1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 630.7 \ -3 -. 2-3 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Agricultural Experiment Station BULLETIN No. 321 SWINE TYPE STUDIES T. TYPE IN SWINE AS RELATED TO RATE AND ECONOMY OF GAIN BY W. K. (' \UROLL, SLEETER BI T LL, J. B. RICE, li. J. LAIULK, AND R. A. SMITH URBANA, ILLINOIS, MAY, 1929 "THIS series of bulletins on SWIXE TYPE STl.'DIKS includes the following: I. TYI-E IN SUINK AS RELATED TO HAH: AND ECON- OMY IK C.AIN (Bulletin II. Tll'h IN S\\1NK mi liKI.A'IKl) To (^1 AI.ITV Oh I'nlik III. THK KNKKI.V AND I'KOTKIN RKQI'IHEMKNTS OK CRO\Vl\(i S \\INK AND THE I "TI I.I/. A Tic IN oK FEED KNEH<;Y IN (iuowrn Unlit tin .', : FOREWORD The question of the type of swine that will make the most rapid and economical gains in the feed lot is one that has received tl tention of progressive breeders for several decades. Recently the question of type as it relates to the desirability of the cat duced has been seriously considered by many packers. Unfortunately most of the arguments for or against the various types have considered the matter from the standpoint of the producer only or from that of the butcher only, while, as with most problems in meat production, it is necessary to consider it from the standpoints both of pro. and butcher. Obviously the price the butcher can pay the producer for raw material is based directly on what the consumer will pay for the finished product, and the amount the consumer will pay depends on how close the product comes to meeting his requirements. The con- sumer's preference in the matter of pork products has undergone marked changes in the past decade. Small, lean cuts of choice quality are now demanded, and yet to have quality pork must be fat. These rather conflicting requirements may be met by producing a small, finished, but not overfat hog from which the butcher removes, for lard or other purposes, the excessive fat to which the consumer ob- jects. Since the price of lard is relatively low, it is apparent that the amount of fat to be removed must not be great. In order to help settle, on a scientific basis, the question of the type of lard hog that would most economically meet the foregoing re- quirements, the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station in 1!>J began a series of investigations. Five types of lard hog Vcrj/ Chuff u. Cliuffy, Intermediate, Rangy, and Very Rangy were used in the ex- periments. The results are discussed in three separate publications, as noted on the opposite page; facts concerning the rate and economy of gains being reported in this bulletin, those having to do with the quality of the carcass in another, and those bearing upon the science of nutrition in another. By way of summary it may be said that in these experiments type proved not to be a controlling factor in the rate and economy of trains made. From the butcher's standpoint, however, that of quality ot' carcass, the Intermediate type (Fig. 3, page 346), either hand-fed or self-fed, proved the most desirable, tho the Rangy type was quite acceptable when self -fed. Taking all facts into consideration, tl^ dence thus points to the Intermediate type of lard hog as the one !n-st suited for the present-day pork producer. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 343 OBJECTS OF THE INVESTIGATION 344 PLAN OF THE INVESTIGATION 344 Animals Used 344 Number and Disposition of Animals Each Year 345 Rations Used and Methods of Feeding 349 RESULTS OF TYPE EXPERIMENTS WITH INDIVIDUALLY FED PIGS 353 RESULTS OF TYPE EXPERIMENTS WITH PIGS SELF-FED IN GROUPS 353 DO THESE DIFFERENCES INDICATE SIGNIFICANT TYPE DIF- FKRKNCES 358 Analysis of Differences in Average Daily Gain 358 Analysis of Differences in Economy of Gain 362 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 364 APPENDIX . . 367 TYPE IN SWINE AS RELATED TO RATE \\l> ECONOMY OF GAIN BY YV. !:. !'AI:I;U: -mi 1 Typo in animals lias been described as "that combination actors which makos an animal highly useful f< Applied to swine this would moan an animal with po\\, rapidly and economically, the ordinary swim- feeds into pork of high quality. Of all farm animals swino have been the most plastic in the hands of breeders. Anyone acquainted with tho changes in swino typo that have occurred during tho last twenty-live years will agree that this plasticity has boon utili/.ed to the full t during that tin While changes have occurred in all the major breeds ot' swine. 1 1 that have taken place in the Poland China breed a: lly inter- esting because they first came, not from widely different blood linos, but from animals of tho same breeding. The small type, with its great quality and refinement, readied the height of its development thru selections made amontr the offspring of the boar Chi. tion 2d, farrowed October 1(>. 1896. This boar is reported to have boon "an outstanding breeding boar, and produced as 1. \vthy offspring as any hoar, but unfortunately, was the victim < cra/e for six white points by the brooder, and only the finer, smaller sons were kept for breeders. ' ' 2 Chief Price, farrowed a year and a half later I April 1(1. - termed tho "father of the big types." 3 A most interesting feature in the history of these two animals which founded such diver-rent in the Poland China brood is the fact that the old boar Chief Tecum- seh 2d, the paternal grandsiro of Chief Perfection lM 90 the great-grandsire of Chief Price. This is indeed a striking illustration of what may be accomplished by selection in swino breeding. Tho type set by the small, refined offsprinir of Chief Perfection 'Jd became extremely popular and dominated the swino shows and for many years. Diirin<_ r this time the breeders ( ,f the larger t;. hog were forced to content themselves with the supposedly L' 1 practical utility of their animals, as any extensive sale of hreedini: stock was limited largely to prospective performance in the sh<>\\ ring and judges were selected who favored the small type. 1 W. E. CARROLL. Chief in Swine Hiisl.an.li. in Meats; .1. H. Hi' r. f.nnierly A.-sistant Chief in Sun- L.MBLK. formerly Fi 'it in Animal Hnshaniliy ; ami K. \ B merly Assistant in Swine Uiisl.ainlry. 'Davis, J. B.. :unl Duncan. H. S. Hi- and China 1 Ibid., 29. 344 BULLETIN No. 321 [May, It was not until 1908 1 that the combination of circumstances which had sustained the small-type boom began definitely to give way before the alleged utility of the larger, growthier hog. As is so frequently true, breeders were then not content until they had gone to the other extreme in type. This change from a short, thick, low-set, early- fattening animal to a long, narrow, upstanding, shallow-bodied, slow- maturing one was accomplished in a remarkably short time when once it got under way. All gradations between the two extremes have been popular and at the time this investigation was undertaken (1922) were to be found on farms in the corn belt. If animal form and function are so related in swine that certain types are more efficient pork producers than others, the determination of the most efficient type would have an immensely practical bearing on costs and profits in pork production. It was the consideration of this fact which prompted these investigations. OBJECTS OF THE INVESTIGATION The principal objects of these experiments were to determine the differences in rate and economy of gain among swine of different types, the carcass value of various types of lard hogs fed under corn- belt conditions, and the composition of gains and of carcasses. The present bulletin reports the results of the first phase of the study the rate and economy of gains of the different types. Bulletin 322 gives the results of the carcass study. Bulletin 323 covers the study of the composition of carcasses and of gains and in addition presents data on the maintenance requirements of the different types at dif- ferent live-weight levels; on the basis of these data and of data on the amount, composition, and digestibility of the feed consumed, esti- mates of the net energy value of the ration are made. No attempt was made in this study to compare the different types of animals for breeding purposes. The plan of the entire experiment, as conducted for three years (1922-1924), is outlined below. PLAN OF THE INVESTIGATION ANIMALS USED Purebred Poland China pigs were selected for the test in place of grades because it was felt that the performance of the purebreds would be somewhat more dependable and uniform. The Poland China breed was selected because of the wide variation in type within it when 1 Loo. Git., 86, 98, 178. 1929] TYPK IN SWINK .\ B IMY or G these studies were begun il!>i^>. A great deal of timi and can- exercised in selecting the pins i.. have iln'in tni! tive of the different types heinn studied i .mpiish this. Poland China herds over a wide an -a uf I Him. is , !Ml i visited and studied each year l!>__ -1 !>_' prinn p that represented the types beinn lesied. thc\ shipped to the I'liiversity. rniformity of size, vigor, and as \\ell as type, were given consideration in jh- The pigs were of approximately the same initial weight tlin, and care \vas taken to have the animals in the same nnmp .-is nearly uniform and true to the type of that group as pussihlc. I: the fact that the pigs were selected when they were younn. th< mained rather uniformly true to typo as they grew out. Following is a brief description of the different types used in i tests. The Very ('huffy pins were extremely short -bodied. ! "lick animals of a type capable of being fattened at an early age tho attaining an extremely lame si/e. Perfection in this typ> mpli fied by the famous old boar, chief Perfection I'd. The populai this type covered the period from about l. v !>"> to 1!" The Cliuffy pigs were the same general type of animals as tin- Very ('huffy tho they weir much loss extreme and showed consider- ably more si/e and nrowthiness. ( Kin. _ The Int< niiKliult pins were lonner in both body and lens and lacked the thickness of back and early tleshing qualities of the ('huffy and Chuffy types. Animals of this type \\eiv popular in tin- show ring from 1915 to 1917. Some very popular recent show winners have also been of this type. (Fig. 3) The Rangy pigs shoued >1:'l more length of body and i' leaner and more growthy. showed a stronnor arch to their backs and carried somewhat more bone than pins of tin- three t\ PCS just de- scribed. This type also is popular in the show ring at tl time. (Fig. 4) The Very Rangy pins were what the term implies rannr ried to the extreme. They were very h>nn. narrou. and shallow of body, with long legs and stronnly arched backs. They \\erc i boned, in some cases even approaching coarsi-ness. The \Yr\ l; pigs represented the type which was popular in the show rinn th- they were included in the experiment !!_' NUMBER AND DISPOSITION OF ANIMALS EACH YEAR First Experiment. Tho experiment of the t ; (1922 included 90 spring pigs. 30 of each of the three t\ ; ' mediate, and Rangy. 346 BULLETIN No. 321 [1/fl!/, WSO] TVI'K IN S\VIXK AS IUi UJ ' FH,S. 1 M 5. IJ! PR] E EN ; vn\ i: I'll \ns en TYH The \'if ii Chatt ii pi- repie-ented here u:i.s t'i-il imli\ iilmtlU a- N". 17 in the srremd cx]ii'riiii('iil . The Chi/ Io, I in ilr.v lut tin' same year, while |-'i-. .", slm\\> Inh run in the ser.md expei imeiit, while the I ]iijr was N.I. 1 in the sell' fed ^ r li >ive ehan^e in length (if }>. height nf dark, and length (' ! sli^lit clian^e in dej.th ut' li.idy with incie:, \ lower uf finish was tvpii-al .>!' the umie iaiii;\ | p i^N at (hi- \\eijjht. 348 BULLETIN No. 321 [May, Five representative pigs of each type were slaughtered as check pigs at the beginning of the test and their carcasses submitted to a detailed physical and chemical analysis. Five other representative pigs of each type were placed on a maintenance ration. At the com- pletion of this maintenance trial they were slaughtered and analyzed, as were the check pigs. The remaining 20 pigs of each type were fed individually to live weights of approximately 225 pounds. When they had reached this weight, 15 pigs of each type were submitted to detailed slaughter and cutting tests and physical and chemical analysis. The other five pigs of each type were put on a maintenance trial at a weight of approxi- mately 225 pounds, after which they were slaughtered and analyzed chemically. Second Experiment. The test of the second year (1923-24) was enlarged to include four groups of pigs self -fed in dry lot, in addition to the three types fed in individual feeding crates. Five different types w r ere fed either individually or in groups this year. The three types represented in the individual feeding were Very Clniffy, Intermediate, and Rangy. Five representative pigs of each of these types were slaughtered as checks and their carcasses analyzed chemically at the beginning of the test. A maintenance trial was con- ducted at the beginning of the test with five other representative pigs of these types. These animals were not slaughtered at the end of the trial as was done in 1922. Twenty pigs of each of these three types were put on feed in individual feeding crates. Of these, the follow- ing numbers were slaughtered and submitted to cutting tests and physical and chemical analysis at the live weights indicated : At approximate live weights of 175 Ibs. 225 Ibs. 275 Ibs. Very Chuff y 6 3 2 Intermediate 3 7 4 Rangy 3 6 5 At the 225-pound weight 3 Very Chuffy pigs, 4 Intermediate pigs, and 5 Rangy pigs were put on a maintenance trial. They were not slaugh- tered at the close of the test. The pigs not accounted for in the above summary died of influenza during the course of the experiment. The four groups of pigs self-fed in dry lot included 10 pigs each of the Chuffy, Intermediate, Rangy, and Very Rangy types. These pigs were fed to individual live weights of approximately 225 pounds. One Chuffy pig, one of the Intermediate type, and three Very Rangy pigs died before this weight was reached. The surviving pigs, except two Very Rangy pigs, were submitted to detailed slaughter and cut- ting tests, and the carcasses of five pigs of the Intermediate type were analyzed chemically. The two Very Rangy pigs were continued on 1929] TYPE IN SWINE A- . TO BATK OMY or G 349 feed until they reached individual \ :ipn.xim pounds, at which time they were slaughtered and the A set of body measure men Is was taken of all the test this year and of all piirs at the time tiny This was done in order to determine whether a mathein. | sion, or type index, could be established which would vary with the type of the pig. Third Experiment. In the third series of I nly two types of pigs were used, the Int< rtunliate and i a were fed both in individual l'ee(lin._r crates in dry lot and s in groups on alfalfa pasture. No pius were slaughtered and ana as check pigs, and no maintenance trials were conducted ; in the carcasses of the finished hogs submitted to chemical at The individual feeding was carried on with 40 p mediate type and 20 Rangy pigs. Twenty of the better Intermediale- type gilts were put in one group to be grown out for use in ai project. While they were fed and handled exact h pigs (except that none were slaughtered), their records of feed consump- tion and gains can hardly be considered strictly comparable with those of the other Intermediate pigs and will therefore not be presented Eighteen pigs of each type, Intermediate and Uai in two groups on alfalfa pasture. The losses this year were not so heavy as those of tl :ini; year. One individual in the gilt lot was discarded bee; :ihm- to gain. Two Intermediate-type pigs, three of the individual 1; Rangy pigs, and one self-fed Rangy pig died before the test was finished. All pigs those lot-fed as well as those fed in individual crates were carried to individual weights of approximately 'JiTi pound- the pigs reached this weight, they were submitted to detailed slaughter and cutting tests. RATIONS USED AND'METHODS OF FEEDING Minor changes in the ration used were made from year to ; tho for any given year all types were fed the same rat inn. An at- tempt was also made to maintain all other conditions of the t nearly uniform as possible, so that differences in type would be tin- only variable. The individually fed pigs of each type were allowed to nn gether in a small dry lot except while they were l-inir fed twice daily in individual feeding crates. Water was available in these lots. Movable houses were placed in each lot for shelter. In the self-fed groups all the pigs of each type hail tin- same self-feeder. These pigs were also sheltered in movable houses. 350 BULLETIN No. 321 [May, First Experiment. In the experiment of the first year all the pigs were hand-fed in individual feeding crates. They were started on a ration of corn and tankage. Each pig received 3 ounces of tankage once a day and what yellow shelled corn, he would clean up twice daily. The tankage was not consumed readily, so at the end of eleven days it was mixed with wheat middlings in the proportion of 1 part tankage to 2 parts middlings. This mixture was fed once a day in amounts equal to one-half the daily corn consumption. Water was poured over the mixture as it was put into one section of the troughs, corn being fed in the other section. The evening feed consisted of shelled corn and water in separate sections of the troughs. This proportion of feeds (2 of corn to 1 of the mixture) was con- tinued until each pig reached a weight of 120 pounds. At this point the ration was changed to 4 parts corn to 1 part of the mixture, and this proportion was fed until the pigs reach weights at' approximately '2'2'} pounds or were removed from the test. Second Experiment. In the experiment of the second year the ration of the pigs fed in individual feeding crates consisted of yellow shelled corn and a supplemental mixture of 8 parts wheat middlings. 4 parts tankage, and 1 part alfalfa meal. Until the pigs reached approximately 125 pounds, this mixture was fed once a day in amounts equal to one-third the daily corn consumption, as much yellow shelled corn being fed twice daily as the pigs Mould eat. (During the first 19 days the proportion was 2 parts of corn to 1 of the mixture.) Between the weights of 12."> pounds and 225 pounds 1 part of the sup- plemental mixture was fed to each 4 parts of corn. The pigs that were carried to 275 pounds received 1 part of the mixture to 6 parts of corn after they reached the 225-pound mark. The method of feeding the corn, mixture, and water remained uniform thru the test and was the same as that followed the previous year. The four groups of pigs self-fed in dry lot were allowed, thruout the test, free choice of yellow shelled corn and the same supplemental mixture used in the individual feeding; namely, 8 parts wheat middlings, 4 parts tankage, and 1 part alfalfa meal. Third Experiment. In the third experiment the ration of the pigs fed in individual crates was again yellow shelled corn and a supple- mental mixture. The mixture this year was composed of 8 parts wheat middlings, 5 parts tankage, and 1 part alfalfa meal. It differed slightly from the mixture fed the preceding year in that it contained 5 parts of tankage instead of 4 pails. The proportion of corn to mixture fed from the beginning of the test until the pigs reached weights of approximately 125 pounds was 2 to 1. From this weight to the close of the test the pigs were fed 19 9} TYPE IN SWINK AS RKI.ATI.]) TO . ONOMY OK 3 parts of corn to 1 part of the mixture. The methods of feeding were the same ;is in previous years. In addition to the alfalfa pasture the seU'-fed groups re.-eived yellow shelled corn free-choice, with a mixture of 8 parts wheat middlings and 5 parts tankage. A summary of the components of the rations fed during the three years is given in Table 1. TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF COMPONENTS OF RATIONS FKD 1'ius IN '\'\ in: KM-KI-.. Parte by weight First experiment 1923 Second experiment 199 Third DMDl Rations hand-fed individually From beginning of test to live weight of 1L'."> pounds' Jt 8 I 39 8 1 1 59 8 4 1 Self-fed Sell 28 8 5 1 8 1 Ml Self-fed Self-fed Mixed and fed wet From live weight of 125 pounds to 225 pounds 2 IS 8 4 Mixed and fed wet Rations self-fed in groups In dry lot Mixed and fed free-choice with corn Middlings. . .8 parts) Alfalfa meal 1 part j On alfalfa pasture Mixed and fed free-choice with mm Tankage .... 5 parts/ Alfalfa pasture 'In the first experiment the pigs were fed 3 ounces of tankage per head daily. the first 11 days of the test, at which time the mixture indicated was fed. The proportion ..f mixture was changed at 120 pounds this year, instead of at 125 pounds. In the Moond M the feeds were fed in the proportion of 26 corn, 8 middlings, 4 tankage, and 1 alfalfa meal to, th 19 days of the test. In the second experiment, when some of the pigs were carried to a final weight ,,f . ratio between the corn and the mixture fed while the pigs were gaining from ->->-. pooadl was 6 to 1. or 78 parts of corn, 8 parts of middlings, 4 parts of tankage, and 1 part of alfalfa nu 352 BULLETIN No. o21 [May, o X - S fi x - w < $ O 7 * 5j S3 o -S a -c S.Sf w P CC PS Q c ** a 1 - 2; CN !N * TS C a 1 1 r = E; 0) US f*. S r 1-1 E **" CN CN PS Tf o to u cs o ^ US g IN CN O 's US us o 30 c - K c -o N -; CN US CO CN CN cc 01 So S3 O US US t^ 0) US s '- 00 -H 00 M 2^1 Tables ] 3 c 3 O a us CN II c ei C-l T - CN us CN 1-1 CN *3 -. >-. 00 01 n t s ^^ 5 O C -H O -^ t .-H 00 US 00 - 6 ^ 3 I - M l~ CN -H "1 ^ | 1 ss CN 00 oo re 2 = - te c CS CN 1-1 30 00 t X ~ X H 5 3 1 US Inter- mediate 3 -1 CN i t~ CN -T ' t re *l gS oo o 7 x -o X r- a a >, US s; US C ^ r- r- O O ^H Jo 8 S t^ t^ 5 M CN fe c r. - re o M ~. - ^ _: f- PS CN CO t- M it i CN rr oc 0) " PS 3 3 1 US CN Inter- mediate C ^ CN t- OJ O CC CN % ^ 'i r. x re re i- n *e CN 1 5 00 t^ OC O) O) : rT' 3> J t C S8 o us t~. |g8B re 1- n L~. re o 3 PS c. ** !N i ( O J3 n ucurni To a, weight of First experiment, 1922-23 Number of pigs Average days on test Average initial weight Average final weight Average total gain Average daily gain Feed for 100 pounds gain. . Second experiment, 1923-24 Number of pigs Average days on test Average initial weight Average final weight Average total gain Average daily gain Feed for 100 pounds gain . . Third experiment, 1924-25 Number of pigs Average days on test Average initial weight Average final weight Average total gain Average daily gain I'Yed for 100 pounds gain. . J For the detailed data cc 19H9] TYPK IN - ATKD TO RATK AND KO>N mary of the results of this group of experimen 1 A study of Tables 10 to 34 of the Appendix, from which is derived, shows wide variations among the pigs in their feed consumption and in their power to general overlapping among different types in tl. shown; in fact, such overlapping is the rule. In the fir^ for example, the average daily gains of the ('huffy pigs to a lr of 175 pounds varied from .66 pound to 1.09 pounds, with an a\. for the 20 Chuffy pigs of .95 pound (Table IS). The gain of the Intermediate-tyj" i from .SS pound t> 1. im- pounds, with an average for the type of 1.02 pounds i Table 1!> \. The Rangy pigs the same year gained from .64 pound per head daily to 1.07 pounds, with a type average of .87 pound (Table 20). In the experiment of the second year the a-> a weight of 175 pounds varied between .86 pound and 1.14 pounds for the Very Chuffy pigs, with an average for all the pigs of thi- of .95 pound (Table 21). For the pigs of the Intermediate ty: lowest daily gain was .82 pound, the highest, l.'2i average, .98 pound per head (Table 22). Th< made by the Rangy pigs varied from .82 pound to 1 -' with an average of .99 pound (Table 23). The rates of gain for the two types fed in the third ex: were also very similar. For pigs of the Interim'.; ; to a weight of 175 pounds, the minimum daily gain v - i. the maximum, 1.70 pounds, and the a\- - <>f this pounds (Table 24). The average daily sain for all K year was 1.09 pounds, with a minimum of .86 pound and a maximum of 1.31 pounds (Table 25). What has been said relative to the overlapping of the dai' of the different types is also true of their econorm by the amounts of feed required to make 100 pounds of ii live weight (see Appendix tables as above). RESULTS OF TYPE EXPERIMENTS WITH PIGS SELF-FED IN GROUPS In the experiment of the second year LO pi| ii of f Chuffy, Intermediate. Kaney. and Very K.v groups 'in dry lot. In the third experiment 1- 354 BULLETIN No. 321 - Q Q b O CO H J cs H "3 c s _= .= -r ~ > - II 5 . o * >-o -^ co co c co o >c 1C CO f 1C CO CM 1C 1C -H CO t^t-OCii-CX^COh-t- co.cocoiOco^j-CMts..c;c s " ro xco coxco -r OXC-rcOOO't -H oi co -r * w -. CMCl^fCl^^OXOC' !O s .OiSOOt-CM iCiCOO * x i-o i~ 10 ro * i" ic ic CMiC'3i>'I--.CM^i O51C 1 x 01 01 c -i fi ~: -i ~t ^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMC^ CM a -a ^ iCt^Ot^CMXiCTfCMiC -r COCM.C i^^c CMCMCMCMCMCM!-iCMi-i CM co CM 5 !-2 -^ K X 5 ^ ~ " S S o] CO CM ,C CO >C CO CO C -2 ?i co' -f 1.0" i t- -/ ri c cico := r : :3Ft : / : r;c 1 .COCOt~X-tCM X CO Is. x CO C: CO CO S 10 CO -f CV C-l Xrl'sOOCMt-rfCBCMT)' CO ~~ CO 1O CM CM 1C 1C rf CO 11 ri 01 TI vc M c co x co CO CO Ci CO S-. CO CS C CM ^. . t~ ic \ pigs of the other three types. The amounts of feed required to produce 100 pounds of -rain <>n pigs of the four types in dry lot are practically identical. Tin- slight variations shown between types eannot be considered Mirniticant. The group of Intermediate pigs self-fed on alfalfa pasture iraim d somewhat more rapidly than did the group of Rangy pigs fed under 358 BULLETIN No. 321 [May, similar conditions 1.76 pounds per head daily compared with 1.68 pounds. This difference is small, and in view of the individual varia- tion in gains shown in Table 4 and the analysis which follows in the next section, can hardly be considered significant. The two types of pigs, Intermediate and Rangy, required very nearly the same amounts of feed (other than pasture) to produce 100 pounds of gain. The distribution of the average daily gains made by the individual pigs self-fed in groups is shown graphically in Fig. 6. A study of this figure emphasizes the fact that the differences between the mean daily gains of the different types of pigs are pretty largely the result of one or two extreme pigs. For example, the range in rate of gain of the dry-lot Chuffy pigs, if two slow-gaining pigs are omitted, is entirely covered by the range in the rate of gain of the pigs of the other three types. Likewise, the rates of gain of the two types of pigs self-fed on pasture cover the same range, aside from a very few extreme animals. DO THESE DIFFERENCES INDICATE SIGNIFICANT TYPE DIFFERENCES To determine whether the differenes in rate and economy of gain made by the pigs in these experiments are really significant of type differences, a mathematical analysis of the data was made. This analysis included the gains and feed consumption of the pigs hand-fed individually from an initial weight of approximately 70 pounds to a final weight of approximately 175 pounds. This final weight was chosen rather than the 225-pound weight because many of the pigs in the experiment of the second year were affected by "flu" before they reached this heavier weight. It is felt, however, that the gain made during this period is a true measure of the pig's capacity to gain. 1 The gains of the pigs self -fed in groups were also submitted to this mathematical study. As group feeding eliminates the possi- bility of knowing the feed consumption of each pig, the economy of gain made by the group-fed pigs cannot be treated in this manner. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN AVERAGE DAILY GAIN The first step in the determination of the significance of such results is to compute the probable errors of the values obtained. The results of such a computation for the mean daily gain of the pigs of 1 Correlating the rates of gain to 175 pounds with, the rates of gain of the same pigs to a weight of 225 pounds gave a coefficient of -(-.904 .010 for the 152 such records that are available from these experiments. 19X9} TYPE IN SWINE AS BELATED TO RATI; AMI KCO.VOMY OF GAIN 359 TABLE 6. PROBABLE ERROK OF MEAN DAILY GAIN OF PIGS OF DIKFKKKNT '!'* ri-:s 1 Ixperilllfllt Type Number cif pigs Mean daily gain Probable error of mean Hand-fed individually to approximately 17"> pcuuiils First rimlTv 20 .90 .01 I lid 1 02 010 llaiifiv I'd .87 .017 Second \ ei v chuffy 20 .88 .012 18 98 .018 111 .90 .019 Third Intermediate 1 19 1 .10 .032 Rangy 19 1.09 .020 Self-fed in dry lot to approximately 225 pounds Second Chuffy 10 10 10 10 1.27 1.3.5 1.39 1 . 34 .043 .034 .033 . or.7 Hangv Very rangv Sell-fed on alfalfa pasture to approximately 2'2~> pounds Third 18 17 1.76 1.68 .031' .029 Rangy cadi type hand-fed individually each year and those self-fed in groups are recorded in Table 6. The probable error of the mean is a value above and below the mean such that if the test were repealed under the same conditions and with animals of the same capacities, there would be, 011 the aver- aye, equal chances that the mean would fall within or without this range. As an illustration, consider again the Chuffy pigs fed in the first experiment to a weight of 175 pounds. The average gain of these 20 pigs was .95 pound per head daily. The probable error of this mean is .014 pound. This means that if the test were repeated under the same conditions which surrounded this experiment and with 20 similar pigs, there would be one chance in two that the average daily gain of the group would fall between .936 pound and .964 pound (.95 .014), with an equal chance also that it would fall out- side these limits. In other words, the probable errors of the means given in the last column of the table indicate the variation to be ex- pected among the mean results of a series of repetitions of this experi- ment but give no information concerning the differences between means representing the type differences with which the experiment is more directly concerned. Whether these differences in daily gain between types are actually significant has been tested by computing the probable error of the 360 BULLETIN No. 321 [May, TABLE 7. PROBABLE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEAN DAILY GAIN OF PIGS OF DIFFERENT TYPES Experiment Types compared Difference in mean gain between types Probable error of difference Ratio of dif- ference to probable error Hand-fed individually to approximately 175 pounds First 07 017 4.1 08 022 3.0 Intermediate and Rangy .15 .020 7.5 Second Very Chuffy and Intermediate .03 . 022 1.4 Very Chuffy and Rangy. . . .04 .022 1.8 01 .026 .4 Third Intermediate and Rangy .01 .038 .3 Self-fed in dry lot to approximately 225 pounds Second Chuffy and Intermediate .08 .055 1.4 Chuffy and Rangy .12 .054 2.2 Chuffy and Very Rangy .07 .071 1.0 Intermediate and Rangy .04 .047 .9 Intermediate and Very Rangy. . .01 .066 .2 Rangy and Very Rangy .05 .066 .8 Self-fed on alfalfa pasture to approximately 225 pounds Third. Intermediate and Rangy . .08 .043 1.9 difference between the means of each pair of types each year. This was done by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the probable errors of the two means. The results of these computations are given in Table 7. For example, in the first experiment the aver- age daily gain of pigs of the Intermediate type was .07 pound greater than that of the Chuffy pigs. The probable error of this difference is .017. The difference, therefore, is 4.1 times its probable error. The significance of these differences in average daily gain between types depends upon their relation to their respective probable errors. A difference which is three times (or more) its probable error is con- sidered significant, since the chances that the true value lies witJiin the range set by three times the probable error are 21 to 1. If a difference is four times its probable error, the odds are 142 to 1 that the true value will not fall outside the limits set, and if the difference is as much as seven times its probable error, the odds are 420,000 to 1. In other words, this biometrical analysis of the significance of average differences in rate of gain between the different types of pigs is con- cerned with the question whether the difference in each comparison is or is not the result merely of the uncontrolled experimental conditions operating within each type group. If it may fairly be considered as due only to such variable factors, then the difference is not statistically 1989] TYPE IN SWINE AS BEJLATED TO RATE AND ECONOMY OF GAIN 361 different from zero. On the other hand, if it appears improbable that these uncontrolled factors are alone responsible for the average dift' ciice in rate of gain, then the deliberately imposed difference between experimental groups, that of type, may he considered as operating. The ratios of the differences between types to their respective prob- able errors, as given in the last, column of the table, are not without inconsistencies. In the first experiment the dilYeivnees in rate of rain between each two types compared were highly significant in all cases. I'ius of the Rangy type gained most slowly this year and those of the Intermediate type most rapidly. The difference in rate of gain of .08 pound between the Rangy and the ('huffy pigs is 3.6 times its probable error; the difference of .07 pound in average daily gain between the Chuffy and the Intermediate pigs is 4.1 times its probable error, while the difference of .15 pound between the rates of gain of pigs of the Rangy and the Intermediate types is 7.5 times its probable error. All these differences, therefore, appear to be highly significant. If chuffiness were actually the cause of the slow gains in the first experiment, then the Very Chuffy pigs used in the second year should presumably have gained even more slowly in comparison with pigs of the Intermediate type because their chuffiness was more pronounced. As a matter of fact, the actual difference between the two types in the second experiment was less than half the difference between the Chuffy and the Intermediate in the first experiment, and the prob- able error of the difference is so large as to render the difference totally insignificant. Instead of the difference in rate of gain of the Intermediate and the Rangy types of hand-fed pigs in the second experiment confirming the very significant difference between these types found in the first experiment, the Rangy pigs actually gained .01 pound more rapidly per head daily than did pigs of the Intermediate type. This differ- ence, however, is not significant, as the probable error is even larger than the difference itself. Neither is the difference between the Very Chuffy and the Rangy pigs significant this year. In the third experiment only two types of pigs were fed indi- vidually, the Intermediate and the Rangy. The pigs of the Inter- mediate type gained at a slightly more rapid rate than the Rangy pigs. The probable error of the difference between the two, however, is greater than the difference itself, and hence the difference cannot be considered significant. The same lack of significance of differences in gain between types observed in the hand-fed pigs is seen to exist in the group-fed pigs, whether these were self-fed in dry lot or on alfalfa pasture. These results are given in the second and third sections of Tables 6 and 7. 362 BULLETIN No. 321 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN ECONOMY OF GAIN A study similar to that made of the rate of gain of the different types of pigs was made of the feed they required to produce 100 pounds of gain. Since the feed consumption of group-fed pigs does not lend itself to such a study, the calculation of the significance of the differences in economy of gain are of necessity limited to the pigs fed individually. This study is summarized in Tables 8 and 9. The probable errors of the mean feed for 100 pounds gain as given in Table 8 were computed by the same method used for the probable errors of the mean daily gain given in Table 6 and discussed above, while the probable significance of these differences included in Table 9 was calculated by the method outlined above in connection with Table 7. These calculations reveal the fact that pigs of the Intermediate type in the first experiment required significantly less feed to produce 100 pounds of gain than was required by the Chuffy or the Rangy pigs. These differences are 5.5 and 5.3 times their respective probable errors. The differences in feed requirements of the Chuffy and the Rangy pigs that year were not significant ; neither were there any significant differences in feed requirements between types during the next two years. The small difference which did exist between the Intermediate and Rangy types the second year was in favor of the Rangy pigs rather than the Intermediate pigs, as it was the first year and was again the third year. Such apparently conflicting results it would seem may be due either to the fault of the statistical method of analysis or to the method of selecting or managing the pigs in successive years. The statistical method is based upon such secure logic, however, that it would be rash to impeach it on the basis of a limited series of experimental results. It seems far more probable, therefore, that, for some reason not TABLE 8. PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN FEED REQUIRED FOR 100 POUNDS GAIN BY PIGS OF DIFFERENT TYPES HAND-FED INDIVIDUALLY FROM AP- PROXIMATE WEIGHTS OF 70 POUNDS TO 175 POUNDS Experiment Type Number of pigs Moan for lot Probable error of mean First Chuffy 20 20 390 365 3.54 2.80 20 388 3.28 20 422 4.93 18 417 4.70 19 406 8.11 Third Intermediate 19 383 5.09 Rangy 19 385 5.48 19S9] TvrK ix SWINE AS RELATED TO RATE AM> KOINOMY OF GAIN 363 TABLE 9. PROBABLE SIUMKICANCK OK I)IKKI:KI.\< i:> Hi: r\\ KI:\ \VERACE Aiiorvrs OF FEED REQUIRED TO MAKE 100 I'm \i>s i 2 .4 4.31 5.3 huffv and Internp r, .7 huffy and Rangy in .'.7 11 2.0 Third Intermediate and r*angy 2 7.48 .3 apparent, the second and third experiments were not. in truth, repeti- tions of the first, either because 01' gross differences in the experimental treatment of the pigs or in their selection. The feeding of the pigs varied slightly in the individual experi- ments, hut these differences seem entirely incapable of explaining the apparently inconsistent outcome of the statistical analysis. The other experimental conditions relating to shelter, confinement, etc.. were the same from year to year. The weather conditions, of course, varied, but it appears improbable that actual type differences in rate and economy of gains, if such existed, would be obliterated or reversed by such ordinary differences in weather that existed among the three experimental years. Hence the most probable explanation of the situation would seem to be in the selection of the pigs in the different years. The results obtained in the second and third experiments are sufficient basis for the conclusion, that the differences in type existing among these ex- perimental groups of pigs are not necessarily associated with differ- ences in the rate or economy of gains. Hence the apparently significant differences noted in the first ex- periment among the different groups of pigs are in all probability related not to their type but to some other characters for which they were unconsciously selected. In the first experiment, for example, the Intermediate-type pigs, to a considerably greater extent than the other types, may have been selected from herds possessing greater vigor and hence greater avidity for food, or possessing more phleg- matic temperament and hence smaller maintenance requirements. These characteristics, it is evident, are not necessarily associated with any particular conformation of body. However, they may conceivably be modified by different methods of breeding and very probably by different methods of feeding the mother sows or the weanling pigs. 364 BULLETIN No. 321 [May, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The fifteen-year period following 1908 witnessed the development and the growing popularity of a new type of hog within the standard breeds of swine in the United States. In this new type, length of body and leg and strength of the arch of back were emphasized at the expense of depth and width of body and strength of constitution. When this work was undertaken in 1922 pigs of all gradations in type from the extremely short, thick, low-set, chuffy animal to the long, tall, narrow, shallow-bodied, rangy one were to be found on farms in the corn belt. If animal form and function are related in swine to the extent that certain types are more efficient pork producers than others, to determine the most efficient type would have an immensely practical bearing on costs and profits in pork production. It was the considera- tion of this fact which prompted these investigations. A total of 316 spring pigs of 5 different types were studied during the years 1922-1924 to determine if rate and economy of gain are correlated with type in swine. Pigs of different types were full hand- fed in individual feeding crates and self -fed in groups in dry lot and on alfalfa pasture. The rations fed consisted of yellow shelled corn and a supplemental mixture of tankage and wheat middlings. During the second and third years the mixture fed in dry lot contained alfalfa meal. A majority of the pigs were fed from an initial weight of approxi- mately 70 pounds to a final weight of approximately 225 pounds. Some were fed only to a weight of 175 pounds, and a few were carried to a final weight of 275 pounds. Records are presented of the gain made by each pig in each test. Individual feed records are presented for all pigs except those which were fed in groups, in which case the feed consumption of the group is given. There was some evidence during the progress of these experiments tending to indicate that hogs of the Intermediate type made somewhat more rapid and economical gains than those of either extreme. AVhen submitted to statistical analysis, however, the data show that these apparent differences are not significant, with the possible exception of the inferiority of pigs of the Chuffy type. The conclusion that type in sw r ine is not a controlling factor in either their rate or economy of gain seems, therefore, to be justified. The reader is reminded, however, as stated in the Foreword, that in the study of type as related to quality of pork produced (Bulletin 322), the Intermediate type of pig produced a carcass that proved definitely superior to those of the other types when judged by the de- 19S9] TYPE IN SWINE AS RELATED TO BATE AND ECONOMY OF GAIN 365 mands of the present-day pork market. This was particularly true under hand-feeding. Since the Intermediate type of pig makes as rapid and as eco- nomical gains in the feed lot as do the other types and at the same time produces a carcass that more nearly meets the demands of the market, it seems reasonable to recommend it to the producer as su- perior to the other types studied. APPENDIX Individual data for 125-Pound Pigs (Tables 10 to 17) pages 368 to 375 175-Pound Pigs (Tables 18 to 25) pages 376 to 383 225-Pound Pigs (Tables 26 to 33) pages 384 to 391 275-Pound Pigs (Table 34) page 392 W (M C - 11 w s ^ 5- 3 M z O O Q H b V > g O iO t-- 71 iO o c ^ 71 00 71 8 CN CN f~ s 33 CM co co CO < CN to >o IO 00 CN os f fi 2S g CN " ^ p CM RS OS o f- uo b- 74 -. y; CN 00 7) CN S3 r- oo CN CO ^ os o> 2 o -i 71 00 SI iO S3 3 s ce c O 00 OS :~ f^ S CO g ^ CO Tf t- 71 7. oo CM 2 " co o CM re ~~ s co M OS *O "O CN CO s t- ss CO iO 2 CN CO 2 c-. 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SO TO TOO?) r CM * ;cst>- CM TO *'*i~ CM TO '^ ' >O ^f O O - 01 1< O O 00 CM OO> ** CM TO lOt^-OOOO -- j fc' 1 ' ts '' H r2 i t ^^ CM ~t* TO 00 O TO I"- O O O 4 TO 3 CM TO 0000-^"-' CM TO O> -H O -> O CM "3 00 IO J 13 00 O >O ^ O , r-i O CM CM c co TO "" i.O CO CO M CM * -H CM 00 O , _ _ 7 j _ ^^jcr -^ TO O X ~. t- f-* d TO TO 1O O TO L-5 I-.OCOCMU5 CM CO QCOfXO CO 00 CM TO g 1 o - Z s 3 1 : : : : : | S : : : : : mm .-. '. . "S - : g 1 a toi"- * ,;B_.^ - o o?S_ foH"^ -~-^. ICJH^< H < w a B o 3 O CO IQ CS to o OS O O CO oo co 00 CN CN CO O 5 CN CO 1 00 OS i CO 00 t- Ti- cs CN OS CO (N CN " CS Tj< m ci co 00 CN CO O CO CO co ^ m T* OS CO O CN o CO Xl OS CN I- 00 co OS 3 co in -< co CO CO t tO 1-H IN 00 CO i-i CO 00 CN CO co CN CO t* co CS oo CN S3 oo 07' ~. oo co to co 00 CO 5 S CO CO t- oo CO CS L- 1-H CO CO m -H 00 CN -H 00 o co O CO i-H os co co s A CO CM t- t- s CN O 07 >r. OS CO CN Sco OS co S IN -< oo CO 10 co t~ Tf * 00 CO CO CN 00 CO U3 CN 1Q OS CO OS 2 O CO co 3 CN CO CN CO CO CO O co OS to O 00 CO to i S 00 OS t- IN t> 00 O "^ Set * OS to o CO CO co co s t~ CN -H oo co to o oo CO co CN CO CO oo 00 1-1 Tf t- co CM CO CN CN coo OS CN co " co 1 00 OS s S 8 f~ in to oo CO OS co CO o co' CO t~- 07 tO S 00 Ti< T* oo co to CN CO oo CO X) 00 os t~ t- CN OS i-t OS 1-H CO 8 5 co OS CN * * 07 to os 07 OS CO CO CN i g CN CO b- ' t- 00 cs CS co co co 00 * CO CO CN CN i CO CO 00 00 CO OS CO CO OS co ja OS CN 1-H CO CO t-- 8 O CO CO 03 CN tO 1-H CO co co m CN g CO m CN CS CO IN O I-H tO 1-H CO co 82 t~ IN CN IN co co CO CO CN O t- CO O CN m to co & 2 CN J* 2 " -H CO CO b 00 t 00 CN CN oo * CN in co * CN CN / CO 1 CN 00 in TJ* O 1-H CS co co CN 00 O 00 CO CS OS CN * co co o CO CS CO CO CO CO OS CO to OS CO Xi 00 Kg s 2" cs t~ CN CO co ss CO co CO 00 1-H CO t-- 1^ b- us us O CO CO i Pig number and sex . Days to reach weight c "r c o a a S 3 s Is g.| 11 Total gain. . . Average daily Total feed con Corn Tankage. . Middlings . Total . . . Average daily Corn Tankage . . Middl ngs. "S H Feed for 100 1 Corn Tankage. . Middlings . "o 376 - = -I - k ^H Ss - E ^ 1 / - = .- .= ' ^ * - __ 1 O r* rf. S g I O a a hi > 2 -\ ~ 8 I g .- SS (N M co r~ co CM IN '," " co s 2 33 s " S co M r. S ^r oo co co oo CM CO 00 IN =5 n 3 ~- n 1 2 CO ft CO h- o 8 3 CM v > i S S r- ro CO N "I US US co 1 CO 3 00 GO C* ;r -^ co o c " t~ CM ro t^ CO ss CM se co t~ ro CM Sf- - CO 5 2 3 fc s -T ' 1 1 gj CO 00 CM co r- / y CO T> C". rt IN -p H ro ro cc ro CM (N 00 ^ l~ co 2 o CN 1- US 00 co ro M T)< 00 CM 00 co r_- ro ' CO r-5 M g s o CO ~ r. 2 1; t^ o Sro ss CO CO CM S| i i S SUO b- OS o C_l - co S -r ro (N ro ro c-i ,^ - co 5 X C-< LO i" g co 2 CO cS CO CO - CO M CM CM = - ~ co J2 O CM LO O 5. 00 o I ro " " s CN CO CM t^ f^ * CM - ~ i~ co cS oo OJ CO = - r~ 10 *< r- oo co C^l r ro O ro t^ 00 US CN CO .a 00 CM ss S " | - | ao CO t LO CO 00 CM o c? e 2 s i.O o 05 IN t^. -^ S cc co us ro (N CO << co US us IN 00 00 CO b- co i 00 09 sg o 5 M CM c - ro i-O o 00 -^ ro IN t> CO ro ! t~ ro >-: i- co CM ss US o 00 rH 1 CO 00 CO i S O IN OS CO IN 3 00 ro' CM 00 f CO < 00 OS g to 2" 00 CM CM O ro ~ o r>. co a: n oo co CN -i 00 --T t~ CO -- ^ C^ " s - fj .0 co (N o n CO n ro co t- C: ro t>- CO - ro IN CN CN ~ ro US CO 5^ CO A 2 us O U5 00 co US rt M UO CO CO K CM N i co oo co IN co ^ ro IN O LO CO M - / us co CO n ^ gco 00 CM US I-H CN CM CM 00 CM ro t~ M M t CN ss co' X S 10 ro IN S- c^ Pig number and sex . Days to reach weight s = C S. . is II Ij Total gain Average daily gaii E 3 S Total I. Corn a - i 5 i >. '5 > < jj 1- s 5 2 o 8 : ^ IOH .5 "5 ^ r "c 377 Q H X X < w M c: ^ z. > y. r-- a g ^ - -,- .= sU; ~ ^" 1 c- Js 1 2 oo m TO m TO INOO to (NCtcoo IN 'co oo m m oo CC t~- i < TO ^ t>- T?I OO TO CO 00 " ~* TO -^* IN TO IN S O O CO to CJ too Oi-< I-H r o co M ' * ra to -H oo in toooiN TO TO r- TO r- TO m co -i 1-1 TO ^t IN TO OS o c^ f- oo TO co 00 IN IN lO O TOOO in oo OS ^ i 1 w TO r-T^^in CO t~ i-< rt CO t~ TO r~ TO CO t- i TO f (N TO 2 oo * TO m o t- tO 1-1 IN Tf 00 OlNtO OtOON IN (N INOOOO ^- ^H TO in TO -^ g 1 oo m IN c t>- O5 h- TO to to tOOTji tOOTO (N TO OC4-HTO tOON TjiT}Ht>.tO OOTOOt- i I-H TO f IN TO s IN IN m IN o f- C3 Tfi TO to TO OTOTO mtor-oo M TO t^mmt^ totoo t^cotot>- tocototo ^ I-H IN TO r* TO *f IN TO S 00 CS TO O 00 rf IN m TO oin in TOtot^-to (N TO oo*+*T*- h- O rHTOtOrH OTOCDO> i rt TO -^ IN TO O ft 00 TO TO m IN ^m-s< mwiNO cq TO TOOONTO mo-- TO^JiOOtO O>TOh-O -!.* (N r)< e to IN h- Tti oo TO m oo * N m w OiO3 o t^ini^Oi w TO o2ci-HC i ) tot^i i ocotoo i^-TOtor-* s 00 CO in o in oo 05 to 01 IN * to O3C1O OCMON i-< N O 00 TO i 5 to IN 00 IN -^i * O O> 00 TO tO 00 TPOO ^ inTOi-tOi w TO toiointo toooN m^ooi^ ooTOtooo -H i 1 TO Tji C) TO ^ 3 00 IN O CO 00 t-OTO OOcNOlOJ IN TO in^Ttn in oo 00 TO CO 00 oico r~-n tNOJTO-* CN''M COTOIN-H -i T-I TO * N TO 5 1 to Ol IN O -^ oa in TO co m int^CN CN^il>.T)< 1--TOCDCO i-i TO rf CN TO X 4 : : : "2 : : : : : : : : | : : : : e g . . . . .2 .... M . . . . O F 60 S'''' 2'-'' ^ ' ' Pig number at Days to reach *" j : ^? : e i : .2 "2 "32 3 S * "9 Soca^^ ooc8- k 5^ H S H H H < ~ r*"O~ooto co co coooot^N ^COtO"* NNtON ,3 t ~ OS co r^ to r~ N -H N tO O O 2 N O 00 rr-o co f NOOto CONtOCO O'COOCO co * co -< .a US OO o> o t^ -r t^ oo 1-1 CM 1O O O 2 2 co :o 2 .co co co r^ot>-o NCMIO-H NtOO CO 'J' CO rf .a N SN sO O f** CM Tl< O CO TH US o to t N CO CMOOtOCO S t> C. C 1 ) L~ t- N CO N CO .a o o O5 N tO O 00 t- -H * _l 2 tO-iNOOt^ N CO COC500t~(-~ tOCOOto CONtON CO -*3* CO -^ JS S o 1 N OO 1C t~ CM N CM to O i CO " COCMOCO i 'NtOO ro *;< co TJI ,3 10 tO o> CO CO tO O N co co 8 f- ' N 00 00 CO TI t~ i N 00 00 - *< .O ^ s < co r- S f2 o ""* sss^i w * 1S3^| CO O 00 S N tO O S O N o ' C^OON- N CO O i ' i * t* 00 ' ^ re co o co O5 s O O t~ eo O N to O I""* o f- 00 o o tCO-^00^ N CO t^f*- "Ct'-CM* ^"CMtOO J3 N CJa * O t>- o to o * oo t t- - N co oorTj4t-o 71 C 1 ! to i-* O CM to O co ^* co co 3 to oo 00 -H -J CM 00 (N - O V) N o t~ Jj ?lC?jOOO CO ^* ~C5iCO :: t- " --o o co t- 1-1 ^ to co to B OS CO C5 O :C C~l t^- O c; N to o oo C5 So 00 ^ g^S 00 ! CT n 2SS^| _Q 00 o oo o i^ o >-i N to O O 00 ^ O 00 2 O IH O CO O h- .0 00 CO -^ CO 00 o N to o r* i2 2 g 2 BO OO CD IN ^COO^ s IN es o oo oo N N tO O -H o a> O N 2~ CO CO CM CO 01 N N Cl C5 x o r^ o -i N O O O o - co to CO IN.I-*CMOOOO co ^ t^ooooto CO T CO O * n US co o i-- c; t^ x o CO N 10 O N 3 2 to b- o OOOOOOO CO Tj< (NOOtOt^CO ^jfO^ N CM O ' CO "^ s O t^ - tC M 1-1 N O O O CO ^ o -* t- 00 5 ^ CMOOOOO CO * CstOCOt-lO 10 CO to US ONiOO co *" co co B ** O t- CO tO N 10 05 N 2 to o *" t o t^OOt^CO CO CO M^OOOt^Oi co * co * to o 00 O b- X (N N N to O CM *~ 2 2 "^ OOOOOCO CO ^* ^t^-lOf CO x 1 S.Sf S = 1 : : : 1 : | : : : : : S : : : : : T3 * s S : : ' : ~>'.'.'.'.'. < '. Pig number at Days to reach Initial weight Final weight. Total gain. . . Average daily | = i 1 : i ' : =:: -J a __. cs be g - 3 j, 6f = _. "o3Oe51Z3S3 uCfl5'^S3 1J 5 ji 3 9 SOH^-< g O E-i ^. < wOh-tf^ H < 379 b n - '- 2 re t~ r '*'. - H " ~ '-r re " "~ 5 ^ x n -"." re ~acr x ~ . r* ~ - : .- = - CO r- re t^ x r: \2 ' -~. * re re > _ - .-: ,: x - z - - - r- r re re re p . CM X S~ "- >- : r I w ** i. re - - j re -r re . ~ -^ r: re x ex - C - = . r r re *T - - ., ^ o r: t~ ~ t~ ft --. - z - - ^, z I - ~ x. c : :r - - - - - 'XX - - r' - - - 5 - : : t^ r- re -r rj re s x re x c - .-- c - " -r r: re - - - - re re re ^ _ = x -.; r; - = : - re f re re t 8 2 ~ - re -r re - - _ * ^ _= 01 g a - f- r* r* 8 - i" - * r. c - x - r ~ - r re re re ' - a - -- r- re 5 - - re re re ;? s = 3_ii^'C'CdJ 5:<5 sr^; t7ii-M rSw^iJ9iU" * ' ~ S* _ g z ~ x ^ re r (^ r _ f re T re ^ - ;S ~ :- -r t X - - 5 - s XCCXC ^CXXXC: - ' ' ~ -r H " TT - X 1 ? re ' - ' - - 9 - - - - . . . . = - - i _ 1 _ I ^ - 2 ~ ~- - = - '- 1 . = = i : 3 ^-_--; .--_ -; ;-_; _; 7 I - _ ~ ~ ^ ^ ^ ' ~ - ~ Z - ' - ~ ^ - ^ ^ ._-- 380 - - - ~ - BOS g: z : = - -- - ^ " 1 2 s >a | a g g ^ s < 5 - r: ! r; - -i ri N ^ 1 n i 91 r: r; rt ^ ^-.T^TS^- : - c ~ - X ? = 5 = E s t- i- - r - rt r; c c n r - = i - - - e* -i I c x c r = i ~ r C , _ - x g - - -? ri rr - - - x r. -~ r r: -: r: . r S -! x ~ - - = r - - .-- - = - -r n - - ~ x ii ,-: : - - r - ri - - - rt r; - r r- 7t _ ^ it it ~ e- r~ x r; 3 = : e - I* - - -? . X - i ; 5 .-- ^ - -- c r: _ - X C 2 s ?i t^. c - r. ~> ~ E ~ X ~- r - - -. r-. r-. r; - X " Ti 'C -? - U r- t X itrt^tx SzS-^i _< * 1 f ": s -= J ! I - - -J -J 1 : - f . - : - 1 ^ f ^ = - 381 c s fe H $* C-i H F 5 H i H H |fl = S- W .. o> L-l O r< ^5 S << t3 S i-i O X. - I- - ^ ' c BH 1 2 | ^ & S ca Bfi 00 8- -~ ~* Lt t*- t*- cc T}I TfiCSCNOOCO -t r*: i" ro r^ co o X CN CO CN CO I S S O CC iS CS T)< O O O IN ^ gg 8- CN CO CN CO 00 So o t^ oo r~ CN CO CO IS O CO 2 is O os oo s IS 1^- I s * IS CN CO OCOt~0000 is co in o OTJICO.-! CN CO CO Til 2 spunod gi\ jo ^qSia.tt 2urciOT33j 3toT siui U^LVI p9J9iJ3iui ni j 7? TJI IS CS OS CO 00 b- O IS CO IS O CO 3 r~- r- c-. t- o oo t--OOSOCN CN CO i-lOO-HOOOO CN CO CN CO is CO CS O CO O Tf< C CN CO CO CN O l- CO -H TjiOOOcOOO CO TJI CNOCOOOCN '-'COTjios oococoos CN CN CN CO .a o rr C CC . Tjl t~ O CO 2 00 t-- rH 8- CN K CO CN "* Tf Tj. CO CN ED IO >H O CN 21 3 00 CO CO rt o lOXOX^^ CO TJI t^^XOOO - h- ut CO is v: CN CO CN CO CO o T< c; is CN c -I IS O i-i 00 w S CO 00 00 t^ os co co is CN : r CN CO CN CO S oo CN CN to oc oo o C: TT CO O i-l 2 * IS O CO 00 CN OO^t~. C* CN CN CO s eM 1-1 TH 00 >Q TOO 05 X CN IS 00 t- H " cc co >s co ..; is CN CO CN CO CN O C. Til CO O 1-H X C5 CN CN 2~ g S 3 " S N " o2S| CO CN C t^ O CO r~- co CS 00 OOCOCO^i-i CO TJI t-OOCNOOiO " CO t^. CO CO 00 CN CO CN CO O CS r> o 31 oo as t- O O 00 CO Til 00 h- 8 : oo ^ CN co OOTJICNOSCO CN CO CO TJI o c: CN r~ y. T CO O 00 s 3 t- - as CO is a t ij< CN CO ISOO-- 00 oOTji-rt-r- CN TJI oOTj-ooo TfCOISTjl HTT'COTr' C x l CO CO Tfl S .*? - i i i- i ! 1 j H 1 1 1 1 ! j in Pig nmiiliri- ami Days to reiirh w< Initial weight . . Final weight . . . . Total gain Average d . . . . ^ a; H < 382 o. >H X S 03 g a 00 O ^ CM CO CO CN 00 t~- S- CM CO oo co as os os OS CO O gss-g CM << & CM 00 02 So" O CO 3 O CM CN CO O CM CO m -H CN CO CN CO S 2 CM CO CM CO .a CS 8 as CN OS -H 00 CO *> IO t~ O CM CO CO 00 CS O O CO < t r+ t^ CM 00 CN CO O CO CO CC I- CN CO CO ^ co 3 1- 00 t~- t- i o O CO "5 CO CM CO -i * o co co -H * b- O CO 00 t^ 00 t~ O "O co : C^ CO CO ^l 5 3 OS CO 00 O ff* O O 00 O Tf --< CO CM CM o co r i^ o *O CO O O >O * O IO 00 ^ - OS CN CO CM CO s g 00 co IN OS IN CO in CN CM CO t- Ci t^ O CO CM < b- ^H CO os r~ oo oo CN CO TX 5 00 OS r-i 10 00 t- 5 >* OS CO O IO 00 O O ^ CO t^ CN CO CS -* CC 00 * O Tti CO O 00 O CO OS 00 Q CN CO * t r- oo oo to CO 00 10 CN CO * CN CO IO *H IN CO 00 00 1-1 I"- M< co ro co o i> 00 O CO " 00 - 00 CN CO CM CO 2 $ CO >O 00 t- os CO I s * O I s * t*- CO CO CN CO CO * IN 00 t^ " ^" r o co O O >O CO OS oo T)< -o cs CN CO co * a CM a CO IN 00 C> 1-1 OS O CO 00 O 1/5 -^ to h~ CM CO 00 t- IO O O CM O * 00 * CO Tf CO t~ CN CO CO >! .a 3 -* CO rH ^ co 10 jo t~ ^ O 00 OS O CS ^ t*- t^ CN CO CM * 2 t S 3 o i-< OO ^1 Tjl t^ CO CM CO U5 CM CN CO CN rH <* 00 10 t- r)< CO O 00 CO 00 O 00 OS 10 co o >o CM CO IN CO OS 3 1-H 15 t- O Tjf os co co o co CM CO -i co o oo 00 TJI CO O O -i OS IN t- OS IO CO CO IO CN CO (N -* eg gpunod qi\ jo ?i{Bi3A e 3 OS 00 * CO r4 CM 00 O 00 00 CN CO S 2 9 CM <$ t^ ^H 10 CO O CO 00 * 00 -* CD OS IN CO CO ^ s ss co o OS ""* * CO >O * CM CO CO * O 00 IO OS Tjl t>. O 1-1 O 1-1 ;o oo rg IN CO CM ^ 00 S o -< 00 t^ CM IN O t~ -i CO "3 O CN CO c co -^ c; cs rH Tf t O CO t TJI CO 00 CN CO CO * JD 3 83 * O CO 00 O> "5 O * O CN CO IO 00 1-1 O |5S2 CO 5 I 3 co co CO t- 3 00 IO O 00 t^ CO 10 co 10 >o CM CO S 5 S co * ' t^ oo os CS * CO CM H EH sl 02 O ^W 02 fc o O EH O Q k S 1 "H O TJI t- IN o *"' 5 CO * 00 00 00 CO to I-H CO StO IH CO 00 g O 00 co 10 * 1^ co to CO T* 1- i-i CM o tO 3 T" O 00 CO St^ O * CN CO CO oo CO a CO t- IN (N CO i-H CN CO t^ to 00 Jo i-l CO to co CO O CO 01 CN o t> CO co cS 3 * tO CS CN IN co CO co Til O> !> tO r)< O CO CO Tt< CO CO O T)l CN Sfe co CN Oi CN 00 O CO CN CN 00 CN i-I to to oo Tl< CN lO CO t^ to co co t^ CO T(< CN IN O CO CO i 5 to t-- b- CN CN 00 IN i-I lO to t^ (N C5 to CO CO to co co o o t>. to i CO lO i t~ co PH CO 00 b. (N O CN i-I "O lO TC CO T|< 00 O3 oo oo 10 IN Tf co co co co co TJI O5 o> CN O 00 co to t-- 00 CO < CO * i-l CO CO CN i-I CO 00 to O T lO CN o o ScS co O CN co CN o o CN CO & 3 5 CN 00 o to Tl< 31 TC 00 00 -< CO l-H CO CO IN O CD O 00 CN CO tO t~ CO > t~ co T< t- CN CN CN l-H to o 00 Tl< o TP CO CN O IN CD CO * co co CO lO lO CO CO *' co co CN 1-1 g Tf< c S 10 co CD CN CN CO o to O to CO 10 CO CO O CO -H CO CN co CO Til CO O CO CN CO * to co o CN CM T" to tO CN to CO CN CN 00 o CO i-l CO lO 00 TC co co 03 to l-H CN O CO co CN tO CD O co CN t^ co to CO CO co 9 t>- O O tO CN CN 00 CO ""' a Tji 00 l-H 00 to oo 10 CN CO co CO O CO IN TC a c^ O CO co to 1 co I CN 00 to CO 21 i 5 s t~ to O t~ CN CN 00 CN iO CO CO CO CO t- co 00 T|l to oo t- CN CN CN S" 1 TH T)l t~ 00 tO o to Tli CO CO r~ CN CO T)l S O5 lO CN lO S CO co co o> O r-I to a o> TC N IN O3 CO tO CO t~- 00 ON co co 00 Pig number and sex . Days to reach weight a ' ' 1* s Total feed co Corn Tankage. . Js "* "C "o Average daily Corn Tankage. . II {] !! 1 384 Q 2 W O H s CN IO - t>- O IO CN CO IO OS I-H MI CO 00 IO b- O CN CO CO CO S8SS 8 CN CO *a CO O 00 IO CO OS CN IO O 00 10 -H CO 00 Mi CD 00 CN CO CO CN CN CN CO co co o CO Ml 1 co M> CO 00 CO i-l CN oo o OS t^ OS IO CO Ml 00 t~ Ml IO t*- CO CN CN O CO CO O CO Mi MJ O t>. -H 00 CO IO t^ CN CO 00 00 10 -i Ml 10 CN CN CO i-I IO 10 I-H CN 10 l-H I- OS b- CN 00 Mi CO t- IO CO Mi 00 Ml CD 00 ^H CO CO i-H CO M< f-t IO CO CO Oi CD CN CN OS o CO CO O t- l^ co I-H co O CO i-H t CO ' ' Ml CO N. CN CN 2 CO CN I-H 00 CO CO O CO CD OS co ' ' co t- (N CN i-H O CO CO O CO Mi CO Mi OS CN IO CN CN CO co i i CD CO t*- O CO co M 1 os r^ Mi IO H CO 3 O CO Ml 00 OS IO CN CO (N IO IO CN CO QQ & CO M< CO CO CN CN 00 2" l-H CO OS CO CO Ml 00 CO M* M 1 IO CO -H CO CO l-H CO ' ' MI 00 IO OS CN 1O Ml IN CO P. ei CO CN CN 00 b- CN CN 3 CD i-i CO IO CO MJ CO Ml 00 CO Mi IO Ml CD 00 00 Mi CO CO Mi CO Mi 00 OS IO CN t^ CN IO CO CN CO - CN Ml CO CD Ml CO Ml CO O CO CN 00 CO U5 l^- CN CO MI CD N CO CN IO Mi IO CO O CO Ml 00 CO M 1 IO co 10 r- oo CO CO CO CO CO * ' Ml CO 00 Ml IO t-. CM IO IO CN CO CO co OS CN CO CN CN CN CO i-i CO 00 CN CO $ * ^ s IO 10 t>* t*- Mi CO CO Ml CO ' ' Ml CN O i-H W CO O CO M< co IO O 00 CN t~ t-- Ml IO -H Ml CO l-H CN CO CO CN CO M> CN t ~t O IO CN IO CO CN CO co CN CO CN OS iH CD 00 OS CO O MJ Ml OS g t^ CO 00 I-H CN CO CO CO CO ' ' M< IO OS IO OS CN S> i 2 d | j : : : g : : : : a Pig number and Days to reach w Initial weight. . . Final weight. . . Total gain Average daily ga Total feed consu Corn Tankage. . . . Middlings. . . Total Average daily ra Tankage .... Middlings . . . Total J : : : : S c : a : ^ 9 Ml t-t C3 -3 ^_t .2 o " o o 01 a IOHS A 385 p z a fa < S = -_ gg -J - < '-. ~ m S -2 o = - S S b 9 S '3 < - > ^^ II O Q o to o IN US 8 2 S 2 cs (N co co co oo to cs " co' CO ro ss < !N OS (N ss H US i-< us 3 . to XI co 81 CS co re US * co us C i S E O CO CO 2 S OS CO CO CM CO O 1-1 i 00 o ? co CO US s ro t~ us T- 5 us Tj OS to IN (N US o t^ o us US tO US 00 S S co o cs tl CO ro CO Tj< US 5 t- CM US CO IN o i-e to r- us o CO g CM N (N O 00 CO M ro to co co OS CO O 10 S S 00 to r~ US t^ US l-H i O IN 00 CO CM ss co 00 o S US t- CO O Tl Xi CM c: US 5 IN 8 00 CS TJI us o i -f re re co s = * ce CM CS 00 co to os co XI CO go Ft IN o 00 us o co re us re O CO CO CO 1-1 tO O OS CM CM CO CM CO Pig number and sex . Days to reach weight e c o s Initial weight. . Final weight. . . Total gain Average daily ga Total feed consu Corn. .. Tankage. . . . Middlings. . . 3 o E- Average daily ra Corn Tankage. . Middlings. . . Total Feed for 100 Ibs. Corn. .. c Middlings. . . Total 386 ^ S SO 1-1 P- CO co to o co > * IN 2" STJ" 3C ' CO *O W ;o co * 3 *5q3ta.iA ponocl-^/^ aq^ ^^ paJD}q3tiBjg J3 C *5q3td.tt punod-CAT aq^ ^B paja^q3nBTQ t> 2 *jq3i9.vi punod-o/T aqi ^B pajaiq3nB|o J5 JO t> t^cot~^ioo co i" Co oo 1-1 "5 m CM o ^ co Sr- o i 3 H 2 ** ^^J'iS^S^FFa gg o >n N i CM f- Cq CC CO O O CO _ Z i. !- - CO O 2" OOOOO CO Tf COO> t^ -J< 00 -H O * (N SOO 00 co ,a O co ^ T) oo oo * >- CO O IN ^^ " - co > O G if w8 S c5 s rt O ^ ~S CO ^* ^* O5 Tj< Tj< 00 r+ 00 "5 CM m o co 5t ~5 ^02 t- co IN ta o co P3 oo "O a s l grt OONT} .a o f- t^ O m CN >n o f a 8, = ^. - 2 ScH IN S" O * * *-* O 00 CO ^* cNb* O if 00 i 0> CN IN *3* to CO Sto oo 6-1 * -n * t^ O CO O O rt i (N o i-cCOtOCOCO TJ< U3 ^1 - '3 B fjj IB 00 ~ IN to g^tCO^* CO ^ O^3* *O O ' CO r>&3 2 * CO C5 Ci t^ 00 * O O CO 1* IN CO IO I^IO-H^HTJI CO * >OO W ^ O i t 1 * "^ CM 10 co co O t- >H -c i K O < g o ^qSia.tt punod-^^x 8 H ? B paja}q3nB|g ^^ ^^ o o o r^ oo to co co o >o Sj u ~ "| o 9 ia * c " K- co sg o S O CO CD O O lo * - O N IN O 1-1 tD |3SSS " * SS fet ^5 to H o S CO CO 1O O 13 a CO 2 O S ^ lOINCOOO CO TI ->}lt^ CO to O Q a spunod egg jo iq3raji s . co o SO O 00 : : : : : a : : : : : .9 : : I 1 a ; ; Pig number and Days to reach w Initial weight. . Final weight . . . Total gain Average daily ga g : : : : : ::::: ^ . : :-a : ^ : : | : : H HS " 1 " Jr ll 3 : 387 O fl Q 1 W Hg i! 3 M ^ s-s H P s < 03 S 03 H **> ffl Pi g^ N jo O tM COCO CM 1-1 WO COi- r^tNio (N 1-1 co .-i i oo co co co co o co 00 ^ t 1-1 O CO* 'r)i <* 00 t~ t^ CO .-H ri< 00 i-t CO CO CN >O CN US _ CO _ CO _ *< CD -H CN CO t~ CO CO CO O CO t^ t Tj< CN O CO f H i- M 00 >O r}< C5 1-1 ^ CO CO CO CO JO _ - _ CO _ -^ m o i-i t- co CO CO O O O CO CO O IO iOTfOOi-100 co' ^ OSOOb-t-i-i O O5 (N >O i b- co' ' ^1 COCOt-t^>O O t~ CO !> 00 00 00 CO CO O 00 CO CO "* t-tCOl^^ S _ w "* * 9 sptmod 2,1 ara JQJ pasfj TO f~ 10 o t- CN (N lO O I-H COCN-*O0 CN CO CO CO CO CO O O CO OOtNCOOCO CO* 'TJ< COt>-Tj t- a) CN US TO * 1 n ,,,^^ a . v ,,^^ s 2 o 11 00 t- CO CN CN CN CN Si-i *} .-H CN *> TO CN IQ O TO O CO CN CO O CN "S 00 TO TO * & EZ ., S g spunod ggj jo )qSia.*i B 3 TO gg CN TO i-< CN O TO US i-H * 00 i-i TO O 3 M ^ SS CN TO oo co t o CN us -H TO * S i-i -wi-H"* 3 **-,,.,-*- JD CO O 1< -* CO r- ro CN 00 1C CO m US 1-1 t^ CN r~ CN 11 00 CC o ^ TO CN US O TO * fl spunod $LI BJOJ] 388Q 5 1< CN TO t^ CN (N TO O i $ 2 t-- M 00 CN to CC 38 TO TO 1-1 TO 00 US TO " o 1 gg CN 8 o -< to 1 5 S | 00 IO O 1-1 TO CO S TO sg-^ TO <* 5 TO CN O> t- CN CN tQ t i-l TO 00 O CO TO CO O CO 1 5S^ i M * TO C^S^g .0 00 TO CN t-- CM CN TO CN i-i g 5!2 s 5 TO CC t^ o to M "-I TO *< 5 * O) O CO CN CN TO a 2 TO us -H s O TO M O 00 CN IO O CN TO 2 TO * i S t- O 25 I 9SS i TO * Ci t^ CN O t^ O TO TO S5S-2 TO <* e S 00 O CO IN CN Srn' US 1* X i i o CN a cc CN US 00 t^ o * TO S *" 2 TO * .0 H ro CO - CO IN CN tfi 2 O O O O O TO CO 00 O TO O CN CO U3 CN US 00 TO T)< .0 TO 3 S CN S us 5 00 S i S t^ o o * I CN US N * TO * .0 CN g CN TO O CN O TO CC S CN * TO CO O 00 M TO co tN o r* TO TO Tj co o n I*- CN CN S 5^ i t^ U2 CN U5 r- o O i-l t~ a> oo t- -! CN US 11 TO * Pig number and sex . 1 O (D i Q s C C C S ' ' S : Initial weight Final weight. Total gain . . . Average daily O ' "8 :' 2 c H Tankage. . Middlings . Alfalfa mea I Average daily Corn ^ 1 11 Alfalfa mea Total . . . Feed for 100 1 Corn . . 09 389 Q 55 i i O w fe 1 W * PH H >H S HS Wg H K < rH <* CD O CM r~ CO O rH O rH rH O CM CO * CN O CO 00 CM O CM CM OJinOOrHCO OCOCOrH CM rH co in co * in p oo i> o o f? _ "corn mrH ooor-om co "is m SrH rHrH CMCOmrHrH Co' 'T}I mOOOOOrH dr)i omoOrHin oococDca CM rH 2< in co rH 00 C5 O rH Tjt CO ^ in O rH rH coin NrH -rJ (N rt . *. - ~ - U500 COrH OOOCOINCO CO * OOCDt^t^.-,, COCMCD (NincirHoo mcomm CM r-< 2 in 3 co in in T* IN o o 00*n t*rH rH|>CMrHrH CO ^ OOiCOt*O5 t"CM^j< TjlinOrHO OCOCDO IN rH ^ C CO Tf rH CO 00 -4< C-4 O co co m o> rH o COOO mrH OO5OJO'* T)< 'co rHCDO3b-CO oscsco o^t^rno t-^coinr^ IN rH co jn cj co o co T)< o oo m N co * t^ o m CMCN. OOmOOrH!NCO t-mtrHrH OOCOCOO CM rH eo in cq co SIN oo co o m ^ ^ * ^ 1-1 rHin ^rH CMt-rHrHrH CO m t~COCOO5v OCMCM -^ino^rHO in-^Mi^oo rH CM -l ^* O CO Tf< O CM CO in rH rH Ttl O5 in 00 rH ^< 00-* CDrH COOOCOOt- CO' 'in rHOOOOOt- OCMCM m-r)(b-.rHOO OOCOCOOO CM I-H co 2! 2 co CM t- o oo oo m O CN -^ ^ O -^ OO rHrH OOrHOO CO * INr-tx-0000 OCMCM oomoorHco IN-*COCO c S.- . . a : : -38 ' * J -^ --1 4 ? : '1 s 'M S ^ iSg : '"3 u'Ss | 4* 1 tt*i > S-9 S.-a e a * I ll 31 3 S & < H 390 p "5 2; 2: = - - - ^ M -- 3 - sS c _ c - z ~ - - - - - --; ~ ~ 5 - - .-. | - - - : < 5 M to b- - 00 O* iS Cl ^- t^ CO t~ i o t^ N 3 O TO 00 N TO to O I- TO TJ< TO g ^ TO N c co c r~ 00 IS OO "* N TO m oo 5S P r- c: M m t- * IN TO - 8 3 M T 00 * to C: O IS QC TO in oo 9 CJ TI- i l TO m a 00 IN - TO M M N M - -" " S is f t-^ o c ^^ 00 s ^ o TO IS 00 00 00 TO " iS N TO m IN N TO r TO b- LO N- T-< C LO co r~ Tf IS 2 IN to oo oj O TO TO C - 00 ^r TO "* 2 00 O g M 3~ o in s: ~* r+ TO m O 00 M CO m oo rt TO IN r r- TO TO IS a TO IN CO * "~ :x --o f r- g 5 O TO T}I to O 00 ro T}< 5 00 CN CO O - TO /?*->$ ^ ' m C* 5 00 o TO 00 - ~) TO * TO 2 M 00 CO CM O (N ^ IN i IN TO C5 i-i ^< IS 00 ^ S C: t C l^ 00 IN c-. TO TO * 3 N TO m N r-i IS N O IN ^ CD O <-< M <^l iH 3 S i 2 3S 00 rt TO >-~. 5 o CN t~ (N O i-H -< o n o ~ - ~- s O t- to t- O TO rt 00 c --r 00 O o T CO 2 TO t~ (N TO IS r-i m ^ X C 1 * OS cs 3 o g C^ CO x -~ M CD (N 3 IN TO H O 00 TO CM CO (N is C: X T(< m TO TO $ S O CO t^ IN ro S * TO * a ...mil .0 ~ cs oo CM N TO cc --r c m i 5? S TO 00 h- ^ TO w JD O TO m TO IN -J ro c: <*< N 00 CO L- j CO t-^ o m IS O TO TO "* 5 00 s CM 00 ^ TO r; C N :- i C ro m C 5 00 M S (N tr r- TO iS K S TO TO IS .a o s g cs O ro CO i^ ' o ^ in M< 1 to C O TO m m oo TO TO tO 00 00 2 TO * a TO o> 8 s TO m -< o o oo o t- ro is O TO m oo *- in os ro ro o rr ro IS ^ sptmod sss jo iqaia.w v Sanpsaa 2id siqi qji.vv pajojjojut ..nj j^ Pig number and sex . J3 M '5 o I . = : c = 1 "2 'E Final weight. . . Total gain Average daily K 1 Ijj] J=i5|1 is = "2 ^ EH o! O r ~ Average daily rt Corn. . . Tankage. . . . Middlings. . o | i Feed for 100 Ibe Corn. . . i 1 391 o E-i s ij P (H o S H s a 51! 11 age I a 5j O fe 8 s p cc S5 O O HH S ^ C CO CO O -H 00 CM i-i O W CO O O $ O Tf * r-l OS US O * 00 Tf US 00 t^ CO t- US r~ t- o CN us i-i I-H o us CM us IHH CM CM t- -H OS CO * & CO rP i-l CO CO 00 00 IN CM CO CO O t o oo us 1-1 ,-1 r- oo CM us r- CN CSI t- I-H OS CO T(t 3 10 00 (N O - IH 00 CO T(I C4 IM US O O 00 CO i-i O CO O O O CO -Hio rji-i tomOTjiin rji us i-ir-Tt-O CO US r-< iH iH OSNUS'll (N CM t^ i-l O3 CO * " CO CO "3 00 O t-~ CO O t^ U) O r)< tt CO Tt< Tjit-.T}it-(N t>-r-o cs us i-i 1-1 i-i COCMUSIO CN CM f- TH OJ CO TI< fe co r- co o> I-H oo * .-i O N CO O O ^ TjtcO 0) i-i COCOlOCOTfl rjl lO OCDNt^rt t^l^O O us o -< t^ TfcNUlCO IN CN t- IH 00 CO Tjl > US CO O5 I-H CN 00 O ^ CO CO ^H | CNU5 COrt CO-*00-*IN * US CNt-COt^OS t^t^-O -HlOOr-IOS U5CNU5CO (N OOO O"2Oi-C O OS s < CM -HUJ rt< OOi-iCOCOOO CO * COOOOOr)! t-h-O CNCOCNi-lCM OCOCOO CM CM 00 I-H 'Ji US p W co N * OS t^ (> t- OS 00 (N US O t- s 00 CM gUSCO t^rji^co-* CO * CO^-i(NOOt b-O uscOCNi-HCD I-H CO CO 1-1 CM CM 00 r-t O. ^ US p > CO CO t> O i-l 00 O O O CO CO O O US COUS CMi-H OOOSO!iOi-i rji US usosOSMi-l r>-t-o osusi-irHos OSCMUSOS CN CM b- 1-1 OS CO "cf H i 1 1 . . . . a 3 \\ j 1 M j j | J :'| j i j 1 j 1 j M 03 3 * " ^ i 1 a a tg Days to reach i . >, s. '.." >>.'..". * ' i i. *3 : J3* r3 S md). r-- m V O aj">. -a c ^ ^ aga.; 1 iftl*J s:a3 fl ^i II 3S Mill !a|!|| Jlg : liii .2 rt 03^ IB V Jl iS H tiOoaj.-H -rtOc3Lj;-3 II || -gOc-iS^ gonS^ |onS^ 5 S H