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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 
 
 BULLETIN No. 339 
 
 VARIETIES OF OATS FOR ILLINOIS 
 
 By G. H. DUNCAN and W. L. BUBLISON 
 
 URBANA, ILLINOIS, DECEMBER, 1929 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PLACE OF OATS IN ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE 23 
 
 VARIETY TESTS OF OATS 24 
 
 Tests in Northern Illinois 25 
 
 Tests in Central Illinois 27 
 
 Tests in Southwestern Illinois 31 
 
 HULL-LESS OATS vs. HULLED VARIETIES 33 
 
 RATE OF SEEDING OATS 33 
 
 DISTANCE BETWEEN DRILL ROWS 37 
 
 COLD RESISTANCE OF OAT VARIETIES 40 
 
 SUMMARY 42 
 
 ORIGIN AND DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.. 43 
 
 Urbana, Illinois December, 1929 
 
 Publications in the Bulletin series report the results of investigations made or sponsored 
 by the Experiment Station. 
 
VARIETIES OF OATS FOR ILLINOIS 
 
 By G. H. DUNCAN and W. L. BuRLisoN 1 
 
 Approximately four million acres of Illinois land are devoted every 
 year to the growing of oats. In spite of the fact that oats during the 
 last few years have been considered an unprofitable crop, there has 
 been no perceptible falling off in their production either in Illinois or 
 in the United States as a whole. Neither does the world's production 
 show any tendency downward. 
 
 Because of the several advantages possessed by oats they are likely 
 to continue to be grown extensively for many years. There is a 
 marked tendency at the present time, however, to substitute barley 
 and soybeans for a part of the oats crop, but this has not materially 
 reduced the oat acreage in Illinois. Since oats are grown on such a 
 large area, and so generally return an unsatisfactory income, espe- 
 cially when the grain is sold in the open market, 2 it is especially im- 
 portant that the highest-yielding varieties be selected for growing and 
 the most economical methods be employed in their culture. This bul- 
 letin gives the results of variety tests and experiments on different 
 rates and methods of seeding made by the Illinois Agricultural Ex- 
 periment Station during the past fourteen years. 
 
 PLACE OF OATS IN ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE 
 
 Adapted to Corn-Belt Rotations. Even tho oats as a crop do not 
 return a great direct profit, they do render benefits which are some- 
 times overlooked. According to the practice in the corn belt, oats 
 commonly follow corn in the rotation, and they probably are better 
 adapted to this particular position in the rotation than any other crop. 
 Oats may be sown before the work of preparing the corn land is press- 
 ing. They can be broadcast and worked into the soil rather roughly 
 with fairly satisfactory results. Even tho the yield of oats is increased 
 by seeding on plowed ground that has been worked down to a good 
 seed bed and by sowing with a drill, the practical method seems to be 
 in favor of broadcast seeding and covering with a disk. The great 
 advantage of this method is the fact that a relatively large area can 
 be seeded in a short time. The time saved will usually yield greater 
 
 >G. H. Dungan, Assistant Chief in Crop Production, and W. L. Burlison, 
 Chief in Crop Production and Head of Department of Agronomy. 
 
 The price of oats naturally varies with the combined supplies of oats and 
 other feedstuffs, more particularly with corn. In this connection Department 
 Bulletin 1351 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, "What Makes the Price 
 of Oats," by Hugh B. Killough, 1925, will be of interest to many readers. 
 
 23 
 
24 BULLETIN No. 339 {.December, 
 
 returns when applied toward preparing the land for corn, making it 
 possible to plant the corn crop a few days earlier. 
 
 The system of rotating corn and oats is not so injurious to the 
 productivity of the soil as growing corn every year. On the Morrow 
 plots at the University of Illinois, where corn has been grown every 
 year since 1879 without soil treatment, the last 23-year average yield 
 of corn is 25.1 bushels an acre, whereas on the nearby plot that has 
 been cropped to corn and oats alternately, the yield of corn for the 
 same period is 35.6 bushels an acre. The average yield of oats during 
 this period is 34.0 bushels an acre. The average value of the crops 
 produced each year on the corn and oats plot, according to the average 
 December 1 price, is $4.57 an acre more than that of the corn from 
 the continuous-corn plot. 
 
 It is commonly conceded that changing from corn to oats and then 
 back to corn is not a good rotation, yet there are certain advantages 
 in the practice. Also the cost of labor required to produce a crop of oats 
 is considerably less than that needed to grow a crop of corn. Another 
 advantage which the culture of oats affords is the opportunity of ob- 
 taining a stand of clover. Altho barley is generally conceded to be 
 the best nurse crop for clover and alfalfa, it is not greatly superior in 
 this respect to the early-maturing varieties of oats. 
 
 Have Assured Place on Livestock Farms. Oats are an excellent 
 feed for growing animals, and for that reason they have a place on 
 every livestock farm. When fed in the right way they will return an 
 income far in excess of any general market price that has been re- 
 ceived for them since 1920. 
 
 VARIETY TESTS OF OATS 
 
 The varieties chosen for use in these experiments were either well 
 known and generally grown in some section of the state, or were new 
 varieties that possessed desirable characteristics and promise of being 
 adapted to some part of Illinois. 
 
 An attempt was made to obtain pure seed of all new varieties, and 
 after their introduction care was taken to keep down the percentage 
 of mixtures with other varieties by hand-separating the plants in ad- 
 joining plots before harvest, and by taking special pains to clean the 
 separator thoroly after threshing each variety. Even with this care, 
 some mixing occurred, and it was found desirable in some instances 
 to obtain a new supply of pure seed or to carefully hand-rogue the 
 mixed varieties in the field before they were harvested. By these 
 methods it is believed that the purity of the varieties was maintained 
 to a sufficiently high degree to make the yield data reliable. 
 
 The different varieties were grown in comparative test plots on 
 soil that received enough rock phosphate, limestone, and either animal 
 
1929} VARIETIES OF OATS FOR ILLINOIS 25 
 
 manure or crop residues to keep the land in a good state of pro- 
 ductivity. 
 
 The oats were sown with an 8-inch disk drill at the rate of 8 pecks 
 per acre. The plots at Urbana, and during part of the period, those 
 at DeKalb, were 6 drill rows wide, and either 8 or 16 rods long, with 
 a 16-inch space between varieties. This made it possible to have four 
 replications at DeKalb and eight replications at Urbana. During most 
 of the time covered by these tests the plots at DeKalb and Alhambra 
 were 1 rod wide and 16 rods long with a 16-inch alley between va- 
 rieties. 
 
 The weights of grain at threshing time were used in calculating the 
 yields. The average yield of each variety was determined, but this 
 means little in comparing varieties that were grown during different 
 years. The average yield of each variety is therefore compared, on a 
 percentage basis, with the average of all varieties grown during the 
 same years. For example, lowar oats on the DeKalb field have been 
 grown for eight years (1921-1928) and have yielded an average of 
 75.2 bushels an acre. The average yield of all varieties grown during 
 the same eight-year period is 68.8 bushels. Counting 68.8 as 100 per- 
 cent, 75.2 has a value of 109.3 percent, which is considered as the 
 percentage rating of lowar. 
 
 The experiment fields from which records were obtained are located 
 in three different sections of the state: at DeKalb, in DeKalb county; 
 at Urbana, in Champaign county; and at Alhambra, in Madison 
 county. 
 
 The yields of varieties grown up to and including the season of 
 1916 were published in Bulletin 195 of this Station. Only those va- 
 rieties that were grown in and since 1917 are included in the present 
 bulletin, but in calculating the average yields and percentage ratings 
 of the different varieties, all available data have been used, including 
 results prior to 1917. 
 
 Tests in Northern Illinois 
 
 The five leading varieties among the 43 tested on the DeKalb field 
 since 1916 are Silvermine 6-403 (an Illinois selection), lowar, Albion 
 (Iowa 103), Richland (Iowa 105), and Kanota, ranking in the order 
 named (Table 1). 
 
 The early and medium-late varieties of oats have a close race for 
 first place in yield. The odds, however, during the last ten-year 
 period, have been slightly in favor of the early varieties. The aver- 
 age percentage rating of the five highest-producing early varieties 
 lowar, Albion, Richland, Kanota, and Sixty-Day 13-304 is 105.66, 
 which is 1.6 percent or a little over 1 bushel more than that of the 
 five highest-yielding, medium-late varieties Silvermine 6-403, logren, 
 Silvermine, Great American, and Scottish Chief. 
 
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 Many people place emphasis on the straw of oats as an 
 product of the crop,, and for that reason prefer the later maturing va- 
 rieties since they produce more straw than the earlier varieties. Under 
 some conditions the larger yields of straw may more than offset the 
 lower avenge grain-yielding ability of midseason oats. It may be 
 worthy of mention, however,, that the quality of the straw from early 
 oats is superior to that from late or imAaMum oats because of its 
 
 Tests in SiimlfcaiiliiB Maws 
 
 Of the 16 varieties that have been tested at Alhambra,. in south- 
 western Illinois, for a minimum of four years,, the best six are Vic- 
 tory, Silvermme, Albion, Burt* Sixty-Day, and lowar, in the order 
 named (Table 3). 
 
 One of the serious handicaps to successful oat production on the 
 Alhambra field and on the tight-clay subsoils of southern TH** is 
 the frequent impossibility of sowing the oats early enough. The im- 
 pervious character of the subsoil and the relatively heavy spring rain- 
 fall frequently make the surface soil too wet to work until after the 
 normal oat-seeding date. When oats are sown late, they usually come 
 into the heading stage at a time when the moisture supply is lHiifMi. 
 The yield, under such conditions, is greatly reduced. The best ex- 
 ample of such unfavorable conditions at Alhambra occurred in 1922. 
 when 11.1 bushels per acre was the highest yield obtained and two 
 varieties failed completely. 
 
 Late seeding is believed by some to be the greatest factor in low 
 oat yields in southern Illinois. In planning the oat-variety tests at 
 Alhambra for the season of 1927, h was decided to sow the oats at 
 approximately the correct time irrespective of the ft^jMnn of the soiL 
 Accordingly on March 11 one series of 18 plate was "mndded-ni.^ The 
 soil had been fall-plowed and altho the field was soft and had some 
 water Mml"*e, in the depressions,, there was no particular difficulty 
 exp-frifrj'T-.i m Bowing the Mfa wiUi hane-danai fiaY ftnfl Dnrciz 
 the night following there came a heavy rain which covered the field 
 with a sheet of surface water, "mMmc further seeding operations at 
 that time impractical. lte^lff.m| that tfi^ haaanl of t*yli"ig the soil 
 while wet becomes greater with the advance of the season, no aUnupi 
 was made to seed the other series on this field until the soil was dry 
 enough to work nicely. This occurred on April 27. 
 
 The stand of plants was more uniform on the late-sown plots. 
 On the early-sown plots there was a number of patches where the 
 oats were drowned out. However, the height of plants and the general 
 vigor of the crop were decidedly in favor of the March 11 seeding, 
 which yielded an average of 53.7 bushels an acre, as against 2&1 
 bushels for the later seeding. It is recognized that it may not be ad- 
 
32 
 
 BULLETIN No. 339 
 
 [December, 
 
 FIG. 1. PANICLE, SPIKELET, AND THRESHED GRAIN OF HULL-LESS OATS (A), 
 
 COMPARED WITH SIXTT-DAY, A HULLED VARIETY (B) 
 The glumes of hull-less oats are more open in arrangement and each 
 spikelet contains more grains which are less compact than those of Sixty- 
 Day and other hulled varieties. On the average, the hulls on hulled 
 varieties make up approximately 30 percent of the weight of the grain. 
 
 visable to sow oats in the mud as a general practice, and the fact is 
 also appreciated that the results of a single experiment should not 
 serve as the sole basis for recommendations, yet the results of this test 
 seem to substantiate the general belief that one of the great hazards 
 to successful oat growing in southern Illinois is late seeding. 
 
1929} 
 
 VARIETIES OF OATS FOR ILLINOIS 
 
 33 
 
 HULL-LESS OATS vs. HULLED VARIETIES 
 
 A variety of hull-less oats has been grown in the test plots at 
 Urbana during the past five years (Table 4) . During two of the five 
 years the hull-less oats have outyielded the average of all hulled varie- 
 ties in terms of quantity of hulled grain produced per acre. The aver- 
 age superiority of the hull-less is 75.0 pounds. This gives the hull-less 
 type a percentage rating of 101.9, which would place it fourteenth 
 among the 44 varieties grown on the Urbana field. 
 
 Yields of hull-less oats can be compared fairly with yields of hulled 
 varieties only after they have been reduced to a hull-free basis. On 
 the average, the hulls on hulled varieties constitute approximately 
 
 TABLE 4. HULL-LESS OATS: ANNUAL YIELDS COMPARED WITH AVERAGE YIELD 
 OF ALL HULLED VARIETIES GROWN DURING SAME YEARS, URBANA 
 
 (Pounds grain per acre) 
 
 
 
 All hulled 
 
 varieties 
 
 Difference 
 
 Percentage 
 rating of hull-less 
 
 Year 
 
 Hull-less 
 
 Threshed 
 grain 
 
 Hull-free 
 kernels 
 
 above or 
 below 
 hulled 
 
 based on average 
 weight of hull- 
 free kernels of all 
 hulled varieties 
 
 1924. . 
 
 1 571.5 
 
 2 329.6 
 
 1 630.7 
 
 - 59.2 
 
 96.4 
 
 1925 
 
 934.5 
 
 1 427.2 
 
 999.0 
 
 - 64.5 
 
 93.5 
 
 1926 
 
 2 144.0 
 
 2 688.0 
 
 1 881.6 
 
 +262 .4 
 
 113.9 
 
 1927 
 
 1 102.5 
 
 1 872.0 
 
 1 310.4 
 
 -107.9 
 
 84.1 
 
 1928 
 
 1 923.2 
 
 2 256.0 
 
 1 579.2 
 
 +344.0 
 
 121.8 
 
 Average . . . 
 
 1 535.1 
 
 2 114.6 
 
 1 480.2 
 
 + 75.0 
 
 101.9 
 
 30 percent of the weight of the grain. Thirty percent has therefore 
 been deducted from the average yields of the hulled varieties grown 
 in these tests during the same years as the hull-less, in order to put 
 them on a comparable basis with the hull-less. 
 
 Hull-less oats are considered by some growers to be superior to 
 hulled varieties for feeding to hogs and poultry. Along with this ad- 
 vantage, however, may be mentioned the difficulty which some growers 
 have had from the spoilage of hull-less oats in storage. The moisture 
 content of hull-less oats, for safe storage in a bin, must be below that 
 required for satisfactory storage of hulled varieties. Hull-less oats 
 also shatter somewhat worse than hulled varieties after they are ma- 
 ture. The loose character of the chaff surrounding the grain of hull- 
 less oats may be observed in Fig. 1. 
 
 RATE OF SEEDING OATS 
 
 Oats, or any other crop, should be seeded thickly enough to secure 
 the number of plants that will utilize the space and available soil 
 nutrients to the best advantage. Since oat plants are capable of con- 
 
34 
 
 BULLETIN No. 339 
 
 [December, 
 
 siderable adaptation thru stooling, as well as thru the development 
 of large or small panicles, the rate of seeding may vary rather widely 
 without materially influencing the yield of grain. Some varieties seem 
 able to adjust to varying rates of seeding more readily than others. 
 The results of a test of 6- and 10-peck seedings with 13 varieties in 
 1911 are shown in Table 5. 
 
 Effect on Acre Yields. White Bonanza, in the above test, showed 
 the least ability to adjust to the seeding rate. The 10-peck seeding 
 gave a net increase of 11.7 bushels an acre, or 29.8 percent, over the 
 6-peck seeding. Sixty-day proved the most capable of adaptation, 
 the yield of grain with the 6-peck seeding being only .9 bushel less 
 than that with the 10-peck seeding. It is possible that the small- 
 
 TABLE 5. RATE OF SEEDING: YIELDS WITH 6- AND 10-PECK SEEDIXGS OF 
 DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF OATS, URBANA, 1911 
 
 (Bushels per acre) 
 
 Variety 
 
 Yield at 
 6-peck 
 seeding 
 
 Yield at 
 10-peck 
 seeding 
 
 Difference 
 in favor 
 of 10-peck 
 seeding 
 
 Net gain 
 for 10-peck 
 seeding 
 
 Percent- 
 age net 
 gain for 
 10-peck 
 seeding 
 
 White Bonanza 
 
 39 2 
 
 51 9 
 
 12 7 
 
 11 7 
 
 29 8 
 
 Minnesota 6 
 
 47 1 
 
 58 
 
 10 9 
 
 9 9 
 
 21 
 
 American Banner 
 
 43 8 
 
 53 1 
 
 9 3 
 
 8 3 
 
 18 9 
 
 Black Gotham (impure) 
 Danish White 
 
 57.0 
 57.3 
 
 65.5 
 64.4 
 
 8.5 
 6.9 
 
 7.5 
 5.9 
 
 13.2 
 10.3 
 
 Schoenen 
 
 63 6 
 
 69 8 
 
 6 2 
 
 5 2 
 
 8.2 
 
 Lincoln Siber 
 
 45 
 
 51 2 
 
 6 2 
 
 5 2 
 
 11 6 
 
 Siberian 
 
 58 
 
 62 9 
 
 4 9 
 
 3 9 
 
 6 7 
 
 Twentieth Century .... 
 Swedish Select. . . 
 
 42.9 
 56 4 
 
 46.9 
 60 2 
 
 4.0 
 3 8 
 
 3.0 
 
 2 8 
 
 7.0 
 5 
 
 Irish Victor 
 
 60.8 
 
 63.4 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.6 
 
 Sixty-Day . . . . 
 
 49.1 
 
 50 
 
 .9 
 
 - .1 
 
 - .2 
 
 Black Gotham (pure) . . 
 Average 
 
 42.2 
 50.9 
 
 41.4 
 56.8 
 
 - .8 
 5.9 
 
 -1.8 
 4.9 
 
 -4.3 
 9.6 
 
 grained varieties can be seeded at a thinner rate than others because 
 of the greater number of plants obtainable from a given weight or 
 volume of seed. 
 
 The average net gain of a 10- over a 6-peck seeding rate was 4.9 
 bushels an acre, or 9.6 percent. However, the test was too limited, 
 covering only one year and involving but two rates of seeding, to be 
 construed to mean that a 10-peck rate of seeding is always the better. 
 Some amount between 6 and 10 pecks, or in excess of 10 pecks, may 
 be the proper rate. 
 
 Further data on the rate of seeding with an 8-inch drill were ob- 
 tained at Urbana and at DeKalb during the years 1915 to 1921. The 
 results secured at Urbana, expressed in net yields per acre, are shown 
 in Table 6. The rates of seeding varied from as low as 4 pecks to as 
 
VARIETIES OF OATS FOR ILLINOIS 
 
 35 
 
 TABLE 6. RATE OF SEEDING: SIXTY-DAY OATS SEEDED AT DIFFERENT RATES, 
 
 URBANA 
 
 (Net yield in bushels per acre) 
 
 Rate of seeding 
 
 (pecks) 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1920 
 
 1921 
 
 Average 
 percent- 
 age rating 1 
 
 4... 
 
 64.4 
 
 51.2 
 
 
 
 35.2 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 37.0 
 
 41 3 
 
 
 94 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 83.7 
 
 48.5 
 
 
 
 
 93 9 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 6 
 
 57 5 
 
 98 4 
 
 8 
 
 69 3 
 
 66.6 
 
 98.0 
 
 47 4 
 
 38 6 
 
 44 7 
 
 
 100 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 2 
 
 39 5 
 
 58 3 
 
 94 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 99 5 
 
 50 9 
 
 
 42 2 
 
 
 101 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 34.7 
 
 
 60.3 
 
 97.0 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 99.3 
 
 51.2 
 
 
 
 
 104 7 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 101 9 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 96.7 
 
 49 1 
 
 
 
 
 101 2 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 3 
 
 100 7 
 
 16 
 
 76 6 
 
 77 4 
 
 99 1 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 108 9 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 97.1 
 
 49.0 
 
 
 
 
 101.3 
 
 1 The percentage rating of the yields for each year was calculated by considering 
 the yield of the 8-peck seeding for that year as 100 percent. 
 
 TABLE 7. RATE OF SEEDING: SILVERMINE OATS SEEDED AT DIFFERENT RATES, 
 
 DEKALB 
 
 (Net yield in bushels per acre) 
 
 Rate of seeding 
 (pecks) 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1920 
 
 1921 
 
 Average 
 1917-21 
 
 5. . 
 
 
 75.0 
 
 67.5 
 
 37.3 
 
 78.7 
 
 28.2 
 
 57.3 
 
 6 
 
 
 76.2 
 
 57.0 
 
 38.4 
 
 79.9 
 
 26.2 
 
 55.5 
 
 8 
 
 60 7 
 
 77.6 
 
 64 7 
 
 43.2 
 
 84.2 
 
 27.4 
 
 59.4 
 
 10. 
 
 70 4 
 
 80 4 
 
 64 2 
 
 38 5 
 
 84.2 
 
 24.4 
 
 58.3 
 
 12 
 
 66.7 
 
 77.8 
 
 64.2 
 
 40.2 
 
 80.9 
 
 25.0 
 
 57.6 
 
 14 
 
 62.3 
 
 79.7 
 
 61.5 
 
 40.0 
 
 79.9 
 
 23.9 
 
 57.0 
 
 16 
 
 58.0 
 
 85.4 
 
 58.2 
 
 50.3 
 
 83.3 
 
 22.4 
 
 59.9 
 
 high as 18 pecks per acre. Altho not all the rates of seeding were 
 represented every year, the figures indicate a tendency for the net 
 yield to increase as the quantity of seed sown is increased. This, in 
 the main, harmonizes with the results secured in tests at the Iowa 
 Station 1 with a number of early varieties of oats. 
 
 With Silvermine oats on the DeKalb field the maximum net yield 
 was secured with a 16-peck seeding (Table 7) . 
 
 Yields per Bushel of Seed Planted. When seed production is a 
 more important consideration than economy of land, as might be the 
 case when storting a new variety the seed of which is scarce, the pro- 
 duction per unit of seed would be of interest rather than acre yield. 
 Tables 8 and 9 give an analysis of the yields on this basis. 
 
 'Burnett, L. C. logold oats. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 247. 1928. 
 
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42 BULLETIN No. 339 [December, 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 Silvermine 6-403, lowar, Albion (Iowa 103), Richland (Iowa 105), 
 and Kanota, in the order stated, are the highest-yielding varieties of 
 oats grown for a minimum of five years on the DeKalb field, in 
 northern Illinois. 
 
 Gopher, Albion (Iowa 103), Kanota, Richland (Iowa 105), and 
 State Pride (Wisconsin 7) are the most productive varieties that have 
 been tested on the Urbana field, in central Illinois, for a minimum of 
 four years. 
 
 At Alhambra, in southern Illinois, the five highest-yielding oats 
 tested for a minimum of four years are Victory, Silvermine, Albion 
 (Iowa 103) , Burt, and Sixty-Day. An important hazard to oat grow- 
 ing in southern Illinois is believed to be inability to sow the crop suffi- 
 ciently early. 
 
 Hull-less oats, over a five-year period, gave average yields com- 
 paring very favorably with the best hulled varieties, considering the 
 quantity of hull-free grain produced. 
 
 A 16-peck rate of seeding proved best with Silvermine oats at 
 DeKalb, but with Sixty-Day oats at Urbana the net yield increased 
 as the rate of seeding increased up to a maximum of 18 pecks an acre. 
 
 Results of seeding oats in 4- and 8-inch drill rows were not decisive. 
 They were in favor of 4-inch rows during two seasons and of 8-inch 
 rows during the other year of the three in which tests on width of 
 drill row were conducted. Preliminary observations indicate that in 
 the interest of securing- adequate stands of clover, the 8-inch drill row 
 is to be preferred to closer seeding, and that even a wider drill row 
 may be advisable, especially on thinner soils. 
 
 Ability to endure early spring freezes varied considerably in the 
 seedlings of different varieties. Kanota, Sixty-Day (Illinois selec- 
 tion), Minota, Hull-less, Anthony, Gopher, Fowld's Hull-less, Burt, 
 Cornellian, and State Pride (Wisconsin 7) proved more resistant than 
 others. 
 
1929] VARIETIES OF OATS FOR ILLINOIS 43 
 
 ORIGIN AND DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES 
 
 A brief statement of the origin, when known, a general description, 
 and the yield rank of the different oats used in these field trials are 
 presented here. The varieties are listed in alphabetical order for the 
 purpose of ready reference. In the preparation of this list liberal use 
 has been made of the material contained in Bulletin 1343 of the U. S. 
 Department of Agriculture, "Improved Oat Varieties for the Corn 
 Belt," by L. C. Burnett, T. R. Stanton, and C. W. Warburton; an 
 article, "Registration of Varieties and Strains of Oats," by T. R. 
 Stanton, Fred Griffee, and W. C. Etheridge in Vol. 18, pages 935-947, 
 of the Journal of the American Society of Agronomy; and Bulletin 
 164 of the North Dakota Station, "Varietal Trials With Oats in North 
 Dakota," by Theodore E. Stoa. 
 
 Albion (Iowa 103). Product of a single plant selected from Kherson by 
 Iowa Station in 1906. An early oat; grain small, white; panicle open; straw 
 short and medium fine. Seed obtained from the Iowa Station in 1915. 
 
 Yield: thirteen-year average at Urbana 62.1 bushels, rank 2; thirteen-year 
 average at DeKalb 72.7 bushels, rank 3; ten-year average at Alhambra 31.4 
 bushels, rank 3. 
 
 American Banner. Developed from a small original stock of seed and 
 introduced by James Vick, seedsman, Rochester, N. Y., in 1886. A midseason 
 oat; grain medium large and white with short awns; panicle open, tho strains 
 that go under the name American Banner possess the side panicle; straw long. 
 Seed obtained from Farmers' Seed Company, Faribault, Minn., in 1902. 
 
 Yield: twenty-four year average at Urbana 51.4 bushels, rank 27; ten-year 
 average at DeKalb 60.0 bushels, rank 26. 
 
 Anthony (Minnesota 686). Product of a cross of Victory and White 
 Russian made by Minnesota Station. Anthony is similar in habit of growth to 
 Victory, and in addition has proved highly resistant to black stem rust. Anthony 
 has shown considerable promise in yield tests of the Minnesota Station, and is 
 being increased in 1929 for distribution to Minnesota farmers. A midseason 
 variety; grain white; panicle open; straw long. Seed obtained from Minnesota 
 Station in 1928. 
 
 Yield: one year at Urbana 83.3 bushels. Average of 26 varieties grown 
 same year, 70.5 bushels. 
 
 Big Four. Introduced to seed trade by John A. Salzer Seed Company, 
 LaCrosse, Wis., in 1899. Origin is not known. Big Four resembles Silvermine 
 in most respects. A midseason oat; grain white, medium long; panicles open, 
 somewhat drooping; straw long and moderately stiff. Seed first obtained from 
 above company, in 1902. 
 
 Yield: fourteen-year average at Urbana 59.9 bushels, rank 10; thirteen-year 
 average at DeKalb 67.8 bushels, rank 12; ten-year average at Alhambra 302 
 bushels, rank 9. 
 
 Black Tartarian. A late oat. Grain black or brown, long-pointed, awns 
 usually present, dark colored, and twisted at the base; panicle side compact and 
 stiff; straw long and moderately stiff. Seed obtained from Vaughan Seed Com- 
 pany, Chicago, in 1901 and 1915. 
 
 Yield: nine-year average at Urbana 39.7 bushels, rank 44; five-year average 
 at DeKalb 53.8 bushels, rank 35. 
 
 Bryant Silver Plume. A midseason to late oat in time of maturity; grain 
 
44 BULLETIN No. 339 [December, 
 
 white; panicle side; straw medium to long. Seed obtained from W. C. Bryant, 
 Princeton, 111., in 1912. 
 
 Yield: ten-year average at Urbana 53.1 bushels, rank 22; five-year average 
 at DeKalb 65.4 bushels, rank 16; four-year average at Alhambra 21.4 bushels, 
 rank 11. 
 
 Burt. Selection made from Red Rustproof about 1878 by a man named 
 Burt who is reported to have lived at the time in Greene county, southern 
 Alabama. A very early oat; grain reddish-brown, characteristically flattened; 
 panicle open; straw short and fine; variety as generally grown is made up of 
 a number of strains which gives it a non-uniform appearance. Seed obtained for 
 variety tests in 1920. 
 
 Yield: nine-year average at Urbana 58.7 bushels, rank 9; five-year average 
 at DeKalb 68.3 bushels, rank 33; six-year average at Alhambra 39.6 bushels, 
 rank 4. 
 
 Colorado 37. Selected in 1900 from a field of commercial oats in the San 
 Luis Valley of southwestern Colorado by the Colorado Station. A midseason 
 common oat, similar to Swedish Select; grain white with fewer awns than 
 Swedish Select; panicle open; straw mid-long, stiff. Seed obtained from Colo- 
 rado Agricultural College in 1927. 
 
 Yield: one year at DeKalb 42.2 bushels; average of 13 varieties grown 
 same year 57.0 bushels. 
 
 Cornellian. A pure-line selection from Canada Cluster, made by Depart- 
 ment of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, in 1912. A midseason common oat; 
 grain slender, gray, awnless, with low percentage of hull; panicle open; straw 
 long. Seed obtained from New York Station, Ithaca, in 1923. 
 
 Yield: six-year average at Urbana 64.7 bushels, rank 14; five-year average 
 at DeKalb 66.6 bushels, rank 30. 
 
 Crown. A midseason oat of Swedish origin; grain white, large; panicle 
 open; straw long. Seed obtained for variety tests in 1922. 
 
 Yield: one year at Urbana 42.4 bushels; average of twenty-eight varieties 
 grown same year 48.6 bushels. 
 
 Danish White. An oat similar to Swedish Select in most respects; mid- 
 season; grain white; panicle open; and straw mid-long to long. Seed obtained 
 from Burpee Seed Company, Philadelphia, in 1901. 
 
 Yield: eighteen-year average at Urbana 48.1 bushels, rank 31 ; eight-year 
 average at DeKalb 61.2 bushels, rank 23. 
 
 Early Champion. Origin unknown. Similar in appearance to selections 
 with white kernels from Sixty-Day and Kherson. Slightly earlier in maturity 
 than Sixty-Day; grain small, white; panicle open; straw short, fine. Seed 
 purchased in 1902 from Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, and in 1910 a new 
 stock of seed was secured from Ralph Allen, Delavan, 111. 
 
 Yield: ten-year average at Urbana 47.0 bushels, rank 39; four-year average 
 at DeKalb 66.7 bushels, rank 15. 
 
 Fowld's Hull-less. Result of a cross between Kilby Hull-less and Swedish 
 Select. It is practically identical with the Liberty Hull-less. A midseason oat; 
 grain hull-less, large; panicle open; straw mid-long. Seed obtained from South 
 Dakota Station in 1928. 
 
 Yield: one year at Urbana 1,721.6 pounds; average of 26 hulled varieties 
 grown same year 2,256.0 pounds, which, with a 30 percent reduction for hull, is 
 equivalent to 1,579.2 pounds of hull-free grain. 
 
 Garton 5. A midseason oat; of English origin; grain white; panicle 
 open; straw long. Seed obtained from Carton-Cooper Seed Company, Sugar 
 Creek, 111., in 1913. 
 
1929] VARIETIES OF OATS FOR ILLINOIS 45 
 
 Yield: seven-year average at Urbana 51.5 bushels, rank 32; five-year aver- 
 age at DeKalb 55.6 bushels, rank 37. 
 
 Carton Victor. A. late oat; grain black; panicle open, very large; straw 
 long. Seed obtained from Garton Seed Company, Chicago, in 1911. 
 
 Yield: four-year average at Urbana 59.8 bushels, rank 38; three-year aver- 
 age at DeKalb 63.7 bushels, rank 34. 
 
 Golden Rain. A midseason to late Swedish oat; grain yellow, mid-size; 
 panicle open; straw long. Seed obtained from Svalof, Sweden, in 1922. 
 
 Yield: two-year average at Urbana 42.3 bushels; average of 28 varieties 
 grown same years 512 bushels. 
 
 Gopher. Pure-line selection from Sixty-Day made by Minnesota Station 
 in 1917. An early oat similar to Albion (Iowa 103) ; grain white, slightly 
 plumper than Albion; panicle open; straw short and stiff. Seed obtained 
 from Minnesota Station in 1925. 
 
 Yield: four-year average at Urbana 69.8 bushels, rank 1; one year at 
 DeKalb 81.5 bushels; average of 15 varieties grown same year 795 bushels; 
 one year at Alhambra 58.9 bushels, average of ten varieties grown same year 
 56.0 bushels. 
 
 Great American. A midseason oat, somewhat like Silvermine; grain 
 white; panicle open; straw mid-long. Seed obtained from Funk Brothers Seed 
 Company, Bloomington, 111., in 1910. 
 
 Yield: thirteen-year average at Urbana 57.8 bushels, rank 15; seven-year 
 average at DeKalb 66.2 bushels, rank 8; five-year average at Alhambra 24.0 
 bushels, rank 7. 
 
 Great Avalanche. An oat said to have been developed by the late Luther 
 Burbank. A midseason to late variety; grains white, short, very plump; pan- 
 icle open; straw mid-long. Seed obtained from H. L. Stiegelmeier, Normal, 111., 
 in 1928. 
 
 Yield: one year at Urbana 70.9 bushels; average of 26 varieties grown same 
 year 70.5 bushels. 
 
 Hull-less. The place of origin of hull-less or naked oats is believed to be 
 central and eastern Asia. These oats were grown in England as early as 1550. 
 The naked oat used in the variety tests reported in this bulletin is probably a 
 strain of the Chinese Hull-less. It is early to midseason in time of maturity; 
 spiklets multiflorous; grain free of hull or naked; panicle open and drooping; 
 straw short and slightly weaker than Sixty-Day. Seed obtained from C. S. 
 Schnebley, Monica, 111., in 1924. 
 
 Yield: five-year average at Urbana 1,535.1 pounds; average of all hulled 
 varieties grown same years, less 30 percent for hull, is 1,4805 pounds. 
 
 Hvitling. Product of pure-line selection made about 1900 by Plant Breed- 
 ing Station, Svalof, Sweden, from the Probsteier oat. Similar to or identical 
 with Victory. A midseason oat; grain white, medium size; panicle open, fairly 
 erect; straw long, medium coarse. Seed obtained from Vaughan Seed Company, 
 Chicago, in 1915. 
 
 Yield: four-year average at DeKalb 67.3 bushels, rank 13. 
 
 logold. Result of a single plant selection from Kherson by the Iowa Sta- 
 tion in 1906. An early oat; grain yellow; panicle open; straw somewhat longer 
 than most early oats, unusually stiff and notably resistant to stem rust. logold 
 was developed especially for use on worn soils where most early oats are too 
 short to be harvested readily with a binder. Seed obtained from Iowa Station 
 in 1927. 
 
 Yield: two-year average at Urbana 64.9 bushels; average of all the varieties 
 grown same years 64.5 bushels; one year at DeKalb 84.3 bushels; average of 
 
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48 BULLETIN No. 339 [December, 
 
 Yield: seventeen-year average at Urbana 51.5 bushels, rank 24; eleven-year 
 average at DeKalb 582 bushels, rank 24. 
 
 Scottish Chief. A midseason oat; grain white; panicle open; straw long. 
 Seed obtained from L. L. Olds Seed Company, Madison, Wis., in 1915. 
 
 Yield: six-year average at Urbana 49.7 bushels, rank 35; five-year average 
 at DeKalb 67.5 bushels, rank 9. 
 
 Siberian. Introduced into Ontario, Canada, from Siberia, Russia, in 1889. 
 The original Siberian is similar to Silvermine. A midseason oat; grain medium 
 large and white; panicles open and drooping; straw long. Seed obtained for 
 variety tests in 1902. 
 
 Yield: twenty-four-year average yield at Urbana 51.9 bushels, rank 30; 
 eight-year average at DeKalb 55.6 bushels, rank 32; four-year average at Al- 
 hambra 233 bushels, rank 8. 
 
 Silvermine. Origin not definitely known, but was introduced to the seed 
 trade by John. A. Salzer Seed Company, LaCrosse, Wis., in the late nineties. 
 Botanitally, Silvermine is similar to Swedish Select. A midseason oat; grain 
 white and fairly plump; panicles open and drooping; straw long and moderately 
 stiff. Seed obtained first in 1902 from Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines. 
 
 Yield: twenty-year average at Urbana 54.8 bushels, rank 20; fifteen-year 
 average at DeKalb 64.4 bushels, rank 7; ten-year average at Alhambra 31.5 
 bushels, rank 2. 
 
 Silvermine 6-403. The product of an individual plant selection from Silver- 
 mine by the Division of Plant Breeding, Illinois Station, in 1906. Time of ma- 
 turity and plant characters are similar to the parent Silvermine variety. First 
 grown in the general oat-variety test plots at DeKalb in 1914. 
 
 Yield: five-year average at Urbana 45.7 bushels, rank 11; thirteen-year 
 average at DeKalb 68.6 bushels, rank 1. 
 
 Sixty-Day. An importation by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1901 
 from Dr. S. de Morzinski of Proskurov, in the province of Podolia, Russia. 
 Similar to Kherson. An early oat but does not mature in sixty days as the 
 name might imply; grain small, white to yellow, relatively low in percentage of 
 hull; panicles open, short; straw short, with tendency to lodge on fertile soil; 
 variety, as generally grown, lacks considerably in uniformity. Seed obtained 
 from the South Dakota Station in 1906. 
 
 Yield: twenty-four-year average at Urbana 58.0 bushels, rank 7; sixteen- 
 year average at DeKalb 62.1 bushels, rank 29; ten-year average at Alhambra 
 315 bushels, rank 5. 
 
 Sixty-Day (Selected). A mass selection from the Illinois Station strain of 
 Sixty-Day made by the Division of Plant Breeding. The object of the selection 
 was to secure a more uniform, and perhaps a more produ-ctive strain of this 
 variety. 
 
 Yield: three-year average at Urbana 67.9 bushels, rank 28. 
 
 Sixty-Day 13-304. Product of an individual plant selected from Sixty-Day 
 by the Division of Plant Breeding, Illinois Station. Time of maturity, and gen- 
 eral plant characters are the same as Sixty-Day, except that the grain is white. 
 First grown in the general oat-variety test plots in 1919. 
 
 Yield: six-year average at Urbana 49.9 bushels, rank 12; five-year average 
 at DeKalb 63.9 bushels, rank 11. 
 
 Silver (Novelty). A late oat of Danish origin; grain white and large; 
 panicle open; straw long. Seed obtained from Frokornpagniet, Mariba, Den- 
 mark, in 1924. 
 
 Yield: five-year average at Urbana 58.9 bushels, rank 40. 
 
1929] VARIETIES OF OATS FOR ILLINOIS 49 
 
 State Pride. (Wisconsin 7). Pure line selection by Wisconsin Station 
 from Kherson in 1907. An early oat adapted to fertile soil; grain yellow, thin- 
 hulled, and small; panicle open, compact; straw short but taller than Kherson. 
 Seed obtained from the Wisconsin Station in 1921. 
 
 Yield: seven-year average at Urbana 64.5 bushels, rank 6; eight-year aver- 
 age at DeKalb 67.8 bushels, rank 18. 
 
 Swedish Select. First introduced into this country by M. A. Carleton from 
 St. Petersburg Province of Russia. E. A. Bessey made a second introduction of 
 this variety in 1903 from Moscow. The original section which gave rise to this 
 variety was made in Sweden from the Ligowo oat. It was carried to Finland, 
 thence to Russia where its possibilities of adaptation to American conditions 
 were noted by Mr. Carleton. Swedish Select is midseason in maturity; grain 
 large, white, usually possessing an awn; panicle open; straw long, strong. Seed 
 first obtained from Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, in 1902. 
 
 Yield: fourteen-year average at Urbana 52.3 bushels, rank 29; seventeen- 
 year average yield at DeKalb 63.3 bushels, rank 31. 
 
 Texas Red. Also known as Rust Proof and Red Rustproof. Originated in 
 southern United States, where it is grown as both a winter and a spring oat. A 
 midseason oat as grown in Illinois, but some strains early and others late ; grain 
 reddish-brown, characteristically flattened, thick hulled, and heavily awned; pan- 
 icle open, spreading; straw medium in length. Seed obtained of C. A. Rowe, 
 Jacksonville, 111., in 1909; of Clifford Slonniger, Mattoon, 111., in 1911; and 
 of Funk Brothers Seed Company, Bloomington, 111., in 1915. 
 
 Yield: twelve-year average at Urbana 57.1 bushels, rank 16; five-year aver- 
 age at DeKalb 64.5 bushels, rank 20; four-year average at Alhambra 18.8 bushels, 
 rank 16. 
 
 Victory. Developed at the Plant Breeding Station, Svalof, Sweden, from 
 a single plant selection out of a variety known as Probsteier. Introduced into 
 this country by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1908. A midseason 
 variety; grain white and plump; panicles open, rather dense; straw tall, fairly 
 stiff. Seed obtained from L. L. Olds Seed Company, Madison, Wis., in 1916, 
 and from Central Illinois Seed Company, Shelbyville, 111., in 1919. 
 
 Yield: nine-year average at Urbana 53.6 bushels, rank 23; four-year average 
 at DeKalb 64.6 bushels, rank 27; four-year average at Alhambra 24.4 bushels, 
 rank 1. 
 
 White Bonanza. A midseason variety; grain medium in size, white; pan- 
 icle open; straw coarse and long. Seed obtained of John A. Salzer Seed Com- 
 pany, LaCrosse, Wis., in 1901. 
 
 Yield: twenty-one-year average at Urbana 51.0 bushels, rank 18; seven-year 
 average at DeKalb 61.5 bushels, rank 21; four-year average at Alhambra 20.2 
 bushels, rank 13. 
 
 White Russian. An early introduction from Europe. There is no definite 
 record of its origin. A late variety, resistant to stem rust. Grain white, and 
 somewhat slender; panicle side, long, and drooping; straw long; foliage heavy. 
 Seed obtained of John A. Salzer Seed Company, LaCrosse, Wis., in 1915. 
 
 Yield: six-year average at Urbana 47.2 bushels, rank 41 ; four-year average 
 at DeKalb 56.9 bushels, rank 36. 
 
 Wisconsin Wonder. (Wisconsin Pedigree No. 1). The increase of a plant 
 selection made by the Wisconsin Station from a strain of oats grown locally 
 under the name of White Bonanza. A midseason oat; grain white; panicle 
 open, spreading; straw long and resistant to lodging even when grown on rich 
 soil. Seed first obtained from L. L. Olds Seed Company, Madison, Wis., in 1915. 
 
50 BULLETIN No. 339 
 
 Yield: ten-year average at Urbana 56.5 bushels, rank 26; five-year ave 
 at DeKalb 66.4 bushels, rank 14; four-year average at Alhambra 21.4 bus 
 rank 10.