygamy, or men having more than one wife, has been a serious bar to their admissiori, for Christianity and sound morality forhid the custom. The Mormons have poetically called their country, Deseret— the Land of the Honey Bee— but Congress has entitled it Utah, and by that name it mu>i i>e known in history They have, at times, defied the civil power of the United States, but no lurther trouble with them is apprehended. Minnesota (sky-rolored water) is the Indian name of the river St. Peter, the largest tributary of tto Mississippi in that region. It was a part of the vast territory of Louisiana, and was organized in March, 1849. An embrj'O village at the Falls ot St. Anthony, named St Paul, was made the capital Thf^ giowth ot Minnesota in population has been rapid. The number in 1850 was 6,000 ; now (1865 1 it is ov( i COOOOO. L Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Corwin, Secretary of the Treasury ; Charles M. Conrad, Secretary of War; Alexander H. H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior ; William A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy; John J. Crittenden Attorney-General ; Nathan K. Hall, Postmaster-General. 2. See Article II., Sec. 1, Constitution, page 366: 3. Nnto 6, p^ge 335. 4. In \S\i, Professor Samuel F. B. Morse bad his attention directed to the experiments of Franklin upon a wire of a few miles in length, on the banks of the Schuylkill, in which the velocity of electricity was found to be so inappreciable, that it was sunposed to be instantaneous. Professor Morse, pondering upon ihis sub- ject, suggested that electricity might be ma le the means of recording characters as signs of intelligence at Questions.— 7. What of the beginning of Pesident Fillmore's administration? 8. Wbnt can you tell of Mr. Fillmore and ihe Compromise Act of 18 0? 9. What changes were made in the nost-offi-e laws? What were tb^ effects of a reduction of letter postage ? What can you tell of a new method of commnnicatinff intelligence? 15 338 THK NATION. Expeditions against Cuba. Disastrous result. lishment of this instantaneous communication between distant points is one of the most important achievements of this age of invention and discovery ; and the names of Fulton and Morse^ w^ill be for ever indissolubly connected in the commercial and social history of our repubUc. 10. During the Summer of 1851, there v^as again considerable excitement produced throughout the country because other concerted movements were made at different points, in the organization of a military force for the pur- pose of invading Cuba.'"^ The vigilance of the government of the United States was awakened, and orders were given to Federal marshals to seize suspected men, vessels, and munitions of war. The steamboat Cleopatra was seized at New York ; and several gentlemen, of the highest respect- ability, were arrested on a charge of a violation of existing neutrality laws. In the mean while, the greatest excitement prevailed in Cuba, and forty thousand Spanish troops were concentrated there, while a considerable naval force watched and guarded the coasts. These hinderances caused the dis- persion of the armed bands who were preparing to invade Cuba, and quiet was restored for awhile. 11. In July, the excitement was renewed. G-eneral Lopez^ made a speech to a large crowd in New Orleans, in favor of an invading expedition. Soon afterward [Aug., 1851] he sailed from that port with about four hundred and eighty followers, and landed [Aug. 11] on the northern coast of Cuba. There he left Colonel Crittenckn,"* of Kentucky, with one hundred men, and pro- ceeded toward the interior. Crittenden and his party were captured, carried to Havana, and, on the 16th, were shot. Lopez was attacked. on the 13th, and his httle army dispersed. He had been greatly deceived. There yet ap- peared no signs of revolution in Cuba, and he became a fugitive. He was ar- rested on the 28th, with six of his followers, taken to Havana, and on the 1st a distance ; and in the Autumn of 18*^2, he constructed a portion of the instrumentalities for that purpose. In 1^35 he showed the first complete instrument for telegraphic recording, at the New Yoi-k city University. In 1837 he completed a more perfect machinery. In 1838 he submitted the matter and the telegraphic instru- ments to Congress, asking their aid to construct a line of sulficient lergih "to test its practicability and utility." The committee to whom the subject was referred, reported favorably, and proposed an appropria- tion of $30,000, to construct the first line. The appropriation, however, was not made until the 3d of March. 1843. The posts for supporting the wires were erected between Washington and Baltimore, a distance or forty miles. In the Spring of i^44 the line was completed, and the proceedings of the Democratic convention, then sitting in Baltimore, which nominated James K. Polk for the presidency of the United States, was the first use, for public purposes, ever made by the telegraph. There is a continuous line across the conti- nent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Professor Morse's system of Recording Telei^raphs is adopted {reiierally on the continent of Eu'ope. and in Australia A very injrenious machine for recording tele- graphic communicalions with printing lyi'es, so as to avoid the necessity of copym^^, was constructed, a few years neo. by House, and is now extensively used. Attempts are now (1865) in progress, tor connect- ing the old World and Amenci by telegrnphic wires, across the North Atlantic Ocean, and aiso across Behring's Straits. 1. Samuel F B. Mor^e is the e1<1est son of Rev. Jedediah INTorse, the first American geographer. He was horn in Charlestown. Mass., in 1,91, and graduated at Yale College in 18i0. He studied painting in England, and was verv successful. He was one of the founders of the National Academy of Design in New York, and he was +he first to deliver a course of lectures upon art, in America. He became a professor m the New York city University, and there perfected his magnetic telegraph. Mr. Morse now [1865] resides on Yiis beantifur estate of Locust Grove, near Po'keepsie, New York. 2. Verse 6, page 336. , ^ . * page 336. 4. William L. Crittenden. He had been a second lieutenant m the United States mfantry, by brevet, bnt resigned in 1849. QiTF.STiONS.— 10. What produced excitement in the Summer of 1851. What occurred at New York in re- gard to an invasion of Cttba? What was the slate of feeling in Cuba !> and what was done? 11. What of a new expedition to Cuba ? What was attempted ? What was the result? fillmoke's administkation. 339 Increase of territory. Growth of the Eepublic. Polar explorations. of September, was executed.^ These expeditions were the preliminary movements precedent to and a part of the rebelUon that broke out in the United States in the spring of 1861. 12. Dmung the autumn of 1851, more accessions were made to the vastly- extended possessions of the United States, by the purchase of twenty-one millions of acres of land in Minnesota, from the Upper Sioux tribes.'^ At about the same time another broad region was purchased of the Lower Sioux ;^ and now [1865] a white population is flowing thither, to take the place of the Indians, and make "the wilderness blossom as the rose." On account of the rapid progress of immigration from abroad, and inter-emi- gration at home, and the wonderful prosperity of business of all kinds, the greatest activity everywhere prevailed, and forecast perceived a vast and speedy increase of population and national wealth. Already new States and Territories were sending additional representatives to the seat of the National government, and the capitol was becoming too narrow.'* In view of future wants, its extension was decided upon. The work was begun in 1851, and completed in 1865.^ 13. At this time much interest Avas felt concerning the fate of Sir John Franklin, an English explorer, who, with two vessels Avell manned, had left Great Britain in search of a northwest passage to the East Indies.^ He had not been heard from since 1848. Vessels were sent from England in search of him. Moses H. Grinnell, a worthy mei'chant of New York, sent two vessels for the purpose [May, 1850], at his own expense, commanded by Lieutenant De Haven. Sir John was not found. Mr. Grinnell, in con- nection with the National government, sent out a second expedition in May, 1853, under the command of Dr. E. K. Kane,"^ the surgeon and naturalist 1. The instrument of execution was a garrote vil. The victim is placed on a seat, on the hisrh back of which is the instrument. Instant death is caused by breakiiific the neck with a piece of iron, forced forward by a screw. 2. Verse 1, page 23. The price paid for this tract was about $305,000, to be given when they should reach their reser- vation in Upper Minnesota, and $G8,000 a year for fifty years. 3. About $-2-Jo,000 were paid for this tract, and an annual payment of .$30,000 for fifty years. Altogether, the United States government paid about $3,000,000 for Indian lands, in the Autumn of 1851. 4. Each State is entitled to two senators. The number of States now [1865] being thirty-six, the Senate is composed of seventy-two members. The number of Representatives to which each State is entitled is determined by the number of inhabitants. The present number of members in the House of Representatives, from States and Territories, is two hundred and fifty-two. 5. The corner-stone of the new structure was laid on the 4th of July, 1861, On that occasion, Daniel Webster pro- nounced an oration, in the course of which he said : "If, therefore, it shall hereafter be the will of God that this structure shall fall from its base, that its foundations be upturned, and the deposit beneath this stone brought to the eyes of men, be it then known that on this day the Union of the United States of America stands firm — that their Constitution still exists unimpaired, and, with all its usefulness and glory, growing every day stronger in the affections of the great body of the American people, and attracting, inore and more, the admiration of the world." 6. Verse 4, page 36 ; also, verse 18, page 40, and note 7, page 45. 7. Supposing Greenland to be the southern cape of the polar continent, it was the intention of Dr. Kane to sail as far north along the coast as the ice would allow, and then leave his vessels and make an overland journey northward, in quest of supposed green fields under a mild atmosphere, and an open sea within the polar circle; and, perhaps, there find the temporary home of Franklin and his men. Dr. Kane held an accomplished pencil and a readj- pen, and nis scientific attainments were of the higliest order. He had traveled extensively, and had collected a vast amount of material for popular instruction. His narrative of the first " Grinnell Expedition," written and illustrated by himself, is a wonderful record of travel, bold adventure, and scientific research. Sonn after his return from the second expedition. Dr. Kane's health failed. He visited England, and finally went to Cuba. He died at Havana, on the 16th ol February, 1857, at the age of thirty-five years. Dr. Kane was a snuill man of indomitable energy. His weight was only one hundred and eix pounds. His narrative of the second expedition was published after his death. Questions. — 12, What Indian lands were purchased by the United States in 1851 ? What can you s^v of the progress of the country^ and the enlargement of the capitol at Washin6. 5. Thi- stipulation was so construed as to allow American fisliermen to catch cod within the larse bays, where they could e:isily carry on their avocation at a greater distance than three miles from any land. Such had been the com- mon pr:!ctice, without interlerence, until the assumption of exclusive right to these bavs was promulgated by the British. Questions. — 14. What can yon tell about Governor Kossuth, and his visit to the United States ? 15. What difficulties with Great Britain occurred in 1852 \ What claims were set up ? How was the matter settled ? FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 341 Diplomatic and commercial interco urse with Japan. Diplomatio correspondence about Cuba - armed naval force was sent to sustain this claim, and American vessels were threatened with seizure if they did not comply. The government of the United States regarded the assumption as illegal, and two steam-vessels of war {Princeton and Fulton) were sent to the coast of Nova Scotia to protect the riglits of American fishermen. The dispute was soon amicably settled by mutual concessions [Oct. 1853], and the cloud passed by. 16 Another important measure of national concern was matured and put in operation during the summer of 1852. The great importance of commercial intercourse with Japan, because of tlie intimate relations which must soon exist between our Pacific coast and the East Indies, had been felt ever since the foundation of Oregon > and California.^ An expe- dition to consist of seven ships-of-war, under the command of Commo- dore Perry, a brother of the "Hero of Lake Erie,"" was fitted out for the purpose of carrying a letter from the President of the United States to the emperor of Japan, soliciting the negotiation of a treaty of friendship and commerce between the two nations, by which the ports of the latter should be thrown open to American vessels, for purposes of trade. That expedi- tion was successful. Several Japan ports were opened to our commerce ; and in 1860 a large and imposing embassy from the emperor of Japan visited the United States. 17 The attempts to invade Cuba from the United States,^ and the open sympathy with the movement of a powerful party in the United States, impressed the Spanish authorities of that island with tlie idea that it was the policy of our government to ultimately acquire absolute possession ot it and thus have control over the commerce of the Gulf of Mexico and all Central America, as well as the trade of the West India Islands.^ This impression prevailed in Europe, and France and England' invited the United States to enter with them into a treaty which should secure Cuba to Spain by agreeing to disclaim " now and forever, all intention to obtain possession of the island of Cuba," and " to discountenance all such at- tempts to that eff-eot on the part of any power or individual whatever. This proposition was met [Dec, 1852] by Edward Everett, then Secretary of State, with a courteous response, in which he said that the question was an American, not a European one, and not properly within the scope Tl^ei^sT^S-iS. 2 V"* -2, page m 3. Verse 7, p»ge 287. 4 Hitherto the Dutch had monopolized the trade of Japan. irriUlioa of feeling l„co„sis,e„t " ' Orleans and Ne» ship C™»ce»< Cty which coi.veye.1 ' « ''«f ;'^;"\t;itC. nrfe in Ihe Ne»- York papers, on Cnban York, was chars-eJ by tl>« Span si, ""'I'" ,'' * »; \^,^f„^;;^ i„ Nove.nber, when Ihe Cr«c,.,< Cito, on affairs, which were very . ™ „ „ ° unicalion between her and the sliore was allowed, and she was ' k^^^ti^"^:^^^ ^^" nations. 342 THE NATION. Presidential election in 1852. Pierce and his administration. of their interference ; that while the United States government disclaimed al intention to violate existing neutrality laws, it would not relinquish the right to act in relation to Cuha entirely independent of every other power ; and that it could not see with indifference the island of Cuba fall into the hands of any other power than Spain." ^ A reply from the British prime minister [Feb. 1853] ended the correspondence on the subject of the "Tripartite Treaty," as it was called. 18. The presidential election in November, 1852, resulted in the choice of Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, for President, and William R. King, of Alabama, for Vice-President. The most important of the closing events of Mr. Fillmore's administration was the creation, by Congress [March 2, 1853], of a new Territory called Washington, out of the northern part of Oregon. ■ •4-< ■ SECTION XIV. PIERCE, AND TTIS ADMINISTRATION. [1853-1857.] 1. It was a cheerless, stormy day at the National Capital [March 4, 1853] wlien Franklin Pierce^ was inaugurated the fourteenth President of the United States. The oath of office was administered to him by Chief-Justice Taney.^ Three days afterward the Senate confirmed his cabinet appoint- ments.* 2. Another war with Mexico seemed inevitable for a while, during the earlier part of Pierce's administration. Both governments claimed the fertile Mesilla Valley, which lay between New Mexico^ and Chihuahua;^ and Santa Anna,^ then [1854] President of Mexico, caused Chihuahua to 1. So early as 1823, when the Spanish provinces in South America were in rebellion, or forming into independent republics, President IMonroe, in a siiecial messao:e upon the subject, promulgated the doctrine, since acted upon, that the United States ought to resist the extension of foreign domain or influence upon the American continent, and not allow any European government, by colonizing or otherwise, to gain a foothold in the New World, not already acquired. This was directed specially against the efforts expected to be made by the allied sovereigns who had crushed* Napoleon, t assist Spain against her revolted colonies in America, and to suppress the growth of democracy there. It became a settled policy of our government, and Mr. Everett re-asserted it in its fullest extent. Such expression seemed to be im- portant and seasonable, because it was well known that Great Britain was then making strenuous efforts to obtain potent influence in Central America, so as to prevent the United States from acquiring exclusive property in the routes across the isthmus from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. This question assumed still greater importance ten years later, as we shall observe hereafter. y. Franklin Pierce was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, in 1804. His education was finished in Bowdoin Col- lege, Maine. He chose the profession of law, and became one of its leading practitioners in his native State. He was early called to public duties in his State Legislature. In 1833 he was elected to a seat in the National Congress, and re- mained there four years. He was elected United States Senator in 1837, which office he resigned in 1842. He prepared for the war with Mexico [verse '29, page 331] as a common soldier, but received the commission of brigadier-general, in which capacity he distinguished himself He went into retirement after the war, from which he was unexpectedly called to the chief magistracy of the nation. After one presidential term, he left public life. 3. Note 4, page 311. 4. William L. Marcy, Secretary >f State ; James Guthrie, Secretary of the Treasury; Robert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior ; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War ; James C. Dobbin, Secretary of the Navy ; Jan^es Campbell, Post- master-General ; Caleb Gushing, Attorney-General. Mr. Marcy and Mr. Dobbin left office at the close of Mr. Pierce's administration, in March, 1857, and both died the following summer. 5. Verse 34, page 333. 6. Note 11, page 325. 7. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna is a native of Mexico, and first came into public life in 1821, during the excitement Questions. — 18. What can you tell about the presidential election in 1852? What was the most important event to- ward the close of Mr. Fillmore's administration ? 1. What can you tell of the inauguration of President Pierce, and his cabinet appointments ? 2. What serious difficulties did the new President encounter? What claims were made, and bow? How were they settled ? pieecb's administration. 843 Exploring expeditions by land and sea. Business at the opening of Congress- take armed possession of the disputed territory. The question was finally settled by negotiation, and peace was preserved. The Yalley is a part of the territory of the United States. 3. Pierce's administration will be remem- bered as one during which very important and successful explorations by land and sea were commenced and carried on by the E'ational government, having reference 'chiefly to the future commerce between our Republic and Asia, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The future track of steamships across that ocean from our west- ern ports, and the whaling-grounds of the waters in the region of Beh ring's Straits, were thoroughly traversed. The land ex- plorations were for the purpose of deciding upon the best route for the railway soon to be constructed between the Valley of the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean. ^ Who can estimate the efilect of a consummation of these gigantic plans upon the future growth and prosperity of the United States? 4. The first session of the Thirty-third Congress^ opened [December, 1853] with an exhibition of better feeling than had prevailed in that body since the stormy period of 1850.^ Subjects of deepest in- terest to the country, such as tlie Pacific railway, and treaties concerning the bound- ary-lines between the United States and the neighboring provinces of Mexico of revolution. He has been one of the chief revolutionists in that unhappy^ountry. He was chosen President of the republic in 1833. After an exciting career as a commanding general, he was agaiii elected President in 1S41, but was hurled from power in 1845. After the capture of the city of Mexico by Scott [verse 83, page 332], he retired to the West Indies, and finally to Carthagena, where he resided until 1853, when he returned to Mexico, and was elected President again. In the summer of 1854 he was accused of a design to assume imperial power, and the consequence was violent insurrections, and his retirement from public life. When, in 1864, France was about to place Maximilian of Austria on a throne in Mexico, as emperor, Santa Anna hastened thither, to take a part. The French military commander would not trust the demagogue; and he was ordered out of the country. 1. One, under Major Stephens, was instructed to survey a northern route from the upper waters of the Mississippi to Puget's Sound; another, under Lieutenant Whipple, was directed to cross the continent from the Mississippi along a line adjacent to the 36th parallel of latitude, to Los Angelos or San Diego; a third, under Captain Gunnison, to pro- ceed by way of the Great Salt Lake in Utah ; and a fourth to leave the more southern portions of the Mississippi, and reach the Pacific somewhere in Lower California — perhaps at San Diego. Colonel Fremoat [verse -'*2, page 328] w;i3 also at the head of a surveying and exploring party among the Rocky Mountains, early in 1^54. At about the s.-ime time, the Indians of the Wasatch range of mountains attacked Gunnison's party, and slew the leader and several of his men. Fremont's party suffered terribly. Forty-five days they fed on mules, which for want of lood could go no further, and were killed and eaten, every particle, even to the entrails! They were met and relieved by another party on the 19th of February, 1854. The remains of the slain of Gunnison's party were afterward found. 2. Note 3, page 264. ' 3. See page 335. PTETtCE, AND UIS KESIDENCE. QuKRTioxs, — 3, What can you tell about explorations by land and sea? 4. What can yon tell of a vast territory in the interior of this continent? What was proposed to be done with it ? What did certain provisions produce? What did Congress do ? 844 THE NATION. Organization of Nebraska and Konzas Territories. Misunderstanding with Spain. and Central America/ were awaiting their action. And the authorities of the Sandwich Islands were making overtures for the annexation of that little ocean empire to the United States.^ Just as the preliminaries were arranged for entering vigorously upon the business of the session, the chairman of the Committee on Territories, in the Senate, presented a bill [January, 1854] for the organization of avast re- gion In the middle of the continent (almost twice as large as the original thirteen States) into two terri- tories, to be called respectively Nebraska and Kan- sas} The bill contained a provision which would nullify tlie Missouri Compromise,^ and allow the in- habitants of these territories to decide for themselves wliether they would or would not legalize slavery within their borders.^ The slavery agitation was revived in all its strength and rancor. In the Free-labor States public meetings were held by men of all parties ; and petitions and remonstrances were poured into the Sen- ate during the debate on the subject.*' The bill for the organization of Nebraska on at plan passed the Senate [January 30, 1854] by a decisive majority. It passed the House on the 22d of May, and became a law by receiving the signature of the President on the last day of that month. The organization of Kansas, on the same plan, soon followed. 5. There continued to be a serious misunderstanding between the United States and Spain, chiefly on account of the invasion of Cuba by lawless men. This led to a conference of three American ministers at European courts,"^ held at Ostend, in Belgium [October 9, 1854], who, after due de- 1. Chiefly concerning: prnnts of territory for inter-oceanic communication across the isthmuses; and boundary-lines between New Mexico, California, and Old Mexico. 2. These islands are destined to be of great importance in the operations of the future commerce of the Pacific Ocean. A great majority of the white y^eople there are Americans by birth ; and the government, in all its essential operations, is controlled by Americans, notwithstanding tlie ostensible ruler is a nativ e king. Preliminary negotiations had already commenced for the annexation of this group of islands to our Republic, when the old king died, and nothing has since been done in the matter. 3. This region embraced one-fourth of all the public lands of the United States. It lay between Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota, and the Pacific Territories, from the thirty-seventh parailel of north latitude to the British possessions. The bill defined the boundaries of Nebraska as follows: "Beginning at a point in the Missouri River where the fortieth par- allel north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the summits of the highlands separating the water flowing into the waters of the Green River, or Colorado of the West, from the waters flowing into the great lakes ; thence northward on the said highlands to the summit of the Rocky Mountains ; thence on said summit northward to the forty- ninth parallel of north latitude: thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the Territory of Minnesota; thence southward on said boundary to the Missouri River; thence down the main channel of said river to the place of be- ginning." It also thus defined the boundaries of Kansas : " Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirty-eight; thence following said bound- ary westward to the summit of the highlands dividing the waters flowing into the Colorado of the West, or Green River, from the waters flowing into the great basin; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; theuce south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning." 4. Verse 8, page 304. 5. This was called the "doctrine of popular sovereignty," and sometimes "squatter sovereignty,"' because first settlers on the public lands have been popularly called " squatters," many of them having sat down there without purchasing the soil from the government. 6. A petition against the measure was presented to the Senate, immediately after the passage of the bill by that body, signed by three thousiind clergymen of New England. 7. Mr. Buclianan, in England, Mr. Mason, in Paris: Mr. Soule, in Spain. Questions. — 5. What can you tell about a conference at Ostend? What was recommended ? What did Congress do concerning boundaries and reciprocal trade ? PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. 345 The Ostend Manifesto. Fillibustering. Trouble with Great Britain anticipated. liberation, recommended their government to purchase Cuba, if possible, and at the same time they asserted the right of the United States to take it by force, if the former should re- fuse to sell I ^ This is known as the Ostend Manifesto^ and is considered by honest men as one of the most dis- graceful passages in the history of American diplomacy. At about the same time, more honorable business was performed by the government agents in the equitable definition and ^ , r. 1 -I 1 T ^ OCEAN STEAMSmP. settlement of the boundary-lme on the Mexican frontier, and by negotiating a reciprocity treaty with Great Britain, wliich established almost free commerce between the British American provinces and the United States.^ 6. Law^less men, under an adventurer named Walker, imitating the band of Lopez, ^ went down from California in the summer of 1855, and invaded Nicaragua and the Central American States. Very little was done by the government of the United States to suppress these aggressions upon the rights of friendly neighbors ; and when Walker gained armed possession of the country, he was permitted to establish diplomatic relations with this government.'* He was driven out in the spring of 1857, but after- wards returned, was captured, and shot. These ''fillibustering" move- ments, as they were called, against Cuba and Central America, as we have observed, were preliminary to and connected with the Great Rebellion in 1860-61.* During the same year [1855] serious trouble with Great Britain was anticipated, on account of the dismissal by the President of the British minister and other officials,^ whose olfense was a violation of the neutrality laws, by enlisting men in the United States to serve in the British army in the Crimea.^ But the cloud soon passed away. 7. There was more serious trouble at home in 1855. When the Terri- tory of Kansas was organized under the new order of things,® the friends 1. "If Spain," they said, "actuated by stubborn pride and a false sense of honor, should refuse to sell Cuba to the United Slates," then, " by every law, human and divine, w^e [the United States] shall be justitied iu wresting it from Spain, if we possess the power." 2. It made most of the fisheries [see verse 15, pa^e 340], free to citizens of both countries, and stipulated that the St. Lawrence River and the Canadian canals should be thrown opeu to American commerce. 3. Verse 6, pajje and verse 11, pa^e 338. 4. The excuse for this laxity on the part of the United States government was, that the reprion lay in the track of v.tst commerce in future, and that the United States ought to possess control of it. A railway has been constructed across the isthmus of Panama. The first trains passed over it, from Aspinwatl to Panama, on the 28th of June, 1855. Several other routes have been projected in that retri<)n. Explorations have also been made for a ship canal across the isthmus of Darien. Nothinfj niore deiinite has yet l1»65] been done concerning the latter project. 5. Verses 10 and 11, page 338. 6. The resident minister at Washington City, and the British consuls at'Xew York and Cincinnati. 7. At that time tiiere was war in the Crimean peninsula, between the Russians ou one side and the English and French on the other. It was severe and very destructive of life. y. Verse 4, page 34:i. QlTKSTioNS.— 6 What can you tell about invaders in Central America ? What was the fite of Walker ? and what the chief obiect of his movements? Relate the cause of appreliended difficulty with Great Britain. 7. Describe some dumea- tie troubles. What happened ia Kansas ? What can you tell of parties 4nd the Presideulial election i 15* 846 THE NATION. Civil War in Kansas. The Atlantic Telegraph Cable. and foes of Slavery used strenuous elforts to acquire the ascendency there. Emigration flowed in ; quarrels ensued, and civil war was kindled. Vio- lence prevailed until the summer of 1856, when a committee of Congress, appointed to investigate the condition of things there, made an unsatisfac- tory report.^ The presidential election, coming on soon afterward, became so absorbing that the troubles in Kansas almost ceased. That election was a very exciting one. There were three parties and tliree candidates in the field. Tlie Democrats nominated James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania;^ the Republicans (a new party) nominated John C. Fremont, of California;^ and the Americans, or Know-Nothings (also a new party), nominated Ex- President Millard Fillmore.* The election was a warmly contested one, and resulted in the choice of Mr. Buchanan for President, and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President. 8. Nothing of great importance occurred during the remainder of Presi- dent Pierce's administration, excepting the efforts of a company, under the auspices of the government of the United States, to connect tlie Continents of Europe and America by an intellectual bond through the means of tele- graphic communication,^ the medium of which to be a properly prepared metal cable. The company w^as formed in 1856, and, after several failures in attempts to lay the cable in the bed of the ocean between Newfoundland and Ireland, they were finally successful at the close of the summer of 1858. The achievement was wonderful, but useless. The bond was im- mediately broken. Another attempt was made in the summer of 1865. The cable parted when over 1,200 miles of its length was laid. SECTION XV. Buchanan's administration. [1857-1861.] 1. At one o'clock on the 4th of March, 1857, James Buchanan® took the oath of office as fifteenth President of the United States, administered 1. Tins was a cominittee of three. The majority reported strongly in favor of the anti-slavery people there, and the minority as strongly the other way. So neither side was satisfied by the investigation and report. Subsequent events have shown that the report of the majority was, in the main, correct. 2. Note 7, page 344. 3. Page 386. The Republican party was composed of men of ai political creeds, their chief bond of iiition, ns a party, being opposition to the iurther extension of Slavery. This position was opposed to the'' Popular Sovereignty " doctrine [see note 5, page 344J, and aroused the most violent sectional agitation. The American or Know-Nothing paVty first ap- t eared in t!ie political field in l«o3, their cardinal principle being opposition to foreign inlluence in public aifairs in the United States. They formed a secret order, and it became wide-spread in area and influence. 4. Page 33(5. 5. The distance from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valentia Bay, Ireland, is about 1,600 miles. The cable was suc- cessfully laid between these places on the 5th of August, 1S58, and on the 16th of August, a message was sent from the Queen of England to Mr. Bucnaiian, then President of the United States, and a reply returned , by him on the same day. Only one more message passed perfectly, when the cable was severed. 6. James Buchanan was born in Pennsylvania, in April, 1791. He was admitted to the bar in 1808, and was a mem- ber of the Legislature of his State at the age of twenty-three years. Me was elected to Congress in 18*20; went to Russia as United States Minister in 1831 ; was elected United States Senator in 1833; and became Secretary of State in 1845. He was appointed Minister to England in 1853, and in 1856 was chosen President of the United States. Question. — 8. What can you tell of attempts to connect Europe and America by telegraphic cable! 347 Decision concerning citizenship. Agitation of the Slavery question. by the venerable Chief- Justice Taney. Among the vast assemblage of cit- izens present was one wlio bore a near relationship to the great Washing- ton/ and had been a witness of the inau- guration of every Chief-Magistrate of the Eepublic since the establishment of the National government in 1789. Two days afterward, the Senate confirmed Mr. Bu- chanan's cabinet appointments.^ 2. The beginning of Buchanan's admin- istration was marked by an event that i intensified the sectional strife concerning Slavery, which the passage of the Ne- braska-Kansas bill had revived. It was a decision of the Chief-Justice of the United States [March 6, 1857], that a freed negro slave, or a descendant of a slave, could not become a citizen of the Republic.^ This decision would affect almost every man of African descent in all the States. It produced much feeling, and almost uni- versal discussion, and it became, in a a large degree, a topic for strife between the two great political parties of the country. The President agreed with the Chief-Justice ; but in 1862 the National government, in accordance with the opin- ions of the Attorney-General, made a prac- tical declaration of the ability of a negro to become a citizen, by granting a passport to one to travel abroad as "a citizen of the United States." So tlie question was settled. 3. The country was violently agitated by the Slavery question daring the whole of Buchanan's administration. It had already, as we have ob- served, assumed the form of civil war in Kansas."* The energetic meas- ures of Governor Geary quenched the fires in the autumn and winter of BUCHANAN, AND HIS UESIDENCE. 1. Georj^e Washington Parke Cnstis, the grandson of Mrs. Washington, and the adopted sou and onlj' surviving execu- tor of Washington. Mr. Custis died in the autumn of 18n7. 2. He appointed Lewis Cass, Secretary of State ; Howell Cobb, Secretary of the Troasury ; John B. Floyd, Secretary of War; Isaa Toucey, Secretary of the Navy; Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior:" Aaron V. Brown, Postmaster- General; and Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General. 3. This decision was in the case of Dred Scott, who had been a slave in ^Missouri, but claimed to be a freeman on ac- count of involuntary residence in a free State. The case did not require a decision < oncerning the right of a negro to citizenship; but the Chief-Justice took the occasion to give what is called an extra-judic ial opinion. He asserted, in that connection, that the language of the Declaration of Independence showed tliat the negroes were not included in the beneficent meaning of that instrument, and that they were regarded " as so far iulericr that they had no rights which the white man w;,s bound to respect." 4. Vers ; 7, page 345. QuESTiovs. — 1. What can you tell about the inauguration of President Buchanan ? 2. What increased sectional strife! What was the Chief-Justice's decision ? and h«w wiis the question settled ? 3. What agitated the country? Relate what occurred in Kansas. Wiiat did the President, and Congress, and the people of Kausas d.>? 348 THE NATION. The political struggU^ in Kansas, Difficulties with the Mormons in Utah. 1856-'57, and they were never rekindled with much intensity. Measures were adopted for the admission of Kansas into the family of States. The pro-slavery and anti-slavery parties each framed a State Constitution. The one formed by the pro-slavery party was not allowed to go to the people for ratification or rejection. The President declared it to be legal, and that of the anti-slavery party illegal. At an election on the 4th of January, 1858, the people of the Territory rejected the pro-slavery constitution by more than ten thousand majority. Tlie President disregarded this expres- sion of the will of the people, and sent that constitution to Congress [Feb. 2, 1858], with a message, in which he recommended its acceptance.^ Congress properly ordered it to be submitted directly to a vote of the people. It was again rejected by a majority of almost ten thousand. That majority, who were anti-slavery, finally prevailed ; and, on the 30th of January, 1860, Kansas was admitted into the Union as a Free State, making the thirty-fourth of the family.^ 4. Early in 1857, the Mormons in Utah,^ incensed because their Terri- tory was not admitted as a State, commenced revolutionary proceedings. They destroyed the records of the United States Court for the District; and under the instructions of their Governor and s[)iritual head, Brigham Young,^ they looked to him for all laws. The President determined to enforce those of the United States. He appointed Colonel Cumming Gov- ernor of Utah, and sent an army to uphold his authority. Young issued a proclamation, declaring his intention to resist the troops ; but when Cum- ming arrived there, in April, 1858, while the army was at Fort Bridger, Young received him with courtesy, and surrendered to him the seal of the Territory; at the same time, he and his people prepared to leave the coun- try, declaring tliat they would emigrate to a new land rather than submit to military and Gentile rule. The troops, who had lost a provision train, destroyed by the Mormons, were recalled; the ''Mormon War" ended, and Young and his people were soon again applying for the admission of their Territory as a State.^ Polygamy is the hindrance. 1. This was known as the "Lecompton Constitution," it having been framed by a convention at the village of Lecomp- ton, in Kansas. The constitution framed by the anti-slavery men was adopted in convention at Topeka, and is known as the Topeka Constitution. The Lecompton Constitution establis/ied Slavery in Kansas; the Topeka Constitution for- bade'il. In his message [Feb. 2, 185fN], recommending the Lecompton Constitution, tlie President said:— "It has been solemnly adjudged by the highest judicial tribunal known to our laws, that Slavery exists in Kansas by virtue of the Constitution of the "United States. Kansas is, therefore, at this moment, as much\i slave State as Georgia or South Carolina." 2. Two other States were admitted during the administration of ^Slr. Buchanan, name]y, Mi nnesota, in 1858, and Oregon, in 1859. The admission of Kansas was followed by the organization of the Territories of Nevada, Colorado, and Dako- tah, before the close of Buchanan's administration, on the 4th of March, 1861. On the od of March, 1863, Kevada was admitted as a State, making tho thirty-fifth. 3. Note 4, page 336. 4. Brigham Young is the successor of Joseph Smith [note 4, page 336], and was duly appointed Governor of the Terri- tory of Li tab, by President Fillmore, in 1850. They adopted a State Constitution, and called their country Deseret, or Land of the Honey-Bee. 5. Early in 186"/ they formed a new State Constitution, elected senators and representatives under it, and applied for admission when Co.ngress assembled, near the close of the year. No action was liad on the application ; but Congress passed a law "to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States, and iu other places, and disapproving and anuUing certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah." Questions. — 4. What can you tell about the conduct of the Mormons? How did their leader act! BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. Personal Liberty Laws. Expedition to Paraguay. Ue-opening of the African slave-trade. 5. The Fugitive Slave Act* liad been olfensive to the majority of the people in the Free States from the beginning. The evident intention of the slaveholders, assisted by the President and the Chief-Justice, to make slavery national, increased the olfensiveness of its practical operations. The legislatures of several of the Free States adopted measures to prevent its most injurious action ; and in a special manner to prevent the carrying away of free persons of color into slavery, the law denying the right of trial by jury of the alleged fugitive. These were called "Personal Liberty Laws," and their promulgation increased the slavery agitation, which now threatened to kindle into civil war. The Legislature of New York re-af- firmed the determination of the State authorities to make every slave free that should be brought involuntarily within its borders, and denounced the opinion of the Chief- Justice, which denied citizenship to men of color.* 6. In 1857 and 1858, slight difficulties with foreign nations occurred. Some hostile demonstrations having been made against United States vessels by the authorities of Paraguay, in South America, Commodore Shubrick was sent with a small squadron, bearing a commissioner, to de- mand satisfaction of Lopez, tlie President of that Republic. It was given, and the affair was settled. In the summer of 1858, unpleasant feelings were created by tlie conduct of British cruisers in the Gulf of Mexico, engaged in suppressing the African slave-trade. They boarded about forty American merchantmen suspected of being slavers, and practically illus- trated the odious British doctrine of the right of search." ^ The British government put a stop to it, alleging, apologetically, that it was the zeal of the officers to secure slavers as prizes, and not any new order, which caused the offensive proceedings. 7. At about the same time, leading men in the Slave States were matur- ing plans for re-opening the African slave-trade. In defiance of the laws, native Africans were landed on the Southern coasts. Louisianians attempted to legalize the trade in that State, by what was deceptively called the African Aj^prentice System ; and the Grand Jury of Savannah, who were compelled by law to find several bills against persons charged with com- plicity in the slave-trade, actually protested against tlie laws.'* These 1. Note 6, page 335. 2. In a bill passed durinsr the session of 1857, entitled " An Act to secure freedom to all persons within this State," it was provided that no descent from an African, and no color of skin, shall prevent any person from becoming a citizen of this State, or deprive him of the rights or privileges thereof: and that "every slave broiioht involuntarily into the State, or coming here with the consent ofhis master or mistress, s'.iall be free." OhiD passed a bill uf a similar'character : and Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin, took slron? ground in favor of the freedom of the slave without assuming a position of hostility to the Fugitive Slave Act, which all were bound to obey. At about the same time, a " National Emancipation Society " was formed at Cleveland. Oliio [Aug. •-'(;. lSo7]^ having l\>r its object the form- ation of a plan for buying all the slaves in the country by the General Government lor the purpose of freeing them. 3. Verse 10, page 277. 4. "We feel humbled," they said, " as men, in the consciousness that we are freemen but in name, and that we are living, during the existence of such laws, under a tyranny as supreme as that of tiie despotic governments of the Old World. Heretofore, the people of the South, firm in their consciousness of right and strength, have failed to place the stamp of condemnation upon such laws as reflect upon the institution of Slavery, but have permitted, unrebuked, the Questions.— 5, What can you tell about the Fugitive Slave Law? What of Personal Liberty Bills? 6. What slight difficulties occurred with foreign nations? What did British cruisers and the British government do! 7. What can you tell about re-opening the African slave-trade? What was done in Lousiuna and Savannah ? 350 THE NATION. John Brown's raid and its results. The election in 1860. Four parties. movements stimulated tlie vigilance of the people in the Free-labor States ; and added strength to the Republican party, whose policy was opposed to the extension of Slavery/ 8. An event now occurred in connection "vvith the Slavery question, which produced great agitation and important results. John Brown, who had been a prominent anti-slavery man in Kansas, went stealthily to the borders of Virginia, with a few followers, to attempt the liberation of the slaves of that State. On a dark night [October 16, 1859], he quietly seized the unguarded United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry ^ — so quietly, that persons connected with it knew nothing of the affair until they were seized one by one, as they entered the premises in the morning. The alarm w^as given. Exaggerated reports w^ent abroad. Terror spread over Virginia; and fears of slave insurrections, at the instigation of Northern people, were felt all over tlie Southern States. A military force. State and National, was sent to Harper's Ferry. Brown and several of his follow- ers were captured after a skirmish. He was indicted for inciting slaves to insurrection, and for treason and murder ; and was tried [October 29, 1859] and executed [December 2] under the laws of Virginia. Attempts w^ere made to implicate the people of the Free-labor States in this ''raid," but it was proved that Brown had no accomplices, and only about twenty followers.^ 9. The year 1860 w^ill be ever memorable in the annals of the country. During that year, an embassy of dignitaries from Japan, and the crown- prince of Great Britain, visited the United States ; events that never oc- curred before. In the autumn, one of the most important presidential elections that has been held since the days of Washington, occurred ; and the close of the year was marked by the commencement of a rebellion against the National government, in South Carolina. In convention at Charleston [April 23, 1860], the Democratic party was split, ostensibly by the w^edge of Slavery. The portion from the Free-labor States nominated [June 23] Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, for President ; and the portion from the Slave-labor States nominated [June 23] John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. A new organization, called the Constitutional Union Party," nominated [May 10] John Bell, of Tennessee; and the Republicans nomi- nated [June 18] Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois. The four candidates entered the field, and Abraham Lincoln was the successful one. influence of foreign opinion to prevail in their support." On the 11th of May, 1859, the " Southern Commercial Con- vention," held at Viciisburo:, Mississippi, resolved, by a vote of 47 to 16, that "all laws, State or Federal, prohibiting the African slave-trade ouglit to be abolished." 1. Verse 8, page 345. 2. At the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers. 3. A committee of the Senate of the United States was appointed to investigate the matter, and the result was as mentioned in the text. The chairman of the committee was Senator Mason, the author of the Fugitive Slave Law. [See note 6, page 335.] Mr. Vallandigham, a member of the Lower House, was a volunteer aid to the committee. Questions.— 8. What occurred at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia? What was the result of John Brown's raid? 9. For what is the year 1860 remarkable? What can you tell of a Presidential election ? Lincoln's administration. 351 Mr. Lincoln and his opponents. Plans for dissolving the Union. SEOTIQ]^ XYI. Lincoln's administeation. [1861-1865.] 1. Chief- Justice Taney administered the oath of office to Mr. Lincoln ^ on the 4th of March, 1861. He had been elected over three rival candidates by a con- stitutional majority, in the regular way. The political leaders of the great propri- etors, or small ruling class in the Slave- labor States, professing to regard Mr. Lincoln as the representative of the Ab- olitionists,^ who, for years, they alleged, had been trying to deprive them of their rights and property, and by whom these "fanatics," as they called them, now ex- pected to accomplish the destruction of Slavery, would not accept him. Making his election and its alleged menaces a pretext, they at once adopted measures for seizing or destroying the govern- ment, pleading the right of revolution," and the law of self-preservation, in jus- ' tification of their acts. 2. For thirty years the politicians in the Slave-labor States had been consid- ering plans for dissolving the Union, and forming a Southern Confederacy. The census continually warned them that, in consequence of the rapid increase of population in the Free-labor States, political domination, which these politicians had always held, would soon 1. Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12, 1S09. His ancestors were Qviakers in Penn- sylvania. When he was seven years of age, liis father settled with his family in Indiana. He received but little edu- cation. He worked hard for ten years on a farm, and, at the age of nineteen years, went to Xew Orleans as a hired hand on a flat-boat. In he settled in Illinois, became a clerk in a store, and was a captain of volunteers in the Black Hawk war, in 1832. He was elected to the Illinois legislature in 1834, and continued there until 1840. He was licensed in 1836 to practice law, and commenced the profession in Springfield, in 1837. He rose to distinction. He was elected to Conf^ress in 1846. He was named for the position in which Fremont was placed by the Republicans in 1856. [Verse 71, page 345.] He was always an anti-slavery man, but did not rank with " Abolitionists." In November, 1861, he was elected President of the United States. He performed the duties of his office, during the terrible civil war that ensued, with great fidelity and zeal. In 1864, he was re-elected President. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1865, and on the evening of the 14th of April following, he was assassinated. He expired on the morning of the 15th. 2. Persons who regard slavery as unrighteous and detrimental to the public good. Organizatif'ns of men of like views, who desire the abolition of slavery, have existed in this country ever since the commencement of the Revolution, in 1775. In 1776, John Jay was President of an Abolition Society. LINCOLN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the inauguration of President Lincoln? What did political leaders do ? 2. What caused politicians in Slave-labor States to be discontented ] What can you tell about a proposed empire based upon Slavery ! 352 THE NATION. Kebellion in South Carolina and elsewhere. Formation of the Southern Confederacy." pass from their liands.^ They resolved to form a vast empire, with slavery as its corner-stone, within a " Golden Circle," as they termed it, having its centre at Havana, in Cuba, with a radius of sixteen degrees of latitude and longitude, reaching northward to the Pennsylvania line, and southward to the Isthmus of Darien.^ 3. When the time for revolution came, it was arranged for the South Carolinians to take the lead. They did so ; and in a convention held at Charleston, on the 20th of December, 1860, they declared that State to be withdrawn from the Union. Similar action followed in six other States, namely, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas; and on tlie 4th of February, 1861, a " Southern Confederacy " was formed at Montgomery, in Alabama, by delegates from six States, with the title of JEFFEliSON DAVIS. ^ ^ . •< t Confederate States of America. I^ive days afterward, tlic Montgomery " Congress" cliose Jefferson Davis, of Missis- sippi, President of the "Confederation."'* It was wholly the act poli- ticians^ for no ordinance of secession, nor the question of a Confederacy, was ever submitted to the judgment or decision of the people.'^'' The 1. The increase of wealth and popidation in the Free-labor States, being far greater than in the Slave States, gave the former tlie preponderance by tlie simple operation of the representative system. As early as ]«] 2, John O. Calhoun, of South Carolina [see page 3lt7], perceiving this result in the future, declared that wlien the national sceptre should, by the fiat of the census, pass from the hands of the politicians of the Slave-labor States, they would resort to a dissolu- tion of the Union. 2. A secret organization, for the purpose of accoinplishing this purpose, was in existence for some time before the great rebellion, and was chielly instrumental in inaugurating and prolonging the civil wai- that ensued. The members were called "Knights of the Golden Circle." 3. This name does not express the truth. !No States, as (Siaies, had withdrawn from the Union, for the /^f-o/./f, who compose a State in our Republic, had never been asked to sanction such change. Only certain jiersons in certain States were in rebellion against tiie national authority. They usurped the power and suspended the constitutions of several of the States; but the confederation formed at Montgomery was only a band of confederate rebels, not of States. With this qualification, the name of Confederate may properly be given to the insurgents, and in the sense of that qualifica- tion it is used in the text. Secession ordinances were passed in conventions in eleven Slave States, in the following order: South Carolina, December 20, I860; Mississippi, January 8, 1861 ; Florida, January 10; Alabama, January 11 ; ^eo)7/m, January 19 ; Zoujs/ajja. January 26 ; Tejias, February 1 ; F/r^tJita, April 25; Arkansas, ^l&y & \ North Caro- lina, May 30 ; Tennessee, June 8. 4. The "Congress" at Montgomery adopted a provisional constitution. This was superseded a month later by a "permanent" one, and, by the votes of electors chosen in eleven States, Davis was elected President for six years, from the 22d of February, 1862. Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky on the 3d of June, 1808, and went with his father, in early childhood, to reside in Mississippi. He was educated at the INIilitary Academy at West Point, on the Hudson, where he graduated in 1824. He served in the Black Hawk war [see page 309], and also in the war with Mexico. He afterward became United States Sejiotor, and Secretary of War, under President Pierce. He was in the Senate, plotting treason, until January, 1861, wheiwie left it to become the head of a wicked rebellion. In that capa- city he served four years, when he fled for his life. He was captured while disguised in woman's clothing, and handed over to the government authorities to answer for his crimes. 5. The case of Arkansas is an example of the method of seceFsion. The conpirators, by means of Kuiijhts of the Golden Circle [see note 2, page 352], procured the election of a disloyal legislature and governor, who called a convention to vote on secession. That convention voted for Union by a majority of over two-thirds. The foiled conspirators, by false promises, gained the consent of tlie Unionists to an adjournment subject to the call of the presi- dent, who pretended to be a loyal man, but was really one of the traitors. It was agreed to refer the question back to the people, and that the convention should not reassemble before the vote should be taken, in Ausrust. The presi- dent, in violation of that pledge, called the convention in May, soon after Fort Sumter was taken. The hall in vviiich the members met was filled by an excited crowd. When the roll had been called, a conspirator offered an ordinance of secession, and moved that the " yeas " and " nays " on the question should be iaken without debate. The president fraudulently declared the motion carried; and when the vote on the ordinance was taken, and it was found that there was a majority against it, he arose, and in the midst of cheers and threats of the mob, urged the Unionists to change their votes to " aye " immediately. It was evident that the mob w^as prepared to execute their threats, and the ter^ rifled Unionists complied. There was one exception. His name was Murphy. He was compelled to fly for his life. QuKSTiONS. — 3. What was done in Charleston, South Carolina, and other Slave-labor States? What can you tell about a Confederacy ? What did the conspirators do ] How did the President of the United States act ? LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 353 Seizure of Government i)roporty. Evacuation of Fort Sumter. Inauguration of Lincoln. conspirators seized forts, arsenals, mints, ships, custom-houses, and other government property; and armies were raised in support of this usurpation, and for the overthrow of the Republic. The President of the United States (Buchanan), paralyzed by fear, or restrained by pledges, made no serious elfort to suppress the rising rebellion — the conspiracy against the nationality of the Republic. 4. From the beginning, the South Carolina conspirators had resolved to seize the forts in Charleston Harbor, particularly the stronger one of Fort Sumter. The commander of the National troops on that station w^as Major Robert xVnderson, a loyal Kentuckian, who, on perceiving this in- tention, removed [December 2G, 1860] his garrison from the weaker Fort Moultrie to stronger Fort Sumter. The conspirators Avere exasperated, FOKT SUMTER IN 1861. and prepared to drive him out. They built batteries that commanded it, for the purpose ; and when the Star of the West^ a government steamer, attempted to carry to Anderson re-enforcements and supplies, they lired upon her [January 9, 1861], and drove her out of the harbor. This act of war was followed by demands for the surrender of Fort Sumter to the authorities of South Carolina. In the mean time, thousands of armed men, under P. G. T. Beauregard,^ who had abandoned his flag, were pre- paring to seize it. It was attacked on the 12th of April, and its interior w^as set on fire. Anderson's provisions were exhausted. After a terrible bombardment, he evacuated the fort on the 14th, carrying with him the garrison flag.^ The fort was evacuated, i\oi^ surrendered. 5. It was in the midst of the intense excitement during the siege of Fort Sumter, and little more than a month preceding the attack upon it, that Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated. The Senate, relieved of most of the conspir- He was the Union governor of the State in 1864. Thus, by fraud and violence, Arkansas was placed in tlie position of a rebellious State. The conspirators at once commenced a system of terrorism. Unionists were murdered, impris- oned, and exiled. Confederate troops from Texas and Louisiana were brought into the State, and Arkansas troops, raised chiefly by fraud and violence, were sent out of the State. The voice of opposition was silenced; and the usurp- ers, with their feet on the necks of the people, proclaimed the unanimity of the inhabitants of Arkansas in favor of disunion ! 1. Beaureg^ard was a major in the National army, and was appointed brigadier-general by Jefferson Davis and his fel- low conspirators at Montgomery. •2. Just four years afterward, when Sumter was in ruins, ^lajor Anderson, then major-general, raised that identical flag over all that was left of the fort. Qi'ERTioN. — 4. What can you tell about the occupation and evacuation of Fort Sumter. 354 THE NATION. Beginningof the Great Rebellion. Call for troops. The Army and Navy. ators/ confirmed his cabinet appointments.^ In his inaugural address, he expressed his determination to enforce the laws, protect the public property, and repossess the stolen forts and arsenals. Every fair conces- sion, for the sake of peace, had been rejected by the conspirators, who would not allow the people to have a voice in the matter;^ and when they commenced war by firing on Fort Sumter,* the President called [April 15] for seventy-five thousand of the militia of the country, to serve for three months in putting down the rising rebellion.^ The response of the people in the Free-labor States was wonderful. Within twenty days, almost two hundred thousand men were ready to take the field, and the loyal people had ofi*ered for the war about forty millions of dollars.** The Con- federates had intended to follow up this first blow by seizing the National Capital. They were foiled by the uprising of the people, among whom, for the time, all party spirit was quenched. Then commenced a conflict which, in numbers engaged, territorial extent of operations, and destruc- tive engines used, has no parallel in history. Let us now consider some of tbe most prominent events in THE CIVIL W A E . [ 1 8 G 1 .] 6. The National army, at the beginning of the war, consisted of only about sixteen thousand men ; and the navy was composed of only ninety vessels of all classes, carrying about twenty-four hundred guns, and seven thousand men. The land troops were mostly on the extreme Western frontier, professedly to check the Indians and the naval force was in 1. Durino: the last four weeks of the session of the Thirty-sixth Conjrress, the Senators and Representatives of the seven States in which ordinances of secession had been passed, liad withdrawn and gone home, with a few exceptions. 2. William H. Seward, Secretary of Slate ; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury ; Simon Canieron, Secretary of War; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; Caleb Smith, Secretary of the Interior Montgomery Blair, Postmas^ter- General; Edward Bates, Attorney-General. Edward M. Stanton succeeded Mr. Cameron in January, 1862. John P. Usher succeeded Mr. Smith (deceased) the same year; and at the beginning of July, 1S64, Mr. Chase, having resigned his office, was succeeded by William Pitt Fessenden, a member of the Senate of the United States. 3. On the 4th of February, 1861, there was an assemblage at Washington City of delegates from several States, whicli Was called the Peace Convention. It was called on the recommendation of the Legislature of Virginia, for the professed object of settling all difficulties and preserving the Union. John Tyler, of Virginia, one of the conspirators, was chosen president. After a session of three weeks, it closed. Its action was not approved by Congress, for the reason that it yielded almost everything demanded by the slave interest. During the whole of that session of Congress, the subject of plans for reconciliation occupied a greater part of the time. It was evident that the conspirators, having resolved on disunion, were equally resolved to accept of no terms of reconciliation. The most notable plan for the purpose that was proposed, was ottered by J. J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, known as the " Crittenden Compromise," which proposed to na- tionalize tlie system of Slavery, by amendments of the Constitution. 4. This was a wanton act, "for a revolutionary purpose. They had information from Anderson himself, that on the 15th his provisions would be exhausted, and he would be compelled to leave the fort. They hoped, by bloodshed, to *' fire the Southern heart" against the government, and so they made haste to begin war. Fort Monroe and Fort Pickens were the only military works of great importance, excepting Forts Taylor and Jefferson, at the southern extremity of Florida, that now remained in possession of tbe United States southward of the National capital. Fort Pickens had been saved by the prudence and valor of its commander. Lieutenant Slemmer. 5. The President has no lawful authority to call out the militia for a longer period than three months at one time. 6. The governors of several of the border Slave-labor States refused to respond favorablj- to the call, and the Free- labor States alone contributed the means for saving the Republic from instant assassination. Tiiere were thousands of true men in the former States, anxious to support the old flag, but they were generally restrained by their rulers. 7. In February, 1861^ General Twiggs, commanding the Department of Texas, and having under him nearly one-half of the military force ot the United States, surrendered them to the " authorities of Texas," one of the States professedly withdrawn from the Union, with public property valued at $1,250,000. Questions. — 5. What can you tell of President Lincoln's inaueuration and inaugural address ? Relate the circum- stances attending th(3 call for militia to put down rebellion. What had the Confederates intended to do ? and were they foiled » What followed ? Lincoln's administration. 355 Treason at the Capital. Harper's Ferry and Gosport Navy-Yard. Troops attacked in Baltimore. distant seas. Only one steamship {BrooMyn)^^ of twenty-five guns, and a relief ship, of two guns, were available for the defence of the whole Atlan- tic coast of the United States. The late Secretary of War ^ had transferred most of the arms from the forts and arsenals in the Free-labor States to those in the Slave-labor States;' and the late Secretary of the Treasury'* had, months before, deliberately attempted to injure the public credit and bankrupt the Treasury. Thus, it will be seen, the conspirators had put far away from the immediate control of the government every instrument that might be used for its defense and protection. 7. The magnitude of the insurrection, Avhich had now become a rebel- lion, was soon perceived. Its forces were at work in all of the Slave- labor States. The capital was in imminent danger. The secessionists in Virginia and Maryland, and within the District of Columbia,^ were vigilant and active. By fraud and violence, an ordinance of secession was passed [April 17] in the Virginia Convention and measures were immediately taken for seizing the United States armory and arsenal at Harper's Ferry and the navy-yard at Gosport, both within the boundaries of that State, preparatory to an attempt to take the capital.^ Both posts were evacuated and set on fire by the United States forces, and the positions were occu- pied by the insurgents. At about the same time, troops passing through Baltimore, on their way to the defense of the capital, were furiously as- sailed by a mob,® and thousands of armed men were pouring into Virginia from the Gulf States. 8. In view of the impending dangers, the known preparations for war by the conspirators at Montgomery, and the rapidly developing power 1. Her draught was too great, excepting at very high tides, to enter the harbor of Charleston, where it had been arranged for the war to begin. 2. John B. Floyd. 3. The defensive fortifications within the "seceded States " were about thirty in number, mounting over 3,000 guns, and having cost at least $'20,000,000. These had nearly all been seized before the close of Buchanan's administration, excepting Forts Monroe, Sumter, Pickens (gallantly held by Lieutenant Slemmer), and those at Key West and the Tor- tiigas, off the Florida coast. It is estimated that the value of National property seized by the conspirators previous to the 4th of March, 1861, was at least $30,000,000. 4. Howell Cobb, afterward a general in the Confederate army. 5. Verse 4, page 265. 6. A majority of that convention were Union men, as shown by votes taken from time to time. Finally, it was found that if the seats of ten Unionists could be made vacant, the ordinance might be passed. Ten were waited upon by some of the conspirators, and told that they might vote for secession, keep away from the con vention, or be hanged. Tliej' were left free to choose. They staid away, and tlie ordinance was passed; and, in defiance of the order of the convention that it should be submitted to the people, the conspirators, a week afterward, entered into a treaty for the annexation of Virginia to the "Southern Confederacy." And when the time for voting on it arrived, James M. Mason, author of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, gave the people to understand that it would be necessary for them to leave the State if they ventured to vote against secession. 7. Governor Letcher, of Virginia, proclaimed the "independence" of that State, on the day [April 17] when the ordi- nance of secession was adopted, and at the same time recognized the " Confederacy." The post at Harper's Ferry was evacuated and fired by Lieutenant Jones, on the evening of the 18th of April, and the Navy-Yard was abandoned before daylight on the morning of the 21st. Virginians took immediate possession of both places. At the Navj--Yard they came into possession of about 2,000 cannon, which were of great service to them. 8. On the I8th of April, four unarmed companies, from the interior of Pennsylvania, passed through Baltimore, slightly assailed, and were the first troops to reach the capital after the President's call. On the next day (19th), the Sixth Mas- sachusetts regiment, in passing through the same city, was assailed by missiles of every kind, from a mob number- ing 10,000. Two of the troops were killed, one mortally wounded, and several slightly. Nine citizens of Baltimore were killed, and a considerable number were wounded. That night, under the sanction of the mayor and police of Baltimore, the bridges on the railways leading northward from that city were burned, the telegraph wires were cut, and lor a week the capital was cut off from communication with the Free-labor States. Questions. — 6. What can you tell about the National army and navy at the beginning of the war ? In what positions were they? What had the Secretaries of War and of the Treasury done to weaken the government? 7. What shape had insurrection now assumed ? What can you tell about danger to the National Capital ? What was done in Virginia in the way of rebellion and revolution ? What can you tell about an attack on troops in Baltimore ? 356 THE NATION. Volunteers called for. National Troops in Maryland. Action of Congress. Confederate Troops. of the rebellion, the President, on the 3d of May [1861], called for over sixty-four thousand more troops (volunteers), to serve ''during the war," and eighteen thousand men for the navy. Forts Monroe and Pickens were re-enforced ; and the blockade of the Southern ports, out of which the con- spirators were preparing to send piratical cruisers, was proclaimed. 9. For several days after the attack on the Massachusetts troops in Bal- timore, no attempt was made by others to pass through that city. General Benjamin F. Butler, w^ith other Massachusetts volunteers, and the Seventh Regiment of New York (the whole having gone by water from the mouth of the Susquehanna River), seized Annapolis and the railway leading from there to Washington City, and opened a military highway to the National Capital. On the 10th of May [18G1], some Pennsylvania troops, under Colonel Patterson, marched through Baltimore unmolested ; and on the night of the 13th, General Butler, with a thousand men, took possession of that city.^ There w^as no further trouble in Baltimore. 10. The first object of the government Avas to secure the safety of the capital, and the veteran Scott,^ general-in-chief of the armies of the Repub- lic, gathered a greater portion of the troops eastward of the Alleghany Mountains, at or near that city. The President had summoned [April 15] Congress to meet there on the 4th of July. When it assembled, there were two hundred and thirty thousand troops in the field under the old flag, independent of the three-months men. Congress authorized [July 10] the raising of five hundred thousand men, and appropriated five hundred millions of dollars to defray the expenses of the kindling war. Towns, villages, cities, and States had made contributions of money for the public service to an immense amount, and the ])eople of the Free-labor States were united in efforts to save the life of the Republic. At the same time. Con- federate troops, estimated at more than one hundred thousand in number, occupied an irregular line from Harper's Ferry, by way of Richmond, to Norfolk. Their heaviest force was at Manassas Junction, within about thirty miles of AYashington City, and there, very soon, the first heavy shock of war w^as felt. Montgomery w^as soon abandoned as the head- quarters of the conspirators, and Richmond was established as such on the 20th of July, 1861. 11. The first invasion of a State in w^hich rebellion existed occurred on the 24th of May [1861], W'hen National troops crossed the Potomac and seized Alexandria, and Arlington Heights opposite Washington City. A 1. Butler had possession already of the railway leading from Baltimore to Washington and Harper's Ferry. A trnin of cars, filled with troops, and headed for Harper's Ferry, backed into Baltimore in tlie dark, and, during a heavy thim- dcr-storm, they were marched to and took possession of Federal Hill, commanding the city. The inhabitants of the city were informed of Butler's presence by a proclamation of his in the "Clipper" newspaper the next morning 'i. Verse 18, page 3-26. Questions.— 8. What did the President do ? 9. What can you tell about the passage of troops through Baltimore? Hflw was a highway opened to the cajiital ? What can you tell about the military occupation of Baltimore? 10. What did the government and General Scott do ? What did the President do ? What did Congress and the people do iD sup- port of the Republic ? LINCOLN'S ADMINISTKATION. 357 Invasion of Virginia. Missouri. Battles of Philippi, Bethel, and liomney. portion of the troops went to Alexandria by water/ The New York Fire Zouaves were the first to enter the town, and their gallant commander, Colonel Ellsworth, w^as soon afterward killed. lie was one of the earliest martyrs in the cause.^ Already the State of Missouri had been saved from the immediate grasp of the secessionists by the energy of Captain (afterward brigadier-general) Lyon, of the United States Army, and the loyal citizens of St. Louis, who captured an insurgent camp near that city,^ and held pos- session of the United States arsenal. At this time the theater of the open- ing war was rapidly widening, and by the 1st of June the whole country was in commotion from Maine to Texas. 12. On the 3d of June, seventeen hundred Confederate troops at Pliilippi, in Barbour County, Virginia, were attacked and routed by National troops under Colonel (afterward brigadier-general) B. F. Kelley, who was very severely wounded. This was the first regular engagement after war upon the insurgents had been proclaimed. On the 10th, another took place at Big Bethel, a few miles from Fortress Monroe, on the road to Yorktown. It was ascertained that the Confederates, under Colonel Magruder, had planted batteries on the creek there, and troops were sent by General But- ler from Fortress Monroe and Newport News, the whole under the com- mand of Brigadier-General Peirce, to capture them. The movement was made in the night. The two columns of National troops, on meeting, fired on each other, each mistaking the other, in the gloom, for an enemy. The expedition was unsuccessful. Lieutenant Greble, a gallant young artillery officer, was killed. He was the first oflScer of the regular army who fell in the war. 13. The misfortune at Bethel was atoned for the next day [June 11], when Colonel (afterward major-general) Lewis Wallace, with a few Indiana troops,'* dispersed five hundred Confederates at Romney, in Hampshire County, Virginia, and so alarmed the insurgents at Harper's Ferry that they fled to Winchester. A little later, General Robert Patterson, with a considerable force, crossed [July 2] the Potomac,^ and took post not far 1. On the previous day, a Confederate flag displayed at Alexandria attracted attention. William McSpedon, of Xew York City, and Samuel Smith, of Queen's County, New York, went over from Washington and captured it. This was the' first jiag taken from the insurgents. 2. Ellsworth saw a secession flag floating over the " Marshall House." He entered the building, ascended to the roof, tore down the offensive bunting, and, as he vvas descending the stairs, he was shot by Jacivson, the proprietor of the house. Jackson was immediately killed by one of Ellsworth's men. The funeral ceremonies over the body of Ellsworth were impressive. The feeling throughout the country was intense ; and in the State of New York a regiment was raised called the " Ellsworth Avengers." 3. This was called " Camp .Jackson," in honor of the disloyal Governor of Missouri, C. F.Jackson. Its commander Mas General Frost, a graduate of the Military Academy at West Point. 4 The Eleventh Indiana regiment. They were Zouaves, as the troops were called that adopted the costume and the ti.ctics of the Zouaves of Aljjerine origin, in the French army. Wallace's Zouaves were organized a few weeks earlier thnn Ellsworth's Zouaves. 5. He crossed at Williamsport with a little less than 11,000 men. Soon after crossing, General Abercrombie's brigade, and a few others, had a severe contest with the troops of the afterward famous Stonewall Jackson." Questions. — 11. What can you tell about the first invasion of a State ? What was done in Missouri ? What was the aspect of affairs? 1'2. What can you tell of an engagement in Western Virginia? Can you give an account of what occurred at and near Bethel, in Virginia? 15. Can you give an account of a skirmish at Romney, in Virginia, and its effects? What other movement of Union troops was made at that time? What can you tell of Union troops under McClellan ? 358 THE NATION". Movements in Western Virginia. Battle of Buirs liun. Spirit of the People. from Harper's Ferry, in the Shenandoah Valley. At the same time, Na- tional troops, under General George B. McClellan,^ were advancing in Western Virginia from the Ohio, and some of them had a successful en- gagement with the Confederates at Eich Mountain,'^ on the 11th of July. The Union troops in that engagement were under Colonel (afterward major-general) W. S. Eosecrans. The Confederates, under Colonel Pe- gram, were about three thousand in number. 14. On the 18th of July, the National army, about 50,000 strong, under General Irwin McDowell, which had been collected in the vicinity of Washington City, marched from Fairfax Court-IIouse, in Virginia, to at- tack the Confederates at Manassas,^ and if successful, to move on to Eichmond be- fore the so-called Confederate government should be established there. A severe fight occurred near Centreville, at a place known as Blackburn's Ford, on the same day. From tliat point the army moved forward on tlie 21st, and at Bull's Eun a very heavy battle was fought. The Confed- erates were commanded by BeaUregard,* , assisted by able generals. At a moment when they were about to give way, they received re-enforcements from the Shen- andoah Valley, under General Joseph E. Johnston. The National troops were utterly defeated and routed, with a loss of about three thousand men. The army fled back toward Washington City in the wildest confusion.^ On the following day [July 22], General McClellan was called to the com- mand of the Army of the Potomac^ as the forces around Washington were named. 15. The disaster at Bull's Eun, instead of disheartening the loyal people, stimulated them to greater exertions, and volunteers flocked to the army in large numbers. There was an anxious desire for the capture of Eich- mond, the Confederate capital, distant from AVasliington about one hun- dred and thirty miles ; but the Army of the Potomac did not move in that GENERAL M'CLELLAN. 1. McClellan had been brevetted captain in the regular army, for his services in Mexico. He was in civil emploj-ment when the rebellion broke out, and was called to the chief command of the Ohio troops by Governor Denuison. 2. A part of the Laui el Hill range in Randolph County. 3. Verse 10, page, 356. . 4. Verse 4, page 353. 5. A large number of civilians saw the battle. Several members of Congress, and many others, went out from Wash- ington for the purpose, as they would to a holiday spectacle, not doubting tne entire success of the Union troons. They were seen flying back in the greatest terror. Congressman Ely, of the State of New York, was captured, and held as a prisoner in Richmond for along time. It is believed that the Confederate army was so shattered by the shock, that if the National troops had rallied at Centreville, and renewed the attack, the victory would have been theirs. Each party was ignorant of the condition of other, and was indisposed to renew the fight. Questions. — 14. Can you give an account of the battle of Bull's Run, and its results? 15. How did the battle of Bull's Run aflfect the loyal people? What did they desire? What can you tell about the army of the Potomac ? Lincoln's administration. 359 Military movements in Missouri. Events at llatteras Inlet. Loyalty of West Virginians. direction again until the next spring. The autumn of 1861, and the fol- lowing winter, were spent in preparations for an advance.^ 16. In the meantime, the war was progressing elsewliere. There was a fierce struggle in Missouri for tlie control of that State. On tlie 5th of July a severe engagement took place near Carthage, between the Nationals, under Colonel (afterward major-general) Sigel, and Confederates, under Jackson, the disloyal Governor of Missouri.'-^ An attempt was made by * Jackson to outflank and capture Sigel, when the latter, by a skilful mode of retreat, not only saved his army and baggage-train, but gained a sub- stantial victory. On the 2d of August, General Lyon^ fought the Confed- erates, under General Ben McCullough, of Texas, at Day Spring, near the Arkansas border; and he lost his life while gallantly fighting a still more severe battle at Wilson's Creek, on the 10th. There McCullough was en- camped with a large force, estimated at 22,000. It was about nine miles from Springfield, in Missouri. Lyon marched upon him with his whole force, about 5,000 strong, on the 9th, a column to outflank the Confeder- ates being led by Colonel Sigel. The battle commenced at six o'clock in the morning [August 10], and at about nine o'clock Lyon was shot dead. Major (afterward general) Sturgis took command. The battle was disas- trous to both parties. 17. At the close of the summer of 1861, a considerable navy had been created. It was composed chiefly of purchased vessels, which had been converted into ships-of-war. A joint military and naval expedition was fitted out at Fortress Monroe, late in August, under the command of General Butler * and Commodore Stringham, against the Confederate works at Hat- teras Inlet, the entrance to Pamlico Sound, oflf the coast of North Carolina. These were two in number, and were called, respectively. Fort Clark and Fort Hatteras. The expedition was successful. Forts, heavy cannon, a large number of small-arms, and some vessels were the spoils of victory, together with many prisoners of war. It was an important victory, and led to others still more important. 18. While the early military movements of the war were in progress, an important civil movement had taken place in Western Virginia. The people of that mountain region were chiefly Unionists, and refused to as- sent to the ordinance of secession, or any other of the treasonable move- ments at Richmond.^ They assembled at Wheeling, in a convention of representatives from about forty counties, on the 11th of June. On the 1. On the 31st of October, General Scott resijrned his post at the head of the armies of the Republic, on account of )hy8ical infirmities. On his recommendation. General McClellan, who had inade a successful campaign in Western /irgiiii.a, was appointed general-in -chief. 2. Verse 11, page 357. 3. Verse 11, page 357. 4. Verse 9, page 356. 5. Vtrse 7, page 355. Questions.— ie. What can you tell about struggles in Missouri— the battles near Carthage, at Day Spring and Wil- son's Creek? 17. What have'you to say about a navy, and an expedition to Hatteras Inlet? 18. What can you tell about the formation of a new State ? 360 THE NATION. Campaign in Western Virginia. Battles in Missouri. Battle at BalTs Bluflf. 17th the convention adopted a declaration of independence, and a new commonwealth was formed on the 20th, when Frank Pierpont was chosen Governor. It Avas afterward recognized by the National government. * 19. The conspirators were determined to coerce the Unionists of West- ern Virginia^ into submission to their rule, and for that purpose they sent troops into that region. Some of these were led by Robert E. Lee, ^ late a colonel in the National army; others Avere commanded by ex-Governor Henry A. Wise, and otliers by John B. Floyd, the late Secretary of War. * The latter was met at Carnifex Ferry, on the Gauley River, near Sumnersville, in Western Virginia, on the 10th of September, by General Rosecrans. A severe fight occurred, and continued more or less for three days,' when the Confederates were defeated. At about the same time. Confederate forces, under General Sterling Price, moved upon Lexington, Missouri, where the National troops were commanded by Colonel Mulligan. The Confeder- ates captured the post after a fight of fifty-nine hours, during which time the besieged were without water. Lexington was retaken by some Na- tional cavalry, under Major White, on the IGth of October. 20. An engagement, disastrous to tlie National troops, occurred on the Upper Potomac, at a place called Ball's Blufif, on Leesburg Heights, on the 81st of October. The L^nion force was commanded by General Charles P. Stone, and the Confederates by General Evans. The latter far outnumbered the former, and held a superior position. The National troops were defeated and driven back to the river, where many were slain. A Aveek after the affair at Ball's Blufi:" [November 7], the Confederates gained another victory, at Belmont, Missouri, on the western bank of the Mississippi River. The National troops were commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant, and the Con- federates by General Cheatham. Grant's force landed at Belmont, and attacked the Confederates. The latter were driven from their fortified camp, when they w^ere re-enforced from Columbus, Kentucky. After an- other struggle, the Nationals were driven to their boats, and abandoned the enterprise. 21. On the day when Grant was struggling at Belmont [November 7], a naval force, under Admiral S. F. Dupont, was forcing its way into Port Royal entrance, on the coast of South Carolina. This entrance was guarded 1. The new State was formed of thirty-nine counties, containing an agg:regate population of 2S'i.OOO. The population of the entire State of Old Virginia, at that time, was 1,593,199, including 495,8:26 slaves. Of these slaves, less than 1U,000 were in tlie counties that formed the new State. 2. Verse 18, page 359. 3. He resigned nis commission and abandoned his flag in April, and afterward became general-in-chief of the Confed- erate armies. 4. Secretary of War under President Buchanan. While in office, he was engaged in the work of treason. He stripped the Northern arsenals of arms, and sent them to Southern arsenals, that the conspirators might have an abundance of weapons to begin the rebellion with. He died at Abingdon, Virginia, in August, 186J. Questions. — 19. What did the conspirators determine and attempt? Who were their military leaders in Western Virginia? What can you tell about a battle at Carnifex Ferry? Relate how Lexington, in Missouri, was captured and recaptured. '20. What can you tell about a battle at Ball's; RlufT? What occurred, a week later, at Belmont, in Missouri j '21. What occurred on the same day on the coast of South Carolina? What was accomplished ? LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 861 Possession gained of the Sea Islands of South Carolina. Exten t of the struggle. Foreign lielations. by a fort on each side, named respectively Fort Walker and Fort Beaure- gard. These were silenced by the fleet and captured. This was a very important victory, for it led to the permanent occupation by government troops of tlie Sea Islands along the South Carolina coasts, between Charles- ton and Savannah, so famous for the production of fine cotton. 22. We have considered only the most important warlike movements in 1861. There were a thousand others in a thousand places; for the line along which were disputes and conflicts was full two thousand miles in length, from the Susquehanna to the Rio Grande. There were struggles every where— in Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas ; on the rivers, and along three thousand miles of sea-coast, where the in- surgents had extinguished the light-houses, and where blockading squad- rons were rapidly closing up ports useful to the Confederates. 23. Our foreign relations were unpleasant. England declared her neu- trality at the beginning,^ and, erroneously assuming that States possessing ab- solute sovereignty were, as States, in revolution against other States of the Union," called the Confederate rebels, without the sanction of a sentence of international law, a ^^belhgerent nation." Her ruling class, and that of most other European countries, sympathized with the Confederates, for they seemed to be fit instruments for destroying the Republic so hated by monarchists ; and the latter rightfully cherished such strong hopes of speedy recognition from France and England, at least, that they were encouraged to persevere. At the close of 1861 their hopes were blasted; for the circumstance known as "the Trent aflf'air " had led to action between the^ United States and Great Britain which promised peaceful relations.^ From that time forward, the governments of Europe seemed less and less inclined to interfere in the hot quarrel. THE CIYIL WAR CONTINUED. [1862.] 24. The inclement season of winter did not compel a cessation of mili- tary movements. Another land and water expedition was fitted out at Fortress Monroe^ early in January [1861]. The land troops were com- manded by General A. E. Burnside, and the naval force by Commodore L. 1. By proclamation of the Queen, dated 13th of May, 1861. 2- See note .., page oo2 3. On the 7th of November, 13H1, Captain Wilkes, U. S. N.. in command of the steam sloop-ot-war San Jacinto over- hauled the Enelish mail steamer rren<, in the Bahama Channel, and took from her James M. Mason and John Slnlell who were proceeding to Europe as commissioners of the " Confederates." They had been arch -conspirators in the United States Senate. Wilkes brought them to the United States, and they were placed in Fort Warren, at Boston. The act was contrary to the American doctrine of the sanctity of a neutral vessel, and our government promptly disavowed the act, and Mason and Slidell were sent on board an English vessel (/2maW«) bound for Europe on the M of JanuarN 1861. Not expecting such an exhibition of national honor, the British government had demanded the siirj;ende| ot the commiasioners, and prepared for war. It was a shameful exhibition, which the English ;>^o;>/e speedily rebuked. Ibat ■ • -nee curbed the desires of the government and the ruling classes to aid the insurgents. people have ever si: 4. Verse 17, page 359. QUESTTONS.-22. What have we considered thus far? ^at occurred ? 23. What can yo« say about our foreign rela- tions » How did England act ? W^hat did the Confederates expect ? H )W were their hopes blasted ♦ 24. W hat expedi- tion was fitted out in January, 1862, and what did it effect! 16 362 THE NATION. Capture of lloanoke Island. Battle of Mill Spring. Siege and capture of P ort Donelson. M. Goldsboroiigh. They left Hampton Roads on the 11th of January, passed the hitely captured Hatteras Inlet ^ on the 26th, and on the 8th of February, after a severe fight, captured Roanoke Island ^ and over twenty- five hundred Confederates, with thirty-five hundred small-arms. This victory gave the Nationals control over that region, and imperilled Nor- folk, then in the possession of the Confederates.^ 25. In the West, important military events occurred during the winter. On the lOtli of January a severe engagenaent was fought at Logan's Cross- roads, in Eastern Kentucky, between National troops under General George II. Thomas and Confederates commanded by General George B. Crittenden. Tlie brunt of the early j)art of the battle was borne by Na- tional troops under General Schoepf. The battle lasted five hours. The Confederates were beaten and driven across the Cumberland River in great confusion. During the fight, which is known as the battle of Somerset or Mill Spring, the Confederate general, F. R. Zollicofier, formerly a member of Congress from Tennessee, was killed.* 26. A victory for the National arms, much more important tlian any tliey had yet acliieved, was won on the banks of the Cumberland River, near the village of Dover, in Tennessee, on the 16th of February, 1862. The National troops were commanded by General Grant,^ and Avere accompanied by a naval force, in gunboats, under Commodore A. II. Foote. They first ascended the Tennessee River, and captured Fort Henry [February 6], thus flanking Columbus, a military post of much strength on the banks of the Mississippi River in Kentucky, then in possession of the Confederates. A portion of the National forces, about fifteen thousand strong, marched across the country to the Cumberland River, and with others, making an army of about forty thousand, closely besieged Fort Donelson [February 13], near Dover. It was garrisoned by a large force under Generals Floyd,® Pillow, and Buckner. The fort was surrendered by the latter [February 16], with over thirteen thousand men, and spoils of great value.' This victory gave the control of Kentucky and Western Tennessee to the National troops, who soon afterward entered Nashville.® 27. Still further West, and beyond the Mississippi River, there was war. Among the Ozark Mountains, at a place called Pea Ridge, in Western Arkan- 1. Verse 17, page ?!59. 2. Verses 21 and 22, page 41. 3. Verse 7, page 355. 4. The Confederates lost nearly 400 men, 1,200 horses, several cauuou, 1,000 muskets, and other valuable property. 5. Verse 20, page 360, and verse 70, page 380. 6. Verse 19, page 360. 7. Floyd and Pillow abandoned Buckner when it was evident that the fort must be given up, with the excuse that they were such vile sinners against the government, they would certainly be hanged if caught. Buckner, more honorable and courageous, remained, and was made a prisoner witlfi his men. He was sent to Fort Warren, and was afterward ex- changed. Besides the prisoners surrendered at Fort Donelson were 3,000 horses, 62 cannon, and 20,000 small-arms. A portion of the garrison went off with Floyd and Pillow, crossing the Cumberland in the darkness. The garrison, at the beginning of the siege, was 18,000 strong. 8. The capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson allowed the gunboats of Foote's flotilla to go up the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. They went up the former to Florence, in Alabama, and up the latter to Nashville. QuESTTONS.— 25. What can you tell of a battle in Eastern Kentucky, known as the battle of Somerset or Mill Spring? What general was killed there? 26. What can you tell about military movements in Tennessee ! Give an account of the capture of Fort Henry, and the siege and capture of Fort Donelson. Lincoln's administration. 368 Battle of Pea Eidge. Movements of the Merrimac. Army of the Potomac. sas, an important battle was fouglit by National troops under General S. R. Curtis, and Confederates under General Earl Van Dorn.^ It was commenced on the 5th of March [1862], and ended on the 8th. It is known as the battle of Pea Ridge. There the famous Texan, Ben McCullough, was killed. On the same day [March 8], a new kind of naval vessel, called a '*ram," and named Virginia (late Merrimac)^ pro- duced great havoc and consterna- tion in Hampton Roads. She was clad in iron, and was sent down for the purpose from N'orfolk.^ battery, made chiefly of iron, named the Monitor^ commanded by Lieuten- ant John H. Worden,^ arrived at Hampton Roads, drove the Merrimac back toward Norfolk, seriously disabled [March 9], and held command of the waters there. 28. At this time there was a general movement of the National forces, land and naval, against the Confederates. The President had ordered [January 27] all the armies to advance on the 22d of February.^ The heaviest body of troopsr then in the field was under McClellan, and called the Army of the Potomac. The Confederates, less than one-fourth the number of the Nationals, fled before them from Manassas [March 10] toward Richmond, but were not followed. General McClellan changed the plan of advance, and prepared to go to Richmond by way of the Peninsula, between the York and James Rivers. Meanwhile, a portion of his force, under General Shields, gained a victory [March 23] over the Confederates near Winches- ter;^ and, as was subsequently known, the Confederates were so few in comparison with the Army of the Potomac^ that the latter might have marched to and captured Richmond without serious opposition. Already 1. Van Dorn was assisted by Generals Price and McCullougrli. The contest was a severe one. Generals Sigel and J. C. Davis performed conspicuous service under Curtis. The Nationals completely dispersed the Confederates, and took thirteen cannon from them. 2. The Merrimac was a common steam frigate. The Confederates plated her with iron, and affixed to her bow an extension of iron with which she might push terribly. It was sharp, and could scarcely fail to destroy an ordinary vessel. She first attacked and destroyed the frigate Cumberland, which went down with her colors flyir.g.' She next at- tacked the frigate Congress, which, like the other, was lying at anchor. The Congress was compelled to surrender, after being set on fire. The "ram" now fell upon the Minnesota, and the contest was kept up until dark. 3. The Monitor was invented by Captain J. Ericsson, a native of Sweden. Its heavy guns were in a turret, or heavy iron cylinder, above the deck, that revolved. Many others were afterward built on a similar plan. The original Manitor foundered at sea, in a storm, while on her way to the Southern coast. 4. At that time there were four distinct armies, namely; one at Fortress ^Monroe, the Army of the Potomac, the Army of Western Virginia, and the army near Munfordsville, Kentucky, on the banks of the Green River. There was also a large force of land troops, and a flotilla of gunboats, at Cairo. 5. In this battle, the Confederates were led by a brave and skillful officer, who had obtained the name of " Stonewall Jackson," because of his troops, in the battle at Bull's Run [verse 14, page 358], it was said, "Thej^ stood like a stone- wall before the shocks of the enemy's assaults." QuESTioxs. — 27. What can you tell about military operations in Arkansas ? What can you tell about the Merri- niac and Monitor \n Hampton Roads? What can you tell about the capture of Norfolk? 28. What was done by the President early in ? What can you tell about the Army of the Potomac, and the Confederates at Manassas ? What did McClellan do? What can you tell of a fight near Wincnester ? What might the Potomac Army have done ? What had been done, and what was being done elsewhere ? 364 THE NATION. Battle of Shiloh. Capture of Island No. 10. Surrender of Fort Pulaski. Burnside had captured Newbern, in North Carolina^ [March 14], and Grant's victorious troops were preparing to ascend the Tennessee toward tlie heart of the rebellion. 29, Early in x\pril [1862], Grant was at Pittsburg Landing, far up the Ten- nessee, toward the line of Alabama ; and on the 6th his troops were encamped near Shiloh Church, a short distance from the river. There they were fu- riously attacked by a heavy Confederate force, under General A. S. Johnston, long before the dawn of day, and were driven back to the river in much con- fusion. Twenty-five hundred Nationals, including General Prentiss, were made prisoners, and the situation of the whole army was critical in the extreme. The Confederates were not allowed to secure any solid advan- tages of victory, by two gunboats which opened an effectual fire upon them. Early the next morning [April 7], General Buell having arrived during the night with strong re-enforcements for Grant, the conflict was renewed, and continued a greater portion of the day. It was very sanguinary.^ The slaughter on both sides was dreadful. Tlie victory finally remained with the Nati(mals, and the Confederates withdrew toward Corinth, a town on the Charleston and Mempliis Railway, among the hills on the northern bor- ders of Mississippi. This conflict is known as the ''Battle of Shiloh." 30. On the day of the victory at Shiloh, the National forces gained another important one in the capture of Island No. 10, in the Mississippi river. It was at the bend in the stream, and w^as strongly fortified with auxiliary shore bat- teries, and seemed almost impregnaJble. It was bombarded for twenty-three days from gunboats of Commodore Foote's flotilla. The island was flanked by the assailants, who cut a canal for the passage of war- vessels to the river below it, and on the 7th of April [1862], the island, with all its batteries, was surrendered to the Nationals. The fleet was chiefly instrumental in achieving the victory.^ 31. Four days after the surrender of Island No. 10, Fort Pulaski, at the 1. The Confederates, under General L. O'B. Branch, were about 12,000 strong at Newbern, and were behind breast- works. Burnside, after a tedious march, attacked them; and, after a desperate battle of two hours and a half, the Con- federates were driven away, and the National troops took possession of the town and the fortifications. Two hundred prisoners, and a lar^e number of cannon and other arms, were captured, and a great quantity of stores. 2. The Nationals lost, during the two days, over 13,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Confederates left S,000 dead on the field. 3. Thi.s was a very important victory. The works, consisting of nine batteries, were very strong. The total number of guns raptured was seventy. The total loss of property to the Confederates was about $378,000. Tlie operations on the land, at the same time, were carried on by General Pope. Commodore Foote was wounded in tlie ankle at Fnrt Donelson [verse 26, page 362], but remained in service until the conclusion of the affair at Islcnd No. 10, when he was compelled to leave on account of the painfulness of his unhealed wound. The command of the fleet devolved upon Captain Davis. In June, 1863, while preparing to take command of the South Atlantic squadron, Foote died at the Astor House, in New York. Ql'kstions. — 29. What can you relate about a battle near Pittsburg Landing, in Tennessee? What was the result! 30. What can you tell about another victory for the Nationals, gained on the day of the battle of Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing} COMMODORE FOOTE. Lincoln's administbation. 365 MitclieFs march. Bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. Capture of New Orleans. mouth of the Savannah Kiver, was captured by Captain (afterward major-general) Q. A. Gilhnore. He had cast heavy projectiles upon the fort for about thirty hours, breaching and wounding it fearfully. The fort w^as formally surrendered, on the 11th of April, to General David Hunter, the commander of the Department. Only one man was killed, during the attack, on the side of the assailants. It was an important victory, for the possession of the fort by the i^ational government gave to the latter con- trol over the entr^ince to the Savannah Kiver. On the day when tliis vic- tory was achieved. General Ormsby M. Mitchel, after an extraordinary forced march from Kentucky througli Tennessee, captured Hantsville, in ITorthern Alabama; and seven days afterward [April 18], General Augur drove the Confederates out of Fredericksburg, in Virginia, and took tem- porary possession of the town. 32. New Orleans, by far the largest and most important city in the Slave-labor States, next to Baltimore, was captured from the Confederates on the 28th of April. Commodores David G. Farragut and David D. Porter, with a gunboat and mortar fleet, ^ had bombarded Forts Jackson and St. Philip, below the city, for six days, when they ran by them [April 24], and passed up the river.^ When these fleets approached New Orleans, the Confederates set shipping and cotton on fire at the levees, and destroyed property to the amount of three millions of dollars. The Confederate troops in the city were twenty thousand strong, and were com- manded by General Mansfield Lovell. T nese admiral farragut. fled ; and General Butler,^ who had come with troops through Lake Borgne, from Ship Island, entered and took possession of the city. The loss of that great town was a terrible blow to the Confederates, from which they never recovered. 33. General McClellan arrived at Fortress Monroe on the 2d of April, and took command of the Army of the Potomac, which had just been transported to the Virginia Peninsula.^ On the 3d he moved forward toward the capital of the conspirators. A small force under General 1. The combined Union fleet was composed of two flag-ships, seven steam sloops-of-war, fourteen gnnboats, one sailing- schooner, twenty -one mortar-schooners, and six tow-boats aiul steamers; in all fifty-one, with two hundred and eighty- six (runs. 2. When they rushed by the forts, Confederate rams, gunboats, floating batteries, fire-ships, and rafts atta.-ked them. A most destructive naval engagement ensued, in which the Nationals lost thirteen gunboats and three transports. 3. Verse 17, page 359. 4. Verse '28, page 363. Questions.— 31, What occurred at the mouth of the Savannah River ? What was the effect of the rapture of Fort Pulaski? What did General Mitchell do? What did General Augur do ? 32. What have you to say concerning New- Orleans ? Can you give an account of the bombardment and passage of forts, and the capture of New Orleans by the National forces! S66 THE KATION. Evacuation of Yorktovvn. Fall of Norfolk. Movements on the Virginia Peninsula Magruder was occupying military works at Yorktown, which McClelhin prepared to besiege. They did not wait for him to finish his parallels, but fled toward Richmond, and, on the 4th, tlie National forces occupied the position. A pursuit of them w^as ^^J?^^ =^ ordered two days after they fled . ^ [May 5], and resulted in a very severe battle at Williamsburg, on the same day, in which the Nationals Avere victorious. Four days afterward [May 9], General John E. Wool,^ commander of a Till: liA .i " .\:j;i:ki»iac. Department, Avith his hcad-quar- ters at Fortress Monroe, crossed Hampton Roads with some troops, and moved on Norfolk. The Confeder- ates destroyed the Merrimac^^ fled to Richmond, and Wool entered the town in triumph. The destruction of the Merrimac opened the way for the National gunboats to go up the James River and co-operate with the forces on the Peninsula. 34. The Army of the Potomac moved cautiously up the Peninsula. A gi-eat portion of it crossed the Chickahominy on the 22d of May. On the 29th, Hanover Court-House was captured, after a spirited engagement.^ Already, General Banks, moving up the Shenandoah Valley, had been de- feated in a battle near Winchester [May 25], and made a masterly retreat into Maryland with about four thousand men, pursued by more than fifteen thousand. On the 31st, a portion of the Potomac Army had a severe action at a place called Fair Oaks.'^ The country was overflowed by a heavy rain. The Unicm troops suflered severely. The battle was renewed at dawn the following morning [June 1], and continued until the evening twilight. The Nationals maintained their position, while the Confederates fell back. The loss of both parties was frightful. The former lost full five thousand men during the two days, and the latter eight thousand. Neither party gained an advantage. 35. For about three weeks after the battle of Fair Oaks, General McClellan was engaged in preparations for an advance. Then a change was made. Hitherto supplies had been received by the York River. Now [June 24] the James River was made the base of supplies. It was neces- 1. Verse 11, page 282. 2: Verse 27, page 363. 3. The National troops were commanded by General Fitz-John Porter. After dispersing the Confederates, Porter sent some cavalry to cut the railway beyond. They destroyed the bridge over the South Anna, and thus cut off communica- tion between the Confederates in the direction of Fredericksburg and Richmond. 4. This is sometimes called the battle of the Chickahominy. Questions. — 33. What can you t«ll about the Army of the Fotomac on the Virginia Peninsula? What can you tell about the capture of Norfolk, and the destruction of the Merrimac f What was the good result of the latter movement ? 34. What did the Arinv of the Potomac do ? What occurred in the Shenandoah Valley ? Can you give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks ? Lincoln's administration. 367 Movements of the Army of the Potomac. Fall of Memphis. Army of Virginia and its disasters. sarv for the army also to change its position, and in doing so it invited at- tacks from the Confederates. These resulted in a memorable series of brilliant and sanguinary battles during the last week of June/ In the meantime, the newspapers were daily filled with records of war elsewhere, at points far distant from each otlier, and the public mind was in- tensely excited. On the 6th of June, there was a brilliant naval engage- ment on the Mississippi Kiver, in front of Memphis, in which the Union forces, under Colonel Charles Ellet (who was mortally wounded), were vic- torious, and Captain Davis assumed the command of the flotilla. Several Confederate vessels were destroyed, and, on the same day, the city of Memphis was surrendered to the Nationals. On the following day [June 7], General John C. Fremont,^ with a small force, fought a brief battle with the Confederates at Cross Keys, near Port Republic, in Virginia ; and, on the same day. General Shields^ encountered a large force under ''Stone- wall Jackson,"* at Port Republic, but made a good retreat. 36. On the 25th of June," the Army of Virginia was formed of the forces commanded by Generals Banks, Fremont, and McDowell, and placed in charge of General John Pope. It soon found ample employment. Elated by their successes before Richmond, tlie Confederates had pushed north- ward, for the purpose of attempting the capture of Washington. The danger to the National Capital was imminent, and McClellan was ordered [August 3] to withdraw from the Peninsula, and liasten to the aid of Pope. He commenced moving on the 14:th, and on the 22d, reached Alexandria. 37. On the 9th of August, Banks had a severe but indecisive battle with "Stonewall Jackson," at Cedar Mountain, in Culpepper County, Vir- ginia. He held the enemy at bay, when the Confederates, by a quick move- ment, flanked Pope's army ; and, from the 23d of August until the close of the month, the struggle between the contestants was fierce. The bat- tle of Groveton, or the second battle of Bull's Run,^ as it is sometimes called, which was fought on the 29th, was a very severe one. In this bat- tle, Generals Sigel,^ Milroy, Schenck, Hooker, Reno, and Kearny were distinguished. The fight was renewed the next day, and the contest was fearful, until night closed it. The Army of Virginia was driven toward the fortifications around Washington, and, on the 1st of September, Gen- eral McClellan was placed in command of all the troops for the defense of that city.^ 1. The principal engagements were known respectively as the battle of Mechanicsville, June 25, in which the Nation- als were commanded by General McCall; battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27; battle of Peach Orchard Station, June 29; battle of Savage's Station, on the same day; battle of White Oak Swamp, or Gleudale, June 30; and battle of ^lalvem Hills, July 1. 2. Verse 22, page 328. 3. Verse 2S, page 363. 4. Note 5, page 363. 5. Verse 14, page 358. 6. Verse 16, page 359. Questions. — 35. What did McClellan do after the battle of Fair Oaks ? What changes were made ? What stirring events did they produce ? What can you tell about a naval battle, and its results, at Memphis? What can you tell about Fremont and Shields? 36. What new army was formed? When and how? What did the Confederates do ? Whiit was McClellan ordered to do? 37. What can you tell about a battle between Banks and "Stonewall Jackson!" What immediately followed ? What can you tell of a battle at Groveton ? What happened to the Army of Virginia? 368 THE NATION. Lee's invasion of Maryland. Battle of Antietam. Invasion of Kentucky. 38. The Confederates, under Robert E. Lee, tlieir general-in-chief, now pushed across the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan followed [Septem- ber 7, 1862] on their right flank. On the 14th, a severe battle, favorable to the Nationals, was fouglit at South Mountain, in Maryland, on the road from Frederick City to llagerstown. Tn that fight. General Reno, of the National troops, was killed. The loss was very heavy on both sides. On the same day. Harper's Ferry ^ was attacked ; and on the 15tli it was sur- rendered to the Confederates, with eleven thousand men and all its vast munitions of war.^ 39. On the 17th of September a great battle was fought near the Antie- tam Creek (which name it bears), near Sliarpsburg, in Maryland, between the forces of McClellan and Lee, the aggre- gate number of men, on each side, being about one hundred thousand. The contest lasted from dawn until tlie evening twilight. The latter was defeated, with the loss of twenty thousand men, and then fell back to the Potomac, which he slowly crossed, and retired to^ward Ricthmond, Avithout being l)ursued. In this engagement. General Mans- lield, of the National army, was killed, and several other general officers were wound- GENERAL LEE. ed, two of thcm (Richardson and Rodman) mortally.'* Three weeks afterward, a Con- federate cavalry force made a sweeping raid around the entire National army, carrying away one thousand horses, and destroying property to the amount of sixty thousand dollars. 40. At the close of the summer of 1862, Kentucky began to be much distressed by guerrilla warfare, or warfare carried on by detached and in- dependent bands, instead of large armies.^ At the same time, the State was invaded from East Tennessee by a Confederate force under General E. Kirby Smith.® On the 29th of August, Smith was met by a National force of infantry and cavalry, under Generals Manton and Crufts, of General Nelson's army, about four miles from Richmond, Kentucky, and on that 1. The armies of Virginia nnd of the Potomac were then consolidated, and thereafter known as the Army of the Poto- mac. General McClellan had been superseded as general-in-chief by General H. W. Halleck, who, by an order dated July 11, 186*2, was called to that post from the command of the armies in the V\ est. 2, Verse 7, page 355, 3. "Stonewall Jackson," in his report said that the spoils of victory for the Confederates consisted in part of 73 can- non, and about 300 wagons, " in addition to other stores." 4. The estimated loss of the Confederates in Maryland was about 30,000. 5. One of the most noted of these bands was that of John Morgan, which spread terror over a large portion of Middle Kentucky, by extensive plunder and destruction. 6. A portion of this force attempted to recapture Fort Donelson [verse 26, page 36-2], on the 25th of August, but was easily repulsed. Questions.— 38. What did the Confederates under Lee do ? What can you tell of a battle in M iryland, and event'' at Harper's Ferry ? 39. What can von tell about the battle of Antietani and its results? W'liat nho-.it a Confederate raid < 40. What have you to say about affairs in Kentucky ? What can yon tell abont E. Kirby Smith's invasion of that State \ What about Bragg's invasion ? What were the objects of the invasion ? Lincoln's administeation. 369 Eesult of the invasion of Kentucky. MeClcllan relieved of command. Battle near Corinth. day and the next a severe fight occurred there. The Nationals were defeated, and the greatest alarm spread over Kentucky.^ Smith advanced toward the Ohio River, and at one time Cincinnati was seriously menaced. It was saved by the timely and judicious exertions of Major-General Wal- lace, then in command in that city.^ Another invading column, under General Bragg, moved rapidly over Kentucky, the chief object being to capture Louisville. In this the Confederates were foiled by a well-handled countervailing force under General Buell. Soon after a severe fight near Perryville, Kentucky [October 8J, with Generals McCook, Rousseau, and others, Bragg was compelled to retreat southward, and both he and Smith soon left the State. The object of this invasion was threefold, namely, to obtain military possession of the State, to procure supplies, and to encour- age extensive enlistments into the Confederate ranks. It was successful only in the matter of supplies. 41. After his defeat at Antietam,^ General Lee recrossed the Potomac into Virginia, but more than a month elapsed before McClellan attempted to pursue the discomfited and weakened host. A portion of the National army, under Burnside,* crossed into Virginia on the 27th of October, and moved southward along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge. The chief com- mander and the remainder of the Army of the Potomac crossed on the 81st ; and on the 5th of November, McClellan was relieved, and the com- mand of the army was given to Burnside. 42. After the battle of Shiloh,^ General Halleck, in command of the National forces there, moved cautiously toward Corinth,^ besieged it and drove out the Confederates on the 26th of May. Little else of importance occurred in that vicinity until early in October, when a series of conflicts occurred near Corinth. Already [September 19] hostilities had been re- commenced in that region by National troops under General Rosecrans, who attacked the Confederates under General Price at luka. On the od of October, Van Dorn and Price attacked the Nationals at Corinth, and drove them into the town. On the next day the Confederates were re- pulsed, after a severe battle and heavy losses in men, colors, and munitions of war. They were pursued by Generals Ord and Ilurlburt, who struck them a heavy blow on the 5th. Tbis latter conflict is known as the battle of the Ilatchee. All Western Tennessee was now controlled by the Na- 1. During the night of the 30th of August, the archives of the State, and about $1,000,000 in treasnre, belonnd. "Wilderness,* not far from the Chancellorsville battle-ground,'^ the two great armies, numbering together not less, probably, than two hundred and fifty thousand men, fought a severe battle on the 5tli. Longstreet's corps^ had reached and strengthened Lee. For three days the combatants fiercely contended for the mastery, when the Confederates withdrew [May 7, 1804] in the direction of Richmond. Kear Spottsylvania Court-llouse heavy battles were fought ; and, at the end of six days of conflict, the Nationals had gained decided advantages.'^ 72. Grant gave Lee no rest, day nor night. By furious attacks and flank movements, he compelled him to leave one strong position after an- other, and fall back so as to cover Richmond. At the beginning of June, he had been driven to the military defenses of that city. In the meantime, a large force, under General Butler, had gone up from Fortress Monroe and seized and fortilied a strong position ^ near tlie mouth of the Appomattox river, on the south side of the James, by Avliich he held in check re-enforce- ments under Beauregard,^ then hastening from the Carolinas to the army under Lee. This was to aid a movement already planned for placing the Army of the Potomac on the south side of the James River. This plan was successfully executed at the middle of June, and ])laced Grant in an advantageous position before Petersburg, a strongly intrenched town on the Appomattox River, twenty miles south of Richmond, and commanding, in a degree, the railway communication with North Carolina by way of Weldon. Lee perceived the peril in which his army and the Confederate capital were placed by this movement, and he crossed the James River with the bulk of his forces, and took a position on the south side of the Appo- mattox River, to defend Petersburg and its important railway communica- tions. Grant at once commenced a siege. He sent out cavalry expeditions in various directions to cut the railway communications with Lee's army and Richmond, and by this means both were placed in a position of immi- nent peril early in July.'' 73. While the Army of the Potomac was achieving these successes, that 1. Verse 48, page 371. This is a broken, sterile tract of country in Spottsj-lvania County, Virojinia, about fifteen miles in extent, commencing not far from the south bank of tlie Rapid Anna. It is intersected by gullies and dotted with swamps. It is covered by a thick growth of stunted pines, dwarf oaks, and underbrush, dense and almost impenetrable. Only rough paths go through it, and it is almost impassable after a rain. 2. Verse 48, page 371. This was the site of a tavern on the eastern edge of the Wilderness. 3. Verse 60, page 376. 4. At that time, Grant sent the following dispatch to the Secretary of War ; " We have now ended the sixth day of very heavy fighting. The result to this time is very much in our favor. Our losses have been heavy, as well as those of the enemy, f think the loss of the enemy must be' greater. We have taken over 5,000 prisoners in battle, while he has taken from us few except stragglers. I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer.'' 5. Bermuda Hundred. This place might be eflfectually covered by gunboats in the James and Appomattox rivers. 6. Verse 14, page 35S. 7. A force under General David Hunter captured Staunton, and then proceeded to cut the Virginia and Tennessee railway eastward of Lynchburg. Another force, under General J. H. Wilson, destroyed many mifes of the Richmond and Danville railway'; and another, under General Philip H. Sheridan, destroyed a portion of the railway between Gordonsville and Richmond. The Weldon road was also severed (but not seriously), as well as the road leading Irom Petersburg to Richmond. The James River was now in complete control of the N'ationals, from its mouth to above the Appomatox River. Questions.— 72. What did Grant do after the battle at Spottsylvania Court-House? What did General Butler do ? What was his movement intended for, and what did it accomplish ? Relate how Grant gained an advantageous position and what Lee was compelled to do. What did Grant then do, and what was the effect! 382 THE KATIOK. Sherman's army in Northern Georgia. Siege of Atlanta. Privateers commissioned. GKNKllAL KIIKKMAN. in Northern Georgia, under Sherman, was equally victorious.^ Sherman advanced from Chattanooga^ at the beginning of May. The Confederates, under J. E. Johnston,^ were then at Dalton, in Georgia. Steadily Sherman pressed forward, day after day, over a rugged mountain region, fought battle after battle, captured or passed round one stronghold after another (the Con- federates as steadily falling back), until the mid- dle of July, when he had crossed the Chatta- hoochee river witli his whole army, and ad- vanced upon Atlanta, one of the most important military positions in the Soutli. Near that strong post three heavy battles were fought [July 20, 22, and 28], in which the Confederates were defeated with immense losses, when the National army closely invested the place.'* Cav- alry cx[)cditions, in the meantime, liad destroyed all the railway commu- nications with Atlanta.^ 74. While the hearts of loyal men were joyful because of the success of the National arms, news came of the destruction, in the British Channel, of the pirate-ship Alabama^ which had, for almost two years, been the terror of American commerce. Two days after the President called for seventy-five thousand men to put down the insurrection,^ the chief of the Confederates offered [April 17, 18G1] letters-of-marque to anybody who might choose to fit out a vessel to make war on the commerce of the Re- public on the high seas. The Confederates organized a navy department, and gave places to the officers who had deserted the National flag ;^ but their means for the creation of a marine force were insignificant.^ So they looked to Europe for aid, and, in the greed of England for the ''supremacy of the seas," they found a steadfast friend and helper. 1. Sherman's force was composed of three armies, namelj% that of the T'ejinessce, under General McPherson ; of the Ohio, under General Thomas ; and of the Cumberland, under Genend Schofield. 2. Verse 59, page 376. 3, Verse 56, pa^re 375. 4. In the battle of the 2M, General McPherson, one of the ablest and most promising of the yonn); officers of the army, was killed. Two days before [July 'iO], Johnston had been relieved of the command of the Confederate army in Georjria, and was succeeded by General Hood. 5. General Rousseau, a Kentuckian, with a cavalry force, swept down from Decatur, in Northern Alabama, almost to Montgomery, and then along the line of the railway between that city and Atlanta, destroying thirly-one miles of the track, many bridges, consuming station-houses and a vast amount of public property, capturing and paroling a large number of Confederate soldiers, and freeing many negroes. He arrived at Marrietta" after a march of four hun- dred miles in the course of thirteen days. Already the railway between Atlanta and Augusta had been made useless to the Confederate army in Georgia; and at the beginning of August, a force under General Ston em an destroyed many miles of th« railway between Atlanta and Macon. 6. Verse 5 page 354. 7. Such is the European title of the commissions given to the commanders of private armed vessels, to capture or destroy the property of an enemy. 8. A large number of the officers of the National navy, who were natives or residents of the Slave-labor States, de- serted their flag when the war broke out, and some resigned before. They all joined the Confederates, but found little to do in the way of their legitimate profession. 9. S. R, Mallory, formerly a member of the National Senate, from Florida, was made Confederate "Secretary of the Navy." They biiilt a few iron-clad gunboats for the defense of their rivers, and "rams "for the protection of their harbors. Most of these perished. Questions. — 73. Give an account of the doings of Sherman in Northern Georgia. What can you tell about events of Atlanta? 74. What good news from the ocean was riecvied ? Wliat can you tell about Confederate letters-of-marque, und their Navy Department ! What did they do, and what did they find ! LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. S83 British Confederate Pirates. Destruction of the Alabama. British neutrality illustrated. 75. The first really formidable vessel that the Confederates put afloat as a privateer, or legalized pirate-ship, was the Sumter (Captain Eaphael Semrnes), Avhose destructive career was ended at the close of 1861.^ Meanwhile, arrangements were made by the Confederates with Laird, a member of the British Parliament, and a ship-builder, at Liverpool, to construct several powerful steamships for their use.^ The Oreto^ (afterward Florida) was soon at sea, and, in September, 18G2, she ran the ' blockade at Mobile, under Enghsh colors. She went to sea again in De- cember, and made havoc among American merchantmen. She was never again in a Confederate port, but always found a welcome in British colonial harbors. The Florida was finally captured by an American cruiser in a Brazilian port, brought to Hampton Roads, and soon afterward was sunk there, by accident. 76. A powerful-built vessel, called the Aktbama^ was constructed by Laird, and was placed in command of Semmes, of the Sumter, She was essentially a British pirate-ship, with a Confederate commander and flag \^ and she fulfilled the expectations of the British shipping interest, by fright- ening xVmerican commerce into British vessels, and giving them a monop- oly of the carrying-trade.'* She always avoided our National vessels sent after her. She was finally blockaded in the French port of Cherbourg, by the Kearsarge^ Captain Winslow. The French Government ordered the pirate to leave their waters. She went out on the 15th of June [1864], met the Kearsarge^ and, after a short conflict, was sent to the bottom of the sea. Her commander and others were picked up by an English vessel in attendance, which carried them to England to save them fron:^ their con- queror.^ 77. The joy produced by the sinking of the Alabama was succeeded by alarm, caused by a sudden invasion of Maryland, early in July, by way of the Shenandoah Valley, by about fifteen thousand Confederate soldiers,® 1. She was blockaded at Gibraltar, and was finally sold. 2. Laird went ea^cerly into the business for purposes of gain. He built pirate-ships for the Confederates at his yard, and advocated the Confederate cause in Parliament. He managed affairs so adroitly, that he got his vessels to sea in spite of the vigilance of the British Government, which fouud it necessary, at last, to take some restraining action in the matter. 3. She was built, armed, and furnished in England, and was almost wholly manned by British subjects, several of them from the Royal navy. She sailed out of England under a British flag, and was always welcomed into British ports. And before she went into battle with the Kearsarye, her commander, in a little speech to her officers and crew, repeated the words of Lord Nelson, '■''England expects every man to do his duty !" She was not allowed to carry her prizes into British ports, and so her commander generally plundered and burned them at sea. The Alabama captured and destroyed sixty-four American vessels. 4. The estimated value of property destroyed by the Alabama was $10,000,000. It was also estimated that nenrly two-thirds of the carrying-trade enjoyed by citizens of the United States before the war, was transferred to British vessels. During ISBH, about 1,000 American ships were sold to foreign merchants, cliiefly British. 5. One of the English aristocracy, named Lancaster, was near the scene of action, in his yacht, the DeerJiound, evi- dently by previous arrangement with the pirate commander, to afford him any assistance in his power. He took Senimes and other officers, who were the legal prisoners to Winslow, on board his yacht, and carried them to England, out of harm's way. A public dinner was offered Semmes at Southampton: and'a British admiral (Anson) headed a list of subscribers to a fund to purchase an elegant sword, to be presented to the corsair! 6. It was estimated that the whole number detached from Lee's army, for the great forage raid, was about 20,000, a fourth of whom remained in Virginia, at different points from the Potomac to Lynchburg. Questions.— 75. What can yo\i tell about the pirate-ship 5«w;i/'r, and the building of others in England ? Whnt ran you tell about the Oreto or Florida f 76. Give an accoinit of the pirate-shivi Alabama, tix\A her capture. 77. What alarming intelligence succeeded the good news of the capture of the Alabama t Give an account of an invasion of Mary- land, and the expulsion of the invaders. 384 THE NATIOlSr. Early's invasion of Maryland. Destruction of Chainbersburg. Sheridan in the Valley. under General Early, whose chief object seems to have been the seizure of supplies for the use of the army at Kichmond. They werelield in check on the Monocacy river, near Frederick, by General Wallace ,^ and a few hastily- assembled troops (about one-third the number of the invaders), who fought them galhmtly [July 9] for seven or eiglit hours, and saved Baltimore and Washington from capture or destruction. Overwhehning numbers caused Wallace to fall back. After threatening the two cities and securing a considerable amount of plunder,^ including many horses, the Confed- erates fled across the Potomac, pursued by National troops, who struck them a severe blow [July 20J at Wincliester.^ 78. Gathering force, the Confederates pushed the N'ational troops back to the Potomac, and, at the close of July, some of the former crossed the river, swept through iSTorthern Maryland into Pennsylvania, and burned [July 30, 18G4,] the village of Chambersburg.* They soon fled back to Virginia, closely pursued, but were strong enough to halt and gather food in the Shenandoah Valley, w^hich they sent olf to Pichmond. In the meantime, heavy re-enforcen)ents were sent by Grant to the opposers of tlie riaders, and all were placed under the command of General Sheridan,* who kept near the Potomac until the army before Petersburg liad achieved an important success, when he moved forward [September] to press the Confederates up the Shenandoah Valley back in their track toward Rich- mond. 79. While Sheridan and his men were busied with the Confederates near the Upper Potomac, Grant, with the armies of the Potomac and the James/ was engaged in very im[)ortant movements below Richmond ; and during the months of July and August he gained substantial advantages, but not without heavy losses. He formed a mine under one of the strongest forts in the Confederate lines of defenses in front of Petersburg, and at dawn on the 30th of July it was exploded with fearful eftect.^ The fort, with about 1. Verse 40, page 369. 2. While the main portion of the invaders were engaged in plundering, a body of horsemen under a renegade Mary- lander, named Gilmor, swept through the country, spreading destruction, alarm, and confusion among the people. An old man, seventy -three years of age, named Isliniael Day, said to some of them who came to plunder his house, over which waved the National flag: "Gentlemen, you may burn my barn, and rob my house, but I will shoot the first man who touches that flag." Two of Gilmor's raiders attempted to tear it down. Tfie old man mortally wounded one of thein with the contents of a duck-gun, when the other fled. The old patriot escaped to the woods. A body of Gilmor's horsemen came up, turned Day's family out of doors, and burned his house and barn. 3. The National troops were commanded by General Averill. He killed or wounded thiee hundred of the Confeder- ates, made two hundred prisoners, captured four cannon, and a large quantity of their plunder. 4. The marauding force that destroyed Chanibersburg, a town of 6,U00 inhabitants, did not exceed, it is estimated, 400 men. They were led bv General McCausland, who acted under the written instructions of his commander. General Jubal Early. He demanded a bribe of $500,000 to spare the village. It was not given, and -260 buildings were soon in flames. The loss to the citizens of Chambersburg was estimated at $2,000,000. 5. Verse 90, pacre 38S. Sheridan's force consisted of the Sixth and Nineteenth Corps, a division under General Crook, a division of Torbett's cavalry, and four brigades of Hunter's cavalry. 6. The forces under General Butler were called the Army of the James. 7. The construction of this mine was suggested by Lieutenant-Colonel Pleasants, of the Forty-eighth Pennsylvania regiment, and was performed by his men, who were 'mostly coal-miners. He excavated a nearly horizontal shaft about 600 feet in length, at the end of'which, 16 feet below the surface of the earth, and directly under the fort to be destroyed, a larire chamber was excavated. In this were four connected magazines, containing, in the aggregate, between five and six tons of powder. These were ignited by means of a fuse. The explosion produced an immense crater. QuKSTiONS — 78. Give an account of another Confederate invasion of Maryland, and its destructive effects. Tell what was then done in the Shenandoah Valley. 79. What was Grant doing while Sheridan was busied in the Shenandoah Valley ! Give an account of a mine and its explosion. Lincoln's administbation. 385 Explosion of a mine. Seizure of the Weidon Road. Siege and capture of Atlanta. two hundred men, was destroyed. The explosion was followed by a vigor- ous assault. The assailants were repulsed Avith heavy loss, and the well- devised plan for breaking the Confederate lines and seizing Petersburg was foiled. 80. Three weeks later, Grant secured a very important advantage by seiz- ing the Weidon Eailway below Petersburg. That road was of vital import- ance to Lee's army, as the chief avenue through which he could receive supplies of men, munitions, and food, from the southern portions of the Confederacy, or hold military communication with it. As early as the mid- dle of August, Grant was aware that Lee had sent re-enforcements to Early in the Shenandoah Valley, and he at once commenced strategic movements which were eminently successful. The Weidon Road was seized [August 18], and every attempt (and they were desperate) made to retake it [Au- gust 19, 20, 21, and 25] was defeated. The road was destroyed a distance of twelve miles, and the i^ational troops, strongly intrenched, held a firm grasp upon it. 81. During the whole of August [1864], Sherman closely besieged At- lanta,^ making his hold upon the Confederate forces there firmer and closer every day, and continually diminishing their ability to escape or endure a long siege, while his ample guards kept his own communications free from any serious damage by the guerrilla parties^ and Confederate cavalry. At length, by a skillful flank movement, he severed the Confederate army that opposed him, seized their only remaining railway communication between Atlanta and the surrounding country, and compelled Hood^ to fly from that city [September 2], in despair, toward the heart of Georgia. So Atlanta is ours, and fairly won," Sherman modestly wrote in his dispatch to his government. He announced one of the most important victories of the war, for, in connection with recent events near Mobile, it promised to the ^Rational arms the speedy control of the entire region of the Gulf States'* from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, as well as of Georgia and South Car- olina. 82. While the two large National armies of Meade ^ and Sherman were struggling in close conflict with the two large Confederate armies of Lee and Hood,^ the Western Galf Squadron,'' under Admiral Farragut,® was per- forming brilliant exploits near Mobile, assisted by a land force under Gen- eral Gordon Granger. Early in the morning of the 5th of August [1864], 1. Verse 73, page 381. 2. Verse 40, page 368. 3. Note 4, page 382. 4. The States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, namely, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. By this victory, the armed Confederates in the Southern States were driven into the narrow compass of the seaboard portion of Georgia and South Carolina, the principal cities of which are Savannah and Charleston. 5. It must be remembered that Meade remained the commander of the Armt/ of the Potomac, but under the immediate direction of Lieuten ant-General Grant, whose head-quarters, as we have observed, were with that armv. 6. Note 4, page 382. 7. Note 4, page 377. '8. Verse 32, page 365. Questions.— 80. How did Grant secure an advantage over the Confederates ? In what did the advantage consist? What can you tell about the atteniy>ts to retake the Weidon road ? 81. What was Sherman doing throujrh August? Give an account of the way in which Sherman became possessed of Atlanta. How do you estimate the victory? 82. What have you to say about the struggling armies and the Western Gulf Squadron ? Give an account of the cap- ture of the Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay. 17 886 THE NATION. Capture of Forts below Mobile. Bright prospects. Thanksgiving day appointed. the squadron sailed into Mobile Bay, past Forts Morgan and Gaines at its entrance. The vessels went in in pairs, lashed together/ and all passed the forts in safety excepting the monitor" ^ Tecumsefi^ which was sunk by a torpedo.^ A brief and furious engagement with the Confederate naval ^*orce then quickly ensued, and resulted in the capture of the formidable Confederate '^ram'^* Tennessee^ with the commanding admiral (Buchanan), and the seizure or dispersion of the rest of the fleet 83. General Granger landed with troops on Dauphin Island, in the rear of Fort Gaines ; and on the 8th [August, 1864], that post, with its garrison, guns, and provisions for a year, was surrendered to Farragut. Fort Mor- gan^ on Mobile Pomt, was next attacked. Farragat's vessels took position on both sides of the Point, and poured a terrific storm of shot and shell upon the doomed fortress,^ while the land troops assailed it in the rear. It was surrendered unconditionally, with its garrison, on the 23d of August, when the preliminary work for the capture of Mobile was accomplished.^ 84. The victories at Mobile and Atlanta, minor successes elsewhere, aad the noble response given to the call of the President for more men to re-en- force the two great armies in the field,"^ and the equally efficient navy,® gave assurance, at the beginning of September, that the end of the Civil War and the return of peace were nigh.^ Because of these triumphs and this hopeful aspect of affairs, the President issued a proclamation [Septem- tember 3, 1864], in wliich he requested the people to make a special recog- nition of Divine goodness, by offering thanksgivings in their respective places of worship on the following Sunday, the 11th of September.^* The request was generally complied with by the loyal people of the country. 85. The N'ational armies were now holding the Confederate forces ev- erywhere with a tight grasp, and were closing in upon them with crush- ing force. While Sherman was resting his wearied troops at Atlanta," and 1. The Brooklyn, with the Octarora, led the way, followed by the Hartford (the Admiral's fla^-ship), and the Meta- comet as her consort. The Admiral was lashed to the maintop of the Hartford, that he might overlook his whole fleet and not be thrown down by the shocks of battle; and by means of a speaking-tube from his perch to the deck, he gave his orders. 2. The name of Ericsson's first iron-clad vessel [verse, 27, page 363] was given as the name of that class of vessels. 3. A torpedo is a portable mine of gunpowder, placed under water in such a way that when a vessel comes in contact with it, the collision produces an explosion which destroys or jraatly injures the vessel. 4. Verse 27, page 363, and page 366. 5. About 3,000 shells were thrown into the fort. 6. The captured forts, at the entrance to the bay, were about thirty miles below Mobile. 7. On the 18th of July, the President issued an order for a draft for 500,000 men at the end of fifty days, should the number asked for not be enrolled by volunteering before that time. About 200,000 were credited in consequence of enlistments in the navy and other causes, according to an act of Congress, and the number actually called for was re- duced to 300,000. A large proportion of this number had volunteered, or been supplied in the form of substitutes at the end of the fifty days. 8. The operations of the navy, during the war, were of the highest importance. Its services have not been thor- oughly appreciated, because of its having acted merely as an auxiliary to the army. Its achievements were won- derful, and it should receive equal credit with the army, 9. On the 5th of September, the joyful news reached New York, that the pirate-ship Georgia, which had done much damage to American commerce, had been captured, off the port of Lisbon, Portugal, by the National steamship Niagara, and was on her way to the United States in charge of a prize crew. The Florida and Tallahassee were the only pirate- vessels known to be afloat at the beginning of September. The latter was captured soon afterward. 10. On the same day, the President issued orders for salutes of a hundred guns to be fired on the 5th and the 7th at Wash- ington, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Baltimore, Newport (Kentucky), and St. Louis; and at New Orleans, Mobile, Pensacola, Hilton Head, and Newbern, the day after the receipt of the order. 11. Verse 73, page 381. Questions. — 83. What can you tell about the captures of the forts at the entrance to Mobile Bav ? SI. What gave assurance that the end of the Civil War was nigh ? What did the President request, ani what did the people do I Lincoln's administration. 387 Sheridan victorious in the Valley. Hood goes to Tennessee. Sherman's march in Georgia. Grant was holding Lee fast near Richmond,^ Sheridan, with a well-handled force, was giving the Confederates heavy blows in the Shenandoah Valley.^ He gained a great victory over General Jubal Early, on the 19th of Septem- ber, a short distance from Winchester. After that, he held the valley nn- der almost absolute control, until he was ready to move forward and deal still more fatal blows upon Early's weakened and demoralized forces. 86. Hood ^ and his Confederate army moved toward Tennessee late in September, for the purpose of destroying Sherman's communications with Chattanooga,^ and invading the State. The watchful Sherman was soon fol- lowing him in force ; and he gave Hood such heavy blows that he was com- pelled to flee tow^ard Northern Alabama to escape others more fatal. There, beyond the present reach of Sherman, Hood prepared to invade Ten- nessee, and push on toward the Ohio river. 87. Early in l^ovember, Sherman prepared for the march of his army at Atlanta toward the seaboard. He left General Thomas, with a considerable force, in Tennessee, to oppose Hood, and hold him northward of the Ten- nessee river ; and on the 14th of November, he abandoned Atlanta, cut loose from his base of supplies, and commenced a great march witli the intention of subsisting his army on the products of the country he was invading. Threatening Macon and Augusta,^ he moved forward through the heart of Georgia, captured Milledgeville [November 29], the capital of the State, and, finally, on the 21st of December, he entered Savannah in triumph. The Confederates there, under General Hardee, crossed the Savannah R IVer, GENERAL THOMAS. and fled toward Charleston. Hood, in the meantime, invaded Tennessee with an army of about forty thousand men. As he moved forward, Thomas fell slowly back toward Nashville. At •Franklin, south of that city, a heavy battle was fought [November 30] be- tween the forces under Generals Schofleld and Hood, when the latter, driving his antagonist back, besieged Nashville. On the loth of Decem- ber, Thomas led his army out of the trenches, attacked the besiegers, and drove them southward Avith great loss of men and materials of war. Hood, hopelessly crippled, fled across the Tennessee river into Alabama.^ 88. From the beginning of the war, Wilmington, on the Cape Fear river," 1. Verse 72, page 381, 2. Verse 78, page 384. 3. Note 4, page 382. 4. Verse 73, page 3S1. 5. These towns were important as depositories of munitions of war, but of little account in a military point of view. 6. During his invasion, Hood lost one-tliird of his army, and nearly all of his cannon. 7. Verse 2, page 77. Questions. — 85. What were the National armi<*s now doing? Give an account of Sheridan's operations in the Shen- andoah Valley. 86. What was Hood doing mean while ? What did Sherman do ? What did Hood then prepare to do ? 87. What can you tell about the preparations for, and performaii o of Sherman's great march through Georgia ! What occurred in Tennessee, in the meantime, between Hood and Thonids? 388 THE NATION. Capture of Wilmington and its defenses. Sherman's march in the Carolinas. The last battles. in North Carolina, liad been the principal port to wliich British violators of the blockade^ resorted, and, carrying in supplies of arms and clothing to the Confederates, received cotton in return. The peculiarity of the coast and of the mouth of the river was such, that it was difficult to prevent blockade-running. It was finally resolved to capture the forts at the en- trance to the Cape Fear River, and stop the illegal traffic. Accordingly, at the middle of December [1804], a land force under Generel T>. F. Butler,^ and a naval force under Admiral D. D. Porter,^ were sent for the purpose. An unsuccessful attack on the Confederate works, by the combined force, was made on Christmas Day; but, on the 15th of January [1805], they were captured by land troops under General Terry, assisted by the navy under Porter. Wilmington was captured by the National forces on the 21st of February following. 89. In the meantime. General Sherman was making his way across South Carolina. General Foster, who was at Beaufort, in that State, co-operated with Sherman after his arrival at Savannah. The army of the latter en- tered South Carolina at the middle of January, and, with great fatigue and difficulty, marched through the overflowed swamps to the border of the Upper Country. It entered Columbia, the capital of the State, on the 17th of February, driving the Confederate troops, under Beauregard, further into the interior of the country. Thus flanked, the Confederates fled from Charleston^ and on the following day [February 18], colored troops marched in and took possession of that cradle of the Rebellion.'* Sherman pushed on toward North Carolina without much opposition, whilst Schofield, from Newbern, and Terry, from ^Yilmington, were co-operating with him. After some fighting,^ the three armies met at Goldsboro'' [March 22], while Gen- eral J. E. Johnston, ^ with tlie main army of the Confederates in that re- gion, was kept at bay at Raleigh, the capital of the State. 90. Every military movement was now tending toward a common cen- ter, which was that of Lee's army before Richmond. Sheridan marched rapidly up the Shenandoah Valley with a large cavalry force, and, in the neighborhood of Charlottesville, he fell upon and almost annihilated Early's army,"^ at the beginning of March. He then swept over the country to- 1. Verse 8, page 356, Large numbers of British vessels, many of them swift steamers, built for the purpose, ran into ports in the States in which rebellion existed, with valuable cargoes, for which they received great prices, receiving pay mostly in cotton. A great many of those vessels were captured, and it is believed that, notwithstanding the enormous profits made by these transactions, the captures were so numerous that a balance-sheet would show a loss to the violators of law. The British vessels furnished the insurgents an enormous supply of necessaries to carry on the war. 2. Verse 17, page 359. 3. V^erse 32, page 365. 4. Verse 4, page 353. 5. At Ayresboro, on the 16th of March, and at Bentonsville, on the 20th. These places were in the line of march between Fayetteville and Goldsboro, in North Carolina. Kilpatrick's cavalry, and that of Wade Hampton, under their respective leaders, had some combats, in which the former was successful. Thesa were the last battles of the war. There was some severe skirmishing in Texas a little later, 6. Schofield's troops had a battle with the Confederates under Bragg, at Kinston, in North Carolina, and were vic- torious, 7. Note 4, page 382. Beauregard superseded Hood in the command of the remnant of the Confederate Army of the Tennessee, after its expulsion by Thomas, and he, in turn, was superseded bv its old commander, who left it at Atlanta. 8. Verse 77, page 383. Questions.— 88. What have you to say about Wilmington and blockade-running ? Give an account of attempts to capture Wilmington and its defenses, 80. What have you to tell about Sherman's march through South Carolina! Tell what you know about the effects of it on Charleston, and what occurred in that city. What can you tell of the joining of three armies at Goldsboro ) Lincoln's administration. 389 Lee's army threatened. Lee surrenders his army. End of the Confederate Government." ward Lynchburg, destroying the railway and canal communications with Kichmond.. Moving swiftly around to the north of that city, he broke up the railway communications between Fred- ericksburg and Richmond, and, without much opposition, joined the Army of the James, ^ then under General Ord, toward the middle of March. 91. Matters were now soon brought to a crisis at Petersburg and Richmond. For nine months Grant and Lee had confronted each other on the James and Appomattox Rivers.'^ Hostile movements were frequent, and sometimes resulted in battles which were almost always favorable to the Na- tionals. Now, finding his supplies cut off by Sheridan, Lee prepared to abandon Richmond, march into North Carolina, and join Johnston there. But the watchful Grant, wielding a strong force, would not permit him to do so. Sheridan had joined Grant ; and at the close of March [1865] the whole Army of the Potomac, with a part of that of the James, was in mo- tion. Battles ensued. After three days' hard fighting, during which time he lost more than twenty thousand men, Lee was compelled to abandon his works at Petersburg and Richmond, and fly westward, for National troops were across his path to North Carolina. On the 9th of April he surrendered the remainder of his army to Grant. 92. The death-blow of the Rebellion had now been given. The general- in-chief ^ and the soldiers of the largest and best of the armies of the Con- federates w^ere prisoners of war in the hands of the Nationals ; and the capital of the Confederacy was open to the victorious troops. At the head of a body of colored soldiers, General Godfrey Weitzel had entered that city, six days before Lee's surrender, while an awful conflagration of its business portion, kindled by the Confederates, was still raging.^ To him the mayor surrendered the city, and the Unionists tliere received him with joy. The Confederate "President," his "Cabinet," and the members of Congress," had all fled, and with that flight the active power of the Re- bellion passed away forever. On the following day [April 4, 1865], Presi- dent Lincoln, who had been at Grant's head-quarters, at City Point, for 1, Verse 79, page 384. 'i. Verse 72, page 381. 3. Robert Edmund Lee. 4. When, at iiiidnifrht on the 2d of April, the Confederates lied, large store-houses near the river were fired, by order of John C. Breckinridge, the Confederate "Secretary of War," and the wind blowing upon the town from the direction of the stores, set a large portion of it on fire. The corps of Weitzel was composed wholly of colored troops. Tt whs the Twenty-fifth Army Corps. The portion who accompanied him were the first National troops that entered Richmond as victors. Questions. — 90, What now was the tendency of all military movements ? Give an account of Sheridan's operations at this time, at Charlottesville and near Richmond. What have you to say about affairs near Petersburg and Rich- mond * hat was Lee compelled to do, and why? How was Lee prevented from escaping into North Carolina? What was the result ? 91 What had now happened? Give an account of the entrance oi the National troops into Richmond, and the condition of that city. What have you to say about the heads of the "Confederacy," and of its career f What did President Lincoln do ? S90 THE NATION. Assassination of President Lincoln. Inauguration of his successor. Perpetuity of the Government. several days, went up to Richmond, and, in the parlor of the fuj^itive head of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, he held a public reception of army offi- cers and citizens.^ 93. The surrender of Lee's army gave assurance that the war was at an end ; and there was great joy everywliere. This joy was suddenly turned into mourning, when, on Sat- urday, the 15th of April, intelligence went over the land that, on tlie even- ing previous, the President had been assassinated in a public place, in Washington City,^ and that the Secre- tary of State (Mr. Seward) liad been terribl;)^^ wounded at his home, at the same time.^ It was suspected that assassins had been hired by the so- called ^'Confederate Government," or its agents, to murder the President, the Vice-President, the Cabinet min- isters. General Grant, and other distin- guished men, with the hope and ex- pectation that in some way, in the midst of the confusion that might en- sue, their wicked cause might gain an advantage.'* Their plan failed. Only the President was killed.^ In less than six hours after his death [April 15, 1865], Andrew Johnson, the Yice-President, was inaugurated President of the United States,® and the Government went steadily on in its course. President Johnson retained President Lincoln's Cabinet.^ ANDREW JOHNSON. 1. Precisely one month before [March 4], Mr. Lincoln had been inaugurated President of the United States, for the second time, having been re-elected by an overwhelming vote of the people, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, as Vice-President. His opponent, nominated by the Democratic party, was George B. McClellan [see page 358], who received the electoral vote of three of the thirtj'-five States, namely, New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky. 2. On the 14th of April, it was announced th'at the President and General Grant, by invitation, would visit Ford's Theatre in the evening. General Grant did not remain in Washington that night. The President, unwilling to disap- point the public, went to the theatre with Mrs. Lincoln and some friends, and, while sitting in a private box, J. Wilkes. Booth, formerly an actor in that theatre, approached from behind, shot him through the head, leaped upon the stage, brandishing a knife, and exclaiming, in the motto of Virginia,, " Sic semper tj/rannis Q"^ S>o always with tyrants"), and escaped at the back of the building. Booth was afterward found in a barn, not far from the Potomac River, in Virginia, which was fired, and the culprit was mortally wounded [April 26] by a bullet from a gun in the hands of a sergeant named Boston Corbett. Some of Booth's associates in the crime were afterward discovered, arrested, and were properly punished. 3. At that time Mr. Seward was in bed, and almost helpless from the effects of a fall when thrown from his carriage, a short time before. His son Frederick, who was the Assistant Secretary of State, was more severely hurt by the assas- sin than his father, and for a long time his recovery was doubtful. 4. The trial of the accomplices of the murderer of the President clearly showed that these suspicions were well- founded, upon circumstantial evidence. 5. The President died at twenty minutes past seven o'clock, on the morning of the 15th of April. 6. The oath of office was administered to hhn, at his lodgings in the Kirkwood House, Pennsylvania avenue, by Salmon P. Chase, who had lately been appointed Chief-Justice of the United Slates. 7. William H. Seward, Secretary of State; Hugh McCullough, Secretary of the Treasury; Edwin IVL Stanton, Secre- QuESTiONS. — 93. What have you to say about tlie effect of the surrender of Lee's army? What sad event cast a gloom over the Nation ? What suspicions were aroused? What did the conspirators hope? 'How was the government perpetuated? LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 391 Snrrender of Johnston's army. Capture of Jelferson Davis. Purification of the Nation. 94. After the surrender of Lee, the only large Confederate army in the field was that under Johnston, in North Carolina.^ That general was soon compelled to follow tlie example of his chief; and on the 20th of April he surrendered his forces to Sherman on the terms accorded to Lee.^ Other armies and guerrilla-bands were speedily dissolved ; and in May, 1865, the Confederacy substantially disappeared. Jefferson Davis, the chief of the Confederacy, and leader of the wicked conspirators,^ was fleeing toward the sea-coast to escape from the country. He was captured on the 10th of May, near Irwinsville, in Georgia, whilst flying to the swamps from his surprised camp, disguised as a woman by the garments of his wife.* 95. The blessings of peace and good order were soon felt tliroughout the land. In the action of Congress and of some of the Legislatures of the slave-labor States, were seen promises of future repose and prosperity for the Nation. Maryland, Missouri, and Louisiana had oflacially declared the abolition of slavery within th^ir limits. The National Congress had pro- posed to the people an amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting Slavery within the borders of the Eepublic forever ; and already the Legislatures of a majority of the States had ratified the amendment. A few ambitious men, who usurped the power of the people, had kindled a fierce Civil War for the purpose of perpetuating the institution of Shivery, and building up an independent empire, with tliat institution as its corner-stone.^ In that flame of conflict these men, their scheme, and their cherished institution, . were consumed ; and their whole country, purified and strengthened, be- came, indeed, the Land of the Free and the Asylum for the Oppressed. tary of War: Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; Joha P. Usher, Secretary cf the Interior; James Speed, Attorney- General; William Denuisou, Tostmaster-GeneraL 1. Verse 89, page 388, 2. Lee and his army were made prisoners of war on parole, with the stipulation that they might retire to their homes without fear of molestation by the military or civil power, so long as they observed the terms of that parole. 3. Verse 3, page 3o'2. Dav-is was a native of Kentucky, but, when a child, was taken to Mississippi, which was ever afterward the place of his residence. He was educated at the Military Academy at West Point. In early life, he per- formed some military service, and was the colonel of a regiment in the war with Mexico. He was President Pierce's Secretary of War; aiid while the civil war was kindling, he was a member of the Senate of the United States. He was elected Provisional President of the " Confederacy," so called, in February, 1861, and permanent President, for six years, in February, \S6'2. 4 The Government had offered $100,000 for his arrest. He was captured by a portion of the Fourth Michigan cavalry, under Colonel B. D. I'ritchard. Irwinsville is the capital of Irwin County, in Georgia. 5. In a speech at Savannah, in March, 1861, Alexander H. Stephens, the V^ice-President of the so-called " Confederacy,'* declared substantially that it was so. " This stone," he said, '* which was rejected by the first builders, is become the chief stone of the corner of our new edifice." Questions.— 94. Give an account of the surrender of Johnston and his forces. What followed ? What can you tell about Jefferson Davis and his arrest] 95. What Immediately followed the closing of the war? What beneficent work had State Legislatures and Congress performed I What have you to say about the elfects of the war on its originators, and upon the Republic I SUPPLEMENT. 1. The following preamble and speci- fications,' known as the Declaration of Independence, 2 accompanied the resolu- tion of Richard Henry Lee,^ which was adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, llie. This declaration was agreed to on the 4th, and the transac- tion is thus recorded in the Journal for that day : 2. "Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declara- tion ; and, after some time, the presi- dent resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have a(?reed to a declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration boing read, was agreed to as follows:" JEFFERSOV'S BOARDING HOUSE. 1. It must be remembered that these specific charges made against thekirg of Clreat Britain, include, in their denunciations, the government of which he was ihe head. Personally, George the Third was not a tyrant, but as the representative of a government, he was so. 2. The picture exhibits the portraits of the committee [note 6, p. 202], appointed to draft a Declaration. Also a view of the house of Mrs. Clymer[note 1, p. 203], where Mr. Jefferson boarded at the time, and wherein he performed the task of making the draft. The portrait nearest the front, and near the cen- tre, is Mr. Jefferson. Behind him is Dr. Franklin, next on his rieht, is Robert R. Livmgston [ve se 7, p. 1751, next to him is Roger Sherman, and the last, is John Adams. 3. Verse 9, p. 186. 394 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. A DECLARATION" BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OP THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as- sume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station, to whicli the laws of nature, and of nature's God entitle them^ a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare' the causes which impel them to the separation. 3. We hold those truths to be self-evident — that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among thos3 are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a now government, laying its foundations on such principles, and or- ganizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- ingly, all exporience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, wJiilo evils are sutferablo, than to right tliGmsclves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursu- ing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suf- ferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain, is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 4. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.^ 5. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- portance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should bo obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to thcm.2 6. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.3 1. The colonial assemblies, from time to time, made enactments touching their commercial operations, the emissioii of a colouial currency, and concerning representatives in the imperial parliament, but the assent of the sovereign to these laws was withheld. After the Stamp Act excitements [verse 11, p. 175J, Secretary Conway informed the Americans that the tumults should be overlooked, provided the Assem- blies would make provision for full compensation for all public property which had been destroyed. In complying with this demand, the Assembly of Massachusetts thought it would be " wholesome and neces- sary for the public good," to grant free pardon to all who had been engaged in the disturbances, and passed an act accordingly. It would have produced quiet and good feeling, but the royal assent was refused. 2. In 1764, the Assembly of New York took measures to conciliate the Six Nations, and other Indian tribes. The motives of the Assembly were misconstrued, representations having been made to the king that the colonies wished to make allies of the Indians, so as to increase their physical power and propor- tionate independence of the British crown. The monarch sent instructions to all his governors to desist from such alliances, or to suspend their operations until his assent should be given. He then "utterly neglected to attend to them." The Massachusetts Assembly passed a law in 1770, for taxing officers of the British government in that colony. The governor was ordered to withhold his assent to such tax- bill. This was in violation of the colonial charter, and the people justly complained. The Assembly was prorogued from time to time, and laws of great importance wore " utterly neglected." 3. A law was passed by parliament in the Spring of 1774, by which the popular representative system in the province of Quebec (Canada) was annulled, and officers appointed by the crown, had all power as legislators, except that of levying taxes. The Canadians being Roman Catholics, were easily paci- fied under the new order of things, by having their religious system declared the established religion of the province. But " large districts of people" bordering on Nova Scotia, felt this deprivation to be a SUPPLEMENT. 396 7. ITg has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the solo purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures/ 8. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. - 9. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re- turned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within.^ 10. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.^ 11. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for estabhshing judiciary powers.^ preal grievance. Their hnmble petitions concerning commercial regulations were unheeded, because they remonstrated against the new order of things, and governor Cavlelon [verse 19, p. 195] plainly told them that they must cease their clamor about represeniaiives, before they should have any new commer- cial laws. A bill for " better regulating the government in the province of Massachusetts Bay," passed that year, provided for the abridgment of the privileges of popular elections, to take the government out of the hands of the people, and to vest the nomination of judges, magistrates, and even sheriiTs, in the crown. When thus deprived of "free representation in the Legislature," and the governor refused to issue warrants for the election of members of the Assembly, tht-y called a convention of the freemen, and asked for the passage of "laws for the accommodation of large districts of people." These re- quests were disregarded, and they were told that no laws should be passed until they should quietly " relinquish the right of representation ia the Legislature— a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only." 1. In consequence of the destruction of tea in Boston harbor [verse 30, p. 183] in 1773, the inhabitants of that town became the special objects of royal displeasure. The Boston Port Bill [verse 31, p. 184] was passed as a punishment. The custom house, courts, and other public operations were removed to Salem, while the public records were kept in Boston, and so well guarded by two regiments of soldiers, that the patriotic members of the colonial Assembly could not have referred to them. Although compelled to meet at a place [verse 31, p. 184] " distant from the repository of the public records," and in a place extremely " uncomfortable," they were not fatigued into compliance, but in spite of the efforts of the governor, they elected delegates to a general Congress [verse 35, p. 185], and adopted other measures for the public good. 2. When the British government became informed of the fact that the Asssembly of Massachusetts in 1768, had issued a circular [verse 18, p. 178] to oiher Assemblies, inviting their co-operation in assert- ing the principle that Great Britain had no right to tax the colonists without their consent, Lord Hills- borough, the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, was directed to order the governor of Massachusetts to re- quire the Assembly of that province to rescind its obnoxious resolutions expressed in the circular. In case of their refusal to do so, the governor was ordered to dissolve them immediately. Other Assem- blies were warned not to imitate that of Massachusetts, and when they refused to accede to the wishes of the king, as expressed by the several royal governors, they were repeatedly dissolved. The Assem- blies of Virginia and North Carolina were dissolved for denying the right of the king to tax the colonies, or to remove offenders out of the country, for trial. [See verse 22, p. 180]. In 1774, when the several Assemblies entertained the proposition to elect delegates to a general Congress [verse 34, p. 185J, nearly all of them were dissolved. 3. When the Assembly of New York, inl765, refused to comply with the provisions of the Mutiny Act [verse 16, p. 177 j, its legislative functions were suspended by royal authority [ve:se 17, p. 178], and for several months the State remained " exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convul- sions within." The Assembly of Massachusetts afierits dissolution in July, 1768, was not permitted to meet again until the last Wednesday of May, 1769, and then they found the place of meeiing surrounded by a military guard, with cannons pointed directly at their place of meeting. They refused to act under such tyrannical restraint, and their legislative powers " returned to the people." 4. Secret agents were sent to Americi soon after the accession of George the Third to the throne of England [verse 7, p. 173], to spy out the condition of the colonists. A large influx of liberty-loving German emigrants was observed, and the king was advised to discourage these immigrations. Obstacles in the way of procuring lands, and otherwise, were put in the wny of all emigrants, except fiom Eng- land, and the tendency of French Roman Catholics to settle in Marj land, was also discouraged. The British government was jealous of the increasing power of the colonies, and the danger of having that power controlled by democratic ideas, caused the employment of restrictive measures. The easy con- ditions upon which actual settlers might obtain lands on the Western frontier, after the peace of 1763 [verse 7, p. 173], were so changed, that toward the dawning of the revolution, the vast soliiudes west of the Alleghanies were seldom penetrated by any b it the hunter f-om the seaboard provinces. When the War for Independence broke out, immigration had almost ceased. The king coniectured wisely, for al- most the entire German population in the colonies, were on the side of the patriots. 5. By an act of parliament in 1774, the judiciary was taken from the people of Massachusetts. The judges were appointed by the king, were dependent on him for their salaries, and were subject to his will. Their salaries were paid from moneys drawn from the people by the commissioners of customs [verse 17, p. 164], in the form of duties. The same act deprived them, in most cases, of the benefit of 896 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. ] 2. He has made judges dependent on liis will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.^ 13. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.^ 14. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures.^ 15. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. 16. lie has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation 17. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us f 18. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States; 7 19. For cutting off* our trade with all parts of the world trial by jury, and the " administration of justice " was cfTcctnally obstrncted. The rights for -which ILigiishiuen so manfully contended in 1G88 [note 9, p. 89] were trampled under foot. Similar giicv- finces concerning the courts of law, existed in other colonies, and througliout the Arglo-American [note 5, p. 159j domain, there was but a semblance of justice left. The people met in conventions, when As-somblies were dissolved, and endeavored to establish "judiciary powers," but in vain, and were finally driven to rebellion. 1. As we have observed in note 5, p. 39f , judges were made independent of the people. Royal governors were placed in the same position. Instead of checking their tendency to petty tyranny, by havirg them depend upon the colonial Assemblies for their salaries, these were paid out of the national tieasurj'. Independent of the people, they had no sympathies with the people, and thus became fit instruments of oppression, and ready at all times to do the bidding of the king and his ministers. The Colonial Assem- blies protested against the measure, and out of the excitement which it produced, grew that power of the Revolution, the committees of correspondence [note 1, p. 185]. When, in 1774, chief justice Oliver, of Massachusetts, declared it to be his intention to receive his salary from the crown, the Assembly pro- ceeded to impeach him, and petitioned the governor for his removal. The governorrefused compliance, and great irritation ensued. 2. After the passage of the Stamp Act, stamp distributers were appointed in every considerable town. In 1766 and 1767, acts for the collection of duties created " j-warms of officers," all of whom received high salaries ; and when, in 1768, admiralty and vice-admiralty courts were established on a new basis, an increase in the itumber of officers was made. The high salaries and extensive perquisites of all oi these, were paid with the people's money, and thus " swarms of officers " " eat out their substance." 3. After the treaty of peace with France, in 1763 [verse 48, p. 168], Great Biitain left quite a large number of troops in America, and required the colonists to contribute to their suppoit. There was no use for this standing army, except to repress the grov. irg spirit of democracy i moi g the coloi ists, and to enforce compliance wfth taxation laws. The presence of troops was always a cause of complaii.t, and when, finally, the colonists boldly opposed the unjust measures of the British government, aimies were sent hither to awe the people into submission. It was one of those " standing aimies " kept hcje " with- out the consent of the Legislature," against which the patriots at Lexington and Concoid [verses 4 and 5, p. 188J, and Bunker Hill [verse 10, p. 190] f o manfully battled in 1776. 4. General Gage, commander-in-chief of the Biili^h forces in America, was appointed governor of Massachusetts, in 1774, and to put the measures of the Boston Port Bill [verse 31, p. 184] into executirn, he encamped several regiments of soldiers upon Boston Common. The military there, ard also in New York, was made independent of, and supeiior to, the civil power, and this, too, in a time of peace, before the minute men [verse 1, p. 187] weie oigar.ized. 5. The establishment of a Board of Trade, to act independent of colonial legislation through its crea- tures (resident commissioners of customs) in the enforcement of revenue laws, was altogether foieign to the constitution of any of the colonies, and produced gicat indignation. The establishment of this power, and the remodelling of the admiralty courts, so as to exclude trial by jury therein, in most cases, rendered the government fully obnoxious to the charge in the text. The people felt their degradation under such petty tyranny, and resolved to spurn it. It was effectually done in Bostrr, as we have seen Jverse 20, p. 179], and the government, after all its bluster, was obliged to recede. Ii. 1774, the rrcmbers of the council of Massachusetts (answering to our Senate), were, by a parliamentary ei s^cment, chosen by the king, to hold the office during his pleasure. Almost unlimited power was ah o given to the gov- ernor, and the people wereiudeed subjected to "a jurisdiction foreign to their constitution," by these creatures of royalty. 6. In 1774 seven hundred troops were landed in Boston, under cover of the cannons of British armed ships in the harbor ; and early the following year, parliament voted ten thousand men for the Aroeiican service, for it saw the wave of rebellion rising high under the gale cf irdigrplion which unrighicous acts had spread over the land. The tragedies at Lexington and Concord, soon followed, and at Bunker mil, the War for Independence was opened in earnest. 7. In 1768, two citizens of Annapolis, in Maryland, were murdered by some marines belonging to a British armed ship. The trial was a mockery of justice, and in the face of clear evidence rgainst them, they were acquitted. In the difficulties with the Regulators [verse 27, p. 182] in North Carolina, in 1771, some of the soldic s who had shot down citizens, when standing up in defence of their rights, were tried for murder and acquitted, while governor Tryon mercilessly hung six prisoners, who were certainly en- titled to the benefits of the laws of war, if his own soldiers were. 8. The navigation laws [note 4, p. 145] were always oppressive in character ; and in 1764, the Biiti.^h naval commanders having been clothed wilh the authority of custom house officers, completely broke SUPPLEMENT. 397 / 20. For imposing taxes on us without our consent ;^ 21. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ;2 22. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences ;3 23. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- solute rule into these colonies ;^ 24. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments \^ 25. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.^ 26. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us.^ 27. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.^ 28. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to up a proHtable tr.ade which the colonists had long enjoyed with the Spanish and French West Indies, notwiilistandiiig it was in violation of the old Navigation Act of IGGO [note 3, p. 86], whirh had been ahnost ineffectual. Finally, lord North concluded to punish the refiactory colonists of New England, bycrippling their commerce [verse 3, p. 188] with Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies. Push- ing on the banks of Newfoundland was also prohibited, and thus, as far as parliamentary enactments could accomplish it, their " trade with all parts of the world " was cut off. 1. la addition to the revenue taxes imposed from time to time, and attempted to be collected by means of writs of assistance [verse 8, p. 174] the Stamp Act [verse 10, p. 174] was passed, and duties upon paper, painters' colors, glass, tea, kc, were levied. This was the great bone of contention between thj colonists and the imperial governmyiit. It was contention on the one hand for ihe great political truth that taxation and representation are inseparable, and a lust for power, and the means for replen- ishing an exhausted treasury, on tiie other. The climax of the contention was the Revolution. 2. This was especially the case, when commissioners of customs were concerned in the suit. After these functionaries were driven from Boston in 1768 [verse 20, p. 179], an act was passed which placed violations of the revenue laws under the jurisdiction of the admiralty courts, where the offenders weie tried by a creature of the crown, and were deprived " of the benefits of trial by jury." 3. A law of 1774 provided that any person in the province of Massachusetts, who should be accused of riot, resistance of magistrates or the officers of customs, murder, " or any other capital offence," might, at the option of the governor, betaken for trial to another colony, or transported to Great Britain, for the purpose. The minister pretended that impartial justice could not be administered in Massachu- setts, but the facts of cap ain Preston's case [verse 25, p. 181], refuted his arguments, in that direction. The bill was violently opposed in parliament, yet it became a law. It was decreed that Americans might be " transported bevond the seas, to be tried for pretended offences," or real crimes. 4. This charge is embo lied in an earlier one [verse 6, p. 394], considered in note 3, p. i94. The Brit- ish ministry thought it prudeut to take early steps to secure a footing in America, so near the scene of inevitable rebellion, as to allow them to breast, successfully, the gathering storm. The investing of » legislative council inCa-i ida, with all powers except levying of taxes, was a great stride toward that ab- solute military rule which bore sway there within eighteen months afterward. Giving up their political rights for doubtful religious privileges, made them willing slaves, and Canada remained a part of the British empire, whan iis sister colon.es rejoiced in freedom. 5. This is a reiteration of the charge considered in note 5, p.395, and refers to the alteration of the Mas- sachusetts charter, so as to make judges and olher officers independent of the people, snd subservient to the crown. The governor w.is empowered to remove and appoint all inferior judges, the attorney -general, provosts, marshals, ani justices of the peace, and to appoint sheriffs independent of the council. As the sheriffs chose jurors, trial by jury might easily l)e made a mere mockery. The people had hitherto been allowed, by their charter, to select jurors ; now the whole matter was placed in the hands of the creatures of government. 6. This, too, is ano her phase of the cha-ge just considered. We have noticed the suppression of the Legislature of New York [note 3, p. 395|, and in several cases, the governors, after dissolving colonial Assemblies, assumed the right to make proclamations stand in the place of statute law. Lord Dunmore assumed this right in 1775, and so did sir James Wright, of Georgia, and lord William Campbell, of South Carolina. They were driven from the country, in consequence. 7. In his message to parliament early in 1775, the king declared the colonists to be in a state of open reballion, and by sending arm'es hitherto make war tipon them, he really " abdicated government," by th is declaring liiem " out of his protection." He sanctioned the acts of governors in employing the I idians ag tiust his subjects [note 3, p. 398], and himself bargained for the employment of Germar? hirelings. And when, yielding to the pressure of popular will, his representatives (the royal governors) fled before the indignant people, he certainly " abdicated government." 8. When naval commanders were rlothed with the powers of custom-house officers [note 8, p. 396], they seized many American vessels ; and after the affair at Lexington and Bunker Hill, Biitish ships ofwar " plundered our seas " whenever an American vessel could be found. They also " ravaged our coasts and burnt our towns." Charlestown [verse 11, p. 191], Falmouth (now Portland, in Maine), and Norfolk were burnt, and Dunmore and others [verse 25, p. 197] "ravaged our coasts," and " destroyed the lives of our people." And at the very lime when this Declaration was being read to the assembled Congress [verse 10. p. 202], the shattered fleet of Sir Peter Parker was sailing northward [verse S, p. 201], after au attack upoii Charleston, South Carolina. 398 DECLARATION OF INDP]PENT)ENCE. complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with cir- cumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation/^ 29. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends "and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 30. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whoso known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.3 31. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in tho most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may de- fine a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. ^ 32. Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren.^ We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of tho circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably in- terrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to tho voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the ne- cessity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war — in peace, friends. 33. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are ab- solved, from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dis - solved, and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract aUiances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 1. This charge refers to the infamous employment of Gerram troops, known here as Hessians. Seo verse 2, p. 198. 2. An act of parliament passc^l toward the close of December, 1775, authorized the capture of all American vessels, and also directed the treatment of the crews of armed vessels to be as slaves and not as prisoners of war. They were to be enrolled for "the service of his majesty," and were thus com- pelled to fight for the crown, even against their own friends and countrymen. This act was loudly con- demned on the floor of parliament, as unworthy of a Christian people, and " a refinement of cruelty unknown among savage nations." 3. This was done in several instances. Dunmore -was charged [note 4, v. 103J with a design to em- ploy the Indians against the Virginians, as early as 1774 ; and whil;; ravaging the Viiginia coast in 1775 and 1776, he endeavored to excite the slaves against their masters. He was also concerned with govenior Gage and others, under instructions from the British ministry, in exciting the Shatcneef!, and other sav- ages of the Ohio country, against the white people. Emissaries were also sent among the Cherokees and Creeks, for the same purpose, and all of the tribes of the Six Nations, except the Oneidas, were found in arms with the British when war began. Thus excited, dreadful massacres occurred on the borders of the several colonies. 4. For ten long years the colonies petitioned for redress of grievances, " in the mosthumble terms," and loyal manner. It was done by the Colonial Congress of 1765 [verse 12, p. 176], and also by the Continental Congresses of 1774 [verse 35, p. 185) and 1775 [verse 15, p. 193]. But their petitions wero almost always " answered only by repeated injuries." 5. From the beginning, the colonists appealed, in the most affectionate terms, to *' their British breth- ren." The first address pnt forth by the Congress of 1774 [note 2, p. 186] was "To the People of Great Britain ;" and the Congress of 1775, sent aa aifectioiiate appeal to the people of lielan .l. SUPPLEMENT. 399 SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENT)ENCE. T he foUoTTing is a list of the members of the Continental Congress, who signed the Declaration of Independence, with the places and dates of their birth, and the time of their respective deaths. NAMES OF THE SIGNERS. Adams, John Adams, Samuel . Bartlett, Josiuh . Braxton, Carter . Carroll Cha's of Car'lton Chase, Samuel . Clark, Abraham . Clymer, George . Ellery, William . Floyd, William . Franklin, Benjamin Gerry, Elbridge . Gwinnet, Button . Hall, Lyman Hancock, John . Harrison, Benjamin Hart, John . Heyward, Thomas, jr Hewes, Joseph . Hooper, William Hopkins, Stephen Hopkinson, Francis Huntington, Samuel , Jefferson, Thomas Lee, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Richard Henry Lewis, Francis Livingston, Philip Lynch, Thomas, jr. M'Kean, Thomas Middleton, Arthur Morris, Lewis Morris, Robert . Morton, John Nelson, Thomas, jr. Paca, William Paine, Robert Treat Penn, John . Read, George Rodney, Cae-ar . Ross, George Rush, Benjamin, M.D. Rutledge, E Iwurd Sherman, Roger . Smith, James Stockton, Richard Stone, Thomas Taylor, George . Thornton, Matthew Walton, George . Whipple, William Williams, William Wilson, James Witherspoon, John Wolcott, Oliver . Wythe, George . Braintree, Mass., 19ih Oct. Boston, " 22d Sept. Amesbury, *' ' in Nov. Newington, Va., 10th Sept. Annapolis, Md., 20th Sept. Somerset CO., Md., 1/th April Elizabethi'n, N.J. 15th Feb. Philadelphia, Penn., in Newport, R. I., 22d Dec. Suffolk CO., N. y., 17th Dec. Boston, Mass., 17th Jan. Marblehead, Mass., 17th JuL England, in Connecticut, in Braintree, Mass., in Bcrkcly, Vi.gi iia, Ilopeweh, N. J., St. Luke's, S(/., Kingston, N. J., Boston, Mass., Scituale, " 7 Philadelphia, Penn., Windh::m, Conn., 3d July Shadwcll, Va., 13th April Stratford, " Stratford, " Landaff, Wales, Albany, N. Y., St. George's, S. C, 5th Aug. Chester co., Pa., 19th Mar. Middleton Place, S. C, in Morrisania, N. Y., in Lancashire, England, Jan. Ridley, Penn., in York, Virginia, 26th Dec. Wye-Hill, ML, 31st Oct. Boston, Mass., in Caroline co., Va., 17th May Cecil CO., Md., in Dover, Delaware, in New Castle, Del., in Byberry, Penn., 24th Dec. Charleston S. C, in Nov. Newton, Mass., 19th April Ireland, Princeton, N. J., Charles co., MJ., Ireland, I eland, Frederick co., Va. Kittery, Maine, Lebanon, Conn., Scotland, Yester, Scotland, Windsor, Conn., Elizabe.h city co, about 17th June th Mar. 14th Oct. 20th Jan. in March 15th Jan. 1st Oct. in 8th April about 5(h Feb. 26ih Nov. , Va., 1735 1722 1729 1736 1737 1741 1726 1739 1727 1734 1706 1744 1/32 1731 1737 1715 1746 1730 1742 1707 1737 1732 1743 1734 1732 1713 1716 1749 1734 1743 1726 1733 1724 1738 1740 1731 1741 1734 1730 1730 1745 1749 1721 1730 1742 1716 1714 1740 1730 1721 1(42 1722 1726 1726 DELEGATE rUOM Massachusetts, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Virginia, Maryland, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, R. I. & Prov. PL, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Georgia, Georgia, Massachusetts, Virginia, New Jersey, South Carolina, North (^arolina, North Carolina, R. I. & Prov. PL, New Jersey, Connecticut, Virginia, Virginia, Virginia, New York, New York, South Carolina, Delaware, South Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Delaware, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Georgia, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, (Connecticut, Virginia, 1809 1779 1790 1785 1790 1796 1826 4th July, 1826 2d Oct., 1803 19th May, 1795 10th Oct., 1797 14th Nov., 1832 19th June, 1811 June, 1794 24th Jan., 1813 15th Feb., 1820 4th Aug., 1821 17th Apiil, 1790 23d Isov., 1814 27th May, 1777 Feb., 1790 8lhOct., 1793 Apiii, 1791 , 1780 Mar.. 10th Nov. Oct., 19th July 9th May, 5th Jan., 4th July, April, 1797 19th June, 1794 30th Dec, 1803 12th June, 1778 lost at sea, 1779 24th June, 181? 1st Jan., 1787 22d Jan., 1798 8th May, 1806 April, 1777 4th Jan., 1789 , 1799 11th May, 1814 Sept., 1788 , 1798 , 1783 July, 1779 19th April, 1813 23d Jan., 1800 23d July, 1793 11th July, 1806 28th Feb., 1781 5th Oct , 1787 23d Feb., 1781 24th June, 1803 2d Feb., 1804 28th Nov., 1785 2d Aug., 1811 28th Aug., 1798 15th Nov., 1794 1st Dec, 1797 8th June, 1806 Among the signers of the Declaration of Independence, were men engaged in almost every vocation. There were twenty-four lawyers ; fourteen farmers^ or men devoted chiefly to agriculture; nine merchants; ionv physicians; ono gospel minister, and three who were educated for that profession, but choso other avocations ; and one manufacturer. A large portion of them lived to the age of three score and ten years. Three of them were over 90 years of age when they died; ten over 80; eleven over YO; fourteen over 60; eleven over 50 ; and six over 44. Mr. Lynch (lost at sea) was only 30. The aggregate years of life of the fifty-six patriots, were 3,687 years. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Objects. "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general wel- fare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for tho United States of America. ARTICLE 1. Legislative powers. SECTION 1. All legislative powors herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of tho United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives.^ House of Represent- SECTION 2. The liousc of representatives shall be composed of members cliosen every second year by tlie people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifica- tions requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of tho state legislature. ^"^I'JIeuiat^vifs^^^ person shall be a representative who shall not have at- tained to the age of twenty-five 3^ears, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. '*"i?c^i4sema"ives°^ Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among -cpie&en a i es. ^^^^ several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, - which shall be deter- mined by adding to the whole number of free persons, includ- ing those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.'^ The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, ' but each State shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Vir- ginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. Vacancies how niied. ^Yhen Vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec- tion to fill such vacancies. 1. JVote:5, p. '^ n- 2. This was not intended to restrict the power of imposing direct taxes, to States only. 3. Slaves. Ev^ry five slaves are accounted three persons, in making the apportiocmert. 4. Note 4, p 272. SUPPLEMENT. H)l The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and ^^^^^"^^1^^^^^^ other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeach- '^^^ ^ ' ment. .Sectiox 3. The Senate of the United States shall be com- ^""'^^L'^'^?^'''" posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legisla- ture thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 1 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of Classification of Sen- the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- ments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to Qualification of sen- the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabit- ant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of I'residing officer of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally di- Senate, vided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a pres- ident pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- ^ .^^enatc, a court for ments : When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or lueuts. affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief-justice- shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of tiie mem- bers present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further judgment, in case of than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and en- conviction, joy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, ac- cording to law. Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elec- Elections of senat- tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in JJ^^^^"^ lepresenta- each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and Meeting of Congress, such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re- Organization of turns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of ^otigr*=i.s. each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized 1. See art. v., page 40 F. 2. Verse 3, p. 26i. 402 CONSTITUTION OF THE TTNITED STATES. to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide. Rules of proceeding. Each house maj determine the rules of its proceedings, pun- °' ish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concur- rence of two-thirds, expel a member. Journal of Congress. Each liousc shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secresy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Adjournment of Neither liousc, during the session of Congress, shall, without Congress. ^j^g conscnt of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall bo sitting. rh-iie^es^of^me"^ SECTION 6. The Senators and representatives shall receive a bers!^^^^^ ^ compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be priv- ileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not bo questioned in any other place. Piuraiuy^^of^offices jv^q Senator or representative shall, during the time for which pio 1 1 e . elected, be appointed to any civil office under tho authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continu- ance in office. Bills, how origin- SECTION 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the ated. House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or con- cur with amendments as on other bills. How bills become Every bill which shall have passed the House of Represen- tatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law.^ But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall bo determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in liko manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their ad- journment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.2 mvS?o?^?"ide^T Every order, resolution, or vote to wliich the concurrence of powub o preM . ^^^^ Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (ex- 1. Verse 4, p. 309. 2. Verse 15, p. 213. SUPPLEMENT. 403 •cept on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or beinp^ disapproved by, him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- scribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect Powers vested in taxes, ^ duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide <^oi\gni>.:.. for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ;2 To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, ^ and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies* throughout the United States ; To coin money, 5 regulate the value thereof^ and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post-offices and post-roads; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by secur- ing for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective waitings and discoveries f To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and oflences against the law of nations ;^ To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal,^ and make rules concerning captures on land and water; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; To provide for calling forth the militia^ to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the mil- itia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states re- spectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 1. The power of Congress to laij and collect taxes, duties, &c., extends to the District of Columbia, and to the Territories of the United States, as well as to the States ; but Congiess is uot bound to ex- tend a direct tax to the district and territoiies. 2. Note 2, p. 25. 3. Under the Constitution of the United States, the power of naturalization is exclusively in Confrress. ^ 4. Since the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, a state has authority to pass a bankrupt law, provided such law does not impair the obligations of contracts within the meaning of the Constitu- tion (art i., sect. 10), and provided there be no act of Congress in force to establish a uniform system of bankruptcy conflicting with such law. 5. Verse 6, p. 266. 6. The first copyright law was enacted in 1790, on the petition of David Ramsay, the historian, and others. 7. Congress has power to provide for the punishment of offences committed by persons on board a 6h;p-of-war of the United States, wherever that ship may lie. 8. Licensing privateers. Note 4, p. 198. 9. Note 7, p. 152. 10. See amendments, art. ii., p. 410. 404 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by ces- sion of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States,^ and to exer- cise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; — And To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution tlie foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in tlie government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Immigrants how ad- SECTION 9. The migration or importation of such persons as ^ ^ ' any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.2 Habeas Corpus. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus^ shall not be sus- pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. Attainder. No bill of attainder^ or ex post farcto law * shall be passed. Taxes. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. Reguiatioris^^regard- preference shall bo given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. Money, how drawn. money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse- quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular state- ment and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. Titles of nobmty pro- title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any pres- ent, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. ° Powers ^o^f^s^ ate de- SECTION" 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 1. Congress has authority to impose a direct tax on the District of Columbia [note 1, p. 272], in pro- portion to the census directed to be taken by the Const itut ion. 2. This was a provision for the gradual extinction of the slave trade carried on between Africa and the United States. 3. A writ for delivering a person from false imprisonment, or for removing a person from one court to another. 4. A deprivation of power to inherit or transmit property, a loss of civil rights, &c. 5. Declaring an act penal or criminal, which was innocent when committed. 6. Note 3, p. 212. SUPPLEMENT. 405 No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and impost, laid by any state on im- ports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the Uni- ted States : and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invad- ed, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE IL Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a presi- ■'^'^^^iJ'oj^^^s^t^r' dent of the United States of America. lie shall hold his office ^ ' during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-presi- dent, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature Presidential electors, thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.^ [The electors shall meet in their respective vStates, and vote by ^'■^^j^i^^nt^^how' ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an in- ekcted.'^ ' habitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and trans- mit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the wholo number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president ; and if no person have a ma- jority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner choose the president. But in choosing the pres- ident, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by baUot the vice-president]. 2 1. See amendment, article xii, p. 411. 2. This clause is annulled. See Amendments, article xii., p. 411, Also note 4, p. 272. 406 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATfiS. Time of choosing electors. Qualifications of the president. Resort in case of his disability. Salary of the presi- dent. Oath of office. Duties of the presi- dent. His power to make treaties, appoint ambassadors, judges, &c. May fill vacancies. Power to convene Congress. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elect- ors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.^ No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any per- son be ehgible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and du- ties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-presi- dent,'^ and the Congress may by law provide for the case of re- moval, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- moved, or a president shall be elected. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from 4ihe United States, or any of them. 3 Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the United States." Sectiox 2. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for ofibiices against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. lie shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur ;5 and he shall nominate, and by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab- lished by law : but the Congress may by law vest the appoint- ment of such^inferior officers, as they think proper, in the presi- dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.^ The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess cf the Senate, by granting com- missions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section 3. lie shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 1. Now the first Tuesday in Noven^^ier. 2. Verse 3, p. 318, and verse 5, p. 333. 3. The salary of the president of the United S ates is twenty-five thousand dollars a year. 4. Verse 2, p. 264. 5. Verse 13, p. 268. 6. Verte 2, p. 234. SUPPLEMENT. 407 consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, ^ and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive am- bassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SscTiON" 4. The president, vice-president and all civil officers ^^^^j.g^^^'yj'^^^ ^® of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- " ment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE in. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be '^'''^^''^^^^gPfJJ^''' ^""^ vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.'^ The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be dimin- ished during their continuance in office. Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in To what^ca^scs it cx- law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, tinder their authority; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; — to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; — to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; — to controversies between two or more states ; — between a state and citizens of another state ; — between citizens of different states ; ' — between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and '^"gu^^reJ^e^comt^^^*' consuls, and those in which a state shall oe party, the supreme supreme coui . court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate juris- diction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall ^^^^^ triaff^^^^^^ be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not commit- ted within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed."^ Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist Treason defined, only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their ene- mies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testi- mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 1. Verse 4, p. .315. and verse 2, p. 317. 2. Verse .3, p. 264. 3. A citizen of the District of Columbia is not a citizen of a state -within the meaning of the Constitu- tlo:i of the United States. 4. Sec Amendments, article vi., p. 410. 408 CONSTITUTION OF THJC UNITED STATES. How punished. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.^ ARTICLE ly. Rights of s^tatesde- SECTION 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state * to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other statc.2 And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedmgs sliall be proved, and the effect thereof Privileges of citizens. SECTION 2. The citizcns of cach State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. Ifixecutwe^requi- ^ persou charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. ^'^vicefor labor pcrsou held to scrvicc or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be dehvered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.^ New states how SECTION 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress formed and admitted. . , • tt • i_ i. ^ i. ^ ^^ -u a ^ i into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states con- cerned as well as of the Congress. "^o^ver puWiMaudf^ "^^^^ Congrcss shall have power to dispose of and make all ^' needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. Republican govern- SECTION 4. Th3 United States shall guaranty to every state ment guarantied. . ^. . ^.^ . ^ ^ o i j 'u ^^ in tins Union, a repuoncan form of government, and shall pro- tect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE Y. Constitntion howto The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem be amended. .. ° , i , , .i . ^-o. x- it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the sev- eral states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifica- 1. Note 4, p. 404. 2. A judgment of a State court has the same credit, validity, and effect, in every other court within the United States, which it had in the court where it was rendered ; and whatever pleas would be good to a suit thereon in such State, and none others, can be pleaded in any other court within the United Si ate v. 3. This is the clause of the Constitution, on which is based the provisions of the Fugitive Slave law of 1850. Verse 5, p. 335, and note 6, p. 335. SUPPLEMENT. 409 tion may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amend- ment which may be made prior to the year one thousand r. ight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and f'oi.: th clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal sufira^3iii the Senate/ ARTICLE YL All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before ^^^y^^Jl^^lJ^^^^ the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the « > . United States under +his Constitution, as under the confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States w.' ich ^"QdeCued*^^^ shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the iudges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the ^^J^^ ancTtbr what members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no rehgious test shall ever be required i-s a qualification to any office or pubhc trust under the United States. ARTICLE YIL The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be Ratification, sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the Stb '■es present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven an^ of the independence of the United States of America the twelf ;.Ii.2 In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our n& 'nes. George WASHiNaTON, President, and deputy from Virginia. NEW HAMPSHIRK John Langdon, Nicholas Oilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, RuFus King, CONNECTICUT. William Sam'l Johnson, DELAWARE, ROGER Sherman. ^^^^^^ ^^^^ NEW YORK. Alexander Hamilton. NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris, William Livingston, David Brearley, William Paterson, Jonathan Dayton. Attest : Gunning Bedford, jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. MARYLAND. James M'Henry, [ifer, Daniel op St. Thos. Jen Daniel Carroll. VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, jr. NORTH CAROLIKi. William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson, SOUTH CAROLINA. John Rutledge, Charles C. PiNCKNi r, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. GEORGIA. William Few, Abraham Baldwln. William Jackson, Secretary 1. See ante art. 1, eec. 3, clause 1, p. 362. 2. Verse 9, p. 261. 410 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITKD STATKS. AMENDMENTS' Freedom in religion and speech, and of the press. Seaich- warrants. Capital crinues. Trial by jury. Suits at Gomniou law. Certaiu rights fined. TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, RATIFIED AC- CORDING TO THE PROVISIONS OF THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF Till: FOREGOING CONSTITUTION. Article the first. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of grievances. Article the second. A well-regulated militiaybeing neces- sary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms^ shall not be infringed. Article the third. No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in Jiny house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article the fourth. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or af- firmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article the fifth. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war and public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property bo taken for public use, without just compensation. Article the sixth. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and pubhc trial, by an impar- tial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously as- certained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; ,to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article the seventh. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shaU exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of common law. Article the eighth. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article the ninth. The enumeration in the Constitution^ 1. Congress, at its first session, begun and held in the city of New York, on Wednesday, the 4th of March, 1789, proposed to the K-gislatures of the several states, twelve arueadmcnts to the Coustitiuio i. tea of which,, ten only;, were adopted. The others 1 ave since been adopted. SUPPLEMENT. 411 of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article the tenth. The powers not delegated to the Uni- Rights reserved, ted States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Article the eleventh. ^ The judicial power of the United Judicial power lim- States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United states by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Article the twelfth. 2 The electors shall meet in their re- ^5S®°fi™®eTecn?n of spective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-presi- president audvicc- dent, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the presideut. same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate; — the president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the cer- tificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the person hav- ing the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as president, the House of Kepresentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the presi- dent. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representa- tives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be neces- sary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States.^ 1. This amendment was proposed at the first session of the third Congress. See ante, art. iii., sec. 2, clause 1, page 40T. 2. Proposed at the first session of the eighth Congress. See ante, art. ii., sec. 1, clause 3, page 405. 3. Another amendment was proposed as article xiii., at the second session of the eleventh Congress, hut not having been ratified by a sufficient number of states, has not yet become valid as a part of tlirT'}i becomes a royal province. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1749. The Olii • Company chartered. 1754. Washington returns from his mission to the French commander. March of colonial troops for the Ohio country, April 22. " Washington in command of the troops, May 30. " Colonial Congress meets at Albany, N. Y., June 19. " Surrend( - of Fort Nec essity, July 4. 1755. Capture of Forts Beausejour (June 16) and Gaspereau (June 17). Battle on Me Monongahela, and defeat of Braddock, July 9. " Americaiu defeated by the French near Lake George, N. Y., Sep- tember 3. " French d'.ieated at Lake George by the Americans, September 8. 1756. England declares war against France, May 17. " Oswego, ^ . Y., captured by the French, August 14. 1757. Fort "Wiliiam Henry (Lake George) surrendered to the French, Augus^ i). 1758. Lord Howe killed near Ticonderoga, N. Y., July 6. " The Engl: .'i repulsed at Ticonderoga, July 8. Louisbun , Cape Breton, taken by the English, July 26. " Fort Fron^nnac, Canada, surrendered to the English, August 27. " Grant del :i,ted near Fort du Quesne, Pa., Saptember 21. 1759. Ticondero;^a (July 26) and Crown Point (August 1) abandoned by the Frr ich. " Fort Niagara, N. Y., surrendered to the English, July 25. " Battle of Montmorenci, near Quebec, July 31. " Battle on the Plains of Abraham, Quebec, September 13. " Quebec so rendered to the English, September 18. 1760. Attempt recover Quebec — Battle at Sillery, April 28. " Montreal, 'Canada, surrendered to the English, and French domin- ion in nerica ended, September 8. 1761. George III. ascends the throne. 1763. Peace con :uded at Paris, February 10. " Florida ceded to Great Britain, February 10. ^' Pontiac's Tar. THE REVOLUTION. 1765. Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament, March 8. " Colonial C ngress meet in New York, October 7. 1766. Stamp Aci repealed, March 18. 1767. Duties levi on glass, paper, &c., June 29. 1768. Arrival of British troops in Boston, Mass., September 27. 1770. The " Boston Massacre," March 5. 1771. Battle with the " Regulators " in North Carolina, May 16. 1772. The Gaspe schooner burned in Narraganset bay, R. I., June 9, 1773. Destructio > of tea in Boston harbor, December 16. 1774. Boston " 1 .>rt Bill " passed by Parliament, March 7. " Port of Bo^^ton closed, June 1. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 417 1774. First Continental Congress meet in PMladelphia, September 5. 1775. Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, Mass., April 19. Ticonderoga captured by Allen and Arnold, May 10. " Crown Point captured by Setli Warner, May 12. " Washington chosen commander-in-chief, June 15. Battle of Bunker Hill, near Boston, June 17. " Washington takes command of the army near Boston, July 3. " Surrender of St. Johns, Canada, November 3. " Arnold before Quebec, November 13. " Montreal surrenders to Montgomery, November 13. " Assault on Quebec, December 31. 1776. Norfolk, Ya., destroyed by Governor Dunmore, January 1. " Boston evacuated by the British, March 1. Repulse of the British at Charleston, S. C, June 28. " Declaration of Independence, July 4. Battle on Long Island, N. Y., August 27. " Battle on Harlem Plains, N. Y., September 16. " Battle at White Plains, N. Y., October 28. " Capture of Fort Washington, N. Y., by the British, November 16. " Capture of Fort Lee, N. J., by the British, November 18. " Battle at Trenton, N. J., December 26. 1777. Battle at Princeton, N. J., January 3. Diplomatic agent sent to Europe, March. " Destruction of stores at Peekskill, N. Y., March 23. Tryon's marauding expedition in Connecticut, April 26, 27. " Meigs's expedition against Sag Harbor, L. I., May 23. " Burgoyne invades New York, June. The Americans abandon Ticonderoga, July 5. " Battle at Hubbardton, Yt., July 7. " Capture of General Prescott by Am.ericans, R. I., July 10. " Battle at Oriskany, Mohawk Yalley, N. Y., August 6. " Sortie at Fort Schuyler (now Rome), N. Y., August 6. " Battle near Bennington, Yt., August 16. " Battle on the Brandy wine. Pa., September 11. " Battle on Bemis's Heights, N. Y., September 19. " Massacre at Paoli, Pa., September 20. " British take Philadelphia, September 26. Battle at Germantown, near Philadelphia, October 4. " Capture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, on the Hudson, October 6. " Battle at Saratoga, N. Y., October 7. " Surrender of Burgoyne to Gates^ October 17. " British fleet pass Forts Mifliin and Mercer, on the Delaware, No- vember 18. " Washington marches to the Yalley Forge, Pa., December 11. 1778. A treaty between the United States and France, and acknowledg- ment of the independence of the former, February 6. " Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. " Battle at Monmouth, N. J, June 28. " Battle and massacre in the Wyoming Yalley, Pa., July 4, 5. " Arrival of a French fleet under D'Estaing, July 8. " Battle at Quaker Hill, R. L, August 29. 41.S SUPPLEMENT. 1778. Massacre by Indians and Tories at Cherry Valley, Y., November 11. " Capture of Savannah, Ga., by the British, December 29. 1779. Capture of Sunbury, Ga., by the British, January 9, Battle of Kettle Creek, Ga., February 14. " Battle at Brier Creek, Ga., March 3. " Capture of Stoney Point, N. Y., by the British, May 31. " Capture of Verplanck's Point, N. Y., by the British, June 1. " Tryon's raid in Connecticut, July 5 to 13. " Recapture of Stoney Point by the Americans, July 15. " Capture of the British garrison at Paulus's Hook, N. J., July 19. " Castine, Me., captured by the British, August 13. " Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians in Western New York, Au- gust and September. Siege of Savannah, Ga., by the Americans and French, September. " Paul Jones's victory off the coast of Great Britain, September 23. " Assault on Savannah, and abandonment of siege, October 9. 1780. Charleston, S. C, besieged by the British, April and May. " Skirmish at Monk's Corner, S. C, April 14. " Surrender of Charleston to the British, May 12. " Skirmish on the Waxhaw, S. C, May 29. « Battle at Springfield, N. J., June 23. " Arrival of a French fleet and army at Newport, R. I., July 10. " Battle at Rocky Mount, S. C, July 30. " Battle at Hanging Rock, S. C, August 6. " Battle at Sander's Creek, S. C, August 16. " Defeat of Sumter at Fishing Creek, S. C, August 18. " Meeting of Arnold and Andre at Haverstraw, N. Y., to arrange the business of treason, September 22. " Execution of Andre at Tappan, N. Y., October 2. Battle on King's Mountain, S. C, October 7. " Battle at Fish Dam Fort, S. C, November 12. Battle at Blackstock's, S. C, November 20. 1781. Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops, January 1. " Battle at the Cowpens, S. C, January 17. " General Greene's retreat, N. C, January and February, Mutiny of New Jersey troops, January 18. " Battle near Guilford Court House, N. C, March 15. Battle at Hobkirk's Hill, S. C, April 25. " Capture of Augusta, June 5. " Siege of Ninety-Six, S. C, June 18, 19. Arnold destroys New London, Conn., September 6. " Massacre at Fort Griswold, Conn., September 6. " Battle at Eutaw Springs, S. C, September 8. " Siege of Yorktown, Ya., commenced, October 9. " Surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, October 19. 1782. British Parliament resolve to end the war, March 4. " Savannah, Ga., evacuated by the British, July 11. " Preliminary treaty of peace signed at Paris, November 80. " Charleston, S. C, evacuated by the British, December 14. 1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in America, April 19. Formation of the Cincinnati Society, June 10. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 419 1783. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, September 3. " American army disbanded by order of Congress, November 3. " New York evacuated by the British, November 25. " Washington parts with his officers at New York, December 4. " Washington resigns his commission to Congress, at Annapolis, Md., December 23. 1787. National Constitution adopted in convention, at Philadelphia, Sep- tember 17. THE NATION. • 1787. The first Congress under the National Constitution assembles at New York, March 4. Inauguration of Washington as the first President, at New York. April 30. 1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians on the Maumee, in Indiana, Oc- tober 17, 22. 1791. Vermont admitted to the Union, March 4. " St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, November 4. 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union, June 1. 1794. Wayne defeats the Indians on the Maumee, in Ohio, August 20. u u Whisky Insurrection " in Pennsylvania. 1795. Jay's Treaty with Great Britain ratified, June 24. " Treaty with the Indians at Greeneville, Ohio, August. 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June 1. " Washington's Farewell Address issued, September. 1797. John Adams inaugurated second President, at New York, March 4. 1798. A provisional army to fight the French, authorized. May. 1799. Death of Washington at Mount Vernon, December 14. 1800. Seat of the National Government removed to Washington city. 1801. Jefferson inaugurated third President, March 4. " War with Tripoli commenced, June 10. 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union, November 29. 1803. Louisiana purchased from France, April 30. 1804. The frigate President destroyed at Tripoli by Decatur, February 4. " Hamilton murdered in a duel by Burr, at Weehawken, N. J., July 12. 1805. Peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 1806. British " Orders in Council," May. " Bonaparte's " Berlin Decree," November 21. 1807. Affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard^ June 22. " British armed vessels ordered from American waters by the Presi- dent of the United States, July. " Burr tried for treason at Richmond, Va., and acquitted, September. " Embargo on commerce declared by Congress, December 22. 1809. Madison inaugurated the fourth President, March 4. 1811. Battle between the President and Little Belt, May 16. " Battle of Tippecanoe, Ind., November 7. 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union, April 8. " Declaration of war against Great Britain, June 19. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 1812. Hull invades Canada, July 12. " Surrender of Mackinaw, Mich., July 17. 420 STJPPLEMEIN-T. 1812. Van Horne defeated, August 5. " Miller defeated, August 8. " Hull surrenders Detroit, August 16. " The Essex captures tlie Alert at Valparaiso, August 18. " The Constitution captures the Guerrierre^ August 19. " Battle on Queenstown Heights, Canada, October 13. The Frolic captures the Wasp^ October 18. " The United States captures the Macedonian^ Octol)er 25. " The Constitution captures the Java^ December 29. 1813. Massacre at Frenchtown, Mich., January 22. " The Hornet captures the Peacoc\ February 24. " Madison inaugurated President a second time, March 4. " Capture of York, or Toronto, Canada, April 27. " First siege of Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 1, 5. Fort George, Canada, captured by the Americans, May 27, " Battle at Sackett's Harbor, K Y., May 29. " The Shannon captures the Chesapeake^ June 1. " Battle at Stoney Creek, Canada, June 6. " British repulsed at Craney Island, June 22. " Defense of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, August 2. " The Pelican captures the Argus^ August 14. Massacre at Fort Mimms, Ala., August 30. " The Enterprise captures the Boxer ^ September 5. " Capture of a British fleet on Lake Erie, by Perry, September 10. Battle on the Thames, in Canada, October 5. " Battle at Williamsburg, Canada, November 11. " Burning of Newark, Canada, December 12. " Capture of Fort Niagara, N. Y., by the British, December 29. " Desolation of the Niagara frontier by the British, December 30. 1814. Battle of the Horse Shoe (Creek War), Ala., March 27. Capture of the Essex at Valjjaraiso, March 28. " The Peacoch captures the Epermer^ April 29. " Capture of Oswego, May 5. The Reindeer captured by the Wasp, June 28. " Fort Erie, Canada, taken by the Americans, July 3. " Battle at Chippewa, Canada, July 5. " Battle at Niagara Falls, Canada, July 25. " Attack on Stonington, Conn., April 9-14. " Battle at Fort Erie, August 15. " Battle at Bladensburg, Md., August 24. " Washington city captured and partly burned, August 24. " The Wasp captures the Awn, September 1. " Battles on land and water at Plattsburg, N. Y., September 11. " Battle near North Point, Md., September 12. " Bombardment of Fort McHenry, Baltimore, September 13, 14. " Attack on Fort Bower (now Morgan), Ala., September 5. " Sortie at Fort Erie, September 17. " British expelled from Pensacola, Fla., by Jackson, November 7. " Battle on Lake Borgne, La., December 14. " Battle below New Orleans, La., December 23. " Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, De- cember 24. CHROI^^OLOGICAL TABLE. 421 1815. Battle near New Orleans, January 8. " The President captured by a British squadron, January 15. " Peace proclaimed, February 18. " The Constitution captures the Cyane and Lemnt, February 20, " The Hornet captures the Penguin^ March 23. " War with Algiers, March. " Decatur sent against Algiers, May. " Algerine frigate captured, June 17. 1816. Indiana admitted into the Union, December 11. 1817. Monroe inaugurated President, March 4. " Mississippi admitted into the Union, December 10. 1818. Jackson expels the Spaniards from Florida, April. " Jackson seizes Pensacola, Fla., May 24. " Illinois admitted into the Union, December 3. 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union, December 14. 1820. Maine admitted into the Union, March 15. " Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, October. 1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, August 21. 1824. Lafayette visits the United States, August. 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President, March 4. 1826. Death of Jefierson and Adams, July 4. 1828. Tarijff law obnoxious to cotton planters passed, May 15. 1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4. 1832. Black Hawk War, on the Mississippi. " Kebellion in South Carolina, November. " Jackson's proclamation against the rebels, December 10. 1833. Compromise act, proposed by Henry Clay, passed, March 3. " Removal of the public money from the United States Bank, October. 1835. War with the Seminole Indians, Florida, commenced, December. " General Thompson and companions murdered in Florida, Decem- ber 28. Major Dade and his command massacred in Florida, December 28. 1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union, June 15. Governor Call, of Georgia, invades the Seminole country, October. " He fights them at Wahoo Swamp, November 21. 1837. Michigan admitted into the Union, January 25. " Van Buren inaugurated President, March 4. " Commencement of the Canadian Eebellion.' 1841. General Harrison inaugurated President, March 4. " Harrison dies, April 4." " Tyler (Vice-President) inaugurated President, April 6. 1842. End of the Seminole War. " Threatened civil war in Rhode Island. 1845. Resohitions for the admission of Texas signed by Tyler, March 1. " Florida admitted into the Union, March 3. " Polk inaugurated President, March 4. " Texas admitted into the Union, July 4. WAR WITH MEXICO. 1846. Army of Observation in Texas. " First blood shed in the war with Mexico, April 26. 422 SUPPLEMENT. 1846. Battle at Palo Alto, Texas, May 8. Battle at Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 9. " Congress declares war with Mexico, May 11. " General Taylor captures Matamoros, Mexico, May 18. " Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Taylor, September 24. " Battle at Braceto, Mexico, December 25. " Iowa admitted into the Union, December 28. 1847. Battle at Buena Vista, Mexico, February 23. " Battle at Sacramento, Mexico, February 28. ^' Vera Cruz surrenders to General Scott, March 27, " Battle at Sierra Gordo, Mexico, April 18. " Battle at Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico, August 20. " Battle at Molino del Rey, Mexico, September 8. " Battle at Chapultepec, Mexico, September 13. " Scott enters the city of Mexico a conqueror, September 14. " Battle at Huamantla, Mexico, October 9 1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2. " Wisconsin admitted into the Union, May 29. 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5. 1850. Death of President Taylor, July 9. Fillmore (Vice-President) inaugurated President, July 10. " California admitted into the Union, September 9. " Fugitive Slave Bill passed, September 9. 1853. Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 1854. " Missouri Compromise " virtually repealed, June. 1857. Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. " Dred Scott decision, March 6. 1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union, May 11. 1859. Oregon admitted into the Union, February 14. " John Brown's raid into Virginia, October 16. 1860. Secession of South Carolina from the Union declared, December 20. 1861. Secession of Mississippi declared, January 8. " United States steamship Star of the West fired on, January 9. " Secession of Florida declared, January 10. Secession of Alabama declared, January 11. Secession of Georgia declared, January 19. Kansas admitted into the Union, January 29. " A " Southern Confederacy formed at Montgomery, Ala., February 4. " Jefferson Davis chosen President, February 9. " Lincoln inaugurated President, March *4. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 1861. Fort Sumter attacked by the insurgents, April 11. " Fort Sumter evacuated, April 12. President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. " Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19. " More than 64,000 more troops called for. May 4. " Virginia invaded by National forces at Alexandria, May 24. " Battle at Big Bethel, Va., June 10. " Battle at Romney, Va., June 11. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 423 1861. Congress meet in extraordinary session, July 4. " Battle near Carthage, Mo. July, 5. " Battle at Rich Mountain, Va., July 11. . " Battle near CentreVille, Ya., July 18. " Richmond becomes the headquarters of the Confederates, July 20. " Battle at Bull Run, Va., July 21. " Battle at Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10. " Capture of forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C, August 2\j. " Battle at Carnifex Ferry, Ya., September. " Battle at Ball's BluflP, Ya.., October 30. " Battle at Belmont, Mo , November 7. " Capture of Port Royal Entrance, S. C, November 7. 1862. Battle at Mill Spring, Ky., January 8. " Capture of Roanoke Island, N. C, February 8. " Capture of Fort Donelson, Tenn., February 16. " Battle at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 5, 8. The Congress and ^Cumberland sunk by the Merrimac^ March 8. " First appearance of a Monitor^ March 9. " Newbern, N. C, captuied, March 14. " Battle at Shiloh, Tenn., April 6, 7. " Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi river, April 7. " Capture of Fort Pulaski, Ga., April 11. " Capture of New Orleans, April 24. " Norfolk, Ya., captured by the Nationals, May 9. " Natchez, on the Mississippi, captured. May 12. " Confederates driven from Corinth, Miss., May 26. " Battle at Fair Oaks, Ya., May 31, June 1. " Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Nationals, June 6. " Seven days' battles on the Yirginia peninsula commence, Jane 25. " The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July 1. " Battles between Manassas and Washington city, August 23 to 30. " Battle at South Mountain, Md., September 14. " Surrender of Harper's Ferry to the Confederates, September 15. Battle at Antietam creek, Md., September 17. " Battle at luka, Miss., September 19. " Battle at Fredericksburg, Ya., December 13. Battle near Murfreesboro', Tenn., December 29, January 4. 1863. The President's Emancipation Proclamation issued, January 1. " Capture of Arkansas Post, Ark., January 11. " Passage of a conscription act, March 3. " Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 3. " Grant's six battles in Mississippi, May 1 to 17. " Lee invades Maryland, June. " Capture of Confederate " ram " Atlanta^ June 17. " West Yirginia admitted into the Union, June 20. " Battle at Gettysburg, Pa., July 1, 3. " Surrender of Yicksburg, Miss., July 4. " Capture of Port Hudson by National troops, July 8. " Great riot in New York city, July 13-16. " Morgan's guerilla band broken up in Ohio, July 26. " Fort Smith, Ark., captured by National troops, September 1, 424 SUPPLEMEISTT. 1863. Little Rock, Ark., captured by National troops, September 10. " Battle of Chickamauga, Ga., September 19. " Battle of Chattanooga, Ga., September 23. " Knoxvilie, Tenn., besieged, November 29. " 1864. President orders a draft for 300,000 more men, Febiuary 1. " Grant created a lieutenant-general, Marcli. " General Sherman's invasion of Mississi^Dpi, February 3, 21. " Battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20. " Capture of Fort De Russey, La., Marcli 13. " Battle of Cane river, La., March 26. " Massacre at Foi t Pillow, Tenn., by Forrest's forces, April 12. " Grant orders a general forward movement, May 3. " Battles in the Wilderness, Va., May 5, 6, 7. " Battle near Pleasant Hill, La., May 8, 9. " Passage of the Red river rapids by Porter's fleet. May 11. " Lee falls back to Richmond early in June. " The Potomac Army on the south side of James river in June. Destruction of the Alahama, June 15. " Third invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania, July. " Chambersburg, Pa., destroyed by the Confederates, September 30. " Petersburg and Richmond besieged, July, August, and September. " The Weldon railway seized by the JSTational troops, August 18. Capture of forts and dispersion of the Confederate fleet near Mo- bile, August. " Capture of Atlanta, Ga., September 3. " The President, by proclamation, recommends public thanksgivings for victories. " Nevada admitted into the Union, October 31. " Slavery abolished in Maryland, November i. " Sherman leaves Atlanta for Savannah, November 14. " Hood invades Tennessee, November. " Milledgeville, the capital of Georgia, captured, November 20. " Battle at Franklin, November 30. " Sherman enters Savannah, December 21. 1865. Slavery abolished in Missouri, January. " Capture of Fort Fisher, January 15. " Act to amend the Constitution so as to abolish slavery throughout the Union, passed both Houses of Congress, January 31. " Slavery abolished in Tennessee, February. " Capture of Columbia, the capital of South Carolina, February 17. National troops enter Charleston, February 18. " Capture of Wilmington, North Carolina, February 21. Flight of the Confederates from Richmond, April 2. " President Lincoln enters Richmond, April 4. " Surrender of Lee's army, April 9. " Assassination of the President, April 14. " Andrew Johnson inaugurated President, April 15. " Surrender of Johnston's Army, April 26. " Capture of Jefferson Davis, May 10. " Close of the Civil War, May.