6313 
 
 UE No. 244. 
 [SUPERSKBING No. 140 — D.] 
 
 InIbNctions for the Installation and 
 
 Operation of 
 
 DiJect Cnfrent 
 
 ' > 
 
 Ijaltipolai' GenefatoPp and Motor? 
 
 Westinqhouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. 
 
 # 
 
 PITTSBURG, PA. 
 
 ' liii' 
 
CATALOGUE No. 244. 
 
 [Superseding No. 140— D.] 
 
 Instructions for the Installation and 
 Operation of 
 
 DiPeot dnppent 
 
 lyjoIMpolap Genepatopp and Motiopp. 
 
 .f 
 
 Westinqhouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. 
 
 PITTSBURG, BA. 
 
Kniei ed according- to Act of Congress 
 in the year 1900 by 
 
 WeSTlNGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
 I’ITTSBURG, Pa. 
 
 Airh the Librarinn of (’ongress at Washington, D. C. 
 
1 1 9!' *3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 4 
 
 X 
 
 'x: 
 
 This pamphlet is issued in response to the demand 
 
 for a ^‘book of instructions” that may help the users 
 
 of our direct current multipolar machines to a better 
 
 ^ understanding of the apparatus. 
 
 These machines require a minimum amount of care 
 ■ K 
 
 ^ and inspection, but like all machinery having moving 
 parts, a certain amount of intelligent attention is 
 necessary to secure results that will be entirely satis- 
 ^ ' factory. 
 
 The maxim always to be borne in mind is, keep 
 * >the machines clean and the bearings well oiled. 
 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MEG. CO 
 
 ^ March 1 , 1900 . 
 
 962285 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/instructionsforiOOwest 
 
Table of Contents. 
 
 Pa^?e 
 
 Multipolar EMachines 7 
 
 General Information D 
 
 The Four- Pole Machines 13 
 
 Tables of Capacities etc 11-17 
 
 The Six-Pole Machines 19 
 
 Tables of Capacities, etc 20-23 
 
 Setting Up Machines 24 
 
 Instructions for Operating a Single Generator 28 
 
 Instructions for Operating Generators in Multiple. 29 
 
 Instructions for Operating Shunt-Wound Motors. 32 
 
 Instructions for Operating Series and Compound- 
 
 Wound Motors 33 
 
 General Instructions for Operating Machines 34 
 
 Commutators 35 
 
 Brushes 36 
 
 Direction of Rotation 39 
 
 Excitation 39 
 
 Diagrams of Connections 43-59 
 
 Switchboard Apparatus 60 
 
 Switchboards 62 
 
 5 
 
Dirb:ct-Curre:nt Mui<tipoi,ar Motor. 
 
 () 
 
Hultipolar Machines 
 
 Our multipolar generators and motors for lighting and 
 power service are the outcome of our experience and suc- 
 cess with our railway generators. All the essential prin- 
 ciples of design and construction in the latter class of 
 machines have been combined with the best possible 
 material for producing this line of similar direct current 
 machines. 
 
 The illustrations on pages 6, 12 and 18 show the 
 differences in the construction of our larger and smaller 
 machines. In the larger machines (beginning with the 
 20h.p. slow speed) the field parts through the center in a 
 horizontal plane; in the smaller machines the field is all 
 in one piece. 
 
 The general form is the one given to all our various 
 lines of electric machinery. The various supports are 
 cast solid with the frame so that there is no possibility of 
 trouble from misaligment. Electrically, this method of 
 construction practically eliminates an external field, so 
 that not only is the efficiency of the machines kept very 
 high, but stray lines of magnetic force are avoided. 
 
 The machines are of the multipolar type, having pole 
 pieces of laminated steel cast into the iron yoke. The 
 number of carbon-brush holder arms and the number of 
 carbons per aim depend ujmn the current of the machine, 
 more arms and a greater number of carbons per arm be- 
 ing used for machines of a larger current. 
 
 The bearings are self-aligning and self-oiling. The 
 armatures are of the slotted drum type, and beginning 
 with the 20 h. p. slow speed machine have ventilated discs 
 built up in the core. 
 
The coils are machine wound and so formed as to 
 produce a thoroughly ventilated winding on the armature. 
 They are specially insulated; which protects them from the 
 liability of grounding. 
 
 The armature coils are connected to the commutator 
 segments, so as to secure a two circuit winding in all 
 cases, excepting the 100 kw 125-volt machine, which has 
 a multiple winding on the armature. 
 
General Information. 
 
 The Shunt=Wound Generator is one in which only 
 a portion of the current generated passes through the 
 held windings. The current generated by the armature 
 hows through two paths, one of comparatively low resist- 
 ance, which is the main circuit, the other of compara- 
 tively high resistance, technically known as the shunt, 
 which is the held winding. The voltage of a shunt ma- 
 chine is regulated by varying the total resistance of the 
 held by the use of the rheostat. 
 
 A Compound=Wound Machine lias two distinct 
 windings on its held magnets, one of very many turns of 
 hne wire, called the shunt winding, and another known 
 as the series winding, which consists of a few turns of 
 comparatively heavy wire. The series winding is in 
 series with the external circuit. The voltage of a genera- 
 tor and the speed of a motor of this type may be regu- 
 lated within moderate limits by the use of a rheostat in 
 the shunt held circuit. In a generator the effect of the 
 current in the series windings is to cause the magnetism 
 of the held to increase as the load increases, and thus the 
 drop in the voltage, which would otherwise occur by rea- 
 son of increased drop in the armature winding and the 
 increased magnetic reaction caused by the armature cur- 
 rent, is provided for. After the voltage of a compound- 
 wound generator is once adjusted at gome dehnite point, 
 no more hand regulation is necessary, for with a fairly 
 uniform speed the voltage will remain constant. A gen- 
 
 9 
 
erator may be over compounded by having its series wind- 
 ing so increased that the current compensates not only for 
 the drop and reaction in the armature, but also for the 
 drop in the supply circuit. In this case the voltage 
 across the brushes rises as the load increases. 
 
 The 5hunt=Wound ITotor is one in which only a 
 portion of the current supplied passes through the field 
 windings. The current divides and flows through two 
 paths, one of comparatively low resistance, which is the 
 armature, the other of comparatively high resistance, 
 known as the shunt, which is the field circuit. 
 
 The Series=Wound Motor is one in which the cur- 
 rent utilized by the motor passes successively through the 
 field and armature; or, technically, the field and armature 
 are in series. 
 
 In a motor the effect of the series winding is to give 
 the machine a large torque at starting, which, for exam- 
 ple, is a necessary qualification for elevator work. 
 
 The Output of a generator or the Input of a motor 
 may be obtained in w^atts at any instant by multiplying 
 the current by the voltage as measured at the terminals 
 of the machine. The horse-power may be obtained by 
 dividing the watts by 746. 
 
 A Ground on the Line means that the supply circuit 
 — or some of its branch wires — has come in contact with 
 the ground, or with some electrical conductor, which, in 
 turn, is in connection with the ground. 
 
 A Ground on the ITachine means that some of the 
 field or armature wires have come in contact with the 
 iron frame of the machine by abrasion of the insulation. 
 
 A Short Circuit means that wires have become crossed 
 or connected so as to form a shunt or by-path of com- 
 
 ic 
 
paratively small resistance, through which so much of the 
 current passes as to practically cut out that part of the 
 circuit through which the current originally flowed. 
 
 The Point of Commutation means the position on 
 the commutator at which the brushes commutate the 
 armature current without sparking. 
 
 The Commercial Efficiency of a Generator or Motor 
 
 is the quotient obtained by dividing the watts given out 
 by the watts put into the machine, i. e . , it is the percentage 
 of the total power applied to the machine which is avail- 
 able for useful work. 
 
 The Positive Brush of a Generator or Motor is often 
 spoken of as the plus and the negative as the minus brush, 
 and they are sometimes marked ( + ) and ( — ) respect- 
 ively. 
 
 MuIvTipoi^ar Armatures. 
 
 11 
 
10 H. p. 125-Voi.T Shunt Motor. 
 
The Four=Pole flachine. 
 
 See Illustrations on pages 6 and 12. 
 
 The generators are built with either shunt or com- 
 pound winding, supplying current at 110-125, 220-250 or 
 500-550 volts potential, and the motors shunt or com- 
 pound wound, for 110, 220 and 500 volt circuits. 
 
 Series-wound motors are furnished when required. 
 The speed, at full load, is somewhat lower than the slow 
 speed motors given in the accompanying table. 
 
 13 
 
Approximate Dimensions, in Inches, of 4 Pole Machines with Rails. 
 
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 Motors 110-220 
 and 500 . olts. 
 Generator 250 
 and 500 volts. 
 
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 Speed of 250 volt Generator is 1600. 2. See next line for 125 volt Generator and no volt Motor, 3. T25 volt Generator and no volt IMotor only. 
 
 4. See page for 75 hp no volt Motor. 
 
15 
 
Approximate Dimensions in inches of 4-Pole Machines with Bed Plates. 
 
 
17 
 

 1 
 
 100 Kw. Generator. 
 
 18 
 
The Six=Pole flachines. 
 
 We illustrate upon the opposite page a 100 Kw. 
 generator. 
 
 These machines are compound wound. 
 
 The generators are built for supplying currents at 
 110-125 or 220-250 volts potential, and the motors for 
 110 and 220 volt circuits, as per the accompanying 
 tables. 
 
 19 
 
Approximate Dimensions in 1 
 
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SiDK KIvKvation oi^ Thre:e:-Bearing generator. 
 
Setting Up Machines. 
 
 Location. — It is very important that the location of 
 machines be wisely chosen, and wherever possible, the 
 following considerations should govern the choice: 
 
 First. The machine should not be exposed to moist- 
 ure, as from dripping pipes or escaping steam. 
 
 Second. It should not be exposed to dirt or dust 
 from coal-handling or other causes. 
 
 Third. It should be placed in as cool and well ven- 
 tilated a place as possible. This is important, for a venti- 
 lated machine will carry heavy loads and deteriorate less 
 than one unfavorably located. 
 
 Foundation. — Machines should be set on substantial 
 foundations, in order to prevent vibration when running. 
 Solid masonry, perhaps, is best for a foundation, but a 
 frame work of timber may be used. 
 
 It is well to keep the iron of the machine insulated 
 from the ground, and to this end the bolts securing the 
 machine to its foundation should not come in contact with 
 any other metal or electric conductor. The supports 
 under the machine should be covered with some insulating 
 water-proof paint or compound. 
 
 Erecting. — When setting a machine upon its founda- 
 tion, it should be carefully leveled and the shaft and 
 pulley accurately “lined up’’ with the driving or driven 
 shaft or pulley. 
 
 In shipping the smaller machines the fields are bolted 
 together and properly connected before being shipped. 
 It is only necessary for the purchaser to place the arma- 
 ture in position and make connections. 
 
 24 
 
In erecting the larger machines: 
 
 First get the lower half of the field into positoin, 
 then place the armature in its bearings, and after that put 
 on the upper half of the field. In bolting the upper and 
 lower field of the machine together all dirt should be 
 brushed off the surfaces so that contact may be as close as 
 possible, otherwise there will be an unnecessary weaken- 
 ing of the magnetism. 
 
 Field Coils. — The coils are machine wound, and in 
 all machines not larger than the 20 h. p. slow speed 
 machines are held in position by metal plates, which are 
 bolted to the yoke. In the larger sizes the plates are 
 bolted to the pole pieces. Field coils should be put into 
 position and properly connected before the armature is 
 put in its bearings. Be particularly careful that the con- 
 nections between the series coils are made secure and with 
 good contact. 
 
 Armature. — Never try to support any of the weight of 
 an armature by the commutator. Do not allow the com- 
 mutator to rest on any blocking, and do not pass a rope 
 around it for the purpose (ff lifting the armature. When 
 handling the armature always support it by a rope-sling 
 about the shaft, and never allow it to rest on its body. 
 Be very careful not to mar or scratch the shaft, as any 
 roughness would cause it to cut the bearing and produce 
 heating when running. 
 
 In putting the armature in the field be careful not to 
 scratch the bearings, or bend or break the oil rings. 
 
 Belts. — Belts must be tight enough to run without 
 slipping, but the tension should not be too great or the 
 bearings will heat. Belts should be run with^ not against^ 
 the lapping. The joint should be dressed smooth, so 
 that there will be no jarring of the machine as the cap 
 passes over the pulley. The crowns of driving and driven 
 
 25 
 
pulleys should be alike. The ‘^wabbling’’ of belts is 
 sometimes due to pulleys having unlike crowns. A wave 
 motion or flapping is usually caused by slipping between 
 a certain portion of the belt and the pulleys, resulting 
 from grease spots etc. The fault may sometimes be cor- 
 rected by increasing the tension, but the better remedy is 
 to clean the belt. A back and fourth movement of the 
 belt on the pulley is caused by unequal stretching of the 
 edges of the belt. 
 
 If the shafts are parallel, but the pulleys not directly 
 opposite, the belt will tend to run more to one or the 
 other side of the larger pulley. If the pulleys are opposite 
 and the shafts not parallel, the belt will run to the side of 
 the smaller pulley. 
 
 In lining up two pulleys the shafts should be parallel 
 and the pulleys themselves should be directly opposite 
 each other. Before fastening a machine to its foundation 
 line up the driving and driven pulleys as carefully as pos- 
 sible; put the belt on and run slowly to make sure that 
 the generator or motor is properly placed. 
 
 Belts must be quite dry. Where belt-dressing is used 
 it should be applied sparingly. 
 
 Bearings. — All our machines have self-oiling bearings, 
 which should be filled to such a height that the rings sup- 
 ply sufficient oil to the shaft to keep it properly lubri- 
 cated. If the bearings are too full oil will be thrown out 
 along the shaft. Oil in the bearings should be renewed 
 frequently. A warm bearing is usually due to one of the 
 following causes: 
 
 (a) . Excessive belt tension. 
 
 (b) . Failure of rings to revolve with the shaft. 
 
 (c) . Rough bearing surfaces. 
 
 (d) . Bent shaft. 
 
 (e) . Oil too low. 
 
 (/). Use of a poor grade of oil. 
 
 (g). End thrust due to improper leveling. 
 
 26 
 
Oil.— Use only the best quality of dynamo oil. It is 
 not economical in the long run to use a cheap quality of 
 oil. 
 
 New oil should be run through a strainer if it appears 
 to have any foreign substance in it. 
 
 If it is desired to use oil a second time it should be 
 first filtered and given a chance to cool off if it is warm. 
 
 Repairs. — If a defect in insulation appears on an 
 armature or the outside of a field coil it can often be re- 
 paired by carefully raising the injured wires and putting- 
 fresh insulation around them. In the majority of cases, 
 however, repairs require skilled labor and should not be 
 attempted by an inexperienced man. 
 
 New Machines. — If the armature and field of a 
 machine have been exposed to dampness or low temper- 
 atures they should not be unpacked until they have had 
 ample time to attain a temperature as high as that at 
 which they were packed, i, e.^ the temperature of an 
 ordinary room. 
 
 If possible, a new machine should be run for several 
 hours with the fields slightly charged; this will give it a 
 chance to dry out. 
 
 Give the bearings plenty of oil at first, by filling the 
 oil chambers somewhat above the mark on guage. 
 
 Mui.TiPOi.AR Armature Core. 
 
 27 
 
Instructions for Operating a Single 
 Generator. 
 
 (See page 34 for General Instructions for Operating Machines). 
 
 STARTING. 
 
 First. See that the oil guages show a proper amount 
 of oil in the bearings and that the brushes bear at a point 
 opposite the center of the pole pieces and adjust the spring 
 tension so that the brushes bear properly on the commu- 
 tator. 
 
 Second. Start slowly, and see that the oil rings are 
 revolving freely, then get the machine up to speed. 
 
 Third. Raise the voltage to the proper point by. 
 throwing resistance out with the hand regulator or held 
 rheostat. 
 
 Fourth. Throw in the circuit-breaker and close the 
 switch which connects the generator with the switchboard 
 or the load. 
 
 Fifth give the brushes maximum forward lead for 
 maximum voltage on no load, and at that point clamp 
 them, for in this position the machine will carry any load 
 within its rating. 
 
 Sixth. Feel all joints and connections, and if any are 
 warm the connection is imperfect and should be remedied. 
 
 2S 
 
STOPPING, 
 
 First. Throw out all circuit-breakers, then open all 
 switches. 
 
 Second. Throw all resistance in with the hand regu- 
 lator or field rheostat. 
 
 Third. Stop engine and thoroughly wipe off all oil 
 and dirt and put in order for next start. 
 
 Instructons for Operatng Generators 
 in Multiple. 
 
 (See page 34 for General Instructions for Operating Machines.) 
 
 To run Compound Generators in multiple it is neces- 
 sary, in order to have each one do work proportional to 
 its capacity, to connect them in three places — at 
 the regular terminals of the machines and at the begin- 
 ning of the series windings. The connection from the 
 beginning of the series winding is called the equalizing 
 wire, and runs to the equalizing bar on the switchboard. 
 
 On the switchboard the middle one of the three bars is 
 usually the equalizing bar. 
 
 Connections. — If the generators are of the same size 
 and make, the only point requiring special attention is 
 that the wires which run from the different machines to 
 the equalizing bar must be the same size and length 
 (that is, of the same resistance')^ and also those wires which 
 connect the terminals of the series coils with their bar on 
 the switchboard must have equal resistance. 
 
 29 
 
If the generators differ in design or size the matter 
 becomes more complicated. In this case the difference of 
 potential or drop in voltage^ between that end of the series coil 
 which is connected directly to one of the brushes, and the bus 
 bar, to which the other end of that same series coil is connected, 
 should be exactly the same for every generator, when each is 
 carrying its proper share of the load. 
 
 To make this drop the seme for each generator, it will be 
 necessary to put resistance in circuit with the series coils oj the 
 machines whose drop is least 
 
 The equalizing wires must have as little resistance as is 
 practicable, and never more than the dynamo leads. 
 
 In the case of large machines, it takes several hours 
 for the field coils to reach a constant temperature. As the 
 fields heat up it becomes necessary to throw resistance out 
 of the shunt circuit. 
 
 Trouble is sometimes experienced in getting the load 
 to divide properly between two or more generators, 
 because no attention has been given to this matter of 
 adjustment, which should be undertaken only by expert 
 electricians, who will find no difficulty in running our 
 generators in multiple with machines of any make, and, 
 with the majority of them, perfectly. 
 
 STARTING. 
 
 If there is one generator, A, furnishing current to the 
 line, and it is desired to throw another one, B, on the 
 same circuit: 
 
 First. Get B up to full speed. 
 
 Second. Adjust voltage of B as near that of A as 
 possible. 
 
 Third. Throw in B’s three-jaw switch. 
 
 Fourth. Notice the ammeters to see that the loads are 
 rightly proportioned. If A is doing more than its share 
 
 80 
 
of work, throw resistance in with its regulator, or out with 
 B’s regulator. If B is doing too much work, throw the 
 regulator in the opposite direction. 
 
 If you want to throw in a third, fourth or fifth 
 machine, follow the same rule. 
 
 If a generator is thrown in multiple with another one 
 before its voltage is up to the same point, it will not do 
 its share of the work and may even run as a motor with 
 current from the other machine. In this case, throw re- 
 sistance oi/^'with the regulator of machine which has just 
 been thrown on the circuit. 
 
 When two machines are working together, if the belt 
 on one of them should break, or slip off, this generator 
 will continue to run, being driven by the other one. 
 
 If it is found that the machines do not operate 
 together satisfactorily, note the positions of the brushes. 
 If one machine carries too much of the load move the 
 brushes slightly forward, if too little, backward, without 
 causing them to begin sparking. 
 
 STOPPING. 
 
 First. Throw resistance in with the regulator of the 
 generator to be cut out until its load is very small, as 
 shown by ammeter. 
 
 Second. Open circuit-breaker and then three-jaw 
 switch belonging to this generator. 
 
 Third. Stop engine or loosen friction clutch. 
 
 Be very careful that the shunt circuit of a generator 
 is not opened or broken while it is working in multiple 
 with another one. In case this should happen, the arm- 
 ature or series coils of one or both machines would be 
 burnt out, unless they were almost instantly cut apart 
 by the melting of the fuses, or opening of a circuit- 
 breaker. 
 
If it becomes necessary to raise or lower the voltage 
 on the line, raise or lower the voltage of all the machines 
 which are supplying the current. 
 
 Instructions for Operating Shunt Motors. 
 
 STARTING. 
 
 vSee page 34 for General Instructions for Operating Machines. 
 
 First. See that the oil guages show a proper amount 
 of oil in the bearings, and that the brushes bear on the 
 commutator at a point opposite the center of the pole 
 pieces. 
 
 Second. If there is a circuit- breaker, close it and then 
 the main switch. Great care should be taken not to open 
 the field circuit, even while the motor is not running, as 
 there is danger of breaking down the insulation of the 
 field if the circuit is suddenly broken. If it is absolutely 
 necessary to break the field circuit it should be done very 
 slowly, allowing the arc thus formed to die out gradually. 
 
 Third. Rotate the handle of the automatic starting 
 and stopping rheostat slowly as far as it will go, and hold 
 it in this position until the magnet becomes sufficiently 
 strong to hold the lever. When it is desired to run the 
 motor at variable speeds, a special resistance box will be 
 required. 
 
 Fourth. Move the brushes slowly backward till 
 sparking ceases, give them maximum backward lead for 
 no load, then set the rocker arm once for all by securing 
 it in this position. 
 
 32 
 
Fifth, Occasionally feel all bearings, joints and con- 
 tacts, and if they are unduly warm there is a defect which 
 should be immediately remedied. 
 
 STOPPING. 
 
 First. Open circuit-breaker or switch which will cut 
 in the resistance of the automatic starting and stopping 
 rheostat. 
 
 Never attempt to slop a motor by forcibly pulling 
 open the automatic box. Disregard of this may cause 
 burning out of the field coils. 
 
 Second. Clean up and be ready for next start. 
 
 Instructions for Operating Series and 
 Compound Wound Hotors. 
 
 (see page 34 for General Instructions for Operating Machines.) 
 
 The speed of these motors is usuall y regulated by the 
 use of a commutator type controller. The controller con- 
 sists of a box of resistance material by means of which a 
 voltage of varying intensity is applied to the motor arma- 
 ture, and thus varying speeds and corresponding outputs 
 are obtained. 
 
 33 
 
General Instructions for Operating 
 Machines. 
 
 The machines must always be kept dry. — Water 
 dripping on the commutator or armature will cause trou- 
 ble. At all times keep the machines clean and free from 
 oil and dirt. Carbon dust must be cleaned off frequently, 
 as it is detrimental to the durability of the machine. Be 
 especially careful to see that no oil or dirt collects about 
 the brush holder or commutator. Do not let oil run out 
 of the bearings down on the field winding, as then it col- 
 lects dirt and will sooner or later result in grounding the 
 winding. All switches should be left open when a 
 machine is not running. Keep all small pieces of iron, 
 such as bolts and tools, away from the machine, as they 
 may fall on the commutator or armature and do damage. 
 If an automatic circuit-breaker is used, it should be ad- 
 justed to break at a number of amperes, say 50 per cent, 
 greater than the rated capacity of the machine. If a fuse 
 blows, or if the circuit-breaker acts, first open switch on 
 corresponding line, close the breaker, try it and close 
 again, or replace fuse and afterwards close the switch and, 
 if a motor, start as usual. If the breaker or fuse immedi- 
 ately opens the circuit again, there is something wrong, 
 either a short circuit or overload. As a rule never break 
 the shunt current of a machine, for the inductive discharge 
 from the fine field winding would seriously strain the in- 
 sulation; perhaps destroy it. In case a short circuit 
 should occur at or near the generator, or if an arc should 
 be formed at a switch or fuse block and hold on, throw all 
 resistance in with field rheostat, and, if necessary, shut 
 
down engine at once. If it should be necessary to remove 
 a brush while the generator is running, do so very care- 
 fully, being first certain that the other brushes in the 
 same holder are making contact with the commutator. In 
 case of a hot bearing, first feed heavy lubricant copiously, 
 then slacken the belt, and if relief is not thus afforded 
 shut down, keeping the armature revolving slowly, if 
 practicable, until cool, in order to prevent its sticking. 
 
 Commutator. — This is an important part of the 
 machine, and requires careful attention. 
 
 Its surface should be kept smooth. If roughened, use 
 No. 00 sand paper occasionally, which may be applied at 
 a point midway between the pole pieces while the com- 
 mutator revolves slowly. Do not use emery cloth. Ordi- 
 narily the commutator only requires to be wiped off with 
 a piece of canvas. 
 
 Keep the commutator lubricated by using a very small 
 quantity of oil applied with a piece of cloth. Do not use 
 waste. 
 
 See that there is no looseness of any of the parts of the 
 commutator. 
 
 If the commutator should get ^^out of true’’ it will be 
 necessary to turn it down. This can be done either while 
 the armature is in its bearings, using a special slide rest 
 and running very slowly, or by putting the armature in a 
 lathe. 
 
 Flat spots or ^‘flats’’ sometimes occur on commuta- 
 tors. They are usually caused by excessive wear, by too 
 much end play, by a loose commutator, or by a bad belt 
 splice. A bad short circuit on the line will sometimes 
 produce a flash which will start a ^^flat. ” 
 
 Commutators, after long usage and much wear, will 
 sometimes get hot when carrying only the regular load 
 
 35 
 
of the machine. This usually indicates that they are 
 worn down as far as it is safe to go, and the commutator 
 should be replaced by a new one. 
 
 Brushes. — All the multipolar machines use carbon 
 brushes. 
 
 The positions of the brushes of a d. c. machine 
 should be on or near the no-load neutral point of the 
 commutator. 
 
 The no-load neutral point on all of our standard 
 multipolar machines is in line with the center of the 
 poles. Generators should have the brushes set a little in 
 advance, and motors which are to run in only one direc- 
 tion should have the brushes set a little back of this point. 
 The exact position in either case is that which gives the 
 best commutation at normal voltage for all loads. In no 
 case should the brushes be set so far from the neutral 
 point as to cause dangerous sparking at no-load. Motors 
 which are to run in either direction should have the 
 brushes set at the no-load neutral point. 
 
 The ends of all the brushes should be fitted to the 
 commutator. This can be done by putting them in posi- 
 tion in the brush holder and grinding in as shown in 
 illustration on opposite page. 
 
 The edge of copper plated brushes should be slightly 
 beveled so that the copper does not come in contact with 
 the commutator. 
 
 Brushes on machines having ^ ^Swivel Type” holders 
 should be adjusted as follows: 
 
 Adjust brush arms so that all are equally distant from 
 commutator face. 
 
 Adjust carbons in holders so that stops will allow ^ in. 
 to in. wear on the heels of the carbons. 
 
 Grind in carbons with sand paper, as shown in il- 
 lustration until good fit on commutator is obtained. 
 
 36 
 
The number of commutator bars between the heels of 
 the carbons under two adjacent poles, should equal total 
 number of commutator bars divided by the number of 
 poles. 
 
 Sparking. — Sparking at the brushes may be due to 
 any of the following causes: 
 
 (a. ) Brushes may not be set exactly at the point of 
 commutation. A position can always be found where 
 there is no appreciable sparking; at this point the brushes 
 should be set and secured. 
 
 (b.) Brushes may be wedged in the holder. 
 
 (c. ) Brushes may not be fitted to the circumference 
 of the commutator. 
 
(d) Brushes may not have sufficient pressure on 
 commutator. 
 
 (6. ) Brushes may be burned on their ends. 
 
 (/. ) Commutator may be rough; if so, it should be 
 smoothed off. The commutator should run smooth and 
 true, with a dark glossy surface. 
 
 {g.) A commutator bar may be loose or projecting 
 beyond the others. 
 
 (d ) The commutator may be dirty, oily or worn out. 
 
 (t. ) Machine may be overloaded. 
 
 These are the most common causes of sparking, but 
 it may also be due to an open circuit or loose connection 
 in the armature, which will cause a bright spark which 
 will appear to run completely around the commutator. 
 It may be recognized by a scarring of the commutator at 
 the point of open circuit. 
 
 Grounds. — Grounds may occur on the feeders or sup- 
 ply circuit wires or on the armature of the machine it self. 
 In order to determine in what part of the system the 
 ground is located, proceed as follows: 
 
 Connect in series one, two or five 100-volt incandes- 
 cent lamps, depending on the voltage of the machine. 
 Touch one of the resulting terminals to a good ground and 
 the other first to the positive and then to the negative 
 brush. If the lamp or lamps light, there is a ground on 
 the feeders. Repeating the same operation, only touching 
 the terminal to the iron frame work of the machine intsead 
 of to the ground, grounding of the armature or field con- 
 ductors is determined. A ground on the machine is a rare 
 occurrence. 
 
 Polarity. — Our generators are so designed that the 
 series winding is connected to the positive brush. If the 
 machine has four brush holder arms and, the direction of 
 rotation is clockwise when viewed from the commutator 
 
 38 
 
end, the top brush to the left and the bottom one to the 
 right will be positive, and should be connected together 
 and to the series coil. (See diagrams on pages 43 and 44. ) 
 If, however, rotation is in the opposite direction, the other 
 brush will be positive and the connections to the brushes 
 must be reversed. The connections for the six-pole gener- 
 ators are shown in the diagrams on page 45. Any doubt 
 as to the polarity of the brushes of a generator may be 
 determined by the use of a Weston voltmeter. When the 
 polarity of the various parts of a generator have once been 
 determined they should be marked. 
 
 Direction of Rotation. — All our machines may be run 
 equally well in either directions. When changing direction 
 of rotation of a 4-pole generator or motor, change con- 
 nections by connecting the wire which was on the positive 
 brush to what was the negative brush, and the wire which 
 was on the negative brush to what was the positive brush. 
 When changing the direction of rotation of a 6-pole gen- 
 erator, follow directions given in Fig. Ill, page 45. If the 
 carbon brushes are radial to the commutator the holders 
 do not ordinarly need to be reversed for change in direc- 
 tion of rotation. But in case the carbons are at an angle 
 to the radius of the commutator, the carbon holders should 
 be reversed. 
 
 Excitation. — A motor may fail to have its field mag- 
 nets excited, or a generator may fail to ^ ^excite” itself; 
 that is, to generate enough current to charge its own field 
 magnets. This may occur even when the generator was 
 all right the day before. The reason will generally be 
 found to be a loose connection, break in the field circuit or 
 possibly poor contact at the brushes due to a dirty com- 
 mutator. An open circuit in the field winding can 
 sometimes be traced with a magneto bell, but this is not 
 an infallible test, as all magnetos will not ring through a 
 
 39 
 
shunt winding, even though it be perfect. The trouble 
 may be in the starting box or rheostat. Examine all con- 
 nections and look for a broken or burned resistance coil. 
 If no open circuit is found here, or in the field, the trouble 
 is probably in the armature. If nothing is wrong with the 
 connections or windings, it may be necessary to excite the 
 fields of the generator from another machine. Calling the 
 generator which will not excite. No. 1, and the other gen- 
 erator from which we are to draw current. No. 2, then, to 
 excite the fields of generator No. 1: Open all switches and 
 remove brushes of No. 1. Connect positive brush-holder of 
 No. 1 with the same brush-holder of No. 2, also connect 
 negative brush-holders together (it is well to have about a 
 5-ampere fuse in circuit), then turn on the current. If 
 the shunt winding of No. 1 is all right, its field will show 
 considerable magnetism. If possible, reduce the voltage 
 of No. 2 before breaking connections. If this cannot be 
 done throw all resistance in with regulator of No. 1 and 
 then break connection very slowly^ lengthening out the arc 
 which will be formed until it breaks. If it is impossible 
 to obtain current from a second generator, this exciting 
 can be done with a strong battery, by connecting the 
 carbon or copper plate of the battery to the positive brush- 
 holder of the dynamo and the other plate with the nega- 
 tive brush-holder. If there is no second machine or 
 battery at hand, connect the leads from the brushes of the 
 machine through a long fuse of not more than 15 or 20 
 amperes capacity and then start the machine. If it does 
 not generate current enough to melt this fuse, you may be 
 certain there is something wrong with the armature ; 
 either a short circuit or an open circuit. If it does blow 
 this fuse, try again to get it to self- excite. If it does not 
 now build up, something is wrong with the shunt winding, 
 or connection. These remarks apply to machines which 
 have been giving current and then refuse to do so. 
 
 40 
 
if it is a new machine which refuses to excite when the 
 connections all seem to be right, reverse the connections, 
 that is, connect the wire which is on the positive brush to 
 the negative brush and the negative one to the positive 
 brush. If this does no good change them back and locate 
 the fault as described above. 
 
 41 
 
Diagrams. 
 
 Figures I to XX on pages 43 to 59 show our stan- 
 dard wiring diagrams. Each diagram is accompanied by 
 a brief explanation. 
 
 42 
 
Fig. 1.— Compound-Wound Generator, 4 Poises, 20 h. p. Standard Speed and Smadeer. 
 Note — To change direction of rotation, follow instructions on page 39. 
 
Fig. II.— Compound-Wound Generator, 4 PouES. 20 h. p. Seow Speed and Larger. 
 Note. — T o chauge direction of rotation, follow instructions on page 39. 
 

 
 § 
 
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 1 
 
 Fig. III. — Compound-Wound Generator, 6 Poees, 100 to 200 kw. Inceusive 
 
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 47 
 
 Fig. V.— Compound- Wound Motor, 4 Podes, 20 h. p., Standard Speed and SmaeeeR. 
 
48 
 
 Viewed FROM Commutator End 
 
Fig. VII. —Commutator Type Controttkr and Direct-Current Compound Motor. 
 
 Fig. VIII.— Marbee Diae Controeeer and Direct-Current Compound Motor. 
 
1 ' 
 
 50 
 
 Fig. IX. — Shunt-Wound Generator or Motor, 4-PoeES 20 h. p Suow Speed and Larger. 
 
51 
 
 Fig. X.— Shunt-Wound Generator, or Motor, 4-Poees, 20 h. p.. Standard Speed & Smaeeer. 
 
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 53 
 
Fig. XIII. — Marbi^k Diab Controbber and Direct-Current Shunt Motor 
 
 r'lG. XIV. — Commutator Type Con'^rqueer and Direct^Cfe^^NT Shunt Motor. 
 
55 
 
56 
 
 Viewed from Commutator 
 
C51-5- 
 
 67 
 
 Viewed from Commutator End. 
 
 . XVII. — Dust-Proof Series-Wound Motor. 
 
58 
 
 Viewed from Commutator End. 
 Fig. XVIII. — Dust-Proof Series-Woui' 
 
FUSES 
 
 Fig. XIX.— Marbi^k Dial Controller and Direct Current Series Motor. 
 
 Fig. XX.-=~CpMMUTATOR' Type Controlled and Direct-Current Series Motor. 
 
Switchboard Apparatus. 
 
 The Voltmeter shows the voltage or potential, that 
 is, the potential difference between the wires of a circuit or 
 the brushes of a dynamo or motor. All our direct-current 
 voltmeters are so constructed that the current must always 
 pass through them in the same direction, and they have 
 one binding post marked +, which must always be con- 
 nected t') the positive wire or brush. 
 
 The Ammeter, or Ampere Meter, is used to measure 
 the quantity of current flowing in the circuit in which it is 
 connected. 
 
 Switches are of various kinds, among them the single 
 or double jaw, for ordinary use ; the triple jaw, for 
 throwing generators in multiple ; the dynamo changing, 
 for transferring machines from one circuit to another, or 
 circuits from one machine to another. 
 
 Fuses are strips of lead or other readily fusible metal 
 or alloy, which are placed in the circuit at one or more 
 points. If the current increases above the rated capacity 
 of the fuse it will melt and thereby open the circuit. 
 Fuses are usually marked with the number of amperes 
 which they will safely carry. 
 
 The Automatic Circuit-Breaker is a device which 
 may be used in place of the fuse. It automatically cuts a 
 machine out of circuit if the current exceeds that for 
 which the instrument is set. 
 
 00 
 
The Lightning Arrester is used to protect electrical 
 apparatus from damage by lightning. An arrester is un- 
 necessary for an isolated plant, unless the circuit extends 
 out of doors. The Westinghouse arrester is automatic in 
 action, but it should be examined from time to time to 
 see that the connections are tight and the instrument 
 undisturbed. 
 
 The Hand Regulator or Field Rheostat is a resist- 
 ance placed in the shunt field circuit of a machine; in a 
 generator it is used to regulate the voltage and in a motor 
 to regulate the speed. By decreasing or increasing the 
 amount of resistance in the circuit the voltage or speed is 
 proportionately varied. Always start a motor with all its 
 field resistance out. 
 
 An Automatic Starting and Stopping Rheostat is 
 
 used with a shunt or compound wound motor. 
 
 It prevents an abnormal flow of current through the 
 armature while the machine is getting up to speed. It is 
 then cut out of circuit. 
 
 Should the external circuit be broken the box will 
 automatically cut in its resistance and then open the 
 armature circuit. 
 
 61 
 
Switchboards. 
 
 When desired, we furnish fire-proof switchboards, 
 consisting of marble panels mounted upon an iron frame. 
 They are equipped with our special switchboard appa- 
 ratus. 
 
 The bus-bars and all connections and wires are behind 
 the board, which stands at a sufficient distance from the 
 wall to enable the connections to be frequently and con- 
 viently inspected, thus avoiding all the dangers of con- 
 cealed wiring. 
 
 The ammeters and voltmeters are enclosed in hand- 
 some non-combustible cases designed to harmonize with 
 the board and other fittings. All connections are made 
 with large surface bearings to avoid heating or waste of 
 energy. The board, as a whole, presents an appearance 
 of elegance and durability which, when our circuit-breaker 
 is used, is never marred or soiled by the ‘blowing’’ of 
 heavy fuses, or the breaking of large currents, as with an 
 ordinary switch. 
 
 62 
 
Westinghouse Klectric & Mfg. Co., 
 
 PITTSBURG, PA. 
 Write to nearest office. 
 Nkw York, 120 Broadway. 
 
 Ati^anta, Ga , Equitable Bldg. 
 Austin. Texas. 
 
 Boston, Exchange Building 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Ellicott Square. 
 Chicago, New York Life Bldg. 
 Cincinnati, Neave Building. 
 Denver, Mountain Electric Co., 
 
 Phieadeephia, Land Title Bldg. 
 Pittsburg. Westinghouse Bldg. 
 St. Louis, American Central Bldg. 
 San Francisco, Mills Building. 
 Syracuse, N. Y., University Bldg. 
 Tacoma, Wash., 907 Pacific Ave. 
 Washington, D. C., 1317 F. St. 
 
 Cuba — H avana. 
 
 Canada — Ahearn & Soper, Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
 Maritime Provinces — John Starr, Son & Co., Ltd., Halifax, N. S, 
 Mexico — G. & O. BranifF & Co., City of Mexico. 
 Argentine Republic— Agar, Cross & Co., Buenos Ayres. 
 Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru — J. K. Robinson, Iquique, Chile. 
 Japan — Takata & Co., Tokio. 
 
 The British 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MEG. CO., LTD. 
 
 Westinghouse Building, Norfolk Street, Strand, W. C. 
 LONDON, 
 
 for Great Britain, Ireland, The Isle of Man, The Channel Islands, the 
 British Colonies, Possessions and Dependencies, and Countries under 
 British Suzerainty, or Protection, including Egypt, but not including 
 the Continent of North America. 
 
 SOCIETE INDUSTRIELLE d’ELECTRICITE, 
 
 PROCEDES WESTINGHOUSE, 
 
 45 Rue de 1’ Arcade, Boulevard Haussman, 
 
 ' PARIS, 
 
 for France, the French Colonies, and Countries under French 
 Protectorate. 
 
I'v. 
 
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