Illinois State Geological Survey r\ \ ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00000 1895 ,. LW 01S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UBHArtY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/fluorsparindustr59hatm STATE OF ILLINOIS HENRY HORNER, Governor DEPARTMENT REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION JOHN J. HALLIHAN, Director DIVISION OP THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA In Cooperation with the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES BULLETIN NO. 59 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ILLINOIS-KENTUCKY DISTRICT By Paul Hatmaker Former Mining Engineer, Building Materials Section, Bureau of Mines AND Hubert W. Davis Assistant Mineral Economist, Metal Economics Division, Bureau of Mines PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1938 STATE OF ILLINOIS Hon. Henry Horner, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Hon. John J. Hallihan, Director Springfield BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION Hon. John J. Hallihan, Chairman Edson S. Bastin, Ph.D., Geology William Trelease, D.Sc, LL.D., Biology William A. Noyes, Ph.D., LL.D., Henry C. Cowles, Ph.D., D.Sc, Forestry Chem.D., D.Sc, Chemistry Arthur Cutts Willard, D.Engr., LL.D., Louis R. Howson, C.E., Engineering President of the University of Illinois. STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION Urban a M. M. Leighton, Ph.D., Chief Enid Townley, M.S., Jane Titcomb, A.M. RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL Coal G. H. Cady, Ph.D., Senior Geologist L. C. McCabe, Ph.D. James M. Schopf, Ph.D. Earle F. Taylor, M.S. Charles C. Boley, B.S. Non-Fuels J. E. Lamar, B.S. H. B. Willman, Ph.D. Robert M. Grogan, M.S. H. C. Heilbronner, B.S. Oil and Gas A. H. Bell, Ph.D. Chalmer L. Cooper, M.S. G. V. Cohee, Ph.D. Frederick Squires, B.S. Charles W. Carter, Ph.D. James L. Carlton, B.S. Areal and Engineering Geology George E. Ekblaw, Ph.D. Richard F. Fisher, B.A. Subsurface Geology L. E. Workman, M.S. J. Norman Payne, Ph.D. Elwood Atherton, Ph.D. Gordon Prescott, B.S. Stratigraphy and Paleontology J. Marvin Weller, Ph.D. {on leave) Petrography Ralph E. Grim, Ph.D. Physics R. J. Piersol, Ph.D. M. C. Watson, Ph.D. Donald O. Holland, M.S. Assistant to the Chief Geological Assistant GEOCHEMISTRY Chief Chemist Frank H. Reed, Ph.D. W. F. Bradley, Ph.D. G. C. Finger, M.S. Mary C. Neill, M.S. Fuels G. R. Yohe, Ph.D. Carl Harman, B.S. Non-Fuels J. S. Machin, Ph.D. F. V. Tooley, M.S. Analytical O. W. Rees, Ph.D. Norman H. Nachtrieb, B.S. George W. Land, B.Ed. P. W. Henline, B.S. Mathew Kalinowski, B.S. MINERAL ECONOMICS W. H. Voskuil, Ph.D., Mineral Economist Grace N. Oliver, A.B. EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION Don L. Carroll, B.S. PUBLICATIONS AND RECORDS George E. Ekblaw, Ph.D. Chalmer L. Cooper, M.S. Dorothy Rose, B.S. {on leave) Alma R. Sweeny, A.B. Meredith M. Calkins Consultants: Ceramics, Culi.en Warner Parmelee, M.S., D.Sc, University of Illinois; Pleistocene Invertebrate Paleontology, Frank Collins Baker, B.S., University of Illinois. Topographic Mapping in Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, (44426— 3M— 1-38) 2«*$«g£». (December 1, 1937) Y\D, S~Z? Contents PAGE Introduction 7 Acknowledgments 11 Description 12 Nomenclature 12 Properties 12 Uses 13 Substitutes 15 History of production 16 Origin and occurrence 18 Illinois- Kentucky district 18 Western States 21 Mining districts of the United States 21 Illinois-Kentucky 21 California 27 Colorado 27 New Mexico 27 Nevada 28 New Hampshire 28 Other States 28 Prospecting and exploration 28 Mining 31 Milling 33 Mechanical separation 33 Flotation 37 World production 37 Domestic production statistics and mine stocks 40 Imports 40 Tariff history 51 Exports 52 Domestic consumption 52 Transportation 54 Markets and prices 55 Prices 55 Typical contracts and terms 61 Distribution methods 61 Distribution of domestic consumption 63 Distribution by grades 63 Distribution by industries 64 Basic open-hearth steel 64 Electric-furnace steel 72 Ferro-alloys 73 Foundries 73 [3] Contents, Continued PAGE Distribution of domestic consumption — Continued Distribution by industries — Continued Other metallurgical uses :...'. 74 Glass 75 Enamel 78 Hydrofluoric acid and derivatives 80 Cement manufacture and miscellaneous 84 Optical fluorspar 85 Notes on foreign deposits 86 Argentina '. 87 Australia 87 Canada 87 China 87 France 88 Germany 88 Great Britain 88 India 89 Italy 89 Newfoundland 89 Norway 90 Russia 90 Union of South Africa 90 Spain 91 Switzerland 92 Other countries 92 Summary 92 Past and present consumption and sources of supply 92 Future trends in consumption 93 United States 93 Foreign 94 Future sources of supply and reserves 94 United States 94 Foreign 97 List of domestic fluorspar mines or deposits 97 List of consumers of fluorspar in the United States 101 Bibliography 114 Index 123 [4] Illustrations FIG. PAGE 1. Fluorspar production in the United States, 1900-1936 8 2. Fluorspar production in the United States, 1900-1936, by chief producing states 9 3. Production of basic open-hearth steel and fluorspar in the United States, 1900- 1936, and fluorspar available for consumption, 1910-1936 10 4. Fluorspar imported into and produced in the United States, 1910-1936 11 5. Fluorspar vein at the 500-foot level of the Daisy mine, Rosiclare Lead & Fluor- spar Mining Co., Rosiclare, 111 19 6. Method of driving drift, Daisy mine, Rosiclare, 111 32 7. Picking belt and gyratory crusher, fluorspar mill, Rosiclare, 111 34 8. Jig room of fluorspar mill, Rosiclare, 111 36 9. Fluorspar imported into the United States from chief foreign sources, 1910-1936 41 10. World production and international trade in fluorspar in 1934 and flow to United States markets from principal producing districts 47 11. Loading station on the Ohio River near Rosiclare, 111. for barge transportation, Hillside Fluor Spar Mines 54 12. Average prices per ton of fluorspar at mines in the United States, 1880-1936. ... 60 13. Basic open-hearth steel furnace being charged with molten iron 67 14. Consuming districts of fluorspar in the United States, in relation to producing areas 96 Tables TABLE NO. 1. Fluorspar shipped from mines in the United States, 1935-1936 14 2. Cryolite imported into the United States, 1922-1936 15 3. World production of fluorspar, 1913-1935 38-39 4. Fluorspar produced in the United States, 1880-1936, by States 42-44 5. Stocks of fluorspar at mines or shipping points in the United States, 1927-1936. 46 6. Fluorspar imported into the United States, and ratio of imports to imports plus domestic shipments, 1910-1936 46 7. Fluorspar imported into the United States, 1910-1936, by countries 48-51 8. Fluorspar reported by producers as exported from the United States, 1922-1936 52 9. Fluorspar available for consumption in the United States, 1922-1936 52 10. Consumption of fluorspar in the United States, average for 1932-1936 53 11. Railroad freight rates on fluorspar 56-57 [5] Tables, Continued TABLE NO. PAGE 12. Quoted prices per short ton of fluxing-gravel fluorspar in the United States, 1932- 1936 58-59 13. Consumption of fluorspar in the United States, 1932-1936 63 14. Distribution of shipments of fluorspar from mines in the United States, 1932- 1936 64 15. Distribution of shipments of fluorspar from mines in the United States, 1935- 1936 64 16. Fluorspar shipped from domestic mines for use in the manufacture of steel, 1922- 1936 65 17. Consumption and stocks of fluorspar at basic open-hearth steel plants, 1922- 1936 66 18. Average consumption of fluorspar per ton of steel by various steel plants, 1932- 1936 66 19. Production of basic open-hearth steel ingots and castings, 1898-1936 67 20. Analyses of gravel fluorspar used in steel plants 69 21. Screen analysis of gravel fluorspar 69 22. Consumption of fluorspar at electric-furnace steel plants, 1927-1936 72 23. Consumption of fluorspar in the manufacture of ferro-alloys and stocks, 1927- 1936.. 73 24. Fluorspar shipped from domestic mines for use in foundries, 1922-1936 73 25. Analyses of fluorspar used in cupolas 74 26. Fluorspar consumed and in stock at foundries, 1927-1936 74 27. Fluorspar shipped from domestic mines for use in glass manufacture, 1925-1936 75 28. Analyses of fluorspar used in the manufacture of glass 76 29. Screen analysis of 500-gram sample of coarse-ground fluorspar through 24-mesh screen 77 30. Consumption of fluorspar in manufacture of glass and stocks, 1927-1936 78 31. Fluorspar shipped from domestic mines for use in the manufacture of enamel, 1924-1936 78 32. Analyses of fluorspar used in making enamels 79 33. Screen analysis of No. 1 fine-ground fluorspar 79 34. Consumption and stocks of fluorspar at enamel plants, 1927-1936 80 35. Fluorspar sold for use in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid in the United States and ratio of sales of imported fluorspar to total, 1927-1936 80 36. Fluorspar shipped from domestic mines for use in the manufacture of hydro- fluoric acid and derivatives, 1922-1936 81 37. Consumption and stocks of acid fluorspar at chemical plants, 1927-1936 84 38. Fluorspar shipped from domestic mines for miscellaneous purposes, 1922-1936. . 85 39. Estimated fluorspar reserves in the Western States 95 [6] THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ILLINOIS-KENTUCKY DISTRICT ' By Paul Hatmaker 2 and Hubert W. Davis" INTRODUCTION THE FLUORSPAR industry is regarded as one of the smaller nonmetallic mineral industries; nevertheless, the annual domestic production normally is valued at more than $2,000,000. From 1911 to 1936 the annual value has fluctuated from about $600,000 in 1911 to nearly $5,500,000 in 1918; from 1921 to 1930 the average was somewhat less than $2,250,000; from 1931 to 1935 it fell to an average of $1,123,000; and in 1936 the value was more than $3,000,000. The domestic fluorspar industry represents a capital investment in the neigh- borhood of $10,000,000 and in years of good demand for fluorspar it gives em- ployment to 1,500 to 2,000 wage earners. In 1929 the industry paid out about $1,500,000 in wages and salaries and about $1,000,000 for supplies, materials, fuel, and machinery, notwithstanding that domestic mines supplied only 73 per cent of the United States demand during that year. A comparison of the relative size on a national scale alone, however, does not illustrate adequately the great importance of fluorspar mining in the economic life of the sections of the states where the mines are located, particularly in the Illinois-Kentucky producing district where there is no other industry except agriculture. Because of its rugged character some of the land is not tillable, and much is rather poor for farming. Steady operation of the mines, therefore, is essential to the liveli- hood of the labor dependent on them and to the welfare of the communities, which are the center of the fluorspar-producing industry. About a dozen companies in a small area along the Ohio River in southern Illinois and western Kentucky produce most of the domestic supply. In 1936 this area shipped 161,647 short tons of fluorspar, 92 per cent of the domestic total (figs. 1 and 2). The status of the steel industry largely determines the prosperity of the producers, as basic open-hearth steel plants use about three-fourths of all fluor- spar consumed in the United States (fig. 3). Fluorspar, however, is raw mate- rial for a number of other manufacturers. Imports of fluorspar into the United States were relatively large up to 1930, since which time they have declined sharply. For example, of the 158,597 short i Work on original manuscript completed June 1932; revised August 1937. '- Former Mining Engineer, Building Materials Section, Bur. Mines. 3 Assistant Mineral Economist, Metal Economics Division, Bur. Mines. [7] 8 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY tons of fluorspar delivered to domestic consumers in 1930, 63,009 tons (about 40 per cent) came from abroad, whereas of the 200,908 tons sold to domestic con- sumers in 1936, only 24,917 tons (about 12 per cent) were from foreign sources. Exports are negligible. Foreign supplies enter the Atlantic seaboard markets and usually penetrate westward as far as Pittsburgh, the battleground of domestic versus foreign fluorspar; during the World War, however, imports were severely curtailed at a time of great demand (fig. 4). This paper describes the major features of the domestic industry, from the occurrence of the crude fluorspar to the ultimate utilization of the finished product. The emphasis, however, is placed upon the economic factors. As production is essentially a matter of scientific and engineering skill, technologic 300,000 250,000 200,000 150.000 100,000 50,000 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 Figure 1. — Fluorspar Production in the United States, 1900-1936. 1935 problems are mentioned only in sufficient detail to indicate the methods by which they have been solved successfully by the operator. For the technology of production the reader is referred to an earlier United States Bureau of Mines publication 4 and to more recent papers 5 prepared by men intimately associated with the industry. 4 Ladoo, R. B., Fluorspar, Its mining-, milling, and utilization, with a chapter on cryolite: U. S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 244, 1927. 5 Cronk, A. H., Mining methods of the Rosiclare Lead & Fluorspar Mining Co., Rosi- clare, Illinois: U. S. Bur. Mines, Inf. Circ. 6384, 1930. Reeder, E. C, Methods and costs of mining fluorspar at Rosiclare, Illinois: U. S. Bur. Mines, Inf. Circ. 6294, 1930; Milling methods and costs at the Hillside Fluorspar Mines, Rosiclare, 111.: U. S. Bur. Mines, Inf. Circ. 6621, 1932. INTRODUCTION 50,000 s ° I 150,000 100.000 50.000 ILLINOIS / 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 Figure 2. — Fluorspar Production in the United States, by Chief Producing States. The technology of utilization likewise is described only enough to complete the picture. As utilization methods change rapidly, the producers should acquaint themselves with new conditions and prepare to meet them. The basic open- hearth steel industry, for example, uses less fluorspar per ton of steel than former- ly, and the effect upon fluorspar production is obvious. Consumption of fluorspar in glass, enamel, and hydrofluoric acid, however, has been increasing in recent years. In addition to a discussion of production, marketing, and utilization, certain data bearing on the future of the domestic industry are summarized. 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Except for figures prior to 1906, which represent actual produc- tion, these data apply to tonnages shipped from the mines as reported by opera- tors. Stocks of crude ore and finished products provide discrepancies when figures in the table are considered as production, but such differences are adjust- ed by succeeding years. For all practical purposes shipments may be said to approximate production. Stocks at the mines, however, are important because they may be liquidated at any time. The magnitude of the tonnage of fluorspar in stock from 1927 to 1936, chiefly in the Illinois-Kentucky district, is revealed in table 5. IMPORTS Since 1910, the first year for which complete data on imports are available, an average of about 1 ton of fluorspar has come into the United States for every 4 tons shipped from domestic mines. This ratio has fluctuated widely for indivi- dual years, however, as is evident from table 6. Figure 4, page 11, shows this relationship graphically. Before August 1909, when a duty of $2.68 per short ton became effective, fluorspar was imported into the United States duty free, but a record of the quantity is not available. However, virtually all imports had come from England, mostly after 1906, when it was found that fluorspar could be obtained easily and cheaply from the tailings of old Derbyshire lead mines. In consequence the production from these waste dumps, most of which was shipped to the United States, increased rapidly from about 1,100 short tons in 1906 to 17,000 tons in 1909. Mines in Derbyshire and Durham also increased their yield rapidly, and up to August 1909 about 150,000 short tons had been exported to the United States. The effect of the duty was not apparent immediately, as the total im- ports into the United States in 1910 were 42,488 short tons (38 per cent of the fluorspar available for consumption in the United States in that year). In 1911 imports dropped to 32,764 tons (27 per cent of the total available for consumption). The ratio of imports to domestic requirements fell to 18 per cent in 1912 and to 16 per cent in 1913 after which, due chiefly to the interruptions to commerce caused by the World War, imports decreased until 1919, when the ratio to domestic requirements was 5 per cent, notwithstanding a decrease to $1.34 a short ton in duty effective October, 1913. In 1920 a substantial increase was noted, the ratio of imports to domestic requirements rising to 12 per cent. The ratio increased steadily to 1927, when it was 39 per cent, in spite of an increase in duty from $1.34 to $5 a short ton effective September 22, 1922. The ratio of imports to domestic requirements declined to 25 and 27 per cent, respectively, in 1928 and 1929 but increased to 40 per cent in 1930, the highest ratio since statistics of imports have been recorded. Since 1932 the ratio has declined sharply and fell to 13 per cent in 1936. IMPORTS 41 10,000 10,000 30,000 20,000 I 0,000 2 ° o I- 30,000 cr I 20,000 if) 1 0,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 SPAIN AFRICA FRANCE / i V mC GERMANS / UNITED KINGDOM 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 Figure 9. — Fluorspar Imported into the United States from Chief Foreign Sources, 1910-1936. 42 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Table 4. — Fluorspar produced in the Arizona California Colorado Year Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Total Average Total Average Total Average 1880. . . 1881. . . 1882. . . 1883... 1884. .. 1885. . . 1886. . . 1887. . . 1888. . . 1889. . . 1890. . . 1891. . . 1892. . . 1893. . . 1894. . . 1895. . . 1896. . 1897. . . 1898. . 1899. . 1900. . 1901. . 1902. . . 500) 79 > 75j $6,593 $10.08 1903 . . . 1904. . . 1905. . . 1,156 300 3,300 701 350 268 721 1,639 4,432 1,978 247 8,669 17,104 38,475 9,687 12,852 3,143 2,309 6,044 12,301 11,776 10,440 6,432 1,815 4,808 9,248 529 333 742 6,537 6,978 9,412 $ 8,200 1,800 11,400 4,266 2,100 1,608 4,226 9,8'34 26,592 12,992 1,482 42,457 196,633 416,780 150,739 251,308 39,907 20,169 59,710 135,411 153,707 128,211 82,503 18,040 56,607 101,758 5,921 3,330 6,778 83,132 88,454 109,411 $ 7.09 1906. . . 6.00 1907. . . 3.45 1908. .. 34 30 252 435 7.41 14.50 6.09 1909. . . 6.00 1910. . . 6.00 1911. . . 5.86 1912. . . 6.00 1913. . . 100 800 8.00 6.00 1914. . . 6.57 1915. . 6.00 1916. . . 199 135 364 45 181 2,587 1,080 5,537 450 3,264 13.00 8.00 15.21 10.00 18.03 4.90 1917. . 11.50 1918. . 10.83 1919. . 15.56 1920. . 19.55 1921. . 12.70 1922. . 8.73 1923. . 9.88 1924. 11.01 1925. 13.05 1926 12.28 1927 12.83 1928 9.94 1929 11.77 1930 11.00 1931 11.19 1932 10.00 1933 9.13 1934 12.72 1935. . 181 ( b ) ( b ) 12.68 1936. . 40 ( b ) (") 11.62 Total . . 1.782 '•20 ,<)XH "12.05 181 ( b ) ( b ) 104,720 2,235,466 11.48 a n«'KinniriK with 190G figures represent shipments from mines. b Value for Nevada in 1933; California and Nevada in 1!K54; Nevada, New Hampshire, ■.tnd Utah In l!K!. r ); arid Arizona, Nevada, New Hampshire, and Utah in 1!>:!<; included with New Mexico, IMPORTS 43 United States, 1880-1936, by States 5 Illinois Kentucky Nevada Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Total Average Total Average Total Average 4 000 $ 16,000 16,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 22,500 15,400 14,000 30,000 45,835 55,328 78,330 89,000 84,000 47,500 24,000 40,000 25,159 $ 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 4.40 4.00 5.00 4.82 6.71 7.80 7.27 6.77 6.33 6.00 8.00 7.06 4 000 4 000 4 000 4 000 5 000 3 500 1,500 1,500 $ 6,600 6,000 $4.40 4.00 3 500 6 000 9,500 8,250 10,044 12 250 12 400 7 500 4 000 5,000 1,500 1,500 7,675 12,600 15,450 13,500 29,030 30,835 19,096 22,694 11,868 21,058 6,323 7,800 17,003 12,403 10,473 19,622 19,077 19,219 19,698 43,639 87 , 604 32,386 46,091 15,266 52,484 45,441 47,847 44,826 62,494 57,495 69,747 70,827 39,181 23,462 14,725 34,614 43,163 68,679 80,241 12,000 12,000 63,050 73 , 650 81,900 76,398 143,410 153,960 111,499 132,362 79,802 133,971 48,642 53,233 124,574 96,574 61,186 113,903 128,986 129,873 123,596 697,566 2,069,185 883,171 1,246,942 294,513 970,059 945,402 988,940 833,794 1,167,129 1,040,338 1,426,766 1,390,603 763,370 437,642 225,052 469,451 690,990 1,017,451 1,409,433 8.00 8.00 8.21 5.85 5.30 5.66 4.94 4.99 5.84 6.83 6.72 6.36 7.69 6.82 7.33 7.79 5.84 5.80 6.76 6.76 6.27 15.98 23.62 27.27 27.05 19.29 15.48 20.81 20.67 18.60 18.68 18.09 20.46 19.63 19.48 18.65 15.28 13.56 16.01 14.81 17.56 3,562 3,300 23,000 12,600 37,405 121,550 57,620 122,172 220,206 160,623 141,971 172,838 232,251 277,764 481,635 695,467 550,815 426,063 624,040 746,150 1,373,333 2,887,099 2,430,361 3,096,767 315,767 1,493,188 1,443,490 1,288,310 1,024,516 1,012,879 863 , 909 1,154,983 1,284,834 836,473 468,386 156,279 543,060 567,396 685 , 794 1,525,606 6.97 4.20 6.15 6.62 5.05 7.10 6.62 5.68 5.65 5.45 5.55 5.87 7.00 6.69 6.42 5.77 5.36 5.90 8.77 21.74 26.21 25.74 25.31 17.81 22.19 20.76 18.82 18.85 18.78 17.53 19.17 18.95 16.69 16.25 15.05 17.07 15.54 18.59 3,000 6,086 18,360 11,413 17,205 33,275 28,268 25,128 31,727 41,852 47,302 68,817 103,937 85,854 73,811 116,340 126,369 156,676 132,798 92,729 120,299 12,477 400 532 $5 , 600 8,672 $14.00 16.30 83,855 65,045 62,067 54,428 53,734 46,006 65 , 884 67,009 44,134 28,072 9,615 36,075 33,234 44,120 82,056 455 1,357 974 395 49 505 631 1,040 2,126 6,603 23,400 14,267 5,697 882 ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) 14.51 17.24 14.65 14.42 18.00 ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) 2,242,863 30,219,652 $13.47 1,301,636 20,934,966 $16.08 8,464 b 65,121 d 15.65 Average for 1902-1920. Average for 1911-1923. A Average for 1919-19:52. f Average for 1918-1924. 44 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Table 4. New Hampshire New Mexico Tennessee Year Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Total Average Total Average Total Average 1880 1881. . . 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890. . 1891. . 1892 1893. 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902. . 128 196 76 260 360 > $3,400 1,720 1,800 1903 . . $8.50 1904. . 1905 . . 6.62 1906. 5.00 1907. 1908. 1909. 710 4,854 4,307 196 5,372 $3,728 26,250 22,612 1,176 42,976 $5.25 5.41 5.25 6.00 8.00 1910 1911 800 300 200 250 650 800 1,274 1,059 531 202 567 690 142 $6,400 1 , 500 1,200 2,000 5,200 7,864 19,110 21,243 12,826 4,040 13,721 15,353 3,160 $8.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 8.00 9.83 15.00 20.06 24.15 20.00 24.20 22.25 22.25 1912 1913 1914 1915 485 3,880 8.00 1916 1917 1918 3,437 2,346 6,353 3,507 2,180 4,328 2,580 2 , 639 1,989 2,613 2,589 2,438 2,312 1,026 529 994 2,040 2,726 2,045 64,348 37,643 101,460 60,186 30,992 50,861 35,178 40,325 33,058 47,978 50,162 35,682 30,775 13,629 6,956 •'19,889 •49 , 887 b 68 , 823 •'66,818 18.72 16.05 15.97 17.16 14.22 11.75 13.63 15.28 16.62 18.36 19.38 14.64 13.31 13.28 13.15 b 13.27 b 17.49 b 17.39 •'14.78 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927. 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935. . . 1936 12 257 ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) 6 116 19.33 Total. . 7 , 734 •'113,617 «15. 22 64 , 595 b 945,272 •'13.58 1,020 7,036 6.86 + 5 Concluded. Utah Washington Total Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Total Average Total Average Total Average 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,000 9,500 8,250 10,044 12,250 12,400 7,500 4,000 6,500 5,062 7,675 15,900 18,450 19,586 48,018 42,523 36,452 57,385 40,796 49,486 38,785 50,742 69,427 87,048 116,545 115,580 95,116 136,941 155,735 218,828 263,817 138,290 186,778 34,960 141,596 121,188 124,979 113,669 128,657 112,546 140,490 146,439 95 , 849 53,484 25,251 72,930 85,786 123,741 176,231 $16,000 16,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 22,500 22,000 20,000 30,000 45,835 55,328 78,330 89,000 84,000 47,500 24,000 52,000 37,159 63,050 96,650 94 , 500 113,803 271,832 213,617 234,755 362,488 244,025 287,342 225,998 291,747 430,196 611,447 769,163 736,286 570,041 764,475 922,654 2,287,722 5,465,481 3,525,574 4,718,547 724,094 2,531,165 2,505,819 2,451,131 2,052,342 2,341,277 2,034,728 2,656,554 2,791,126 1,746,643 931,275 392,499 1,039,178 1,391,405 1,860,638 3,111,268 $4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 4.40 4.00 5.00 4.82 6.71 7.80 7.27 6.77 6.33 6.00 8.00 7.34 8.21 6 08 5.12 5 81 5 66 5.02 6 44 6.32 5.98 5.81 5 S3 5.75 6.20 7.02 6.60 6.37 5.99 5.58 5.92 10.45 20 166 $ 465 4,784 28.82 $13.73 20.72 25 49 268 25.26 20.71 78 3,196 17.00 17 88 188 20.68 184 19.61 18.06 18.20 18.08 18.91 19.06 18.22 17.41 15.54 14.25 16.22 180 ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) 15.04 54 17.65 1,138 60 3,824,205 54,562,187 14.27 46 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Table 5. — Stocks of Fluorspar at Mines or Shipping Points in the United States, 1927-1936, in short tons. Year Crude 1 Ready-to-ship Total 1927 47,956 23,122 71,078 1928 60,456 12,162 72,618 1929 55,773 18,128 73,901 1930 51,464 56,201 107,665 1931 43,186 62,541 105,727 1932 41,999 55,211 97,210 1933 42,008 44,777 86,785 1934 33,326 50,586 83,912 1935 24,185 40,043 64,228 1936 24,023 29,958 53,981 i The greater part of this crude (run-of-mine) fluorspar must be benefieiated before it can be marketed. Table 6. -Fluorspar Imported into the United States, and Ratio of Imports to Imports Plus Domestic Shipments, 1910-1936. Domestic Imports for con- Ratio of imports Year shipments, sumption into the to imports short United States, plus domestic tons short tons shipments, per cent 1910 69,427 42,488 37.96 1911 87,048 32,764 27.35 1912 116,545 26,176 18.34 1913 115,580 22,682 16.41 1914 95,116 10,205 9.69 1915 136,941 7,167 4.97 1916 155,735 12,323 7.33 1917 218,828 13,616 5.86 1918 263,817 12,572 4.55 1919 138,290 6,943 4.78 1920 186,778 24,612 11.64 1921 34,960 6,229 15.12 1922 141,596 33,108 18.95 1923 121,188 42,226 25.84 1924 124,979 51,043 29.00 1925 113,669 48,700 29.99 1926 128,657 75,671 37.03 1927 112,546 71,515 38.85 1928 140,490 47,183 25.14 1929 , 146,439 54,345 27.07 1930 95 , 849 64 , 903 40.37 1931 53,484 20,709 27.91 1932 25,251 13,236 34 . 39 1933 72,930 10,408 12.49 1934 85,786 16,705 16.30 1935. . 123,741 176,231 16,340 25,504 11.66 1936 12.64 IMPORTS 47 < O 2 O fa Q < OS «5 fc U Si < S cr> 8 55 ? to at U O D Q O Z 3 CO Z o o o o () 1 (- u D 1- CC 1 T co CO a. ui h 1- nr rr (T cC -©NOOOLOLOCO OCM^iOOiONO^ NOOOl^lO^^lO m ^ ° u C cocOTtiLONO H ON On On On On On On On ■-•-, c * On O m no NO Tfl NO "* t— 00 *-*■ o a ^ CD <->- ° k Dtion ar pe of el nds) rfr-IOO^M^O i>. oo t— 1~- t— t— t— 3 O ^ 0-1 C 3 w o« U •^ ui; o-a c • ~ r- -C CO O o oooo o o o o o oo oo onsump orspar en-hear plan (Short O O 00 t^- o o o 'fOONtNOOM O ^ ^ f^ ^ fO •o Ur5 ^ l_ CO CO tJ< LO NO t~~ 00 re oo r^i oo oo oo co oo (U On On On On On On On >H < eu so J CO r-r. co ^ ON O 55 55 W O H NO CO On T^ I/") -*JH 1>- t— t~~ ,— 1 t-~ t^i '-H O CO On NO NO O lo LO NO LO NO LO CO On 00 t- 00 NO -* t— 00 ■^ -^ NO co no uo 00 O CO '-H CO t^ CO O N O OO lO NO i^ t>. co On 00 r^ O O On O 00 oo oo co o co oo -^ "* lo 00 On rJH t-» CO r~- NO On lo NO NO t— co co On On rt< 00 NO O On -h LO LO -* 00 On On O NO t- rH CO lo O O LO NO 00 LO NO NO NO CO CO On CO NO NO NO 00 O *0 O ** LO LO H NO NO co NO O co •<-i CO co LO NO NO NO NO NO LO NO CO On N CM H CM/) O O LO co On CO C) CO CO t-» 00 t-» Tf 1 00 O LO CO LO LO co t-i oo ^f O *0 oo CO ^ ** 00 J>- LO NO ro On CO NO rf NO 00 co r— LO 00 On OO nO r— 00 00 CO 00 CO ^ LO NO LO ^ CO CO ON no co co no i— i h ro N N M f) 0O t^ ^ ■^ ^f LO NO NO lO NO DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 67 Table 19. -Production of Basic Open-hearth Steel Ingots and Castings, 1898-1936. Year Long tons Year Long tons 1898 1,569,412 1917 32,087,507 1899 2,080,426 1918 32,476,571 1900 2,545,091 1919 25,719,312 1901 3,618,993 1920 31,375,723 1902 4,496,533 1921 15,082,564 1903 4,734,913 1922 28,387,171 1904 5,106,367 1923 34,665,021 1905 7,815,728 1924 30,719,523 1906 9,658,760 1925 37,087,342 1907 10,279,315 1926 39,653,315 1908 7,140,425 1927 37,144,268 1909 13,417,472 1928 43,200,483 1910 15,292,329 1929 47,232,419 1911 14,685,932 1930 34,268,316 1912 19,641,502 1931 22,130,398 1913 20,344,626 1932 11,742,682 1914 16,271,129 1933 20,057,146 1915 22,308,725 1934 23,440,000 1916 29,616,658 1935 30,447,000 1936 43,615,000 Figure 13. — Basic Open-hearth Steel Furnace Being Charged with Molten Iron. 68 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY In figure 13, molten iron is being poured into a basic open-hearth furnace. Piles of miscellaneous fluxing materials, such as fluorspar, are shown on the charging floor. The chemical reactions that occur when fluorspar is used in steel making are not well understood, and authorities differ not only as to the chemical reactions but also as to the role fluorspar plays in smelting and the nature of the results obtained. One authority states that the chief functions of the fluor- spar are to render the slag fluid enough to hasten the transfer of heat from the flame to the steel beneath the slag, which reduces the time or duration of the heat, and to enable the slag to flow readily when the furnace is tapped. Many open-hearth slags when tapped are only partly liquid. Fluorspar lowers the melting point of the solid portion of the slag to an extent depending upon the amount added and therefore renders it more fluid. Fluorspar is also held to eliminate sulfur through volatilization from the slag. The importance of this is in question, however, and Schwerin 18 has made an excellent review of this problem. Fluorspar is also believed to be an effec- tive agent in removing phosphorus from the molten metal, although calcium is regarded as the chief phosphorus remover. At some furnaces fluorspar is added from the time the lime has risen from the bottom to the surface of the bath until the heat is tapped and sometimes shortly before tapping. One authority states, however, that fluorspar, when used, should be added shortly after the open-hearth charge is melted and all the lime has risen from the bottom. The fluorspar is introduced in varying amounts only if the slag contains an excessive amount of free lime or is too viscous. If one addition does not bring about the desired fluidity or fusion of free lime another addition of like amount is made. However, fluorspar is never added within one-half hour prior to tapping of the heat, a precaution taken to guard against the possibility of fluorides entering the finished product as a result of reactions be- tween calcium fluoride in the slag and certain elements in the metal. Good steel can be made without fluorspar, but the benefits gained by its use far outweigh the few cents cost per ton of steel, and fluorspar will doubtless maintain its favor among steel men for many years to come. Although fluorspar is used at all basic open-hearth steel plants it is not used in all furnace heats. Fluorspar is not required where considerable iron ore must be added to eliminate carbon, as in such heats the oxide of iron in the slag insures enough fluidity. For high-manganese pig iron less fluorspar is needed than for ordinary pig iron. Also, less fluorspar is required when steel is made by the duplex process. On the other hand, considerably more fluorspar is usually necessary when dolomite, which may make a viscous slag, is used instead of lime- stone, or when scrap, which requires a high-lime charge, is the chief furnace bur- den instead of pig iron ; therefore, the average quantity of fluorspar used per ton of basic open-hearth steel varies widely among the various steel plants, usually ranging from 1 to 50 pounds. In general, the average is 5 to 8 pounds of fluor- spar per ton of steel, or a very small proportion of the furnace charge. Chemical specifications. — Most basic open-hearth steel manufacturers specify that fluorspar shall analyze not less than 85 per cent calcium fluoride, not more than 5 per cent silica, and not more than 0.3 per cent sulfur. However, fluorspar carrying as little as 80 per cent calcium fluoride and 6 to 7 per cent silica is some- times accepted, especially by western steel plants, and some consumers do not is Schwerin, J;., Metals and alloys, vol. 5, pp. 61-66, 83-88, 118-123, 1934. DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 69 object to a larger amount of sulfur. As a rule, content of other elements is not guaranteed, but the consumer prefers the absolute minimum of lead and zinc. Representative analyses of fluorspar used in steel plants appear in table 20. Table 20. — Analyses of Gravel Fluorspar used in Steel Plants, per cent. CaF 2 Si0 2 CaC0 3 Fe 2 3 AhO., S BaS0 4 86.59 87.50 4.83 4.00 4.80 3.07 3.10 7.70 7.20 7.50 1.23 0.40 .60 0.43 .55 Trace .12 Trace 86.70 88.92 1.96 4.16 87.80 3. 06 A minimum of silica is specified because, as generally computed, one part of silica requires 2l/? parts of fluorspar to flux it; a fluorspar containing 85 per cent calcium fluoride and 5 per cent silica would be equivalent to 721/2 units of net calcium fluoride. With some manufacturers a sliding scale is acceptable, and for each 2Yi units of calcium fluoride above 85 per cent the silica is allowed to go up 1 point. A fluorspar containing 87 \/i P er cent calcium fluoride and 6 per cent silica is therefore equivalent to one containing 85 per cent calcium fluoride and 5 per cent silica; however, when the fluorspar contains less than 12Yi units of net calcium fluoride the contract usually provides for an adjustment in price, as shown by the first paragraph of the sample contract form on page 62. Physical requirements. — Manufacturers of basic open-hearth steel gener- ally require that fluorspar be in the form of gravel, all of which will pass through a 1-inch square opening; the fines are to be not less than 15 per cent of the total. However, variation in size requirements is not uncommon, and fluorspar in lumps several inches in diameter is sometimes used. A screen analysis of typical gravel fluorspar is given in table 21. Table 21. — Screen Analysis of Gravel Fluorspar 1 . On or Total Percentage On or Total Percentage Opening, Mesh between sieves, Opening, inches Mesh between sieves, inches percent On Passing percent On Passing 0.371 6.25 6.25 93,75 0.0328 20 8.33 64.78 35.22 0.263 3 11.62 17.87 82.13 0.0232 28 7.30 72.08 27.92 0.185 4 8.61 26.48 73,52 0.0164 35 9.62 81.70 18.30 0.131 6 6.41 32.89 67.11 0.0116 48 8.07 89.77 10.23 0.093 8 6.91 39.80 60.20 0.0082 65 4.48 94.25 5.75 0.065 10 8.34 48.14 51.85 0.0058 100 3.28 97.53 2.47 0.046 14 8.31 56.45 43.55 1 These data are averaged from four typical screen analyses of No. 2 gravel. By courtesy of the Rosiclare Lead & Fluorspar Mining Co. 70 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Too great a percentage of fines or dust is objectionable because it may be lost in the furnace draft or it settles reluctantly in the molten bath. On the other hand, material one-half to 1 inch in size may not be assimilated readily by the slag; therefore, the bulk of the material should be under one-half inch to about 48-mesh. Objectionable impurities. — In basic open-hearth steel practice calcium carbonate is the least objectionable impurity in fluorspar because calcium car- bonate is itself a flux ; however, it is uneconomical to buy limestone at fluorspar prices. Silica is much more objectionable because it requires a certain amount of fluorspar or limestone to flux it and to preserve the necessary basicity of the slag. The sulfur content must be as low as possible, usually less than 0.3 per cent. Sulfur may be derived from any zinc or iron sulfides (sphalerite or pyrite) or from barite (BaS0 4 ) present in the ore. Such impurities should be (and usually are) eliminated from the fluorspar product during the milling process. Barite is probably objectionable more because it is a diluent than because of its sulfur content. Sulfur is very objectionable in steel, but its importance as an impurity in fluorspar is often over-emphasized. As only a fraction of 1 per cent of spar is actively employed, no appreciable quantity of sulfur would be added 1 to the finished metal even though the fluorspar contained as much as 5 per cent of barite. Basic open-hearth steel markets. — Approximately 78 per cent of the fluor- spar sold in the United States in 1936 was shipped to 100 basic open-hearth steel plants in 24 States. Most of these plants, however, are in the eastern part of the United States and are more or less centralized in certain well-known districts. The six specific market areas for metallurgical fluorspar in basic open-hearth steel plants in the eastern United States follow. 1. The Pittsburgh-johnstown-Steubenville-Butler area, which in 1936 consumed 32,500 short tons of fluorspar (24.3 per cent of the total consumed in basic open-hearth steel plants). Steel plants in this region comprise the largest single market in the United States. Of the 32,500 tons consumed in this area in 1936, 22,100 tons were used in the Pittsburgh district. 2. The Youngstown-Canton-Farrell area, which in 1936 con- sumed 19,200 short tons of fluorspar (14.3 per cent). 3. The Harrisburg-Philadelphia-Claymont-Baltimore area, which in 1936 consumed 15,000 short tons of fluorspar (11.2 per cent). 4. The Cleveland-Lorain area, which in 1936 consumed 7,400 short tons of fluorspar (5.5 per cent). 5. The Buffalo area, which in 1936 consumed 5,600 short tons of fluorspar (4.2 per cent). 6. The Bridgeport-Phillipsdale-Worcester area, which in 1936 consumed 1,100 short tons (0.8 per cent). Thus, the steel plants in the above areas consumed 80,800 short tons of fluorspar in 1936, (60.3 per cent of the total consumed in the basic open-hearth steel industry). Costs of production and transportation limit the markets in which sellers of fluorspar can profitably compete; the import duty further limits the markets for imported fluorspar. The cost of producing fluorspar in France, Germany, Newfoundland, and Spain (the principal countries which now export to the DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 71 United States), is relatively much lower than in the Illinois-Kentucky district. Fluxing grade fluorspar imported from these sources, notwithstanding a duty of $7.50 a short ton, is sold in western Pennsylvania and to a smaller extent in eastern Ohio and the Panhandle of West Virginia in competition with that from the Illinois-Kentucky district. Previous to 1931 the market in this area was divided between domestic and imported fluorspar. Since 1931, however, the greater part of the fluorspar sold in this area has come from the Illinois- Kentucky district. Since basic open-hearth steel plants near the Atlantic coast in eastern Penn- sylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland are farther from domestic mines and relatively nearer to the ports of entry for imported spar, the greater part of the spar sold to steel plants in this area comes from foreign sources. In 1936 about 16,000 short tons of fluorspar were consumed by basic open-hearth steel plants in this area. In the Middle West the chief markets for fluorspar are at steel plants in the Chicago district (which includes Gary and Indiana Harbor, Indiana) ; the St. Louis district (which includes Granite City and Alton, Illinois) ; Peoria, Illi- nois; Kokomo, Indiana; Duluth, Minnesota; and Kansas City, Missouri. The total consumption in this area in 1936 amounted to 30,800 short tons (23 per cent of the total consumed in basic open-hearth steel). The Chicago district, the largest market in the Middle West, consumed 22,400 short tons of fluorspar in 1936 (16.7 per cent of the total consumed in the basic open-hearth steel industry). In fact, the consumption of metallurgi- cal fluorspar in this district in 1936 slightly exceeded the consumption of fluor- spar in steel plants located strictly in the Pittsburgh district. The second largest market in the Middle West is the St. Louis district, which in 1936 consumed 4,000 short tons of fluorspar. Although the consump- tion of fluorspar in basic open-hearth steel plants at Kansas City, Kokomo, Peoria, and Duluth aggregated 4,400 short tons in 1936 the consumption at each locality is comparatively small, ranging from 600 to 1,600 tons. In general, all fluorspar used in steel plants in Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, and St. Louis, Missouri, is from the Illinois-Kentucky district, although some fluorspar from the Colorado-New Mexico district is used in steel plants in these areas. Most of the fluorspar used at Kansas City is from the Colorado-New Mexico district. In the South important markets for fluorspar are Birmingham and Ala- bama City, Alabama, and Atlanta, Georgia. This area consumed 4,500 short tons of fluorspar in 1936 (3.4 per cent of the total consumed in the basic open- hearth steel industry). All the fluorspar sold in this market is from the Illinois- Kentucky district. In the West the largest market for fluorspar is the steel works in Pueblo, Colorado, which obtains its supply chiefly from Colorado. On the Pacific coast the chief consumers of fluorspar are the steel plants at Los Angeles, San Francisco, Pittsburg, and Torrance, California ; and Youngstown, Washing- ton. The quantity consumed annually is comparatively small and is supplied mainly by mines in New Mexico and Nevada and by imported fluorspar, chiefly from Germany and Spain. In 1936 the total consumption of metallurgical fluorspar in the West, in- cluding the Pacific coast, was 5,500 short tons (4.1 per cent of the total con- sumed in the basic open-hearth steel industry). 72 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Other important markets are Dearborn and Ecorse, Michigan; Ashland and Newport, Kentucky; and Mansfield, Middletown, and Portsmouth, Ohio. Smaller markets are Lima, Marion, and South Columbus, Ohio ; Sand Springs, Oklahoma; South Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Bettendorf, Iowa. In 1936 the total consumption of fluorspar in basic open-hearth steel plants at Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Middletown, Portsmouth, and South Columbus, Ohio, and Ashland and Newport, Kentucky was 7,800 short tons. Stocks. — Steel companies generally keep several months' supply of fluorspar in stock at their plants. At the end of 1936, for example, 59,200 tons of spar, equivalent to 44 per cent of the 1936 consumption in basic open-hearth steel plants, was so reported. Based on the amount consumed in 1936 this amount was sufficient to last over 5 months. Such a large tonnage represents a consid- erable investment, and the interest charges are correspondingly high. On the other hand, this insures consumers against sudden fluctuations in supply and price, enabling them to take advantage of price declines and to buy when gen- eral market conditions are most favorable. Table 17, page 66, shows stocks of fluorspar at basic open-hearth steel plants and the annual consumption of fluorspar at these plants from 1922 to 1936, inclusive. During this period stocks at the steel plants have averaged nearly a 7-month supply for the furnaces. ELECTRIC-FURNACE STEEL Metallurgical-grade fluorspar is used in certain electric-furnace plants, chiefly in making alloy steels. It is used in the same manner as in the basic open-hearth furnace but by no means as universally. The quantity of spar used by individual plants per ton of steel ranges from a few pounds to 50 pounds. The general average is about 20 pounds. Electric furnaces for steel manufacture provided a market for about 4 per cent of the fluorspar sold in 1936. Table 22. -Consumption of Fluorspar at Electric-furnace Steel Plants, 1927-1936, short tons. Year Consumption Year Consumption 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 4,700 6,100 6,500 3,600 3,100 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 2,100 3,400 4,300 5,400 6,900 Chemical requirements are generally the same as those for basic open- hearth furnaces. Special nut size (one-half to 1 inch and free from fines) is usually required. However, variation in size is not uncommon. The chief markets afforded by electric-furnace steel plants are in Illinois, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania ; plants in these States consumed 89 per cent of the total fluorspar consumed in electric-furnace steel plants in 1936. The largest consumers of fluorspar in the manufacture of electric-furnace steel also manufacture steel by the basic open-hearth process. In fact, 63 per cent of the total fluorspar consumed in electric-furnace steel plants (table 22) in 1936 was used by manufacturers who also made basic open-hearth steel. DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 73 FERRO-ALLOYS Fluorspar is used to a small extent as a flux in making ferro-alloys by the electric-furnace process. For this purpose a fluorspar comparatively high in calcium fluoride and low in silica is usually required. It should be fine enough to insure good distribution in the furnace. The average quantity of fluorspar used per ton of ferro-alloys varies widely and irregularly from year to year and depends greatly upon the nature of the alloys. For instance, in 1936 the average consumption at different plants ranged from 0.7 pound to 260 pounds and in 1927 from 1.2 to 190 pounds. The chief markets are at Niagara Falls, New York, Keokuk, Iowa, and Langeloth and Bridgeville, Pennsylvania. Consumption and stocks from 1927 to 1936 follow. Table 23. — Consumption of Fluorspar in the Manufacture of Ferro-alloys and Stocks, 1927-1936, short tons. Year Consumption Stocks Year Consumption Stocks 1927 500 100 1932 200 100 1928 800 400 1933 300 200 1929 1,100 200 1934 500 200 1930 1,100 300 1935 700 300 1931 300 200 1936 800 200 FOUNDRIES The function of fluorspar in iron foundries is also that of a flux. It is valuable chiefly in the production of the finer grades of castings, such as auto- mobile cylinders and blocks, and in heating and plumbing equipment. The market consumes only about 1 per cent of the fluorspar used annually in the United States. Most of the larger foundries using fluorspar are in Illinois, Indi- ana, Michigan, and New York. Shipments from domestic mines to foundries from 1922 to 1936 follow. Table 24. — Fluorspar Shipped from Domestic Mines for Use in Foundries, 1922-1936. Year Short tons Average value Year Short tons Average val"e 1922 2,998 $19.02 1929 3,498 $19.93 1923 3,748 21.20 1930 2,209 18.69 1924 7,138 22.35 1931 1,123 16.10 1925 6,275 19.31 1932 524 14.57 1926 6,212 19.55 1933 1,039 13.27 1927 4,533 18.69 1934 1,489 15.99 1928 3,694 17.93 1935 2,336 12.44 1936 2,326 15.79 In foundry practice a small quantity of fluorspar helps to melt the lime accumulation at the air inlets, to produce a more liquid slag, and to promote the removal of such impurities as phosphorus and sulfur from the iron. It may be added in the cupola or in the ladle before the molten iron is poured and has 74 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY particular value for continuous melting practice and for handling iron having a relatively high sulfur content. If fluorspar is used in the cupolas the charge melts more rapidly and with a thinner slag; and the iron can be maintained at a higher temperature, which results in sharper castings. It is reported that 3 per cent by weight of ground fluorspar placed in the bottom of the ladle slags off the impurities and thus produces a more malleable iron with greater tensile strength. Cleaner castings are also obtained. The quantity of fluorspar used in cupolas varies considerably but probably averages 15 to 20 pounds per ton of metal. Chemical requirements for cupola use are virtually the same as those for basic open-hearth steel practice, although fluorspar containing as little as 82 per cent of calcium fluoride and as much as 8 per cent silica is sometimes accepted. Typical analyses of fluorspar used in cupolas follow. Table 25. — Analyses of Fluorspar Used in Cupolas, per cent. CaF 2 SiO L > CaC0 3 87.0 4.5 7.5 88.5 4.3 6.0 92.0 3.5 3.67 82.0 8.0 1.3 88.4 4.0 7.1 Fluorspar for cupola use is usually sold in lumps from nut size to about 12 inches in diameter. However, variation in size requirements is not uncommon, as fluorspar of gravel size and ground material are sometimes used. Consumption and stocks of fluorspar in foundry practice from 1927 to 1936 are shown in the following table. Special attention is directed to the decline in consumption during the last few years. Table 26. — Fluorspar Consumed and in Stock at Foundries, 1927-1936, short tons. Year Consumption Stocks Year Consumption Stocks 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 3,400 3,300 2,700 1,600 1,000 1,000 1,000 700 800 600 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 600 900 1,600 1,900 1,900 500 600 500 800 700 OTHER METALLURGICAL USES Small quantities of fluorspar are used in other metallurgical operations, such as the production of nickel and monel metal, reducing aluminum, smelting refractory ores of gold, silver, and copper, refining lead and silver, and extract- ing various rare metals from their ores. The quality and size of fluorspar depend on the particular use. For instance, in the production of nickel and monel metal a lump fluorspar high in calcium fluoride and absolutely free from lead is required. In reducing aluminum a ground fluorspar showing by analysis 98.5 per cent calcium fluoride, 0.62 per cent silica, and 0.74 per cent calcium carbonate is generally used. DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 7 5 Although nonferrous smelters afford a comparatively small market for fluorspar, the gain in shipments from 868 tons in 1935 to 1,931 tons in 1936 was noteworthy. GLASS Purpose — Fluorspar is used in the manufacture of opal or opaque glass and colored glass. It provides a source of fluorine which is regarded as essen- tial or desirable in the manufacture of such glass products as lamp globes, shades, bulbs, soda fountain tops and accessories, table and counter tops, liners for fruit jars, containers for toilet and medicinal preparations, tableware, novelties, and bars and rods for lavatories. Extent of market — The glass industry is not a large market for fluorspar on a tonnage basis. Shipments of fluorspar from domestic mines for use in glass manufacture from 1924 to 1936 follow. Table 27. — Fluorspar Shipped from Domestic Mines for Use In Glass Manufacture, 1924-1936. Year Short tons Average value Year Short tons Average value 1924 6,094 $35.16 1930 3,158 $32.92 1925 6,767 31.23 1931 5,279 30.74 1926 7,507 32.01 1932 3 , 596 28.30 1927 5,968 30.91 1933 6,778 21.83 1928 6,499 30.14 1934 7,343 22.77 1929 5,742 31.98 1935 10,256 22.22 1936 11,014 24.27 Utilization. — Material for the glass and enamel trades commonly brings a much higher price than that for the metallurgical industry because rigid speci- fications require not only a purer product but much more care in preparing fluor- spar for these trades. From 50 to 500 pounds of pulverized or ground fluorspar are used for each 1,000 pounds of sand in the glass batch. Pot glasses making extremely rich dense opals may use as much as 500 pounds of spar, but this does not represent the bulk of glass made. When as little as 50 pounds of spar is used the fluorine content of the batch is built up further with cryolite. This market for fluorspar depends upon the popularity of opal glass, which normally is strong. Substitutes are not a serious threat to fluorspar, although experiments with other materials are carried on from time to time. Fluorspar is not ordinarily bought on general specifications because of the rather limited number of companies from which it is purchased. The following notes, however, indicate the approximate requirements for spar used in the glass trade. Chemical specifications. — Usual specifications as to content are that the fluorspar shall contain not less than 95 per cent CaF 2 and not more than 3 per cent Si0 2 , 1 per cent CaCO.,, and 0.12 per cent Fe 2 O v However, manufacturers of certain glass use a fluorspar containing a much lower content of CaF 2 and higher contents of Si0 2 and CaC0 8 . The material must be prac- tically free of lead, zinc, and sulfur. The following specifications of a large 76 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY consumer of fluorspar in the glass industry are probably representative, with some variations. Our specifications call for a limit of 0.12 per cent iron oxide content. Really we would object strongly if we obtained much fluorspar with that much iron in it as it colors the glass, and we have been receiving fluorspar from responsible sources around 0.06 per cent. Calcium fluoride content has been placed at a minimum of 90 per cent. However, we receive most of it well above 95 per cent, and our price is based on that. If the diluting material is something such as silica which is used in the glass, it would not interfere with the process but would with the price. Calcium carbonate content must not vary too much as it affects the formula used in the glass batch. We do not want lead, zinc, or sulfur, so this specification is not a usual one in the glass trade. We do this because we neutralize these materials rather accurately, and too much of them will give us an off shade in color. All our material is bought in bulk and is finely ground, generally nearly 100 mesh. We can stand considerable variation in this. The following table gives representative analyses of fluorspar used in the glass industry. Table 28. — Analyses of Fluorspar used in the Manufacture of Glass, per cent. CaF 2 Si0 2 Fe2C»3 A1 2 3 CaC0 3 MgC0 3 S 97.02 97.86 97.40 1.43 .72 1.55 .98 1.13 .76 1.35 .55 .52 1.24 0.04 .06 .14 0.15 .08 .26 1.26 1.01 .54 .98 1.21 .37 .85 .85 .71 1.28 0.12 .26 Trace Trace 0.027 97.54 0.50 .28 .34 .31 .22 97.38 98.53 97.49 98.38 98.67 .05 .88 Trace 96.92 Physical specifications — The glass industry requires ground fluorspar. It is generally pulverized so that approximately 55 per cent will pass a 100-mesh screen and 15 or more per cent a 200-mesh screen. Fine-ground fluorspar is screened so that about 70 per cent will pass 100 mesh and about 43 per cent 200 mesh. Extra fine-ground fluorspar is also pre- pared. Table 29 gives a detailed screen analysis of a coarse-ground fluorspar used in the glass industry. The color of ground fluorspar is very important and must be watched closely by producers. For glass manufacture the color must be virtually snow white ; even very light shades of brown or yellow or specks of black, such as may be produced by the presence of small quantities of galena or other impuri- ties, are to be carefully avoided. Iron is highly objectionable, as even minute quantities impart a green or yellow tint to the glass. Silica is objectionable only because it is a diluent of the fluorspar. It is reported that one company has used fluorspar containing as much as 13 per cent Si0 2 , but such instances are singular and doubtless involved substantial price concessions. DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 77 Calcium carbonate is objectionable and generally should be less than 1.25 per cent. An excess of lime in the batch tends to make the glass brittle and easy to break. Variations in lime content naturally tend to interfere with the formula control of the glass batch. Impurities such as lead, zinc, barium, or sulfur are objectionable because their removal or neutralization by costly oxidizing agents is an added expense. Market districts. — Fluorspar was used in the manufacture of glass at 56 plants in ten States in 1936. Five plants, however, one each at Washington and Jeannette, Pennsylvania, Winchester and Muncie, Indiana, and Lancaster, Ohio used 71 per cent of the total consumed in the glass industry in 1936. The other plants used fluorspar in quantities ranging from less than a carload to 400 tons in 1936. Sources of supply. — In 1936 the glass industry consumed 11,600 short tons of fluorspar. Mills at Rosiclare, Illinois, Marion, Kentucky, and Deming, New Mexico, were the only domestic sources of ground spar in 1936. There are also mills with grinding units at Derry, Hot Springs, and Mesilla Park, New Mexico, but they have been inactive for several years. Imports of spar for the glass trade in 1936 amounted to only 394 short tons. However, Ger- many, Spain, and Italy have been important sources, and during the 5 years 1931-1935 supplied an average of 2,100 tons a year. Total consumption and stocks. — According to table 30, in which the annual consumption of fluorspar is compared with stocks at glass plants for the 10- year period 1927 to 1936, glass manufacturers carry only about a 2-month sup- ply of ground spar on hand. It will also be noted that consumption declined somewhat from 1927 to 1930 but increased substantially from 1931 to 1936, Table 29. — Screen Analysis of 500-gram Sample of Coarse-ground Fluorspar through 24-mesh screen. Screen Quantity ING ON ' Remain- Screen Cumulative Weight Quantity Mesh Opening passing (per cent) Grams Per cent Grams Per cent On 35 0.0164 89.48 51.5 10.30 51.5 10.30 40 .0150 83.70 28.9 5.78 80.4 16.08 60 .0087 67.24 82.3 16.46 162.7 32.54 80 .0069 62.80 22.2 4.44 184.9 36.98 100 .0058 53.92 44.4 8.88 229.3 45.86 120 .0046 44.68 46.2 9.24 275.5 55.10 140 .0042 40.20 22.4 4.48 297.9 59.58 160 .0038 28.20 60.0 12.00 357.9 71.58 180 .0033 20.58 38.1 7.62 396 . 79.20 200 .0029 14.02 32.8 6.56 428.8 85.76 Through 200 70.1 14.02 498.8 99 78 78 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Table 30. — Consumption of Fluorspar in Manufacture of Glass and Stocks, 1927-1936, short tons. Year Consumption Stocks Year Consumption Stocks 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 6,800 6,200 6,600 4,300 7,100 900 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,000 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 6,700 7,000 7,700 11,000 11,600 700 1,300 1,600 1,700 2,300 ENAMEL Purpose. — Fluorspar is an important ingredient in enamels used for coating steel and cast iron to make hospital and kitchen ware, plumbing fixtures such as bathtubs and kitchen sinks, barber and beauty-parlor chairs, linings for refrigerators, table and counter tops, reflectors, signs, stove parts, facing for brick and tile, art pottery, structural materials, earthen cooking ware, and other similar products. Such enamels are dense, opaque, white, or colored. Extent of market. — As the enamel business is fairly stable there is a rather steady demand for fluorspar during normal times. Cryolite competes with and may be substituted for fluorspar. In certain cases, although not all, there are advantages in using cryolite in spite of the cost differential. Synthetic cryo- lite, which is becoming a competitor of natural cryolite, is being made indirectly from fluorspar. The domestic fluorspar entering the enamel trade from 1924 to 1936 is shown in table 31. Table 31. — Fluorspar Shipped from Mines for Use in the Manufacture of Enamel, 1924-1936. Year Short tons Average value Year Short tons Average value 1924 3,471 $34.85 1930 2,188 $33.61 1925 3,237 31.22 1931 1,996 32.79 1926 3,410 33.27 1932 1,261 28.80 1927 3,813 31.44 1933 3,100 24.82 1928 4.713 30.23 1934 2.590 26.20 1929 3,879 32.39 1935 4,087 24.64 1936 5,249 24.62 Utilization. — Fluorspar is used in enamel batches in a similar manner as in glass manufacture. Of the enamel batches to 15 per cent is fluorspar or cryolite. One company reports that its enamels contain to 6 per cent fluorspar. The function of the spar is as a flux and as an auxiliary opacifier. Spar is not a strong enough opacifier to give a white enamel, but a cloudy effect is attained which decreases the amounts required of other and more costly opacifiers. Clear or dark enamels require little or no fluorspar. Specifications. — Chemical requirements for fluorspar in enamels are usually the same as for glass. Enamelers require a high-grade fluorspar, usually contain- DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 79 ing 95 to 98 per cent calcium fluoride and less than 2.5 per cent silica. A small content of silica is not injurious, but as calcium carbonate tends to increase the brittleness of the enamel it must be kept as low as possible. Iron, lead, zinc, and sulfur are objectionable impurities, as these elements in any appreciable quantity would stain or color the enamel. Some representative analyses of fluor- spar used in enamels are given in table 32. Table 32. — Analysis of Fluorspar Used in Making Enamels, per cent. CaF 2 Si0 2 Fe203 AI2O3 CaC0 3 MgC0 3 S 98.00 1.00 2.50 .72 1.60 1.43 0.15 .40 1.01 .90 1.26 95.00 97.86 97.15 0.06 .08 .04 0.08 0.26 Trace 97.02 .15 .12 Trace Ground fluorspar, usually about 60 or more per cent passing through a 100- mesh screen, is required in enamels. Such material is finer than that specified by the glass trade. Table 33 gives a detailed screen analysis of a ground fluor- spar used in enamels. Table 33. — Screen Analysis of No. 1 Fine-ground Fluorspar*. Total Percentage Opening inches Mesh On or between sieves, per cent On Passing On 0.0116 48 9.60 9.60 90.40 .0082 65 15.54 25.14 74.86 .0058 100 13.71 38.85 61.15 .0041 150 8.18 47.03 52.97 .0029 200 25.79 72.82 27.18 Through .0029 200 27.10 99.92 b .08 a Analysis of a car shipment to the enamel trade. b Loss in sample. Courtesy Oglebay Norton & Co. Market districts. — The markets for fluorspar used in making enamels are more widely distributed but smaller than in the glass industry. In 1936, for example, fluorspar was used at 70 plants in 14 States. The largest markets are at Chicago, Illinois; Frankfort, Indiana; Baltimore, Maryland; Kohler, Wis- consin ; Cleveland, Ohio ; Chattanooga, Tennessee ; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Parkersburg, West Virginia. Sources of supply — Most of the fluorspar entering the enamel industry in 1936 was produced at Rosiclare, Illinois, Marion, Kentucky, and Deming, New Mexico. A little was produced at Beatty, Nevada. Imports of this grade were not so formidable in 1936, being only 544 tons. During the 5 years 1931-1935, however, imports averaged nearly 900 tons a year. Total consumption and stocks — The consumption of fluorspar in enamel declined sharply from 5,800 tons in 1927 to 2,400 tons in 1932. Since 1933, however, consumption has increased progressively and reached 5,400 tons in 1936. Stocks held at manufacturing plants are nominal only, as table 34 indicates. 80 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Table 34. -Consumption and Stocks of Fluorspar at Enamel Plants, 1927-1936, short tons. Year Consumption Stocks Year Consumption Stocks 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 5,800 5,700 5,200 4,000 3,000 800 900 700 600 700 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 2,400 3,200 3,500 4,900 5,400 600 1,100 700 900 1,200 HYDROFLUORIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES Purpose. — Fluorspar is the basic material in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid which is used to a considerable extent in the electrolytic refining of metals, the pickling of metals, chromium plating, the etching of glassware, and in the removal of silica and iron oxide from graphite. It is also used in chemical analysis, in the textile and bleaching industry, the manufacture of inorganic and organic fluorides, the removal of efflorescence from stone and brick, the processing of filter and special papers, and the preparation of fungicides, anti- septics, etc. The use of fluorspar as a chemical raw material is discussed in a paper by Reed and Finger. 19 Extent of market. — The chemical industry provides the second largest outlet for fluorspar; it consumed 11 per cent of the United States total in 1936. The market for acid-grade fluorspar during the 10 years 1927-1936 has been almost equally divided between domestic and imported fluorspar, as shown in table 35. Table 35. — Fluorspar Sold for Use in the Manufacture of Hydrofluoric Acid in the United States and Ratio of Sales of Imported Fluorspar to Total, 1927-1936. Total (Short tons) Imported Year Total (Short tons) Imported Year Short tons Per cent of total sold Short tons Per cent of total sold 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 11,248 19,246 19,540 13,477 10,942 7,500 3,300 6,634 3,643 6,556 66.7 17.1 34.0 27.0 59.9 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 4,356 4,921 10,648 11,048 21,510 3,618 3,971 8,982 7,715 8,883 73.5 80.7 84.4 69.8 41.3 Average 12,694 6,080 47.9 Table 36 shows shipments of fluorspar from domestic mines for use in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid from 1922 to 1936. 19 Reed, F. H., and Finger, (3. C, Fluorspar as a ehemieal raw material: Chem. Indus- tries, vol. 39, pp. 577-581, 193G. DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 81 Table 36. — Fluorspar Shipped from Domestic Mines for Use in the Manufacture of Hydrofluoric Acid and Derivatives, 1922-1936. Year Short tons Average value Year Short tons Average value 1922 4,782 $24.81 1929 12,906 $27.45 1923 6,976 30.19 1930 9,834 26.45 1924 3,150 28.39 1931 4,386 24.65 1925 4,455 25.60 1932 738 19.79 1926 3,410 23.20 1933 950 19.58 1927 3,748 26.24 1934 1,666 21.43 1928 15,946 36.69 1935 3,333 22.42 1936 12,627 25.82 Utilization. — Hydrofluoric acid is made by treating acid spar with sulfuric acid in suitable iron kilns, calcium sulfate being produced as a by-product. The reaction is expressed by the equation CaF 2 + H 2 S0 4 -> 2HF + CaS0 4 . Two types of acid are now commercially available, aqueous and anhydrous grades. The hydrofluoric acid passes off as a vapor, and is either collected in water in suitable lead cooling and absorbing towers for equeous acid, or condensed by a refrigerating system to the anhydrous grade. The anhydrous acid is made under very rigidly controlled conditions. The aqueous acid is usually made up into 30, 40, 48, and 52 per cent and "fuming" grades; the strongest acid contains about 65 per cent hydrofluoric acid. It is generally shipped in lead carboys or more recently in special rubber bar- rels. The anhydrous acid is shipped in iron containers although magnesium, copper, and brass can also be used. Considerable acid fluorspar enters the aluminum industry. The fluorspar is used first to make hydrofluoric acid. With this acid a synthetic or "artificial" cryolite can be, and is, manufactured in a limited amount, which with natural cryolite is used in a molten bath from which aluminum is recovered by elec- trolytic methods. The manufacture of synthetic cryolite will become of increas ing importance because of the nationalism sweeping over the world and the desire of each nation to become independent of a monopoly supply of the natural mineral. Synthetic cryolite is not only being used in the metallurgy of alu- minum but is also becoming of increasing importance in the enamel and insecticide industries. A new use is rapidly being developed for acid fluorspar in the manufacture of new refrigerating mediums known as the "Freons" of which there are six different kinds. They are all synthetic organic compounds containing chlorine and fluorine. The most common and the one used to the largest extent is "Freon- 12," or "Kinetic-12" or in short "F-12"; in the trade, the name Freon usually refers to this compound which is chemically known as dichlorodifluoromethane (CC1 2 F 2 ). Other "Freons" are "Freon-11" or "F-ll" and also known to the trade as "Carrene" (trichloromonofluoromethane — CC1 3 F), "Freon-21" or "F-21" (dichloromonofluoromethane — CHC1 2 F), "Freon-22" or "F-22" (mono- chlorodifluoromethane — CHC1F 2 ), "Freon-113" or "F-113" (trichlorotrifluoro- ethane — C 2 C1 3 F 3 ), and "Freon-114" or "F-114" (dichlorotetrafluoroethane — C 2 C1 2 F 4 ). 82 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY These compounds are nonexplosive, noninflammable, noncorrosive, and practically nontoxic. A study of the physiological properties of Freon is the sub- ject of United States Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 3013, "Toxicity of dichlorodifluoromethane : a new refrigerant", May 1930. Results of experi- ments as to the stability, noninflammability, behavior when exposed to flame and hot metal surfaces, and corrosive action on common metals of these com- pounds are embodied in National Board of Fire Underwriters, Miscellaneous Hazard No. 2375, "Report on the comparative life, fire, and explosive hazards of common refrigerants," November 1933. Freon is used not only in household and larger mechanical refrigerating units in cold storage for perishable products but also in the air-conditioning field of buildings, mines, railroad passenger cars, etc. Approximately 1,700 tons of acid spar were used in the manufacture of the new refrigerants in the first ten months of 1935, since which time there has been a noteworthy increase. The Kinetic Chemicals, Inc., a du Pont subsidiary, Wilmington, Delaware, controls and manufactures the "Freons" and many of the refrigerator manu- facturers are offering equipment containing these gases, particularly Freon. Other organic fluorine compounds are being used as dyes, and patents have been issued covering their use as solvents, fire extinguishing agents, drugs, color photographic materials, insulating and cooling dielectrics for electrical apparatus such as transformers, capacitors, switches, etc. In general, these compounds possess unique properties not found in other compounds and are un- usually stable. All in all, the field of organic fluorine chemistry promises to have considerable ultimate importance to fluorspar producers. There are many other derivatives of hydrofluoric acid that are of indus- trial importance, namely, its salts: hydrofluosilicic acid (H 2 SiF 6 ), sodium flu- oride (NaF), sodium bifluoride (NaHF 2 ), sodium silicofluoride or sodium fluosilicate (Na 2 SiF 6 ), potassium fluoride (KF), and potassium bifluoride (KHF 2 ), ammonium fluoride (NH 4 F), ammonium bifluoride (NH 4 HF 2 ), and ammonium silicofluoride [(NH 4 ) 2 SiF 6 ], magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), and magnesium silicofluoride (MgSiF 6 ), zinc fluoride (ZnF 2 ), and zinc silicofluoride (ZnSiF f! ), barium fluoride (BaF 2 ), and barium silicofluoride (BaSiF G ), cal- cium silicofluoride (CaSiF 6 ), chromium fluoride (CrF 3 ), aluminum fluoride (AlFo), and antimony fluoride (SbF 3 ). Among the miscellaneous compounds are the cerium, iron, copper, silver, lead, lithium, strontium, boron, bismuth, beryllium, manganese, uranium, tantalum, and titanium fluorides which have been referred to in the literature as being useful in various places. The uses of these compounds have been discussed in some detail in the paper by Reed and Finger to which reference has been made in the early part ol this discussion. Therefore, a brief resume at this point will suffice to point out the manifold applications of these compounds. Hydrofluoric acid is used chiefly in the preparation of fluosilicates, lead refining and plating, textile bleach- ing, and as an antiseptic. The sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are used as preservatives, antifermentatives, and insecticides (several common roach and lice powders contain essentially sodium fluoride). The aluminum industry uses the sodium and aluminum salts. Glass and enamel opacifiers include the fluorides of zinc, barium, magnesium, sodium, and aluminum as well as the sili- cofluorides of the latter two. Zinc fluoride is used in insecticides and for pre- serving wood. The textile printing and dying industries use the chromium DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 83 salt. Barium fluoride is used in embalming fluids and as an antiseptic. In the manufacture of the new organic fluorine compounds such as the "Freons", etc., antimony fluoride is an essential constituent. Along this line boron fluoride is becoming of increasing importance not only in the synthesis of some of the or- ganic fluorine compounds but also as an excellent polymerizing agent. The ammonium, potassium, and sodium bifluorides or acid fluorides find exten- sive use as antiseptics, as laundry sours, in the etching of glass, and in chemical analysis. The silicofluorides of zinc, magnesium, and aluminum are used as concrete and wall hardeners, and in antiseptics. Cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride) and aluminum fluoride are being used in aerial insecticide campaigns against the Mexican bean beetle and the cotton boll weevil. Calcium silicofluoride is used chiefly in ceramics. Cerium fluoride in arc lamp pencils produces a light with certain fog penetrating powers. The chemical industry requires exceptionally high-grade fluorspar and generally insists upon close adherence to certain rigid specifications. Specifications. — The manufacture of hydrofluoric acid requires fluorspar of a high degree of purity, manufacturers generally specifying a minimum of 98 per cent calcium fluoride. Both silica and calcium carbonate should be less than 1 per cent. Calcium carbonate neutralizes sulfuric acid, and 1 per cent or more of it causes considerable foaming upon mixing. Silica forms hydro- fluosilicic acid in such proportions that for every part of silica nearly four parts of fluorspar and more than five parts of sulfuric acid of 66° B. are wasted. Metallic minerals such as lead, zinc, or iron are highly objectionable ; barite also is undesirable. A representative analysis of acid-grade fluorspar from the Illinois-Ken- tucky field follows: Per cent Per cent CaF, 98.50 Fe*0 3 06 Si0 2 45 A1 2 3 14 CaCO, 81 Pb Trace S 018 A product containing as low as 97 per cent CaF 2 and 1.5 per cent Si0 2 occasionally is sweetened with an extremely pure fluorspar and used as acid spar. Moreover, some of the fluorspar produced by the Aluminum Ore Co. for use in the aluminum industry may grade as low as 96 per cent CaF 2 and 1 per cent Si0 2 . The base scale is 98 and 1, however, and price adjustments are made for any lower-grade material. The manufacture of hydrofluoric acid requires a finely ground fluorspar, gen- erally ranging from 80- to 100-mesh; however, most manufacturers of hydro- fluoric acid prefer to buy the fluorspar either in the lump or gravel form and to grind the material in their own plants. Market districts. — The markets for acid fluorspar are confined to only 8 plants. By far the largest market is at East St. Louis^ Illinois. Important al- though somewhat smaller markets are at Carney's Point, Delaware ; Easton, Marcus Hook, and Newell, Pennsylvania ; and Cleveland, Ohio. These six plants use about 99 per cent of the total fluorspar consumed in the United States in the chemical industry. Sources of supply. — The Illinois-Kentucky district supplies virtually all the domestic acid fluorspar. Imports come from South Africa, Germany, New- foundland, and Spain. 84 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Total consumption and stocks. — Stocks of acid spar at consumers' plants average considerably more than those of other grades of fluorspar. Table 37 shows that slightly more than a year's supply was kept on hand at the plants from 1930 to 1933 but during 1934, 1935, and 1936 only 4 to 8 months supply. Table 37. -Consumption and Stocks of Acid Fluorspar at Chemical Plants, 1927-1936, short tons. Year Consumption Stocks Year Consumption Stocks 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 15,500 20,500 15,600 12,600 12,000 13,000 11,000 14,000 15,000 14,000 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 7,000 7,800 11,000 12,900 20,100 11,000 8,000 7,700 5,600 6,900 CEMENT MANUFACTURE AND MISCELLANEOUS There is a small demand for fluorspar in the manufacture of cement in the United States. About 1,000 tons of fluorspar were used by cement plants in both 1929 and 1930, since when the consumption has declined to a few hundred tons annually. During the past few years several plants in the United States, chiefly those making rapid-hardening cement, have been using fluorspar in their process. Fluorspar is used to some extent in the manufacture of Portland cement abroad. It is reported 20 that the addition of fluorspar to the raw materials permits lowering of the fusing point, thereby resulting in considerable fuel economy. It is further reported that the addition of only 0.25 to 1 per cent fluorspar was the practice for some time, but experiments have shown that the addition of 3 to 5 per cent fluorspar gives the best results. The clinker obtained in this way is very fragile; therefore grinding is greatly facilitated, with an appreciable econ- omy in power. The addition of fluorspar is said to eliminate the formation of rings in the rotary kilns, thus reducing to a minimum the periods of stoppage and increasing the life of the refractory lining. The use of fluorspar in cement manufacture has been discussed in consid- erable detail by Becker, 21 who concludes as follows: An admixture of fluorspar can not be expected to produce successful results in every mix, of which fineness, temperature of sintering, and duration of the sintering remain. The fineness of the raw mix, and particularly the conditions of sintering, should be selected with special consideration of a new mix. In a given case one may also vary the components of the raw mix accordingly, the variation being most easily produced by a change of the lime content. Only in relatively rare cases does a plant require but one change—the aiding of the sintering process — and accomplishes it by the selection of a proper quantity of admixture. In most cases some of the other plant processes must be altered to suit the lower sintering temperatures or lighter sintering. 20 Chermette, A., and Sire, L., Ue spath fluor dans le massif central, ses applica- tions: Rev. de l'lnd. Min., Mem., vol. 6, pp. 515-528, Paris, 1926. 21 Recker, Hans, Use of fluorspar in cement manufacture: Rock Products, vol. 30, pp. 83-84, Sept. 3, 1927. DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION 85 It remains an established fact, however, that fluorspar greatly benefits the sintering process. Proofs of any detrimental effect on cement properties produced by CaF a have not been furnished. All of my personal experience and all test results reported by others bring one conclusion: Sintering is aided and the sintering temperature is lowered. The phenomena of quick or slow-setting properties, of good or poor hardening, observations of soundness, ease of grinding, etc., are the results of low sintering in its effect on the raw mixes used and the handling during sintering. Lea and Desch 22 also discuss briefly the use of fluorspar in cement in their book which appeared in 1935. Small quantities of fluorspar have been used in the recovery of potassium compounds from flue dust of cement works in the United States, but this saving of potash has been discontinued. Table 38. — Fluorspar Shipped from Domestic Mines for Miscellaneous Purposes, 1922-1936. Year Short tons Average value Year Short tons Average value 1922 213 $18.02 1929 1,004 $14.96 1923 1,839 20.85 1930 1,342 16.32 1924 160 21.13 1931 557 14.13 1925 120 39.00 1932 226 11.91 1926 372 21.47 1933 713 15.44 1927 903 17.59 1934 1,504 17.55 1928 1,176 16.23 1935 2,248 13.76 1936 3,157 16.19 OPTICAL FLUORSPAR There is limited market for flawless transparent crystals of fluorspar which, used as lenses, are necessary in the better microscopes and small telescopes. The quantity consumed annually probably is not more than a few hundred pounds. The market, although definite, can absorb only a certain amount, therefore the demand is easily satisfied. Hughes 23 states: The unit value of optical fluorite varies considerably depending directly upon the size of the flawless pieces. The price during the past few years has fluctauated from $1 to $10 a pound for material of average quality, but especially fine specimens may be sold for $10 or more each. Only about 5 per cent of the fluorspar sold as optical material actually is consumed in lenses and other equipment. For this reason one manufacturer has adopted a policy of paying only for the finished parts. On this basis one crystal may be used satisfactorily for two or three lenses and be paid for at a rate comparable to $50 or $75 a pound, while 25 or 30 pounds of fluorspar ordinarily sold as optical fluorite may bring only $4 or $5. This system of payment encourages more careful selection of crystals and eliminates such material which obviously is too imperfect for optical use. The actual price for each transaction usually is established by negotiation with the prospective consumer or dealer. 22 Lea, F. M., and Desch, C. H., The chemistrv of cement and concrete, pp. 123, 127, Edward Arnold & Co., London, 1935. 23 Hughes, H. H., Iceland spar and optical fluorite: U. S. Bur. Mines, Inf. Circ. 6468. pp. 1-17, 1931. 86 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Fluorspar of optical grade has certain very desirable light-transmitting quali- ties. It bends light only slightly, disperses light faintly, and normally displays no double refraction. Pogue states: 24 Due to its low refractive power and very weak color dispersion, this mineral is especially suitable for correcting the spherical and chromatic errors of lens systems. * * * For optical use a specimen of fluorite must contain a portion at least one-fourth of an inch in diameter, free from flaws, and colorless or nearly so. Crystals, or pieces bounded more or less completely by plane surfaces, are more likely to qualify than irregular masses. As the surfaces of most crystals are dull, a corner of such a specimen should be broken off with a sharp blow so as to expose the interior. In doing this it is desirable to rest the specimen on a wooden base and break off the corner along an incipient cleavage plane by means of a knife blade or chisel ; such planes are usually present and may be located by moistening the specimens with kerosene. If the specimen looks promising, it is better to proceed no further, as fluorite is fragile and a misdirected blow will fill a clear piece with a network of fractures. A peculiarity of fluorite of optical quality is its conchoidal (irregularly curved) fracture and the absence of a strong tendency to break into pieces bounded by smooth planes in the fashion of the ordinary mineral. * * * As to color, material that is absolutely water clear is of course the most desirable and, in fact, is essential for highly specialized uses ; but faint tints of green, yellow, and purple do not in themselves render material altogether unsuited for optical use. Flaws must be lacking from the portion to be used, but flaws are present in the bulk of fluorite due both to cracks (incipient cleavages) and to inclusions of bubbles or of visible impurities; accordingly, the most detailed search is necessary to find pieces free from these objections. Moreover, careless handling, even jolts resulting from shipping, may develop flaws in clear material; hence, the utmost care must be exercised in separating material of optical promise from its crude associations and in suitably packing such material. NOTES ON FOREIGN DEPOSITS Discussion of utilization is the final step in describing the past and present fluorspar industry. The future can be appraised only in so far as it can be shown whether or not prevailing conditions will be perpetuated. The foregoing sec- tions have described the industry from a domestic viewpoint. Fluorspar is also an important commodity in other countries. Foreign deposits are men- tioned briefly to round out the world picture and to allow the factors relevant to the future to be summarized. Fluorspar occurs in many countries of the world besides the United States. Deposits in Canada, England, France, Germany, Italy, Newfoundland, Russia, South Africa, and Spain have yielded important tonnages of commercial spar, and smaller quantities have been produced in several other countries. Certain occur- rences in other countries are potential sources of supply when economic condi- tions justify exploitation. Many other places where fluorspar is found are of mineralogical interest only. The following discussion is designed to cover briefly some of the more im- portant points of the foreign deposits. More detailed information can be ob- tained by consulting past Minerals Yearbook and Mineral Resources chapters of the United States Bureau of Mines on fluorspar or references listed in the bibliography. Production data for 1931 to 1935, so far as available, are shown in table 3 of world production on pages 38-39. 24 Pogue, .1. E., Optical fluorite in southern Illinois: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull. ::x, pp. 419-425, 1918. FOREIGN DEPOSITS 87 ARGENTINA Fluorspar occurs at San Roque, Province of Cordoba, associated with pyrite, quartz, chalcedony, and mica, in fissure veins traversing biotite gneiss east of the gneiss-granite contact of the Andes. Pegmatite dikes are common. The fluorspar veins strike northwest and have been traced for several hundred yards. Their widths range from 1 foot or less to as much as several yards. Fluorspar occurs in colorless, light green, yellow, blue, violet, or almost black bands. These deposits have not been developed actively, owing to their remote- ness from markets. AUSTRALIA Deposits of fluorspar occur in the Yass and Tumbarumba divisions, New South Wales; the Emmaville division, Queensland; and Beechworth and Wool- shed, Victoria. Most of the production from New South Wales has come from the old Woolgarlo silver-lead mine in the Yass division and from Carboona in the Tumbarumba division. In the Emmaville division, Queensland, fluorspar occurs with wolfram and copper ores in the vicinity of "The Gulf." A large tonnage of spar is said to occur in small, irregular deposits. Other deposits in Queens- land occur in the Herbertson district. CANADA The principal Canadian deposits occur in British Columbia and in Ontario. The British Columbia deposit, consisting of fluorspar associated with iron and copper minerals, is on Kennedy Creek near Lynch Creek station on the Kettle River Railway north of Grand Forks. Silica is associated so intimately with the spar that production of a high-grade concentrate is difficult. This handicap, together with high freight rates to markets in the United States and Canada, has restricted operations in this area. Decrepitation was at on time a unique feature of the mill process. The Ontario deposits occur near Madoc in the central part of southeastern Ontario. The ore occurs mainly as lenses in fault fissure veins in a complex series of pre-Cambrian sedimentaries. The deposits apparently are unable to produce large tonnages of market-grade fluorspar. CHINA According to the China Year Book for 1928 (ch. 2, pp. 66-106) important fluorspar deposits occur ( 1 ) in Kaipinghsien and Pulantiet of southern Fengtien, (2) at Kaiohsien of Shantung, and (3) between Sinchang and Chenghsien in Chekiang. The deposits of Chekiang and Fengtien appear to be the most im- portant, these provinces having produced 4,498 metric tons during 1925. The bulk of it was exported to Japan and the United States. Chekiang Province appears to have been the most active. The production of fluorspar in China in 1934, the latest year for which data are available, was 5,050 metric tons. In 1924 the total mining area conceded for fluorspar was 16,408 square li, or about 26,250 square miles, as compared with 23,389 square miles in 1921. 88 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY FRANCE France, like Germany, has displayed amazing enterprise in the develop- ment of her fluorspar deposits since the World War. Fluorspar occurring in France is characterized by its exceptional purity. Much of the ore, especially from the Puy-de-D6me district, is used in chemical works. The most important deposits are found in the Department of Var on the northern Mediterranean coast, which produced 26,000 metric tons in 1929, or about half of the total production in France. Modern mining and milling equipment has been installed since the war. The product, which may contain 93 per cent or more calcium fluoride, is attractive to American buyers because of its high grade. The deposits are situated favorably to the ports of St. Raphael, Toulon, and La Napoule. Toulon is frequently visited by tramp steamers which load cargoes of cork and cork waste for the United States. These steamers can afford to take fluorspar as ballast at low rates. Other fluorspar districts of France include Saone-et-Loire, Aveyron-Lozere, Haute-Loire, Indre, Rhone, and Nievre. GERMANY Important fluorspar deposits occur in Anhalt, Baden, Bavaria, Prussia, Sax- ony, and Thuringia. In general, the spar occurs in fissure veins associated with barite and with lead, copper, iron, and zinc minerals. Deposits in the Harz Mountains, Prussia, are closely related to the silver veins which have been worked for centuries. According to available information, reserves are more than ample to enable Germany to continue as an important source of supply. One mine in Bavaria is reported to contain about 1,700,000 tons of unmined spar. Although fluorspar operations have been numerous since the war there has been a marked tendency toward consolidations into strong operating units. Moreover, mining and milling technique has shown great progress. Develop- ment of the industry as a whole has been intensive and thorough. It is reliably reported that the German spar mines will be able to produce 100,000 tons annu- ally for many years to come. GREAT BRITAIN In England important deposits of fluorspar occur in Derbyshire and Durham. Less important occurrences are found in Cornwall and Devon and in Flintshire. Most of the mines were first opened for lead, and much lead mining was done before fluorspar had appreciable commercial value. Both the Derbyshire and Durham districts are characterized by old extensive underground work- ings which contain more or less unmined spar (originally considered waste gangue material) and by old dumps or hillocks on the surface which have been a fruitful source of spar. Many old underground workings are very extensive. In Derbyshire and Durham the topography is semimountainous, with ridges rising as much as 800 feet above the valleys. Mine water is removed by drain- age adits into the hillsides and by pumps from workings that extend below the drained areas. Spar in Derbyshire occurs only in the upper part of the Mountain lime- stone formation of Carboniferous age and is found in veins and pipes associated FOREIGN DEPOSITS 89 with galena, calcite, silica, and barite. In this district the rocks have been folded considerably. With depth the fluorite is displaced by barite and calcite. Spar from this district is quite low in silica, and some of the material is of acid grade. In Durham the fluorspar occurs only in veins in flat-lying beds of limestone, ganister, calcareous shales, and sandy shales. The wall rocks contain appreciable silica, and the spar itself it somewhat siliceous. Acid grades are difficult to ob- tain, and it is even hard to make "85 and 5" grades. Barite is virtually absent. The fluorspar industry in Durham and Derbyshire has not been developed as intensively as in the United States. A large proportion of the English out- put was obtained formerly by simply screening and hand-sorting the waste dumps of old lead mines. This material was obtainable at quite low cost, but these high-grade dumps were more or less depleted of material easy to obtain by the end of the World War. The log washer, known and used by operators in this country for two generations or longer, was patented in England about 15 years ago. Jigs and tables, however, together with accessory crushing and screening equipment, have been installed in a number of mills. At some operations lead constitutes a valuable by-product. INDIA Unimportant occurrences of fluorspar have been reported at Barla in the Kishangarh State, Rajputana, and at Sleemanabad, Jubbulpore district, but these have yielded no commercial production. According to the records of the Geo- logical Survey of India 25 the Tata Iron and Steel Co. investigated the Rajputana occurrence but found very little fluorspar present, and reported that European fluorspar would be less costly. Apparently, the spar is associated with calcite and quartz in a vein only about 1 foot thick traversing gneiss. Occurrences of fluorspar, which at present are of mineralogic interest only, have been reported from at least seven other localities in India. ITALY Important deposits of fluorspar in veins 6 to 12 feet wide occur at (1) Monte Fronte near Vetriolo (Val Sugano, Province of Trento) ; (2) Valle della Sarn in the Province of Bolzano (Trento) ; (3) Collio (Val Trompia) ; (4) the vicinity of Varese ; (5) Val Brembana; and (6) Sarrabus. Certain veins have been developed quite extensively. In the Bolzano dis- trict alone, proved, probable, and possible ore reserves of more than 1,000,000 tons have been estimated. NEWFOUNDLAND Fluorspar occurs in the vicinity of Cape Chapeau Rouge, Districts of Burin East and Burin West, near East St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, and 9 1/£ square miles comprising 48 locations have been recorded according to the Minister of Agriculture and Mines for Newfoundland. The fluorspar occurs in fissure veins in granite. - ,; 25 Pascoe, E. H., Quinquennial review of the mineral production of Tndia, 1924-1928: India Geol. Survey Records, vol. 64, p. 384, Calcutta, 1930. 26 Kaufmann II, Rudolph, Reconnaissance of the regional and economic geology of the St. Lawrence area, Newfoundland, with notes on fluorite (Senior Thesis): Dept. of Geol- ogy, Princeton University, 1936. 90 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Mining of fluorspar was begun in March 1933, since which time through 1936 about 18,300 short tons have been shipped. The deposit is virtually on tidewater at Little St. Lawrence Bay; it is reported to be extensive. The dis- tance from the deposit to the dock from which shipments are made is approxi- mately one mile, and the fluorspar is shipped chiefly by water. The geographical location is favorable for water shipments both to Atlantic ports and by St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes waterways to Great Lakes ports. The methods of mining employed are trenching or openpit and shafts. Shipments in 1936 totaled 9,368 short tons, of which 1,822 tons of acid- grade and 2,358 tons of fluxing-grade went to consumers in the United States, 2,007 tons of special-grade lump (93 to 95 per cent CaF 2 ) to Ontario, and 3,181 tons of fluxing-grade to Nova Scotia. NORWAY Deposits of fluorspar of potential economic importance occur near Dalen, Telemark County, and near Kingsberg, Buskerud County. Some development work has been done, indicating workable widths of ore of marketable grade, but no extensive mining operations have been begun. The deposits are reported to be capable of producing eventually 20,000 to 25,000 tons annually if mar- ket conditions warrant the necessary capital expenditures to bring the mines to full production capacity. U. S. S. R. (RUSSIA) The most important fluorspar deposits in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics until comparatively recent years were those in the Transbaikalia region beyond Lake Baikal in the Far East province. 27 Deposits were also known at Aurakhmat in Central Asia and occurrences of fluorspar have been reported in the district of Svetensk. Only the Abagatuevsk mine was worked in 1926-1927. The price of the fluorspar at the mine in 1926 was 60 rubles ($30) a metric ton but declined to 50 rubles ($25) in 1927. The Ural province reported a small production in 1922, 1923, and 1924. The fact that most if not all the fluorspar deposits exploited in the Soviet Union have been far removed from the industrial centers in the Urals, Donets Basin, and Karelia makes of much importance the discovery in comparatively recent years of a new deposit on the shore of Kara Sea, covering a large area including the mainland and Novaya Zemlia. The purest fluorspar so far found in U. S. S. R., which resembles that of Illinois and Kentucky but averages higher in grade, was disclosed in 1933 by prespecting along the Amderma River, which runs north into the Kara Sea. The construction of a 15 J/2 mile railroad has been proposed from these deposits to Kara Sea in order that fluorspar may be shipped to Archangel by boat. 28 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA The occurrence of fluorspar has been reported in South Africa near Zee- rust in the Marico district of Western Transvaal; near Hlabisa, Zululand ; in 27 Mineral resources U.S.H.R.: Geol. Commission, Second Ann. Kept., 192G-1 927, pp. 7f>l -7f>(>, Leningrad, 1928. 28 Discovery of fluorspar deposits: liur. Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Russian Econ. Notes, No. 278, p. 9, Washington, July 30, 1934. FOREIGN DEPOSITS 91 the Warmbad area, Transvaal; and on Gamib near Kalkfontein, South-West Africa. According to Abbey 29 fluorspar from the Marico district is shipped to the coast by rail via Mafeking. The more important deposits are on the farms of Malmani Oog, Bufrelshoek, and Witkop. The ore occurs in gash veins and in pipes or chimneys in limestone, dolomite, and chert formations. According to the Department of Mines of the Union of South Africa: 30 A flotation plant has recently been erected [in the Marico district] with a view to producing fluorspar of about 200 mesh and of the following speci- fications: Calcium fluoride, 98 per cent minimum; silica, 1 per cent maxi- mum; and calcium carbonate, 1 per cent maximum. The lump spar at present being exported is of the same specifications. Another producer has erected a small plant and in addition to lump spar can supply ground spar containing calcium fluoride not below 90 per cent, maximum CaC0 3 1 per cent, silica 4 per cent, water under 0.25 per cent. The ground spar is supplied in the following mesh per linear inch — 100 mesh, 85 per cent; 150 mesh, 80 per cent; 200 mesh, 70 per cent. A considerable deposit of very pure fluorspar (99 per cent calcium fluoride) is reported to have been opened about 50 miles from the railway in Kalkfontein district, South-West Africa, according to consular report by M. K. Moorhead, Johannesburg, South Africa, October 23, 1931. No work is now being done in the Hlabisa or Kalkfontein areas, but produc- tion near Warmbad continues mainly for local consumption. 31 The Hlabisa deposits have been described as fissure veins occurring in country rock devoid of limestone. 32 All shipments to the United States have been acid-grade material, generally averaging 98 per cent or more calcium fluoride and less than 1 per cent silica. Increased mining costs due to depletion of the easily accessible surface ore and comparatively high transportation and other handling costs, together with stiff competition from Europe, have adversely affected the South African producers. Operators state, however, that with improved market conditions and firmer prices, production could be increased greatly. SPAIN The more important fluorspar occurrences of Spain are in Barcelona, Oviedo, Gerona, Cordoba, and Guipuzcoa provinces. In Barcelona near Papiol fluorspar occurs in fissure veins associated with lead. It is reported that the mines were opened originally for lead but were unsuccessful as lead mines owing to the leanness of the ore. The lead, however, forms a valuable by-product of the fluorspar. The vein is said to have been traced a length of about 3 miles and to show widths to 15 feet. Some spar is available from old dumps of former lead operations. 29 Abbey, G. A., American Vice Consul, Johannesburg, South Africa, Production of fluorspar in South Africa, Ms. Rept., Oct. 30, 1930. 30 Industrial minerals: Dept. Mines, Union of South Africa, Pretoria, Quart. Inf. Circ, p. 23, August 1936. 3i Industrial minerals: Dept. Mines, Union of South Africa, Pretoria, Quart. Tnf. Circ, p. 26, February 1936. 32 Kupferburger, W., Fluorspar veins near Hlabisa, Zululand: Trans. Geol. Soc. South Africa, vol. 37, pp. 87-96, Johannesburg, 1935. 92 THL FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY SWITZERLAND Some optical spar was at one time mined from the high mountain chalks of Bern; and fluorspar associated with barite, galena, and quartz occurs near Lem- brancher in the Dranse Valley. In the Trappist mine the vein is about one meter wide but may widen locally to three meters. In 1922 a deposit of fluorspar was discovered on the side of Mont Chemin between Martigny and Lembrancher. Production from these sources so far has had little economic importance. OTHER COUNTRIES Fluorspar is known to occur in many other countries, including Brazil, Bolivia, Chosen, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, and Persia. As data covering some of these deposits may be obtained by consulting past Mineral Resources chapters of the United States Bureau of Mines or references listed in the bibliography it is unnecessary to repeat such information in this paper. SUMMARY PAST AND PRESENT CONSUMPTION AND SOURCES OF SUPPLY Up to the end of the nineteenth century only about 165,000 short tons of fluorspar had been consumed in the United States, virtually all of which came from mines in the Illinois-Kentucky district. In the decade 1900-1909, due to the progress in basic open-hearth steel pro- duction, consumption of fluorspar rapidly increased and amounted to about 552,- 000 tons (about 55,200 tons annually), of which mines in the Illinois-Kentucky district contributed 71.3 per cent, the United Kingdom 27.2 per cent, and Ari- zona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Tennessee the remainder. During the 15 years following (1910-1924), chiefly because of greatly expanded operations at basic open-hearth steel plants, consumption of fluorspar in the United States totaled about 2,270,000 tons (about 151,300 tons annu- ally). Sales of fluorspar to consumers in the United States during this period, however, amounted to about 2,351,000 tons (about 156,700 tons annually), of which mines in the Illinois-Kentucky district supplied 78.1 per cent; Arizona, Nevada, New Hampshire, and Washington together 7.3 per cent ; the United Kingdom 11.8 per cent; and other foreign countries 2.8 per cent. In the so-called normal years 1925-1929 a total of about 910,000 tons (about 182,000 tons annually) of fluorspar were consumed in the United States. Of this quantity the metallurgical industry used about 85 per cent, ceramic plants 7 per cent, and chemical industry 8 per cent. During the 5-year period 1925-1929 total sales of fluorspar to consumers in the United States amounted to 934,739 short tons (about 186,900 tons annu- ally), of which the Illinois-Kentucky district furnished 62.9 per cent; Colorado 3.8 per cent; Nevada and New Mexico 1.5 per cent; Germany 10.5 per cent; the United Kingdom 8.9 per cent; France 6.1 per cent; Africa 3.5 per cent; and other foreign countries 2.8 per cent. Prices of domestic fluorspar sold during the 5 years 1925-1929 averaged $16 to $17 per short ton for fluxing-gravel, $31 to $32 for ceramic-ground, and $25 to $26 for acid-lump. In the subnormal years 1930-1934 the total consumption of fluorspar in the United States declined to 483,000 tons (about 96,700 tons annually) ; total sales were only 458,051 tons (about 91,600 tons annually), due to low activity in the SUMMARY 93 industries using fluorspar and to liquidation of the large stocks accumulated by consumers. During this period the proportions consumed by the ceramic and chemical trades increased to 10.6 and 10.4 per cent, respectively, while the metallurgical industry decreased to 79 per cent. There also was a noteworthy shift in the source of supply of fluorspar after 1930. For example, of the total sales in the United States during the 4 years 1931-1934 domestic mines supplied 79.4 per cent and foreign countries 20.6 per cent, whereas during 1925-1929 domestic mines contributed 68.2 per cent and foreign sources 31.8 per cent. The decline in imports into the United States was mainly due to low activity in the steel industry, an advance in the rate of duty, and unfavorable rates of exchange in certain countries, chiefly Italy, France, and the United Kingdom. Prices of domestic fluorspar sold during the 5 years 1930-1934 averaged $12 to $16 per short ton for fluxing-gravel, $23 to $33 for ceramic-ground, and $20 to $26 for acid-lump. Accelerated activity in the steel industry, coupled with improvement in the ceramic and chemical trades, resulted in a consumption of 137,400 tons of fluor- spar in the United States in 1935. Both domestic producers and importers shared in the increase. Total sales to consumers in the United States in 1935 were 139,554 tons, of which domestic producers supplied 88.3 per cent and im- porters only 11.7 per cent. The Illinois-Kentucky district furnished 80.6 per cent, Colorado 5.0 per cent, Germany 5.9 per cent, and Spain 3.5 per cent. Despite the improved demand for fluorspar in 1935, the average selling price of fluxing gravel decreased from $15.28 a ton f. o. b. Illinois-Kentucky mines in 1934 to $13.76 a ton in 1935. Increased demand for fluorspar chiefly by manufacturers of basic open- hearth steel and hydrofluoric acid was reflected in consumption of 182,400 short tons of fluorspar in 1936. As a consequence, domestic sales and imports were substantially higher in 1936, total sales to consumers in the United States amounting to 200,908 tons, of which domestic producers supplied 87.6 per cent and importers 12.4 per cent. The Illinois-Kentucky district furnished 80.7 per cent, Colorado 4.7 per cent, Germany 6.3 per cent, Spain 2.8 per cent, and Newfoundland 2.1 per cent. The improved demand for fluorspar in 1936 was accompanied by a substan- tial increase in the average selling price of fluxing-gravel, from $13.76 a ton f. o. b. Illinois-Kentucky mines in 1935 to $16.53 a ton in 1936. FUTURE TRENDS IN CONSUMPTION UNITED STATES The quantity and grade of fluorspar that will be consumed in the future can be evaluated partly by consideration of past trends. Steel has influenced pro- foundly the prosperity of the domestic fluorspar industry, as is strikingly re- vealed in figure 3, page 10. Two facts are apparent: (1) That fluorspar con- sumption until 1921 followed the curve of steel regularly and precisely, and (2) that since 1921 fluorspar consumption has not kept pace with increased production of basic open-hearth steel. The latter is due almost entirely to the fact that since 1921, chiefly as a result of refinements in furnace practice, less spar per ton of steel has been consumed. Steel, however, will continue to dominate the fluorspar market. It is true that the price of fluxing spar is much below that of acid and ceramic grades and 94 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY that in proportion more profit is returned from sales of high-grade fluorspar; nevertheless, the normal output from mines and mills can be maintained only by maintaining the volume of fluxing grades without which the higher grades of spar could not be produced, except at much higher prices than they now com- mand. The future requirements of ceramic grades may continue at the 1935- 1936 level or may advance somewhat, and demand for acid grades very probably will increase greatly in importance ; . but in the near future, at least, steel will ''call the tune." No doubt can be entertained as to the future of the steel industry. The long-time trend is definitely upward. So long as our present industrial order endures, steel will continue to play a vital and increasingly important part. Although the manufacture of steel may require less spar in the future, there is no evidence that fluorspar will cease to be a valuable and highly useful agent in basic open-hearth practice, both at home and abroad. FOREIGN The world production of steel was about 124 million gross tons in 1936, thus exceeding all previous records. The United States produced about 48 million tons, whereas Europe, including the United Kingdom, Germany, Saar, Luxemburg, France, Belgium, Russia, Poland, Sweden, Spain, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Italy, produced about 66 million tons. In the United States, however, 43 million tons were produced by the basic open-hearth process. Of the 66 million tons produced in Europe, possibly two-thirds were made in basic open-hearth furnaces. Precise data are lacking as to the trend in European furnace practice, but Russia appears to offer the greatest possibilities for the future. Much European iron ore is high in phosphorus and is used for making steel by the Bessemer process, particularly in Saar, Luxemburg, France, and Belgium. On the other hand, basic open-hearth practice predominates in the United Kingdom, Ger- many, Poland, and Russia and is strong in Sweden. Basic open-hearth practice also predominates in Japan and Canada as well as in the United States. Evidently, European markets can absorb enough fluorspar to maintain European fluorspar production at a fairly large volume, a strong factor in keep- ing costs at a minimum. Large deposits, low labor costs, and favorable min- ing conditions will make the fluorspar available as fast as is required abroad with a large surplus available for export to the United States. The foreign situation depends also upon world politics. Social and eco- nomic revolutions and possible wars could change the picture almost overnight. Probably no other event has such far-reaching economic effects as warfare. FUTURE SOURCES OF SUPPLY AND RESERVES UNITED STATES Present reserves of fluorspar constitute the future sources of supply. The Illinois-Kentucky district is the most important producing region in the United States. According to available statistics 3,849,000 tons of fluorspar have been produced in the United States since the beginning of operations through 1936. Of this total the Illinois-Kentucky district has contributed 92.6 per cent, Colo- rado 5.2 per cent, and New Mexico 1.7 per cent. Only an insignificant quantity (0.5 per cent or about 20,000 tons) has been produced from other states. SUMMARY 95 The Illinois-Kentucky field doubtless will continue to be the chief source of domestic fluorspar for many years. Various estimates have been made of the reserves of the district. The United States Tariff Commission report covering investigations in 1926 included an estimate of reserves of 2,660,000 tons of fin- ished product in the Illinois-Kentucky district. If production since then is de- ducted this estimate indicates a reserve of slightly more than 1,550,000 tons at the end of 1936, with no credit for ore discovered since 1926. In the spring of 1927 operators in Illinois and Kentucky estimated reserves in the district as approximately 5,000,000 tons of salable fluorspar, representing the total tonnages of proved, probable, and possible ore, the possible ore being calculated so conservatively as to class it virtually as probable ore. After subse- quent production is deducted a reserve of about 4,000,000 tons of merchantable fluorspar is indicated at the end of 1936, making no allowance for ore discov- ered since 1927. The figures given above included an estimated reserve of 80,000 tons for the bedding deposits of the Cave in Rock district. A recent detailed study of the district by L. W. Currier 33 of the United States Geological Survey, reveals a possibility of a much greater tonnage. On the basis of structural studies of the deposits and geologic mapping, he makes an estimate of 500,000 to 700,- 000 tons of fluorspar for this district. This estimate is based entirely on geo- logic factors, since relatively little "ore" has been blocked out or proved in ad- vance of mining. An estimate of probable reserves of fluorspar in the Western States was made by E. F. Burchard 34 of the United States Geological Survey in 1928 from field work during 1926 and 1927 and from certain data gathered by other inves- tigators. The estimated probable reserves of all grades of spar, mostly flux- ing, amounted to 1,035,000 short tons. Table 39. — Estimated Fluorspar Reserves in the Western States. Short tons Arizona 90,000 California 75,000 Colorado 400,000 New Mexico 400,000 Nevada ^ Utah V 70,000 Washington. . . .) Total 1,035,000 Figures of ore reserves must be regarded cautiously. More precise esti- mates would comprise not only the exact tonnages in the different classes of proved, probable, and possible ore but would indicate also the production cost of each class, Doubtless, much fluorspar is included in the foregoing estimates that can be won only at a considerably higher cost than would be economical under present operating conditions; obviously it would be impossible to predict how much of it may be mined profitably on the basis of operating costs 5, 10, or 20 years hence. On the other hand, it is possible that additional reserves will have been discovered by the end of 15, 20, or 30 years which will auto- matically prolong the life of the domestic deposits. as Currier, L. W., Geologic factors in the interpretation of fluorspar reserves in the Illinois-Kentucky field: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 886-B, 10 pp., 1937. 34 Burchard, Ernest F., Fluorspar deposits in Western United States: Am. Inst. Min. and Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. No. 500, 26 pp., February 1933. 96 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY LIST OF MINES OR DEPOSITS 97 Even a brief consideration of domestic reserves invites attention to the fact that a certain amount of fluorspar necessarily must be lost if production ever falls to the point where mines are closed before the deposits are exhausted. Enforced shutdowns, which sometimes lead eventually to abandonment of the workings, involve huge losses to the operators. Some mines so shut down per- haps never regain an efficient working basis due to cave-ins and other catastro- phes during the period of neglect. Even discounting unfavorable operating conditions, however, reserves of merchantable spar in the United States appear to be 3 to 5 \/i million tons. It may be asserted with some confidence that sufficient domestic fluorspar is now in sight to satisfy at least 15 or 20 years of normal demand. Abnormal con- ditions such as wars, with the withdrawal of foreign supplies, would of course tend to deplete domestic reserves more quickly. FOREIGN Future production of fluorspar abroad will depend upon the virility of for- eign enterprise, availability and cost of ore, development of foreign markets, and world political conditions. Foreign enterprise, notably in Germany and France, has shown amazing vigor during the past 6 or 7 years. Ore reserves abroad, according to available information, appear to be almost of the same order as those in the United States and may prove greater. Many European deposits are being developed intensively with a thoroughness that promises continuance in the future. This development does not depend upon United States markets alone. Shipments to the United States are a relatively small part of the European production. In 1929, for example, approximately 254,000 short tons of fluorspar were produced in Europe and only about 46,600 tons were exported to the United States. Thus, about 82 per cent of European spar was consumed at home and about 18 per cent in United States markets. Foreign production, now so well established, doubtless will continue on a firm basis. Periods of industrial inactivity can not be considered as representing long-time trends in the industry, either abroad or in the United States. Fluor- spar has and will continue to have marked importance to the industries of the world. In conclusion, this report lists domestic producers and consumers. The bibliography at the end will be helpful to those seeking more detailed discussions of individual phases of the fluorspar industry. LIST OF DOMESTIC FLUORSPAR MINES OR DEPOSITS The following list gives the names and addresses of owners or lessees of fluorspar mines and deposits in the United States together with the location of the property. It includes mines that are worked more or less regularly, those worked sporadically, and many (but not all) deposits that have been prospected sufficiently to indicate the possible existence of fluorspar in commercial quan- tities. Profitable operation under present economic conditions is hindered or pro- hibited at many of the properties listed because of the nature of the deposit, high mining cost, lack of adequate or proper milling equipment, and distance from markets or transportation, or both. 98 the fluorspar industry Sources of Supply of Domestic Fluorspar. Owner or lessee Add) Location of mine or deposit Cook, Amos. . Luckie, E. M. Purcell, S. W. and Martin, A. P. DeLuce, Mrs. Eliza, Modesti, Althee... Whitlock, Claude J. Atkinson, C. W Boulder Fluorspar & Radium Co. Crystal Fluorspar Co Evans, John. Evans, L. R Fluorite Mining Co Harlow Estate, W. P Lehman Fluorspar Co Terry, E. R Walker, George American Fluorspar Corp Chaffee County Fluorspar Corp. Colorado Fluorspar Corp Fahnestock, J. L Lionelli, Joe Salida Fluorspar Co Colorado Fluorspar Corp. Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp. Aluminum Ore Co. Benzon Fluorspar Co.... Crystal Fluorspar Co.... Cullum & Sons, Fred Dimick, W. E Fluorspar Products Corp. Hillside Fluor Spar Mines. Cowdrey Pueblo ILLINOIS Pittsburgh, Pa. Cave in Rock Rosiclare Elizabethtown Rosiclare Elizabethtown Chicago ARIZONA Greenlee County Safford Duncan Lordsburg, N. Mex. Do. Pima County Tucson Tucson Yuma County Yuma Dome Los Angeles, Calif. Do. CALIFORNIA San Bernardino County San Bernardino Afton COLORADO Boulder County Boulder Jamestown Denver Do. Boulder Do. Jamestown Do. Do. Do. Denver Do. Boulder Do. Jamestown Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Chaffee County Colorado Springs Salida Salida Do. Do. Do. Omaha, Nebr. Poncha Springs Salida Salida Do. Do. Jackson County Cowdrey Mineral County Wagon Wheel Gap Hardin County Karbers Ridge, Rosiclare Cave in Rock Do. Elizabethtown Rosiclare Cave in Rock, Rosiclare Karbers Ridge, Rosiclare LIST OF MINES OR DEPOSITS 99 Sources of Supply of Domestic Fluorspar — Continued. Owner or lessee Addi Location of mine or deposit ILLINOIS— Continued Jackson, J. M Jefferson Mineral Corp Rorer & Lanham Rosiclare Lead & Fluorspar Mining Co Sunbeam Fluorspar Co Victory Fluorspar Mining Co Crabb, Oscar Knight, Knight & Clark Taylor, R. F Arrow Fluorspar Co Crook Corporation, S. L.. . . Glass Fluorspar Co Hughett, John Lester, C. F Princeton Spar Co Senator Fluorspar Co Aluminum Ore Co Bellamy, J. G Clark, Joe Conyer, J. O Corley, Robert B Cox, F. G Crider, W. H.. . Damron, George Davidson, R. P Delhi Foundry Sand Co Denny, O. S Eagle Fluor-Spar Co Forester, R. J Gugenheim Mining Co Haynes Fluorspar Co Hillside Fluor Spar Mines. . Hodge Mining Co Holly Fluorspar Co Kentucky Fluor Spar Co.. . . Lafeyette Fluorspar Co McClain, R. A McMaster, Hunter & Tabor Marion Mineral Co National Fluorspar Co Perry & Loyd Pigmy Corporation Hardin County (cont'd) Rosiclare Rosiclare Indianapol is, Ind. Do. Rosiclare Hicks St. Louis, Mo. Rosiclare Louisville, Ky. Cave in Rock Elizabethtc wn Elizabethtown Pope County Rosiclare Herod Do. Rosiclare Elizabethtown Eichorn KENTUCF HY Caldwell County Princeton Crider Crider Do. Princeton Do. Princeton Princeton Do. Do. Cincinnati, Ohio Crider Princeton Princeton Crittenden County Pittsburgh, Pa. Crayne, Marion, Mexico, Salem Marion Mexico Do. Marion Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Sheridan Mexico Marion, Mexico Salem Salem Marion Marion Do. Do. Do. Do. Salem Salem Du Quoin, 111. Do. Marion Do. Do. Do. Chicago, 111. Do. Marion Do. Do. Sheridan Do. Marion Duluth, M inn. Marion, Mexico Youngstown, Ohio Marion Mexico Mexico Fredonia Mexico Marion Salem Do. Mexico St. Louis, VIo. Mexico 100 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Sources of Supply of Domestic Fluorspar — Continued. Owner or lessee Address Location of mine or deposit Reed, A. H Reiter, W. A Shewmaker & Shewmaker Williamson, T. W Zaiser & Zaiser Co. Aluminum Ore Brasher, J. A Collins, Arthur Curtis Fluorspar Co Davis Mining Co.. Delhi Foundry Sand Co.. Eagle Fluor-Spar Co Flanery, C. A Grassham & Pace Haynes, W. V Johnson, B. A Klondike Fluorspar Corp. Knight, Knight & Clark. Loveless, Dewey May, Ernest Myers, Vaughn Roberts & Frazer United Mining Co Wallace Fluorspar Co.... Baxter, V. S. KENTUCKY— Continued Marion Mexia, Texas Marion Do. Indianapolis, Ind. Pittsburgh, Pi Salem Do. Chicago, 111. Lola Marion Salem Marion Paducah Marion Lola Smithland Rosiclare, 111. Salem Lola Marion Do. Lola Sturgis Jones, Ralph E Wilmore NEVADA Broken Hills Crowell, J. Irving, Jr Beatty NEW HAMPSHIRE New England Fluorspar Co Boston, Mass. NEW MEXICO Hayner & Manasee Great Eagle Mining Co. Osmer, Louis L Duryea Estate, J. T La Purisima Fluorspar Co. Las Crucef Lampasas, Tex. Silver City New York, N. Y. Deming Crittenden County (cont'd) Marion Frances Marion Mexico Marion Livingston County Salem Salem Lola Do. Do. Lola, Salem Salem Do. Do. Salem Lola Smithland Carrsville Salem Lola Do. Salem, Carrsville Lola Salem Woodford County Wilmore Mineral County Broken Hills Nye County Beatty Cheshire County Westmoreland Dona Ana County Mesilla Park Grant County Lordsburg Silver City Luna County Silton Deming LIST OF CONSUMERS 101 Sources of Supply of Domestic Fluorspar — Concluded. Owner or lessee Address Location of mine or deposit NEW MEXICO— Continued Sierra County Alamo Fluorspar M Cox Fluorspar Co... [ills Hot Springs Caballo Derry Cutter Fluorspar Mines of Kinetic Chemicals, I America nc Hot Springs Wilmington, Del. Hot Springs Derry Socorro County Fluorspar Mines of America Hot Springs TENNESSEE Oscuro Smith County Purnell, R. C Carthage TEXAS Hudspeth County Melton, W. B Allamoore Hot Wells Presidio County Warner, W. G Marfa UTAH Shafter Beaver County Mortensen, Bart W.. Parowan Lund Tooele County Dole, Frank E Salt Lake City WASHINGTON Clive \ Ferry County Mitchem, P. H. & A . w Los Angeles, Cal. Keller LIST OF CONSUMERS OF FLUORSPAR IN THE UNITED STATES Consumers of fluorspar in the United States, classified according to the industries in which the mineral is used and each industry arranged alphabeti- cally by States and by location of consuming plant, are listed below and shown on the map, figure 14, page 96. The address given is usually that of the purchasing agent. 102 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Consumers of Fluorspar in Steel Plants in the United States. Name of consumer Address Location of plant Alabama : Republic Steel Corp Kilby Car & Foundry Co Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co Cleveland, Ohi Anniston Birmingham Alabama City Anniston Ensley, Fairfield California: Pacific Coast Steel Corp.... Alloy Steel &c Metals Co Warman Steel Casting Co American Manganese Steel Co... Judson Steel Corp San Francisco Los Angeles Huntington Pai New York, N. San Francisco Do. Torrance -k Y. Huntington Park, South San Francisco Los Angeles Do. Los Angeles, Oakland Columbia Steel Co Pittsburg, Torrance Torrance National Supply Co. of Delaware. Colorado: American Manganese Steel So.... Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp New York, N. Pueblo Y. Denver Pueblo Connecticut: American Tube & Stamping Co... (Stanley Works) New Britain Bridgeport Delaware: Worth Steel Co American Manganese Steel Co.... Claymont New York Claymont New Castle District of Columbia: Naval Gun Factory Washington Washington Georgia : Atlantic Steel Co Atlanta Atlanta Illinois: Laclede Steel Co.. . Burnside Steel Foundry Co Crane Co St. Louis, Mo. Chicago Do. Do. Do. Do. New York, N. Chicago Heigh New York, N. Cleveland, Ohi Chicago Eddystone, Pa. Granite City New York, N. Peoria Chicago Y. ts Y. Y. Alton Chicago Do. Do. Do. Do. Chicago Heights Do. Do Kensington Steel Co Pettibone Mulliken Co Trojan Electric Steel Co American Manganese Steel Co.... Columbia Tool Steel Co Railway Steel-Spring Co National Malleable & Steel Castings Co American Steel Foundries General Steel Castings Corp (Commonwealth Division) Granite City Steel Co East St. Louis, Granite City Granite City Do Western Electric Co Keystone Steel & Wire Co Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp (Chicago) Peoria South Chicago LIST OF CONSUMERS 103 Consumers of Fluorspar in Steel Plants in the United States — Continued. Name of consumer Address Location of plant Illinois — Continued International Harvester Co Republic Steel Corp Chicago Youngstown, Ohio South Chicago Do. Indiana: Joslyn Manufacturing & Supply Co Fort Wayne Chicago, 111. Indiana Harbor Youngstown, Ohio Kokomo New Castle Fort Wayne Gary Indiana Harbor Do. Kokomo New Castle Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp Inland Steel Co Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co.... Continental Steel Corp Ingersoll Steel & Disc Co Iowa: Bettendorf Co Zimmerman Steel Co Bettendorf Do. Bettendorf Do. Kentucky: American Rolling Mill Co Andrews Steel Co Middletown, Ohio Newport Ashland Newport Maryland: Rustless Iron & Steel Corp Bethlehem Steel Co Baltimore Bethlehem, Pa. Baltimore Sparrows Point Massachusetts : General Electric Co.. Watertown Arsenal Schenectady, N. Y. Watertown Cleveland, Ohio Everett, Lynn Watertown Worcester American Steel & Wire Co Michigan: 1 Clark Equipment Co Buchanan Dearborn Ecorse Buchanan Dearborn Ecorse Ford Motor Co Great Lakes Steel Corp Minnesota: American Steel & Wire Co Cleveland, Ohio Duluth Missouri : Sheffield Steel Corp Scullin Steel Co Southern Manganese Steel Co Kansas City St. Louis Do. Kansas City, St. Louis St. Louis Do. New Jersey: Crucible Steel Co. of America.... John A. Roebling's Sons Co New York, N. Y. Trenton Harrison Roebling New York: Republic Steel Corp Youngstown, Ohio New York Cortland Depew Syracuse Watervliet Bethlehem, Pa. Buffalo Wickwire Spencer Steel Co Wickwire Bros Do. Gould Coupler Corp Depew Dewitt Dunkirk, Watervliet Lackawanna Onondaga Steel Co Ludlum Steel Co Bethlehem Steel Co 104 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Consumers of Fluorspar in Steel Plants in the United States — Continued. Name of consumer New York — Continued Simmonds Saw & Steel Co General Electric Co Crucible Steel Co. of America.... Ohio: American Steel Foundries Republic Steel Corp Barium Stainless Steel Corp Timken Steel & Tube Co National Malleable & Steel Castings Co Otis Steel Co Ohio Steel Foundry Co National Tube Co Sharon Steel Corp Empire Sheet & Tin Plate Co Marion Steam Shovel Co American Rolling Mill Co Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co Wheeling Steel Corp Bonney-Floyd Co Buckeye Steel Castings Co Follansbee Bros. Co Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co.... Oklahoma: Sheffield Steel Corp Pennsylvania: Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp Vulcan Crucible Steel Co Beaver Falls Steel Co Bethlehem Steel Co National Alloy Steel Co Braeburn Alloy Steel Corp Allegheny Steel Co Universal Steel Co American Rolling Mill Co Union Electric Steel Corp Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp Lukens Steel Co Colonial Steel Co American Steel & Wire Co General Steel Castings Corp (Eddystone Works) Erie Forge & Steel Co Pittsburgh Steel Foundry Corp... Central Iron & Steel Co Address Location of plant Lockport Lockport Schenectady Schenectady New York Syracuse Chicago, 111. Alliance Youngstown Canton, Cleveland, Columbia Heights, ■ ■■> Warren, Youngstown Canton Canton Do. Do. Cleveland Cleveland Do. Do. Lima Lima Pittsburgh, Pa. Lorain Sharon, Pa. Lowellville Mansfield Mansfield Marion Marion Middletown Middletown Norwood Norwood Wheeling, W. Va. Portsmouth, Steubenville Columbus South Columbus Do. Do. Pittsburgh, Pa. Toronto Chicago, 111. Youngstown Youngstown Do. Kansas City, Mo. Sand Springs Pittsburgh Aliquippa, Pittsburgh Aliquippa Aliquippa Beaver Falls Beaver Falls Bethlehem Bethlehem, Johnstown, Steelton Blawnox Blawnox Braeburn Braeburn Brackenridge Brackenridge Bridgeville Bridgeville Middletown, Ohio Butler Pittsburgh Carnegie Chicago, 111. Clairton, Duquesne, Farrell, Munhall, North Braddock Coatesville Coatesville Pittsburgh Colona (Monaca) Cleveland, Ohio Donora Eddystone Eddystone Erie Erie Glassport Glassport Harrisburg Harrisburg LIST OF CONSUMERS 105 Consumers of Fluorspar in Steel Plants in the Unitee States — Concluded. Name of consumer Address Location of plant Pennsylvania — Continued Harrisburg Steel Corp Harrisburg Irvine Conshohoken Latrobe Do. McKeesport Pittsburgh New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh Philadelphia Pittsburgh Do. Philadelphia Do. Do. New York, N. Y. Reading Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburgh Chicago, 111. Washington Phillipsdale Houston Newport News Norfolk Roanoke Bremerton Renton Seattle San Francisco, Calif. Pittsburgh, Pa. Weirton Kaukauna Milwaukee Racine South Milwaukee Harrisburg Irvine Ivy Rock Latrobe Do. McKeesport Do. National Forge & Ordnance Co... Alan Wood Steel Co Latrobe Electric Steel Co Vanadium Alloys Steel Co Firth-Sterling Steel Co National Tube Co Pittsburgh Crucible Steel Co Pittsburgh Steel Co Midland Midvale Co Edgewater Steel Co Oakmont American Bridge Co Pencoyd Philadelphia Do. Henry Disston & Sons (Inc.) Philadelphia Navy Yard Phoenix Iron Co Crucible Steel Co. of America. . . . Carpenter Steel Co Pittsburgh Reading Sharon National Malleable & Steel Castings Co American Sheet & Tin Plate Co.. . American Steel Foundries Jessop Steel Co Vandergrift Verona Washington Phillipsdale Houston Rhode Island: Washburn Wire Co Texas : Hughes Tool Co Virginia: Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co Newport News Norfolk Navy Yard Portsmouth Norfolk & Western Railway Co... Washington : Puget Sound Navy Yard Pacific Car & Foundry Co Washington Iron Works Pacific Coast Steel Corp Roanoke Bremerton Renton Seattle Youngtown West Virginia: Follansbee Bros. Co Weirton Steel Co Wisconsin : Moloch Foundry & Machine Co... Milwaukee Steel Foundry Co Racine Steel Castings Co Follansbee Weirton Kaukauna Milwaukee Bucyrus-Erie Co 106 the fluorspar industry Consumers of Fluorspar in Iron Foundries in the United States. Name of consumer Address Location of plant Alabama: American Radiator Co New York, N. Y. Birmingham California: Washington Eljer Co Los Angeles Pittsburgh, Pa. Los Angeles Richmond Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co Connecticut: Crane Co Bridgeport New Britain Bridgeport New Britain North & Judd Manufacturing Co.. Illinois: Crane Co Chicago Joliet Kewanee New York, N. Y. Chicago Joliet Kewanee Litchfield, Springfield Moore Bros. Co Walworth Co American Radiator Co Indiana: New York Central Ralroad Co... Perfect Circle Co Studebaker Corp Collinwood, Ohio New Castle South Bend Elkhart New Castle South Bend Iowa: French & Hecht (Inc.) Davenport Newton Davenport Newton Maytag Co Massachusetts : Richards Co Boston Springfield Maiden Gilbert & Barker Manufacturing Co West Springfield Michigan: Ford Motor Co Dearborn New York, N. Y. Detroit Do. Flint Muskegon Do. Pontiac Sparta Ypsilanti American Radiator Co Cadillac Motor Car Co Detroit Do. Packard Motor Car Co Do. Buick Motor Co Flint Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Muskegon Do. Pontiac Sparta Ypsilanti Sealed Power Corp Wilson Foundry & Machine Co.. . . Central Specialty Co Minnesota: American Radiator Co New York, N. Y. St. Paul Missouri : American Radiator Co New York, N. Y. Kansas City New Jersey: American Radiator Co New York, N. Y. Harrison Bayonne Driver-Harris Co.. . LIST OF CONSUMERS 107 Consumers of Fluorspar in Iron Foundries in the United States — Concluded. Name of consumer New York: American Radiator Co Standard-North Buffalo Foundry Co Kennedy Valve Manufacturing Co General Electric Co.. Ohio: Hill & Griffith Co Fox Furnace Co Electric Auto-Lite Co Estate Stove Co Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co Quality Castings Co. Toledo Machine & Tool Co Pennsylvania: Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co Hays Manufacturing Co Standard Stoker Co Westinghouse Air Brake Co Tennessee: Crane Enamelware Co Wisconsin: Kohler Co Rundle Manufacturing Co Add) Location of plant New York Buffalo Elmira Schenectady Cincinnati Elyria Fostoria Hamilton Norwood Orrville Toledo East Pittsburgh Erie Do. Wilmerding Chattanooga Kohler Milwaukee Black Rock (Buffalo) Buffalo Elmira Schenectady Cincinnati Elyria Fostoria Hamilton Norwood Orrville Toledo East Pittsburgh Erie Do. Wilmerding Chattanooga Kohler Milwaukee Consumers of Fluorspar in the Manufacture of Ferro-alloys in the United States. Name of consumer Address Location of plant Iowa: Keokuk Electro-Metals Co Keokuk Keokuk New York: Electro Metallurgical Co Vanadium Corp. of America New York Do. Niagara Falls Do. Ohio: United States Vanadium Corp.... Ohio Ferro- Alloys Corp Columbiana Canton Columbiana Philo Pennsylvania: Vanadium Corp. of America Climax Molybdenum Co New York, N. Y. Do. Do. Bridgeville Langeloth Washington Molybdenum Corp. of America.. West Virginia: Electro Metallurgical Co New York, N. Y. Alloy 108 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Consumers of Fluorspar in the Manufacture of Glass in the United States. Name of consumer California: Owens-Illinois Glass Co.. Illinois: Owens-Illinois Glass Co Inland Glass Works (Inc.) Ball Bros. Co Peltier Glass Co Indiana: Owens-Illinois Glass Co Macbeth-Evans Glass Co Sneath Glass Co Kokomo Opalescent Glass Co Canton Glass Co Ball Bros. Co General Glass Corp Maryland: Carr-Lowrey Glass Co New Jersey: Owens-Illinois Glass Co Kimble Glass Co New York: Dannenhoffer Glass Works Demuth Glass Manufacturing Co Gleason-Tiebout Glass Co Corning Glass Works Louis C. Tiffany Furnaces Gillinder Brothers (Inc.) Ohio: Rodefer Glass Co Houston-Wells Glass Co Cambridge Glass Co Owens-Illinois Glass Co Hocking Glass Co Lancaster Glass Co Advance Glass Co Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co Libbey Glass Co Hazel-Atlas Glass Co Oklahoma: Hazel-Atlas Glass Co Ball Bros. Co Kerr, Hubbard & Kelly Pennsylvania: Macbeth-Evans Glass Co Consolidated Lamp & Glass Co.. Address Location of plant Toledo, Ohio Los Angeles Toledo, Ohio Alton, Chicago Heights, Streator Chicago Chicago Muncie, Ind. Hillsboro Ottawa Ottawa Toledo, Ohio Gas City Charleroi, Pa. Elwood Hartford City Hartford City Kokomo Kokomo Marion Marion Muncie Muncie Winchester Winchester Baltimore Baltimore Toledo, Ohio Bridgeton Vineland Vineland Brooklyn Brooklyn Do. Do. Do. Brooklyn, Maspeth Corning Corning Corona Corona Port Jervis Port Jervis Bellaire Bellaire Bremen Bremen Cambridge Cambridge Toledo Columbus Lancaster Lancaster Do. Do. Newark Newark Toledo Toledo Do. Do. Wheeling, W. Va. Zanesville Wheeling, W. Va. Ada, Blackwell Muncie, Ind. Okmulgee Sand Springs Sand Springs Charleroi Charleroi Corapolis Corapolis LIST OF CONSUMERS 109 Consumers of Fluorspar in the Manufacture of Glass in the United States — Concluded. Name of consumer Address Location of plant Pennsylvania — Continued Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Point Marion Glass Novelty Co... Ford City Guyaux Jeannette Do. Do. Monaca Philadelphia Point Marion Philadelphia Washington Wheeling, W. Va. Washington Muncie, Ind. Toledo, Ohio Clarksburg Do. Follansbee Wheeling Muncie, Ind. Huntington Morgantown Do. New Martinsville Long Island City, N. Y. Shinnston Sistersville Weston Williamstown Ford City Guyaux Jeannette Do. Do. Jeannette Shade & Novelty Co McKee Glass Co Phoenix Glass Co Monaca Gill Glass and Fixture Co L. J. House Convex Glass Co Gillinder & Sons (Inc.) Philadelphia Point Marion Tacony (Philadelphia) Washington Do. Duncan & Miller Glass Co Hazel-Atlas Glass Co Mississippi Glass Co Do. Texas: Ball Bros. Co Wichita Falls West Virginia: Owens-Illinois Glass Co Charleston, Fairmont, Akro Agate Co Huntington Clarksburg Do. Master Marble Co Jefferson Glass Co Hazel-Atlas Glass Co Grafton Ball Bros. Co Huntington Do. Sinclair Glass Co Beaumont Co Morgantown Do. New Martinsville Morgantown Glass Works New Martinsville Glass Manufacturing Co Paul Wissmach Glass Co Paden City Marion Glass Co Lawrence Glass Novelty Co Westite Co Sistersville Fenton Art Glass Co Williamstown Consumers of Fluorspar in the Manufacture of Chemicals in the United States. Name of consumer Address Location of plant Delaware: Kinetic Chemicals (Inc.) . Wilmington Carney's Point Illinois: Aluminum Ore Co Pittsburgh, Pa. West Chicago East St. Louis Lindsay Light & Chemical Co West Chicago Indiana: U. S. S. Lead Refinery (Inc.) New York, N. Y. East Chicago Ohio: Harshaw Chemical Co... Cleveland Cleveland Pennsylvania: Sterling Products Co Easton New York, N. Y. Easton General Chemical Co Marcus Hook, Newell 110 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Consumers of Fluorspar in the Manufacture of Enamel, Vitrolite, and Glazes in the United States. Name of consumer Address Location of plant California: Smoot-Holman Co Inglewood Los Angeles Do. Pittsburgh, Pa. Inglewood Los Angeles Do. Richmond California Metal Enameling Co... Washington Eljer Co Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co Illinois: Roesch Enamel Range Co Belleville Chicago Do. Do. Cicero Des Plaines North Chicago Belleville Chicago Do. Do. Cicero Des Plaines North Chicago Century Vitreous Enamel Co Federal Electric Co General Porcelain Enameling & Manufacturing Co Chicago Vitreous Enamel Product Co i Benjamin Electric Manufacturing Co Chicago Hardware Foundry Co... Indiana: Ingram-Richardson Mfg. Co. of Indiana (Inc.) Marietta Manufacturing Corp.... Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co. Frankfort Indianapolis Terre Haute Frankfort Indianapolis Terre Haute Kentucky: Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co Pittsburgh, Pa. Louisville Maryland: Baltimore Enamel & Novelty Co.. . Jones Hollow Ware Co Baltimore Do. Do. Pittsburgh, Pa. Baltimore Baltimore Do. Do. Do. Do. Porcelain Enamel & Manufacturing Co Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co A. Weiskittel & Son Co.. . Massachusetts: General Electric Co Schenectady, N. Y. Lynn Michigan: Detroit-Michigan Stove Co Michigan Enameling Works Detroit Kalamazoo Detroit Kalamazoo New Jersey: Rundle Manufacturing Co Central Stamping Co Milwaukee, Wis. Newark Camden Newark New York: Republic Metal Ware Co Buffalo Canandaigua Buffalo Canandaigua LIST OF CONSUMERS 111 Consumers of Fluorspar in the Manufacture of Enamel, Vitrolite, and Glazes in the United States — Continued. Name of consumer Address Location of plant New York — Continued Vitreous Enameling & Stamping Co New York New York Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co Niagara Falls Niagara Falls Pfaudler Co Rochester Rochester Ohio: Bellaire Enamel Co Bellaire Bellaire Canton Stamping & Enameling Co. Canton Canton Republic Stamping & Enameling Co Do. Do. Limberg Enameling Works Cincinnati Cincinnati Enamel Products Co Cleveland Cleveland Ferro Enamel Corp Do. Do. Perfection Stove Co Do. Do. Ebco Manufacturing Co Columbus Columbus Beach Enameling Co Coshocton Coshocton Pfaudler Co Rochester, N. Y. Elyria Barnes Manufacturing Co Mansfield Mansfield Humphryes Manufacturing Co.... Do. Do. Belmont Stamping & Enameling Co New Philadelphia New Philadelphia National Sanitary Co Salem Salem Moore Enameling & Manufacturing Co West Lafayette West Lafayette Roseville Pottery Co Zanesville Zanesville S. A. Weller Co Do. Do. Pennsylvania: Ingram-Richardson Manufacturing Co Beaver Falls Beaver Falls Conemaugh Iron Works Blairsville Blairsville John Dunlap Co Pittsburgh Carnegie O. Hommel Co Do. Do. Beaver Enameling Co Ellwood City Ellwood City Ellwood Co Do. Do. Roberts & Mander Stove Co Philadelphia Hatboro Federal Enameling & Stamping Co McKees Rocks McKees Rocks Marietta Hollow Ware & Enameling Co Marietta Marietta United States Sanitary Manufacturing Co Pittsburgh Monaca Ceramic Color and Chemical Manufacturing Co New Brighton New Brighton Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Vitro Manufacturing Co Do. Do. Richmond Radiator Co Uniontown Uniontown Iron City Sanitary Manufacturing Co Pittsburgh Zelienople 112 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY Consumers of Fluorspar in the Manufacture of Enamel, Vitrolite, and Glazes in the United States — Concluded. Name of consumer Address Location of plant Tennessee: Chattanooga Do. Nashville Chattanooga Do. Nashville Samuel Stamping Enameling Co.. . Tennessee Enamel Manufacturing Co West Virginia: Fletcher Enamel Co United States Stamping Co Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co Charleston Moundsville Toledo, Ohio Dunbar Moundsville Parkersburg Wisconsin : Malleable Iron Range Co Kohler Co Beaver Dam Kohler Wilwaukee Do. Do. Do. Sheboygan Do. Beaver Dam Kohler Geuder, Paeschke & Frey Co A. J. Lindemann & Hoverson Co.. Rundle Manufacturing Co A O Smith Corp Milwaukee Do. Do. Do. Polar Ware Co Vollrath Co. Sheboygan Do. Consumers of Fluorspar in the Manufacture OF Cement in the United States. Name of consumer Address Location of plant California: Monolith Portland Cement Co.... Los Angeles Monolith Missouri: Missouri Portland Cement Co St. Louis Prospect Hill New York: Glens Falls Portland Cement Co.. . Glens Falls Glens Falls Ohio: Southwestern Portland Cement Co. Osborn Osborn Pennsylvania: Coplay Cement Manufacturing Co. Coplay Coplay Texas: Trinity Portland Cement Co Dallas Eagle Ford, Houston Washington: Superior Portland Cement (Inc.) . Seattle Concrete Wyoming: Monolith Portland-Midwest Co... Los Angeles, C alif. Laramie list of consumers Consumers of Fluorspar for Miscellaneous Purposes in the United States. 113 Name of consumer Address Location of plant California: Federated Metals Corp San Francisco San Francisco Colorado : American Smelting & Refining Co.. New York, N. Y. Leadville Idaho: Sullivan Mining Co Kellogg Kellogg Illinois: Federated Metals Corp Evans-Wallower Zinc Co Chicago East St. Louis Chicago East St. Louis Michigan : Michigan Smelting & Refining Co. Detroit Detroit Nebraska: American Smelting & Refining Co New York, N. Y. Omaha New Jersey: American Smelting & Refining Federated Metals Corp Rouse & Shearer Co New York, N. Do. Trenton Y. Perth Amboy Newark Trenton New York: Aluminum Co. of America... American Valve Co Nassau Smelting & Refining C The Carborundum Co 0.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Coxsackie Tottenville Niagara Falls Massena, Niagara Fj Coxsackie Tottenville Niagara Falls Niagara Falls ills National Carbon Co North Carolina: Aluminum Co. of America.... Pittsburgh, Pa. Badin Ohio: Lincoln Electric Co. Shepherd Chemical Co Cleveland Cincinnati Cleveland Cincinnati Pennsylvania: American Smelting & Refining (Federated Metals Division) Co New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh Tennessee: Aluminum Co. of America.... Pittsburgh, Pa. Alcoa Texas: Texas Mining & Smelting Co.. Laredo Laredo West Virginia: International Nickel Co New York, N. Y. Huntington 114 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY BIBLIOGRAPHY The following references are classified in broadly defined groups. A cer- tain amount of overlap, however, is inevitable. The sequence under the various headings is chronological, with the older references appearing first. GENERAL Mineral Resources of the United States, Fluorspar and cryolite: U. S. Geol. Survey ann. pubs, from 1882 to 1924; U. S. Bur. Mines ann. pubs, from 1924 to 1931. Minerals Yearbook, Fluorspar and Cryolite: U. S. Bur. Mines ann. pubs. The Mineral Industry, Fluorspar, McGraw-Hill Book Co., (Inc.), New York, published annually since 1892. Egglestone, W. M., The occurrence and commercial uses of fluorspar: Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 3 5, pt. 2, pp. 236-268, London, 1908. Hutchinson, R. S., The Rosiclare Lead & Fluorspar Mining Co.: Mine and Quarry, vol. 5, pp. 505-507, May 1911. Broome, Birgit, Uber Kristalle von Flussspat mit krummen Flachen: Geol. Foren. Forh., vol. 42, pp. 368-377, Stockholm, November 1920. Crowell, B., Fluorspar industry: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 113, pp. 95-96, Jan. 21, 1922. Blayney, J. M., jr., Developing the fluorspar industry: Iron Trade Rev., vol. 70, pp. 404-409, Feb. 9, 1922. Engineering and Mining Journal-Press, Fluorspar producers improved their mines and mills during 1921: vol. 113, p. 1013, June 10, 1922. Equipment of fluorspar mines: vol. 115, p. 10, Jan. 6, 1923. Mitchell, A. M., Fluorspar; its occurrence and production: Blast Furnace and Steel Plant, vol. 12, pp. 54-57, January 1924. Davey W. P., Study of crystal structure and its applications: Gen. Elec. Rev., vol. 28, pp. 343-346, May 1925. Drechsler, Franz, Zur Mineralfuhrung and Chemie oberpfalzer Flussspatgange, Natur- wiss. Ver. zu Regensburg, Berlin, No. 17, pp. 1-46, Regensburg, 1925. Green, J. A., Developing the fluorspar industry: Min. Cong. Jour., vol. 12, pp. 176-177, March 1926. Jones, G. H., Suggests fluorspar be sold on analysis basis: Iron Age, vol. 119, p. 1551, May 26, 1927. United States Tariff Commission, Fluorspar: Report to President of the United States: 28 pp., Washington, 1928. Engineering and Mining Journal, Fluorine from fluorspar by electrolysis: vol. 127, p. 1005, June 22, 1929. UNITED STATES Bain, H. F., Principal American fluorspar deposits: Min. Mag., vol. 12, pp. 115-119, August 1905. Burchard, E. F., Our mineral supplies — fluorspar: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 666, pp. 175-182, 1919. ARIZONA Allen, M. A., and Butler, G. M., Fluorspar in Arizona: Arizona State Bur. Mines, Bull. 114, 19 pp., July 15, 1921. COLORADO Burchard, E. F., Fluorspar in Colorado: Min. and Sci., Press, vol. 99, pp. 258-260, Aug. 21, 1909. Emmons, W. H., and Larsen, E. S., The hot springs and mineral deposits of Wagon Wheel Gap, Colorado: Econ. Geol., vol. 8, pp. 235-246, April-May 1913. Lunt, H. F., A fluorspar mine in Colorado: Min. and Sci. Press, vol. Ill, p. 925, Dec. 18, 1915. Aurand, H. A., Fluorspar deposits of Colorado: Colorado Geol. Survey, Bull. 18, 94 pp., 1920. Hibbs, J. (}., Boulder County fluorspar: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 109, pp. 494-495, Feb. 21, 1920. BIBLIOGRAPHY 115 CONNECTICUT Shepherd, C. U., Connecticut Geol. Survey Rept., p. 80, 1837. ILLINOIS-KENTUCKY Ulrich, E. O., and Smith, W. S. T., Lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 213, pp. 205-213, 1902; U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 36, 218 pp., 1905. Harwood, F. H., The fluorspar and zinc mines of Kentucky: Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 86, pp. 87-88, Feb. 7, 1903; pp. 101-102, Feb. 14, 1903. Bain, H. F., Fluorspar deposits of the Kentucky-Illinois district: Mines and Minerals, vol. 25, pp. 182-183, November 1904. Fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 225, pp. 505-511, 1904; U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 255, 75 pp., 1905. Miller, A. M., The lead and zinc bearing rocks of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 2, 35 pp., 1905. Fohs, F. J., Fluorspar deposits of Kentucky, with notes on production, mining, and technology of the mineral: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 9, 296 pp., 1907. Kentucky fluorspar and its value to the iron and steel industries: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., vol. 40, pp. 261-273, 1909. .The fluorspar, lead, and zinc deposits of western Kentucky: Econ. Geol., vol. 5, pp. 377-386, June 1910. Reed, A. H., Fluorspar in Kentucky and Illinois: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 97, pp. 164-165, Jan. 17, 1914. Weller, Stuart, and others, Geology of Hardin County: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull. 41, 416 pp., 1920. Weller, Stuart, Geology of the Golconda quadrangle: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, vol. 4, 148 pp., 1921. Currier, L. W., Fluorspar deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, vol. 13, ser. 6, 189 pp., 1923. Spurr, J. E., The Kentucky-Illinois ore — magmatic district: Parts 1 and 2: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 126, pp. 695-699, Oct. 30, 1926; pp. 731-738, Nov. 6, 1926. Schwerin, Martin, An unusual fluorspar deposit: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 126, pp. 335-339, Sept. 1, 1928. Bastin, E. S., The fluorspar deposits of Hardin and Pope Counties, Illinois: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull. 58, 116 pp., 1931. Currier, L. W., Geologic factors in the interpretation of fluorspar reserves in the Illinois- Kentucky field: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 886-B, 10 pp., 1937. MAINE Jackson, C. T., Geology of Maine: 2d Rept., p. 125, 1838. NEW MEXICO Burchard, E. F., Fluorspar in New Mexico: Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 103, pp. 74-76, July 15, 1911. Darton, N. H., and Burchard, E. F., Fluorspar near Deming, New Mexico: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 470, pp. 533-545, 1911. Engineering and Mining Journal-Press, Tortugas fluorspar mine purchased by New York interests: vol. 115, p. 200, Jan. 27, 1923. Johnston, W. D., jr., Fluorspar in New Mexico: New Mexico Bur. Mines, Bull. 4, 128 pp., Socorro, 1928. TENNESSEE Safford, J. M., Geology of Tennessee: pp. 224, 268, 284, Nashville, 1869. Nelson, W. A., Mineral products along the Tennessee Central Railroad: Tennessee Geol. Survey, Resources of Tennessee, vol. 3, p. 151, July 1913. Hayden, H. H., Fluorspar in Tennessee: Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 4, p. 51, October 1921. 116 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY UTAH Heikes, V. C, A fluorspar deposit in Utah: Mineral Resources U. S., 1921, pt. 2, pp. 48-49, 1924. VIRGINIA Watson, T. L., Lead and zinc deposits of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey, Bull. 1, p. 42, 1905. WISCONSIN Bagg, R. M., Fluorspar in the Ordovician limestone of Wisconsin: Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 29, pp. 393-397, September 1918. FOREIGN WORLD Medenbach, F. K., Vorkommen, Gewinnung, Verarbeitung und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Flussspates, 248 pp., Wetzlar, Nov. 21, 1933. ARGENTINA Valentine, Juan, tiber das Flusspatvorkommen van San Roque in der argentinischen Provinz Cordoba: Ztschr. prakt. Geol., Jahrg. 4, pp. 104-107, Halle/Salle, March 1896. Beder, Roberto, Los filones de fluorita en la Quebrada del Rio Seco: Petroleos y Minas, Ano II, pp. 21-22, Buenos Aires, Oct. 15, 1922. AUSTRALIA Smith, George, Occurrence of pure fluorspar in New South Wales: New South Wales Dept. Mines Ann. Rept., 1918, p. 76, Sydney, 1919. Chemical Engineering and Mining Review (Melbourne), A Victorian fluorspar mine: vol. 13, p. 420, Sept. 5, 1921. Saint-Smith, E. C, Fluorspar lode near Alma-den Chillagoe district: Queensland Govt. Min. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 418-419, Brisbane, Nov. 15, 1923. Queensland Department of Mines Annual Report, 1930, Other minerals: pp. 17, 21, 22, 24, 40, 108, Brisbane, 1931. BOLIVIA Lindgren, W., Fluorspar in Bolivian tin mines: Econ. Geol., vol. 19, pp. 765-766, December 1924. CANADA Miller, W. G., and Knight, C. W., The pre-Cambrian geology of southeastern Ontario: Ontario Bur. Mines, Rept. 22, pt. 2, p. 105, Toronto, 1914. Uglow, W. L., Lead and zinc deposits of Ontario and eastern Canada: Ontario Bur. Mines, Ann. Rept. 25, pt. 2, pp. 36-42, 1916. Canadian Mining Journal (Quebec), Fluorite mining in Ontario: vol. 39, pp. 206-207, June 15, 1918. Cooke, H. C, Geology of Matachewan district, northern Ontario: Canada Geol. Survey Mem. 115, p. 41, Ottawa, 1919. Graham, R. P. D., Investigation of a reported occurrence of fluorite near Birch Island, North Thompson River, British Columbia: Munition Resources Commission Final Rept., pp. 49-52, Toronto, 1920. Wilson, M. E., The fluorspar deposits of Madoc district, Ontario: Canada Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept., 1920, pt. D., pp. 41D-78D, 1921. Fluorspar deposits of Canada: Canada Geol. Survey, Econ. Geol. ser. no. 6, 1929. British Columbia Minister of Mines Annual Report, 1930, Miscellaneous metals and minerals: pp. 31, 228, 371, Victoria, 1931. BIBLIOGRAPHY 117 CHINA The China Year Book, Mines and minerals: pp. 66-106, Shanghai, 1928. ENGLAND Green, A. H., Foster, C. Le N., and Dakyns, J. R., The geology of the carboniferous lime- stone, Roredale rocks, and millstone grit of North Derbyshire: Geol. Survey Great Britain Mem., 2d. ed., 212 pp., London, 1887. Webb, C. B., and Drabble, G. C, The fluorspar deposits of Derbyshire: Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 35, pp. 501-535, London, June 1908. Mining Magazine (London), Production of fluorspar in Great Britain: vol. 14, pp. 283-284, May 1916. Carruthers, R. G., Pocock, R. W., and Wray, D. A., Fluorspar: Geol. Survey Mem., Great Britain Special Repts., vol. 4, 2d ed., 38 pp., London, 1917. Louis, H., Lead mines in Weardale, County Durham, worked by the Weardale Co. (Ltd.) : Min. Mag., vol. 16, pp. 15-25, 152-153, London, January 1917. Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau (London), Fluorspar. The mineral industry of the British Empire and foreign countries, war period (1913-1919): 18 pp., 1921; (1920-1922), 11 pp. 1925. FRANCE Karpinski, A. P., Sur l'origine probable de la fluorine dans les sediments de l'etage Moscovien et sur quelques autres problemes geologiques: Acad. Imp. d. Sci. Bull., Serie VI, t. 9, pp. 1539-1558, Petrograd, Nov. 1, 1915. (In Russian.) Chermette, A., La fluorine. Etude geologique suive d'une introduction a l'etude de la fluorine dans le Massif Central Frangais, 15 pp., Lyons, 1923. . Les filons de spathfluor dans le Massif Central. Assoc. Franc, pour l'Advance- ment des Sci.: Conf., C. R. 50th ses., pp. 303-305, Paris, 1927. Lance, R. D., Repartition geographique des venues fluorees en France: Mines, Carrieres, Grandes Entreprises, vol. 8, pp. 121-123, Paris, Nov. 1929,; abstract, Rev de l'lnd. Min., vol. 10, p. 186, June 1, 1930. Benoit, O., Une exploitation de fluorine a Bois-le-Duc Commune de Foisches (Ardennes) : Soc. Geol. du Nord, Ann. 54, pp. 74-76, Lille, 1930. Pawloskki, M. A., Le fluor frangais: Mines, Carrieres, Grandes Entreprises, vol. 9, pp. 61-65, Paris, June 1930. Echo des Mines et de la Metallurgie, Le spath fluor en 1929: vol. 58, pp. 879-881, Paris, Oct. 20, 1930. Chermette A., and Sire, L., Le spath fluor dans le Massif Central; ses applications: Mines, Carrieres, Grandes Entreprises, vol. 10: pp. 23-28, January; pp. 21-28, March; pp. 17-21, April; pp. 17-21, May; pp. 26-31, July; pp. 13-29, August; pp. 17-20, September; pp. 16-26, October; Paris, 1931. Duparc, L., Sur les gisements en fluorine de Martineche et des Isserts (pres Pontigibaud, Puy-de-D6me) : Soc. de Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. Geneve, C. R., vol. 48, pp. 23-25, Feb. 5, 1931. GERMANY Isser, M. von., Mitteilungen uber neu-erschlossene Erzvorkommen in den Alpenlanden: Bergbau u. Hutte, Jahrg. 5, pp. 91-98, Wein, March 15, 1919. Goldmann, E., Ersparung von Ferromangan durch Flussspat in Martinwerk: Stahl u. Eisen, Jahrg. 39, pp. 1385-1387, Dusseldorf, Nov. 13, 1919. Heinrich, F., Uber den Stand der Untersuchung der Wasser und Gesteine Bayerns auf Radioktivitat und iiber den Flussspat von Wolsenberg: Ztschr. angew. Chem., Jahrg. 33, pp. 20-22, Leipzig, Jan. 20, 1920. Wehrli, Leo., Der Flussspat von Sembrancher im Wallis: Schweiz Min. u. Petrogr. Mitt. vol. 1, No. 1/2, pp. 160-212, Zurich, 1921. Schleicher, S., Uber die Verwendung von Flussspat in Martinofen: Stahl. u. Eisen, Jahrg. 41, pp. 357-364, Dusseldorf, Mar. 17, 1921; abstract, Iron Age, vol. 102, pp. 783-784, Mar. 23, 1922. Freyberg, Bruno von., Erz- und Minerallagerstatten des Thiiringer Waldes: 198 pp., Berlin, 1923. 118 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY GERMANY, Continued Priehauser, M., Die regensburger Flussspatgange: Ztschr. prakt. Geol., Jahrg. 32, pp. 49-53, Halle/Salle, May 1924. Wilke-Dorfurt, E., and Klingenstein, T., Die wirkungsweise des Flussspats als Kuppelofen- Zuschlag in der Eisengiesserei: Stahl u. Eisen, Jahrg. 47, pp. 128, 133, Diasseldorf, Jan. 27, 1927; abstract, Iron Age, vol. 119, pp. 997-998, Apr. 7, 1927. Staub, A. W. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Schwerspat- und Flussspatlagerstatten des Thiiringer Waldes und des Richelsdorfer Gebirges: Ztschr. deutsch. geol. GeselK Abh. A., vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 43-96, Berlin, 1928. Die Flussspatlagerstatten des Thiiringer Waldes: Ztschr. prakt. Geol., Jahrg. 37, pp. 49-55, Halle/Salle, April 1929. Madel, H., and Fischer, H., Untersuchungen iiber die Aufbereitungsmoglichkeit der sachsischen Flussspatvorkommen : Jahrb. Berg- u. Hiittenw. in Sachsen, Jahrg. 104, pp. A51-A60, Freiberg, 1931. GREENLAND (CRYOLITE) Canby, H. S., The cryolite of Greenland: U. S. Geol. Survey, Nineteenth Ann. Rept. pt. 6 (cont'd), pp. 615-617, 1897-1898. Bernard, C. P., The cryolite mine at Ivigtut, Greenland: Mining Mag., vol. 14, pp 202-203, London, April 1916. Ball, S. H., The mineral resources of Greenland: Soc. Econ. Geol., Pub. 15, pp. 17-31 59, 1922. Gordon, S. G., Mining cryolite in Greenland: Eng. and Min. Jour.-Press, vol. 121 pp. 236-240, Feb. 6, 1926. Gibbs, A. E., Cryolite as a chemical raw material: Chemical Industries, vol. 38, pp 471-476, May 1936. HUNGARY Zsivny, Victor, liber ein neues Fluoritvorkommen im Ungarn: Ann. Musei Nat. Hungarici, vol. 24, pp. 426-427, Budapest, 1926. INDIA Holland, T. H., and Fermor, L. L., Quinquennial review of the mineral production of India: India Geol. Survey Records, vol. 46, p. 267, Calcutta, 1915. ITALY Balzac, F., Su alcuni notevoli cristalli di fluorite del granite di Baveno: Atti F. Ace. di Torino, vol. 52, disp. 15a, pp. 1014-1020, Turin, 1917. Clerici, Enrico, Nuova giacitura di minerali presso Roma: R. Accad. die Lencei, Atti. ser. 5, Rend., vol. 29, fasc. 10, pp. 318-321, Rome, Nov. 21, 1920. JAPAN Tsukushi, E., The fluorites of Japan: Jour. Geog., vol. 39, pp. 627-635, Tokyo, November 1927. (In Japanese.) MEXICO Pena, Manuelo, Los criadores de fluorita en Santa Cruz, Magdalena, Senora: Boletin Minero, vol. 5, p. 577, Mexico, D. F., May 1918. Wittich, Ernesto, La fluorita en los criaderos de contacto y de cinabrio de Guadalcazar, San Luis Potosi : Petroleo, vol. 13, p. 10, Mexico, D. F., Apr. 17, 1920. La fluorita en la Republica Mexicana: Boletin Minero, vol. 12, pp. 430-433, October 1921. BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 NORWAY Falck-Muus, Rolf, Tveitstaa Flussspatgrube: Bergberksnyt, Tidsskrift f. Norsk Grubedrift, Aargang 15, pp. 44-45, Kristiania, June 1922. RUSSIA Vernadski, V. I., and Fersman, A. E., Sur l'exploration des gisements des mines d'alumi- nium et de fluorite en Russie: Acad. Imp. d. Sci. Bull., vol. 9, ser. 6, pp. 913-914, Petrograd, June 1, 1915. (In Russian.) Doktorovich-Grebnitzky, S., Report on investigations of the fluorspar deposit in Trans- baikalie: Russia Geol. Com. Mat., No. 3, 21 pp., Petrograd, 1916. (In Russian.) Krotov, B. P., Deposit of fluorite near the village of Lakly: Kazan Univ. Nat. Hist. Soc, Protocol No. 335, Suppl., 21 pp., Kazan, 1917. (In Russian.) Riabinin, V., Fluorspar deposits on the Kurtka River: Rudnyi Vestnik, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 82-83, Moscow, 1917. (In Russian.) Rennegarten, V. P., Bogutchan, deposit of fluorite and stibnite in the Amur Region: Russia Com. Geol. Mat., No. 21, 49 pp., Petrograd, 1924. (In Russian, brief French summary.) Solodownikowa, L. I., Fluorspar and barites from the lead mine in the Irbinskaja district in the Minuzinsk region: Soc. des Nat. de Leningrade, Travaux, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 81-98, Leningrad, 1924. (In Russian; German summary, pp. 97-98.) Voinovski-Krieger, K., Fluorite deposit on the Solonechnoi River in the Sretensk district, eastern Transbaikalie: Russia Geol. Com. Bull., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 18-19, Leningrad, 1927. (In Russian.) Ginzburg, I. I., Fluorspar on the western borders of the Donetz basin: Russia Com- Geol. Vestnik, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 25-27, Leningrad, 1928. (In Russian.) Krotov, B. P., The fluorite deposits on the shores of the North Dwina River and their genesis: Soc. Russe de Min. Mem., vol. 57, no. 2, ser. 2, pp. 227-244, Moscow, 1928. (In Russian, English summary, pp. 243-244.) SOUTH AFRICA Wagner, P. A., Fluorspar: South African Jour. Ind., vol. 1, pp. 1516-1520, Pretoria, December 1918. South African Mining and Engineering Journal, A fluorspar industry: vol. 42, p. 304, Johannesburg, Nov. 21, 1931. Mining and Industrial Magazine of Southern Africa, More about Natal fluorspar: vol. 13, p. 672, Johannesburg, Nov. 25, 1931. SOUTH AMERICA Miller, B. L., and Singewald, J. T., The mineral deposits of South America, pp. 54, 60, 62, 64, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, 1919. }/ - SPAIN Navarro, L. F., Ortosas cristaKzades de Zarzalejo (Madrid) : Real Soc. Espanola de Hist. Nat. Bol., t. XIX, pp. 137-143, March 1919. SWEDEN Wallerius, I. D., En Flussspatforande Pegmatlt vid Jarkolmen S. Om Goteborg: Geol. Foren. Forh., vol. 35, pp. 296-300. Stockholm, April 1913. SWITZERLAND Koenigsberger, J., Fluoritvorkommen in der Schweiz (nordlich der Alpen) : liber alpine Minerallagerstatten ; erster Teil, Abh. der K. Bay. Akad. d. Wissensch. Math.- Phys. Klasse, Bd. 28, Abh. 10, pp. 21-25, Munich, 1917. 120 THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY TURKESTAN Ouklonsky, A. S., Materials for mineralogy of Turkestan: the fluorspar of Breech- Mullah: Trans. Sci. Soc. Turkestan, vol. 1, pp. 277-288, Tashkent, 1923. (In Russian.) COST OF PRODUCTION United States Tariff Commission, Fluorspar — cost of production: 53 pp., June 21, 1927. MINING AND MILLING Burchard, E. F., Fluorspar mining at Rosiclare, Illinois: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 92, pp. 1088-1090, Dec. 2, 1911. A modern fluorspar mining and milling plant: Iron Trade Rev., vol. 49, pp. 1047-1051, Dec. 14, 1911. Luedeking, C. C, History and present methods of fluorspar mining in Illinois: Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chem., vol. 8, pp. 554-555, June 1916. Blayney, J .M., jr., The mining and milling of fluorspar: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. Ill, pp. 222-225, Jan. 29, 1921. Gross, John, Separation of sphalerite, silica, and calcite from fluorspar: U. S. Bur. Mines, Rept. of Investigations 2264, 3 pp., 1921. Darlington, H. T., "Boiling-over" concentration: Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 124, pp. 217-218, Feb. 18, 1922. Ladoo, R. B., Fluorspar mining in the Western States: U. S. Bur. Mines, Rept. of Investigations 2480, 35 pp., 1923. Iron Age, Mining and milling of fluorspar: vol. 112, p. 335-339, Aug. 9, 1923. Coghill, W. H., Classification and tabling of difficult ores with particular attention to fluorspar: U. S. Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper 456, pp. 1-40, 1929. Drier, R. W., Photo-electro metallurgy; fluorspar concentration: Ind. and Eng. Chem., vol. 22, pp. 156-157, February 1930. Williams, J. C., and Greeman, O. W., Recovery of fluorspar from ores thereof: U. S. Patent 1,785,992, Dec. 23, 1930. Bierbrauer, E., and Gleichmann, H., Die Aufbereitung der Spatkupferprodukte der Grube eisenhardter Tiefbau und ihre Erganzung durch die Flotation: Kaiser Wilhelm Inst.,, Eisenf. zu Dusseldorf, Mitt., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 121-129, Dusseldorf, 1931. MARKETING Sweetser, A. L., The fluorspar market and the local supply: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 106, pp. 1031-1032, Dec. 14, 1918. Reed, A. H., Marketing of fluorspar: Eng. and Min. Jour. -Press, vol. 117, pp. 489-492, Mar. 22, 1924. Iron Trade Review, River transportation facilitates distribution of fluorspar: vol. 85, pp. 1443-1444, Dec. 5, 1929. UTILIZATION Halland, A. S., Cryolite and its industrial applications: Ind. and Eng. Chem., vol. 3, pp. 63-66, February 1911. Springer, L., Der Flussspat bei der Glasschmelze : Sprechsaal, Jahrg. 47, pp. 4-5, Jan. 1; pp. 20-21, Jan. 8; Coburg, 1914. Goldmerstein, L., Prolonging the life of the Bessemer process: Iron Age, vol. 93, pp. 250-251, Jan. 22, 1914. The fluorine process in the open-hearth: Iron Age, vol. 93, pp. 724-725, Mar. 19, 1914. Lang, H., Fluorite in smelting: Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 108, p. 492, Mar. 21, 1914. Keeney, R. M., Fluorspar in electric smelting of iron ore: Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 109, p. 335, Aug. 29, 1914. Hamilton, W. S., The action of fluorspar on basic open-hearth slags: Met. and Chem. Eng., vol. 13, p. 8, January 1915. Iron Age, Fluorspar and basic slags: vol. 95, p. 397, Feb. 18, 1915. BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 UTILIZATION, Continued Teesdale, C. H., Use of fluorides in wood preservation: Am. Wood Preserver's Assoc. Bull., Wood Preserving, vol. 3, pp. 80-81, October-December 1916; vol. 4, pp. 6-10, January-March 1917. Nissen, O., Aluminum manufacturing processes used in Europe: Chem. and Met. Eng., vol. 19, pp. 804-815, December 1918. Wagner, P. A., Report on certain minerals used in the arts and industries; VII, Fluorspar: Industries Bull. Ser., Bull. 29, 7 pp., Pretoria, 1919. Bainbridge, F., The effect of fluorspar additions on the phosphates in basic slag: Iron and Steel Inst. Carnegie Schol. Mem., vol. 10, pp. 1-40, London, 1920. Hunt, G. M., Will sodium fluoride come into use for preserving wood: Chem. and Met. Eng., vol. 23, pp. 1123-1124, Dec. 8, 1920. Iron Age, Fluorspar in open-hearth practice: vol. 109, pp. 783-784, Mar. 23, 1922. Jones, G. H., Fluorspar and its varied uses in manufacture: Cement, Mill and Quarry, vol. 21, pp. 37-41, Dec. 5, 1922. Fluorspar — its uses in steel manufacture and other industries: Raw Material, vol. 6, pp. 58-63, February 1923. Osann, B., Fluorspar has part in cupola melting: Foundry, vol. 51, p. 980, Dec. 15, 1923. Barton, L. J., Refining metals electrically: Foundry, vol. 52, pp. 861-864, Nov. 1, 1924. Doelter, C, Uber Thermoluminescenz bei Flussspat: Centralbl. f. Min. Geol. u. Pal. no. 14, pp. 419-421, Stuttgart, 1924. Iron Trade Review, Use less fluorspar to ton of steel: vol. 76, p. 1323, May 21, 1925. Iron Age, Fluorspar in cupola practice: vol. 119, pp. 997-998, Apr. 7, 1927. More about fluorspar in the cupola: vol. 119, p. 1662, June 9, 1927. Brokenshire, E. L., Fluorspar and its uses: Min. and Met., vol. 10, pp. 425-428, September 1929. Doelter, C, Halogenide des Calciums: Fluorit: Handbuch der Mineralchemie, vol. 4, no. 17, pp. 193-270, Stuttgart, 1930. Geiger, H. L., Fluorspar in the open-hearth slag: Blast Furnace and Steel Plant, vol. 19, pp. 412-414, March 1931. Dyson, G. Malcolm, The industrial compounds of fluorine: Chem. Age, vol. 25, pp. 472-473, London, Nov. 28, 1931. RADIOACTIVITY Hirschi, H., Radiophosphoreszenz und Radio-Thermophosphoreszenz am Farblosen. Fluorit von Sembrancher (Wallis) : Schweiz. Min. u. Petrogr. Mitt., vol. 3, No. 3/4, pp. 253-257, Zurich, 1923. Wick, F. G., Spectroscopic study of the cathodo-luminescense of fluorite: Phys. Rev., vol. 24, pp. 272-282, September 1924. Thermoluminescence excited by exposure to radium: Jour. Soc. Am., vol. 21, pp. 223-231, April 1931. Hess, F. L., Radioactive fluorspar from Wilberforce, Ontario: Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 215-221, September 1931. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Bidtel, E., Valuation of fluorspar: Ind. and Eng. Chem., vol. 4, pp. 201-202, March 1912; vol. 6, p. 265, March 1914. Engineering and Mining Journal, A method for the complete analysis of fluorspar: vol. 123, p. 639, April 1927. Lundell, G. E. F., and Hoffman, J. I., The analysis of fluorspar: U. S. Bur. Standards Jour. Research, vol. 2, Res. Paper 51, pp. 671-683, January-June 1929. Schrenk, W. T., and Ode, W. H., Determination of silica in the presence of fluorspar: Ind. and Eng. Chem., vol. 1 (Anal, ed.), pp. 201-202, Oct. 15, 1929. Index A Abbey, G. A., work 91 Acid fluorspar, manufacture 81 uses, new 81, 82 Acknowledgments 11 Aluminum industry, use of acid fluor- spar 81 American Journal of Science, work. ... 16 Analysis, chemical, bibliography 121 Apparatus, earth resistivity, use in locating faults 29 Argentina, bibliography 116 fluorspar, occurrence 87 Arizona, bibliography 114 Australia, bibliography. . . 116 fluorspar, occurrence 87 B Bauxite, as substitute for fluorspar. ... 15 Becker, Hans, work 84 Bedding deposits, method of working. . 32 Bibliography 114 Bolivia, bibliography 116 fluorspar, occurrence 92 Brazil, fluorspar, occurrence 92 Bruce, Archibald, work 16 Burchard, Ernest F., work 12, 95 C Calcium chloride, as substitute for fluorspar 15 California district, shipments 27 Canada, bibliography 116 fluorspar, occurrence 87 "Carrene," manufacture 81 Cement, rapid-hardening, use of fluor- spar in 84 Chermette, A., work 84 China, bibliography 117 fluorspar, occurrence 87 Chosen, fluorspar, occurrence 92 [ 123 PAGE Churn drilling, use in locating faults.. . 29 Cleaveland, Parker, work 16 Coghill, W. H., work 37 Colorado, bibliography 114 Colorado district, operators 27 production 27 Colors, discussion 12 Connecticut, bibliography 115 Consumers 7, 10 cement manufacture 112 chemicals manufacture 109 enamel manufacture 110-112 ferro-alloys manufacture 107 glass manufacture 108-109 iron foundries 106-107 list 101-113 miscellaneous purposes 113 steel plants 102-105 vitrolite manufacture 101-113 Consumption 71 domestic 52-63 by grades 63 by purity and use 52 future trends 93 foreign 94 United States 93 past and present 92 Contracts, penalties 61 premiums 61 Contract form, sample 62 Cronk, A. H., work 8 Crosscuts, use in locating faults 30 Cryolite, as source of fluorine 15 imports 15, 16 occurrence in commercial quantities. 16 synthetic or "artificial", importance. 81 manufacture 81 Crystals, transparent, use in making lenses 85 Cuba, fluorspar, occurrence 92 Currier, L. W., work 95 ] 124 PAGE D Department of Mines, Union of South Africa, work 91 Deposits, domestic, list 97-101 foreign 86 Argentina 87 Australia 87 Canada 87 China 87 France 88 Germany 88 Great Britain 88 importance 86 India 89 Italy 89 Newfoundland 89 Norway 90 other countries 92 Spain 91 Switzerland 92 Union of South Africa 90 U. S. S. R. (Russia) 90 Illinois-Kentucky district, location. . 21 minor 28 Desch, C. H., work 85 Description 12 Diamond drilling, use in locating faults 29 Distribution, by industries 64 basic open-hearth steel 64 consumption 65, 66 variation in 65 cost 65 impurities, objectionable 70 markets 70 extent 64 purpose 64 requirements, physical 69 shipments from domestic sources 65 specifications, chemical 68 stocks 66 utilization in steel 65 cement manufacture and miscel- laneous 84 electric-furnace steel 72 chemical requirements 72 consumption 72 PAGE Distribution, by industries — Cont'd, electric-furnace steel — Cont'd. markets 72 enamel 78 analysis 79 screen 79 consumption and stocks 79-80 market 79 extent 78 purpose 78 specifications 78 supply, sources 79 utilization 78 ferro-alloys 73 consumption 73 grade required 73 foundries 73 chemical requirements 74 consumption 74 glass 75 consumption and stocks 77-78 market, districts 77 extent 75 purpose 75 specifications, chemical 75 physical 76 supply, sources 77 utilization 75 hydrofluoric acid and derivatives.. 80 consumption and stocks 84 market, districts 83 extent 80 purpose 80 specifications 83 supply, sources 83 utilization 81 metallurgical uses, other 74 quality and size 74 optical fluorspar 85 change 64 methods 61, 63 of domestic consumption, by grades. 63 Districts, Illinois-Kentucky 18 barite 20 chalcopyrite 20 description 18 fluorspar deposits 18, 19 galena 20 gravel spar, occurrence 19 lead sulfide 20 125 PAGE Districts, Illinois- Kentucky — Cont'd. marcasite 20 petroleum 20 quartz 20 smithsonite 20 sphalerite 20 watercourses, occurrence 20 zinc sulfide 20 mining, United States 21 California 27 Colorado 27 Illinois-Kentucky 21 New Hampshire 28 New Mexico 27 Nevada 28 other States 28 Districts, Western States 21 accessory minerals 21 E Earth-resistivity apparatus, use in locating faults 29 Enameling, use of fluorspar in 78 analysis, screen 79 consumption and stocks 79, 80 domestic product, use of 78 market, districts 79 extent 78 purpose 78 specifications 78, 79 supply, source 79 utilization 78 England, bibliography 117 Exports 8, 52 ground 52 metallurgical grade 52 F Faults, as indication in fluorspar pros- pecting 29 location by churn drilling 29 crosscuts 30 diamond drilling 29 earth-resistivity apparatus 29 shafts, winzes, raises 29 Finger, G. C, work 80 Flotation, mill recovery, percentage. . . 37 reagents used 37 PAGE Fluorine, compounds, uses 82 cryolite as a source of 15 fluorspar as a source of 15 Fluorite, application of term 12 Fluxing agent 16 in steel 68 chemical reactions when so used. . 68 chemical specifications 68 impurities, objectionable 70 physical requirements 69 value when so used 68 Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Bureau, work 90 France, bibliography 117 fluorspar, grade 88 occurrence 88 "Freon", manufacture 81 physiological properties 82 use in refrigerating units 82 G Germany, bibliography 117 fluorspar, occurrence 88 Glass manufacture, use of fluorspar. . .75-77 analysis 76 screen 77 color 76 consumption and stocks 77 market 75-77 objections 76, 77 specifications, chemical 75 physical 76 supply, source. . 77 Grades, method of obtaining 33-35, 63 Gravel fluorspar 18 analysis, screen 69 use in steel plants, analyses 69 Gravel spar 18 as an indication in fluorspar pros- pecting 28 Great Britain, fluorspar, occurrence. . . 88 Greeman, O. W., work 37 Greenland, bibliography 118 Guatemala, fluorspar, occurrence 92 H Hardness 12 Hughes, H. H., work 85 Hungary, bibliography 118 126 INDEX Hydrofluoric acid and derivatives, use of fluorspar in 80 consumption and stocks 84 market, districts 83 extent 80, 81 purpose 80 specifications 83 supply, sources 83 types used 81 uses 81 utilization 81 compounds, use of. 82, 83 derivatives, industrial importance. .82, 83 use of fluorspar in, specifications. ... 83 supply, sources 83 Illinois, bibliography 115 Illinois-Kentucky district, Blue Dig- gings fault . 23 Cave in Rock deposits 24 operators 25 Daisy fault 23 Daisy mine 23 description 23 educational facilities 22 Eureka mine 22 Hillside mine 22 description 23 industry, center 21 Kentucky mines 25, 26 operators 26 production 25, 26 labor 21, 22 power sources 22 production 22, 25 Rosiclare mine 22, 23 description 22 developments 22 safety work 22 shipments 22 timber 22 Ilmenite, as a substitute for fluorspar.. 15 Imports 7,8,11,40,42-46,48-51 Impurities, separation method 33 India, bibliography 118 fluorspar, occurrence 89 Industry, domestic, capital investment 7 cost of supplies, materials, fuel, machinery, etc 7 PAGE Industry, domestic, capital, invest- ment — Cont'd. employment statistics 7 location 7 wages and salaries 7 production, annual domestic, value.. 7 distribution 7-9 scope of report 8 Iron scale, as substitute for fluorspar. . 15 Iron stains, as indication in fluorspar prospecting 28 Italy, bibliography 118 fluorspar, occurrence 89 7 Jackson, C. T., work 17 Japan, bibliography. . . 118 K Kaufmann, Rudolf, work 89 Kentucky, bibliography 115 See Illinois-Kentucky district. Kinetic-12, manufacture 81 Kupferburger, W., work 91 L Ladoo, R. B., work 8, 12, 31 Lea, F. M., work 85 Lenses, use of crystals of fluorspar for. 85 Lime, as substitute for fluorspar 15 Lump fluorspar, as indication in fluor- spar prospecting 28 M Maine, bibliography 115 Maps, mine, character 30, 31 importance 31 Markets 55, 71 Marketing, bibliography 120 Mexico, bibliography 118 fluorspar, occurrence 92 Milling, flotation 37 mechanical separation 33 Milling methods, bibliography 120 Mineral Resources, U. S. S. R., citation. 90 Mines, domestic, list 97-101 large 33 127 PAGE Mines, domestic, list — Cont'd. shrinkage stopes 33 small. 32 square-set methods 33 surface 31 underground 32 vertical raises 33 Mining methods, bibliography 120 description 31 Illinois- Kentucky district 31 inclined ore bodies, development. ... 32 large mines 33 open-cut 31 shrinkage stopes 33 small mines 32 square-set 33 surface operations 31 underground 32 vertical raises 33 N Nevada district, operations 28 Newfoundland, fluorspar, occurrence. . 89 New Hampshire district, operations. . . 28 New Mexico, bibliography 115 New Mexico district, mines 27 production 27 Nomenclature 12 Norway, bibliography 119 fluorspar, occurrence 90 Occurrence, Arizona 18 California 18 Colorado ...17, 18 early . .16-18 Connecticut 16, 17 Illinois 16, 17 Kentucky 17 Maine 17 Maryland 16 Massachusetts 16 Nevada 18 New Hampshire 16, 18 New Jersey 16 New Mexico 18 New York 16, 17 Tennessee 16, 18 Utah 18 PAGE Occurrence, — Cont'd. Vermont ^ Virginia 16 Washington jg West Virginia 15 Optical-grade fluorspar 85, 86 Ores, flotation 37 Ore bodies, steeply inclined, method of developing 32 Ore occurrence, peculiarities 30 Origin and occurrence 18 Illinois- Kentucky district 18 Western States 21 P Pascoe, E. H., work 89 Persia, fluorspar, occurrence 92 Pogue, J. E., work 86 Potassium compounds, as substitute for fluorspar 15 from flue dust of cement works, use of fluorspar to recover 85 Prehistoric use 16 Prices 55,58-60,92,93 change in, cause 58 Production, cost, bibliography 120 domestic, statistics and mine stocks. 40,42-45 expansion 16 history 16 statistics, by States, table 42-45 world 37-39,47 table 38,39 Properties 12 Prospecting and exploration 28 indications 28 A' Radio activity, bibliography 121 Raises, use in locating faults 29 Reed, F. H., work 80 Reeder, E. C, work 8 Reserves, future 94 foreign 97 United States 94-97 Russia, bibliography 119 128 INDEX PAGE S Schwerin, L., work 68 Separation, mechanical 33 Shafts, use in locating faults 29 Shephard, C. U., work 17 Shipments, Arizona 28 from mines, distribution by purity and size 64 Tennessee 28 Texas 28 type 61 Utah 28 Washington 28 Sire, L., work 84 Size, reduction method . .33-35 Sodium compound as a substitute for fluorspar 15 South America, bibliography 119 Spain, bibliography 119 fluorspar, occurrence 91 Spar, acid, consumption 84 use in manufacture of refrigerants. 82 Specific gravity 12 Stocks at mines or shipping points. ... 46 Substitutes 15, 16 bauxite 15 calcium chloride 15 ilmenite 15 in making enamels 16 opal glass 15 opaque glass 16 iron scale 15 lime 15 potassium compounds 15 sodium compounds 15 Supply, future sources 94 foreign 97 United States 94-97 past and present sources 92 PAGE Sweden, bibliography 119 Switzerland, bibliography 119 T Tariffs, history 50, 51 Tennessee, bibliography 115 Transportation 54 by water 54, 55 costs 54 freight rates 54, 56-59 Turkestan, bibliography 120 U Union of South Africa, bibliography. . 119 fluorspar, occurrence 90 United States, bibliography 114 Uses 13, 63 early 17 in manufacture, of enamels 17, 18 of glass 17, 18 of hydrofluoric acid 17, 18 of steel 17 prehistoric 16 relative importance 14 to recover potassium compounds from flue dust 85 U. S. S. R., fluorspar, occurrence 90 Utah, bibliography 116 Utilization, bibliography 120 technology 9 V Virginia, bibliography 116 W Weight, discussion 12 Winzes, use in locating faults 29 Wisconsin, bibliography 116