list of publications and 
 
 SUMMARY OF TEE MINERAL RESOURCES OF 
 
 
&S7S1 
 
 wW 
 
 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 
 
 - 0 - 
 
 G. B. Morgan, State Geologist, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 Mineral : 
 
 *Albany County: Beeler, 1906. 
 
 ♦Grand Encampment Copper District: Beeler, 1905. 
 
 ♦Laramie Peak Copper District: Beeler, 1904. 
 
 ♦Mines In 1907: Beeler, 1908. 
 
 ♦South Pass Gold District: Beeler, 1903. 
 
 South Pass Gold District: Beeler, 1904. 
 
 ♦Bull. 1, Mineral Resources: Jamison, 1911. 
 
 ♦Bull. 7, Atlantic City Gold District: Trumbull, 1914. 
 Press Bull. 10, Mineral Resources: Morgan, Oct. 1, 1920. 
 
 Miscellaneous : 
 
 ♦State Geologist’s Report: 3eeler, 1903. 
 
 ♦Bull. 6, Mining Laws: Trumbull, 1913. 
 
 ♦Bull. 9, Biennial Report; 1913-14: Trumbull, 1915. 
 
 ♦Bull. 16, Mining Laws: Trumbull, 1917. 
 
 ♦Bull. 17, Bibliography and Index: 1918. 
 
 Bull. 18, Mining Laws - State & Federal: Morgan, 1921. 
 
 Map, State Topographic, 1000-ft. contour: Price, $1.00. 
 
 Map, State Geologic: April 1, 1921. 
 
 Oil: 
 
 ♦Bull . 
 ♦Bull. 
 ♦Bull. 
 ♦Bull. 
 ♦Bull . 
 ♦Bull. 
 ♦Bull. 
 ♦Bull. 
 
 ♦Bull. 
 
 ♦Bull. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 *Sci. 
 
 ♦Map, 
 
 Map, 
 
 ♦Press 
 
 Press 
 
 Press 
 
 Press 
 
 Press 
 
 2, Fremont County (Lander Field) : Jamison, 1911. 
 
 3-a, Douglas Oil Field: Jamison, 1912. 
 
 3-b, Muddy Creek Oil Field: Jamison, 1912. 
 
 4, Salt Creek Oil Field: Jamison, 1912. 
 
 5, Prospective Oil Fields: Trumbull, 1913. 
 
 8, Salt Creek Oil Field: Trumbull, 1914. 
 
 10, Basin-Greybull Oil & Gas Field: Hintze, 1915. 
 
 11, Pt. 1, Little Buffalo Basin Gas Field: Hintze. 
 
 Pt. 2, Grass Creek Oil & Gas Field :Hintze, 1915. 
 
 12, Light Oil Fields: Trumbull, 1916. 
 
 13, Pilot Butte Oil Field: Ziegler, 1916. 
 
 14, Byron Oil and Gas Field: Ziegler, 1917. 
 
 15, Oregon Basin Gas Field: Ziegler, 1917. 
 
 Ser., Bull. 1, Pt. 1, Petroleum in Granite. 
 
 Pt, 2, Effect of Structure upon 
 
 Migration of Oil: Trumbull, 1916. 
 Big Muddy-Douglas Oil Field: Trumbull, 1915. 
 
 Rock Springs Uplift (Dry Lake Dome: Trumbull, 1915. 
 Bull. 2, Rawlins and Vicinity: Morgan 
 Bull. 4, Laramie Basin: Morgan, Oct. 24, 1919. 
 
 Bull. 7, Rock Creek Oil Field: Morgan, April 1, 1920. 
 Bull. 8, Osage-Newcastle Oil Field: Morgan, July 8,1920 
 Bull, 9, Dry Piney-LaBarge Oil Field: Morgan, Aug. 1920 
 
 Cut of print 
 
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PRESS BULLETIN NUMBER 10. 
 
 October 1, 1920. 
 
 -o- 
 
 G . B . Morgan 
 State Geologist 
 Cheyenne, Y/yoming. 
 
 - 0 - 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF V/YOMING . 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 Coal — 1 
 
 Petroleum * — * 2 
 
 Natural Gas — — — 3 
 
 Oil Shale 5 
 
 Iron and Copper — 6 
 
 Precious Metals - Gold and Silver * — , 7 
 
 Platinum and Allied Minerals 7 
 
 Uranium (Radium) 7 
 
 Lead, Zinc, Tin, and Cobalt — * 8 
 
 Asbestos 8 
 
 Asphalt (Gilsonite) — * 8 
 
 Bentonite 9 
 
 Clay (Brick and Fire) — 9 
 
 Cement Materials 9 
 
 Epsomite >- 10 
 
 Fuller's Earth 10 
 
 Glass Sand 10 
 
 Granite and Other Building Stones 11 
 
 Graphite 11 
 
 Gypsum (Gypsite) 12 
 
 Manganese 12 
 
 Mica 12 
 
 Mineral Waters, 12 
 
 Phosphate Rock 13 
 
 Potash 13 
 
 Salt (Halite) 14 
 
 Soda (Sodium Sulphate, Glauber Salts) 14 
 
 Sulphur 15 
 
 Conclusion * 15 
 
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SUMMARY OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF WYOMING. 
 
 The list of the minerals, both metallic and non-metallic, that 
 are found within the boundaries of Y/yoming, reads like a text book or a 
 glossary of the known minerals. Few realize the extent and value of 
 our deposits and the great number of minerals of economic value that are 
 found in the State. In fact a great many of them have been very little 
 prospected, much less developed, and practically nothing is known in re- 
 gard to them except their occurrence, A survey of the lesser known 
 minerals in this State would be of great value and would probably lead to 
 much economic development. Inquiries covering a wide range of minerals 
 are received almost daily and the writers invariably request information 
 as to the location, quality, quantity and immediate availability of the 
 mineral deposits in which they are interested. Much of this information 
 is not to be had at the present time. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Wyoming is colossal and incalculable and 
 in some respects intangible. Many of the common minerals that are con- 
 sidered worthless to-day may become valuable and bring great wealth and 
 prosperity to the State in the future. The purpose of this article is 
 to show the commercial importance and wonderful future of our mineral 
 deposits. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Coal is mined on a commercial scale in eight counties of the 
 State; namely, Lincoln, Carbon, Uinta, S'Weetwater, Sheridan, Y/eston, Hot 
 Springs, and Fremont. Six other counties, Big Horn, Converse, Crook, 
 Johnson, Park and Campbell, also contain many local, or wagon, mines of 
 small production. ’Workable beds of coal are also found in Washakie, 
 Natrona, Niobrara and Albany counties. The above lists include all of 
 the counties in the State except one. The production of coal in 
 Wyoming for 1918 was 9,300,000 tons; for 1919 it was 7,145,000 tons, a 
 decrease due to labor shortage. The total value of the coal produced 
 in 1919 exceeded $15,000,000,00. In the last five years approximately 
 
 40,000,000 tons of coal were mined in Y/yoming, having a total value of 
 about $80,000,000. 
 
 The total workable coal resources of the State may be set out 
 as follows; 
 
 Green River Basin ( Sou thwe stern Wyoming) . 
 
 Semi -Bituminous 
 Bituminous 
 Sub -B i tuminous 
 
 22,600,000 short tons. 
 
 174.138.000. 000 » 
 
 491. 500. 000. 000 » 
 
 Total 
 
 665,660,600,000 " 
 
 Big Horn and Wind River Basins (Northwestern Wyoming) . 
 
 Bituminous 
 Sub -B i tuminous 
 Total 
 
 608,800,000 short tons. 
 
 3.467.700.000 11 11 
 
 4.076.500.000 short tons. 
 
 Central and Northeastern Wyoming. 
 
 Mai nly Sub -B i tuminou s 
 
 408,883,000,000 short tons, 
 1,078,620,100,000 short tons. 
 
 Grand total 
 
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cents per ton is $107,863,010,000.00. It is estimated that approximate!^ 
 19,000,000 acres of land in Yearning are coal-bearing. 
 
 The heat value of Y/yoming coal averages fairly high. The Brit- 
 ish thermal units range from 9,500 in the lignites and sub -bituminous coals 
 to 13,500 in the bituminous coals. The Newcastle bituminous coking coal 
 and the coals from southwestern Y/yoming show the highest values. 
 
 Y/yoming coal deposits have been described in the following pub- 
 lications of the United States Geological Survey; 
 
 Field 
 
 Countv 
 
 Bulletin Number 
 
 Bald Mountain district 
 
 Sher idan 
 
 G. F. 141 
 
 Barber Field 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Bull. 531 
 
 Big Horn Basin 
 
 
 Bull. 225, 265, 
 
 
 
 341, 381 
 
 
 
 P. P. 53. 
 
 Black Hills 
 
 
 Bull. 260, 499. 
 
 Buffalo Field 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Bull. 381. 
 
 Cloud Peak District 
 
 
 G. F. 142 
 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Bull. 471 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Bull. 316 
 
 
 Converse 
 
 Bull. 471, 541. 
 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Bull. 471, 541. 
 
 Glenrock Field 
 
 Converse 
 
 Bull. 341 
 
 Great Divide Basin 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Bull. 341. 
 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Bull. 541 
 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Bull. 471, 531 
 
 Lander Field 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Bull. 316. 
 
 Laramie Basin 
 
 
 Bull. 316. 
 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Bull, 543. 
 
 Little Powder River Field 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Bull, 471. 
 
 Little Snake River Field 
 
 Carbon & Sweetwater 
 
 Bull. 341. 
 
 Lost Spring 
 
 Converse 
 
 Bull. 471 
 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Bull. 471, 541, 
 
 Newcastle District 
 
 Weston 
 
 G. F. 107 
 
 Powder River Field 
 
 Campb ell, Sher idan 
 
 
 
 and Johnson 
 
 Bull. 341, 381. 
 
 Rock Springs 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Bull. 341, 381. 
 
 Southwestern Wyoming 
 
 
 P, P. 56. 
 
 Sundance District 
 
 Crook 
 
 G, F. 127. 
 
 Sussex Field 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Bull. 471. 
 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Bull. 285, 316. 
 
 7/ind River Region 
 
 Fremont & Natrona 
 
 Bull. 471. 
 
 PETROLEUM. 
 
 The second great mineral asset of the State is probably petro- 
 leum. Wyoming oils are of two kinds, the light colored green and brown 
 oils of high Baumfe gravity and paraffine base, and the heavy black oils 
 containing an asphaltum base. By far the greatest production 
 
 values are in the light oils. Generally speaking, the light oils are 
 
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found in formations of the Cretaceous system and the black oil comes from 
 much older rocks principally in the Carboniferous (Permian and Pennsylva- 
 nian) . 
 
 The table following gives the production of petroleum by counties 
 in 1918 and 1919; 
 
 County 
 
 1*18 
 
 
 1919. 
 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 45,260 
 
 bbls. 
 
 54,031.725 
 
 bbls. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 
 
 306,294.725 
 
 >• 
 
 Converse 
 
 3,062,026 
 
 
 3,267,302,225 
 
 It 
 
 Crook 
 
 
 
 54,34 
 
 ft 
 
 Fremont 
 
 110,183 
 
 »♦ 
 
 227, * 69 * 42 '- 
 
 *• 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 2,951,455 
 
 >• 
 
 2,151,867.135 
 
 
 Natrona 
 
 5,336,927 
 
 44 
 
 6,018,806.36 
 
 if 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 — 
 
 
 498,016.695 
 
 «« 
 
 Park 
 
 1,066,836 
 
 H 
 
 773,893.56 
 
 ft 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 
 
 279,465.395 
 
 II 
 
 Uinta (and Crook) 
 
 3,600 
 
 II 
 
 2,261.38 
 
 It 
 
 Weston 
 
 — 
 
 
 117,04 
 
 »! 
 
 
 12,596,287 
 
 bbls. 
 
 13,560,000.000 bbls. 
 
 For the first six months in 1920 the production of petroleum 
 amounted to 7,950,000 barrels. It is estimated that the total production 
 for 1920 will be more than 16,000,000 barrels. 
 
 The average price being paid for doming oils to-day is $2,85 per 
 barrel. Wyoming crude oil sales for this year will exceed $45, 000, 000, 00 
 
 It is impossible to estimate the oil resources of Wyoming. There 
 are 17 fields in the State where oil is being produced for the market, 
 
 There are 17 other fields, wherein oil has been struck but not marketed as 
 yet. There are also scores of prospective fields or wildcat structures, 
 some of which will probably be f ound to contain oil. More than one half 
 of the oil production in the State is from the Salt Creek field. This is 
 a wonderful oil reservoir. It has been producing about 10 years and 
 production is still increasing strongly. It is roughly estimated that 
 the Wyoming fields contain oil reserves amounting to about 400,000,000 
 barrels. The discovery of new fields will naturally increase this figure. 
 The total production up to 1920 from Wyoming fields approximates 50,000,000 
 barrels, which is about 12-|$ of the estimated remaining available supply. 
 
 NATURAL GAS. 
 
 One of the largest and most promising of the undeveloped re- 
 sources of the State is natural gas. Very little use has so far been 
 
 made of the immense gas pools scattered throughout the central and western 
 portions of the State . The annual consumption of gas from the oil and 
 gas fields amounts to about 10 billion cubic feet, of which about 7 billion 
 cubic feet are produced in the Byron and Hidden Dome dry gas fields, the 
 balance being obtained from the various oil fields. The combined oil 
 and gas fields of the State are capable of producing one billion cubic 
 feet per day . 
 
 The following table shows the estimated daily capacity of the 
 principal gas fields, assuming the normal use of the gas as being from 15 
 p to 25/o of the open flow of the wells. 
 
cm* 8 moo Xio *c*£d arid juju aadava smea | ..• 'aanot «i bmmt 
 
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 'f^aXoiJeq to rrc idinxooTq act# QS6X iti sddoom xjta deiit set# -xoS 
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 eX isd 000,0 >0,9X /tcdd . . - : ad XXiw .■..■.'-I •; : l 
 
 "^q c3, SA 3i vkb~od a Xio jjni®o^ «id% &isq ^Ki&o" soiic o-ojjisv* «ri£ 
 
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 o.oo .. ;. ,Xio aird : :-o od ad - a; liiv ilDidw Ac e.:_ . 
 
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 disdt fcad/vjiJa© ^Xdqcco: si I v;s - ; .$9icr . XXxdB -;.i aoi sry<zo"q 
 
 ■>00,000 ( 00i- dirods ot i iJi-om a# visas t Xio xtfadaco a&fext £xujtsc*, ' odd 
 ' ^ • 0: os £•;••. tan .' # Xr-wdri; XXrv/ itJai'i won to v^ie •. . ,t 0 aril ♦ aXt?-= •;«£}' 
 
 X), 0. sodsiaixoxqqjs sbiail ..rs- ' - cioiO: 088 £ cd >; ixoi#owX»3*jq Xi?dod . J » 
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 :5 iO JAE.TAJ1 
 
 ~ei daqo ijvsdoa add Oo saXsiasoota daosx dies dssg'fBl add to arxO 
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 :o5*d8t>w dns laidaso &rtd dmdsuo'trfd daiodd-soa eXooq s^-,, asn&Asr:; aui lo abzsn 
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 siQixa :ioiXX iA ?n.o * :'.•.>• xT:r lo aXddcnr» ai-s, e J 0:? 0 orlo lo aOis;i ;or Oar 
 
 • 3M '1231 
 
 arfj 1' vdxc-y..;o*j -;IiBi> dadaraidsa arid awe da ©lord £fum>IXol an’i 
 f soil ^'niad as add lo sen Irarioa add ^niRsoaaa r aoia£l 
 
 . alls, add '■ ....- • «;xi/ ro od 
 
Field 
 
 County 
 
 Normal Daily Capac- 
 ity in millions of 
 Cubic Feet. 
 
 Byron 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 50 
 
 Oregon Basin 
 
 Park 
 
 100 
 
 Little Buffalo Basin 
 
 Park & Hot Springs 
 
 125 
 
 Hidden Dome 
 
 Big. Horn & Washakie 
 
 50 
 
 Golden Eagle 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 30 
 
 Big Band Draw 
 
 Fremont 
 
 45 
 
 Alkali Butte 
 
 Fremont 
 
 40 
 
 Rock Springs 
 Powder River Station^ 
 Pine Mountain 1 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 L 
 
 25 
 
 Poison Spider | 
 
 Iron Creek J 
 
 Natrona 
 
 i 
 
 80 
 
 Mahoney 
 Allen Lake \ 
 
 Carb on 
 
 60 
 
 Medicine Bov; J 
 
 Curb on 
 
 45 
 
 Lance Creek 
 
 Total 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 50 
 
 700 
 
 In practically all of the producing oil fields casing-head gas 
 is used for power and domestic purposes, and in the Grass Creek, Salt 
 Creek, Elk Basin and Byron fields the gas is first passed through ab- 
 sorption or compression plants for the extraction of casing-head gasoline 
 which amounts to about 10,000,000 gallons per year. The largest in- 
 dustrial use of gas is for the extraction of carbon black. The Byron 
 field furnishes about 10,000,000 cubic feet per day to the carbon plant 
 located at Cowley. Another carbon plant is located near Thermopolis, 
 utilizing.gas from the Golden Eagle field. The capacity of this plant 
 is 2,000,000 cubic feet per day. The oil refinery at Greybull is using 
 aboutv 5,000,000 cubic feet per day, from the Hidden Dome and 3yron fields, 
 The city of Casper is now preparing to take gas for domestic and industrial 
 use from the Poison Spider, Oil Mountain, and Iron Creek fields. The main 
 pipe lines have been practically completed and distributing lines are now 
 being laid. Of the available gas resources in Wyoming only about 3 per 
 cent is being utilized at the present time. The average market price 
 for natural gas at the wells is about 4 cents per thousand cubic feet. 
 
 The gas resources invite wise and economic development and in- 
 dustrial use. They should appeal to such industries as glass, brick, 
 tile, and cement manufacturing, especially since raw materials for such 
 . industries are to be found in many places in the State. Burning 
 natural gas for carbon black may not be wasteful if carried on in fields 
 where the gas is not available for other industries and domestic purposes. 
 
 The natural gas-gasoline industry depends to a great extent on 
 the use of the gas for fuel or carbon black after treatment, inasmuch as 
 it would be an unwarranted waste of gas to allow it to escape into the 
 air from the gasoline plant. Owing to the high price of gasoline, great 
 
 development and progress may be expected from now on in the production of 
 natural gas-gasoline in Wyoming, Practically all of the gas in Vfyorning 
 contains a workable percentage of gasoline and some of it is exceptionally 
 rich. Gasoline extraction from dry gas must go hand in hand with in- 
 dustrial development. 
 
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 , 4 aanqaXPToJo Utizfsub 
 
1 . 
 
 2 . 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5, 
 
 6 , 
 ?, 
 8 . 
 9, 
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 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 17, 
 16, 
 
 19, 
 
 20 , 
 21 , 
 22 . 
 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 
 YTYOIIING OIL AND GAS FIELDS. 
 
 L.O. - light oil, B, 0. *• black oil, G, - gas. 
 
 Elk Basin, L. 0, 
 
 Byron, L.O. & G, 
 
 Cody, L.O, 
 
 Crystal Creek, B.O. 
 
 Oregon Basin, G, 
 
 Greybull, L.O. 
 
 Torchlight, L.O. 
 
 Little Buffalo Basin, G, 
 
 Grass Creek, L.O. & B.O. 
 Golden Eagle, G. 
 
 Hamilton, B.O, 
 
 Kirby Creek, L.O. 
 
 'warm Springs, B.O. 
 
 Hidden Dome, G, 
 
 Maverick Springs, 3.0, 
 
 Pilot Butte, L.O. 
 
 Plunkett, L.O. 
 
 Hudson, 3.0. 
 
 Dallas, B.O. 
 
 Lander, B.O. 
 
 Alkali Butte, G, 
 
 Big Sand Draw, G, 
 
 Powder River Station, G, 
 
 Oil Mountain, G. & B.O. 
 
 48, Dry Piney, 
 
 25, Poison Spider & Iron 
 
 Creek, G* & B.O, 
 
 26, Bates Hole, B. 0. 
 
 27, Spindletop, B.O, 
 
 28, Bolton Creek, B.O. 
 
 29, Big Muddy, L.O, 
 
 30, Salt Creek, L.O, 
 
 31, Moorcroft, L.O. 
 
 32, Upton-Thornton, L.O* 
 
 33, Osage, L.O, 
 
 34, Newcastle, L.O. 
 
 35,. Mule Creek, L.O. 
 
 36, Lance Creek, L.O. & G« 
 
 37, Douglas, L.O, 
 
 38, Rock Creek, L.O. 
 
 39^ Big Hollow, B.O. 
 
 40 Medicine Bow, G. 
 
 41. Ferris, L.O. 
 
 42. Mahoney, G. 
 
 43. Lost Soldier, L.O* 
 
 44. Rock Springs, G. 
 
 45. Spring Valley, L.O. 
 
 46. Fossil, L.O, 
 
 47. LaBarge, L.O. 
 
 M e b Ra s «a I south Dakota 
 
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OIL SHALE. 
 
 The oil shale beds of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado are found in 
 the Green River formation of Eocene Age. This formation underlies vast 
 areas in all three States and in southwestern Wyoming, particularly in 
 Sweetwater and Uinta counties, the formation underlies approximately 3,500 
 square miles. It is estimated that the workable shale beds underlie at 
 least one half that area. The outcrops of the oil shale seams have been 
 examined by the United States Geological Survey at different places along 
 Green River south of the Union Pacific Railroad almost to the Wyoming- 
 Utah line. Beds sampled along these outcrops average 4-§- feet in thick- 
 ness. The results of 40 samples taken by the Survey and analyzed show 
 an average of 15,8 gallons of crude oil and six pounds of ammonium sulphat 
 per ton of shale. It is very possible that there are richer deposits 
 than those sampled by the Survey. Other assays have been received in 
 this office, showing yields ranging from 23 to 40 gallons per ton and 
 the samples were taken from beds 15 to 60 feet in thickness. Owing to 
 the lack of data, it is impossible to estimate the tonnage of available 
 oil shales in Wyoming and their probable yield in crude oil. It is 
 estimated by the Survey that the Green River shales of northwestern 
 Colorado will produce 20 billion barrels of oil. ’We have reason to 
 believe that similar shales in Wyoming are capable of producing at least 
 one half that much. The total world's petroleum production up to the 
 
 present time is about 7 billion barrels and in the United States about 
 5 billion barrels, and probably not over 6-g- billion barrels of oil re- 
 main in the ground in the various oil fields throughout the United States 
 
 It is a well known fact that the consumption of petroleum is 
 increasing far more rapidly than domestic production. At the present 
 rate of consumption (and this rate is increasing every year), our pools 
 will be exhausted in less than 20 years. Therefore, the future of the 
 shale oil industry is assured. Oil distillation is now passing through 
 the experimental stage and, owing to the increasing demand for gasoline, 
 lubricants and fuel oil, it will be a matter of only a very short time 
 until oil shale plants will be operating in Colorado, Utah, and 'Wyoming. 
 
 Shale oil extraction is simply a mining and metallurgical 
 proposition and is a matter of figuring plant and operating costs against 
 the market price of oil and by-products, including gas which is used as 
 a fuel in the retorts. There is not the element of risk in this in- 
 dustry as in prospecting for oil in unproved fields. Given a prac- 
 ticable and workable plant for destructive distillation, one is able to 
 calculate with extreme accuracy the costs of mining and treatment added 
 to the original cost of the plant and the amount of oil and by-products 
 that can be extracted from a known deposit of shale, the contents of 
 which have been carefully sampled and tested. It is also a simple 
 matter to calculate the available tonnage of workable shale in a given 
 area, especially if a diamond core drill is used to sample the under- 
 lying beds. Thus, it seems possible to forecast unusually well just 
 what to expect in such ventures. 
 
 Although we do not believe that shale oil production will 
 completely take the place of our dwindling petroleum supplies, yet it is 
 not inconceivable that within ten years our shale fields will contain 
 many extraction plants with millions of dollars invested and employing 
 thousands of workmen. 
 
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 as ':±-Lsliioiiiz(r tftsdsewridaoe ai Urns zstnfi osirid IXs at 3.3 a is 
 
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IRON AND COPPDR. 
 
 All of the iron production in the State and most of the copper 
 comes from the Sunrise mines in Platte County, operated by the Colorado 
 Fuel and Iron Company. The ore is shipped to Colorado to be smelted. 
 
 Iron occurs as hematite in the metamorphic rocks of the Whalen 
 Croup. The principal workable deposit is found in the limestones and 
 schists, being developed mainly along and not far from the contact be- 
 tween them. The Sunr ise-Hartville mineralization begins about one 
 and one half miles south of Sunrise and extends about four miles in a 
 northeasterly direction to a point about a mile south of Frederick. 
 
 There are also other deposits in this region which have not yet become 
 of economic importance. 
 
 The copper occurs associated with the iron oreS ana also as 
 replacement deposits in the massive gray limestones of the Guernsey 
 formation. In the iron deposit, the copper occurs as chalcopyrite , 
 chalcocite, and the carbonates and is found ip. pockets, whereas the 
 iron is found in elongated lenses. It is reported that prospecting 
 by the diamond drill has opened up a large remaining supply of iron 
 ore in the Sunrise mines. The shipments for 3,919 were 446,446 tons 
 of hematite and 806,4 tons of copper ore. 
 
 Other copper mines in the State are operating with small 
 production. There are several properties near Encampment, Tfyoming, 
 in Carbon County, and near Holmes and Centennial in Albany County, 
 that are being re-opened and developed with the prospect of making com- 
 mercial mines, and much activity is promised in the near future in ether 
 districts as well. The recent discovery of an important deposit of 
 native copper near Tie Siding, Albany County, has brought renewed 
 interest to the possibilities in copper mining in that district. The 
 prospects or mines in theeSilver Crown district west of Cheyenne are 
 also drawing attention. Considerable high grade ore was shipped from 
 some of these properties, in the past, which was largely taken from 
 shallow workings. Deep development will probably open up larger beds 
 of lower grade ores. Prospecting for copper and associated minerals 
 is still going on in the North Laramie Mountains in Albany and Converse 
 counties, in Copper Mountain south of Thermopolis, and the Kirwin and 
 Sunlight districts southwest of Meeteetse, 
 
 During the years 1913-1918, inclusive, the smelter reports 
 showed 5,402,004 pounds of fine copper produced from Wyoming ores. 
 
 The production for 1918 was 852,77? pounds of copper, valued at $210,636; 
 for 1919 it was 124,816 pounds. 
 
 Iron and copper, as well as other precious metals of Wyoming, 
 have recently come in for much attention and mention should be made of 
 some of the undeveloped regions. 
 
 An immense deposit of titaniferous iron ore, called Iron 
 Mountain, is located eight miles west of Iren Mountain station on the 
 Colorado and Southern Railroad, in eastern Albany County, This de- 
 posit has been known for many years and some surface ore has been shipped. 
 On account of its titanium content it is very refractory and no process 
 has yet been devised to treat it commercially. However, it is fairly 
 good ore, containing about 50% iron. There is no doubt that eventual- 
 ly some metallurgical process will be found that will render this de- 
 posit of great economic importance, Gtood iron deposits are also known 
 to exist in the Seminoe Mountains at the foot of Bradley's Peak about 40 
 
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miles northeast of Rawlins. The ore is reported to be fairly high 
 grade and to contain very little impurities, such as phosphorous and 
 sulphur. The available ore is estimated at 1,500,000,000 tons. 
 
 The lack of transportation is probably the only obstacle in the way of 
 the development of this deposit. It is reported that some prospecting 
 and re-locating have recently been done in the Seminoe region by one of 
 the large oil companies operating in this State. 
 
 Another large deposit of iron ore is located near Atlantic 
 City and still other deposits are reported in the Wind River Mountains 
 west of Lander. The old Paint mine about two miles north of Rawlins 
 must also be mentioned. This mine was operated for a number of years 
 and the ore shipped to Salt Lake City for the manufacture of paint. 
 
 It is a high grade hematite and occurs in the Cambrian quartzite. 
 
 An important deposit of chrome iron ore is found in Leer 
 Creek Canyon in Converse County about 15 miles south of Glenrock. 
 
 The ore contains 35/s chromic oxide and 11 % ferrous oxide. It occurs 
 in a serpentine formation and the ore bed is about 600 feet long with 
 a maximum width of 100 feet* Some development work has been done on 
 this deposit in recent years and some ore has been shipped. At the 
 head of Dutton Creek, Albany County, another deposit of chrome iron 
 ore in mica schist has been reported. 
 
 PRECIOUS METALS 
 Gold and Silver. 
 
 Gold and silver, associated with other minerals, occur near 
 Holmes, Centennial, and Jelm Mountain, Albany County; in the Bear 
 Ledge and Black Buttes of Crook County; at Atlantic City and South 
 Pass and in the Owl Creek and Wind River Mountains of Fremont County; 
 near Hecla, Laramie County; and at Horse Creek near Merna, Lincoln 
 County, A recent strike of gold and silver in the form of sylvanite 
 has also been made in' the Big Horn Mountains northeast of Basin. The 
 Atlantic City and South Pass districts produced large amounts of gold 
 in the early days. Recent gold production in Wyoming is very small 
 and most of it comes from the copper ores of the Hartville, Sunrise 
 and Medicine Bow districts. Much placer mining for gold was 
 formerly carried on in the Laramie, Big Horn, Bear Lodge and Wind 
 Siver Mountains and on the Shoshone, Clark’s Fork, Green, and Snake 
 rivers. Ho production is reported at this time. 
 
 The principal silver production also comes from the copper 
 ores in the same manner as the gold. Deposits containing silver, 
 associated with other minerals, are found in the Black Hills district, 
 Crook County, in the Laramie Peak region and in the Wind River and 
 Bear Lodge Mountains. 
 
 PLATINUM AND ALLIED MINERALS. 
 
 Platinum and palladium are found in the covellite ores of the 
 old Rambler mine near Holmes, Albany County. This mine is being re- 
 opened by a new company and important development may be expected. 
 
 URANIUM (RADIUM) 
 
 A deposit of carnotite (uranium) ore was accidentally dis- 
 covered in an old silver prospect adjacent to the town of Lusk, Niobrara 
 
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County. This ore has strong radio-active properties and is being 
 shipped to Denver for reduction and extraction of radium -uranium 
 salts. The amount produced in 1S19 was 71.86 tons valued at 
 ^382.31 per ton. The ore occurs in poclcets and lenses in a quart- 
 site sandstone and is stained black, yellow and green. The discovery 
 of this high grade material in a region that was prospected for gold, 
 silver, and copper in the early days should stimulate renewed prospect- 
 ing for the rare minerals that were formerly unknown, especially in 
 the region between Hartville and Lusk and in the Rawhide Buttes, for 
 there are a number of places where the metamorphic rocks come to the 
 surface with possibilities of mineralisation in the overlying sedi- 
 mentaries . 
 
 LEAD, ZINC, TIN, AND COBALT. 
 
 Lead is found near Laramie Peak and Jelm Mountain, Albany 
 County; at Perris, Carbon County; at Black Buttes, Crook County; at 
 Kirwin and in the Sunshine 3asin and in the upper Shoshone reg?.on, 
 
 Park County, No production is reported et the present time. 
 
 Zinc occurs in the iron ores of the Hartville district. 
 
 Stream tin ore, cassiterite, is found in the Nigger Hill 
 district. Crook County, near the South Dakota line. No production. 
 
 Cobalt is reported in the gold and copper ores in the Medicine 
 Bow Mountains near Holmes and with the copper ores of the Silver Crown 
 district at Hecla. 
 
 ASBESTOS. 
 
 Asbestos, chiefly of the chrysotile variety, is found in the 
 Casper and Laramie Mountains, Natrona and Converse counties; in the 
 Seminoe and Medicine Bow Mountains, Carbon and Albany counties; in the 
 Big Horn Mountains, Sheridan County; in the Black Hills, Crook County; 
 and in the Wind River Range, Fremont County. 
 
 The principal deposits are in the Casper Mountains eight miles 
 south and 20 miles southeast of Casper and in the Wind River Mountains 
 near Atlantic City. In the Casper Range it occurs in veins principal- 
 ly in serpentine, but sometimes in granite and schist. Considerable 
 development work has been done in this district and several mills have 
 been erected to treat the low grade, short-fiber material which com- 
 prises most of the deposits. Some manufactured products have also 
 been made from this low grade material. The deposit in Fremont 
 County near Atlantic has yielded a small production of spinning fiber, 
 but has not been operated commercially. Good commercial opportunities 
 exist in the development of asbestos properties in Wyoming, which should 
 be thoroughly investigated by technical men of experience who are also 
 familiar with the trade conditions and the requirements of the asbestos 
 industry. 
 
 ASPHALT ( GILSON ITE) 
 
 A deposit of asphalt has been found near Lander, or about four 
 miles northeast of Fort Washakie, in wells drilled for oil at a depth 
 of about 1,500 feet. It also occurs in Big Horn County on the western 
 slope of the Big Horn Mountains, more particularly in Sections 28, 29, 
 32, and 33, T. 52 N., R. 89 W, No production is reported. 
 
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BENTONITE . 
 
 Bentonite, sometimes colled, medicinal or paper clay, is 
 found, in the lower Benton formation of Cretaceous Age and occurs in 
 almost every portion of the £tace, especially in the Big Horn and 
 Laramie Basins. The following counties have available beds of 
 bentonite: Albany, Big Horn* Converse, Crook, Fremont, Hot Springs, 
 
 Johnson, Natrona, Park, Sheridan, and Weston. 
 
 Bentonite is a light colored, plastic clay, having a highly 
 absorbent character and is found in beds ranging from a few inches to 
 five or more feet in thickness. The outcrops are noticeable for 
 their white, powdery appearance, contrasting with the otherwise black 
 shales of the Benton formation. Y/hen freshly uncovered, it appears 
 as a bedded joint clay and is easily rained. It is used as a medic- 
 inal clay ( ant iphlogi stine) , in making paper, and as an adulterant 
 in the manufacture of drugs, soap and many other articles. Present 
 output is largely confined to a deposit near Newcastle. Deposits 
 near Hock Creek, Wyoming, formerly produced considerable amounts# 
 
 The Newcastle production amounts to 25 cars per year and the price quoted 
 quoted on this material is $7.00 per ton f. o, b. the cars at Clay Spur 
 Spur, Wyoming. 
 
 CLAY (BRICK AND FIRE) 
 
 Brick clay may be found in abundance throughout the State. 
 Common and prossed brick have boon made in the following places from 
 Wyoming clays: Laramie, Albany County; Basin, Big Horn County; 
 
 Cody, Park County ; Worland, Washakie County* Encampment, Carbon 
 County; Douglas, Converse County; Gillette, Campbell County; Lander, 
 Fremont County; Thcrmopolis, Hot Springs County; Casper, Natrona 
 County; Wheatland, Platte County; Sheridan, Sheridan County; and Green 
 River, Sweetwater County, 
 
 Fire clay is also found in a great number of places where the 
 Cretacoous, Juraapic and Triassic formations are exposed. Many of 
 those deposits stt'e suitable for the manufacture of fire brick, tiling 
 and terra cotta. A plant is being constructed at Lovoll to make 
 drainage tiling for use in draining bogged areas in the Big Horn Basin. 
 Natural gas from the Byron field will be used for fuel. 
 
 ' In 1916, Wyoming produced 7,932,000 brick valued at $86,716.00. 
 In 1917, the production was 10,699,000 brick valued at $103,140.00. 
 
 The production for 1918 and 1919 has not yet been reported. 
 
 CEMENT MATERIALS . 
 
 Limestone and shale suitable for the manufacture of Portland 
 cement are found in a large number of places, notably in northeastern 
 Wyoming, the Big Horn Basin, the Laramie Basin, and southeastern Wyoming. 
 The Minnekahta limestone outcropping near Newcastle and a bed of cal- 
 careous shale found in the Graneros formation of the same locality are 
 both good raw materials for manufacturing cement. The Morrison and 
 the Graneros formations of this district also contain good shale 
 materials. In southeastern 'Wyoming along the eastern edge of the 
 Laramie Range there are a number of deposits containing good cement 
 materials. Near Iron Mountain the Niobrara and Minnekahta limestones 
 and the Graneros and Pierre shales outcrop and the same formations are 
 
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also found in the Laramie Basin to the west. The mountains sur- 
 rounding the Big Horn Basin contain innumerable exposures of lime- 
 stone in the Embar and Madison formations and shales in the Benton 
 and Morrison formations, as likewise do the eastern slope of the 
 Wind River Mountains in Fremont County and also the mountains of 
 Uinta and Lincoln counties.. 
 
 An ideal location for cement plants in Wy oming would be 
 where the materials are found in connection with a supply of natural 
 gas available for fuel. Such conditions probably exist at Casper, 
 Greybull, Lovell and Cody. The natural gas may be obtained at these 
 places from the Poison Spider, Hidden Dome-, Byron, and Oregon Basin 
 fields and limestones and shales are found in the Casper Mountains, in 
 the canyons of the Big Horn River between Greybull and Lovell and south 
 and west of Cody. 
 
 EPSOMITE . 
 
 Epsom salt, or magnesium sulphate, is found in soda lakes in 
 Laramie, Carbon and Natrona counties. 
 
 Brooklyn Lake near Wilcox Station, Albany County, is reported 
 to contain a large area of natural Epsom salt, and there are also other 
 smaller lakes in this locality containing epsomite. Another im- 
 
 portant deposit of Epsom salt, associated with soda and potassium salts, 
 is at Poison Lake, 18 miles from Douglas, Converse County. A reduction 
 plant has been erected at this site# and commercial production re” 
 cently begun. Good prices are being paid for this product. 
 
 FULLER’S EARTH. 
 
 Fuller’s Earth is known to occur in the Chadron formation 
 which is the basal member of the White River Group. This formation 
 is found in a great number of places in eastern Wyoming, especially in 
 Converse, Niobrara, Platte, Goshen, and Laramie counties. Although 
 no Fuller's Earth operations have been reported, there is a possibility 
 of discovering workable deposits near shipping points which will bear 
 investigation. The average price paid in 1918 for eastern Fuller’s 
 Earth was £13.79 per ton. 
 
 Fuller’s Earth is a clay which has the property of clarifying 
 lard, petroleum, and cottonseed oils and is used largely in oil re- 
 fineries and in packing houses, A chemical analysis is not sufficient 
 to determine the quality of Fuller’s Earth, but it must be tested by 
 experimenting with oils. 
 
 GLASS SAND. 
 
 Glass sand has been produced in a quarry three miles east of 
 Laramie from a soft sandstone of the Casper formation. It is found 
 in abundance in nearly every county of the State. A glass factory is 
 being built at Lovell to utilize a deposit near by, together with the 
 Byron gas as fuel. 
 
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There is no question hut that the glass industry has a 
 future in Wyoming, especially in view of our vast reserves of natural 
 gas which is the only fuel that can he used with success in glass 
 manufacturing, on account of its cheapness, quantity, and ease of 
 control. Thus, glass making in the United States is practically 
 dependent on natural gas. The Cretaceous and Carboniferous series 
 in Wyoming contain many beds of pure sandstone and limestone not a 
 great distance from our principal gas fields. 
 
 GRANITE AND OTHER BUILDING STONES. 
 
 Granite is the core rock of most of our mountain ranges. 
 
 The Laramie Range contains good quarrying granite as do most of the 
 mountain systems of 'Wyoming. The Sherman Hill gravel, or disinte- 
 grated granite, covers a large area in the Laramie Mountains between 
 Cheyenne and Laramie. The Union Pacific Railroad has quarried 
 millions of tons of this material for use as road ballast and there- 
 by has made its lines superior to nearly all other roads in road-bed 
 construction. It is also very fine material for highway construc- 
 tion. 
 
 Building sandstone is also found in every portion of the 
 State. Almost every town can avail itself of some sandstone 
 deposit either for building purposes or for rough masonry. One of 
 the principal quarries is at Rawlins, Carbon County, from which large 
 quantities of sandstone have been shipped. Most of the important 
 buildings of southern Wyoming, including the Capitol, are built of 
 this stone. Limestone for building use is also quarried near 
 Laramie, Albany County; near Rawlins, Carbon County; at Horse Creek, 
 Laramie County; near Hartville, Platte County; Sheridan, Sheridan 
 County; and Green River, Sweetwater County. Flux limestone is 
 produced near Rawlins and Guernsey. Limestone for sugar beet 
 refining is quarried at Granite Canyon, Laramie County; near Laramie, 
 Albany County; and near Greybull, Big Horn County. 
 
 Marbles are also prevalent in many parts of the State. 
 
 They are found in the rocks flanking most of the mountain ranges. 
 Important deposits occur in the Hartville district in Platte ard 
 Goshen counties; at Plumbago Canyon; and near Douglas, Converse 
 County. 
 
 GRAPHITE . 
 
 Amorphous graphite, or plumbago, is found in Fremont County 
 near Miner's Delight, in the Haystack Hills near Ironton, in Goshen 
 and Platte counties, and in Albany County about 27 miles northeast 
 of Laramie. The latter locality is called Plumbago Canyon because 
 of the number of graphite deposits therein.. Some development work 
 has been done on these prospects in the early days, The material 
 is mostly low grade and mixed with impurities. Of the deposits in 
 the Haystack Hills near Ironton and Frederick the most promising are 
 located in Section 1, T. 27 N., R. 65 \7. , and Sections 14, 15, 22, 
 
 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, and 36, T. 28 N., R. 65 W, In this area 
 
 the graphite occurs in schist in the immediate vicinity of granite 
 and pegmatite. Low grade ore is found in comparatively large 
 veins. The Miner's Delight is reported to be extensive and high 
 grade. . No production is reported. 
 
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GYPSUM (GYPSITE). 
 
 Gypsum, calcium sulphate, is one of the most common minerals 
 in Wyoming and is found in practically every county in the State. It 
 occurs abundantly in the Chugwater, or Spearfish, formation ("Red Beds”) 
 and to some extent in the Lrribar or Park City formation. The "Red Beds" 
 contain very large deposits ranging from a few inches to 60 feet in 
 thickness. Some large deposits of the crystalline variety are found 
 in the northeastern part of the State. 
 
 Gypsite is gypsum earth resulting from the disintegration 
 and redeposition of the rock gypsum. The manufacture of plaster of 
 Paris from rock gypsum and cement plaster from gypsite has been carried 
 on extensively for a long time at Laramie and Red Buttes, Albany County. 
 Plaster mills are being operated in the Big Horn Basin at Basin and 
 Kane, Wyoming, and gypsum building blocks are also being made at Basin 
 for use in that country where the climate is exceptionally dry. 
 
 The Wyoming production of gypsum for 1918 was 41,877 tons of 
 raw material from which was manufactured 29,813 tons of plaster, 
 valued at ^195,143.00. 
 
 MANGANESE . 
 
 Manganese deposits have been discovered in the Laramie Peak 
 region and near Marshall, Albany County, and in Big Horn, Crook, Fremont, 
 Sweetwater and Uinta counties. An extensive deposit is located in 
 the Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, about 10 miles north of Sun- 
 dance. The ore is reported to contain 57 of manganese dioxide. 
 
 Some development work has been done on manganese deposits in this State, 
 but no production is reported. It is used as an alloy in the steel 
 industry. High grade ore is worth about $25.00 per ton. 
 
 MICA. 
 
 Muscovite mica is found in the Haystack Hills near Ironton 
 and Frederick, Goshen County. It occurs in pegmatite dikes cutting 
 pre-Cambrian schists. The principal deposits are in Sections 25, 26, 
 27, 34, 35, and 36, T. 28 N., R. 65 W, , and in Sections 1, 2, and 3, 
 
 T. 27 N« # R. 65 W, Considerable development has been done on some 
 of these prospects and some high grade sheet mica has been shipped. 
 Probably high local transportation and freight rates are all that 
 prevent commercial operations in this district. Important de- 
 posits of mica are found near Encampment, Carbon, County, and in the 
 Medicine Bow Mountains, Albany County, some of which have commercial 
 possibilities. Veins of mica have also been discovered in the 
 Casper Mountains, Converse and Albany counties; in the Wind River 
 Mountains, Fremont County; and in the Black Hills, Crook County. 
 
 MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Mineral waters, both hot and cold, are very numerous in many 
 parts of the State, Most of them are said to contain valuable cura- 
 tive properties. These waters apparently have their origin in the 
 beds of the Triassic and Permian series and contain lime, magnesia 
 and soda as sulphates and chlorides, which salts are probably derived 
 from these formations. The temperatures of the warm springs range 
 from 90 to 140 degrees. The better known springs are located at 
 Saratoga, Thermopolis, Cody, Fort Washakie, and Granite Canyon. In 
 
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addition, mention should be made of the wonderful hot springs and 
 geysers of Yellowstone Park, northwestern Wyoming. In 1918 41,335 
 gallons of mineral water were sold from Wyoming springs, valued at 
 $5, 513. 00. 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 Phosphate deposits are found in Lincoln, Hot Springs, and 
 Fremont comities, and cover an area which aggregates approximately 
 1,500 square miles of territory. The Government has reserved 998, 
 592 acres of phosphate lands in western Wyoming, contiguous to Idaho 
 and in the Wind River and the Owl Creek Mountains and has classified 
 25,076 acres in the Shoshone Indian Reservation, making a total of 
 1,182,816 acres. This land is open to development under the act 
 of February 25th, 1920. The phosphate beds occur principally in 
 the Embar or Park City formation of Carboniferous Age, They range 
 from a few feet to 10 feet in thickness. The following is quoted 
 from Mineral Resources, 1918, published by the United States 
 Geological Survey: 
 
 "The richest deposit reported in northwestern Wyoming 
 is in the canyon of Snake River, 3 miles below the mouth 
 of Fall River. Here, besides the main bed, 9 feet thick, 
 a random sample from which yielded 68.5 per cent of tri- 
 calcium phosphate, there are several beds from 2 to 12 feet 
 thick, carrying from 20 to 60 per cent of tricalcium phos- 
 phate. In southwestern Wyoming, in the Sublette Ridge, 
 Beckwith Hills, and Cckeville areas, the phosphate is com- 
 parable in quality and thickness with the Idaho rock, though 
 the thickness of the high-grade bed, containing 70 per cent 
 or more of tricalcium phosphate, is less uniform, apparently 
 ranging from about 3 to 5 feet. 
 
 "In the Wind River and Owl Creek mountains there are 
 two phosphate beds, one of which is persistent throughout 
 both ranges, and the other - the lower one - is limited to 
 the southeastern part of the Wind River Range. On the 
 northeastern slope of the Wind River Range, near Lander, 
 along a front of 30 miles the upper bed is 3 to 5 feet thick 
 and contains 40 per cent or more of tricalcium phosphate; 
 elsewhere it is of only slight prospective value. In the 
 same locality the lower bed across several townships is 2 
 to 4 feet thick and the content of tricalcium phosphate is 
 45 per cent or more. 
 
 "The quantity of phosphate rock in the Wyoming fields 
 is very great, though much of it is of medium or low grade. 
 
 The Sublette Ridge, Beckwith Hills, and Cokeville areas 
 are estimated to contain 37,200,000 tons of high-grade 
 phosphate rock. It is not yet practicable to make es- 
 timates of the other fields. Rock has been shipped from 
 Cokeville and Sage, Lincoln County," 
 
 The production of phosphate rock for 1919 was 2 cars from 
 Cokeville and 22 cars from Sage, Wyoming. 
 
 POTASH. 
 
 Potash occurs in the lava rock, Wyomingite, of the Leucite 
 Hills, Sweetwater County. The potash content of the leucite is dis- 
 tributed among the minerals leucite, phlogopite, and a glassy base 
 which is chiefly uncombined silica. Leucite is the chief potash- 
 bearing mineral in Wyomingite. Late Tertiary lava flows 
 
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probably covered large areas north and northeast of Rock Springs, but 
 the deposits remaining which have resisted erosion are found mostly as 
 the cap rocks of the higher hills and buttes scattered throughout this 
 area. The most important deposits are Pilot Butte, Zirkel Mesa, 
 
 Emmons Mesa, Cross Mesa, Orenda Mesa, Hague Hill, Endliqh Mesa, and 
 Steamboat Mountain. 
 
 The United States Geological Survey estimates that Wyomingite 
 contains an overage of 1C$ potash (K20) and also 10$ alumina (A1203) 
 and that the aggregate tonnage of potash-bearing rocks in this area is 
 1, 97.3, 496, 177 tons, containing 197,349,617 tons of • combined potash and 
 a liko amount of combined alumina. 
 
 An attempt has been made to extract the potash from Wyomingite 
 on a commercial basis, but so far results are not encouraging. The 
 ore from the mine near Superior was transported by aerial tramway to 
 Superior and thence by railroad to Green River, Wyoming, where the re- 
 duction plant was located. It appears that the market prices for 
 potash prevailing subsequent to the war were too low to justify con- 
 tinued operations in this plant. 
 
 Potash is also found in solution in a small lake near Gil- 
 lette, Wyoming, The origin is probably the clinker, or burned 
 shale, beds which surround the lake. The clinker beds are the re- 
 sult of burning coal seams and contain potash, soda, and magnesia, v. 
 which are soluble salts and are leached out by the surface waters drain- 
 ing into the lake. A reduction plant has been located at this site, 
 but no commercial production has been reported. 
 
 SALT (HALITE) . 
 
 Common salt is found in the soda lakes of Albany, Carbon, 
 and Natrona counties and in Salt Creek, Crook County. Salt springs 
 occur in the Star Valley, Lincoln County, and in the early days large 
 amounts of salt were boiled from these springs and were hauled to the 
 mining camps of Idaho and Montana. Another salt producing area is 
 south of Star Valley on Salt Creek. The springs are reported to be 
 in Section 26, T. £9 Ni, R. 119 W* Only a small production for local 
 
 use is reported from these localities. 
 
 SOLA 
 
 Sodium Sulphate (Glauber Salts). 
 
 Natural soda, or white alkali, consists chiefly of sodium 
 sulphate and is found in a great number of small lakes and basins 
 throughout central, southern, and southwestern Wyoming, more particular- 
 ly in Carbon, Albany, Natrona, Fremont, Johnson, and Sweetwater counties. 
 Natural soda has been produced commercially from the Union Pacific lakes 
 13 miles south of Laramie, from the Downey lakes 22 miles southwest of 
 Laramie, from the Rock Creek group 18 miles north of Rock River, and. 
 also from deposits in Sweetwater Valley, Natrona County, Sodium 
 sulphate is now being produced on a large scale from lakes 10 miles 
 northeast and 35 miles west of Casper* The production from this 
 source for 1919 was 3,245 tons. The sulphates and carbonates of soda 
 are also produced as a by-product in the Epsom Salts works near Douglas. 
 Wyoming soda deposits are described in United States Geological Survey 
 Bulletin 430, pp. 570 to 590. 
 
 Sodium sulphate is one of the State’s best mineral resources 
 and there seems to be a great demand for it and its manufactured 
 
 - 14 ' 
 

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 ,aee Ov OTa . ; . ,0€2 ~i ‘olirsti 
 
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products, which are caustic soda, salt cake, and soda ash. However, 
 the principal market for raw soc’ium sulphate is in the manufacture of 
 livestock food and the production noted above is for this purpose. 
 
 The present high f> eight rates on raw soda from Wyoming point.- to 
 Kansas City and Chicago are * * ..-.criing the development of our natural 
 deposits, for the rear. or the t. \t is. difficult to compete with by- 
 product soda (salt cake* na>.v:i .vctnred in Chicago and other cities of 
 the middle west. Raw so&a is worth about $2 0,00 per ton in the 
 Chicago market. 
 
 Sodium carbonate, or sal soda, is found in many of the al- 
 kali deposits associated with sodium sulphate -:and magnesium sulphate. 
 The percentage of sal soda, however, is general ly snail. For a 
 number of years sal soda has been produced from wells near Green River, 
 Vfyommg, This production at the present time is small. 
 
 SULPHUR . 
 
 Native sulphur is found in considerable quantities near 
 Thermopolis, Hot Springs County, and near Cody in Park County. Both 
 deposits have been mined to some extent and the product shipped. 
 
 The sulphur occurs both in massive, practically pure form and in 
 crystalline form disseminated in travertine. Sulphur and travertine 
 were deposited by hot* circulating waters in the crevices and channels 
 of dolomitio limestone. The dejjosits, therefore, are not solid and 
 continuous but are in pockets and stringers and lenses, and the low- 
 grade disseminated material is far in excess of the pure, massive sul- 
 phur , Much of the hi go grade sulphur has been shipped from these 
 deposits. Plans are now being executed to mine the low-grade sul- 
 phur for the manufacture of fertilizer. It is proposed to grind the 
 material up with rock phosphate, which is available near Thermopolis, 
 and to add a bacteria which will render the sulphur content soluble. 
 Other deposits of sulphur in these two counties and also in, Fremont 
 County Have been reported. The hot springs district in Yellowstone 
 Park also contains important sulphur deposits. 
 
 CONCLUSION , 
 
 The above description includes practically all the minerals 
 for which an economic future can now be see r with certainty. A number 
 of other minerals, some of which are rare, have been reported from dif* 
 ferept parts of the State and many of them may prove to be commercially 
 valuable in the future. They are listed as follows, together with 
 the general locality of occurrence: 
 
 Agates ana crystals: Natrona, Albany, Crook, Sweetwater, 
 
 Garb on , ' Goshen , Platte, Fremont, and 
 Laramie counties. 
 
 Alum (aluminum sulphate: Big Horn, Fremont, Sweetwater, 
 
 and Crook counties. 
 
 Arsenic: Black Hills 
 
 Barite: Sweetwater Count;/. 
 
 Bicmuth: Albany County. 
 
 B or an , Premcn t C ounty . 
 
 Corundum : 
 
 Eiatomaceous Earth: 
 I&lybdenite : 
 
 Nickel : 
 
 Tungs ten : 
 pumice stone: 
 
 Wind River Mountains . 
 Sweetwater and Crook counties. 
 Laramie, Big Horn, and Johns or. 
 
 counties. 
 
 Converse and Laramie counties. 
 Albany County, 
 
 Albany County, 
 
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