s 
 
 14.GS: 
 CIR410 
 c. 1 
 
 ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAl 
 SURVEY LIBRARY 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 
 
 Production and Consumption 
 of Mineral Fuels in 
 inois, 1933-1964 
 
 Robert F. Severson, Jr. 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 John C. Frye, Chief URBANA 
 
 CIRCULAR 410 1967 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://archive.org/details/productionconsum410seve 
 
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF MINERAL 
 FUELS IN ILLINOIS, 1933-1964 
 
 Robert F. Severson, Jr. 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 In Illinois, as in other parts of the nation, the con- 
 sumption of energy and the production of fuels has grown 
 rapidly during recent decades . This study traces the an- 
 nual production and consumption of mineral fuels within the 
 state. It also shows the source areas for fuels shipped in- 
 to Illinois and the destination of mineral fuels exported from 
 the state. Despite the fact that Illinois must supply a large 
 share of its petroleum requirements from outside sources, 
 much of the crude oil produced within Illinois is shipped 
 elsewhere. Furthermore, while the state produces coal in 
 excess of its own requirements and exports to other regions, 
 it also imports quantities of coal from other states. 
 
 Because a large share of the growth in energy con- 
 sumption involved petroleum, which Illinois does not pro- 
 duce in sufficient quantities to meet its needs, an increase 
 of 135 percent in energy consumption from 1933 to 1964 was 
 accompanied by a fuel production increase of only 87 percent. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 National Trends in Energy Consumption 
 
 In 1900, the United States used energy equivalent to 7893 trillion Btu ob- 
 tained from mineral fuels and water power. By 1964, that total had risen to an es- 
 timated 51, 676 trillion Btu, and the peak of energy consumption has not yet been 
 approached (U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1964, v. 2, p. 7). In 1900, the average U. S. 
 resident was using about 104 million Btu annually, equivalent to about four tons of 
 coal. By 1964, his grandson was using about 270 million Btu, or the equivalent of 
 more than ten tons of coal annually. These per capita figures do not tell the whole 
 
 1 
 
2 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 410 
 
 story, but they are useful in providing a perspective on the over-all change in to- 
 tal energy used within the nation. 
 
 Although different types of energy sources have been used to provide this 
 total consumption, coal was the most important until 1952. Coal consumption rose 
 to a peak in the 1920' s and then gradually declined. The new and increased uses 
 and the substitution of petroleum products for other fuels had much to do with the 
 relative decline in the importance of coal. In 1900, the national use of petroleum 
 products was hardly significant, but since then their use has grown steadily and 
 strongly. Today, petroleum products and natural gas each account for more energy 
 than does coal. The importance of natural gas as a marketed product parallels the 
 development of pipelines since World War II. In 1965, natural gas accounted for 
 31.8 percent, crude petroleum 44.6 percent, and coal 22.9 percent of the energy 
 used in the mineral fuels market. 
 
 Water power must also be mentioned. Until the early part of the 19th cen- 
 tury this energy source did much for Americans. Water wheels were the main pow- 
 er source for our pioneer and colonial manufacturers— the creeks and streams of the 
 northeastern coastal areas provided abundant mechanical power for early millers 
 and textile manufacturers. However, ways of producing power efficiently in mo- 
 bile units were found, and the importance of the water wheel declined. The per- 
 fection of the steam engine made it possible to have stationary power almost any- 
 where and also gave rise to new forms of transportation. Around 1900, water pow- 
 er was called upon for the development of hydroelectric power. 
 
 Great changes occurred in the general use of mineral fuels during the past 
 50 years. With coal, the long-run trend shows that industrial and utility consum- 
 ers are the most important, and retail consumers are of declining significance. 
 Railroads no longer use coal. Railroads and retail consumers accounted for 42 per- 
 cent of coal consumption as late as 1942, but the situation changed significantly 
 after this. Since 1952, utilities have been the primary consumers of coal. 
 
 The primary use of petroleum products is for transportation. The automobile 
 and the diesel locomotive gave the petroleum industry the dominant position in 
 transportation. The nation' s refineries produce more gasoline than any other prod- 
 uct, with production of distillate oils ranking second. These distillate oils are 
 used for heating, transportation, and industrial purposes. Coal lost much of its 
 home heating market to the petroleum industry. 
 
 The most important user of natural gas today is industry. The residential 
 consumer, who prefers the cleanliness and convenience of natural gas, ranks second, 
 
 In general, the national mineral fuel situation can be summed up as follows: 
 The total use of energy in the nation increased more than six times since 1900. 
 Coal was the major source of this energy until 1952, but in a relative sense it is 
 much less important today. The decline in the relative importance of coal resulted 
 from the phenomenal growth in the total use of energy. Most of the total increase 
 in the use of energy was provided by petroleum products and natural gas. Water 
 power still provides only a very small portion of total energy used, but the abso- 
 lute amount of energy produced by water is growing. Coal still serves important 
 needs in cement, coke manufacture, and general industrial use and has a growing 
 market in utilities, though it has lost the railroad and much of the retail market. 
 Petroleum products are used mainly for motive power, although they do provide a 
 significant amount of heating and industrial fuel for the nation. Natural gas is 
 used mainly by industrial consumers, but residential consumers are of increasing 
 importance. 
 
MINERAL FUELS IN ILLINOIS 
 
 PROBLEMS IN ANALYZING STATE ENERGY CONSUMPTION 
 
 Analysis of the production and consumption of mineral fuels within a state 
 differs from national analysis because of interstate shipments. In a national anal- 
 ysis, interstate data can be ignored because the aggregate sums needed are auto- 
 matically provided. However, in the analysis of a single state, interstate ship- 
 ments greatly affect all aggregate sums and must be carefully accounted for. 
 
 A satisfactory analysis must include both production and consumption. 
 However, a simple counting of production and/or receipts does not give a fair 
 evaluation of intrastate consumption. A state with a large number of refineries 
 might receive large shipments and seem to consume great quantities of petroleum, 
 though actually a major portion of the refined products could leave the state, rath- 
 er than be consumed within it. Also, the quality of local supplies of a mineral 
 fuel may not be the most suitable for use by local consumers, and thus may lie 
 idle while fuel from other sources is imported. In this paper, an attempt is made 
 to present a total view of mineral fuels within Illinois, first discussing produc- 
 tion and then consumption. Production is examined to determine not only the 
 quantity of production, but also the markets to which Illinois mineral fuels were 
 sent. Total consumption of mineral fuels within Illinois is examined, and then the 
 sources of this total are analyzed on the basis of geography as well as type of fuel. 
 
 Characteristics of the Data 
 
 Two specific problems arise in the use of available data: establishment 
 of a suitable basis for comparing the different fuels, and finding or developing 
 adequate data for a long-term comparison of fuel production and uses. To evalu- 
 ate coal, petroleum products, and natural gas in like terms, the Btu has been 
 chosen as a basis of comparison. Table 1 presents the conversion factors for 
 Btu as used in this study. 
 
 There was no shortage of general statistical data for this project, but be- 
 cause of the widespread sources from which data collected over the years had to 
 be gathered, it was difficult to find comparable data series. This is a greater 
 problem with consumption than with production data. No continuous, comparable 
 data series was available over a satisfactory time span for each of the fuels ex- 
 amined. Data collection methods used by various governmental and trade organi- 
 zations (and in some cases by individual researchers in the same organization) 
 were sufficiently different to make it necessary to choose arbitrarily among the 
 available sources. Data from all these sources were combined and adjusted to 
 provide a series as continuous and uniform as possible. 
 
 ILLINOIS PRODUCTION DATA 
 
 Coal was, and still is, the major mineral fuel produced in Illinois. Only 
 since 1925 has it accounted for less than 60 percent of the state' s total Btu of 
 mineral fuel production. The relative importance of coal declined in spite of a 
 continuing growth in total energy consumption, and this decline continued after 
 1937. In 1940, coal dropped to 55 percent of the total but rose immediately there- 
 after to 60 percent; it now accounts for about 75 percent of the total (table 2). 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 410 
 
 TABLE 1 - CONVERSION FACTORS FOR MINERAL FUELS 1 
 
 Type of fuel 
 
 Unit 
 
 Btu per unit 
 
 Illinois bituminous 
 
 coal 
 
 Ton 
 
 22,400,000 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 
 Cubic foot 
 
 1,000 
 
 Crude oil 
 
 
 Barrel 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 Gasoline 
 
 
 Barrel 
 
 5,250,000 
 
 Kerosene 
 
 
 Barrel 
 
 5,640,000 
 
 Distillate oils 
 
 
 Barrel 
 
 5,920,000 
 
 Residual oils 
 
 
 Barrel 
 
 6,270,000 
 
 Liquefied petroleum 
 
 gas 
 
 Barrel 
 
 4,011,000 
 
 •*■ Source: Coal — Illinois State Geological Survey estimate of coal 
 produced within Illinois. 
 Other fuels — U. S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 
 7582, Oct. 1950, table 19, p. 32. 
 
 Petroleum production was relatively insignificant compared to coal up to the late 
 1930' s, but with the discovery of oil in the Illinois Basin at that time, it became 
 extremely important. Commercial natural gas production is a mere trace compared 
 to the other two fuels, and little encouragement comes from geologists to suggest 
 any appreciable increase in the future. 
 
 Although the data show a relative decline in the share of the fuels market 
 supplied by coal, Illinois mines, in general, have increased production since 1958. 
 More energy is now being used and, therefore, more fuel must be obtained. In 
 some markets, where various fuels can serve a given purpose, there is strong com- 
 petition; in other markets, however, there is little or no interchangeability of fuels. 
 This is especially true in the use of coal and petroleum products in transportation. 
 These products competed for the rail market, where they could do the same basic 
 job, but in the automotive and air transport markets, there is no competition. Coal 
 could not directly serve these markets, even if the petroleum industry did not ex- 
 ist. Automotive and air transport developments actually increased the use of coal 
 indirectly through increased need for complementary production of steel, aluminum, 
 and electricity. 
 
 Data clearly show that though the relative proportions of coal and oil pro- 
 duction changed, the absolute quantity of mineral fuel energy increased. Though 
 coal production decreased from 1944 to 1954, a more stable and generally rising 
 level of production has been maintained in recent years. 
 
 Distribution of Illinois Coal and Crude Oil 
 
 Observations can be made about the geographic consumption pattern for Il- 
 linois coal and crude petroleum, but because natural gas production in Illinois is 
 
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6 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 410 
 
 extremely small, its distribution is not discussed here. Betweeen 50 and 70 per- 
 cent of the coal produced annually in Illinois is consumed within the state. The 
 same is true for about 25 to 50 percent of the state' s crude petroleum. 
 
 Table 3 shows the distribution of Illinois coal to consumers outside the 
 state. The greatest consumer area was the northwest market, the area west of the 
 Mississippi River, including Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, North Dakota, 
 and South Dakota. Missouri and Iowa are the two most important consumers with- 
 in this region. 
 
 The next most important area for Illinois coal is the north -central market, 
 those states north of the Ohio River, west of the Appalachian Mountains, and east 
 of the Mississippi River. The main consumers are Indiana, Wisconsin, and Michi- 
 gan. Among these states, Wisconsin consumes the most. 
 
 Relatively small amounts of Illinois coal were used by the south-central 
 area, those states south of the Ohio River, west of the Appalachians, and border- 
 ing the Mississippi River. The main consumers were Arkansas, Tennessee, Louisi- 
 ana, and Mississippi, but their consumption of Illinois coal stopped after 1956. 
 
 During World War II, the Canadian market began using Illinois coal. The 
 absolute amounts taken by Canada were not very large (less than a million tons 
 until 1964), but with the decline of Illinois coal production to 40 to 50 million tons 
 annually during the 1950' s, the relative importance of the Canadian market increased, 
 
 Whereas the bulk of Illinois coal exports head northwest, most of the Illi- 
 nois crude petroleum exports head east. The 50 to 75 percent of total crude oil pro- 
 duction that is not processed within the state finds its way almost exclusively to 
 eastern markets. The bulk of this production goes to Ohio, Indiana, and Michi- 
 gan, designated in table 3 as the north-central market. The next largest consum- 
 ing area is the northeast market, especially New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
 and Massachusetts. Shipment of crude petroleum to the south-central market, main- 
 ly Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi, has declined to 
 nearly nothing. Only relatively insignificant amounts have ever been shipped from 
 Illinois to areas of the nation other than these. 
 
 In general, then, coal exports from Illinois go almost exclusively northwest- 
 ward, while crude oil goes eastward. The relative amounts tend to change, but be- 
 cause of the proximity of Illinois producers to their older markets, shipments will 
 probably continue to follow established patterns. 
 
 CONSUMPTION OF MINERAL FUELS IN ILLINOIS 
 
 The demand for energy within an area is closely related to total population 
 and standard of living, and the over-all demand for fuels within Illinois has in- 
 creased because of both of these factors. From 1930 to 1960, an increase of ap- 
 proximately 32 percent in the state' s population was accompanied by an increase 
 of about 77 percent in per capita energy consumption. As a result, total demand 
 for mineral fuels increased approximately 140 percent during the same period. 
 
 Today, we make special demands of the fuels we use. Greater quantities 
 are used for motive power because of the great increase in the number of automo- 
 biles. Consumer groups display strong preferences for heating fuels that offer spe- 
 cific advantages. The residential consumer wants a clean, convenient heat, even 
 if it is expensive; his employer, however, clings to considerations of cost and will 
 sacrifice a degree of cleanliness and convenience for monetary savings. Industrial 
 
MINERAL FUELS IN ILLINOIS 
 
 TABLE 3 - DESTINATION OF REPORTED OUT-OF-STATE SHIPMENTS 
 OF ILLINOIS COAL AND CRUDE OIL, 1933-1964 1 
 
 Northeast 
 
 2* 
 
 North-central* 
 
 Northwest 3 * 
 
 Southeast^ 
 
 South-central* 
 
 Canada 3 
 
 Undesignated 3 
 
 Crude oil 
 (thousand 
 barrels) 
 
 Coal Crude oil 
 
 (thousand (thousand 
 
 tons) barrels) 
 
 Coal 
 
 (thousand 
 
 tons) 
 
 Crude oil 
 (thousand 
 barrels) 
 
 Coal 
 
 (thousand 
 
 tons) 
 
 Crude oil 
 
 (thousand 
 
 barrels) 
 
 Coal 
 
 (thousand 
 
 tons) 
 
 Coal 
 (thousand 
 tons) 
 
 1933 
 
 na^ 
 
 585 
 
 na 
 
 5,594 
 
 na 
 
 34 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1934 
 
 na 
 
 920 
 
 na 
 
 6,096 
 
 na 
 
 65 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1935 
 
 na 
 
 1,482 
 
 na 
 
 6,634 
 
 na 
 
 130 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1936 
 
 na 
 
 1,590 
 
 na 
 
 8,222 
 
 na 
 
 117 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1937 
 
 na 
 
 1,644 
 
 na 
 
 8,263 
 
 na 
 
 91 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1938 
 
 na 
 
 1,305 
 
 na 
 
 6,301 
 
 na 
 
 67 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1939 
 
 4,010 
 
 1,793 
 
 32,546 
 
 7,299 
 
 289 
 
 74 
 
 4,239 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 1940 
 
 11,991 
 
 1,734 
 
 58,101 
 
 8,129 
 
 906 
 
 87 
 
 5,679 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 1941 
 
 17,631 
 
 1,948 
 
 54,252 
 
 7,962 
 
 823 
 
 70 
 
 7,297 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 1942 
 
 14,437 
 
 2,218 
 
 42,843 
 
 10,653 
 
 1,273 
 
 133 
 
 4,440 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 1943 
 
 11,071 
 
 3,295 
 
 33,328 
 
 12,279 
 
 214 
 
 181 
 
 2,293 
 
 582 
 
 
 50 
 
 1944 
 
 5,454 
 
 4,126 
 
 35,648 
 
 13,260 
 
 11 
 
 394 
 
 3,337 
 
 46 
 
 
 185 
 
 1945 
 
 5,406 
 
 4,088 
 
 35,823 
 
 12,997 
 
 17 
 
 297 
 
 4,608 
 
 361 
 
 
 620 
 
 1946 
 
 5,007 
 
 3,423 
 
 34,785 
 
 11,390 
 
 78 
 
 249 
 
 2,223 
 
 176 
 
 
 320 
 
 1947 
 
 4,382 
 
 3,048 
 
 32,280 
 
 11,764 
 
 40 
 
 200 
 
 3,207 
 
 601 
 
 
 831 
 
 1948 
 
 3,840 
 
 3,197 
 
 30,236 
 
 10,797 
 
 140 
 
 164 
 
 2,416 
 
 235 
 
 
 345 
 
 1949 
 
 1,898 
 
 2,206 
 
 34,108 
 
 7,736 
 
 46 
 
 89 
 
 2,825 
 
 184 
 
 
 26 
 
 1950 
 
 3,640 
 
 3,086 
 
 30,184 
 
 8,487 
 
 142 
 
 93 
 
 1,357 
 
 803 
 
 
 16 
 
 1951 
 
 5,694 
 
 2,724 
 
 31,680 
 
 8,293 
 
 154 
 
 106 
 
 1,141 
 
 612 
 
 
 49 
 
 1952 
 
 6,451 
 
 2,337 
 
 36,942 
 
 7,263 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 749 
 
 734 
 
 
 79 
 
 1953 
 
 5,609 
 
 2,336 
 
 34,420 
 
 7,047 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 543 
 
 
 47 
 
 1954 
 
 3,292 
 
 2,247 
 
 40,707 
 
 5,674 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 566 
 
 
 90 
 
 1955 
 
 4,939 
 
 2,461 
 
 48,903 
 
 5,772 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 102 
 
 617 
 
 
 321 
 
 1956 
 
 5,042 
 
 2,343 
 
 51,253 
 
 5,970 
 
 60 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 971 
 
 
 333 
 
 1957 
 
 2,938 
 
 1,923 
 
 46,128 
 
 3,424 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 320 
 
 1 
 
 128 
 
 1958 
 
 3,546 
 
 1,787 
 
 48,901 
 
 3,446 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 244 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 1959 
 
 5,301 
 
 1,700 
 
 51,082 
 
 3,482 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 1 
 
 ,306 
 
 1960 
 
 4,271 
 
 1,577 
 
 51,886 
 
 3,348 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ,150 
 
 1961 
 
 4,572 
 
 1,490 
 
 51,583 
 
 3,174 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,724 
 
 1962 
 
 1,618 
 
 1,593 
 
 49,240 
 
 3,808 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ,330 
 
 1963 
 
 1,021 
 
 1,908 
 
 48,539 
 
 4,286 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 2 
 
 ,566 
 
 1964 
 
 2,302 
 
 1,974 
 
 43,152 
 
 4,140 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,013 
 
 2 
 
 ,734 
 
 Source: Minerals Yearbooks, 1933-1964, U. S. Bureau of Mines. 
 
 Bituminous Coal Statistics, 1951 and supplements, Illinois Coal Traffic Bureau. 
 No Illinois coal is recorded as having been shipped to this region. 
 3 No Illinois crude oil is recorded as having been shipped to this region. 
 
 * na — not available. 
 
 * Northeast — the Appalachian Mountain states from Pennsylvania northward. 
 
 North-central — those states north of the Ohio River, west of the Appalachian Mountains, and east of the 
 
 Mississippi River. 
 Northwest — those states west of the Mississippi River and north of a line parallel to the northern boundary 
 
 of Arkansas. 
 Southeast — those states bordering the Atlantic Ocean and south of Pennsylvania. 
 South-central — those states south of the Ohio River, west of the Appalachian Mountains, and/or bordering on 
 
 the Mississippi River. 
 
8 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 410 
 
 production also has special needs. Industry has kept ahead of the population 
 growth, and many of the processes of production require specific characteristics 
 of fuels. In some industrial processes, ease of temperature control and freedom 
 from contaminants may be equally as important as minimum cost. 
 
 Aggregate Consumption of Mineral Fuels Within Illinois 
 
 Compilation and use of data on the consumption of petroleum products and 
 coal provide two distinct problems. No single data series gives the total amount 
 of mineral fuels consumed within Illinois. However, the U.S. Bureau of Mines 
 Minerals Yearbooks provide figures for petroleum products and natural gas as well 
 as much of the other data needed for this analysis. Table 4 shows consumption of 
 the various mineral fuels within Illinois. 
 
 It would be useless to discuss petroleum consumption in terms of crude oil, 
 as was done for production. Throughout the discussion of petroleum consumption, 
 the analysis is directed at the utilization of a mineral fuel for purposes of provid- 
 ing power or heat for the ultimate consumer. Because crude petroleum is consumed 
 mainly at refineries, this does not tell the final story about the consumption of 
 petroleum products . (Petroleum lubricants are not used for energy content and are 
 excluded from this study.) 
 
 The data on coal were the most difficult to collect. No single source was 
 available and, therefore, the method of determining the total coal consumption 
 must be fully explained. The data on the distribution of Illinois coal production 
 were taken from a publication by the Illinois Coal Traffic Bureau (1951 and sup- 
 plements), which also gave relatively complete information on shipments of coal 
 into the Illinois market. Where gaps existed, the missing information was obtained 
 from other publications and added to the figures provided by the Illinois Coal Traf- 
 fic Bureau. Thus, the aggregate coal consumption figures presented in this study 
 are the summation of all recorded receipts within the state, plus all production 
 within the state, less all shipments from the state. These computations are shown 
 in table 5. Although these figures may possibly vary to some extent from the ton- 
 nages actually consumed, they provide the closest approximation that can be made 
 from available data. 
 
 Beginning in 1933, Illinois consumed slightly more than 1.2 trillion Btu of 
 mineral fuel energy. By 1956, consumption approached the 2.5 trillion Btu level. 
 Hence, the annual consumption of energy provided by these mineral fuels more than 
 doubled in 25 years. By 1964, it was 2.9 trillion Btu. 
 
 Consumption patterns for specific fuels show that the most important min- 
 eral fuel consumed in 1933 was coal, accounting for about 1.0 trillion of the 1.2 
 trillion Btu consumed. Consumption of all mineral fuels grew rapidly to meet de- 
 fense and consumer needs throughout World War II, and as late as 1943, coal pro- 
 vided 1.9 trillion of the 2.4 trillion Btu consumed within Illinois. 
 
 Coal does not compete with petroleum products for the motive power market 
 in Illinois. The rapid growth in use of motive power, especially in the automobile, 
 has been a major factor in the rise of total Btu consumption within the state. The 
 number of automobiles in the state in 1963 was l\ times the number in 1933. Thus, 
 it cannot be said that coal has lost this market to petroleum products. 
 
 Coal is also at a disadvantage in the residential heating market. Because 
 of the inconvenience connected with coal heat, the domestic consumer prefers nat- 
 
MINERAL FUELS IN ILLINOIS 
 
 
 
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10 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 410 
 
 TABLE 5 - COMPUTATION OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION OF COAL IN ILLINOIS 
 
 (IN THOUSAND TONS) 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 production 
 
 Exports 
 
 Total 
 
 Year 
 
 production^ 
 
 Imports 2 
 
 plus imports 
 
 consumption 
 
 1933 
 
 38,320 
 
 16,572 
 
 54,892 
 
 6,620 
 
 48,272 
 
 1934 
 
 41,724 
 
 17,089 
 
 58,813 
 
 7,473 
 
 51,340 
 
 1935 
 
 45,013 
 
 18,489 
 
 63,502 
 
 8,573 
 
 54,929 
 
 1936 
 
 51,476 
 
 21,709 
 
 73,185 
 
 10,243 
 
 62,942 
 
 1937 
 
 52,432 
 
 23,879 
 
 76,311 
 
 9,999 
 
 66,312 
 
 1938 
 
 42,387 
 
 15,688 
 
 58,075 
 
 8,051 
 
 50,024 
 
 1939 
 
 46,628 
 
 18,292 
 
 64,920 
 
 10,409 
 
 54,511 
 
 1940 
 
 49,572 
 
 22,163 
 
 71,735 
 
 11,130 
 
 60,605 
 
 1941 
 
 55,368 
 
 26,735 
 
 82,103 
 
 11,449 
 
 70,654 
 
 1942 
 
 65,747 
 
 29,408 
 
 95,155 
 
 14,616 
 
 80,539 
 
 1943 
 
 73,344 
 
 28,439 
 
 101,783 
 
 17,842 
 
 83,941 
 
 1944 
 
 77,401 
 
 27,016 
 
 104,417 
 
 20,523 
 
 83,885 
 
 1945 
 
 73,449 
 
 22,901 
 
 96,350 
 
 20,579 
 
 75,771 
 
 1946 
 
 63,768 
 
 21,720 
 
 85,488 
 
 17,776 
 
 67,712 
 
 1947 
 
 68,326 
 
 31,468 
 
 99,794 
 
 19,123 
 
 80,671 
 
 1948 
 
 66,167 
 
 28,816 
 
 94,983 
 
 17,277 
 
 77,706 
 
 1949 
 
 47 , 630 
 
 21,546 
 
 69,176 
 
 12,261 
 
 56,915 
 
 1950 
 
 57,282 
 
 27,892 
 
 85,174 
 
 14,640 
 
 70,494 
 
 1951 
 
 54,870 
 
 26,403 
 
 81,273 
 
 13,955 
 
 67,318 
 
 1952 
 
 45,753 
 
 23,680 
 
 69,433 
 
 12,724 
 
 56,709 
 
 1953 
 
 45,966 
 
 21,653 
 
 67,619 
 
 12,466 
 
 55,153 
 
 1954 
 
 41,776 
 
 17,311 
 
 59,087 
 
 10,646 
 
 48,441 
 
 1955 
 
 45,712 
 
 21,987 
 
 67,699 
 
 11,180 
 
 56,519 
 
 1956 
 
 47,804 
 
 22,075 
 
 69,879 
 
 11,187 
 
 58,692 
 
 1957 
 
 46,683 
 
 23,001 
 
 69,684 
 
 8,705 
 
 60,979 
 
 1958 
 
 43,777 
 
 17,070 
 
 60,847 
 
 8,202 
 
 52,645 
 
 1959 
 
 45,375 
 
 17,993 
 
 63,368 
 
 8,523 
 
 54,845 
 
 1960 
 
 45,821 
 
 18,364 
 
 64,185 
 
 8,275 
 
 55,910 
 
 1961 
 
 45,133 
 
 17,158 
 
 62,291 
 
 9,002 
 
 53,289 
 
 1962 
 
 48,354 
 
 15,857 
 
 64,211 
 
 11,720 
 
 52,491 
 
 1963 
 
 51,642 
 
 18,390 
 
 70,032 
 
 11,471 
 
 58,561 
 
 1964 
 
 54,835 
 
 16,030 
 
 70,865 
 
 13,310 
 
 57,555 
 
 1 Annual Coal Reports, Illinois Dept. Mines and Minerals. 
 
 2 Bituminous Coal Statistics, 1951 and supplements, Illinois Coal 
 
 Traffic Bureau. 
 
MINERAL FUELS IN ILLINOIS 11 
 
 ural gas and fuel oil for home heating. These fuels burn cleaner and are easier to 
 use from the consumer' s point of view. As different heating methods are developed, 
 fuel oil and natural gas some day may feel the same pinch that coal has experienced, 
 Electric residential heating has been introduced to the Illinois consumer now. At 
 present, it is much more expensive than coal, oil, or natural gas, but judging from 
 past behavior and efficiency improvements in electrical production, it seems logic- 
 al that this price will drop as the number of customers becomes significantly larger. 
 As the electric residential heating market grows, we may expect a growth in coal 
 consumption, for coal continues to be a major fuel for producing electricity. The 
 heat pump may also become an increasingly important factor. 
 
 Petroleum products climbed steadily in importance during the period stud- 
 ied. By 1956, coal was taking about 50 percent, natural gas was taking more than 
 15 percent, and petroleum products were taking about 35 percent of the total energy 
 fuel market in Illinois. This was more than twice the 15 to 20 percent accounted 
 for by petroleum products in the mid 1930' s. Most of this growth resulted from a 
 great increase in the use of the automobile as a means of transportation. 
 
 Consumption of natural gas in Illinois has increased rapidly, especially 
 since World War II. After the war, the major pipeline expansions occurred in the 
 Illinois area. The growth of natural gas has been much more dramatic and much 
 more extensive during the past 20 years than has the growth of the use of petroleum 
 products . 
 
 Sources of Mineral Fuels Consumed in Illinois 
 
 Because Illinois consumers use more fuel than the state produces, some 
 fuel is brought into the state. Table 6 shows the origin of the mineral fuels im- 
 ported for the Illinois market. More than 90 percent of the fuel imported from the 
 north -central, south-central, and northeast areas was coal. On the other hand, 
 all of the fuel imports from the northwest and southwest areas were petroleum and 
 natural gas . 
 
 As previously noted, coal exports went mainly northwestward and crude pe- 
 troleum exports went eastward. It now can be seen that the movement pattern of 
 Illinois production is merely a part of the total national movement pattern, result- 
 ing from the major concentrations of coal and petroleum resources in different parts 
 of the nation. That is, Illinois ships coal to the northwest and crude petroleum to 
 the east, though it brings in crude petroleum from the west and coal from the east. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 The movements of mineral fuels within Illinois are of particular interest. 
 The two directional flows are of subtle significance. Illinois coal goes northwest- 
 ward and Illinois petroleum goes eastward. Illinois, importing coal from the east 
 and petroleum and natural gas from the west, is in the mainstream of a larger na- 
 tional flow of mineral fuels. 
 
 The data in this study suggest that the national flow pattern is not made up 
 of tremendous shipments of fuels going from one end of the nation to another, but 
 rather of generally small, localized movements. This pattern, which might be lik- 
 ened to a kind of mineral fuels hop-scotch, indicates that consumers may import 
 
12 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 410 
 
 
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MINERAL FUELS IN ILLINOIS 13 
 
 fuels from outside a region in order to gain quality or other benefits. Any such 
 benefits, however, might be quickly offset by the transportation costs for longer 
 distances . 
 
 Between 1933 and 1964, the consumption of mineral fuels more than doubled, 
 However, the fuels to feed this large increase in demand were not provided by Il- 
 linois alone. While consumption in Illinois was increasing 135 percent, produc- 
 tion increased only 87 percent. Whereas fuel energy produced in Illinois in 1933 
 was equal to 72 percent of the energy consumed in the state that year, in 1964 it 
 was equal to only 42 percent. This may be attributed primarily to the consumption 
 of large quantities of oil and natural gas imported from outside the state. 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 Illinois Coal Traffic Bureau, 1951 (with supplements to 1964), Bituminous coal 
 statistics, Chicago. 
 
 Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 1933 (annually through 1964), Coal 
 reports of Illinois, Springfield. 
 
 U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1933 (through 1964), Minerals yearbook, Washington, D. C 
 
 U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1950, Energy uses and supplies, 1939, 1947, 1965: U. S. 
 Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 7582, p. 32, table 19, Washington, D. C. 
 
Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 410 
 13 p., 6 tables, 1967 
 
 Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25 
 
CIRCULAR 410 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 URBANA