VMOy. AIL- vHf. L I ^ ^ i I A 't V V ‘ i A G'CJ t\ 7 ' I'Mt-'RSON /■’ '\' \ ! '■■It % \ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/howtonamebirdspo00park_0 BOOKS BY H. E. PARKHURST SONG BIRDS AND WATERFOWL. Illustrated by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. l2mo, net $1.50 THE BIRDS’ CALENDAR. With 24 Illustrations. 12mo, net, 1.50 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 1 A POCKET GUIDE TO ALL THE LAND BIRDS AND TO THE PRINCIPAL WATER FOWL NORMALLY FOUND IN THE NEW ENGLAND STATES, NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY, FOR THE USE OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS BY H. E. PARKHURST NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 1898 Copyright, 1898, by CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS TROW DIRECTORY PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY NEW YORK. SITINER "?Z'R,'^ yj i-n ;>i o 4 TO ALL BIRD LOVERS ...\ o ^«v# HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS HIS little work is a new departure in bird- classification, to aid the field-ornithologist in determining an unknown species. It is in no sense a rival of the excellent manuals on the subject now extant, but is rather an in- troduction to their more general use. One of the great obstacles to a wider study of orni- thology is the helplessness of the beginner, especially when studying by himself, to identify his specimens. If he takes up one of the standard authorities, he is con- fronted by a ponderous volume of four hundred to eight hundred pages, describing some hundreds of species of all sorts, sizes, and colors, most confusedly mingled. Moreover, many of the details of bird-anatomy, always given in ornithological manuals, are utterly invisible at field-range, and such multiplicity of data, unsystemat- ically arranged as they commonly are, hinders a quick and clear idea of the species that is being described ; on the other hand, those aspects that constantly appeal to the observer — color, size, and periods of appearance — have no place in the current scheme of classification. As a result, species only to be seen months apart, and I 2 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS Utterly unlike in size and color, are described almost side by side on the same page ; diminutive kinglets, smaller than the chipping sparrow, and seen only in winter, are brought strangely close to summer robins and thrushes, and the microscopic humming-bird has to fraternize with the nighthawk and the woodpecker. This is not said in disparagement of scientific classification, but to call attention to its inadequacy for the needs of one who prosecutes the study from an entirely different stand- point, as is the case with the great majority of field-ob- servers. It is to be remembered that one will be led up to a systematic and exhaustive study of this subject only through the more attractive discoveries in out-door explo- ration. Having determined his species from this guide,’’ he will naturally refer to some standard man- ual for its interesting details of life-history, of which only an outline is here given. As regards the times when the various birds can be found in a given locality, they naturally fall into four quite distinct groups. The first group comprises those species that arrive from the south in spring, and remain till they return south in fall ; the second, those that come down from the north in fall, and return north in spring ; the third, those that winter in the south, and summer far north, and can therefore be seen only a few days or weeks, twice a year, in their passage to and fro ; and, in the fourth group, are such as can be seen throughout the year. This fourfold division into sum- mer, winter, migrant, and permanent groups is at the HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 3 basis of our present classification. Standing quite apart, and in every aspect perfectly distinct from all other species, are the birds of prey — eagles, hawks (and allies), and owls — forming a fifth group at the end of the book. The first four groups are subgrouped according to color. Two very common and striking colors in birds are black and yellow, which afford the basis of a fivefold color-grouping — neutral (with no strong tint), black (without yellow), yellow (without black), black and yel- low, and the remainder forming the blue or red list. The larger color-groups are further subdivided, ac- cording to conspicuous differences, so that the ultimate groups contain only from two to ten species, generally about six, in which to find the given specimen. The species of each ultimate group are arranged according to size. To enable the student to glance quickly through a number of species, their description is arranged as fol- lows : Below the name of the species is its summarized description in two parts, separated by a dash, the first describing the prevailing appearance of the upper side of the bird (with or without wings and tail, which are commonly darker), the second, that of the lower side, primarily throaty breast^ and sides ^ which are most con- spicuous. This summary is to be regarded as the pre- cise description of the entire bird, except as modified by further details. If two terms are used in either part of the summary (except streaked or spotted ’^), the first applies to the fore-part of the respective side. If 4 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS only a single term is used in the summary, it applies to both upper and under sides, as in the case of the crow, whose summary is black.” When the sum- mary contains two terms, not separated by a dash, both apply equally to upper and under sides. After the sum- mary are the descriptive details: first, the length, in inches, then the various specific points of color — above, proceeding from bill to tail ; below, from throat to rear. By this condensation, and the omission of many points usually given in books, but perfectly useless to the field-observer, the entire avifauna of the given area, excepting the migrant water-fowl, has been described in about a hundred pages. The description is that of the adult male in spring plumage, which shows the most intense color and the most characteristic markings. In fall his colors are often faded, and certain markings absent. In many species male and female are indistinguishable ; in some, as the robin, with essentially the same coloring, the female is duller, and in some the sexes are distinctly different ; in the last case the female is also described. The male usually attains full plumage in the second year, in the first spring after he is hatched ; but rarely not un- til the second spring, or even later. For a list of the few species in which the sexes have little or no resem- blance, see page 19. In these cases the female is often recognizable by being in the company of the male. In a few other species the female shows restricted mark- ings, chiefly on head and neck. But such instances are HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 5 exceptional. In all species the male seems to be chiefly in evidence, and, in general, his spring plumage suffices to identify both sexes throughout the year. In several cases the same species has been put into more than one list ; as where a characteristic color is very inconspicuous, or where a tint is ambiguous. One might see the cat-bird twenty times without detecting the red under tail-coverts ; and the blotch on the song- sparrow’s breast sometimes looks black, and sometimes dark brown. A very dark color often passes for black at a distance. The various sparrows offer more difficulty than any other family of land-birds, owing to the minuteness of their distinctive markings. Yet the sparrow-garb ” is so characteristic that the student will often know his specimen to be a sparrow, long before he has determined the species. As an aid to identification, the numbers un- der which the detailed descriptions of all the sparrows are to be found, are stated collectively on page i8. Black ” includes also blackish. Under the term red ” is included every shade from chestnut to scarlet. A species showing red will often be more easily identified by referring to the red list of land and water birds, finding its detailed descrip- tion under its proper number. After the physical description, is given, in smaller type, an outline of life-history — distribution in territory (if no mention is made of this point, the species is found to a considerable extent in all the States, though not 6 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS uniformly throughout each State), character and location of nest, number of eggs, with approximate date when the first set may be found (most species have two, and a few have three, broods a year, at intervals of about five weeks), and, finally, any marked peculiarity of habit. A peculiarity either in physical appearance or in habit that is quite significant of the species, and largely to be relied upon for identification, is always in italics. The territory covered by this book is the best ornitho- logically explored region in America, viz , , the six New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jer- sey — practically all the Eastern and Middle States. The avifauna of this area is largely the same throughout, yet showing noticeable differences in different sections, since within the territory are represented three zoological areas — the Canadian (including the northern part of the States of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, the Adirondack region of New York, and the higher moun- tains of Pennsylvania), the Alleghanian (including the rest of New England, and of New York, and parts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey), and the Carolinian (overlapping the Alleghanian in southeastern New York and the valley of the lower Connecticut River, and in- cluding large portions of Pennsylvania and New Jersey). The avifaunas of these diverse areas show certain dis- tinctive features, each characterized by peculiar species, and by a greater or less abundance of such as are com- mon to the others. Thus the migrants belonging to the Canadian fauna summer only in northern New HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 7 Hampshire, etc., while southeastern New York is at once the southern boundary of those peculiar to the Al- leghanian fauna, and the northern boundary of those peculiar to the Carolinian fauna ; which explains why southeastern New York is so often referred to in stating the distribution of species. While the ornithological exploration of New York has perhaps been as thorough as that of the other States, the results have not yet been systematized and tabulated, as in New England, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. But by consulting local lists compiled in the northern, cen- tral, southeastern, and western parts of the State, with the knowledge that its avifauna is essentially Allegha- nian, and, from its situation, is almost utterly precluded from having species distinct from those of Pennsylvania, it is evident that the various portions are closely identi- cal with corresponding latitudes in New England. It is therefore to be understood that, when a New England State is named as a limit of distribution, the same is approximately true of the corresponding latitude in New York. Special attention has been given to the birds of Penn- sylvania, whose varied topography of mountain, plain, lake, and stream secures for it the richest avifauna of all the territory. The ^‘Mts. of Pa.,^’ so often alluded to in the following pages, refers to the Appalachian range — a mountainous belt two hundred miles broad (one-quar- ter of the State), running nearly north and south in the central and eastern parts, and composed of numerous 8 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS small ranges interspersed with valleys. The highest mountains seldom exceed 2,000 feet, while many por- tions of the belt are only high and rugged hills. But elevation being equivalent to northern latitude, this re- gion is largely Canadian in climate, and retains in sum- mer many species not found elsewhere, except on the northern edge ; ’ ’ on the other hand, the southern lati- tude of the lowlands induces many species to remain in winter that move southward from New England and New York in the fall. Moreover, though not a seaboard State, its large rivers and fifty-mile shore-line of Lake Erie attract many marine species in winter, and water- fowl are more largely represented throughout Pennsyl- vania than in any other State. In such a work the water-fowl must not be ignored ; yet it would not be feasible to present chis branch of our avifauna with the same thoroughness as the land division, since the majority of water-birds are simply migrants along the coast, and practically inaccessible to almost all stu- dents. It has, therefore, seemed sufficient for the pur- pose of this book to mention only those few that sum- mer within the territory, those that migrate inland, and the commonest that are found on the coast and inland during the winter. The Analytical Key is indispensable for quickly crac ing a species to its proper number. It is analogous to any botanical key, and is prefaced by full directions But, to make its use perfectly understood, let us illus- trate the method of learning the name of an unknown HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 9 specimen. In winter one often sees a flock of small birds having the entire upper side of body and the breast blackish ; all beneath, except breast, white. Turning to the Key, the first direction is, to determine the color-list to which the bird belongs. Those birds that show neither black, yellow, blue, nor red, are in the neutral list; those with black (with or without red), but no yellow, are in the black list;” those with yellow, but no black, in the yellow list; ” those with black and yellow, in the black and yellow list; ” and those with blue or red (without black or yel- low), in the ‘‘blue or red list.” Our bird in ques- tion is evidently in the “black list,” on page i6. There are four of these black lists, belonging respectively to the four seasonal groups — Summer, Migrant, Winter, and Permanent, expressed by the first letter of each group, (S) (M) (W) (P). In which of these shall we look for our black and white specimen ? The directions at the beginning of the Key tell us at once, where it says : “At different seasons of the year consult the four (season) groups contained in each (color) list, in the following or- der, and the species sought will generally be found in the first or second group of each series.” We are sup- posed to have found the bird in winter, and a little farther on we find — “Nov. i to April i. Permanent, Win- ter, Summer, Migrant.” We are therefore likely to find our specimen in the Permanent or in the Winter Group under “Black Lists.” Referring thereunder to (P), we see that Nos. 231-242 comprise all that have black, lO HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS but no yellow nor red. Immediately below, these are subdivided — ‘‘Nos. 231-238: black throughout, or with conspicuous black head -markings.” It cannot be here. The next subdivision says, “ Nos. 239-242 : no evident black on head.” Not here. The next subdivision says, “Nos. 243-250: showing black and red, but no yellow. ” It is not here. Therefore we turn to the next group, ac- cording to direction — the Winter group — and we read : “Nos. 187-194: showing black, but no yellow nor red.” As this accords, we turn to No. 187, and read the summarized description of that and of succeeding numbers. Going rapidly through the list, nothing agrees until we reach “ 191 : Snow-bird: slaty black — black and white.” All the details agree perfectly, and, with only the color to guide us, we have learned the name and principal life-habits of the species. If all the details of color (and in very many cases if only the principal details) are noted, there is not a single species belonging to the entire area that cannot be traced to its proper number through this Key. And even if one has failed to see some characteristic color that is inconspicuous, it has been so arranged that he may proceed upon his false assumption, and he will be led up to the same name as though he had seen every detail. At first glance it might seem that the amount of subdivision in the Key would make it intricate and more difficult to use. On the contrary, it will be found to simplify rather than to complicate the labor, by enabling one to trace every name with the greatest possible directness. After its use HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS II has been mastered, the majority of species, when fairly seen, can be identified in a few minutes. To identify a bird by this or by any other method, it is of course necessary to have a distinct view of it, and to note its chief markings, which are commonly on head and breast. Wing-bars and tail-spots are also sometimes diagnostic ; learn to estimate its approximate length, using for standards of measurement the crow (20 inches), robin (10 inches), and English sparrow (6 inches). Ob- serve the bird in as many different positions as possible, and from the sunward side; and, first of all, become perfectly familiar with the different areas of a bird^s body, as illustrated in the following charts. With a good opera-glass the characteristic rnarks of even the smallest specimens can be clearly seen ; and the use of a glass has the additional advantage of giv- ing a good view at much longer range, whereby the birds are not frightened, and can be observed longer. N. E. means New England States ; N. Y., New York; N. J., New Jersey; Pa., Pennsylvania; ‘‘northern edge ’’ means the northern part of Maine, of New Hamp- shire, and of Vermont, with the Adirondacks (Ad’r’ks) of New York; “southern edge,'’ the southern boundary- line of Pennsylvania and of New Jersey; S. E. N. Y., southeastern New York, where Alleghanian and Caro- linian faunas join; “above" means the bird’s upper side, including wings and tail; “below,’’ its under side; $ is the usual sign for male; $ for female; fig- ures always refer to a bird’s proper number, under 12 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS which it is described, and not to a page, unless so stated. The color of the bill is not diagnostic, except where it is involved in the name of the bird (as black-billed and yellow -billed cuckoos), or where it is very large and conspicuous, as in the sea-swallow. The following list comprises only those that are nor- mally found within the territory, as regular summer or winter visitants, as migrants, or as permanent species. The book would only be enlarged, and its helpfulness would not be materially increased, by inserting those that occur only casually and at long intervals, as strag- glers from the far west or south. It is possible that a very few species here given, whose exact status it is dif- ficult to learn, should be regarded as casual rather than normal. As a fact of interest to the more advanced ornithol- ogist, it may be said that the various areas in which ev- ery species may be looked for at different seasons of the year have never before been so fully presented as in this book, in the descriptive details taken in connection with the several supplementary lists at the close of the four great Groups. Acknowledgments are due, for such data as personal observation could not furnish, to W. A. Stearns’s New England Bird Life” (edited by Dr. Elliott Coues), Minot’s ‘‘Land and Game Birds of New England,” Merriam’s “Birds of the Adirondack Region” (Bull. N. O. C., VI.), Gilbert’s “The Rarer Birds of Western HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 13 New York^’ (^Forest and Stream^ YII.), Fowler’s Birds of Central New York” (Forest and Stream, VI., XIL), Warren’s voluminous ‘‘Birds of Pennsyl- vania,” Stone’s “Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey,” and Dr. Coues’s great work, “Key to North American Birds.” Map showing area expressly covered by this book, which is also essentially accurate for all the P^astern and Middle States. Median Crown Line Forehead Bill (Mandibles) HIND -NECK HIND-HEAD CROWN NAPE SHOULDER TAIL {barred) EDGE of WING DISTINCTIVE AREAS OF A BIRD’S BODY. N. K. — Unless otherwise specified, back includes interscapulars and rump. cinder 7hil Coverts Crest Erectile Crown Feathers Side of Breast Maxillary Line Superciliary Line, E^e Riny Under Winy Coverts Side of Body Chin Throat Upper Breast Lower Breast DISTINCTIVE AREAS OF A BIRD’S BODY. N. B. — Unless otherwise specified, throat includes chin, breast includes throat, and abdomen includes rear. “Side ’’ means side of body. Forked VARIOUS FORMS OF TAIL. ANALYTICAL KEY To find any land-bird — except ‘‘a bird of prey,” Nos. 275-302, or a permanent ‘‘ game-bird,” Nos. 259-263 — first determine to which of the five following (color) Lists it be- longs. At different seasons of the year consult the four (season) Groups contained in each List, in the following order ^ and the species sought will generally be found in the first or second group of each series. (The dates and series of Groups are approximately correct for the whole territory. A very few species of summer and migrant birds arrive in March, especially in southern part of territory.) April I to June i. Summer, Migrant, Permanent, Winter. June I to September i. Summer, Permanent, Migrant, Winter. September i to November i, Summer, Migrant, Permanent, Winter. November i to April i. Permanent, Winter, Summer, Migrant. The list of occasional ” species (occurring out of proper season), found at the end of each Group, should be reserved until the Group is reached to which they properly belong. Thus, April i — June i, the Summer, Migrant, and Per- manent Groups should be examined before the list of winter birds occasionally found in summer,” which is at the end of Summer Group. The groups are indicated by the first letter of each name : (S) Summer, (M) Migrant, (W) Winter, (P) Perma- nent. 15 i6 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS NEUTRAL LISTS. Showing no Black, Yellow, Blue, nor Red. (S) Nos. 1-29. * Nos. 1-9 : Breast whitish, dark-spotted or streaked. * * Nos. 10-20; Above, brownish or variegated; below (except Nos. 12 and 13), not spotted. ^ * * Nos. 21-29 : Above, somewhat olivaceous. (M) Nos. 149-1 55 ; All but the last two have breast dark-spotted. (W) Nos. 180-186. (P) Nos. 227-230. BLACK LISTS. April i to June i, (S), (M), (P), (W). June i to Sept, i, (S), (P), (M), (W). Sept, i to Nov. i, (S), (M), (P), (W). Nov. I TO April i, (P), (W), (S), (M). Showing Black, but no Yellow. (S) H Nos. 30-55 : Showing blacky but no yellow nor red. t Nos. 30-39 ; Above and below, quite or nearly alike. Nos. 30-34 : Entirely or (32, 34) nearly black throughout. No. 35 : Slate, with black crown and tail. Nos. 36, 37 : Ashy gray above, white or whitish below. Nos. 38, 39 : Prevalent blue. I t Nos. 40-55 ; Above and below not uniform. * Nos. 40-44 : Head black- striped. * * Nos. 45-55 : Head not black-striped. t Nos. 45-49 ; Entire under side white (whitish) or black. t t Nos. 50-55 : Entire under side not white nor black. 5f 51 Nos. 56-70: Showing black ai^t> red, but no yellow. * Nos. 56-64 ; Red on breast. * * Nos. 65-70 : No red on breast. ANALYTICAL KEY 17 (M) 51 Nos. 156-161 : Showing blacky but no yellow NOR RED. 5[ 5F Nos. 162-164: Showing black but no yellow. (W)1[ Nos. 187-194: Showing black, but no yellow IT IT Nos. 195-199: Showing black Knv> "KiS), but no yellow. (P) IT Nos. 231-242 : Showing blacky but no yellow NOR red. ^ Nos. 231-238 : Black throughout, or with conspicuous black head-markings. * * Nos. 239-242 : No evident black on head. ITU Nos. 243-250 ; Showing black and red, but no yellow. YELLOW LISTS. April i to June i, (S), (M), (P), (W). June i to Sept, i, (S), (P), (M), (W). Sept, i to Nov. i, (S), (M), (P), (W), Nov. 1 TO April i, (P), (W), (S), (M). Showing Yellow, but no Black. (S) Nos. 71-86. * Nos. 71-77 : With bright yellow on throat and breast. * * Nos. 78-86 : Without bright yellow on both throat and breast (or on neither). (M) Nos. 165-167. (W) None. (P) No. 251. BLACK AND YELLOW LISTS. April i to June i, (S), (M), (P), (W). June i to Sept. 1, (S), (P), (M), (W). Sept, i to Nov. i, (S), (M), (P), (W). Nov. I TO April i, (P), (W), (S), (M). Showing both Black and Yellow. (S) Nos. 87-106. * Nos. 87-92 : Black and yellow on breast. * * Nos. 93-97 : Breast pure yellow (or (97) black bor- dered). * * * Nos. 98 -106: No yellow on breast. (M) Nos. 168-175. * Nos. 168-172 : Throat and breast black (or ashy) and yel- low, or pure yellow. i8 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS * * Nos. 173-175 : Throat scarlet or white. (W) Nos. 200-202. (P) Nos. 262-257. BLUE OR RED LISTS. April i to June i, (S), (M), (P), (W). June i to Sept, i, (S), (P), (M), (W). Sept, i to Nov. i, (S), (M), (P), (W). Nov. I TO April i, (P), (W), (S), (M). Showing one or both of these Colors, but no Black nor Yellow. (S) Nos. 107-118. (M) Nos. 176, 177. (W) Nos. 203-205. (P) No. 258. RED LIST OF LAND AND WATER BIRDS, in classified order ^ pp, 99-1 02. PERMANENT GAME BIRDS. Nos. 259-263. SPARROW LIST. Nos. 6, 7, 8, 68, 69, 70, 79, 81, 105, 106, 162, 158, 173, 183, 198, 241, 250 (273, 274, only migrant on N. J. coast). BIRDS FOUND ONLY IN N. Y., PA., OR N. J. Nos. 264-274. WATER BIRDS. (S) Nos. 119-148: In subgroups according to habitat. (M) Nos. 178,179: Having inland migration. (W) Nos. 206-226. * Nos. 206-2Q9 : The commonest on coast and in interior in winter. ANALYTICAL KEY 19 * ^ Nos. 210-226: Regularly and not uncommonly on coast, and on larger rivers of Pa. and N. J., in winter. LISTS OF OCCASIONAL SPECIES, normal to territory^ but found out of proper season. Winter birds found regularly or occasionally in summer ; p. 53. Summer and Migrant birds occasionally found in winter ; p. 82. SPECIAL LISTS FOR PA. AND N. J. Summer birds that are only Migrant in Pa. or N. J. ; p. 72. Summer and Migrant birds that are permanent in Pa. or N. J. ; p. 96- Summer and Migrant birds found (in winter) only in Pa. or N. J. ; p. 82. Migrant birds found regularly or occasionally in summer in Pa. ; p. 54. BIRDS OF PREY. Eagles — Nos. 275, 276. Hawks (and Allies) — Nos. 277-291. Owls — Nos. 292-302.. In the following species the sexes have little or no resemblance. (Proper number precedes, length follows, the name. ) 65. Red-winged Blackbird ; 9. 195. Pine Grosbeak ; 8-9. 59. Rose-breasted Grosbeak; 8-8^. 67. Towhee Bunting; 8-8^. 88 . Baltimore Oriole; 7>^-8. 114. Summer Tanager; 61. Scarlet Tanager ; 7^. 20 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 49. Bobolink; 7^. 32. Cow-bird; 7^. 62. Orchard Oriole ; 7. 38. Blue Grosbeak ; 6^-7. 115. Purple Finch ; 6. 196. Common Crossbill; 6. 197. White-winged Crossbill; 6. 39. Indigo-bird; 5^. 63. Redstart; 5^. 161. Black-throated Blue Warbler ; 5. 256. American Goldfinch ; 4^. SUMMER GROUP. LAND-BIRDS. Comprising those species that arrive from the south in spring, breed more or less generally throughout the terri- tory, and retire southward in the fall. The earliest arrivals are about the middle of March, and the latest departures about the end of October. NEUTRAL LIST. Nos. 1-29. Showing no Black, Yellow, Blue, nor Red. * Nos. 1-9 : Breast whitish^ dark-spotted or streaked. 1. THRASHER: BROWN THRUSH. Tawny Whitish, dark-spotted. II. Wings, white-barred ; tail, quite long ; below, whitish, thickly marked with brown, except on throat, rear, and un- der tail-coverts. Nest, more or less of sticks, cedar-bark, dead leaves, etc., in bush or on ground ; eggs, last of May, 4-5, whitish or greenish, thickly brown-speckled ; song, incoherent, like cat-bird’s. 2. WOOD THRUSH : SONG THRUSH. Tawny Whitish, dark-spotted. 7 Yz-Z. Above, forepart soft reddish-brown, becoming olive on ru7np^ tail^ and end of wings ; below, white, buff-tinged 21 22 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS on breast ; breast and sides, strongly spotted with dark brown. Abundant from southern edge to Mass. ; nest, of grass, twigs, moss, with inner layer of mud lined with rootlets, not far from ground ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, greenish-blue ; fine singer. 3, WILSON’S THRUSH: VEERY. Tawny Buff-white, spotted. J-yyi. Above, tawny throughout j throat and breast, buff-white, breast faintly spotted with light brown; sides and abdomen, white. From northern mts. of Pa. and northern part of N. J. northward ; rare on northern edge, locally common in Ad’r’ks ; winters rarely in S. Pa. ; nest, of grass, leaves, roots, etc., without mud, usually on ground ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, light greenish-blue ; good singer. 4. LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH. Dark olive-brown Whitish, dark-spotted. 6. Superciliary line, whitish ; below, throat and rear, pure white ; rest, buff-tinged (never sulphury-yellow), sparsely spotted with pale brown. North to southern Conn, (and in southern Ad’r’ks) ; rarely beyond, very rare in N. J. ; habits, nest, and eggs, as in 5. WATER THRUSH: WATER WAGTAIL. Dark olive-brown Whitish, dark-spotted. 5)^-6. Superciliary line, whitish; below, whitish, or pale sulphury-yellow, sharply and thickly spotted, except on rear. Nest, on or near ground, in damp places, or near water ; eggs, early in June, 4-6 white, spotted with brown and lilac ; walks ^ with teetering tail ; fair singer ; in N. J. only migrant. SUMMER GROUP NEUTRAL LIST 23 6. VESPER SPARROW: GRASS FINCH. Grayish-brown, dark-streaked White, streaked. 6. No median crown-line ; whitish superciliary line and eye-ring ; patch on wing, chestnut ; outer tail-feather white ; below, white, often buffy ; breast and sides, dark- streaked. Nest, on ground ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, diversely colored ; in open fields, by roadsides, etc. ; a pleasing singer ; winters rarely in S. Pa. and N. J. 7. SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. Olive-brown, streaked Brownish-white, streaked. 5^. Light median crown-line; long superciliary line, rich buff or orange-brown ; breast, strongly dark-streaked. In salt marshes of sea-coast ; nest, in tussock of grass by water ; eggs, grayish white, evenly spotted ; abundant species. 8 . LINCOLN’S SPARROW. Grayish-brown, streaked Whitish, streaked. 5 Crown darker, with median and lateral ashy stripes ; below, white, with distinct brownish-yellow band across breast, sides tinged with same ; entire under side, except abdomen, dark-streaked. From Conn, northward ; rather rare ; nest, on ground ; eggs, about May ist, 4-5, color variable ; sings freely. 9. HENSLOW’S SPARROW. Buff-brown, dark-streaked Buff-whitish, streaked. 5 . See 105, * * Nos. 10-20: Above y brownish or variegated ; below {ex- cept Nos. 12 and 13), not spotted. 24 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 10. BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. Brownish-gray White. II-I2. 45. 11. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Brownish-gray White. II-I 2 . See 98. 12. WHIPPOORWILL. Mottled with various quiet colors. Prevailing tone, grayish-brown, from mingling of black, gray, and reddish-brown ; end of outer tail-feathers, white ; tail, rounded j throat, white ; 2 has throat and tips of tail-feathers tawny. No nest ; about June ist 2 eggs are laid on ground or in a depres- sion, creamy, spotted variously ; a nocturnal species. 13. NIGHT-HAWK. Mottled with various quiet colors. 9. General appearance same as of whippoorwill ; white patch on wing ; tail, einarginate and white-spotted. No nest; about June ist 2 eggs are laid on ground, rock, or flat roof, variable in tints and markings ; seen mostly high in air at dusk, early evening, or in cloudy day ; booming sound at dusk in June. 14. FIELD SPARROW. Light brown, dark-streaked Brownish-white. 5J^. 5^^ 70. 15. GREAT CAROLINA WREN. Reddish-brown Rusty-white. 5;^ -6. Long, prominent, whitish superciliary line ; wings and tail, dark-barred. A southerly species ; rarely north to Mass. ; “ permanent ” in Pa. and N. J. ; nest, of various materials, in hole, nook of building, or shrubbery ; eggs, 6-7, white, spotted with various tints. SUMMER GROUP — NEUTRAL LIST 25 16. LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN. Brown Brownish-white. 5-5^. Above, brown, unbarred; crown, dark; whitish superciliary line ; middle of back, black, white-streaked ; tail (and wings somewhat), barred ; below, central part of breast nearly white ; deeply shaded with brown on sides. North to Mass. ; nest, of woven rushes and mud, lined with hair, attached to waving reeds ; eggs, last of May, 6-10, dark chocolate- brown ; fine architect ; in fresh and salt marshes ; somewhat grega- rious ; winters rarely in S. N. J. 17. SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN. Brown Brownish-white. 4}^, Above, blackish-brown, white-streaked ; whitish superciliary line ; tail (and wings somewhat), barred. Mass, and southward ; rare in Pa. ; only rare migrant in N. J. , where it occasionally winters in southern part ; nest differs from that of “ long-billed” in being without mud, and sometimes in tussock of grass ; eggs, last of May, 6-8, white, unmarked ; somewhat gregari- ous. IS. HOUSE WREN. Dark wren-brown Light brown. 4/^-S/^- Obscure superciliary line ; finely waved through- out with blackish-brown ; tail, erect. Nest, of miscellaneous materials, in hole ; eggs, June ist, 6-9, pinkish-white, speckled throughout ; fine singer. 19. BANK SWALLOW. Dull brown White. 5. Band across breast, dull brown. Nest, a horizontal hole in sand-bank, about 2 ft. deep, enlarged at inner end, which is lined with soft material ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5 » pure white. 26 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 20. ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. Dull brown Whitish. 5. Darker across breast ; differs from bank swallow in having a series of hooks on outer web of first wing-feather, serrate in appearance, invisible at distance. Nest, not in sand-bank, but in cavities of fence, house, and the like ; eggs, 4-6, pure white ; apparently rare. * * * Nos. 21-29 : Above ^ somewhat olivaceous. 21. OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. Dark olive-brown Whitish, streaked. 7//^. Upper mandible, black; lower, yellowish ; crown- feathers, erectile and darker ; wings and tail, darker ; tail, emarginate ; below, breast peculiarly streaked with olive- brown tint ; remainder, including middle line of breast, white or yellowish. Breeds from Conn, northward ; nest, unpretentious, at quite a dis- tance from ground ; eggs, early in June, 5, white, or whitish, spotted. 22. PHCEBE. Dull olive-brown Whitish. 7. Bill, all black ; crown-feathers, erectile and darker; tail, emarginate ; below, white, clouded with tint of upper side. Quite generally distributed ; nest, under eaves, and in similar places, prettily made of grass and mud, stuccoed with moss, and lined ; often 3 broods ; eggs, early in May, 5, usually pure white ; constantly flirts tail; an early spring arrival. 23. PEWEE. Olive-brown Light ash. 6-6 Wings and tail, darker ; see 51. SUMMER GROUP NEUTRAL LIST 27 24 . ACADIAN FLYCATCHER. Olive-green Whitish. Crown-feathers, erectile and darker ; yellowish eye-ring ; wing-markings, yellowish-white ; breast, clouded with tint of upper side, but mterrupted by tniddle whitish liiLC ; posterior part, below, washed with yellow. Rarely north to Conn. ; nest, in trees ; eggs, 2-4, creamy white, strongly marked. 25. TRAILL’S FLYCATCHER. Olive-green Ashy. 5^-6. Crown-feathers, erectile and darker; wing-bars, gray ; breast, entirely shaded with olive-gray. Breeds from Conn, northward ; nest, near ground, in damp places ; eggs, 2-4, creamy white, strongly marked ; note, ke-wink, uttered slowly. 26. LEAST FLYCATCHER. Olive-green Ashy. 5-5 Crown-feathers, erectile and darker ; wing-bars, gray ; breast, clouded with olive-gray. Particularly abundant in N. E. ; nest, in tree ; eggs, early in June, 4-5, pure white, rarely spotted ; note, se-wic, uttered quickly. 27. SOLITARY VIREO: BLUE-HEADED VIREO. Olive-green White. Head, bluish ash ; eye-rhig and line to bilU white ; 2 white wing-bars ; sides, olive-shaded ; under tail-coverts, slightly yellow. Generally distributed, but more abundant in northern than in southern N. E., and only migrant in N. J. ; nest, pensile and artistic, not far from ground ; eggs, about June ist, 3-4, white, with fine red- dish dots. 28 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 28. WARBLING VIREO. Mouse-color White. 5. Whitish superciliary line ; below, sides tinged with shade of back. Nest, pensile, higher than “red-eye’s,” “from 20 to 60 ft,” in poplar, elm, or buttonwood tree ; eggs, about June ist, 4-5, white, brown-spotted ; found especially in trees along roadway ; a wayside warbler. 29. PHILADELPHIA VIREO. Mouse-color White. Indistinguishable, at field-range, from warbling vireo ; differs in having extra quill in wing, and somewhat distinct song ; in Pa. and N. J. it is only a rare migrant. BLACK LIST. Nos. 30-55 : Showing blacky but no yellow nor red. t Nos. 30-39 : Above and below quite or nearly alike. Nos. 30-34 : Entirely or (32, 34) nearly black through- out. No. 35 : Slate, with black crown and tail. Nos. 36, 37 ; Ashy gray above, white or whitish below. Nos. 38, 39 : Prevalent blue, 30. FISH CROW. Black. 14-16. Like common crow, but smaller. Along coast, north to Conn., rarely beyond ; along larger rivers of Pa. ; nesting like common crow ( 332 ) ; piscivorous. SUMMER GROUP — BLACK LIST 29 SI. PURPLE CRACKLE: CROW BLACKBIRD. Iridescent black. 12-13. Iridescent with green and purple ; eye, creamy ; $ smaller, blackish-brown, and more or less lustrous. Breeds throughout, but more abundant northerly ; gregarious/ nest, large and coarse, commonly with mud, m bush or tree, the lat- ter usually evergreen; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, very variable ; one of first to arrive in spring ; winters rarely in S. Pa. and S. N. J. 32. COW-BIRD: COW BLACKBIRD. Iridescent black. Head and neck, dark chocolate ; % , smaller, brown throughout, lighter below. Polygamous, parasitic, and gregarious ; eggs, laid in nests of other birds from April on, probably 4-5, apparently irregularly, white, finely speckled with brown and pale lilac. 33. PURPLE MARTIN. Lustrous blue-black. 7. $ Duller above, somewhat whitish below, with dark- gray streaks. Nest, formerly in tree-holes, now in boxes, etc., like white-breasted swallow ; eggs, 4-5, in May, pure white. 34. CHIMNEY SWIFT: CHIMNEY SWALLOW. Blackish (sooty brown). 5. Throat, gray ; wings, black ; below, lighter. Nest, of twigs glued together with the bird’s saliva, and attached to interior of chimneys ; remote from human habitation it nests in hollow trees, where possibly it sometimes hibernates ! eggs, 4, pure white. 30 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 35. CAT-BIRD. Slate, black Slate. 8^-9. Crown and tail, black ; see 66 . 36. MOCKING-BIRD. Ashy-gray White . 9-10. Wings and tail, blackish, conspicuously spotted with white ; outer tail-feathers, pure white. A southern species, rarely summering in Northeastern States, and has been found there in winter ; nest, clumsy, not far from ground ; eggs, 4-6, bluish-green, thickly spotted. 37. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. Ashy-gray Whitish . 8-9. Forehead, black, continuous with black stripe through eye ; wings and tail, black, white-spotted ; below, white, clouded, but not ‘‘ waved,’^ as in butcher-bird (187). A southern species, but locally in Pa. and N. J., and very rarely breeding north to N. E. ; nest, simple ; eggs, like those of butcher- bird. 38. BLUE GROSBEAK. Dark blue and black. Around base of bill, wings, and tail, black ; 2 chestnut wing-bars ; ? , smaller, brown above, lighter be- low, brownish-white wing-bars. Breeds sparingly in S. Pa. , north of which it is possibly only a straggler ; no record in N. J. ; nest, in bush or low tree ; eggs, 4-5, pale blue, unspotted. SUMMER GROUP BLACK LIST 31 39. INDIGO-BIRD. Indigo-blue and blackish. 5^. Blue most intense on head ; wings and tail, blackish ; ? brown above, lighter below, slightly streaked. Breeds throughout, rarer north of Mass.; nest, rather large, in bush ; eggs, last of May, 4-5, white or blue-tinged, rarely marked. t t Nos. 40-55 : Above and below not uniform, ^ Nos. 40-44 : With head black-striped. 40. RED-EYED VIREO. Olive-green White. 6 - 6 ^ 5 ^. Crown, ashy, edged with black stripe ; whitish su- perciliary line ; dark eye-stripe ; red eye ; below, sides yellow-shaded. Nest, pensile, often showing pine-needles, pieces of paper and of wasp's nest ; eggs, about June ist, 3-5, pure white, red-tinged and spotted at larger end ; a bright song throughout summer in woods. 41. OVEN-BIRD; GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH. Rich olive White, dark-spotted. Crown, buff-orange, bordered with black; throat, white ; breast, blackish-spotted. Nest, on ground, of leaves and grasses, lined with hair, roofed over ; eggs, about June ist, 4-6, cream-white, marked ; walks on ground. 42. WORM-EATING WARBLER. Greenish-olive Buff. Head, buff, and with 4 black stripes, 2 bordering crown, 2 through eyes ; rear, whitish. North rarely to Conn., in N. J. chiefly in southern part ; nest, on ground ; eggs, 4-5, pure white, finely spotted. 32 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 43. BLACK-AND-WHITE CREEPER. Black, streaked with white. 5-5 Top of head, black-and-white striped ; below, whiter than above. Nest, of grass, leaves, moss, delicately lined ; eggs, about June ist, 4-6, creamy white, dark-spotted ; always creeping on trunk and branches. 44. BLUE-GRAY GNAT-CATCHER. Ashy-blue White. 4>^-5. Forehead and superciliary line, black ; tail, black and white (outermost feathers entirely white) ; ? head with- out black. North to S. E. N. Y. and in western N. Y.; rare, except locally ; nest, elegant, covered with lichens, cup-shaped, 10-60 ft. from ground ; remarkably active and voluble. * * Nos. 45-55 : Without black stripe on head. t Nos. 45-49 : Entire under side white {^whitish) or black, 45. BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. Brownish-gray White. 11-12. Bill, black; eye-ring, red; outer tail-feathers, white-tipped (subtipped with black) ; breast, sometimes slightly tinged with light brown. Throughout, but the more northerly of the two species ; nest, rather crude, not far from ground ; eggs, early in June, 4-8, green- ish, laid irregularly. 46. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Brownish-gray White . 1 1 -1 2. Bill ^ largely yellow ; see 08 . SUMMER GROUP BLACK LIST 33 47 . KING-BIRD: BEE-MARTIN. Blackish-gray White. 8. Crown, black, with erectile feathers, tipped with orange (seldom seen at field-range) ; wings, slightly brown ; tail, black, broadly white-tipped j breast, cloudy. Nest, rather large and compact ; eggs, about June ist, 4 - 6 , white, creamy, or rosy, variously marked ; on telegraph-wires and similar conspicuous places. 47a. PHGEBE. Dull olive-brown Whitish. 7 . Blackish crown ; see 22. 48. WHITE-BREASTED SWALLOW. Lustrous dark green, blackish White. 6. Wings and tail, blackish ; otherwise, above, lustrous green. Nest, in martin-box, or similar cavity, rarely in tree-hole ; eggs, 4 - 5 , pure white. 49. BOBOLINK: RICE-BIRD. Black and white Black. . Hind neck, buff ; shoulders, rump, and upper tail- coverts, white ; middle of back, streaked ; otherwise, black ; $ , above, yellowish-brown, dark-streaked, wings and tail dark ; median and superciliary lines and under parts, brownish-yellow. Breeds throughout, less common in Pa., only migrant in S. N. J. ; nest, on ground, in field or meadow ; eggs, latter part of May, 4 - 5 , white, variously tinged and spotted ; eccentric, beautiful in plumage and song. t t Nos. 50-55 : Entire under side neither white nor black. 34 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 50. BELTED KINGFISHER. Ashy-blue, black Blue, white. i2>i. Crested; see 107. 50». UPLAND PLOVER. Blackish, variegated Pale rufous, black-streaked. 12. A water-bird ; see 119 . 50^. WHIPPOORWILL Mottled with black, gray, and reddish brown. See 12. 50C. NIGHT-HAWK. Mottled with quiet colors. 9. See 13. 50d. OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. Dark olive-brown Whitish, streaked. Crown, wings, and tail, blackish ; see 21. 51. PEWEE. Olive-brown Light ash. 6-6^. Crown feathers, erectile and darker; wings and tail, blackish ; 2 white wing-bars ; tail, emarginate ; below, throat and abdomen dull yellowish-white ; breast and sides, clouded with tint of upper side. Nest, artistic ; eggs, middle of June, 4-5, buff or creamy, with large spots of lilac and reddish-brown ; note, pe-u-wee or pe-wee, 52. FIELD SPARROW. Light brown, black-streaked, crown reddish Brownish- white. SYz- See 70, SUMMER GROUP BLACK LIST 35 53. SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. Olive-brown, streaked Brownish-white, blackish-streaked. SVz- See 7 . 53a. LINCOLN’S SPARROW. Grayish-brown, streaked Whitish, dark-streaked. 5 X* See 8 . 54. HENSLOW’S SPARROW. Buff-brown, black-streaked Buff-white, streaked. 5. Crown, blackish ; edge of wing, yellow ; see 105. 54 a. LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN. Brown Brownish-white. 5-5^* Crown and interscapulars, blackish ; see 16. 54^. SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN. Brown Brownish-white. 4^. Crown and back, blackish ; see 17. 54 c. HOUSE WREN. Dark wren-brown Light brown. “ Waved” with blackish; see 18. 55. CCERULEAN WARBLER. Azure-blue, black-streaked White, blue-streaked. 4^. Bill, black ; wings and tail, blackish ; 2 white wing- bars ; nearly all tail-feathers white-spotted ; below, pure white, except blue-black streaks on breast and sides. Breeds occasionally in mts. of Pa. and northward to S. E. N. Y. ; in N. J. only a rare migrant ; nest, delicate, 20-50 ft. from ground ; eggs, 4, creamy-white, strongly marked with reddish-brown ; a rare and beautiful species. 36 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS ^ Nos. 56-70 ; Showing black and red, but no yellow. * Nos. 56-64: IVith red on breast, 56« MOURNING DOVE. Grayish-blue Purplish-red . 12. Bill, black; eye, red; black spot on side of head ; neck, iridescent ; shoulders, black-spotted ; ends of wings and middle tail-feathers, black ; outer tail-feathers, black and white ; throat and breast, purplish-red ; abdomen, lighter ; sides, grayish-blue ; essentially like wild pigeon, but smaller ; ? has red of breast replaced by grayish. Breeds northward to southern edge of Mass, and on southern edge of Ad’r’ks, but found irregularly and in small flocks ; sometimes seen in winter, and permanent in several counties of Pa. and in S. N. J. ; nest, on ground or in bush ; eggs, in May, 2, pure white. 57. ROBIN. Dark olive-gray Bright chestnut. 9-10. Bill, yellow ; head, black, slightly white-spotted ; tail, blackish, end of outer feathers, white ; chin, white, black-streaked ; throat, breast, and sides, bright chestnut ; under tail-coverts, white. Nest, of three layers, outside of coarse vegetable material, the middle of mud, finely lined, in all sorts of places, chiefly in trees ; eggs, latter part of April, 4-5, greenish-blue ; permanent in N. J. 58. CARDINAL GROSBEAK. Vermilion. 8^. Bill, coral red ; black around base of bill ; crested ; $ , very much faded. Northward, rarely to Conn , permanent in S. Pa. and N. J ; nest, in bush or tree, near ground, often near water, rather coarse ; eggs, white, brown-spotted ; a favorite cage-bird. SUMMER GROUP — BLACK LIST 37 59. ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. Black and white Carmine and white. 8-8^. Head, entire neck, and interscapulars, pure black ; rump, white ; wings and tail, black, with white markings ; breast and under wing-coverts, rich rosy red ; otherwise, below, white ; carmine requires 2 or 3 years for perfec- tion ; ? , above, flaxen-brown ; below, white ; dark-streaked throughout; median and superciliary lines, whitish ; dark eye-stripe ; wings and tail, unmarked ; breast, sometimes saffron. Breeds in W. Pa., N. N. J., and northward, but rarer north of Mass. ; nest, in tree or shrubbery ; eggs, about June ist, 3-4, green- ish, spotted ; handsome and a fine singer. 60. BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Black and orange. 7J^-8. See 88 . 61. SCARLET TANAGER. Scarlet and black Scarlet. Entirely scarlet, except black wings and tail; $, olive-green above, yellowish below. Rather general, but not abundant, up to northern part of N. E. and in Ad’r’ks ; nest, inartistic, in tree or thicket, not far from ground ; eggs, latter part of May, 3-5, pale greenish-blue, thickly spotted ; brilliant, but not very interesting. 62. ORCHARD ORIOLE. Black and chestnut. 7. Entire head, neck, and back, black ; rump and upper tail-coverts, chestnut ; wings, black, white-barred ; tail, black, with a little chestnut ; below, throat and upper 38 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS breast, black ; otherwise chestnut ; perfect plumage in 3 years ; 2 , above, olive-yellow, wings darker, whitish- barred ; below, yellowish ; smaller than $ . Breeds throughout, but rare in Mass, and northward ; nest, less deep and pensile than that of Baltimore oriole ; eggs, middle of June, 4-5, white, spotted. 62a. CLIFF SWALLOW. Steel-blue, blackish Chestnut. SSH. See 112. 63. REDSTART. Glossy black, flame-spotted. 5X* Black throughout, except sides of breast, patches on wings, and basal half of tail, which are flame-colored ; abdomen, white ; ? , greenish above, whitish below, pale yellow in place of flame-color of $ . Nest, compact and well-made, in fork of low tree or bush; eggs, June ist, 4-5, white, strongly spotted ; has peculiar dash and vigor, with a characteristic sharp note. 64. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. Black, white-marked Orange. See 97. * * Nos. 65-70 : IVifk no red 07t breast, 65. RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. Black. 9. Shoulders, scarlet, bordered by brownish-yellow to whitish ; otherwise iridescent black ; ? , smaller ; above, dark ; below, whitish, thickly streaked. Nest, in swamps, on ground or low bush ; eggs, middle of May, 4-5, pale blue, somewhat marked at larger end ; in large flocks in spring and fall ; winters in S. N. J. SUMMER GROUP BLACK LIST 39 66. CAT-BIRD. Slate, black Slate. Billj crown, tail, and feet, black ; under tail-cov- erts, chestnut-red ; a little lighter below than above. Nest, with coarse exterior, lined, in bush or thicket ; eggs, latter part of May, 3-5, dark greenish-blue ; sings finely at times, but inco- herently. 67. CHEWINK: TOWHEE BUNTING. Black Black, chestnut, white. 8-8 Eye, red ; above, pure black ; outer tail-feathers, mostly white ; below, throat and upper breast, black ; sides, chestnut ; other under parts, white. $ replaces black of $ with warm brown. Breeds throughout, but rare north of Mass, ; in winter exception- ally in N. E., S. Pa. , and N. J. ; nest, on ground, often in damp places ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, white or tinged, finely spotted. 67». KING-BIRD. Blackish-gray White. 8. Erectile crown-feathers, orange-tipped ; see 47. 67b. OVEN-BIRD. Rich olive White, dark-spotted. 5/^-6X‘ Crown, buff-orange, black-bordered ; see 41. 6§. SWAMP SPARROW. Brownish, black-streaked Ashy. S/4-6. Forehead, black ; crown, chestnut ; sides of head, neck, and breast, ashy ; below, chin and abdomen nearly 40 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS white ; breast, unspotted but faintly streaked, as are the brown-shaded sides. Nest, in tussock of grass, or low in a bush, in swamps ; eggs, mid- dle of May, 4-5, white, variously tinged and spotted ; found chiefly in secluded wet lands ; has great variety of simple songs ; winters in Pa. and N. J. 68a. sharp-tailed SPARROW. Olive-brown, streaked Brownish-white, streaked. Superciliary line, rich buff; see T. 69. CHIPPING SPARROW: HAIR-BIRD. Reddish-brown , black-streaked Ashy. 5^. Bill and forehead, black; crown, chestnut; super- ciliary line, light; blackish eye-stripe; rump, ashy; 2 white wing-bars ; tail, emarginate ; no markings on ashy throat and breast. Nest, of fine vegetable material, lined with horse-hair, in low tree, bush, or vine, seldom on ground ; eggs, about June ist, 4-5, light bluish-green, dark-spotted. TO. FIELD SPARROW. Light brown, black-streaked Brownish-white. 5^. dull reddish ; crown, rufous red ; sides of head and neck^ indefinitely marked with brown ; 2 obscure whit- ish wing-bars. Not plentiful northward beyond Mass. ; more southerly than chip- ping sparrow ; nest, on ground or in low bush, in open land ; eggs, late in May, 4-5, grayish-white, thickly spattered with light reddish- brown ; pleasing but unpretentious singer ; winters in Pa. and S. N. j. SUMMER GROUP YELLOW LIST 41 YELLOW LIST. Nos. 71-86 : Showing Yellow, but no Black. * Nos. 71-77 ! With bright yellow on throat arid breast. 71. YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. Bright olive-green Rich yellow. 7. See 72. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. Olive-green Yellow. 6. Superciliary line and eye-ring, yellow ; bluish-ash on rump ; 2 white wing-bars ; abdomen and under tail-cov- erts, white. Rarely north of Mass. ; common in Ad’r’ks ; nest, pensile and elab- orate, several feet from ground ; eggs, about June ist, 4, white, spot- ted with various tints ; handsomest of vireos or “greenlets. ” 73. PINE WARBLER. Olive Yellow . 5J^-6. Superciliary line, yellow ; 2 wing-bars ; abdomen and under tail-coverts, white ; large white tail-spots ; ? . dull- er ; yellow often obscure. Breeds throughout (in Pa. in mts., and in S. N. J.) ; nest, gener- ally in pines or cedars, delicate ; eggs, in May, 4, white, spotted ; first warbler to arrive in spring ; runs along branches. 74. PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. Yellow, ashy-blue Yellow. Bill, large and black ; golden-yellow head, fading to olivaceous back ; ashy-blue rump, wings, and tail ; tail- 42 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS feathers largely white-spotted ; below, yellow, paler on ab- domen ; in fullest plumage, head sometimes orange. A southern species, extremely rare ; no record in N. J. ; nest, in holes ; prefers damp places. 75 . SUMMER YELLOW-BIRD. Golden-yellow, faintly streaked. 5. Breast, and sometimes back, streaked with orange- brown, often obscurely ; no white on tail. Nest, of fine grass and cottony material, lined with wool, hair, feath- ers, generally in low bush ; eggs, about June ist, 4-5, grayish-white, variously spotted with divers tints. 76. NASHVILLE WARBLER. Olive-green Yellow. 4>^-5. Head and neck, ashy ; inconspicuous chestnut spot on crown ; white eye-ring ; paler on abdomen ; ? has crown-spot and ash on head less noticeable. Breeds from S. E. N. Y. northward, but occasionally in mts. of Pa. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, about June ist, white, variously marked. 77. BLUE YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER: PARULA WARBLER. Ashy-blue Yellow. 4>^. Yellow spot on middle of back; white wing-bars ; tail, white-spotted ; throat and upper breast, yellow ; col- lar of rich brown across breast ; other under parts, white. $ , less bright, more indistinctly marked. Chiefly on northern edge, but locally abundant in N J. ; nest, largely of mosses, globular ; eggs, early in June, 4-5, white, spotted with reddish-brown and lilac ; a delicate species. SUMMER GROUP YELLOW LIST 43 * * Nos 78-86 : Without bright yellow on both throat and breast (or on neithef^. 78. GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Greenish-olive Dark ash, yellow. 8 >^- 9 . Crown-feathers, erectile ; tail, largely chestnut ; throat and upper breast, dark ash, passing abruptly into yellow. Throughout, but not abundant ; nest, in hole of tree, usually con- tains snake-skins ; eggs, early in June, 4-5, creamy or buff, curiously dark-streaked and spotted. 79. SEA-SIDE FINCH. Olive-brown, streaked Brownish-white, streaked . 6 . Lore, bright yellow ; edge of wing, yellow ; faintly streaked below. North to Mass., in salt marshes of coast ; not found in Pa. ; nest, in tussock of grass, near water; eggs, grayish-white, finely and evenly spotted ; abundant. 79 a; ACADIAN FLYCATCHER. Olive-green Whitish. 5^-6X- See 24. 80. YELLOW BELLIED FLYCATCHER. Olive-green Olivaceous-yellow. Eye-ring and wing-bars, yellow ; breast and sides, olivaceous-yellow ; abdomen, bright yellow. Authorities differ as to habitat of this species, the records of its nesting mostly coming from Me. and Pa. (particularly in mts.), also rarely in Ad’r’ks ; nest, in damp places, near ground ; eggs, 4-5, white, spotted ; note, ^e-a^ uttered slowly. 81. SAVANNA SPARROW. Brownish-gray, dark-streaked Whitish, dark-streaked . 5X* Faint median crown-line ; often a cast of yellow about 44 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS head ; superciliary line and edge of wing, yellowish ; no white in tail ; breast and sides, thickly dark-streaked. Breeds chiefly in N. E., only migrant in Pa. ; winters inS. Pa. and S. N. J. ; nest, rude, on ground ; eggs, early in May, 4-6, motley colored ; prefers salt marshes ; runs rapidly on ground. 82. SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. Olive-brown, streaked Brownish-white, streaked. 5 ^. Superciliary rich buff line ; see 7. 83. WHITE-EYED VIREO. Bright olive-green White. 5 . Eye, white ; eye-ring, 2 wing-bars, sides of breast, and under tail-coverts, yellow. Nest, in low tree or bush, very near ground, often of newspaper, or strips of hornet’s or wasp’s nest; eggs, ]une ist, 4-5, like those of red-eyed vireo ; a dashing singer. 84. SOLITARY VIREO. Olive-green White. See 27. 85. HENSLOW’S SPARROW. Buff-brown, dark-streaked Buff-white, streaked. 5 . Edge of wing, yellow ; see 105. 86 . YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW. Brown, black-streaked Buff, not streaked. 5 . See 106. SUMMER GROUP BLACK AND YELLOW LIST 45 BLACK AND YELLOW LIST. Nos. 87-106 : Showing both Black and Yellow. * Nos. 87-92 : Black and yellow on breast. 87. MEADOW LARK. Brown, black-streaked Black and yellow. 10 ^. Outer tail-feathers^ largely white j below, bright yellow, with large black crescent on breast. Breeds throughout ; in winter exceptionally in S. N. E. , more abun- dant southward ; permanent in N. J. ; nest, on ground, chiefly in meadows; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, white, spotted with brown and lilac ; flies straight.^ with rapid wing-beat. 88. BALTIMORE ORIOLE: GOLDEN ROBIN. Black and orange. 7>^-8. Entire head, neck, and back, black ; rump and upper tail-coverts, orange ; wings, black, white-spotted ; tail, black and orange ; below, except black throat and up- per breast, orange ; orange throughout of variable intensity ; $ , smaller, duller, black more or less replaced by olive ; be- low, pale orange throughout, mixed with white, and only suggestion of black on throat. Nest, deep and pensile, finely woven ; eggs, June ist, 4-6, white, slightly tinged and marked ; fine singer, artistic builder. 88^. LINCOLN’S SPARROW. Grayish-brown, streaked Whitish, streaked. See 8. 46 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS §9. CANADIAN FLYCATCHING WARBLER. Ashy-blue Y ello w, black-streaked . 5-5^. Crown, black-streaked ; superciliary line and whole under side, except white under tail-coverts, yellow ; chain of black down each side of throat, connecting with necklace of jet across breast ; wings and tail, unmarked ; $ has black markings obscure. Breeds throughout N. E. and occasionally in mts. of Pa. ; only mi- grant in N. J. ; nest, often loosely built of pine-needles, on ground, in swampy woodland; eggs, 4-5, white, “clouded delicately at larger end with brown and lilac ; ” a finer singer than most warblers. 90. HOODED WARBLER. Yellowish-olive Yellow and black. 5 X* Forehead and sides of face, rich yellow, surrounded by black hood covering rest of head, neck, and throat ; large white spots on tail ; hood not perfect till 3d yr. ; ? generally shows only ragged traces of it. Rarely north of Conn. ; nest, low in bush ; eggs, 4, white, red- spotted ; frequently spreads tail ; a beautiful species. 91. REDSTART. Glossy-black, flame-spotted (or yellow) . SX- See 63. 92. PRAIRIE WARBLER. Olive Yellow, black-streaked. 4X* Forehead and superciliary line, yellow ; a V-shaped black mark on side of face ; brick-red spots on back ; 2 yel- low wing-bars ; tail, white-spotted ; side-streaks on throat and breast, black. Seldom north of Mass. ; abundant in S. N. J. : rarely breeds in Pa. ; nest, of grass and woody fibre, lined with horse-hair, feathers, etc., within a few feet of the ground ; eggs, June 1st, 3-5, white, marked with different shades ; a flycatcher, like the redstart. SUMMER GROUP BLACK AND YELLOW LIST 47 * * Nos. 93-97 : Breast pure yellow (or { 91 ) black-bordered), 93. YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. Bright olive-green Rich yellow. 7. Superciliary line and abdomen, white ; lore, black. Rarely as far north as Mass. ; nest, in bush, near ground ; eggs, 3-4, clear white ground, variable in markings ; eccentric singer and acro- bat. 94. KENTUCKY WARBLER. Olive-green Bright yellow . 5l^. Black crown; rich yellow superciliary line curling around eye ; black line below eye and running down side of neck; no markings on wings and tail ; sides, olive-shaded. Rarely north to S. E. N. Y., rather common in Pa., very rare in N. J. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, 4-5, lustrous white, dotted with red- dish ; more terrestrial than most warblers ; walks ^ like oven-bird. 95. BLUE-WINGED YELLOW WARBLER. Yellow-olive, ashy-blue Yellow. 5. Bill, dark ; black eye-stripe ; golden-yellow head, fading to olivaceous back and rump ; ashy-blue wings and tail ; 2 whitish wing-bars ; large white spots on tail ; dis- tinguished from “ prothonotary ” by black eye-stripe, white wing-bars, and olivaceous rump. North to southern N. E. ; nest, in tuft of grass, a circlet of oak- leaves and thin bark, finely and deeply lined with fine grass and horse- hair ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-6, white, spotted at larger end. 96. MARYLAND YELLOW THROAT. Olive-green Yellow . 5. Forehead and wide band through eye, black, gray- edged above ; abdomen, white ; ? , no black, nor gray edge ; yellow restricted. Nest, of leaves, grass, hair, on ground, in damp spot ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-6, pure white or creamy, variously marked ; abun- dant. 48 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 97. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. Black, white-marked Orange, whitish. Head, throat, and breast, flame-color, interspersed or bordered with abrupt clear black markings ; large wing- spots and much of tail, white ; sides, black-streaked ; ab- domen, whitish or yellowish ; $ has black replaced by ol- ive, black-streaked, and orange replaced by yellow, and white of wings restricted. Breeds in northerly part of range and in mts. of Pa. ; nest, of strips of bark, silky fibre, feathers, etc., higher from ground than most warblers ; eggs, middle of June, 4-5, white, marked ; a splendid species. * * * Nos. 98-106 : With no yellow on breast. 98. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Brownish-gray White. 11 - 12 . Lower mandible and part of upper, yellow ; cen- tral tail-feathers, like back, the rest black, broadly white- tipped. Nest, very crude and loose ; eggs, about June ist, 4-8, lighter green than in the “ black-billed.” 99. BLACK-THROATED BUNTING. Grayish-brown Black, whitish. Crown, olive-yellow ; yellow superciliary line ; back, black-streaked ; edge of wing, yellow ; wing-bars, chestnut ; chin, white ; large black area on throat j breast and abdo- men, yellowish- white ; sides, grayish -white. Northward, to Mass., rarely ; nest, on ground or near it ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, greenish-white, seldom spotted. SUMMER GROUP — BLACK AND YELLOW LIST 49 100. OVEN-BIRD; GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH. Rich olive White, dark-spotted. Crown, buff-orange, black-bordered ; see 41. 101. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. Streaked with black and pale yellow ^White. 5^. Forehead and crown ^ yellow^ bordered with white, the white bordered with black ; large black mark on side of face ; white wing-bars ; tail, white-spotted ; large chest- nut stripe down side of breast ; ? , less strongly marked. Throughout ; in Pa. and N. J. it breeds chiefly in mts. ; nest, of narrow strips of thin bark, dried grass, hair, in low bush in rather open land ; eggs, June ist, 4-5, white, spotted. lOla. SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. Olive-brown, streaked Brownish-white, streaked. SX- See 7 . 102. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. Yellow, olive-green- Black, white. 5. Forehead and entire side of face^ rich yellow ; wings and tail, dark ; 2 white wing-bars ; outer tail-feathers, largely white ; throat and breast, jet black ; otherwise, be- low, white or whitish ; $ (and S in fall) has little or no black. Especially abundant in N. E. ; breeds in higher mts. of Pa. ; only migrant in N. J. ; nest, small and pretty, usually in pines,” 10-50 feet from ground ; eggs, in June, 3-4, creamy, marked; beautiful, and with continuous simple song through summer. 50 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 103. WHITE-THROATED WARBLER. Slaty-blue White. 5. Superciliary line and cheeks, white ; narrow black eye- stripe ; crown and large wing-patch, rich yellow ; below, entirely white. Extremely rare ; mostly found in N. E. ; nest and eggs, as yet un- discovered. 104. BLUE GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. Slaty-blue Black, white. 5. Bill and broad eye-stripe, black ; crown and large wing-patch, rich yellow ; tail, white -spotted ; throaty black ; otherwise, below, white or yellow-tinged ; ? has less dis- tinct markings. Northward to S. N. E.; in Pa. rare migrant, possibly breeding ; very rare in N. J. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, June ist, 4-5, white, with red- dish-brown dots. 105. HENSLOW’S SPARROW. Buff-brown, black-streaked Buff-white, streaked. 5. Crown, blackish, with buff median line ; edge of wing, yellow ; throat and abdomen, whitish ; breast and sides, strongly dark-streaked ; chiefly distinguished from “ yel- low-winged ’’ by streaks below. Not common so far north as N. E. ; only rare migrant in Pa. ; rarer than “yellow-winged ’’ sparrow ; nest, in tuft of grass; eggs, 4-5, greenish-white, sprinkled with red ; in open grass-land. 106. YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW. Brown, black-streaked Buff. 5. Crown, blackish, with buff median line ; short super- ciliary line, yellowish ; edge of wing, yellow j spot on wing, SUMMER GROUP BLUE OR RED LIS- SI yellowish ; below, rich buff, unstreaked ; abdomen, whit- ish. Nest, on ground, in open land ; eggs, June ist, 4-5, pure white, spotted ; frequents open sandy fields. BLUE OR RED LIST. Nos. 107 - 118 ! Showing neither Black nor Yellow. 107. BELTED KINGFISHER. Ashy-blue Blue, white. I2j^. Long, thin crest, a little darker; wings and tail, dark, white-spotted ; below, white on throat and extend- ing around neck, but not meeting on hind-neck ; broad breast-band and sides, ashy-blue ; abdomen, white ; ? has abdomen-band and sides chestnut. Nest, a deep horizontal hole in sand -bank, enlarged at inner end, lined with a few fish-bones ; eggs, June ist, 6-8, pure white ; always near water ; has peculiar rattling notes. 107 a. PURPLE MARTIN. Lustrous steel-blue. 7. See 33 . 108. BLUEBIRD. Lustrous-blue Chestnut, white. Throat, breast, and sides, chestnut ; abdomen, white. Nest, of various fine materials, in natural or artificial hole in tree, post, etc.; eggs, May ist, 4-6, light blue ; earliest herald of spring; permanent in N. J. 109. BARN SWALLOW. Steel-blue Chestnut. 6-7. Forehead, chestnut ; tail, deeply forked, white-spot- ted ; below, various shades of chestnut, deepest on breast ; 52 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS an imperfect steel-blue collar across breast ; distinguished from all other swallows by forked tail. Nest, of mud, lined with soft material; eggs, middle of May, 3-6, white, thickly spotted. 110. SOLITARY VIREO: BLUE-HEADED VIREO. Olive-green White. S/4* Head, bluish-ash ; see 27. 111. INDIGO-BIRD. Indigo-blue. S/4* Wings and tail, blackish ; see 39. 112. CLIFF SWALLOW: EAVE SWALLOW. Steel-blue Chestnut. 5 - 5 ^. Forehead, light brown ; sides of head and rump, chestnut ; wings and tail, dark ; tail, emarginate ; throat and breast, chestnut, breast paler, with steel-blue spot ; abdomen, white. Nest, somewhat gourd-shaped, of mud, lined, under eaves, in colo- nies ; eggs, middle of May, 3-6, white, thickly spotted. 113. CCERULEAN WARBLER. Azure-blue, dark-streaked White, blue-streaked. 4 >^. See 55. 114. SUMMER RED-BIRD: SUMMER TANAGER. Vermilion. 7 ^- 8 . $ , above, brownish-olive ; below, pale buff-yel- low. Rarely north to Mass., seldom in Conn., rare in Pa., not found in N. J. ; nest, rude, in tree or thicket, not far from ground ; eggs, lat- ter part of May, 3-5, pale greenish-blue, thickly spotted. 114 a. CARDINAL GROSBEAK. Vermilion. Syi* Crested; see 58, SUMMER GROUP — BLUE OR RED LIST S3 115. PURPLE FINCH. Carmine, brownish. 6. Large bill ; crown-feathers, erectile ; throughout, car- mine of varied intensity, fore-part brightest ; back, dark- streaked ; wings and tail, darker ; abdomen, white ; $ , olive- brown, dark-streaked ; abdomen, white. Breeds throughout, but sparingly in Pa. and N. J. ; in winter, rarely north to Mass., occasionally in Ad'r’ks, but rather abundant in Pa. ; nest, of various vegetable fibres, in tree, not far from ground; eggs, lat- ter part of May, 4-5, pale green, thinly dark-spotted ; a fine warbler. 116. VESPER SPARROW. Grayish-brown, dark-streaked White, streaked. 6. Wing-patch, chestnut ; see 6. 117. FIELD SPARROW. Light brown, dark-streaked Brownish-white. 5)^. Crown, reddish; see 70. 118. RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD. Golden-green Ruby, white. 3^. Wings and tail, brownish-purple ; tail, forked or emarginate ; throat, metallic ruby-red ; sides, green ; breast and abdomen, white ; ? , smaller ; tail, black-barred ; outer feathers, white-tipped ; throat, white. Nest, delicate and elegant; eggs, early June, 2, white; America (North and South) alone of all the continents possesses humming- birds. Winter Birds Found Regularly or Occasionally in Summer. (The bird'^s proper nu77tber p7'ecedeSy its length follows^ its name,) 184. Brown Creeper; ; Mass, and northward, and in mts. of Pa., regularly. 54 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 201. Shore Lark ; 7 ~ 7 /^ 5 Ad’r’ks, not uncommon. 186. Winter Wren ; 4 ; on northern edge, and in mts. of Pa., regularly. 185. Pine Finch ; 4^ ; on northern edge (exceptionally in Mass.), and in mts. of Pa., regularly. 191. Snow-bird ; 6-6^ ; on northern edge, and in mts. of Pa., regularly ; said to breed on Mt. Wachusett, Mass. 199. Canada Nuthatch ; 4^-5 ; Ad’r’ks, and in mts. of Pa., regularly. 196. Common Crossbill ; 6 ; on northern edge, and in mts. of Pa., regularly. 197. White-winged Crossbill; 6 ; on northern edge, and in mts. of Pa. , regularly ; rare. 187. Butcher-bird; 9-10; on northern edge, regularly. 195. Pine Grosbeak ; 8-9 ; on northern edge, regularly. 193. PIudsonian Chickadee ; 5 ; on northern edge, regu- larly. 202. Golden-crowned Kinglet ; 4-4^^ ; on northern edge, regularly. Migrant Birds Pound Regularly or Occasionally in Summer in Pa. 169. Mourning Warbler ; 5-5 ; in mts., regularly. 161. Black-throated Blue Warbler; 5; in mts., regu- larly. 150. Olive-backed Thrush ; 7-7 ; in mts., occasionally. 151. Hermit Thrush ; 7-7 ; in mts., occasionally. 171. Black-and-yellow Warbler ; 5; in mts., occasionally. 175. Yellow-rumped Warbler; 5^; in mts., occasion- ally. 156. Bronzed Grackle ; 12-13; W. Pa., regularly. 162. Wild Pigeon ; 16 ; occasionally. 178. American Snipe; 10; occasionally. SUMMER GROUP — WATER BIRDS 55 SUMMER GROUP. WATER BIRDS. In sub-groups^ according to general habitat. 119. UPLAND PLOVER. Blackish Pale rufous, black-streaked. 12. Bill, yellow; above, blackish, speckled with white or tawny ; tail, orange-brown, dark-barred, white-tipped ; upper breast and sides, black-streaked. In uplands and meadows ; a “ game-bird nest, of straw or grass, on ground ; eggs, 4, clay-colored or creamy, spotted. 120. WOODCOCK. Variegation of dark tints Variable pale brown. 10, Bill, very long; large head; ‘‘large eyes in back upper corner ; ” dark stripe from bill to eye ; tail, very short, barred ; ? , larger. Throughout, occasionally in winter ; a winter bird in N. J. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, in April, 4, thickly marked ; prefers damp places. RAILS. This family, two species of which are called marsh hens, somewhat resemble in appearance the domestic fowl. They are to be found almost exclusively in open marshes, nest- ing on the ground, and secreting themselves in the thick growth of reeds and grasses. 121. KING RAIL: FRESH-WATER MARSH HEN. Brownish-black, lighter streaked Cinnamon-red. 17-19. Bill, long ; dark eye-stripe ; streaked on upper 56 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS side ; tail, short ; below, breast rich cinnamon-red, throat and abdomen paler ; flanks, blackish, white-barred. Locally in Pa. and N. J. in fresh-water marshes ; casually to Conn. ; nest and eggs, as in clapper rail. 122. CLAPPER RA8L: SALT-WATER MARSH HEN: MUD HEN. Brownish-gray, variegated Dull brown. 14-16. Bill, long ; superciliary line and throat, whitish ; almost no tail ; sides and under tail-coverts, white-barred. Abundant along southern coast of N. J., accidentally in Pa., strag- gling to Mass. ; in salt marshes ; nest, of reeds and grasses, on wet ground ; eggs, 6-12, whitish to buff, spotted. 123. VIRGINIA RAIL. Olive-brown Cinnamon-red. 8-10. A small fac-simile of king rail (121). Breeds throughout, in fresh or salt marshes ; nest and eggs, as in king rail, but smaller. 124. CAROLINA RAIL: COMMON RAIL. Dark olive-brown, white-specked Dark gray. 8-9. short ; fore part of face and central line of throat, black ; tail, short ; flanks, black-and-white barred. Breeds throughout, but in N. J. chiefly migrant ; especially abun- dant in Aug. and Sept. ; nest, as in other rails ; eggs, 6-12, drab, spot- ted ; abundant game bird. 125. YELLOW RAIL. Brownish-yellow, black-streaked Paler. 6. Lighter superciliary line ; thickly spotted above with white ; flanks, black-and-white barred. Nest, and habits, as in other rails ; eggs, 6, buff-brown, spotted ; in Pa. and N. J. a rare migrant. SUMMER GROUP — WATER BIRDS 57 126. FLORIDA GALLINULE: RED-BILLED MUD HEN. Blackish. 12-14. Bill and horny plate ^ from base of bill upward, bright red; bill, tipped with yellow ; back, brownish-olive ; flanks, white-barred ; rear, white. Breeds rarely as far north as Mass., rather rare migrant in Pa. and N. J. ; nest, a hollow in a mass of dried reeds, almost floating in water ; eggs, 10-14. 127. AMERICAN COOT: WHITE-BILLED MUD HEN. Dark slate Lighter. 14-16. Bill, whitish ; head, neck, and tail, blackish ; be- low, grayish ; under tail-coverts, white. Breeds rarely in N. E., only migrant in Pa. and N. J. ; frequents reedy marshes and stagnant water ; nest, sometimes on dry ground, oftener built in water, like grebe’s, almost floating ; eggs, 12, clay-color, minutely brown-dotted. 128. SEMIPALMATED TATTLER: WILLET. Ashy, black-speckled White, spotted. 16. Bill, long ; pure white area on wings ; breast, often tinged with brown ; entire under side, spotted or streaked ; blue legs. Breeds in salt or fresh marshes ; in Pa. only rare migrant ; locally abundant, but most numerous in migration ; nest, in tussock of grass ; eggs, 3-4, various ground-tints, strongly spotted ; noisy when alarmed. 129. AMERICAN BITTERN. Variegation of brown, black, tawny, etc. Light tawny, spotted. 23-34. Eye, yellow ; a glossy black patch on each side of neck ; tail, short ; legs, greenish-yellow. Breeds throughout, in bogs ; commonly found solitary ; nest, on ground ; eggs, 3-5, brownish-drab. HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 58 130. LEAST BITTERN. Greenish-black Brownish-yellow . 11-14. Eye, yellow ; crown, back, and tail, glossy green- ish-black ; hind-neck, chestnut ; sides of neck, breast, and abdomen, brownish-yellow ; throat, whitish ; blackish patch on side of breast ; legs, green ; ? has chestnut crown and back. Breeds throughout, but rare north of Mass, and not abundant south ; in marshes ; nest, on or near ground ; eggs, 3-5, white, blue- tinged. HERONS. These are the largest of our water birds, living in wooded swamps, often in colonies, and nesting in trees. 131. GREAT BLUE HERON. Slaty-blue Black. 42-50. Bill and eyes, yellow ; crest of long feathers and 2 plumes, black ; head, black and white ; long, slender shoulder-feathers, grayish ; long legs. Nest, in tree or bush ; eggs, 3-4, pale greenish-blue ; found in pairs, small flocks, more rarely in large heronries ; identified by great size and dark plumage ; winters occasionally in N. J. 132. GREAT WHITE HERON. Pure white. 36-42. No crest, but in breeding season with splendid train of long plumes from back, reaching beyond tail ; legs, black. A southern species, but very rarely throughout range ; nesting, like “ great blue.” SUMMER GROUP WATER BIRDS 59 133. SMALL WHITE HERON: EGRET. Pure white. 24. Bill, black ; eyes, yellow ; crest of long feathers, a train of plumes from back, and lengthened feathers on lower neck in breeding season ; legs, black ; eggs, 4. Extremely rare. 134. LITTLE BLUE HERON. Dark grayish-blue. 24. Eyes, yellow ; head and neck, maroon ; this species is sometimes pure white, then almost precisely like “ small white heron.” A southern species, very rare in Northern States ; nesting, as in egret. 135. NIGHT HERON: QUA-BIRD: SQUAWK. Bluish-gray, dark green Whitish. 24. Long black bill ; eye, red ; forehead, white ; crown, shoulders, and interscapulars, glossy dark green ; 2 or 3 very long slender white plumes from hind head ; other- wise, above, bluish-gray ; legs, yellow. Most abundant heron ; usually gregarious ; occasionally in winter ; nest, high in tree ; eggs, early in June, 4-6, pale green. 136. GREEN HERON. Dark green Dark brown. 16-18. Bill, long and blackish ; crown and long plumes of hind-head, glossy green, sometimes iridescent ; back, slightly bluish ; neck, purplish chestnut ; white line down middle of throat and breast ; legs, greenish-yellow. In pairs, rather than gregarious ; nest, in tree or bush ; eggs, in May, 5-6, pale greenish-blue. 6o HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS The two following are found along ponds and streams : 137. SUMMER DUCK. Blackish, iridescent Chestnut, white, buff. 19. Slightly crested ; head, with green and purple lustre, and white-streaked ; shoulders, black ; throat and breast, chestnut ; white crescent on each side in front of wing ; sides, buiif, black-lined ; abdomen, white ; ? , duller and less distinctly marked. Breeds throughout in woody places near water ; nest, in tree-hole ; eggs, about 12, pale drab ; handsomest of the ducks. 13§. PIED-BILLED GREBE: DABCHICK : HELL DIVER. Brownish-black Ashy, dark-spotted. 13. Crown and hind-neck, grayish-black; large black throat-patch ; below, somewhat spotted ; abdomen, white. Breeds rarely throughout ; in winter, frequent in Pa., rare inN. J.; nest, a compact mass of aquatic plants, on edge of pond, or built up from beneath water ; a sort of floating island ; eggs, 5-6, whitish, un- spotted ; more abundant in migration. PLOVERS. The two allied families, plovers and sandpipers, are mostly small wading coast-birds, nearly all of them breed- ing far to the north ; only four species can be said to sum- mer within territory. 139. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. Ashy-brown White. 7. Black band across forehead and over eye, and one across breast ; legs, yellowish. Breeds only very rarely in territory, but an abundant migrant in May, Aug., and Sept, on coast, and, in Pa., at Lake Erie, and along largest rivers. SUMMER GROUP — WATER BIRDS 6i 140. PIPING PLOVER. Pale ashy-brown White. 6^. Black line across forehead ; sides of face, white ; black band across upper breast, often interrupted, and not circling neck ; $ has black of forehead and neck obscure. Breeds anywhere along coast, but most abundant in migration, when it is found in flocks ; nest, in tussock of grass ; eggs, June ist, 4, clay-colored or creamy, with a few small dots. 141. KILDEER PLOVER. Grayish-brown White, black-banded. 9-10. Black line each si^e of crown, meeting on forehead ; white superciliary line ; black eye-stripe ; tail, with i to 3 black bars, white-tipped ; below, white, with 2 broad black bands across upper breast, reaching to hind-neck. This and spotted sandpiper the most abundant of the “waders ” breeding in territory ; not gregarious ; an inland rather than a coast- bird ; name from sound of note ; nest, in grass, near water; eggs, in May, 4, creamy to clay-color, spotted ; winters in S. Pa. 142. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Ashy-olive, black-speckled White, spotted. White superciliary line ; white on wings ; tail, white- barred ; below, pure white, with large black spots ; feet, pinkish. Along every fresh-water course and on N. J. coast ; peculiar teeter- ing of body, and low flight ; nest, on ground, near water; eggs, 4, tinted and marked. GULLS AND TERNS. These are beautiful aerial coast-birds, the former, for the most part, coming from the north in winter, the latter from the south in summer ; they breed only locally within territory. 62 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 143. LAUGHING GULL: BLACK-HEADED GULL Black, slate, white White. 16-19. Head and fore-neck all round, blackish ; rest of neck, rump, tail, and below, white ; wings and back, slate. A southern species, seen only in summer ; breeds along coast ; nest, on ground, commonly on sand, of sea-weeds, etc.; eggs, 3, greenish, spotted ; in Pa., only migrant on Susquehanna River. 144. ARCTIC TERN. Pearly-blue. 14-17. Bill, red ; entire top of head, black ; tail, white ; below, a little lighter blue than above ; under tail-coverts, pure white. Breeds in same localities as “ common tern ; " nesting and eggs, similar. 145. COMiVION TERN: SEA SWALLOW. Pearly-blue White. 13-16. Bill, red ; entire top of head, black ; back and wings, pearly-blue ; tail, white, forked ; feet, red. Breeds on several islands off coast of N. E., and a few on N. J. coast ; nest, on ground, of dried grass, or simply a slight depression ; eggs, middle of June, 3, drab to buff, splashed wiih dark spots ; very gregarious. 146. ROSEATE TERN. Pale pearly-blue White, rose-tinted. 12-16. Bill, black ; glossy black cap ; tail, white, forked; feet, red. Breeds in same localities as “common tern;’’ nest and eggs, similar. MIGRANT GROUP LAND BIRDS 63 147. LEAST TERN. Pearly-blue White . 9. Bill, yellow, black-tipped ; glossy black cap ; tail, forked ; feet, pale orange. Breeds in same localities as foregoing ; eggs, 1-3, laid on bare sand or in slight depression. 148. STORMY PETREL: “MOTHER CAREY’S CHICKENS.” Blackish. 8. Bill, black ; rump^ white ; tail, forked. Breeds along N. E. coast ; rather common ; nest, in horizontal ex- cavation in ground ; egg, single, white ; strictly maritime, coming to land only to breed. There are three species of stormy petrels to be found, but almost or quite indistinguishable at field-range ; the most abundant, Leach’s, has forked tail, the other two, square tails. MIGRANT GROUP. LAND BIRDS. Comprising those species that arrive from the south in spring, linger a short time, go north to breed — in the north- ern part of the States of Me, ^ N, H,, and Vt., and the Adi- rondack region of N, F. , or beyond — return in the same manner in the fall, and winter beyond the southern boun- dary ; the periods for this group within territory are ap- proximately April I — June i and Sept, i — Nov. i. 64 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS NEUTRAL LIST. Nos. 149-155: Showing neither Black, Yellow, Blue, nor Red. (All but the last three have breast dark-spotted.) 149. GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH: ARCTIC OR ALICE’S THRUSH. Brownish-olive White, dark-spotted. Below, no buff tinge ; breast, dark-spotted. . Doubtful if it breeds even on northern edge ; nest, clumsy, on ground ; eggs, early June, 3-4, light greenish-blue, thickly spotted; song said to be different from that of all other thrushes ; possibly a variety of the “ olive-backed.” 150. OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. Brownish-olive Whitish, dark-spotted. 7-7)^. Buff eye-ring ; above, dull olive ; below, whitish; breast, buff-tinged and thickly spotted. Breeds on northern edge and occasionally in higher mts. of Pa. ; nest, bulky, without mud, within few feet of ground ; eggs, early June, 3-4, light greenish, variously spotted ; ordinary singer. 151. HERMIT THRUSH. Soft brownish-olive Buff-white, spotted. 7-7 Y' Yellowish eye-ring ; above, dusky olive, becoming tawny on rump and tail ; below, white ; breast, buff-tinged and strongly spotted. Breeds on northern edge and occasionally in higher mts. of Pa. ; nest, rather coarse and large, without mud, generally on ground ; eggs, early June, 3-4, light greenish-blue ; winters in S. Pa. and N. J. ; the gem of thrushes. MIGRANT GROUP NEUTRAL LIST 65 152. FOX SPARROW. Reddish-tawny White, spotted, 7. Back, ashy-streaked ; 2 narrow white wing-bars ; be- low, prominent rusty-red streaks, except on abdomen. Does not breed on northern edge ; nest, on or near ground ; eggs, bluish-white, heavily spotted with rusty-brown; winters in S. N. J.; a large and handsome sparrow, the most welcome of any save song sparrow, and finest singer ; comes with March winds. 153. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. Olive-green Greenish-white, streaky. 4^-5. Obscure crown-spot of orange-brown (often ab- sent) ; eye-ring and superciliary line, yellowish ; sides, ol- ive-shaded. Breeds in Arctic regions ; nest and eggs, unknown ; very rare ; almost no record in N. J. 154. TENNESSEE WARBLER. Yellowish-olive Whitish. 4^. Superciliary line, white ; above, fore-part ashy. Practically migrant, though breeding rarely down to Mass. ; locally common in Ad’r’ks; nest, of grasses, mosses, etc., lined with hair ; eggs, pearly- white, marked. 155. RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. Greenish-olive Whitish or yellow-tinged. 4-4^. See 177. Many specimens (/.^., immature and probably $ ) lack the ruby crown. 66 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS BLACK LIST. 51 Nos. 156-161 : Showing blacky but no yellow NOR RED. 150. BRONZED CROW BLACKBIRD: BRONZED GRACKLE. Iridescent black. 12-13. Threefold iridescence in rather distinct areas ; head, neck, and breast, steel-blue ; wings and tail, violet and purple, otherwise shining brassy. Breeds on northern edge, and commonly in western part of Pa. ; nest and habits, as in purple grackle. 157. RUSTY GRACKLE. Rusty black. 9. Summer dress, iridescent black, which, in migration, is overspread with rusty ; bill, black ; eye, pale white, or yellowish ; 2 , above, rusty-brown ; below, same, mixed with grayish-black ; pale superciliary line. Breeds on northern edge ; winters rarely in S. N. J. and locally in S. Conn. ; nest, large, of grass and mud, lined ; eggs, 4, greenish, variable, brown-spotted. 158. WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. Dark ash, brown-streaked Light ash. 7. Forehead, black ; broad vjhite median and supercil- iary lines meeting on hind-head, median line bordered by black; black eye- stripe ; rump, brownish ; 2 white wing- bars ; chin and abdomen, whitish ; flanks and under tail- coverts, brownish ; no yellow. Breeds on northern edge ; nest, on ground or in bush ; eggs, 4-5, very variable in color ; observe difference from “ white-throated spar- row ; ” found exceptionally in winter. MIGRANT GROUP BLACK LIST 67 159. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. Reddish-brown, black-streaked White, ashy. 7. See 173. Short yellow stripe may oscape notice. 160. BLACK-POLL WARBLER. Olive, black-streaked White. 5^. Whole top of head, glossy black ; sides of head, white ; wing-bars and tail-spots, white ; sides of throat and breast, black-streaked ; ? , minus black crown, and, below, white less pure, streaks less marked. Breeds exceptionally on northern edge; nest, large for bird, oftener in evergreens, a few feet from ground ; eggs, late in June, 5, vari- ously tinted ; generally the last spring migrant, about June ist. 161. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER. Slaty-blue Black, white. 5. Sides of head, throat, and sides of body, black ; wings and tail, dark, former with large white spot on the edge ; below, except throat and sides, clear white ; $ , dull olive above ; wing-spot, somewhat obscure ; below, whitish. Breeds on northern edge, rarely a little south, and in the mts. of Pa. ; nest, of various fine materials ; eggs, June ist, 3-5, “ creamy- white, tinged, when fresh, with rose-color,” and spotted ; a beauty. ^ 51 Nos. 162-164 : Showing black and red, but no yellow. 162. WILD PIGEON: PASSENGER PIGEON. Grayish-blue Purplish-red . 16. Bill, black ; eye, red ; metallic gleam on neck ; shoulders, black-spotted ; ends of wings and middle tail- feathers, black ; outer tail-feathers, whitish, black, and. chestnut ; tail, long and graduated ; throat and breast, 68 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS purplish-red, abdomen lighter ; sides, grayish-blue ; feet, red ; ? has red of breast replaced by grayish-brown. Mostly migrant, breeding a little in northern N. E. and Pa. ; nest, frail, in tree ; eggs, in April or May, 1-2, pure white ; has largely ais- appeared from Eastern States ; occasionally seen in winter. 163. YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Black, white, yellowish Scarlet, black, yellowish. 8 ^. Crown y crimson y black-bordered ; throaty crimson', yellowish on back and abdomen j see 172. 164. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. Olive, dark-streaked Chestnut, whitish. 5 ^. Forehead and sides of head, black; crown, throat, upper breast, and sides, chestnut ; wing-bars and tail-spots, white ; abdomen, buff-white ; $ has duller chestnut mark- ings. Breeds on northern edge ; nest, rather large, of various materials, usually in hemlock, 10-20 ft. from ground ; eggs, middle of June, 4-6, bluish-green, marked ; one of latest to arrive in spring, and rather rare. YELLOW LIST. Nos. 165-167 : Showing Yellow, but no Black. 165. YELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER: PALM WARBLER. Olive, streaked -Yellow, streaked. 5 . superciliary line, yellow ; tail-feath- ers, white-spotted ; below, yellow, faintly streaked with reddish-brown. Exceptionally breeds on northern edge ; occasionally winters in S. N. J. ; nest, on ground ; first warbler (except “ pine ”) to arrive in spring ; often found on ground ; constantly flirts tail. MIGRANT GROUP — BLACK AND YELLOW LIST 69 166. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. Olive-green Greenish-white, streaked. 4^-5. Crown-spot, orange-brown ; eye-ring and super- ciliary line, yellowish ; see 153. 167. RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. Greenish-olive Yellowish-white. 4 - 4 J^. See 177. Sometimes quite yellowish below, and with or without ruby crown. BLACK AND YELLOW LIST. Nos. 168-175 : Showing both Black and Yellow. * Nos. 168-172 : Throat and b 7 'east black {or ashy) and yelloWy or pure yellow. 168. CONNECTICUT WARBLER. Olive-green Blackish-yellow. 5^. Head, ashy ; white eye-ring ; hdloyst, except brownish- ash of throat and upper breast^ yellow ; difficult to distin- guish from “ mourning warbler,” except by its white eye- ring. Breeding-place not known ; more abundant in fall than in spring. 169. MOURNING WARBLER. Clear yellowish-olive Black, yellow. 5-5^. Head, ashy-gray ; no white eye-ring; below, ex- cept black throat and upper breast^ bright yellow. Breeds on northern edge, and in mts. of Pa. ; nest, of leaves, grass, hair, on ground ; prefers moist places ; eggs, last of May, 4-6, white or creamy, variously marked ; called “ mourning ” from appearance of crape on throat where black is touched with gray. 70 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 170. CAPE MAY WARBLER. Yellowish-olive Yellow, black-streaked. 5~5X* Crown, blackish ; lore, black ; side of head, yel- low ; ear-patch, reddish or orange-brown ; back, yellow- ish-olive, dark-streaked ; rump, rich yellow ; large white patch on wings ; tail, white-spotted ; below, yellow ; throat, tinged with orange-brown ; breast and sides, black-streaked ; $ , somewhat similar, but without so distinctive markings. Breeds on northern edge ; nest, near ground ; eggs, bluish-white, spotted with various shades ; rare and beautiful. 171. BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER: MAGNOLIA WARBLER. Blackish-yellow Yellow, black-streaked. 5 . Above, very dark, except bright-yellow rump ; fore- head and broad band through eye, black ; crown, ash, hox- dered with white ; prominent white patch on wing ; tail, white-spotted ; under tail-coverts, white ; below, yellow ; breast and sides, black-streaked. Breeds on northern edge and occa. in mts. of Pa. ; nest, in tree, near ground ; eggs, early June, 4, dull white, finely dotted ; showy. 172. BLACK-CAPPED FLYCATCHING WARBLER : WIL- SON’S BLACK-CAP. Yellowish-olive Bright yellow. 5 . Forehead and sides of head, yellow ; crown, black ; ? has obscure black crown, or none. Breeds on northern edge ; nest, said to be in bushes, with 4 eggs, white, dotted, but its nidification is rather uncertain. MIGRANT GROUP BLACK AND YELLOW LIST 7 1 * * Nos. 173-175 : With throat scarlet or white. 173. YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Black, white, yellowish Scarlet, black, yellowish. Crown, crimson, bordered by black ; 2 white stripes, separated by black, on side of face ; back, black and yellowish ; wings and tail, black and white ; throat, scarlet ; breast, black ; abdomen, yellowish ; $ has white on throat. Breeds on northern edge ; winters rarely in N. J. ; nest, in hole ; eggs, 4-6, pure white. 174. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW: PEABODY BIRD. Reddish-brown, black-streaked White, ashy. 7. White median line on crown, bounded by black band ; white superciliary line ; black eye-stripe ; from bill to eye, bright yellow ; 2 white wing-bars, not prominent; throat, white^ bordered by black line ; breast and sides, ashy- gray. Breeds on northern edge ; winters locally from Mass, southward ; nest, on ground or in bush ; eggs, June ist, 4-5, very variable in col- or ; a handsome sparrow and a fair singer. 175. YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER: MYRTLE WARBLER. Slaty, black-streaked, yellow White, black, yellow. Crown, rump, and spot each side of breast, yellow; 2 white wing-bars ; tail, white-spotted ; throat and abdo- men, pure white ; breast and sides, black and white ; rump, always yellow ; other yellow spots variable or absent in winter; ? and ^ , in winter, brownish, obscurely streaked. Breeds on northern edge and rarely in mts. of Pa. ; commonest war- bler in spring ; the only warbler remaining regularly in winter from Mass, southward, and locally abundant in S. E. N. Y. and N. J. ; nest, in low tree or bush ; eggs, early June, 4-5, white, marked. 72 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS BLUE OR RED LIST. Nos. 176, 177: Showing neither Black nor Yellow. 176. FOX SPARROW. Reddish-tawny White, spotted. 7 . See 152. 176a. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. Olive, streaked Chestnut, whitish. 5 >^. See 164. 177. RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. Greenish-olive Whitish. 4-4^. Yellowish eye-ring ; scarlet patch on crown in mature $ , probably absent in $ ; 2 whitish wing-bars ; below, white, tinged with buff or yellow. Possibly breeds on northern edge ; nest, of feathers, hair, moss, etc. ; eggs, not described ; remarkable singer for its size. T/ie following Summer Birds are only Migrant in Pa. or N. J. ; the bird’s proper number precedes, its length follows, its name. 105. Henslow’s Sparrow; 5 ; in Pa., rare. 81. Savanna Sparrow; 5)^ ; in Pa. 139. Semipalmated Plover; 7 ; in Pa., rare. 143. Laughing Gull; 16-19; on Susquehanna River. 21. Olive-sided Flycatcher ; 7 ^ ; in Pa. and N. J. 25. Traill’s Flycatcher; in Pa. and N. J. 29. Philadelphia Vireo ; 5 ; in Pa. and N. J., rare. 8 . Lincoln’s Sparrow; 5 ^^ ; in Pa. and N. J. 125. Yellow Rail; 6 ; in Pa. and N. J., rare. MIGRANT GROUP — WATER BIRDS 73 126. Florida Gallinule; 12-14; in and N. J., rare. 5 . Water Thrush; 5>^-6; in N. J. 17. Short-billed Marsh Wren; 4)^ ; in N. J. 27. Solitary Vireo; 5)^ ; in N. J. 55 . CcERULEAN Warbler ; 4>^ ; in N. J., rare. 76. Nashville Warbler; 4>4-5 ; in N. J. 89 . Canadian Flycatching Warbler ; 5-5^; in N. J. 97. Blackburnian Warbler ; 4^ ; in N. J. 102. Black-throated Green Warbler ; 5 ; in N. J. MIGRANT GROUP. WATER BIRDS. Comprising those species whose migration is inland. 178. AMERICAN SNIPE: WILSON’S SNIPE. Variegation of blackish, brown, and buff White, brown- streaked. 10 . Bill, very long ; tail, barred, very short; abdomen, white. Breeds on northern edge and occa. in northeastern Pa. , chiefly in open, damp places; nest, onground ; eggs, 3-4, grayish-olive, strongly marked ; game bird. 179. SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Dark brown, white-speckled White. 8 - 9 . Tail, barred with black and white ; sides of neck, brown-shaded and streaked ; sides, black-barred ; legs, dull green. Breeds rarely on northern edge and locally in Pa. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, rare. 74 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS WINTER GROUP. LAND BIRDS. Comprising those species that come down from the north in the fall, pass the winter within territory, and return north in spring. NEUTRAL LIST. Nos. 180-186 : Showing neither Black, Yellow, Blue, nor Red. 180. BOHEMIAN WAXVVING. Orange-brown. 7-8. Crested ; see 200, and compare with Cedar Wax- wing, 255. 181. SNOW BUNTING. Variegation of white and brown, with little black. 6X-7. See 190. 182. TITLARK: PIPIT: BROWN LARK: WAGTAIL Dark brown Light yellowish-brown, spotted. 6%. Above, minutely streaked; superciliary line, buff ; wings and tail, darker; outer tail-feathers, partly white; breast and sides, dark-spotted. In summer, entirely beyond northern edge ; in winter, as far north as Mass., near coast, and occa. in S. Pa ; nest, crude, on ground ; eggs, 4-5, dark chocolate ; feeble note, tremulous flight, and jerking tail. 183. IPSWICH SPARROW. Grayish-brown White, brown-streaked. 6%. Median light crown-line ; long whitish superciliary line ; 2 indistinct whitish wing-bars ; a general rufous ap- WINTER GROUP NEUTRAL LIST 75 pearance above ; throat and abdomen, pure white ; other- wise, below, white, brown-streaked. On coast of N. E. , especially on sand-hills of Mass, and on those of N. J. ; some doubt as to its being a distinct species. 184. BROWN CREEPER. Variegation of browns Whitish. 5^. Bill, slender and dectirved ; faint whitish superciliary line ; above, curious mixture of browns and white ; tail- feathers, stiff and acuminate. Breeds chiefly on northern edge and in mts. of Pa. ; nest, usually lodged in crevice between bark of tree and main wood ; eggs, about June ist, 4-8, dull white, brown-spotted; always climbing trees. 185. PINE FINCH: PINE LINNET: SISKIN. Flaxen, dark-streaked Lighter. Wings and tail, darker ; variably suffused through- out with yellow; tail, emarginate. Breeds on northern edge, in mts. of Pa. , and exceptionally in Mass. ; in winter, throughout ; nest, high in tree ; eggs, April and May, 4-5, light green, spotted ; roams in large flocks ; undulating flight and querulous note of goldfinch, its ally. 186. WINTER WREN. Dark wren-brown Light brown. 4. Superciliary line, whitish ; finely “ waved throughout with darker brown ; tail, short and erect. Breeds on northern edge and in mts. of Pa. ; winter, Conn, and southward ; nest, of hemlock twigs, feathers, moss, in hole or crevice ; eggs, last of May, 5-6, pure white speckled with reddish-brown. 76 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS BLACK LIST. ^ Nos. 187-194 : Showing blacky but no yellow NOR RED. 187. BUTCHER-BIRD: GREAT NORTHERN SHRIKE. Bluish-ash Whitish. 9-10. White superciliary line ; broad black eye-stripe ; wings and tail, black, both with large white spots ; below, whitish, finely waved with black. Breeds on northern edge ; in winter irregularly south as far as N. C. ; nest, in low tree or bush, of coarse material, softly lined ; eggs, 4-6, variegated with many tints ; disposition of hawk ; has barbarous scream. 188. BOHEMIAN WAXWING. Orange-brown. 7-8. Black forehead, eye-stripe, and chin ; see 200. 189. SHORE LARK; HORNED LARK. Pinkish-brown White, black. 7-7^. For winter plumage, see 201. 190. SNOW BUNTING: SNOW-FLAKE. White, brown, black. 6 %-y, Winter plumage, white, with much brown in endless variegation ; blackish crown, and some black on back ; summer dress, pure white ; middle of back, wings, and tail, mostly black. Breeds far north ; in winter irregularly in Northern States, occa. to N. C. : nest, of grass and moss, on ground ; eggs, 4-6, variable in color ; often appears with snow-storm ; commonly in large flocks. WINTER GROUP BLACK LIST 77 191. SNOW-BIRD. Slaty-black Black and white. 6-6^. Almost pure black on head ; outer taiUfeathers^ pure white ; below, throat and upper breast, black, passing abruptly into white beneath ; ? has black replaced by dark brown. Breeds on northern edge and in higher mts. of Pa. and reported on Mt. Wachusett, Mass. ; in winter, throughout, abundant ; nest, usu- ally on ground; eggs, June ist, 4-5, variously tinted and marked; sprightly tinkling notes in winter, and pleasing song in spring. 192. LAPLAND LONGSPUR. Brownish-black, buff-streaked Black, white. 6-6 Winter plumage, as given ; light superciliary line ; whole head, throat, and breast, black, overcast with brown- ish ; grayish-chestnut collar ; tail, dark, white-spotted ; below, except throat and breast, white, dark-streaked on sides. Breeds far north ; winter, throughout, but rare ; no record in N. J. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, 4-6, dark, thickly spotted. 193. HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE. Olive-brown Whitish. 5. Throat, blackish ; sides and rear, light brown. Breeds on northern edge; in winter in N. E., but rare; highest authority fails to describe nest and eggs. 193». RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH: CANADA NUT- HATCH. Leaden-blue Reddish-brown. 4^-5 • See 199, 78 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 194. WINTER WREN. Dark wren-brown Light brown. 4. See 186. Nos. 195-199 : Showing black AND red, but no yellow. 195. PINE GROSBEAK. Carmine, blackish Carmine, gray. 8-9. Back, dark-streaked ; wings and tail, blackish ; 2 white wing-bars ; below, fading to whitish on abdomen ; ? , above, ashy-gray ; head and rump, brownish-yellow ; below, lighter gray. Breeds on northern edge ; winter, throughout, irregularly ; nest, of twigs and rootlets, lined ; eggs, 4, greenish-blue, spotted ; in flocks, chiefly in evergreens. 196. COMMON CROSSBILL. Brick-red, blackish Brick-red, gray. 6. Mandibles, crossed ; head and rump, brightest red ; wings and tail, blackish ; $ , greenish-olive, dark-streaked ; head and rump, yellowish ; below, greenish-gray. Breeds on northern edge and in mts. of Pa., where large flocks are found in winter ; permanent in Ad’r’ks ; known to breed in Feb. with snow 4 ft. deep ! nest, in tree ; eggs, in March or April, 4, greenish- white, prettily spotted ; in flocks, commonly in evergreens. 197. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Brick-red, blackish Brick-red, gray. 6 . Same as common crossbill, but with 2 white whig- bars. Habitat and habits as in common crossbill ; permanent in Ad'r’ks ; eggs, pale blue, larger, and thickly spotted ; rare species ; irregular ; not found in N. J. WINTER GROUP BLACK LIST 79 198. ARCTIC CHIPPER: TREE SPARROW. Reddish-brown, black-streaked Ashy. 6. Crown, chestnut ; whitish superciliary line ; 2 promi- nent white wing-bars ; throat and breast, ashy ; dark spot in centre of breast. Breeds far north ; winter, abundant throughout ; nest, in bush or on ground ; eggs, 4-7, pale green, finely dotted with reddish-brown ; runs rapidly on ground ; has a musical chatter. 198a. red-poll linnet. Flaxen, streaked Rosy-tinged, streaked. SYz. See 204. 199. CANADA NUTHATCH: RED-BREASTED NUT- HATCH. Leaden-blue Reddish-brown. 4/^-5- Whole top of head, black, bordered by white su- perciliary line ; broad black eye-stripe; tail, black, white- spotted ; below, reddish-brown, of various shades. More abundant in migration ; breeds in higher mts. of Pa. and in Ad’r’ks ; nidification, as in white-breasted nuthatch. YELLOW LIST. Showing Yellow, but no Black. None. BLACK AND YELLOW LIST. Nos. 200-202 : Showing both Black and Yellow. 200. BOHEMIAN WAXWING. Orange-brown. 7-8. Crested ; forehead, broad eye-stripe, and chin, black ; a little white on wings ; red horny appendages, like bits of 8o HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS sealing-wax , often on wings, occa. on tail ; tail, broadly yellow-tipped ; under tail-coverts, chestnut-red. Infrequent, and seldom farther south than Mass., yet rarely to Pa.; roams in flocks ; the more northern analogue of cedar-bird, 355 . 201. SHORE LARK: HORNED LARK. Pinkish-brown Yellow, black, white. 7-7^. Summer dress : sides of face and throat, sulphur- yellow ; black line across forehead and bordering crown, extended into a small tuft or horn ; small black crescent under eye; large black crescent on breast ; tail, dark ; outer feathers, partly white; in winter, coloration paler, yel- low throat often conspicuous. Breeds entirely north of territory, except occa. in Ad’r’ks ; flocks southward in winter, along coast, and rather common in E. Pa. and N. J. ; nest, slight, on ground ; eggs, in April, 4-5, grayish, thickly spotted ; allied to European “skylark.” 202. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. Greenish-olive Whitish. 4-4^. Yellow patch on crown (its centre Scarlet), bor- dered in front and on both sides by black stripe ; supercil- iary line, whitish ; 2 whitish wing-bars. Breeds on northern edge ; nest, chiefly of moss and feathers, hang- ing from low bough ; eggs, 6-10, white, entirely speckled ; our small- est winter bird. BLUE OR RED LIST. Nos. 203-206 : Showing neither Black nor Yellow. 203. PINE GROSBEAK. Carmine, dusky. 8-9. See 195. WINTER GROUP BLUE OR RED LIST 8l 203^. COIVIIVION CROSSBILL Brick-red, dusky. 6. See 196. 203b. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Brick-red, dusky. 6. See 197. 203C. TREE SPARROW: ARCTIC CHIPPER. Reddish-brown, streaked ^Ashy. 6. Crown, chestnut ; see 198. 204. RED-POLL LINNET. Flaxen, dark-streaked Rosy, whitish, dark-streaked. ^j 4 . Bill, yellow in winter ; crown ^ carmine ; rump, rosy- white, dark-streaked ; wings and tail, dusky ; 2 white wing- bars ; below, white, streaked, except on abdomen ; in mature , breast rosy-tinged ; in 2 , rosy tint of rump and breast absent, or nearly so ; breast, dingy-yellowish, dark- streaked. Breeds far north ; in winter, irregular, throughout ; nest, near ground ; eggs, 4-5, pale blue, finely spotted ; in flocks. 205. AMERICAN MEALY RED-POLL. Brownish, dark-streaked White, rosy-tinted. 5^. Crown, carmine; rump, pure white, rosy-tinged; wings and tail, dusky ; 2 white wing-bars ; below, white ; breast, rosy-tinged ; slightly streaked on sides. An Arctic species ; in winter, only in northern part of N. E. 82 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS The Following Summer and Migrant Birds are Occasionally Found in Winter : 57. Robin; 9 - 10 ; throughout, more abundant southward. 175. Yellow-rumped Warbler ; 5 ^ ; Mass, and southward, regularly. 115. Purple Finch ; 6; Mass, and southward. 67. Chewink ; 8 - 8 ^ ; Mass, and southward. 87. Meadow Lark; 10^ ; Mass, and southward. 174. White-throated Sparrow ; 7 ; Mass, and southward. 158. White-crowned Sparrow; 7 ; Mass, and southward, rare. 151. Hermit Thrush ; 7 - 7 ^ ; Conn, and southward. 36. Mocking-bird ; 9-10 ; Conn, and southward, rare. 1*08. Bluebird ; 6^-7 ; Conn, and southward. 165. Yellow Red-poll Warbler ; 5 ; possibly north to Conn. 157. Rusty Crackle ; 9; Conn, and southward, rare. 58. Cardinal Grosbeak ; ; S. E. N. Y. and Pa. 32. Cow-bird; 7^; rare. 65. Red-winged Blackbird ; 9. 56. Mourning Dove ; 12. 162. Wild Pigeon ; 16. 120. Woodcock ; 10. 135. Night Heron ; 24. T/ie following ONLY in Pa. or N. J. 81. Savanna Sparrow; 5 ^ ; S. Pa. and S. N. J. 6. Vesper Sparrow ; 6 ; S. Pa. and N. J. 68 . Swamp Sparrow; 5 >^- 6 ; S. Pa. and N. J. 70. Field Sparrow; 5 ^ ; Pa. and S. N. J. 152. Fox Sparrow ; 7 ; S. Pa. and N. J. 31. Purple Crackle ; 12-13 ; Chester Co., Pa., and S. N. J. 138. Pied-billed Grebe; 13 ; Pa. (frequent) and N. J. (rare). 141. Kildeer Plover ; 9-10 ; S. Pa. WINTER GROUP WATER BIRDS 83 3 . Wilson’s Thrush ; 7-7^ ; S. Pa. 131 . Great Blue Heron ; 42-50; N. J. 172 . Yellow-bellied Woodpecker ; ; N. J. 16. Long-billed Marsh Wren; 5-5 ; S. N. J. 17 . Short-billed Marsh Wren; 4J4 ; S. N. J. WINTER GROUP. WATER BIRDS. t Comprising the commonest found both on coast and in the interior in winter. 206. CANADA GOOSE: COMMON WILD GOOSE Black, grayish-brown Whitish-gray. 36. Head and entire neck, black, except white band- age ” on throat, nearly meeting on hind-head ; tail, black ; rest of body, grayish-brown finely “ waved ” with white ; rear, white. A northern species, found inland and on coast ; in Pa. only a com- mon migrant ; nest, on ground, occa. in tree ; eggs, 5-6, dull green- ish. 207. COMMON LOON: GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. Black White. 31-36. Head, neck all round, back and wings, black; back and wings with numerous white spots ; throat, white- streaked ; ring of white spots around neck ; below, pure white ; sides, black-streaked. A northern species, breeding rarely in territory, though compara- tively common in Ad’r'ks ; most abundant in winter ; nest, on ground, by water ; eggs, 2, greenish, thickly spotted. 84 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 208. HERRING GULL. Pearly-blue White. 22 - 27 . Tips of wings, black. Abundant along coast and largest rivers ; rarely in Pa. ; in summer, locally at large inland waters, particularly in Ad’r’ks ; nest, on ground, occa. in tree ; eggs, 3, greenish-gray, spotted ; commonest gull. 209. BUFFLE-HEAD DUCK. Black, white White. 14 - 16 . Head, large and puffy, iridescent with purple and violet ; large white patch on side of face ; much white on wings ; locally abundant. t t Comprising those found regularly and not uncommonly on the coast, and on larger waters of Pa. and N. J. in winter {ab- breviated description). 210. COMIVION GANNET. 31 . Goose-shaped ; white, except black half of wings; seldom on Jersey coast ; not in Pa. 211. GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. 31 . Above, dark slate ; below, white ; rare in N, J . ; not in Pa. 212. GLAUCOUS GULL. 30 . Above, pale pearly-blue ; below, white ; no black ; not in Pa. nor N. J. 213. RING-BILLED GULL. 1 8 - 20 . Black band around bill, near tip ; like herring- gull (208), but noticeably smaller. WINTER GROUP — WATER BIRDS 85 214. RED-THROATED DIVER. 29. Head and neck^ bluish-gray ; hind-neck^ white- streaked ; elsewhere^ above ^ black ; below ^ except chest- nut THROAT, white ; rare and irregular in Fa, and N.J. 215. MERGANSER: FISH DUCK. 24. Head and necky lustrous-green; back and wings ^ black and white ; below, pinkish-red ; in AdW'ks in summer* 216. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. 24. Head and neck, dark lustrous-green ; back and wings, black and white ; throat and breast, deep reddish- brown ; elsewhere, below , pinkish-white, 217. HOODED MERGANSER. 19. Prominent crest, head, neck all round, and upper parts, black; below, from neck, white ; sides, finely dark- streaked ; rare ; in AdW'ks in summer, 218. WHITE-WINGED SCOTER. \ 24. Pure black, except large white wing-patch, and white spot under eye, 219. BLACK SCOTER. 23. Pure black ; rare in Pa. 220. SURF DUCK. 23. Black throughout, except white patch on forehead and one on hind-head, 221. GREATER SCAUP DUCK. 20. Above, black ; white patch on wing ; throat and u'b'ber breast, black ; rest, white. 86 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 222 . LESSER SCAUP DUCK. 1 6. Almost identical with the last, except in size. 223. LONG-TAILED DUCK: OLD SQUAW. 15- 20. Head, neck, fore~hack, shoulders, several outer tail-feathers, throat, and abdomen, white ; els£where, above, and breast, blackish ; long tail-feathers. 224. THICK-BILLED GUILLEMOT. 16- 19. Above, and entire neck, dark brown ; below, from throat, pure white ; the great egg bird ” of N. Pacific coast, having com 7 nercial value ; not in Pa, 225 . KITTIWAKE GULL 16-18. Zike herring ^ull, but only ^ as (.ong ; rare in N. f,, accidental in Pa. 226. SEA-DOVE: DOVEKIE. 8^. Above, black ; throat and breast, black, passing abruptly into white beneath ; straggler in Pa. PERMANENT GROUP NEUTRAL LIST 87 PERMANENT GROUP. LAND BIRDS. Comprising those species which, while the individuals may to a greater or less extent fluctuate with the spring and fall migrations, remain permanently represented, though in varying numbers, throughout the year. NEUTRAL LIST. Nos. 227-230 : Showing no Black, Yellow, Blue, nor Red. 227. CANADA JAY: WHISKEY JACK. Leaden Gray. lo-ii. No crest ; above, dark throughout, except gray face and collar, and whitish-tipped wings and tail-feathers. Resident on northern edge ; non-migratory, and only casually southward, though observed rarely throughout ; nest, usually in ever- greens ; eggs, 3-4, variable in ground-tints and spots. 228. CEDAR-BIRD: WAXWING. Creamy-brown. 6-7. Crested ; for black and yellow markings, see 255. 229. SONG SPARROW. Reddish-brown black-streaked Whitish, streaked. Streaks and blotch sometimes appear only dark ; see 239. 88 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 230. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. (Winter) Flaxen-brown Lighter. 4^. See 256. BLACK LIST. 51 Nos. 231>242 : Showing blacky but no yellow NOR RED. * Nos. 231-238 ; Black throughout^ or with conspicuous black head-markings. 231. AMERICAN RAVEN.^ Black. 24. Iridescent. Extremely rare, along coast, throughout Ad’r’ks, and in Pa. and N. J. ; mostly confined to extreme north, and west of Mississippi ; nest, high in tree or on cliff; eggs, 4 - 8 , greenish, variously tinted and speckled. 232. CROW. Black. 20. Iridescent. Nest, bulky, in tree ; eggs, April or early May, 4 - 6 , variable in tint and marking. 233. BLACK-BACKED, THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Black, white White. 8-9. Yellow crown-spot may escape notice; see 253. 234. WHITE-BACKED, THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Black, white White. 8-9. Yellow crown-spot may escape notice ; see 254. PERMANENT GROUP — BLACK LIST 89 235. EUROPEAN STARLING. Iridescent greenish-black, rusty-speckled. S}i. Bill, long and greenish-white , Introduced and local, rare ; nest, in tree ; eggs, 4-7, pale greenish. 236. CEDAR-BIRD: WAXWING. Creamy-brown. 6-7. Crested ; forehead, eye-stripe, and chin, black ; yel- low tip of tail may escape notice ; see 255. 237. WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH. Black, ashy-blue White. 6. Entire top of head and neck, glossy black ; rest, above, ashy-blue ; side of face, white ; tail, black, with white markings. Nest, of grasses, feathers, etc., in hole; eggs, June ist, white, thickly spotted ; commonly found climbing tree-trunks, often head downward. 23§. CHICKADEE: BLACK-CAPPED TITMOUSE. Black, ashy Black, whitish. 5-5 Entire top of head ^ nape^ and throat , black ; side of face, white ; below, the white quite “ rusty in winter. Nest, of moss, hair, wool, etc., in hole of tree, post, or fence ; eggs, latter part of May, 6-8, white, spotted ; in N. J. only in winter. * * Nos. 239-242 : With no evident black on head. 239. BLUE JAY. Purplish-blue Whitish. 11-12. Crested ; forehead, black; wings and tail, blue, but black-barred and white-tipped ; below, bluish-white on 90 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS throat, black collar entirely round neck, breast otherwise gray. Rarer in winter ; nest, in tree — commonly evergreen — or bush ; eggs, last of May, 4-5, variously tinted and spotted ; screams much like a hawk. 240. ENGLISH SPARROW. Reddish-brown, black-streaked Black, ashy. 6. Chestnut border to crown / see 250. 241. SONG SPARROW. Reddish-brown, black-streaked Whitish, streaked. Median line on crown, and superciliary line, whitish ; breast and sides, dark-streaked, with conspicuous blackish blotch on middle of breast. Breeds throughout, and winters as far north as Mass., casually farther ; sings in winter in Pa. ; nest, on ground or low in bush ; eggs, May ist, 4-5, vary greatly in color ; earliest general songster in spring. 242. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. Winter plumage (Oct.-Apr.), Flaxen-brown Lighter. 414^. No black crown ; wings and tail, blackish ; whitish wing-bars ; ? , all the year like winter ^ , but more olive- yellow above, and dingy-yellow below ; wings and tail, dark^ whitish-marked ; for details, see 256. Nos. 243-250: Showing black red, but no yellow. 243. PILEATED WOODPECKER. Black throughout, except white and scarlet markings. 15 - 19 , Crested ; crest and cheek-spots, scarlet; throat, long stripe on side of head and neck, with large area on wings, white ; ? has crest only slightly scarlet, and no scarlet on check. Throughout, but more northerly, and only in deep woods. PERMANENT GROUP — BLACK LIST 91 244. FLICKER. Olive-brown Cinnamon, black, whitish, spotted. 12 %. Above, black-barred; black crescent on breast ; scarlet crescent on nape ; see 252. 245. RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Scarlet, black, white Whitish, reddish. Qj^-io. Red eye ; sides of head, whitish ; entire crown and nape, scarlet ; otherwise, above, finely banded with black and white ; below, whitish, reddening on abdomen ; $ has only nape scarlet. Southerly ; casually in Conn, and northward ; rare winter bird in 246. RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. Crimson, blue-black, white. Whole head and neck, crimson ; back (except white rump), wings (except large white area), and tail, rich black ; rest, above and below, with aforesaid wing-area, white. Seldom north of Mass. ; not found in N. J. in winter ; nest^ in tree- hole ; eggs, 4-6, white. 247. HAIRY WOODPECKER. Black, white White. 9-9 Head, black, with white stripes ; scarlet band on nape ; back, wings, and tail, black and white ; $ , without scarlet band. Breeds north of Mass.; more abundant in winter; “ quite plenti- ful” in Pa., also found in N. J. ; nest and eggs, as in other wood- peckers. 92 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 248. DOWNY WOODPECKER. Black, white White. 6-7. Identical with hairy (except slight difference in tail-markings), but smaller. More southerly range than “hairy,’’ and more abundant; in or- chards as well as woods ; nest, in hole of tree ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-6, white ; sharp, rich note. 249. TUFTED TITMOUSE. Dark ashy Whitish, chestnut. 6 - 6 Crested ; black spot on forehead ; below, whitish ; sides, chestnut. North, to S. E. N. Y. ; nest, in hole ; eggs, 6-8, white, spotted. 250. ENGLISH SPARROW. Reddish-brown, black-streaked Black, ashy. 6. Forehead, lores, and throat, black; crown and rump, ash, former bordered by chestnut ; spot behind ear and part of neck, chestnut, bordered on neck with white ; prominent wing-bars. Nest, early and late, simple ; eggs, 4-5 ; an imported European nuisance. YELLOW LIST. Showing Yellow, but no Black. 251. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. Winter plumage (Oct. -Apr.), Flaxen-brown Lighter. 4^. Fore-part, all round, often distinctly tinged with yel- low ; see 256 . PERMANENT GROUP BLACK AND YELLOW LIST 93 BLACK AND YELLOW LIST. Nos. 252-257 : Showing both Black and Yellow. 252. GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER: FLICKER. Olive-brown Cinnamon, black, whitish, spotted. 12 Above, umber-brown, black-barred ; scarlet cres- cent on nape; ruinp^ white; tail, blackish above; wings and tail, bright yellow beneath ; below, black maxillary spots ; throat and upper breast, cinnamon, with black cres- cent oxi latter ; other under parts, white, tinged and spotted. Less abundant in winter, particularly north ; nest, in tree-hole ; eggs, middle of May, 6-7, pure white. 253. BLACK-BACKED, THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Black, white White. 8-9. Crown-spot, yellow; sides of head, black-and-white- striped ; back, black ; wings and tail, black and white ; below, white ; sides, black-barred ; ? , without yellow on crown. Breeds north of Mass., common in Ad’r’ks ; in winter rarely to Conn., not in Pa. or N. J. ; nest, chiefly in evergreens; eggs, pure white. 254. WHITE-BACKED, THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. 8-9. Like preceding, but with white line down the back, interrupted with black. Breeds on northern edge ; more northern than “ black-backed, ” and rarer ; nest and eggs, as in “ black-backed.” 255. CEDAR-BIRD: WAXWING. Creamy-brown. 6-7. Crested ; forehead, broad eye-stripe, and chin, black ; red spots, as of sealing-wax, often seen on wings, 94 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS and occa. on tail ; tail, yellow-tipped ; abdomen, yellow or yellowish ; under tail-coverts, white. Breeds throughout, remains in winter as far north as Mass.; nest, of grass, bark, roots, etc., in tree or bush, near ground; eggs, late June or early July, 3-6, pale blue, black-spotted; no song, only a “wheezy whistle.” 250. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. Summer plumage (Apr.-Oct.), Black, yellow Yellow. Winter plumage (Oct. -Apr.), Flaxen-brown Lighter. In summer, throughout, bright yellow ; crown, wings, and tail, black ; wing-bars and tail-spots, white. In winter, wings and tail, blackish ; fore-part of body often with yel- lowish suffusion. Common throughout, the year round ; in winter, in large flocks ; nest, artistic, deeply cupped, 6-30 ft. from ground; eggs, early June, 4-6, bluish-white, unmarked ; wavy flight on wing, and querulous or sad note in the song. 257. EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH. Black, brown, yellow Light brown. 4^. Entire front face and chin, scarlet ; crown, black ; side of face, white, bordered behind by black stripe ; back, soft brown ; wings, black, with large yellow area ; tail, black, white-spotted ; below, white, irregularly shaded with soft brown. Introduced, local, rare. BLUE OR RED LIST. Showing neither Black nor Yellow. 25§. TUFTED TITMOUSE. Dark ashy Whitish, chestnut. 6-6%. Crested ; chestnut sides ; see 249o PERMANENT GROUP — GAME BIRDS 95 GAME BIRDS. Nos. 259-263. 259. RUFFED GROUSE: PARTRIDGE. Reddish-brown, spotted Tawny, brown-barred. 1 8. Erectile crown-feathers, black-marked ; prominent dark ruff-feathers on each side of neck ; tail, large and rounded, gray, with broad black band near tip, and else- where finely vermiculated with black. Throughout ; nest, on ground in swampy woods ; eggs, late in May, 8 - 15 , buff, plain or spotted ; remarkable for “ drumming.” 260. PINNATED GROUSE: PRAIRIE HEN. Barred with black, white, and tawny. 16-18. Crested; a tuft of long feathers on each side of neck, which can be spread into the form of a little wing, below which the bare skin is sometimes greatly inflated ; tail, very short ; legs, feathered. Very rare in Eastern States, but said to be still found in Martha’s Vineyard, Long Island, and locally in N. Y., N. J., and Pa. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, pale greenish-gray, speckled or unmarked. 261. CANADA GROUSE: SPRUCE PARTRIDGE. Black, gray-waved Black, white-barred, and spotted. 16. Narrow stripe over eye, yellow or red ; broad, rounded tail, black, with broad tip of orange-brown ; legs, feathered to toes; ? , with much variegation of white, brown, and tawny ; tail, obscurely orange-tipped. Only on northern edge ; locally common in Ad’r’ks ; nest, on ground, in damp places ; eggs, late in May, 12 or more, variegated. 96 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 262. “BOB-WHITE:” VIRGINIA PARTRIDGE; QUAIL Variegation of brown, tawny, gray, etc. Brownish and tawny, black-waved. 9. Crown-feathers, somewhat erectile ; forehead, super- ciliary line, and throat, white, and all black-bordered ; ? has tints duller, and throat buff. Throughout northward to Mass. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, late in May, quite numerous, white; identified by notes resembling “bob- white.” Found in open fields. 263. BLACK DUCK: DUSKY DUCK- (WATER-FOWL). Blackish, feathers edged with rusty-brown. 24. Bill, greenish-yellow ; violet patch on wing, black- bordered ; legs, red. Breeds throughout, but rarely in Pa., where it is chiefly migrant, and locally in N. J., where it is common in winter on coast and large rivers ; frequents ponds ; nest, on ground, occa. in tree-hole ; eggs, May and June, 6-10, creamy or pale buff ; one of the largest fresh-water ducks, and fine eating. The Following Summer and Migrant Birds are Permanent in Pa. or N. J. 173. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker ; ; Pa., rare. 15. Great Carolina Wren ; 5 J^-6 ; Pa. and N. J. 108. Bluebird; 6j^- 7 ; Pa. and N. J. 56. Mourning Dove; 12 ; Pa. and N. J., locally. 58. Cardinal Grosbeak ; ; S. Pa. and N. J. 87. Meadow Lark ; loj^ ; Pa. and N. J. 57. Robin ; 9-10; N. J. ; not uncommon in Pa. SPECIAL BIRDS OF N. Y., PA., AND N. J. 97 Birds Found Only in N. Y., Pa., or N. J. Nos. 264-274. 264. WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE Leaden-gray White. Stripe across forehead, continuous with broad bar on side of face, black ; shoulders and upper tail-coverts, whitish ; wings and tail, black, white-marked ; below, sides shaded with gray, but no vermicular marking. Only in Ad’r’ks, where it is not uncommon ; habits, same as of other shrikes ; permanent. 265. WILLOW PTARIVIIGAN. (Summer) Chestnut, variegated. (Winter) White, black White. 15. Summer, fore-parts, chestnut, barred above and on sides with blackish, tawny, and white; most of wings, and below (except breast and sides), white ; legs, feathered to claws ; in winter, white throughout ; tail, black, white- tipped ; middle pair of tail-feathers, white. Only in Ad’r’ks, and rare ; permanent. 266. WESTERN SHORE LARK. 7. Coloration much as in shore lark (201), but very pale ; black markings restricted. A western species, breeding locally in W. Pa., and, it is said, in N. Y. 267. EVENING GROSBEAK. Yellowish, black, white. Forehead, superciliary line, shoulders and rump, yellow; crown, tail, and upper tail-coverts, black; body, olivaceous - yellow, becoming bright yellow posteriorly ; wings, black and white, their under-side black and yellow ; 5 , brownish-ash, paler below, irreg. mixed with yellow. A western species, since 1890 locally permanent in Pa., N. Y,, and N. J. 98 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 268. WILD TURKEY. Iridescent copper-bronze. 36-48. Bare skin of head and neck, blue ; excrescences, purplish-red; upper tail-coverts, chestnut; tail, brown, black-barred ; long tuft of blackish bristles hanging from middle of breast ; legs, red ; - general plumage, copper- bronze, each feather black-tipped ; $ , smaller and duller. Pet.iianent, but rare, “ in many wooded and thinly populated dis- tricts ’’ of Pa., possibly in N. Y. (?) ; extirpated in N. E. and N. J. ; nest, on ground ; eggs, much like those of domestic turkey, but a lit- tle smaller. 269. BEWICK’S WREN. Dark rufous-brown Ashy-white. Rump, grayish ; flanks, brown. Only in Pa. and very rarely in N. J. ; a summer bird ; nest, in hole of tree, etc. ; eggs, 7-9, white, sparsely speckled ; fine singer. 270. YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. Ashy-gray Yellow, white. 5. Whole top of head, and patches on side of head and neck, black; long superciliary line, from bill to eye, yellow, from eye to nape, white ; throat, rich yellow, black-bor- dered ; other under-parts, white ; sides, strongly black- streaked. Only in Pa. and S. N. J. ; a summer bird ; rare ; nesting, unknown. 271. CAROLINA CHICKADEE. Coloring of common chickadee ( 238 ), but much smaller. Only in S, Pa. (summer) and N. J. (permanent). SPECIAL BIRDS OF N. Y., PA., AND N. J. 99 272 . BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH. Ashy-blue Whitish. 4 . Top of head, down to eyes, brown, dark-bordered ; white spot on nape. Rarely breeding only in S. N. J. and rare straggler to S. Pa. ; hab- its of other nuthatches. 273 . NELSON’S SHARP-TAILED FINCH. Smaller than sharp-tailed finch (7), but with same coloring, except colors are brighter, and markings more sharply defined.” A western species, but a rare migrant on N. J. coast. 274 . ACADIAN SHARP-TAILED FINCH. Size and coloring of sharp-tailed finch (7), ‘‘ but paler and less conspicuously streaked beneath with pale green- ish-gray.” A new subspecies, ranging along the coast ; within territory only on N. J. coast, where it is a regular migrant. RED LIST OF LAND AND WATER BIRDS. Including every shade frorn dark chestnut to scarlet. The birds proper number precedes ^ its length follows^ its name, * Red the prevailing tint^ even when not throughout^ or with wings and tail black, 301. Screech Owl; 8-10; in the “red phase.” 195. Pine Grosbeak; 8-9; carmine; wings and tail, black- ish. 58. Cardinal Grosbeak ; 8^ ; cardinal-red. 61. Scarlet Tanager ; 7 ; scarlet, except jet-black wings and tail. lOO HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 114 . Summer Tanager ; 7}^-8 ; vermilion. 152 . Fox Sparrow; 7; reddish-tawny, or “rusty;” breast, white, spotted. 115 . Purple Finch ; 6; crimson, more anteriorly. 196 . Common Crossbill; 6; brick-red; wings and tail, blackish. 197 . White-winged Crossbill; 6; brick-red; wings and tail, blackish. * * Red only on crown* 41 . King-bird ; 8 ; flame-colored spot, obscure. 198 . Tree Sparrow; 6; bright chestnut. 250 . English Sparrow ; 6 ; bright chestnut. 68, Swamp Sparrow ; 5^-6 ; bright chestnut. 69 . Chipping Sparrow; 5^ ; bright chestnut. 41 . Oven-bird ; 6 ; buff-orange stripe. 165 . Yellow Red-poll Warbler ; 5 ; bright chestnut. 76 . Nashville Warbler ; 4^-5 ; chestnut, obscure. 202 . Golden-crowned Kinglet ; 4-4 ; scarlet centre of yellow spot. 177 . Ruby-crowned Kinglet; 4-4^ ; entire spot scarlet. * * * Red only on nape. 252 . Flicker; 12^; scarlet band. 247 . Hairy Woodpecker ; 9-9 ^ ; scarlet band. 248 . Downy Woodpecker ; 6-7; scarlet band. * * * * lelow^ wholly or chiefly. 215 . Merganser; 24; pinkish-red. 216 . Red-breasted Merganser ; 24 ; deep reddish-brown. 137 . Summer Duck; 19; chestnut. 121 . King Rail; 17-19; cinnamon-red. RED LIST OF LAND AND WATER BIRDS lOI 162. Wild Pigeon; i6; purplish-red. 146. Roseate Tern ; 12-16; rosy-tinted. 56. Mourning Dove ; 12; purplish-red. 57. Robin; 9-10; bright chestnut. 123. Virginia Rail ; 8-10; cinnamon-red. 108. Bluebird; 6^-7; chestnut. 199. Red-breasted Nuthatch ; 4^-5; reddish-brown. ***** Miscellaneous ; arranged approximately accord- ing to order of descriptive details. 246. Red-headed Woodpecker ; 9^ ; head and neck, scar- let. 283. Turkey Buzzard ; 24 ; red head. 144. Arctic Tern; 14-17; long bill, red. 145. Common Tern ; 13-16 ;• long bill and feet, red. 126. Florida Gallinule ; 12-14; bill and plate, red. 268. Wild Turkey , 36-48 ; excrescences, purplish-red. 257. European Goldfinch ; 4^ ; front face, red. 261. Canada Grouse; 16 ; superciliary line, red or yellow. 243. PiLEATED Woodpecker ; 15-19; crest and cheek, scar- let. 245. Red-bellied Woodpecker; 9^^ ; crown and nape, scarlet. 173. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker ; 8j^ ; crown and throat, scarlet. 170. Cape May Warbler; 5-5 ; side of head, reddish or orange -brown. 204. Red-poll Linnet; 5^; crown, carmine ; rump and breast, rosy. 205. American Mealy Red-poll; 5^; crown, carmine; breast, rosy. 109. Barn Swallow; 6-7; forehead and breast, chestnut. 112. Cliff Swallow; 5-5 ; side of head, rump, and throat, chestnut. 164. Bay-breasted Warbler; 5^; crown, throat, and breast, chestnut. 102 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 130 . Least Bittern ; 11-14; hind-neck, chestnut. 136 . Green Heron; 16-18; neck and below, dark reddish. 92 . Prairie Warbler ; 4^ ; middle of back, brick-red. 88 . Baltimore Oriole ; 7^-8 ; rump and breast, orange. 62 . Orchard Oriole ; 7 ; rump and lower breast, chestnut. 65 . Red-winged Blackbird ; 9 ; shoulder, scarlet. 285 . Red-shouldered Hawk ; 20 ; shoulder, reddish. 255 . Cedar-bird ; 6-7; red spots on wings. 279 . Red-tailed Buzzard ; 22 ; tail, bright chestnut. 291 . Sparrow Hawk; io-ii ; tail, bright chestnut. 78 . Great Crested Flycatcher; S )4 ; tail, chestnut. 63 . Redstart ; 5^ J tail, wing-patch, and sides of breast, or- ange. 66. Cat-bird; 8^-9; under tail-coverts, chestnut-red. 200 . Bohemian Waxwing ; 7-8 ; under tail-coverts, chestnut- red. 118 . Ruby-throated Humming-bird; 3^; throat, ruby. 214 . Red-throated Diver ; 29 ; throat, chestnut. 59 . Rose-breasted Grosbeak; 8 - 8)4 > upper breast, car- mine. 97 . Blackburnian Warbler ; 4j^ ; breast, orange. 101 . Chestnut-sided Warbler ; 5 ; chestnut stripe on side of breast. 67 . Chewink; 8 - 8)4 ; sides, chestnut. 249 . Tufted Titmouse ; 6-6^ ; sides, chestnut. 263 . Black Duck; 24; legs, red. BIRDS OF PREY — EAGLES 103 BIRDS OF PREY. These comprise eagles, hawks (and allies), and owls ; the two former diurnal, the last nocturnal, in habits. Eagles and hawks are at once recognized by their great size, generally neutral coloring, frequent alternation of flapping and sailing in flight, and erect attitude in perching. They are generally silent, their occasional screams much resembling that of the blue jay. The peculiar physiogno- my of owls instantly identifies the class. Birds of prey are ranked as non-migratory, though in several species this is not strictly true, their movements northward and southward being probably induced by the varying conditions of food- supply. As a rule they are not gregarious. It has recently been proved that this despised group of birds are, almost without exception, far more beneficial than hurtful in nat- ure’s economy, their food being largely such animals as are noxious to the farmer. EAGLES. 275. BALD EAGLE. Dark brown. 36. Head^ neck, and tail, white after 3d year, until then uniformly colored; ist year, very dark, somewhat white- spotted ; 2d year, gray, and larger than ever after ! Throughout, permanent, on coast and along large inland waters ; nest, on tree or crag; eggs, 2, whitish, unspotted; feeds chiefly on fish. 104 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 276 . GOLDEN EAGLE. Dark brown. 36. Part of head, and neck, golden-brown ; legs, feathered to toes ; in young birds, tail white, with broad black tip. Irregularly throughout, but nesting rather northerly, and in moun . ^ _ — Lilciiy, ana in moun- tamous regions ; occasionally, in winter only, in Pa and N 1 • neci huge, on crag, rarely in tree ; eggs, 2-4, white, spotted. ‘ ’ HAWKS (and ALLIES). (Nos. 277-281 s/^c?ze/ conspicuous white,) 277 . OSPREY: FISH HAWK. Dark brown White. 24. Head and neck, white, with broad black stripe from eye to neck ; crown, black-streaked ; below, white, slightly brown-tinged, and breast somewhat dark-spotted ; tail barred. ^ Breeds throughout; found on coast, and at large inland waters; nest, bulky, in tree, on rock or ground ; eggs, May, 2-3, color varia- ble ; sometimes gregarious ; fish diet. 278, ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK: BLACK HAWK. Variegation of brown and white White, brown-marked. 24, Tail, black-barred, h\it basal half pure white; be- low, white, variously dark-marked, often with wide brown band across abdomen ; legs, feathered to toes. Throughout in winter; frequents marshy places ; nest, on tree or cliff ; eggs, 3-4. varied coloring. , i cc vi BIRDS OF PREY HAWKS (AND ALLIES) 105 279 . HEN HAWK: RED-TAILED BUZZARD. Dark brown Buffy-white, partly streaked. 22. Above, slightly marked with tawny and white ; tail, above, bright chestnut^ below, silvery white^ with white tip subtipped with black ; sides and abdomen, dark-streaked ; plumage variable, but chestnut-red tail characteristic. Permanent throughout ; nest, bulky, high in tree ; eggs, 3, whitish, marked. 280. IVIARSH HAWK. Bluish-gray — -Whitish . 16-18. Wings, blackish-tipped; upper taiUcoverts^ white ; tail, brown-barred. Breeds throughout ; more or less permanent, especially in S. Pa. ; nest, on ground ; eggs. May, 4-5, with dull tints, obscurely marked; in marshy places ; feeds on mice, toads, insects, etc. 281. GYRFALCON. 24. White, heavily marked with brown. An Arctic species, occa. seen in N. E. in winter ; nest, on cliff. 282. GOSHAWK: PARTRIDGE HAWK. Slate White, dark-barred. 24. Blackish on head ; white superciliary line ; tail, with 4 wide dark bands. Throughout, permanent, somewhat rare. 283. TURKEY BUZZARD. Blackish. 24. Bill, white ; head, red ; skin of head with a few bristly feathers ; wings, gray on under side ; tail, rounded. Permanent in S. N. J. ; breeds in Pa., where it is permanent in some sections; roams northward rarely to Me.; nest, on ground; eggs, 1-2, whitish, variously spotted; gregarious, sails an immense distance — one or two miles — without wing-beat. io6 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 284. CARRION CROW: BLACK VULTURE. Blackish. 24. Bill, yellowish ; head, dark, with a few bristly feath- ers ; tail, square. A southern species, regularly north only to N. C., but straggling even to Me. ; no records in N. J. ; chiefly a coast-bird. 285. HEN HAWK: RED-SHOULDERED BUZZARD. Reddish-brown Lighter, dark-streaked and white-barred. 20. Shoulders, orange-hrown ; wings and tail, blackish, narrowly white-barred and white-tipped. Permanent throughout; nest, high in tree; eggs, Apr., 2-4, color variable ; quite abundant. 286. COOPER’S HAWK: CHICKEN HAWK. Dark brown White, brownish-barred. 18. Throat, almost pure white ; wings, dark-barred ; tail, lighter, dark-barred and white-tipped. Permanent throughout, but rarer in winter ; nest, in high tree ; eggs, Apr. or May, 3-5, white or tinted, obscurely marked. 28T. DUCK HAWK: PEREGRINE FALCON. Dark ash Buff-white, spotted. 18. Forehead, whitish; throat, pure white; tail, finely barred with dark and light ; large black patch on cheek ; breast spotted, sides barred, with black. Breeds throughout ; a mountainous species ; winters irreg. in Pa.; rare; nest, on tree or ground; eggs, 3-4, whitish, variously spotted ; attacks large game, such as ducks, hares, etc. BIRDS OF PREY — HAWKS (aND ALLIES) 10 7 2§8. BROAD-WINGED HAWK: BUZZARD. Dark brown White, barred and streaked. 18. Tail, barred, and tipped with white ; dark patch on each side of throat. Permanent throughout, but rarer northerly in winter ; nest, in tree ; eggs, 3-5, yellowish-white, dark-spotted. 289, PIGEON HAWK. Dark ashy-blue Fulvous, dark-spotted. 13. Wings, white-spotted ; tail, banded with black and whitish, and white-tipped ; throat, whitish ; breast, buffy, and brown-spotted ; ? , above, ashy-brown ; tail, banded obscurely with whitish. Breeds from northern edge down to Mass. , and in winter through- out ; nest, in tree-hole or on branch ; eggs, 4-5, variously colored. 290. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. Dark brown White, brownish-barred. 12. Throat, almost pure white ; wings, dark-barred ; tail, lighter, dark-banded and white-tipped. Permanent throughout, but rare in N. E. in winter, and in Pa. in summer; nest, in tree or on rock; eggs. May or June, 4-5, variable in color ; especially valiant and impetuous. 291. SPARROW HAWK. Cinnamon-brown Buff, slightly spotted. lo-ii. Crown, ashy-blue, with chestnut spot varying in size ; tail^ bright chestmit^ black-barred and white-tipped ; outer feathers, mostly white, and black-barred ; throat and rear, white ; breast, buffy, sparsely or not at all spotted ; ? has breast thickly dark-streaked. Abundant throughout ; nest, in tree-hole, etc. ; eggs, May, 5-7, much varied in color ; the smallest hawk, and handsome. io8 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS OWLS. 292 . GREAT GRAY OWL. Ashy-brown, waved ** and streaked. 24-30. Plumage, ‘‘waved” above, streaked below ; con- centric light and dark rings on face. An Arctic species, permanent, at least in Ad’r’ks, though rare, and, in winter, rarely southward to Pa. and N. J. ; nest, in tree ; eggs, 3- 4, white. 292 . SNOWY OWL. White, somewhat dark-spotted. 24. Face, throat, and feet, whitest. An Arctic species, but frequent throughout in winter ; nest, usually on ground ; eggs, 5-10, laid at irregular intervals, as in other owls, so that nest may contain fresh eggs and young birds. 294. GREAT HORNED OWL. Finely mottled with several quiet colors. 24. Prominent dark ear-tufts ; below, rather lighter ; general plumage rather variable. Throughout ; no nest ; eggs, 3-6, whitish, laid in tree-hole, etc., in Feb. or Mar. ; said to be laid sometimes in Jan. in Pa. 295. BARRED OWL; HOOT OWL. Ashy-brown, barred with whitish. 18-20. Dark and light concentric rings around eye ; be- low as above, but lighter. Throughout; nest, coarse, in tree-hole; eggs, Apr., 3-4, white. BIRDS OF PREY — OWLS 109 296. BARN OWL. Whitish-tawny, black-speckled. 16-17. Face, lighter (dark around eye), bordered with dark ; wings and tail, brown-barred ; below, lighter, sparsely dark-spotted. Southerly ; north to Mass. ; nest, in barn, tower, tree, etc. ; eggs, 3-6, yellowish- white ; in Pa. nest sometimes found latter part of Feb. 297. HAWK OWL: DAY OWL. Dark brown, white-speckled — -Brown and white, barred. 16. Face, whitish, bordered with blackish ; tail, nar- rowly whitish-barred ; below (except throat, which is streaked), closely barred with brownish and white. An Arctic species, possibly breeding in Me ; in winter, throughout N. E. , very rare in Pa. and N. J. ; nest, in tree ; eggs, 4-6, whitish ; most diurnal of owls. 298. LONG-EARED OWL. Variegation of fulvous and dark brown. 14-16. Prominent ear-tufts ; face, tawny, dark-bordered. Throughout, common, gregarious ; nest, in tree-hole, on ground, or in deserted nest ; eggs, middle of Apr., 3-6, white. 299. SHORT-EARED OWL: MARSH OWL Variegation of fulvous and dark brown. 14.^2 • Face, whitish ; d/ack around eye. Throughout, often in marshes ; nest, on ground ; eggs, middle of Apr., 4-7, white ; occa. flying by day. 300. RICHARDSON’S OWL. Chocolate-brown, white-spotted White, dark-spotted. 10-12. Face, white, dark-bordered. An Arctic species, rarely in N. E. in winter ; nest, in tree ; eggs, 2-6, white. 1 10 HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS 301. SCREECH OWL: MOTTLED OR RED OWL. Brownish-gray, dappled with various tints. 8-10. Promineat ear-tufts, plumage variable ; a small- sized great horned ; ’’ another plumage has a very red- dish cast. Throughout, rather abundant ; nest, coarse, in tree ; eggs, Apr., 4-6, white. 302. SAW-WHET OWL: ACADIAN OWL. Chocolate-brown, white-spotted White, dark-spotted. 7-8. Face, whitish, dark-bordered. Throughout, quite rare in Pa. and N. J. ; nest, in tree-hole ; eggs, Apr., 4-6, white ; the smallest of the owls ; name, from its peculiar scream. INDEX {Figures refer to the birF s proper number.) LAND BIRDS Bee-martin, 47 Blackbird, Bronzed Crow, 156 Cow, 32 Crow, 31 Red-winged, 65 Bluebird, 108 Bob-White, 262 Bobolink, 49 Bunting, Black-throated, 99 Snow, 190 Towhee, 67 Butcher-bird, 187 Buzzard, 288 Red-shouldered, 285 Red-tailed, 279 Turkey, 283 Cardinal-bird, 58 Cat-bird, 66 Cedar-bird, 255 Chat, Yellow-breasted, 93 Chewink, 67 Chickadee, 238 Carolina, 271 Hudsonian, 193 Chipper, Arctic, 198 Cow-bird, 32 Creeper, Black-and-white, 43 Brown, 184 Crossbill, Common, 196 White-winged, 197 Crow, Carrion, 284 Common, 232 Fish, 30 Cuckoo, Black-billed, 45 Yellow-billed, 98 Dove, Mourning, 56 Eagle, Bald, 275 Golden, 276 Falcon, Peregrine, 287 Finch, Acadian Sharp-tailed, 274 Grass, 6 Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, 273 Pine, 185 Purple, 1 15 Sea-side, 79 Flicker, 252 Flycatcher, Acadian, 24 Great Crested, 78 Least, 26 III I I 2 INDEX Flycatcher, Olive-sided, 21 Traill’s, 25 Yellow-bellied, 80 Gnat-catcher, Blue-gray, 44 Goldfinch, American, 242, 256 European, 257 Goshawk, 282 Grackle, Bronzed, 156 Purple, 31 Rusty, 157 Grosbeak, Blue, 38 Cardinal, 58 Evening, 267 Pine, 195 Rose-breasted, 59 Grouse, Canada, 261 Pinnated, 260 Ruffed, 259 Gyrfalcon, 281 Hair-bird, 69 Hawk, Broad-winged, 288 Chicken (Cooper’s), 286 Duck, 287 Fish, 277 Hen, 279, 285 Marsh, 280 Partridge, 282 Pigeon, 289 Red-shouldered, 285 Red-tailed, 279 Rough-legged (Black), 278 Sharp-shinned, 290 Sparrow, 291 Hen, Prairie, 260 Humming bird. Ruby throated, ii8 Indigo-bird, 39 Jay, Blue, 239 Canada, 227 King-bird, 47 Kingfisher, Belted, 107 Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 202 Ruby-crowned, 177 Lark, Brown, 182 Meadow, 87 Shore (Horned), 201 Western Shore, 266 Linnet, Pine, 185 Rtd-poll, 204 Longspur, Lapland, 192 Martin, Purple, 33 Maryland Yellow-throat, 96 Mocking-bird, 36 Night Hawk, 13 Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 272 Canada (Red breasted), 199 White-breasted, 237 Oriole, Baltimore, 88 Orchard, 62 Osprey, 277 Oven-bird, 41 Owl, Barn, 296 Barred, 295 Great Gray, 292 Great Horned, 294 Hawk (Day), 297 Hoot, 295 Long-eared, 298 Marsh, 299 Richardson’s, 300 INDEX II3 Owl, Saw-whet (Acadian), 302 Screech (Red), 301 Short-eared, 299 Snowy, 293 Partridge, 259 Spruce, 261 Virginia, ‘262 Peabody-bird, 174 Pewee, 51 Phoebe, 22 Pigeon, Wild (Passenger), 162 Pipit, 182 Ptarmigan, Willow, 265 Quail, 262 Raven, American, 231 Red-bird, Summer, 114 Red-poll, American Mealy, 205 Common, 204 Redstart, 63 Rice-bird, 49 Robin, 57 Shrike, Loggerhead, 37 Great Northern, 187 White-rumped, 264 Snow-bird, 191 Sparrow, Chipping, 69 English, 250 Field, 70 Fox, 152 Henslow’s, 105 Ipswich, 183 Lincoln’s, 8 Savanna, 81 Sharp-tailed, 7 Song, 241 Swamp, 68 Tree, 198 Sparrow, Vesper, 6 White-crowned. 158 White-throated, 174 Yellow-winged, 106 Starling, European, 235 Summer Yellow-bird, 75 Swallow, Bank, 19 Barn, 109 Chimney, 34 Cliff (Eave), 112 Rough-winged, 20 White-breasted, 48 Swift, Chimney, 34 Tanager, Scarlet, 61 Summer, 114 Titlark (Wagtail), 182 Titmouse, Black-capped, 238 Tufted, 249 Thrasher, i Thrush, Brown, i Golden-crowned, 41 Gray-cheeked (Arctic), 149 Hermit, 151 Louisiana Water, 4 Olive-backed, 150 Song, 2 Water, 5 Wilson’s, 3 Wood, 2 Turkey, Wild, 268 Veery, 3 Vireo, Philadelphia, 29 Red-eyed, 40 Solitary (Blue-headed), 27 Warbling, 28 White-eyed, 83 Yellow-throated, 72 Vulture, Black, 284 INDEX 114- WAGTAIL, 182 Warbler, Bay-breasted, 164 Black and Yellow, 171 Black-capped Flycatching, 172 Black-poll, 160 Black-throated Blue, 161 Black-throated Green, 102 Blackburnian, 97 Blue Golden-winged, 104 blue Yellow-backed, 77 Blue- winged Yellow, 95 Canadian Flycatching, 89 Cape May, 170 Chestnut-sided, loi Coerulean, 55 Connecticut, 168 Hooded, 90 Kentucky, 94 Magnolia, 171 Maryland Yellow-throated, 96 Mourning, 169 Myrtle, 175 Nashville, 76 Orange-crowned, 153 Palm, 165 Parula, 77 Pine, 73 Prairie, 92 Bittern, American, 129 Least, 130 Coot, American, 127 Diver, Red-throated, 214 Dovekie, 226 Warbler, Prothonotary, 74 Summer Yellow, 75 Tennessee, 154 White-throated, 103 Worm-eating, 42 Yellow Red-poll, 165 Yellow-rumped, 175 Yellow-throated, 270 Water Wagtail, 5 Waxwing, 255 Bohemian, 200 Whippoorwill, 12 Woodpecker, Black - backed, Three-toed, 253 Downy, 248 Golden-winged, 252 Hairy, 247 Pileated, 243 Red-bellied, 245 Red-headed, 246 White - backed. Three - toed , 254 Yellow-bellied, 173 Wren, Bewick’s, 269 Great Carolina, 15 House, 18 Long-billed Marsh, 16 Short-billed Marsh, 17 Winter, 186 BIRDS Duck, Black (Dusky), 263 Buffle-head, 209 Greater Scaup, 221 Lesser Scaup, 222 Long-tailed, 223 Summer, 137 Surf, 220 INDEX IIS Egret, Great White, 132 Small White, 133 Gallinule, Florida, 126 Gannet, Common. 210 Goose, Canada, 206 Grebe, Pied-billed, 138 Guillemot, Thick-billed, 224 Gull, Glaucous, 212 Great Black-backed, 211 Herring, 208 Kittivvake, 225 Laughing, 143 Ring-billed, 213 Heron, Great Blue, 131 Great White, 132 Green, 136 Little Blue, 134 Night, 135 Small White, 133 Kittivvake, 225 Loon, Common, 207 Merganser, 215 Hooded, 217 Red-breasted, 216 Petrel, Stormy, 148 Plover, Kildeer, 141 Piping, 140 Semipalmated, 139 Upland, 1 19 Rail, Carolina (Common), 124 Clapper, 122 King, 121 Virginia, 123 Yellow, 125 Sandpiper, Solitary, 179 Spotted, 142 Scoter, Black, 219 White-winged, 218 Sea Dove, 226 Sea Swallow, 145 Snipe, American, 178 Tattler, Semipalmated, 128 Tern, Arctic, 144 Common, 145 Least, 147 Roseate, 146 Woodcock, 120