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This Tree of Architecture shows the main growth or evolution of the various styles, but must be taken as suggestive only, for minor influences cannot be indicated on a diagram of this kind, uojt—,, souenbojs pue S}1e jo JoyjOU “9d90I4) JO 9A9 OY ‘Sud IY ,, SNUHLY ‘SIIOdOUOY AHL AO NOILVUOLSAY , soiojdy oaIN . “> jo ojduio T soyoemoig << = eueny JO mn}ejs Se ae ed : > | po i) ae ‘i | iy ie uoueqyieg oy exAdoig uoley}qI0Ig AT fee >.) ORY OF eto) ECTURE ON THE COMPARATIVE METHOD FOR STUDENTS, CRAFTSMEN, AND AMATEURS BY Sir BANISTER FLETCHER, Architect F.RLBA., F.S.L, F.R.GS., F.RSL. Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple; University Extension Lecit:ver on Architecture ; Formerly Lecturer on Architecture, King’s College, London; Architectural Association Medallist for Design, 1888; R.I.B.A. ‘‘Godwin”’ Bursar, 1893, ‘* Tite” Medallist, 1895, R.I.B.A. Essay Medallist, 1896 ; Hon. Corr. Member of the American Institute of Architects ; Author of ‘* Andrea Palladio,” “The English Home,” and other works. ‘Officier de la Légion d’Honneur of France, Commander of the Order of Leopold ITI of Belgium, Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy, Commander of the Order of the Crown of Roumania, Commander of the Order of George I of Greece, Commander of the Order of the Rising Sun of Japan, Knight Commander of ihe Order of Tau-Shou-Chia-Ho of China SIXTH EDITION, REWRITTEN AND ENLARGED, WITH ABOUT THREE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON Beaeee SeOrPORD,LTD., 904- HIGH HOLBORN | NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS, 597 FIFTH AVENUE vi) =" bien a alll 1 : y } vie 1 | Wiley} iV iy — | a7 - 5 be i - Ze 5 ye d as . — - F iti ff he Via re ee i | { ad « 7 > : = y ' ae lias a a ‘ a ; 1 = wt F 4 = ~ First EpItion, printed 1896 SECOND ¥ “eo 1896 SPATRD |), 5 a eee >. GOURTH 2 nt UXOOr FIFTH ss, : baa 1905 Reprinted 1g10, 1911, 1914 ” 1917, 1919, 1920 ’ SIxTH Ep!TIon, printed 192t . . a "J vi Pee bP A CE THE aim of this History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, the short title of which is ‘‘ Comparative Architecture,’ has been not only to give in clear and brief form the characteristic features of the archi- tecture of each country, but also to consider those influences which have contributed to the formation of each special style. Architecture has been often isolated from its surroundings, and the climate, geography, social progress, and historical development of each country have not been sufficiently considered in dealing with its architecture. In order to bring out the effects of these influences, and also the qualities of the styles themselves, a comparative and analytical method _has been adopted, so that by the contrast of qualities the differences may “more easily be grasped. For instance, the special character of Gothic architecture becomes manifest when compared with Classic and Renais- “sance styles; and, furthermore, the shades of difference in local or “national phases can also be drawn out by similar comparative treatment +~ The styles themselves are analysed and contrasted on the basis -of “the essential parts which every building possesses. As this system is ~followed through the whole book, the influences, character, examples, and comparative features of each style can be contrasted with ‘those of ‘any other style. This then is the scheme of the book, under which each “period has been divided into five sections as follows :— ~~ 1. INFLUENCES. i. Geographical. i. Geological. ili. Climatic. iv. Religious. v. Social. vi. Historical. 2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER. 3. EXAMPLES. 4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. | Plan, or general distribution of the building. Walls, their construction and treatment. Openings, their character and shape. Roofs, their treatment and development. Columns, their position, structure, and decoration. Mouldings, their form and decoration. . Ornament, as applied in general to any building. ' 5, REFERENCE Books. Fre to (be vght bu S Sabb Ow { \ uw YY Aizh. 496493 Py Vill PREFACE SECTION 1 is divided into the six leading influences that help to shape the architecture of a country, of which the first three are physical con- ditions, the next two the civilising forces, and the last external historical events. SECTION 2 describes the character of the architecture, its special quality and general effect, with the various theories of origin and evolution. SECTION 3 contains examples of the chief buildings in each style, and is the corpus which the influences affect and from which the comparative analysis is deduced. Numerous illustrations are given, and the text is confined to brief but vivid notes of the special qualities and charac- teristics of the examples. SECTION 4 is the Comparative Analysis of the essential features of each style as the outcome of the methods of solving certain problems. Thus, in comparing the parts A to G of buildings in different styles or periods we see the agencies at work which resulted in changes of style. SECTION 5 gives the principal works to which the reader should refer who wishes to pursue the study of any style in further detail. I am indebted to my publishers for careful revision of this section, so as to include all recent standard works on architecture. This edition differs from previous editions, which were published under the joint names of my father, the late Prof. Banister Fletcher, F.R.I.B.A., and myself ; for I have now entirely rewritten and recast the book from cover to cover. I have not relied solely on other authorities, and my descriptions are largely the result of personal observation of the world’s greatest monuments from ancient Troy to modern Chicago. In Egypt I have studied the Pyramids, Temples, and Tombs from Cairo to Khartoum. I have made repeated pilgrimages to the mainland and isles of Greece and to the Greek colonies of Asia Minor; besides exploring the Palace of King Minos in Crete. In traversing Italy I have made sojourns in Rome, in the hill-top cities, and the towns of the plains ; while I have visited the palace ruins at Spalato on the Adriatic, which reveal the majestic might of Roman rule. In the romantic island of Sicily I have noted how faithfully the varied buildings reflect the many dynastic changes. In North Africa I have studied the ruins of Timgad, Tebessa, and Carthage. I have twice visited Constantinople and examined S. Sophia and the numerous Byzantine Churches con- verted into Mosques. In Palestine I have gone down from Jerusalem to Jericho, through Samaria and Nazareth to Damascus and the great Roman temples at Baalbek in Syria. I have studied the architec- ture of Spain from Burgos in the north to Cordova in the south, and have made many expeditions to the fair land of France, with her magnificent heritage of Gothic cathedrals ; to Belgium, with her remarkable town halls ; to the canalised cities of Holland, with their stately burgher houses, besides repeated visits to all our English cathedrals and to many castles, mansions, and manor houses throughout England., I have also been introduced in America to the last word in domestic architecture and to that steel-frame modernity known as the ‘‘ skyscraper.” The following alterations have been effected in this edition :—(1) De- scriptions have been removed from the illustrations; (2) the text and illustrations are consecutively paginated ; (3) illustrations have been redrawn, rearranged, increased in number, and brought into line with recent discoveries; (4) maps are introduced at heads of chapters ; (5) much matter has been co-ordinated, as in Italian Romanesque, English PREFACE r 1X Medieval, and Renaissance; (6) prominence has been given to English architecture ; (7) both Index and Glossary have been amplified. The sale of five large editions is evidence that this book has been of service, not only to professional students, but also to laymen, to whom architecture is of increasing interest. It is gratifying that this History of Architecture is in use in the Universities, Art Schools, Colleges, and Technical Institutions of Great Britain, America, Australia, and Japan. Architecture, which chronicles history in stone, has not hitherto been assigned its proper place in education, and this has doubtless been due to the erroneous idea that the public could not grasp the constructive principles which govern architectural forms. It is essentially a human art as well as an affair of material, and is governed by practical require- ments with which painters, sculptors, and musicians are not concerned. Architecture supplies a key to the habits, thoughts, and aspirations of each period, and, without a knowledge of this art, history lacks that human interest with which it should be invested. Many people have wandered among the most beautiful buildings without understanding why they were erected, whether Greek temples, Roman amphitheatres, or Gothic cathedrals. Architecture has always had worshippers at her shrine among great rulers in all ages, from Rameses the Great to Napoleon the First. Now, with the advance of democracy, the people as a whole are beginning to recognise the value of architecture in national life. Modern facilities for travel have aroused public interest in the buildings of the past, while photography and lantern slides have displayed the features distinctive of each period. The institution of a Diploma in the History of Art by the University of London is an important step in assigning to architecture and the allied arts their right place in the study of the humanities. Both for architects and for the general public it is essential that the history of architecture in all ages and countries should be available in a compact form, and it is to meet this need that this comprehensive history has been rewritten and brought up to date. It is hoped, then, that the book will continue to appeal not only to students who require an outline of architectural history as part of their artistic and professional education, but also to the increasing number of art workers who are interested in architecture in its relation to those accessory arts in which they are engaged. Lastly; it is believed that a work in which architecture is treated systematically as a result and record of civilisation will prove attractive to that increasing public interested in the history of the Arts. BANISTER FLETCHER. 1, KING’s BENCH WALK, Lonpon, E.C.4. Michaelmas Day, 1921. Important Announcement to Professors and Lecturers on Architecture, Ornamental Art and Decoration LARGE LECTURE DIAGRAMS.—For the use of Professors and Lecturers, the unique series of 275 plates of line drawings of . Architecture and Decorative Art in this book are issued as LARGE LECTURE DIAGRAMS, 40 ins. by 27 ins. They form a series of vivid presentments of characteristic features in the-various styles, and should undoubtedly be part of the necessary equipment of every Institution where Architecture is included in the curri- culum. The 28 historical maps, 27 ins. by 20 ins., are also obtainable. The diagrams must be ordered by their page numbers in this book. Particulars and prices will be found at the end of this volume. CLASS ILLUSTRATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF ARCHI- TECTURAL HISTORY.—In response to a desire expressed by some lecturers, it is proposed to issue LOOSE PRINTS of the illustrations appearing in this the sixth edition of A History OF ARCHITECTURE ON THE COMPARATIVE METHOD. Further particulars ave given in the announcement at the end of this volume. LANTERN SLIDES of all the illustrations are obtainable from Messrs. Newton & Co., 37, King Street, London, W.C.2. Applications for Diagrams and Class Iljustrations should be addressed to— pet BATSE ORD, LTD., 94, HicH HoLsory, LONDON, CON TEN iS List of Illustrations Prehistoric Architecture Pont ol-—lTHE HISTORICAL SERYLES Introduction Egyptian prehnectire West Asiatic Architecture Greek Architecture Roman Architecture : Early Christian Architecture . Byzantine Architecture : Be omaneace Architecture in Europe Italian Romanesque French Romanesque German Romanesque Gothic Architecture in Europe English Medizval Architecture Scottish Architecture : Irish Architecture French Gothic ; Belgian and Dutch Gothic German Gothic Italian Gothic . Spanish Gothic Renaissance Architecture in Bure Italian Renaissance French Renaissance German Renaissance Belgian and Dutch eee Spanish Renaissance English Renaissance Modern Architecture in Bneland Architecture of the British Dominions . Architecture in the United States of America PART II.—THE NON-HISTORICAL STYLES General Introduction Indian Architecture Chinese Architecture Japanese Architecture Ancient American Prciitechire Saracenic Architecture in Arabia, Syria, Egypt, Spain, Persia, Turkey and India . Glossary of Peeniectural reans Index PAGE Xi—xxxii I ita t a 05 129 199 — 219 243 251 270 288 311 430 434 435 861 73 iodo d bemtOn Xi PEL US TR ASBuO NES The illustrations and text ave paged consecutively. The full-page line, illustrations and the maps have been specially prepared under the supervision of the Author, who is also responsible for illustrations on many of the plates in addition to the authorities acknowledged below. PAGE ill iv 2 iA 47, 18 23 24 ral 28 31 32 33 34 aa NAME The Tree of Architecture The Acropolis, Athens, restored Prehistoric Architecture . AUTHORITIES Banister Fletcher. Richard Bohn. Viollet-le-Duc, J. B. War- ing, Charles Garnier. EGY PTTAN “ARCHITECTURE Map of Egypt. The Sphinx, Gizeh, near - Tombs at Beni Hasan. Great Pyramid of Cheops, Gizeh., Cairo. Mastaba Tombs. Tombs, Beni Hasan. Tombs of the Kings, Thebes. Mammisi Temple, Island of Elephan- tine. Temple of Khons, Karnak. Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak : Hypostyle Hall. Temple of Isis, Phile: Colonnade in Forecourt. Temple of Isis, Phila: view with Kiosk, and Entrance Court. Temple at Edfu: Exterior, and Portico with Screen between columns. Great Temple, Abu-Simbel: Facade, and Interior. Small Temple, Abu- Simbel: Exterior. Temple at Dér-el-Bahari: Exterior. Temple of Hathor, Dendera: Ex- terior. Temple of Ammon, Luxor. Obelisk, Piazza of S. John Lateran, Rome. Model of Egyptian House (British Museum). An Egyptian House, xi Photos. Gailhabaud, Choisy, Perrot & Chipiez, Budge, and from photos. Perrot & Chipiez, Gailha- baud. Perrot & Chipiez, and from photos. Photos. Photos. Photos. Photos. Photos. Photos. Photos. xii PAGE 38 41 42 44 af 79 80 81 82 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS NAME Egyptian painted and incised orna- ment and sculpture. Egyptian Ornament: Papyrus and lotus; columns and capitals. Wall Sculptures, Dér-el-Bahari. Tem- ple of Seti I, Abydos. AUTHORITIES - ‘ Petrie, Pennethorne, Owen Jones, Perrot & Chipiez. Owen Jones, Petrie, Perrot & Chipiez, Sturgis. Photos. WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE Map of Assyrian and Persian Em- pires. Chaldzan Single Ramp Temple. Wall- Slab, Kouyunjik. Palace of Sar- gon, Khorsabad, Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad . Chaldean Double Ramp Temple. Royal Tomb, Naksh-i-Rustam. Hall of 100 Columns, Persepolis. Palaces, Persepolis. Lion and Archer Friezes, Susa. Palace at Feruz-abad. Palace at Sarvistan. Palace at Ctesiphon . Assyrian Ornament: Wall-slabs and other sculpture. Perrot & Chipiez. Perrot & Chipiez, Fergusson, Perrot & Chipiez. Perrot & Chipiez. Perrot & Chipiez, Dieulafoy, Spiers. Layard, Perrot & Chipiez, British Museum Guide. GREEK ARCHITECTURE Map of Greece. The Citadel, Mycenz. Palace of King Minos, Knossos, Crete (plan). The Citadel, Tiryns (plan). Methods of walling. Treasury of Atreus, and Sculpture, Gate of Lions, Mycene. The Acropolis, Athens (plan and sections). Comparative Plans of Greek Temples Origin of Doric Order The Doric Order (six examples). Intercolumniations. Temple of Poseidon, Pestum: Ex- terior. Temple of Poseidon, Pzs- tum: Interior. Temple of Poseidon, Pestum. The Heraion, Olympia. The ‘‘ Basilica,” Pestum. Temple of Zeus Olym- pius, Agrigentum, Perrot & Chipiez, Baikie, and from photos. Perrot & Chipiez, Stuart & Revett. Middleton, Gardner. Fergusson, Anderson & Spiers, Mauch, Stuart & Revett. ; Stuart & Revett, Chambers, Viollet-le-Duc, Perrot & Chipiez, Penrose. Mauch, Stuart & Kevett, Penrose. Photos. Gailhabaud, Fergusson, Dur- and, Stuart & Revett. PAGE 85 87 88 oI 2 93 94 97 98 103 104 105 106 109 IIo 113 II4 116 119 I20 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS NAME The Theseion, Athens Temple of Aphaia, Aigina The Parthenon, Athens . The Parthenon, Athens: View of Angle. Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Basse The Theseion, Athens: Exterior. The Erechtheion, Athens: Exterior The Ionic Order (six examples). The Ionic Volute . Temple on the lIlissus, Athens. Temple of Athena Polias, Priene. The Erechtheion, Athens. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus Temple of Niké Apteros, The Olympieion, Athens. Evolution of the Corinthian Capital . Athens. The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates and the- Tower of the Winds, Athens. Temple of Apollo Didy- meus, Miletus. Comparative Greek and Roman Theatres: the Theatres at Epi- dauros, Bradfield College and Orange. The Propylea, Athens ; The Mausoleum, Halicarnassos. Lion Tomb, Cnidos. The Alexander Sarcophagus, Sidon. Tomb at Cnidos. Tomb of the Weepers, Sidon. 5 Comparative Greek and Roman Door- > ways. Comparative Greek and Roman Orders of Architecture. Comparative Greek and Roman Mouldings. Comparative Greek and Roman Mouldings. xiii AUTHORITIES Stuart & Revett. Cockerell. Penrose, Stuart & Revett, Michaelis, Fergusson, Con- rade. Photo. Cockerell. Photos. Anderson & Spiers, Stuart & Revett, Mauch, Cockerell, Society of Dilettanti. Spiers, Chambers, Mauch. Stuart & Revett, Society of Dilettanti. Inwood, Stuart & Revett, Elderkin, Middleton. Arthur Henderson. Photos. Owen Jones, Gwilt, Stuart -& Revett, Collings, Cocker- ell, Sturgis. Stuart & Revett, Society of Dilettanti, Mauch, and from photos. Stuart & Revett, and from photos. Penrose, Middleton. Newton & Pullan, Steven- son, British Museum Guide, Beaux-arts Restor- ation. Newton & Pullan, and from photos. Donaldson, Mauch. Stuart & Revett, Taylor & Cresy. Inwoed, Pennethorne, Tay- lor & Cresy, Mauch. Stuart & Revett, Cockerell, Taylor & Cresy. Mauch, -X1V PAGE ToS 124 125 129 135 136 139 140 143 144 147 148 I51 152 153 154 I57 158 161 162 165 166 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS NAME Greek Ornament: Canephora, Cary- atid, acroterion and stele. Greek Ornament : Capital, stele, etc. Greek Ornament: Anthemion, ante- fixa, frieze, metopes, etc. Optical corrections in Architecture . AUTHORITIES Society of Dilettanti, In- wood, Durand, Stuart & Revett. Stuart & Revett, Inwood. Mauch, Watt, ss stare ec Revett. Pennethorne, Viollet-le-Duc, Choisy. . ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Map of the Roman Empire. Construction of Walls, Vaults, and Domes, Etruscan Architecture The Forum Romanum The Forum Romanum (restored) : looking towards Tabularium, and looking towards Palatine. Temples of Fortuna, Virilis, Antoni- pus and ghaustina, alicoaturn, Rome. Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome. Maison Carrée, Nimes. Temple of Castor and Pollux, Rome Temple of Venus and Rome, Rome. Temple of Diana, Nimes. Temples at Baalbek, Syria Temple of Vesta, Rome. Vesta, Tivoli. Temple of Temple of Venus, Baalbek. The Pantheon, Rome ‘ : The Pantheon, Rome: Exterior (restored), and Interior. Basilica of Trajan, Rome. Basilica of Constantine, Rome. Therme of Caracalla, Rome Therme of Diocletian, Rome The Colosseum, Rome . : The Colosseum, Rome: Exterior and Interior. The Colosseum, Rome: Exterior (restored), and Interior (restored). Middleton, Choisy, Sturgis. Gailhabaud, British Museum Guide. Joseph Gatteschi, Taylor & Cresy, Middleton and others. Becchetti, and others. Taylor & Cresy, Palladio. Noguet & Dutert, D’Espouy, Palladio. Taylor & Cresy, D’Espouy. Gatteschi, Palladio, and from photos. Wood, Durand, Reimer. Taylor & Cresy, Spiers. Middleton, Taylor & Cresy. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Piranesi. Middleton, Taylor & Cresy, Durand, Gatteschi. Viollet-le-Duc, Middleton, Gailhabaud. D’Espouy, Cameron, and from photos. Taylor & Cresy. Photos. Nispi-Landi. PAGE 171 Lo 178 181 182 183 184 187 188 193 194 197 198 199 205 206 209 210 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . NAME The Amphitheatre, Verona: Ex- terior and Interior, Circus of Maxentius, Rome: Plan. Circus Maximus, Rome: View (restored). Pont du Gard, Nimes. PoOuceNivta, \Lreves.. Porte. .S. André, Autun. Roman Tombs Arch of Titus, Arch of the Goldsmiths and Arch of Janus Quadrifrons, Rome. Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome. Other Triumphal Arches: Arch of Constantine, Rome; Arch of Trajan, Ancona; Arch of Cara- calla, Tebessa. Column of Trajan, Rome. of Marcus Aurelius, Rome. Palace of Diocletian, Spalato . House of Pansa, and House of the Vettiil, Pompeii. Column The Aqua Claudia, Rome. Pont du Gard, Nimes. The Pont Molle, Rome. Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Roman Ornament: Carved capitals ; sculptured frieze and ornament. Roman and Pompeian frescoes and mosaics. Roman Ornament: Candelabra, al- tars, baths, and chariots. EARLY S. Clemente, Rome. Map. S. Clemente, Rome: Interior. sw Maria Maggiore, Rome: Interior. Basilican Church of S. Peter, and S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome. S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome: Ex- terior and Interior, S. Agnese fuori le Mura, Rome. S. Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna. S.Sabina, Rome: Interior. S. Apol- linare in Classe, Ravenna: In- terior. AUTHORITIES Photos. Middleton, Durand, Model in Walker Art Gallery, Eiverpooly and oirom photos. Middleton, Gailhabaud, Dur- and, Gatteschi. Taylor & Cresy, D’Agin- court, Choisy, D’Espouy, and from photos. Taylor & Cresy, Becchetti, E.- Strong, and from photos. Taylori& Cresy,. 2 * Strong; Durand, and from photos. R. Adam, Hébrard. Gailhabaud, Mau, and from photos. Photos. Photos. Taylor & Cresy, D’Espouy, Owen Jones, J. C. Watt. Barker, Durand, E. Strong, lee.. Watt. teGe Watt, Duraigge Fr.” Ss: Meyer, D’Espouy. CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Letarouilly, Gailhabaud. Photos. Brewer, Hubsch. Photos. Hubsch. Photos XV1 PAGE va EF 215 216 2 ie yr 433 234 239 240 243 . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS NAME Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem. Churchy"ot the Holy “Sepnichre. Jerusalem. Church at Qalb Lou- zeh, S. Stefano Rotondo, and the Baptis- tery of Constantine, Rome. Bap- tistery, Nocera. S. Constanza, Rome. Tomb of Galla Placidia, and Tomb of Theodoric, Ravenna. Early Christian Ornament: Mosaics, capitals, doors, windows, etc. BYZANTINE Map of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Construction and Types of Domes. S. Sophia, Constantinople S. Sophia, Constantinople: Exterior and Interior. S. Sophia, Constantinople: Interior from S.W. aisle, Interior of an Exedra, and in the Gallery. Comparative Domed Structures : The Minerva Medica, Rome; S. Vitale, Ravenna; Aix-la-Chapelle Cathe- dral. S. Mark, Venice: Exterior and In- terior. S.. Mark,* Venigetss. Front, Péri- gueux. SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Constanti- nople. S. Theodore, Constanti- nople. Little Metropole Cathedral, Athens. S. Irene, Constantinople: Exterior. S. Vitale, and Tomb of Galla Pla- cidia, Ravenna (view). Byzantine Ornament: Capitals, well- head, parapet, window, screen, and sarcophagus. AUTHORITIES De Vogiié, Sturgis, Geo. Jeffery, and from photos. Hubsch, Letar- ouilly. Sturgis, Gailhabaud, Gosset, D’Agin- court, Jackson, and from photos, D’ Agincourt, Hubsch, Cat- taneo. ARCHITECIURE Lethaby & Swainson, Choisy, A.A. Sketch Book. Salzenburg, A.A. Sketch Book, Gosset. Photos. Photos. Isabelle, Hubsch, Gailha- baud, Jackson, Dehio von Bezold, and from photos. Photos. Jackson, Cicognara, Gail- habaud, Choisy. Millingen, A.A. Sketch Book, Jackson, Gailhabaud. Photos. Salzenburg, Texier & Pul-- lan, Foord, Gailhabaud, Cattaneo, British Museum . Guide, Schultz & Barnsley. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE Map of Europe, about A.D. I100. | ee 251 257 258 259 260 265 266 267 268 270 a) 274 2795 290 281 282 285 286 288 291 292 295 296 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XV11 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ; NAME Map of Italy in the tenth century. Pisa Cathedral : The Campanile and Baptistery, Pisa S. Miniato, Florence: Exterior and Interior. The Baptistery, Cremona. S. Michele, Pavia S. Zeno Maggiore, terior and Interior. WeLona.. 1x4 Monreale Cathedral: Interior, and Cloisters. Doorways, Windows, Apses, and Cloisters. Pulpits, Altars, and Carved Orna- ment. AUTHORITIES Rohault de from photos. Rohault de Fleury. Photos. Fleury, and Hubsch, Fergusson, Street. Photos. Photos. Shaw, Jackson, and from photos. Schultz, Jackson, Cummings, and from photos. FRENCH ROMANESQUE Map of France about A.D. 1000. Angouléme Cathedral S. Madeleine, Vézelay: Exterior and Interior. Notre Dame la Grande, Poitiers: Exterior. Notre Dame la Grande, Poitiers: In- terior. The Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen: Exterior and Interior. The Abbaye-aux- Hommes (S. Etienne), Caen. The Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen S. Gilles: W. facade. S. Madeleine, Vézelay: the narthex. Doors, Windows, Apses, Piers . Capitals, Friezes, Doorway, and Sculptured Ornament. Sharpe, Hachette, and from photos. Photos. Photos. Pugin and Le Keux. Photo. Photos. Sharpe, Revoil, Pugin and Le Keux, and from photos. Hachette, Sharpe, Revoil, and from photos. GERMAN ROMANESQUE Map of Germany in the twelfth cen- tury. Church of the Apostles, Cologne Worms Cathedral . Spires Cathedral: Towers and Ex- ternal Gallery and Detail of Door- way. S.Gereon, Cologne, from S. Towers, Doorways, Columns, and Ornament, b Boisserée. King, and from photos. Photos. Moller, Forster, King. XVIl1 PAGE 298 301 302 303 304 309 311 321 322 323 324 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 341 342 345 340 Canterbury Cathedral : LISTS OSI US PRA TLONS GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN, EUROGEZ NAME Map of Europe in the fourteenth cen- tury. Principles of Gothic Construction. Evolution of Gothic Vaulting. Comparative Diagrams of Vaults. Comparative Models of Continental Cathedrals. Principles of Proportion . AUTHORITIES Photos. Gwilt. ENGLISH MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECTURE Map of Medieval England. Anglo-Saxon Style: Churches and Towers, Temple Church, London: and Interior, S. Bartholomew, Smithfield, London: Interior. S. Helen, Bishopsgate, London: Interior, The Evolution of Vaulting Exterior Comparative Models of English Cathe- drals. Comparative Models of English Cathe- drals. Comparative Models of English Cathe- drals. Comparative Plans of Cathedrals, 1: Ely, York,” Winchester, -Peter- borough, Salisbury, Lincoln. Comparative Plans of Cathedrals, 2 : Worcester, Canterbury, Gloucester, Norwich, Durham. : Exeter, S. Albans, Chichester, Rochester, Wells, Southwell, etc. Comparative Plans of Cathedrals, 4 : Comparative Plans of Cathedrals, 3: | Carlisle, Chester, Ripon, Hereford, Lichfield, Bristol, etc. Durham Cathedral: Interior. Peterborough Cathedral . Exterior and Peterborough Cathedral: Exterior. Wells Cathedral: Exterior. Salisbury Cathedral Exterior and Interior. Baldwin Brown, Rickman. Photos. Photos. Britton, Rickman, Parker, Bond. Photos. Photos. Photos. ‘* Builder ’’ Cathedral Series, Storer, Britton, Loftie, Murray, Willis. Photos. Britton, Sharpe, Ruprich Robert, Winkles. Photos. Britton. Photos. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS X1X PAGE NAME AUTHORITIES 347 Lincoln Cathedral . ; : . Wild) Siarpe. 348 Lincoln Cathedral: Exterior and Photos. Interior. 351 Lichfield Cathedral. : : - , Btittons 352 Winchester Cathedral . ‘ 7. Britten: 353 Westminster Abbey: Plan and sec- Neale, ‘‘ Builder,” tion. 354 Westminster Abbey: Plan of Monas- Bond, Neale, Lethaby, and | tery, Views, and Piers. from photos. 357 Westminster Abbey: Interiors “7 Photos, 358 Westminster Abbey: Henry VII’s' Bond, Neale, and from Chapel. photos. 359 Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire . ' Reeve and others. 360 S. Andrew, Heckington, Lincs. ‘ Bowman and Crowther. Rosse imiper Church: Roofs . . Brandon, Bond. 364 The TowerofLondon . : - Haiward and _ Gascoyne, | Harper, Kerr, Bayley. ° 365 Stokesay Castle, Shropshire. Kenil- Parker, Pugin, Britton, A.A. worth Castle, Warwickshire. Sketch Book, and from photos. 366 Warkworth Castle, Northumberland. Parker, Thompson. Tattershall Castle, Lincs. 369 Charney-Basset, Berks. Little Wen- Parker. ham Hall, Suffolk. 370 Penshurst Place, Kent. Haddon Nash, Dollman, Garner and Hall, Derbyshire. Stratton, A.A. Sketch Book. 371 Great Chalfield, Wiltshire. Oxburgh Parker, Garner and Stratton, * | Hall, Norfolk. Britton, Kerr, and from photos. 372