(SB e eee Peas IPPC @ Hearning and HXabor. 0 " LIBRARY i " University of Illinois. § 4 CLASS. BOOK. VOLUME. ) 7 BLESS = G8 a 6 j ASiedsson ae 5A ae iri es t QeReegesSee ee ee eaheches eset gO NOTE BOOK WIRING TABLES HOW THEY ARE MADE AND HOW TOAUSE= CHEM (SECOND EDITION) THE COOK-GRIER WIRING TABLE AND WIRING FOR MOTOR CIRCUITS BY THOMAS G. GRIER Copyright 1898 by Thomas G. Grier WIRING FOR MOTOR CIRCUITS—Copyrighted 1892. THE COOK-GRIER WIRING TABLE (Published in ‘‘Thos. G. Grier’s Note Book of Wiring Tables’—Copyrighted 1893. NOTE BOOK OF WIRING TABLES—How they are made and how to use them— Coyprighted 1897, 2 BLOMGREN BROS Llectrotypers A P A -_" o ‘- . , “ Pigs Enc eee ae oe m - . it ive ee on Per EAS Seay ty 0 - alge Bi ee Se ‘ 3 ee ee ; : Pig’. ; > es b > . " Ait l- ee ‘ TVET ‘ PERRO renavavi AWA Press of ’ THE CALUMET. COMPANY es 166-170 S. Clinton Street - CHICAGO toes ee ro) hee ee * t a t AG 4 , & > i sy 7) _ —<— -- 15 Steck, oe DA Py y.2nAViV i a _ 4 — ENA ES 2 ie Ce 5 US i LSA ZL PREEAGE, IRING TABLES are a convenience and a \X) necessity to those engaged in Electrical Work. In preparing the second edition to this book the first edition has been carefully revised and new material added. The object has been to show how Wiring Tables are compiled, giving the fundamental reasons in as clear and simple manner possible, leading up in the methods used and in conclu- sion giving valuable information that will be of assistance in solving many of the questions that arise in practical work. ie rt i % nS, 9 Ke CT % INDEX: THE RESISTANCE OF WIRES. Page The law of resistance;s ous. eos se OR ae i 4 Explanation of the law 2. 20 a ae ny seed) os 7, 8,9 The'‘definition of A: Civculay Mal. Tena cto) dee 9 The relation of the'area to the diameter’ >= 2-2 2.) se 9 The ohm (the unit of ‘resistance) >". =... }. +. = 0 9 10 Table of comparative resistance of different metals .......... It Explanation of table. s..0.". 6. Sis GR s ee cena, £F, 32 ELECTRO-MOTIVE FORCE AND CURRENT. i s\n fe) b de ee Ry EPA Gane co Gen OM Se ee A po) TPHEGA NI PETE Foe saree Fe NS, an a a ees eee an Le ee Re Art Gi Illustration of Volt and Anrpere®.. .-. 0.5. 4. «00 «7 ae pee 13, 14 Ohims Taw 7. a he, ee Jae Set ad ets toes a ast ameligl spel ean 14 Explanation of Ohms-law’: ... 4% ge: + hee eee Pe 14-95; 10 The Watt, Electrical Energy or Power:..-.< < 26 up a 16, 17 The: Horse) power 3°. 0). 4. Gye ects is on len ee tine Bote ee on 17 The Candle powér 4) -. apeiron a eleanor ee ee 17 The transformation of Electrical Energy... . .'.... wa ee 18 DPAOLE-AULPEVES PEF A AULD ©. etic etree ie PEABO TETE A OS Gos Ge 18 Explanation of table'amperes per lamp ...... . 95.) sue 19 Explanation of table. amperes per motor... 24 cy-0ce eee a) er tobe site 20 Table. Amperes per Motor’... 5 co sae a SO ; 21 HOW TO CALCULATE THE SIZE OF WIRE. General description and explanation ........... oie ve the oe Mea TROL: General description condensed in six separate and consecutive state- ITLETUCS co Deec cs ve wie dee wel ane. fe, Matis. Yaeger oe ital oe (niet eeteneas nt 25 Statements on page 25 repeated in different form ........... 26 Simple formula™ sco 5 5 ites so on oto teen «tents elo) omer ee 26 Table Resistance of Copper at various temperatures. ......... 2} Explanation of Current Carrying of Wire... . . 5:6, eee 28 Table of current carrying capacity of wire... 2s 2). < 29 4able of fusing point of 8metals .. . 1. . 5k es = 6 eee 30 METHODS OF WIRING. Multiple arc wiring — Explanation and diagram. ........°.. 31 Series System of wiring sf ao \ ra ce cares Nair reseaeeroe ob chars 32 The series multiple system of wiring—Explanation and diagram .. . 32, 33 The multiple series system of wiring—Explanation and diagram . . 33, 34 Edison three wire system—Explanation and diagram ........ 34, 35 Beedersia vemos. es 3 SHOE Phe eee AMEE RES SOIC Ut Mg aaa 35 CNG C Com ME SRI ee Se a ah Ot. oh Sita gine ate Gulley. be Oy a foe) eldeeee 35 SIeICORLG te OFC CISLLIDIILIOIN Ss) ue) i ee ce A elem Mich el one eee Shas 35 Mee ometneOMReCGers CLG ci eas so Me oncile. sine ck Foca teh ohee elo cea ata 36 Application of formula in calculating the size of wire for any of the Bere IOUS OL WiIlINe fai 's. 6 chee Sis ww A LbaY yee Bee ee tie a77 38, 80 COMMERCIAI, WIRING TABLES. PE LCeT ere COMMIS FR DIC Le. cri ale clap wee vere sls gels cee AOTAT A 2 Hxamples showing workingof tables .........6..... 42, 43, 44 sua lemomone per CeNLIOSSI5O-VOILS| (5 0. she es i ee Se ae ee 41 os ** two i BOF AGO ST “Sane cee ee ee ene ae es 42 + ““ two ie Ze Hig toy., ARES "ca oft ca Sf tee ane a ae oe a Bs 43 & “* two ss Peo, gS oe 8 lie”, Ss, A ee ee mee Beli 44 os «« 50 volts from 2 to 10 per cent loss, from 1totooamperes. . 45 14 ae 100 ac ae 2 “ce Io ae oe “ce I ce I0o 46 ew | 46 as ee 220 ae ace 2 ae Io ae ae ae I “ce 100 ae ey 47 ac oe 500 ae ‘ec 2 ae IO ae sé ing I ce 25 “6 ian 48 sé OO nee aaeT CO ed ss <3 Ole LOO “ 8 SAG os STOO ee ame aeeeT © oe alah, 25 of oe «50 oe Buen OOO} © AS} OY 5 fo: ok ut Ses O mal OO s Pn Re es i 2000 ce ve 2a TC =e .s ae 4 STOO ce a es 52 ee OE Xoyere) ke See 2 TO uN a see 2 coe TOO oh ein Be a HS = Troveley = siemens te “ an 2:5. LOO te se 54 Table showing difference between wire gauges ............- 55 Pepa GiMmenisions Of pure Copper Wite .-.-50.. 6 5 8 Ew a als 56 Mabie: resistance of pure copper wire... 3 s.5 see pe ee Ee. 57 Comparative table of diameter and weight of copper wire ...... 58 Wetpnte.or iron, steel; copper and brass wire. ..%-...... re ee! Complete table of the Metricsystem of measurements. ........ 60 ammeroiaeciita Wecnnivalennts (<2 %s.i.. +82 este es ee ee ee 61 Diagrams and descriptions of special switches and their wiring con- MEO stot We" bN6 sls. cys sue seer te tal leka™ ote, evielsije ts. fertsc'e Oar 0S SRMPMMEtCION ittnie Lables « os 6 0 d 5 os w fe 8 #0 s 6 6 46m 4) 5 04-19 Development of the simple formula. 5. - 3 5 6 1 8 ws 8 ee Aaa GibrY, Facts about the Brown & Sharpe Wire Gauge ....56..+5.2-+-24-+2e 0 Bimeaotatation(Cook:-Gricr) «3's «0-0 © ere 6 % sc 6.0) Ses, 08 eULTIO SinEPL OGD Ix=(rtiGL weber eed cl ols 's o.ne) smrel es 167 6 us) 6. ‘of 4. ere te ep cers 75 Peuanrrespey per Olt 5 6) 6) sl 2. oe 6 «86 ous |e 0.81 4 swivels oo wy = “=I U Weight of weatherproof wire, table. ......-. Cost of copper, table... . oo. eG @-¢e «€ 8 @ \WTberb eke? Torr iaeKonope eRe 4 A A Go ba Mit peres PeLanOLOL table wsemcms nme Minimum size wire for motor service, table Wiring for motor service, table .....- Large size feeders with ground returns . Standard diagrams eo 8 @ © e @ ¢€ © O20) 0) le © ° . . ° rae ae . 80-88 eR 85 er ae . 89-90 . 91-99 THE RESISTANCE OF WIRES. To determine the sizes of wires for the distribution of elec- tricity from one point to another there are three factors which enter.iuto the problem. The resistance (ohms). The electromotive force (volts). The current (amperes). In all substances there is something which offers an obstruc- tion to the flow or transmission of the electric current; this obstruction is technically called resistance. It is not known what resistance is, but the more practical problems as to the degree it exists in different substances, and as to how it varies in the same substance or material, have been solved. Resistance in various substances varies; that is, a piece of iron does not offer the same resistance as a piece of platinum of equal size, and copper offers less resistance than iron. In the same substances the resistance varies with the dimen- sious, and the law is stated as follows: “tHE RESISTANCE OF ANY SUBSTANCE VARIES DIRECTLY AS ITS LENGTH, AND INVERSELY AS. ITS AREA OF CROSS-SECTION.” Ne 7 x ‘ye \ ws Mri SoloLANCEK: VARIES “DIRECTLY “AS ). « pes ing both sides of the equation by @ gives (4). v 4¢ ray (3) ers R=— iat 2 ee Ree eg ame (10.6 ; tAIA [fee rs ¥ (5) gol g the value of R as given in (2) is pt Pees eee * inserted in (3) and gives for- mula (5) Ay (6) aren 6X/_10.6X/XC en he Top % Be = q E & IODC Now this formula—- is simply the number of am- % peres (C) multiplied by the TOTAL LENGTH OF WIRE multiplied by the constant—and the whole product divided by the volts lost, for the per cent of E (FE stands for the total volts) is the volts lost. Note, we say the total length of wire; we have been figuring on the resistance of the wire and have taken the length which 26 includes both the outgoing and return circuit. In the follow- ing chapter the method of figuring for the various kinds of wiring will be taken up and the above formula applied to fit the different conditions. RESISTANCE OF COPPER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES. In the table of comparative resistances given in a preceding chapter, it was stated the comparisons were made at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Substances at different temperatures do not have the same resistance ; some increase in resistance rap- idly as the temperature increases ; others change but little, while a few are known to decrease as the temperature in- creases (carbon). Copper, the metal which is the one considered in our wiring tables, has a variation of one and one-half ohms ina range of about 67 degrees Fahrenheit ; this is shown in the accompany- ing table: Resistance per Mil. Temperature in foot in legal ohms. Fahrenheit degrees. eh eS ee ere are awe Yo ae. a SOA TY LS Re eae a oe So 61 We MES ata tea oat SEI si) hl! tee en ae 59.79 Te eee gaol ea ke Se 14S 3 aS O4.40 ea eR ee ng ee SLES care ts Ske 4 SOSLOF “ote. eS heaic be Oe aie a SP or cee Ac at SmI Race oe es ee fa a ek a ee, eS PBLOI ee Ee Pe aR gs kre. hp. Sd oe Beg OD AT Oo BR SE 7 aa A a Oo 28. TS/00"."'. MECN eerie ct cste ds ka. OLS lh Pe OMaP tes BGO vin ifs te xg een es ah & a 95-69 Meet Ts gat yal ite ss as er aed 2) LO0.04 Rarer a. i A Sard beg Gate anc, Ge) hy LOS ZO ae ee Alin wn ig a foo rst extn ert Pa wt pt OO.O4 Se gh Peel in Og ans ae Peel wae pe. 112,90 ESM Ge fea ce 6 gag We eles oe Oat wae a LEZ. TA The Current Carrying Capacity of Wire. The flow of current through a conductor produces heat; this heating effect is in proportion to the amount of current, and if the amount of current is large enough it will melt the wire. The same amount of current will not always heat the wire to the same temperature unless the existing conditions are the same ; as for example, a wire in winter exposed to a tempera- ture below freezing, and subjected to a current of Ioo amperes would be lower in temperature under this condition than it would be if the surrounding atmosphere were at a temperature of 80 or 90 degrees Fahrenheit. By the foregoing illustration it can be seen that the carrying capacity will depend within a limited range upon the sur rounding temperature, for the wire will allow an increasing of the current up to a point where its temperature becomes dan- gerous, either by cause of setting on fire materials with which it may come in contact, or, if nothing of a combustible naturs is near, its temperature will keep increasing as the current increases, until the wire melts. A wire will not become as warm when it is open and ex- posed to the circulation of air as when closed or confined. The radiation of the heat developed in the wire greatly affects its carrying capacity, and if the radiation is almost totally re- stricted a small amount of current applied continuously would melt the wire. Recognizing the danger in overloading wires in commercial use The Underwriters National Electric Association have established a table of safe carrying capacity, and the following is a quotation from their rules and requirements, ‘“‘Edition of Jan. I, 1896, page 22”’: “TABLE OF CAPACITY OF WIRES.”’ “Tt must be clearly understood that the sizes of the fuse depends upon the size of the smallest conductor it protects 28 and not upon the amount of current to be used upon the cir- cuit. Below is atable showing the SAFE CARRYING CA- PACITY of conductors (copper) of different sizes in Brown and Sharpe gauge, which must be followed in placing of interior conductors : TABLE A. TABLE B. CONCEALED WORK. OPEN WORK. Baus. G, Amperes, Belo. Gs Amperes. ae eid oe ie we 218 OOOO Fath ta te ee ol 2 ooo . . 181 OOOSSIS Ere shes se202 oO . . 150 oo . . 220 oO . 125 Oo. eelos Ris na f€ i= cae 50 2. 88 25 sees ye A ce 75 Ne ib ede en, ie IIo 4. 63 4 92 5: 23 See ia. 6. 45 6. 65 ae 23 3 46 Io. 25 EOhey or, cae SU ee ee | Pine ok a a Oy, E2e, Wis tess ad es DAE Meten devas ke 2 TAS es. eee, 10 boy Ce ee ee 16g ote re S RL ee, ca eee TONS iar ae eer bs sie ty ‘““NoTE.—By ‘open work’ is meaut construction which admits of all parts of the surface of the insulating covering of the wire being surrounded by FREE air. The carrying capac- ity of 16 and 18 wire is given but no wire smaller than 14 is to be used, except as allowed under rules 27 (d) and 31 (a).” The pamphlet from which this quotation has been taken consists of thirty-nine pages and is entitled, ‘‘Rules and Requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters,”’ and may be obtained from any representative of the associa- tion or from W. H. Merrill, Jr., electrician for the association, at 157 La Salle street, Chicago. 29 The carrying capacity of wires depends also upon the uses aud conditions for which they are intended; the table just given is for copper wires and for their use in. distributing current from one point to another. Manufacturers of rheostats use both German silver and iron wire, surrounded or supported by non-combustible material. Each manufacturer, for his own use, has compiled from prac- tical experiments, tables applicable mainly for special work. These tables, while of use for other purposes, are not available, as they are of more value to individual manufacturers if kept secret. Some approximate results are given, however, showing the size of wires of different material which will be fused by 1oc amperes of current, when exposed, with a surrounding atmos- phere of between 70 to 80 degrees, the current being turned on for several seconds : Copper. 6.2 Set NON S 7 eb oa eae Aliminum io oie n ew aa ee we - “ Piatt sora ao Bare ee ee eS re = German Silver? st. eo aa ees 2s :: LE OUT sc eo cle yao ee ee eee — Ti ee eee ee Se Se ee Gime & s Lead o2.%.. 5 Sty hae ae ak Ce ee ee 3 3 Tin and lead allows Sie hn dee, eect a aaa es 7 - To give absolute accurate results for the fusing or melting of wires all of the conditions must be known, the temperature of the atmosphere, the medium surrounding the wire if it is con- fined, the length of time the current is on and the exact alloy of the metals and actual experiments, are the best method of determining the results. The figures just stated are given as a guide for comparison, similar to a table of breaking strains, such as are tabulated for various materials used in structural work, not so much with a view of using them as of giving data so that danger- ous ground may be avoided. 30 Methods of Wiring. MULTIPLE ARC WIRING is the system used most exten- sively for incandescent lighting and power purposes, and is frequently called wiring in parallel. The two wires run side by side, one the negative and one the positive, and lamps or motors are connected across from one side to the other, as shown in the diagram, A CONSTANT DIFFERENCE OF ELEC- TRICAL PRESSURE BEING MAINTAINED BETWEEN the two wires. THE MULTIPLE ARC SYSTEM OF WIRING. In this system the amount of current varies in proportion as’ the number of devices, for utilizing it, are increased or de- creased. The term coustant potential is applied to the system using this method of wiring. Among the devices used are constant potential arc lamps, incandescent lamps and motors. The present successful street railway system now univer- sally used is wired upon this method. Alternating stations have their line distribution upon this basis also. In regard to the alternating current, while one wire for a fraction of a minute is positive and the next instant negative 31 the DIFFERENCE IN PRESSURE is constant, the pressure simply changing in direction a number of times in a minute, causing the current to change in direction as frequently as the pres- sure changes, but not altering the difference in pressure be- tween the two wires. THE SERIES SYSTEM is in the nature of a loop, the greatest difference of electrical pressure being at the terminals of the loop. The current in this system of wiring is constant and the pressure varies, increasing or decreasing as the devices are cut in or cut out of circuit. The principle of this system is shown in diagram. t- +— +- =e THE SERIES SYSTEM. The devices used on this system are the same as those used in the multiple system but are constructed upon different lines. The series arc lamp, however, is the main device now operated commercially by this method, as many as 125 arc lamps being placed in series. THE SERIES MULTIPLE is a system where a number of multiple arc systems are placed in series; this method of wir- 32 ing was formerly employed in obtaining incandescent lights from an arc light plant, but is not approved of by the Fire Un- derwriters and is not used in this manner in any new installa- tions and has been taken out of nearly all places where for- merly used. THE SERIES MULTIPLE SYSTEM. THE MULTIPLE SERIES is a system where a number of small series are connected up in multiple. This method is employed on constant potential systems where the voltage is many times greater than the voltage required by the devices to be used. Our electric street car system presents a good example of this method—5o00 volts approximately is the pressure applied to street cars; the commercial incandescent lamp of the past five years was made for voltages no higher than I1o to 120 volts, to light cars and car barns; 100 volt incandescent lamps, 5 in number, were connected in series, and as each used up I0o volts, the total of the 5 would use up 500 volts, and each series would be placed between the 500 volts of the street car line. Storage batteries are connected up by any one of the four 33 methods described, in order to obtain different results, and many are the ways in which these methods are em »loyed singly or in combination. THE MULTIPLE SERIES SYSTEM. THE EDISON THREE-WIRE SYSTEM is in the nature of a multiple series. Incandescent lamps not being made to stand a higher pressure than slightly above IIo volts, a system was devised that could use from 220 to 250 volts. The first step was that of placing two I1o volt lamps in series between 220 volts. However, when one lamp was turned off it would turn off the other lamp in series with it, and two lamps had to be turned off and on at the same time. ‘To avoid this a third wire was introduced, which was called a neutral wire ; this was placed between the two lamps of the series and run back to the generators, there being two generators or dynamos, each generating 110 volts, and the positive of one connected to the negative of the other. In this way, if there were ten lamps, eight lamps burning on one side of the neutral wire and two on the other side, the surplus current would flow back along the neutral wire and permit the turning on or off of lights at will. To balance this system requires either a large amount of copper in the distributing mains and feeders or special] arrangements at the central station. Incandescent 34 lamps, motors and constant potential arc lamps are operated on the Edison three-wire system. Heating apparatus and devices are also being introduced, and can be used on the multiple, multiple series and the Edi- son three-wire system with commercial success. THE EDISON THREE WIRE SYSTEM. FEEDERS is a name used to designate the wires which convey the current to any set of other wires and are a feature of the multiple, multiple series and Edison three-wire methods, . DISTRIBUTING MAINS are the wires from which the wires entering buildings receive their supply. SERVICE wires are the smaller wires entering the buildings supplying the various apparatus used. THE CENTER OF DISTRIBUTION is a term used differ- ently according to conditions—the first center of distribution is in reality the central station—this would be the center for 35 the whole plant. When simply mains are to be considered, the point at which the feeder is connected is the center of dis- tribution. Where houses or buildings are considered it may mean the point at which the service is connected to the mains, or where the service is connected to the wires of the building. = aes Feeders aes | Ula Ysssssitissttts Y Service S SAS’) : MMA Building Line VIEW PEEE SELIG Service oN DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING FEEDERS, MAINS AND SERVICE. Then each floor of a building may have a cut-out box and these in their turn may be termed centers of distribution. When the distance of center of distribution is given to determine the size of wire for lamps or motors, it is well to ascertain whether it is the right center or not; perhaps it may be only the distance from the cut-out box that has been given, when it should have been the distance from the point at 36 which the service enters the uilding, or even greater, the dis- tance from the point at which the service is connected to the mains, for when the size is determined it is for a certain amount of current ; the transmission of additional current on the mains in the building increases the loss in volts in that main and likewise also in the service. Most buildings are wired upon the basis of a certain per cent loss in voltage, figured from the point at which the serv- ice enters; any additions to the wiring should be figured from the same point. The service is also figured from its point of connection at street mains to the point at which it attaches to the building wires. If additions are to be made to the interior wiring that will increase the number of amperes, then the service requires attention — otherwise the number of volts at the lamps or devices will be less than required and results will not be sat- isfactory. APPLICATION OF FORMULA. 10.6x 7 xC . . e ‘ The formula, =~ equals the area in circular mils, is the basis for calculating the size of wires in all cases, and means simply that if you multiply the total length of wire by the maximum current, and multiply this by the constant 10.6, (the resistance in ohms of 1 foot of copper, one circular mil in area) and divide this by the volts lost, which is the per cent of the total voltage, you will have the area of a wire in circu- lar mils that fills the requirements. Apply this formulato a Multiple Arc System. The first point tc be determined is the length of wire, note the two wires are parallel, therefore the total length of wire is twice the total distance, and Z is twice the distance. You then ascertain how many amperes are on the circuit. This youmay know, or you may only have the load given in lamps and H. P.; in which case you reduce this to amperes. The voltage on the circuit is known in any particular case. You take the per cent of the voltage and divide it into the product of amperes multiplied 37 by the length as found, and this multiplied by 10.6, and the result is the area in circular mils. Example :——- What size wire is required for a 50 volt system having 10o lamps at a distance of 100 feet, having 4 per cent loss. Answer :— The load of 100 lamps on the 50 volt system is 100 amperes—4 per cent loss is 4 per cent of 50 volts, or 2 volts. Applying the formula, we multiply the total length of wire which is twice the distance, or 200 feet, by the 100 amperes of current; this gives 20,000; we then multiply this by the con- stant which is 10.6, which gives a result of 212,oco—dividing this by the 4 per cent of 50 volts, or 2, and we have 106,000, which is the size of wire in circular mils that is required. In figuring the distance it is not always taken as the total distance, noris it correct to take the total distance, but the average distance, For illustration, suppose one light is 50 feet from the point from which the distance is determined, and the farthest lamp is 300 feet, and the lamps are distributed evenly between these two points, we would average up the distance between the first and the most remote lamp, which would be 150 feet, and add to this the 50 feet, making the average 200 feet. You must use judgment in assuming this mean or aver- age distance, as the lamps or motors are buncked in different ways for each case. In a Series System the loss in voltage, while making as much difference in loss of power, does not affect the commercial phase of the question as much as in a multiple arc system, forin a multiple arc system the devices depend for their efficiency upon a constant pressure, and it is important that the loss in the conducting wires must not exceed the amount predeter- mined. However, ina series system, the apparatus depends upon a constant current, and the voltage varies with the resist- ance to keep the current constant, and this is done by a regu- lator upon the generator, which is designed to take care of changes of resistance in the circuit and increase or decrease the pressure as required. 38 In figuring the size of wire for a series system, for the length you take the total length of the loop, there is no mean or average distance, as the total current travels the entire dis- tance. If you have an arc light plant and are already using a No. 6 B. and S, gauge wire and want to find what the loss in the wire is—you have the area to start with and also know the amperes of your lamp and the length of the circuit, from this you can figure the loss. Example:—There are 10,000 feet of circuit, the lamps take 10 amperes and the wire is No. 6 B. and S. wire, which has an area of 26,25@ circular mils—what is the loss in the line? Answer:—We multiply 10,000 feet by 10 amperes and this by 10.6, which gives us 1,060,000, and divide this by 26,250 which equals about 40 volts lost in the wire itself. The Multiple Series, which is a number of small series con- nected in multiple, is virtually a multiple arc system, and the wire is figured from the formula as the multiple arc system. The Series Multiple consists of a number of small multiple arc systems but these are connected in series by the main wire and the wire is figured by the formula as shown for the series system. The Edison three wire system is a double multiple, the two outside wires are considered only when the wire is being figured, as when the system is under full load the neutral wire does not carry any current. Common practice makes the neutral wire one half the size of the other wires when the work is inside of buildings, though theoretically the neutral wire should be the same in size as the others. The neutral wire in feeders and mains depends upon the judgment of the engineer, and all three wires are frequently made the same size so they can be interchangeable, as a ground upon a neutral wire is of less consequence than on the negative and positive wire, and when any ground occurs within a section of mains the neutral can be changed and the grounded wire be made the neutral; this applies particularly to underground work. 39 Commercial Wiring Tables. Wiring tables were devised to arrive at results with thé least amount of work. To obtain exact results it would be necessary to fulfill all conditions of the formula, that is, the absolute constant should be used, the exact number of feet and the exact number of amperes. To compile tables upon this basis would require great care and they would be very large. Commercial require- ments do not necessitate such fineness. In compiling tables the number of amperes given are in such quantities that would seem to fill the nearest commercial requirements, and the same may also be said of the distances, the constant upon which the tables are based is one that would apply to average conditions, and the size of the wire is given in commercial sizes which are the nearest to the calcu- lated area, that will meet the requirements, which means that it is the commercial size which is larger (not smaller) than the area obtained from the calculation. In solving practical problems by tables one must take the figures for amperes and distance that will be the nearest to the actual conditions. Two tables are given for 50 volts, one for I per cent loss or 4 volt loss, the other for 2 per cent or I volt loss; these tables are compiled upon the basis of 10.6 ohms for the constant and for multipleare wiring. The distance does not mean the length of the circuit (that is, the total length of both the positive and negative wire) but the direct distance between the lamps and the center of distribution. 40 y TABLE A. WIRING TABLE FOR ONE PER CENT LOSS ON 50 VOLTS (TABLE FOR 14 VOLT LOSS). wn ro) = a Distance in Feet to Center of Distribution, o (Wire sizes are indicated in B. and S. Gauge.) ee ° é | 7, |20/25) 30| 35] 40] 45 50| 60; 70} S80] go} roo} 120) 140] 160} 180} 200] 250 Tal Seailavaliieceve| (ew aues (ovens | asas''- TOW cS lees Se |e All eet See 32a Til eT (eee LO; 9 TSificaaliven| cemncliacas=' fet fui ybe sass Saeki Siete Gell ae gli agolhs Ake) Oie9 8 pe rOMmnG 9LS| sald jasTAte 13) Tale *r2|)) opr! TTs Ol PLO 9 8 8 7 6 3/16/15] 14] 13 Be tele tele tT, ee TOO 9 9 8 a Tha Kein Ke 5 Aisi a|s 12)" rit | IT)" —10}, “ro 9 § 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 gi Sirs lele) etd) «13/5 10 9 9 8 Gi 7 6 6 5 Ale a a 2 6pl3|t2) 11) TO| -1o| .-9 9 8 7) 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 7|I2|II| ro] Io} 9g 8; 8 7 7 6} 35 5 Ae 3 2 2 I 8/11/10] 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 I fe) g|II|10] 9 8 8 7 a, 6 5 5 4 4 a 2 2 I I fo) 1o|10} 9] 9 8 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 I I oO} 00 12/10] g} 8 | 7 Bie 36 5 4 4 3 2 2 I I fe) o} 00 14] 9] 8] 7 7 Giese 25 Site ie 4 Ali =3 2 2 1 fe) 0} 00} 00 000 Tole) OF 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 I T 0} 00] 00} 000 0000 18| 8} 7] 6 G2 ae | keer 7 ed ee) 2 I I 0] 00] 00] 000} 000 0090 20)/71 0] FO 5 4 4 3 3 2 I I fo) ©} 0} 000] 000}0000 0000 25| 6] 5} 5} 4 co a 2 2 I ©} 0}. 00] 00} 000|0000]0000)......|....-. 30] 6] 5} 4 AW oR Reel ae I ©} O}| 00] 00} 000]0000|0000)......|...... whe 35| 51 4] 3 2 2 I I O} - O} 00] 00] 000}0000}0000)]......}...:4. fesse [eres 40| 4| 3) 3 2 I I Glan OC} NOO}= COO] COO}O0OO (OOOO! fecal oe vce |nceeeallianentallete cen ASN Al s|) <2 I I Qe) 200). 00! 1000) 0000 | OOOO! Mia sas leese-nfispece jc cee rellioncukell one tee 50/7 3]) 2] «2 I Olean Ol Olt 00], ONO COOO GODOI, sense liereese ae ecas!| Se. roall coed seaepllls pores O5\| 2) 4 lO |S 100) EL OO| OOO! OOO OO0O tic, vom si\omanas [int sions [ire aoan'|\ casineia'l coe orci Veatch otc cosas Con ope2. ir fe) ol 00} 00} 000/0000 ...... Hiei es aN reacted tse, oarst (ecm lt meisitaoee noi. rabies aah cere Os) 2.0) ek 0! 00! 00! 000} 000|0000 ...... | Etec ia sail Peel lip eer Saaserlecee ew lloce belle oee 7612) 3| ©} 9} 00| 00) 000 0000)......]...... BAPE cn no 33k IN EER RACES [ee Commie Alert eaemer 75| 2] 1] ©} 00] 00, 000, 000 0000)......|...... Been Bears Boaranl echo ee aa ee as tere BR ee 80} 1] 0} ©} 00} 000 000 0000 0000)......|...... | pti zane lt et |S Re a Ne Alea Om ay Ma oe (Eo g0| I] 0] 09| 00} 000 GOOG OOOO! ofc vokstelss rss lease gallons heelaee tee Omeaae seers erte eel Rue eens 100] O]00] 00] 000 0000 0000) .... |......| eee | eee | PANS | RO Joeesferes | Be ee 120| 0'00/000 0000'0000 ...... 5... iar Saree asses cruienitmeah cette eitons ete Leoketed ceeseenue totes Sele mt ———— SS Te ecic8i220 Sa — In the table for one per centloss on 50 volts (Table A) the loss is % volt. This means that % volt will be lost in trans- mitting the number of amperes indicated in the vertical col- umn on the left to the distances indicated in the top row, when the size of wire is used that is on the same line with the num- ber of amperes under consideration and under the number of feet which the amperes are to be transmitted, for example :— What size wire will be required to transmit 20 amperes 60 feet, when the voltage is 59 and the loss one per cent. 41 Answer :—No. 3, B. & S. Gauge. Follow the column marked amperes down to 20, then look along the same line until you come to the column headed by 60, and 3 is the number which indicates that No. 3, B. & S. Gauge wire is the size required. Table B, which is for two per cent loss, is the same in principle as Table A, and is one that approximates actual conditions, as secondary wiring on alternating systems is usually installed upon the basis of two percent loss, When the secondary voltage is between 50 to 55 volts this Table (B) can be used. TABLE B. WIRING TABLE FOR TWO PER CENT LOSS ON 50 VOLTS (TABLE FOR I VOLT LOSS). v3 * a. Distance in feet to center of distribution. 5 (Wire sizes are indicated in B. and S. Gauge ) ns © 5 20| 25| 30] 35] 40] 45| 50| 60] 70 | Ro | go | Too} 120| 140] 160| 180] 200] 250 A eae sical ewaee bis ae ere TS) TS }ieeT Al’ 230 cacataeey 2 ere eee 2 Sede Mleatecleltees 16|"16) Isl, -T4. F4\ 13h shoe ees 9 3 svevelacese | LO! TO) 15} 15| 14) 13h Tal eZ) s12|\Prs| SrGhe TO) Om Alieccss| LO! I5) IS TA) TAN IZ | 13h ko eet er TO LO Q| 248 8 7 6 S| 816) 526) 215) 14) 23ers) beer 2h ee Ly ee tO TO Ol eee OemnnnS Fi 7 Glee es SIG IS! 4 evsiers | 12) 12)) nr ee | tel nO o/-..8 7 a 6 6 5 Fler S| elas Tal) Lee reer That ere) eco 9 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 reales Clavie cele Amit osmeliakey| Gxe}|. —C)/ = tai! ozs! 7 7A heed (eet, Bis mt ANE Q| 14] 13] 12} I1] I1| 10} Io} 9 8 § es ] 6 5 5 4 4 3 TOP L3 | eT2e 12) el LO} TOMO eo 8 7 a 6 6 5 4 4 3 2 £2\' 13) 12|-r0| To} To} Vole 9) 8 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 TA 121 TE) TOPIC Ol) oa Sha oy 6 5 5 4 4 ge 2 2 I TOlETL| STO] STO 6) a Siero) ers Gi aees 5 4 4 2 2 2 1 $) TOW TLE TON tO] molec may eee 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 say fo) yea) Talia Ol Rotten), cll atsii Co 5 4| ‘4 3 3 2 I I oO} oo 25! eo) StS] 67Gb th Sl oh Ae a epee 3 a o| o| oof oo XO ye telbe YAP XSI ate Sale Gye a 3 3 2 2 I o| o| 00! 00] ooo ASE Claeys) CO} Olee Sica S4laes mee AA et 1/ o}| ©} oo} 00; 000} 000 ZO) 6] Ol SH Va tes lees 2\-- 1 I 0} 0} 0} 000} 000|}c000/e000 450 e7ieCle S| 44 esle sine I I 0} oO} 00] 00} C00}0000/0000)...... SO Ole Sen Sl adler Siero I Oo] 0} OO] 0] CO0}0000|0000}......]...... oy h = (Sy GH ev eab pe si eee eli a5 Oo} “O| O00} 00} C00] CO0|O00N)......} 5.-..]-..--. 60) F615 142 3). a 2 eae ©} 0; 00} (00! OO0}OOO0)}. 5.01 mmemelsamese| meerere 65/55 (4 eal aa eae erie 0} -00]" 00) 000} 0006/0000} ia2e-26hae-ceateeceee eames 70\".5| -4| 3) 2) 2) 2] al° 0) 0} 00} “00);000|0000)),.2... |p sseentaeeceetl eee nee 751° 51 4) gl 2\-22|--2| 1] 0} 00] <00/$000|; 000/000) a.c\teueeleees So} 4) 3] 3) 2) I) Tl O}% of 00} Goo!’ 000/0000,0800)..= | wecealaesere eee een OG] $4) ssi 2) ia i .0|f 20|iro0| 00: 000;0000 £610,010) Bremer eRe teedl boc clic - aS 100]. 31 2’ <2! -1| Oo} “o}*eo|| Go} ‘coo! GoO!OROO I: cs es. ck lesewoell cares Ieee eee é 42, Table B could be used for other voltages and have quite a range of application by using the following suggestions : Note.—While Table Bis called a TABLE FOR Two PER “ENT LOSs ON 50 VOLTS, it means that one volt is lost. This ‘able could equally as well be called a ONE PER CENT Loss » 100 VOLTS, for the 1 per ceut of 100 and 2 per cent of 59 are the same. TABLE C. WIRING TABLE 2 PER CENT. LOSS IIO VOLTS. f “ a Distance in feet to center of distribution. = (Wire sizes in B. and S. Gauge.) es ° Ss 20 a 40| 50] 6 | 70] 80] go 100| 120 149) sha 180 a ag 280 2 sd 400 es | ee a ee oo Oe OO OO - | sS e ear | | ed re a fad eee eee I Bs : | + sees] even creo cntee ansgee[eeeen canees eeetee eeeees TOUS S) Mel Si eran ear 4 Soa ee ah ae ses cn RE ae tate 30) 151°" 15]:, 14]. 34} ah3\) 112), 92 STie os Fes cot gece isl PSG Ue RO REUBEN DEINE Addin ag SS ecsecsf = 16 PSE iS i4iclg = 13) X2) = 22) 7%] IT} TO} a9 9 Ro ccsaxk= FG) 15135) ) 14) 140 15)-427 12, 11] 11] x0] “of. 9] 8] 8 Sites |= TOMS. V4 eraielselseT) eli The 10/4 10}= “9o) 8} 8) 27 7 Ose fiessee|s IGO/O15) Aj 14) Val La r2p iar), xo} “gi 9] 38] 8 7 ney 6 oa sezace FO t5ly 4 14h 13) 12] 12) 10) IT\e10" Ig. | oO}. 9 8 7 | | Olen 5 Sime fase 16] 15| 14! 13] 12] 12] 11) 11! 10 9, Claes eecs|e eviale7t Ole s 5 on ete $5) 14). £3) 22) 12} 11f:tz] io, of 9. 8] 8 5H 7a O 5 5 4 bf) Popes tna cst I2) THe Op TOW. O] aac 8 7 Ake vote aR A aah we 4 2 Popa speie) TE TM 10}. Of 98 Stan 7 7 6 iS 5 4 4 2 See oleatr ley tl Tlie), O29 Sh P72) 6) SO) 5 St af 3h 3p 2 Poammr sit stake (a8) 10) WOU OP Be oR) 77 Gp 5! <5)" 4)° 3}. 3h 2; 2 He Ieest seri, GD) 9, Oi 1 Sa 7 OL Sh Sh 4}. ay SE 2] 2 I 20 TART QOVETO) Ole Sir sie FT OES! 54 Ars 2 2 I T 25 CS OUMELOM MO UCT etn ie Ol Oler Sisal, a Alo a3] 5. 93 2 I I fo) fe) 30 Pete She St Fie Te Op. OPER AE Ale 3h 3 2 I I fe) o| oo 35 Dero SP gh © Ole S| Siena: At 3 2| 2 I I 0} 00] oO | 000 4o | 11} 9] 8| 7 6 S| S| 4; 4] 3] 2! 2} ~x] xl 0; 00} 00} cco} 000 45 TOO 7) Oy Gl Se Al or4 Sir 3in. 2 I I o| 09| 06} 000} 000;0000 Sate Tel 7 GF 5| 7 Voie sae eee | ee | a I/ ©} 0} 00 000} 000|0000]0000 60 mele Shara. 40 m3] oS & 2p oe Tl Ad 0} ©; 00} 000} 000 0000/0000] ..... 70 J 7| 5| 4! 4] 3] 2] 2, ft] I} ©, 00} 0; 000] 000\0000.0000}......]... : 80 s' 6! 5] 4} 3] 2] 2| 1] I} ©} 00] 0] 000; 090 0000 sae fae atk Stal oe ae 00 7| 6| 4| 3! 3] 2| 4 1, ©} OO} 00; 000) 000 0000 0000) .....]......].... . jot 100 esl 40 st 2b” T | ©} 0} 00/000! 000! 000 0000 ..... wee Bees | Deak sate 120 GlAl. 3) 2 E! El 0% 6! Gol 001000 0000/0000" 622... sawses.o0e Beech It simply represents the size wire that will offer enoug!! resistance to use up one volt in transmitting the amperes tO the distances indicated inthe table. Nowif it is remembered that two volts will transmit.twice as many amperes the same distance over the same wire, or transmit the same number of amiperes twice as far, and for three volts, three titnes as far, etc., we can have any problem presented within reasonable range and solve it by thistable. We will take several exam- ples, to illustrate : Ist. What size wire will be required to transmit 30 amperes 500 feet at 2 percent loss 500 volts? 43 Answer! 2 per cent of 560 volts is 1to volts. A wire that will allow 30 amperes to be transmitted 500 feet with ro volts loss would use up I volt every 50 feet. Referring to the table we find 30 amperes will be transmitted 50 feet with one volt loss on a number 5 wire, which would make a total of 10 volts loss in 500 feet. TABLE D. WIRING TABLE 2 PER CENT LOSS 220 VOLTS. ' ’ >Tunber of } Amperes Distance in feet to center of distribution (Wire sizes in B. & S. Gauge ) 20 eet 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | go | 100) 120] 140 160] 180 ele 250| 320 | 360 | 400 Tf. ce scch onpss| sscse| (vores faves (eelas|!se8ine|\ocaas] Sunce} snaseliencisel levers |eaacal qevireliieeaen| maaas| Mdeaeal eae 16 TES | conve] sass-l atvee|iaseireisuenelevine|(s*=0s|(on cal owres|(verce]|oseerticanne| (eserelcnnel mnects aumes Mell HG} $5 7 Ale ! 16], 15)9 25}) der: 3 T6|515) 15|s T4 eat Laie one 4 16) 15) 15) 14) ta} a3 tel) r2 er eee 5 16) 15) 14)0£4)) 13) x3) 212] 13 Esl eek is TOlST5)) 1S) 14) er4) 13l 12), Taleur eer leeT Ol eo 2 yin \Nevyee arees leprae) keeeee 16] x5} 14] r4|-14] 13} 12] 12)-1r} 12) Lol Ol ao coe ing 16] 15| 15} 14| 14] 13] 12] 12] 11] rr] to} gf 9g} 8 8 ol dio 15] 15| 14) 14}) 13) 12) 12] - rr) 15 rol) (Ol 9s | meee, TOR |\starsiiceass|eseae 16] 5] 14) 14} 13|: 13] 12) SIT Peto tole Ol Si woes Al Pen ree 16| 15) 14} 14] T3l-12] r2} IT}-12) 10] 9] “o| Si Sl ep ee Tifa sates 16} 15°14] 14] 13] 12] 12] r1f-¥I}) IO]. 9}]--9| 8) 77) 0) eons TOmelbas 16] 15|) 14] 13) T2| 12]-11)8 11) 10} 9) ol 8) Si) Ze | eee hehe eas 15-14) 23} 12loT2| err xO] 9} Ohl) a7 lean to 5 Si) ud 20. | 16) 15) 14) 13} 12), rt} 11) rolero]| 0} 8] 48} Sri Ol 5 ee oe 25 16) 34} 13p 12| -L1| ro} ro] 9] “o}- St 7-7 56) Gt seta a ae 3 3 20 < |) 15] 13) T2|) 11) 10] To|S Oh EOF Sie 7)) 71 GF Os). 4rd ees ec 35 TA} 131) 21-40] SLO} PeO}- 6 ps5 ee gi 7 ee Ol ee eee S| eet ee 2 2 I 40 14/12) 12) Tol Gg). Sh el ee7i ae Flas Cleese. Si Ale eal ee meee I I 45 4 13] 12) 10) \ 9] 9] 819) 7]. GF Gi 05). 4) 4) 8) gl sake ee 50 TZ ILC ION (Oe cS | 7 m7 | elms |e 4 leader sees eco eT 1 fe) fe) co Y2VI015- 9), Sp7| 7 6] Ol eS 4a tele S| ees eee ee ed 0; ©; OO 70 11] 10} 8} 7} 7} 6 S| 5} 4] 4! 3) 2] 2{ I] I} of 0} oo} 000 80 ri of 8 7] 6 Sh 5]. 41° 4): 3) 2] 21° Wy 3) G) Oole ool moon go Io} 9g: 7| 6 6 §| 4] 4] 3! 3] 2] ¥F] 1] Of 00} C0} C00} Goojo00O 100 1o} 8] 7] 6| 5] 4} 4} 3] 3] 2{ 1] 1] 0} oO} oo}o0o 000 2000/0000 120 9) 7 6! 5! 4) 4} 3! gil 2) 11,0! - ol, 0901000!G00 dno Gans Example: 9 amperes are to be transmitted 1,000 feet on a 100 volt system with 5 per cent loss. Give the size of wire cequired. Answer: Five per cent of 100 volts is 5, and five volts lost in 1,000 feet means one volt for each 200 feet. Referring to table, 9 amperes are transmitted over 200 feet on a number 4 wire, with one volt loss, which would make a total of 5 volts lost in 7.000 feet. 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CLCF9.00G'LL900L6 |eST ‘62 [000‘F6T00G°Z8¢ 000°E/L 000 [0000 | OCF FZ 009° ZE 006'SF 008' “FG ScL‘T9 028'69 008" T8008" L60 Z'ZET/000' SIT (00S FFZ)N00°68F\)0 ‘826 0000 eee er ete om | sf | og | oh | oF | of ' 08 | oc | 02 cL or ¢ gS ot “les os ks OT Be! OT “MOTIINIAYSIP JO 19JW9d 0} JaaJ UL MOTO UBATS 9OULISIG ‘93nvs <2 ap I UT SAZIS QITAL ‘soradtue Uf syuetains Arvwr1ad owatpur tunyoo yows Jo doy oy. 9B SAINSU OT, *SITOA 0N0'G 9B SSO] “Quad Idd "SLIOA OOO'S “‘SLINDOYIO YOH ATEVL ONIYIM Table Showing the Difference Between Wire Gauges. Birmingham. Brown & No. London, Stubs’. Sharpe’s DOOD ers os niet CAAT iid aselsver ems’ a AOAT ae cateioonne 460 ONMiae osc ote AO sual Fes esjnere ie esas ADEM ofoolateerrearse 40964 1) oe B80 weer eee teen Aste) RCO ODN enti 35480 QO ccsereeee BA) te wees eee DOA (yates) wisest alates 32486 dope tr fel: © BON we ee eee eeeee Peal ete iuye (sietele! curs: 28930 Be aeieas eae OE pend sida tem siapaiaye OBA Prone taleen ints 25763 aerate encase DEG fe petdialece © ote Siem DAO udm es siecle 22942 4 938 ween wee cece DS eae Ree enlan aoe 20431 Bosse seceee 2). | na DOr disinie aterm cuales 18194 iewslgse se Pid boneocrpoescre Geta oe peo acraeae 16202 7 Ree SAcn Shagace Zk Neg Gckiaiot a8 14428 eiere ciiets ss 165 GE ees co-chasniets Graces 12849 OY ceNioe Sag TAR oeg ee Misteetile/ste RUA Sieincist cvercietesie'e 11443 A amass ee See he She Danas ors BSAA ete aikier ei. cacats 10189 11 120 120 .--e-eeeeeee J 09074 hat Seger EA LOD me ne oes es ae 109 . 08080 heir es Senceseae OOS ate ects erecta OREM as are ne eutiess 07196 Ih, Matinee O83 a tiaatiose anes LOSS veriaeternsit sisiels 06408 a Larrea eee (TORS Tanne aeel orc (Oc2ue 05706 A Giccsractuleks Yee OGD im feats sie ers oe MOGI. Dtaieeaa se ace 05082 17 Pie: ee en St ee ee. POA Bare ca tees 04525 Thee Wen Bae OAD erie Saiteate Od Oeenanctce tae 0430 We els eee ag YT ous ates thee VAD E ee cos ctaratee be 03589 OTe Seber sctecar O35 sea ccctas ait oie TBS eters Minthehosn e 03196 Pate et sais GTS wide es ee eee HS Dipe erate tas ater ateoieh Te 02846¢ Drea at oe SB c O2O5 Diy see whe Foes s RQ OR as snieictensare ae 025347 DA toate OO tee (0)-7 (CODEC APATITE oti te SacmrOee 022571 PAINS SENET OME Aa gets Meneses Oy ere O22 eeu). stsnctas 0201 ae Nae Ste ae 023 oe 2 Oametobt=accettorer. 0179 26 .0205 Pa OU Steetaae tals sats 01594 DA Liat Ae ae REE G1S7otmas aceesdae cs 1 Geteracttoe fares 014195 OSES ers ative OIG eer nies. are cs AN ois aaseonee 012641 Orel ss d'els's OD Stare. Sas nests Ol ome rors eae 011257 SOR weara see scie 01375 4 AU Wb eerreriar de FOG 010025 ei leeeAanes wares O12 Scan teehee Ol Oigmesicutetcs avers 008928 74 eg ap APOE OTD Beta ees ose oiete OOO: tse e aacioe 00795 Dae eases wins O10 2atreanctte se wits .008 -; -00708 7h lertete eens Panes OO9S Sista cieceraes OO Tiaras ses 0063 Tae es «15 O09 Beano asses OOD ais! to.cyee coneres 00561 SOMA eel cto SOOT Sees teers Ravina yO OL teres actker,s ot 005 D nbstawattecrs EUG: Wer ects Marc nif Uk ater ie teeter es .00445 DOG aes ese QOD TD Beta ons Rovctehsl ae Sttcicts tarielteere .003965 DOM Meee) tp cele uameceies Catron» dete stare .003531 CES iia Hee 0045 ale ites ete EM the slevaye aletats of -003144 55 Table of Dimensions of Pure Copper Wire.* *] mile pure copper wire ___ 1-16 in. diam. REVISED. Weight and Length. ~ ; soe! Sp. Gr. 8.9. CE Diam. ; F P it Lbs. Lbs. Feet 4 | Mils. yee oa per per per ‘ 1000ft.| Mile. }| Pound 009 460.000)/211690.0 |166190.2 |640.73/3383.04 1.56 000 |409.640/1678U5.0 |131793.7 |508. 12/2682.85 1.97 00 |/364.800]1383979 0 |104520.0 |4U2.97/2127.66 2.48 O |324.950}105592.5 | 82932.2 |319.74/1688.20 3.13 1 /289.300| 83694.5 | 65733.5 /253.43/1338.10 3.95 2 (257.630) 66373.2 | 52129.4 |200.98/1061.17 4.98 3 |229.420) 52633.5 | 413838.3 159.38} 841.50 6.28 4 |204.310| 41742.6 | 32784.5 126.40) 667.38 qook 5 |181.940; 33102.2 | 25998.4 100.23] 529.23 9.98 6 | 162.020] 26250.5 | 20617.1 79.49) 419.69 12.58 7 144.280] 20816.7 | 163419.4 63.03) 332.82 15.86 § | 128.490] 16509.7 | 12966.7 49.99) 263.96 20.00 9 | 114.430} 18094.2 | 10284.2 39.64] 209.35 25.22 10 {101.890} 103881.6 | 8153.67 | 31.44) 165.98 31.81 41 | 90.742} 8234.11] 6467.06 | 24.93) 131.65 40.11 12 | 80.808] 6529.94) 5128.69 19.77} 104.40 50.58 13 | 71.961] 5178.39} 4067.09 | 15.68; 82.792 |- 63.78 14 | 64.084] 4106.76) 3225.44 12 44| 65.658 | - 80.42 15 | 57.068} 3256.76) 2557.85 9.86) 52.069} 101.40 16 | 50.820) 2582.67| 2028.43 7.82)" 41.292 | 12787 17 | 45.257; 2048.20} 1608.65 6.20) 32.746 |. 161.24 18 | 40.303) 1624.33} 1275.75 4.92} 25.970 | 203.31 19 | 35.890) 1288.09} 1011.66 3.90} 20.594 | 256.39 20 | 31.961} 1021.44) 802.24 3.09} 16.381 | 323.32 21 | 28.462) 810.09] 636.24 2.45] 12.952.| 407.67 22 | 25.347) 642.47) 504.60 1.95} 10.272} 514.03 23 | 22.571) 509.45) 400.12 1.54} 8.1450} 648.25 24 | 20.100) 404.01 317.31 1.22} 6.4593] 817.43 2p) | 17.900) = (3201 44 251.65 .97| 5.1227] 1030.71 26 | 15.940} 254.08} 199.56 .11| 4.0623) 1299.77 27 | 14.195) 201.50 158.26 61] -3.2215| 1638.97 28 | 12.641 159.80] 125.50 -48} 2.5548} 2066.71 29 | 11.257 126.72 99.526 .38]} 2.0260} 2606.13 30 | 10.025} 100.50 78.933 .30] 1.6068} 3286.04 31 | 8.928 79.71 62.603 24 1.2744] 4143.18 32 | 7.950 63.20 49.639 ra ke) 1.0105} 5225.26 33 | 7.080 50.138 39. 369 15 8014} 6588.33 34 | 6.304 39.74 31.212 12 -6354| 8310.17 Bo 5 0-014 Br D2 24.753 10 -5039) 10478. 46 36 | 5.000 25.00) 19.635 .08 -0997 | 13209 .98 37 | 4.453 19.83 15.574 -06 -8170/16654.70 33 | 3.965 152 12.347 05 -2513/21006.60 39 | 3.531 12.47 9. 7923 -04 .1993/26487 .84 rat 3.144 9.88 7.7635 -03 -1580)33410.05 i 13.59 ohms at 15.5° C. or 59.9° Ff. 1 circular milis .7854 square mil, 56 Table of Resistances of Pure Copper wire.* REVISED. No. Resistance at 75° F. Bs & : he Ss 2: es Ohms F oct Ohms. * | 1000 feet. | Per mile. Ohms. per pound. 0000 -04904 -25891)20392.9 -00007653 000 -06184 -32649}] 16172.1 - 00012169 00 .07797 -41 168) 12825 .4 -00019438 0 -09827 -51885] 10176. 4 - 00030734 1 - 12398 -65460} 8066.0 - 00048920 2 - 15633 -82543] 6396.7 -00077784| : 3 - 19714 1.04090} 5072.5 -0012370 4 . 24858 1.31248) 4122.9 - 0019666 5 31346 1.65507) 3190.2 -0031273 6 -39528 2.08706} 2529.9 -0049728 7 49815 2.63184! 90 6.2 - 0079078 8 .62849 3.31843} 1591.1 - 0125719 9 - 79242 4.18400} 1262.0 - 0199853 10 .99948 5.27726) 1000.5 - 0317046 11 1.2602 6.65357} 793.56 - 0505413 12 1.5890 8.39001' 629.32 - 080364 1 13 2.0037 10.5798 499.06 - 127788 14 2.5266 13.3405 395 79 - 203180 15 3.1869 16.8223 Blak -323079 16 4.0176 21.2130 248.90 -613737 17 5.0660 26.7485 197.39 - 816839 18 6.3880 33.7285 156.54 1.298764 19 8.0555 42.5329 124.14 2.065312 20} 10.1584 53.6362 98.44 0.284374 21; 12.8088 67.6302 78.07 5.221775 22} 16.1504 85.2743 61.92 8.301819 23| 20.3674 | 107.540 49.10 13.20312 24) 25.6830 | 135.606 88.94 20.99405 25) 32.3833 | 170.984 30.88 33 .37780 26| 40.8377 | 215.623 24.49 53.07946 27| 51.4952 | 271.895 19.42 84.39915 28| 64.9344 | 342.854 15.4) 134.2005 29] 81.8827 | 432.341 12.21 213.3973 30} 103.245 | 545.133 9.686 | 339.2673 31) 130.176 | 687.327 7.682 | 539.3404 32| 164.174 | 866.837 6.091 | 857.8198 33} 207.600 1092.96 4.831 | 1363.786 34} 261.099 |1378.60 3.830 | 2169.776 35] 329.225 1738.31 3.037 | 3449.770 36) 415.047 2191.45 2.409 | 5482.766 37| 523.278 |2762.91 1.911 | 8715.030 38) 660.011 [5484.86 1.515 |13864.51 39) 832.228 [4394.16 1.202 |22043.92 40|1049.718 [5542.51 -9525 38971. 11 1-16 in, diam, 57 59.9° F. H,; =x ¢ S2o Cah datacat a ee cme Bae SAB Sri g/fui 2 a5 Alesa 4.5 = 800 12s, 666 1.50 500 2.00 363 Foci bs. 313 3.20 250 4.00 200 5.00 14 6.9 125 8.0 105 9.5 87 1 I ee 69 14.5 “50 | 20.0 31 | 32:0 "92-1 45.0. ‘14 | 70.0 “11 | 90.0 se weer to rcoce es oo ee ey se eee eee eeete er cooe se eeerlececcee ies i ey es ie ee ey eoeccot} se ceece es i ee oY Ce ce a | Ce eee ae ee 6) MLS ore |) e) Asie a Ce eeca{ce vo sto= *] mile pure copper wire __. 13.59 ohms at 15.5° C, or —— og Comparative Table of Diameter and beh ae of migoee: Wire. Diam- eter 1n | Mils. | No. of S| Gauge 460.0 409.6 364.8 Noe ‘is BCONooF WNHC © iS] oS r= Sy) | 324.9 2389.3 257 .6 229.4 yr ounds CM=d2\1 000 feet. 623 925 516.76 437.107 349.928 272.435 244.15 202.965 171.465 146.51 124.742 98.076 82.41 66.305 54.354 43.59 3.964 Z71:319 20.853 15 692 12.789 10.18 7.268 5.340 3.708 3.099 2.373 1.892 1.465 1211 -9807 7749 -5933 516 4359 3027 -2452 1937 1483 -07568 AMERICAN GAUGE. BIRMINGHAM GAUGE. Mw ols c | Area in| eee ° Eig Area i in CM=d2 1.000 tee 52a 211600 | 639.33 || 4-0 | 454 | 206116 16785 | 507.01 || 3-0) 425 | 180625 133079 | 402.u9 || 2-0 | 380 144400 | 0) 340 115600 105592 | 319 04 1| 300 90000 83694 | 252.838 2| 284 80656 66373 | 200.04 3 | 259 67081 §2634 | 159.03 4] 238 56644 | 5 | 220 48400 41742 | 126.12 6 | 203 41209 331lU2 | 100.01 7 | 180 32400 26244 79.32 8} 165 27225 20822 62.90 9] 148 21904 16512 49 88 10} 134 17956 13110 39.56 14), 120 14400 10381 31.37 12; 109 11881 8226 24.88 13 | 095 9025 6528 19.73 14 | 083 6889 5184 15.65 15 072 5184 4110 12.41 16 | 065 4225 3260 9 84 17 | 058 3364 | 2581 7.81 18 | 049 2401 2044 6.19 19 | 042 1764 1624 4.91 1253 3.78 20 | 035 1225 1024 3.09 21 | 032 1024 820 2.45 22 | 028 784 626 1.94 23 | 025 625 510 1.54 24 | 022 484 404 1.22 25} 020 400 320 97 26 | 018 324 254 cid 27) O16 256 201 61 28; 014 196 PAG, .48 29 | 013 169 127 38 30} 012 144 100 20 31 | 010 100 79 2k 32 | 009 81 63 19 33 | 008 64 49 15 34 | 007 49 36 12 28 10 25 08 2 35)" 005 25 18 .06 ; 16 .05 | 36) 004 16 EEE 04843 Weights of Iron, Steel, Copper and Brass wire. DIAMETERS DETERMINED BY AMERICAN GAUGE. | i - Sinaor Weight of Wire per 1000 Lineal Feet. oe laa Seagal (MUA aos Ze each No.|/\ es Steel. | Copper. | Brass. INCH. LBS. LBS. LBS. LBS. 0000 | = .46000 560 74 f66.03 640.51 605.18 000 | .40964 444.68 448.88 507 .95 479.91 00 . 36480 352.66 355.99 402.83 380.67 0 32486 279.67 282.3) 319.45 301.82 J . 28930 22119 || 223-89 ogee 239.35 2; .25768 TORSO el gideaD 200.91 189.82 3 22942 139.48 140.80 159.32 150.52 4 . 20431 110.62 111.66 126.35 119.38 5 . 18194 87.720 83.548 | 100.20 94.666 6 | .16202 69.565 70.221 79.462 75.075 Gj . 14428 55.165 55.685 63.013 59.545 8 | .12849 43.751 44.164 49.976 47.219 9] .11443 34.699 35.026 39.636 37.437 10 .10189 27.512 215182 81.426 29.687 11 .090742 21.820 22.026 24.924 23.549 12]; .08°808 17.304 17.468 19.766 18.676 13 .071961 13.722 13.851 15.674 14.809 14 . 064084 10.886 10.989 12.425 11.746 15 | .057068 8.631 8.712 9.859 9.315 16 .050820 6.845 6.909 7.819 7.587 7 .045257 5.427 5.478 6.199 5.857 18 | .040303 4.304 4.344 4.916 4,645 19 | .035890 3.413 3.445 3.899 | 3.684 20 | .031961 2.708 2.734 3.094 2.920 21 028462 2.147 2.167 Disp. 2.317 22) .025347 1.703 1.719 1.945 1.838 23 | .022571 1.350 1.363 1.542 1.457 24 .020100 1.071 1.081 1.223 1.155 25 | .017900 0.8491 0.8571 .9699 0.9163 .015940 0.6734 0 6797 .7692 0.7267 .014195 0.5340 0.5391 6099 0.4763 012641 0.4235 0.4275 .4837 0.4570 011257 0.3358 0.2389 . 3835 0. 8624 .010025 0.2663 0). 2688 3042 0.2874 008928 0.2113 0.2132 .2413 0.2280 007950 0.1675 0.1691 -1913 0.1208 .007080 0.1328 0.1341 1517 0.1434 . 006304 0.1053 0.1063 . 1204 0.11387 -005614 .08366 .08445 -0956 0.0915 . 005000 06625 .06687 .0757 .0715 004453 05255 .05304 .06003 . 05671 003965 04166 .04205 04758 . 04496 .0038531 03305 .93336 03755 03566 .003144 .02620 .02644 .02992 -02827 ecific Grav.. 7.7747 7.847 8.880 4.16 Wet per cu. ft.|| 485.874 | 490.45 554.988 | 528.386 Ene 59 The Metric System. Metric Denominations and Equivalents in Denomina- Values, tions in use. WEIGHTS. Weight of what quantity Name. No. Grams, of water at max. density. Millier or tonneau 1,°00,000 = 1 cubic meter. Quintal = 10,000 = 1 hectoliter., Myriagram = 10,000 = 10 liters. Kilogram or Kilo = 1,000 = 1 liter. Hectogram = 106 = 1 deciliter. Dekagram = 10 = 10 cubie centimeters. Gram = 1=} 1 cubic centimeter. Decigram = -l= .1 cubic centimeter. Centigram = .01 = 10 cubie millimeters. Milligram .001= ILcubiec millimeter. Name. No. Grams. Avordupois Weight. Millier or tonneau = 1,000,000 = 2,204.6 pounds. Quintal = 100,000= 220.46 pounds. Mvriagram = 10,000= 22.046 pounds. Kilogram or Kilo = 1,000 = 2.2046 pounds. Hectogram = 100 = 3.5274 ounces. Dekagram = 10 = 0.3527 ounce. Gram = l= 15.432) crams: Decigram — joes 1.5432 grains. Centigram = Ok 0.1543 grain. Milligram = UO) bee 0.0154 grain. MEASURES OF LENGTH. Myriameter = 10,009 meters = (6.2137 miles. Kilometer = 1,000meters = Moet m. or 3,280 ft. Qin. Hectometer = 100meters = 828 feet and 1 inch. Dekameter = 10 meters =393.7_ inches. | Meter — 1 meter ——" S0.on OeMnes. Dec*meter = .lofameter= 3.937 inches. Ceutimeter = .0lof a meter= 0.3937 inch. Millimeter = .00lof a meter= 0.0394 inch. MEASURES OF SURFACE. Hectare = 10,000 square meters = 2.471 acres. Are =+ 100square meters = 119.6 square yards. Centare — Isquare meter = 1.550square inches MEASURES OF CAPACITY. Name. No. Liters. Cubic Measure. Dry Measure. Kiloliter =1,000= lcu. meter = 1.308 cubic yards. 0.388 fluid oz. 0.27 fluid oz. .01 = 10 c. centimet. 001 = le. centimet, 69 Centiliter Milliliter Hectoliter = 100= .1lcu.meter = 2bush. 3.35 pks. Decaliter = 10—10c. decimet. = 9.08 quarts. Liter aa 1— ‘Vexdecimet: — 0:003s'guart- Deciliter = .1=—.ic. decimet. = 6.1022 cubic in. Centiliter = .0l1—10c.centim = 0.6102 cubic in. Milliliter = .001= le.centim. 0.061 cubic in. Name. No. Liters. Cubic Measure, Wine Measure. Kiloliter = 1,000=— lcubic meter = 264.17 galls. Hectoliter = i100 = .lcubic meter = 26.417 galls. Decaliter = 10—10c.decimeters= 2.6417 galls. Liter = 1= lc. decimeter = _ 1.0567 qts. Deciliter = .1=.lc.decimeter = 0.845 gill. Table of Decimal Equivalents OF ths, 16ths, 32ds and 64ths of an Inch. FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH. THE Sths. {= qely t= .250 = eRe t= .000 Som .625 8=—=.750 f= .870 16ths. b= 0625 $= .1875 i= 3125 p87 — 5625 156—= -6875 8 8125 a Ce hy thong 1¢== 93 i) 32ds. — aoe 3 = .0937! as eee oo == .21875 9 = 28125 Ml B4375 13. 40625 — 46875 1 53125 19 __ 59375 2 65625 B= 71875 3 78125 27 = 84375 9 90625 3! 96875 GAths. — .015625 See > = .078125 u==-109875 9 = 140625 == .171875 13 203125 15 = .284875 bi== 265625 61 MICROMETER CALIPERS. 19 296875 21 328125 = 39010 2 — 390625 7i= 421875 29 453125 ey bcs j= 515625 3) — 546875 31 578125 == .609875 41__ 640625 4 == 671875 45 703125 ==. 734875 “0 — 765625 _gl==.796875 83 828125 d= 859375 51 — 890625 = 921875 Wye OOL ZO 63 984375 Special Switches and Diagrams for Wiring. _ A three-point switch is designed to be so connected that- lights may be controlled from two places. When the lights ° are on, the turning of either switch puts them out, and an- other turn of either switch relights them. ‘These switches are sometimes called three way switches and lazyman switches. The switches are made by a number of manufacturers. /7ains Lights IPL Switch — SPL. Switch Wiamve Fon 3 Wree CSSwrrer, DIAGRAM FOR WIRING A 3-POINT SWITCH. » Two diagrams are given for wiring them both practically the same, one diagram showing a round switch, the other a square or oblong switch, which represents the push switch, — 62 ‘ce When it is desired to control lights from more than two places, it is necessary to use two three-point switches and as _many more four-point switches as there are places from which it is desired to control the light. There can be as many additional four-point switches used as desired. IPL Switch 4PC Switch 3PL Switch Wraive For 4+WIRE _Swrrcr. DIAGRAM FOR WIRING A 4-POINT SWITCH. Two diagrams are given for wiring the four-point switches, both diagrams being practically the. same, but the different form of switches being shown in each. 62 INTRODUCTORY TOSTHS COOK-GRIER WIRING GABE This table, or system of calculation, the Cook- Grier Wiring Table, is intended for rapid and approximate figuring of wires. It was first pub- lished in 1893, but not as complete as in this edition. The development of the simple formula which precedes the table is given, not as a portion of the table, but because the Cook-Grier table is based upon the simple formula and the peculiar construc- tion of the Brown & Sharpe Gauge as explained on page 70. A close examination of the table will prove well worth the trouble, as it is easily remembered when understood, and consequently of much assistance when calculations are necessary and tables and data not at hand. The Development of the Simple Formula. In following the development of a formula it is best to first state it and then follow with the explanation. To determine the size of a wire for any purpose the follow- ing formula for multiple arc or two-wire distribution is the one most commonly used : ert ts ‘ 21.33% Cx 1) Area in circular mils = eee 21.2= constant for 2 feet of copper wire one circular mil in area. (2 feet being used, as it takes into consideration 1 foot of positive and 1 foot of negative wire—2 feet of wire, but only a distribution to the distance of 1 foot.) C=current in amperes. D=distance in feet to lamps. E=volts lost in conductor. In regard to E the problem issometimes and in fact most fre- quently given as so many per cent loss, meaning so many per cent of the total voltage—that is, 2 per cent loss on a 50-volt circuit is one volt, while 2 per cent loss on 220 volts is 4.4 volts. Amperes are never lost ; pressure or voltage only decreases, 05 THE EXPLANATION AND THEORY APPLYING TO THE DEVELOP- MENT OF THE FORMULA. The theory of the wiring table is simply one of proportioning resistances. The first point to be considered is, how is the resistance varied in any substance? ‘The law states that the resistance of any substance varies directly as its length and inversely as its cross section. This law has been verified by experiment and is universally accepted as a law of nature. The resistance varies directly as the length of any given’sub- stance, means that ifthe length of a wire is doubled, the resist- ance is doubled, and three times the length means three times as much resistance. The resistance varies inversely as the area of cross section, means that if the area of a wire is doubled, that is, if there is just twice as much metal for a given length of wire, the resist- ance is decreased one-half. If the area is increased three times, the resistance is decreased to one-third. In a wireof a given substance if the length is doubled, and at the same time the area is doubled, the resistance remains the same, or if the length is increased to three times as great, and at the same time the area is increased three times, the resistance remains the same. ; From this application of the law already referred to, it can be seen howit is possible to vary the size of a wire so that the resistance remains constant for any length, or how the resist- ance may be changed to suit any condition or circumstance. The next consideration is the action of the electric current. The pressure is measured in volts, and the rate of flow is meas- ured in amperes. The volts are all used up in forcing the amperes against the resistance. The resistance, if it were all in the wires, would mean a total loss of the electrical energy, because the volts would be used in doing work from which no results were obtained. It is neces- sary, therefore, to make the resistance of the wire which con- ducts the current but a proportion of the total resistance. The 66 rest of the resistance of a circuit being that which exists in the lamps and the other devices or apparatus which convert the electrical energy into commercial forms, as light, power or heat. To so compile a table and calculate the sizes it is necessary to cousider the relation which exists between the unit of resist- ance, the ohm ; the unit of pressure, the volt ; and unit of cur- rent, the ampere. One ohm resistance requires the pressure of one volt to transmit one ampere. Two ohms require two volts to trans- mit one ampere. One volt will transmit but one-half an ampere over two ohms, aud one hundred volts will transinit ten amperes over ten ohms. This is Ohm’s law, which, when given in the form usually found in text books, is as follows: The rate of flow, or cur- reut, measured in amperes, is equal to the volts divided by the ohms. The volts are equal to the amperes multiplied by the ohms, and the ohms are equal to the volts divided by the cur- rent flow or amperes. Knowing the relation of resistance to the flow of currents, and the pressure, the next point to be considered is the sub- stance used for the wires and ascertain the amount of its re- sistance for a given length and size, to be used asa unit for making the calculation necessary in compiling the table. Copper, commercially and physically, represents the best conductor for the transmission of the electric current. A dol- lar’s worth of copper will conduct a greater amount of electric current than any other metal of equal value, with the same loss of energy In the illustrations following, copper will be the substance considered, as the wiring tables used for ascer- taining the size of wire are for copper wire. The units by which wire is measured are the circular mil and the foot. The circular mil is the area of a circle whose diameter is one-thousandth of an inch. The foot is a unit familiar to all. The unit of wire, then, would be a wire one foot long, the area of which is one circular mil, and the resistance of this unit of copper wire is between ten ohms and eleven ohms, de- pending upon the temperature of the wire. Ten and six-teuths (10.6) ohms may be assumed as the re- sistance which approximates closely to the average at ordinary temperatures. Taking this as the basis for compiling a wiring table, it is known that to send an ampere through this unit of wire would require 10.6 volts. For, as stated in Ohm’s law, the volts must equal the ohms multiplied by the amperes. But in everyday problems, the known quantities are the volts and amperes, and the calculation is to find wires of proper resistance to suit the conditions. The resistance, or the ohms, must equal the volts divided by the amperes. To solve this problem, the volts are divided by the amperes, and we have the resistance. The resistance varies as the length and inversely as the area. It is the area of a wire which is desired, and one the resistance of which will equal the resistance found by dividing the volts by the amperes. The resistance of one foot of copper wire, one circular milin area, equals 10.6 ohms. The resistance of any wire is equal to its length multiplied by 10.6 and this divided by the area. Now, it is known that the volts divided by the amperes equals the resistance, and the volts divided by the amperes are therefore equal to the length of the wire mul- tiplied by 10.6 and divided by the area. In any problem of wiring we have the number of volts and amperes, also the distance the current is to be transmitted, and the only thing remaining to be found is the area. To find this, we multiply 10.6 by twice the distance or the total length of wire (in multiple arc work there is one outgoing wire and the return circuit, which makes the total length of wire double the distance), and multiply this by the amperes, and divide the product by the volts used, which gives the area of the wire. 68 The volts used are not the total volts of the system, but the volts lost in the wire. If the problem is given as so many per cent loss, it would mean a per cent of the total number of volts. To illustrate: If the wire is to use up 2 per cent of the pressure, and the voltage of the system was 50, then you would divide by 2 per cent of 50 or one volt, or, if the pressure was 100 volts, you would divide by 2 per cent of 100 or 2. In compiling a table, let it be assumed for a 50 volt system fora regular increase of distances of ten feet, the following method is pursued: First, the per cent loss is ascertained, let it be 2 percent. This then would be one volt. Then one am- pere will be considered, first, as the total current flow, and the following calculations would be made: 10.6 would be multi- plied by to feet and by 2to get the length of wire, and this multiplied by 1 ampere and the product divided by volts lost, or in this case, by one which would give us an area of 212 cir- cular mils. This would be the size of a wire necessary to allow one ampere to be transmitted Io feet with one volt loss (or 2 per cent of 50 volts). The next calculation would be for 20 feet distance, and as the resistance of the wire must remain the same, the area first found, namely, 212 circular mils, must be doubled as the distance has been doubled. For 30 feet to keep the resistance coustant, the area is increased three times, and so on, until the limit of the table, say 200 feet, is reached, when the area will be increased 20 times, as the length has been increased by that amount. Then the same method will be continued for two amperes, namely, multiplying 10.6 by the distance and by 2 to get the length of wire, and this multiplied by amperes and the whole divided by the volts lost. This is continued until the area for all the wires for each of the distances and for the various num- ber of amperes have been determined. As it is necessary to multiply 10.6 by the distance, multi- plied by 2, in every instance, 2 X 10.6 or 21.2 is used instead, 69 and the straight distance used. The whole resolves itself into the simple formula: 21.2 X distance X amperes = area of wire in circular mils. Divided by volts lost When these areas are found, the commercial sizes of wire are inserted in the table which are nearest to the size found, but always larger, never smaller ; that is, if the area found in the calculation came between a No. o wire and a No. 00 wire, the No. 00 wire would be the size used in the table. Facts about the Brown and Sharpe Wire Gauge. In compiling the size of wires in the now universally used Brown and Sharpe Gauge, the size of No. ovoo compared closely to the No. 0000 wire in the old Birmingham gauge, but the other sizes were smaller. The sizes in the Brown and Sharpe or American gauge, how- ever, bear a definite relation to each other which allows com- parisons to be made between them. The size No. 0000 is approximately twice as large as No. o and No. o is twice as large as No. 3, and so on down the list tak- ing every third size, which means that No. 3 is also twice as large as No. 6. No. ooo is twice as large as No. 1 and No. oo is twice as large as No. 2. If one is asked to get a wire twice the size of No. 1o he would ask for No. 7, or if asked for a wire half the size of No.5 he would count three down the list and get a No. 8 wire. This peculiarity of the Brown and Sharpe gauge has made the table of rapid figuring known as the Cook Grier wiring table of value and with this knowledge and the application of the simple formula it is readily understood. 70 The Cook-Grier Wiring Table. The table which has been called the Cook-Grier Wiring Table has been known by that name since the latter part of 1888. It was first developed by C. S. Cook, to apply to 50 and 1,000 volt circuits in the earliest days of alternating current work, before wiring tables were published. At a later date the writer compiled and adapted the table for all voltages. As a table for rapid and approximate calculation, it is of much assistance. The merits can best be appreciated by a careful investigation. In the early days of incandescent work wiremen became accustom< d to figure on a basis of 100 volts. The introduction of the Edison three-wire system, using 220 volts, and the alter- nating system, using 50 volts on the secondary and 1,000 volts on the primary circuits, made matters somewhat complex. As men became accustomed to changing from one system to another, they begau to devise means of making one table do for all systems. This was accomplished with sufficient accu- racy for their purpose by using the 100 volt table. When they had 220 volts to work with, a wire one-quarter the size indi- cated was taken ; if the system was to be 50 volts a wire four times the size indicated was the size necessary. The more advanced and ambitious wiremen, in addition to the tables, frequently would figure their wires from a simple formula, getting the size of the wire in circular mils; with the aid of a circular mil wire table they could then check up the commercial size of wire and also verify their regular wiring tables. To place the workman beyond the necessity of or absolute dependence upon a table except one that could be carried in his head instead of his pocket, the approximate method (Cook- Grier Table) for figuring wire at different percen ae of loss and different voltages was compiled. The basis for the table is the formula known as ‘‘a simple formula,’? which is published in many catalogues and text books. The development of the simple formula has been explained in another chapter. APPLICATION OF SIMPLE FORMULA IN COMPILING ‘‘COOK- GRIBRGeeLA BI The simple formula which gives the area of wire equal to 21.2 multiplied by the amperes multiplied by the distance and the product divided by the volts lost, or 12, Pie : at.2x%CXD area in circular mils equals ee rene when used for a definite problem, is reduced to a still more simple form. In compiling this table the basis was considered as 50 volts, with one per cent loss. This would transform the formula to aie : 202K CXD) Area in circular mils equals Se pacar the one-half being the volts lost, which is one per cent of 50. When the denominator of a fraction is one half, it is equiva- lent to multiplying the numerator by two (2) and this makes the formula, area in circuJar mils equals 42.4xCXD. This means that the area is 42.4 times the product of the current and the distance, or if we divide the area by 42.4 we are Sie ite equals CX D. A table was compiled from this by dividing the area of each ‘wire by 42.4 and making a list of constants, which are supposed to be the value of the sizes of the wire, and we say that the current multiplied by the distance for 50 volt table with one per cent loss, equals the constant. This is practically the Cook-Grier table. . To apply it to all voltages and any per cent loss, the follow- ing points are to be considered. When the voltage is increased say to roo, and the per cent is still one per cent, it means that twice as many volts are to be lost in the wire, and in consequence, the constant found by multiplying the current and distance is divided by two, be- cause the resistance can be doubled as the force (that is, the volts to be lost) is increased twofold. If the voltage is 500 and the per cent loss is Io, then the number of volts lost will be 50 and the constant found by mul- tiplying the current and distance will be divided by 100, be- cause the volts lost are 100 times as great as one per cent of 50. get the formula, RULE FOR WORKING TABLE. The explanations of this table and the developments leading up to it have been given in order to make the theory clear. By simply following the three rules given, the table may be used without reference to the explanation. RULES:—1. Multiply the number of amperes by the dis- tauce in feet to the center of distribution and divide by the desired loss, the loss being in per cent. 2. Divide the voltage used in the problem, by 50. 3. Divide the result of the first by the result of the second, and the size whose constant is nearest to the final result thus obtained is the desired result N. B.—In practical work never use the size smaller than the result thus obtained, when the result comes between the two sizes, but use the larger. Iu the table of constants the con- stants are not exact, but are made in even numbers to facilitate the work. EXPLANATION OF TABLE. The table is for atwo-wire multiple arc system... When the three-wire Edison system is to be used, the size of the negative and positive wires is determined as if it were a simple two- wire system, the neutral wire being made one-half the size of the negative or positive wire. THE SIZES OF WIRE ARE EASILY FOUND, AS THE TABLE IS VERY EASY TO COMMIT. TO MEMORY. THREE SIZES ONLY NEED BE REMEMBERED, AND THE OTHERS CAN BE DEDUCTED FROM THEM. THE CONSTANT OF NO. 3 WIRE I5 1300. THE CONSTANT OF NO. 4 WIRE IS 1000. THE CONSTANT OF NO. 2 WIRE IS 1600. 74 i Gauge.) 211,600. 167,805 133,079 105,592 $3,695 66,373 52,634 41,743 33,102 26,251 20,871 16,510 13,094 10, 382 8,234 6,530 5b 4 107 22257) 2,583 2,048 1,624 42253 1,024 810 642 Circular mils sectional area. (Brown & Sharpe Gauge No. Size. OO000 000 0O alah, Ow oO SION &wWhr — THE COOK-GRIER TABLE. Brown & Sharpe. Constant. 5200 4000 3200 2600 2. 00 1600 I 300 1000 S00 650 | 500 400 325 250 200 | 102 125 TOO 60 50 40 30 25 - 20 Approximate weight in p unds per 1000 feet. 650 500 400 325 250 200 | 162 5 125 100 81.5 62.5 7 5 Actual weight per 1000 feet. pounds 640 508 402 320 253 201 159.38 126.40 100.23 79-49 63.03 49.99 39-65 31.44 24.93 19.77 15.68 12.44 g.86 Fae 6.20 4.92 3.90 3-09 2.45 1.95 To remember these three gives a complete clew to all the rest of the constants. If but one of these three is remem- bered, the fact that THEY DIFFER BY JUST 800 will aid the memory in holding them. To find the others is a simple mental calculation, EVERY THIRD WIRE GOING UP the table INCREASES TWO- FOLD; that is, the constant for No. 10 is 250, and going up the table three numbers we have No. 7, which is 500, or double No. 10. This is true of all sizes. (See facts about Brown & Sharpe table.) TO FIND THE APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF POUNDS PER t000 FEET, THE CONSTANT IS DIVIDED BY 8, aud gives a result that is very close and most convenient for making estimates. To use the table for determining the size of a series circuit, the total length of the circuit divided by 2 should be used for th- distance to center of distribution. Mr. Cook has further developed the ane of the table for rapid mental estimates, When it is desired to know the number of FEET PER OHM, multiply the constant by 4. The accompanying table has been compiled, giving the size of wire, the constant, the actual number of feet per ohm and the approximate result ob- tained by multiplying the constant by 4. The weight of bare copper and the weight of insulated weather proof wire do not have any definite relation, and can not be memorized by any easy method; a table has been com- piled, showing the weight of bare copper, the weight of triple braided insulation, the weight of the insulation, and the per cent of the insulation, using the weight of bare copper as the base to figure from. TABLE OF FEET PER OHM. Piraten ac sharye Constant. Feet per Ohm. Constant x 4. Gauge ) 20, 392.9 20,800 16, 172-1 16,000 12,825.4 12,800 10,176.4 10,400 8,066.0 8,000 6,396.7 6, 400 5,072 5 5 200 4,022.9 4,000 Re1Q0s2 3,200 2,529 9 2,690 2,036.2 2,000 1,591.1 1,600 1,262.0 T, 309 1,000 5 1,000 793.56 800 629.32 640 499.06 500 395-79 400 313.87 320 248.40 240 197.39 200 156.54 160 124.14 124 98. 44 100 78.07 So 61.92 60 49.10 50 WEIGHT IN POUNDS TRIPLIE BRAIDED INSULATED WEATHER PROOF WIRE. Weight of Approximate weight of Percent in- Weight of the| Ctease itt Size. bare cop- [triple braided), nculation per| Weight tak- per per weather proof] { ooo feet. ing bare Brown & Shar 1,000. feet. wire per 1,000 copper as Gauge ) feet. 100 — 0000 640.73 739 | 98.27 15% 000 508. 12 598 97.88 19% oo 402.97 485 $2.03 20% Oo 319 74 395 75-26 23% I 253-43 313 59-57 23% 2 200.98 251 50.02 25% k 3 159.38 205 45.62 28% 4 126.40 168 41.60 33% 5 100. 23 139 38.77 38% 6 79-49 EPS y coh se oye 42% 7 63.03 Sh. ra eo ee es m fouke 8 49-99 74 24-01 50% 9 39 65 ee ad re és eee 10 31.44 5I 19.56 62% Il 24 93 Pash ae ig te 12 19.77 37 1723 87% 13 15.68 eee ben ae oe 14 12.44 23 10.56 86% 15 9.86 ne eee 2 awe plane 16 7.82 16 8 16 104% 17 6 20 toe 18 4.92 12 7.08 1.33% 19 3.90 5200 $102.40 $104.00 000 4000 81.28 80.00 oO 3200 64.32 64.00 O 2600 51.20 52.00 I 2000 40.48 40.00 2 1600 32.16 32.00 3 1300 25.50 26.00 4 1000 20.22 20.00 ; 5 800 - 16.04 16.00 i i 6 650 [2°72 13.00 j 7 500 10.98 10.00 8 400 8.00 8.00 i 9 325 6.35 6.50 ! 10 250 5.03 5.00 ! 11 200 3.98 4.00 12 160 3.16 3.0 ¥4 125 2.51 2.50 14 100 1.99 2.00 15 80 1.58 1.60 i 16 60 1.25 T720 17 50 .99 1.00 18 4o .80 .80 Wiring for Motor Circuits. Motors are used for operating machinery of various de- scriptions. No large manufactory is planned without giving consideration to the use of electric power and wherever the electric current is available the progressive shop, no matter how small, is sure to install a motor to drive the machinery. To obtain good regulation is one of the features necessary for a motor installation: Too great a drop in the wire will give a voltage too low when the motor has a full load, and the power will be less than needed for the work when the greatest power is desired. A correct distribution of the circuits and a correct size of wire adds materially to the proper operation of, the motors. The following tables were compiled for the use of motor- men in their work in Chicago and the first issue consisted of 100 blue prints. In 1892 they were published in pam- phlet form. These tables have been carefully revised, and a new table on large sized feeders with ground return has been added. Wiring for Motor Circuits. FOR DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS. The size of a motor, which is given in horse power, is the maximum power that may be safely developed at the pulley. To obtain this mechanical power from the electrical energy there is a loss, and consequently there is more than one horse power of electrical energy supplied to a motor for every mechanical horse power developed at the pulley, To determine the SIZE OF WIRE FOR A MOTOR CIRCUIT, it is necessary, first, toknowthe number of amperes that will develcp the horse power. The electrical energy is the product of the voltage and the amperes.’ Therefore, the number of amperes required to develop one horse power will depend upon the voltage. In determining the number of amperes to develop a horse power, allowance must be made for the loss of electrical energy. Motors, though of the same type, yet of different sizes, will vary in efficiency, and motors of different types transform electrical energy into mechanical energy with differ- ent degrees of economy. To give the number of amperes required to develop the rated horse power on different sized motors, and for motors at different voltages, the table ‘“amperes per motor’’ has been compiled, the efficiency of the various sized motors being taken at such a per cent that will approximate nearest to the actual conditions. sl AMPERES PER MOTOR. This table is arranged to show the amperes per motor of the direct current constant potential motors at the efficiencies indi- cated for various horse powers up to 150, aud various voltages up to I,200. One column shows the watts per motor, and another shows the number of 16-candle power lamps that equal the energy the motor draws from the circuit. A uniform loss or drop of electrical pressure in service lines should be established in every central station supplying cur- rent for power purposes. The pressure supplied at the motor brushes should be I1o volts for a 110 volt motor, and for motors of other voltages the pressure should be the same as the voltage at which they are rated. This is a point sometimes overlooked; the pressure supplied at the motor brushes being several volts lower than the pressure for which they are rated. Example.—What number of amperes are required to develop 100. H. P. at 110 volts? Answer.—753 amperes. Follow the column marked H. P. down until 100 is reached and then across until column IIo under volts is reached; this gives 753 and is the result in amperes. ; Example.—What number of amperes are required to develop Sse Peat 220NV Gls. Answer.—I2.7 amperes. Example.—What number of amperes are required to develop 50 H. P. at 500 volts? Answer.—82.8 amperes. By carefully examining the table the ease with which these results are obtained can be readily appreciated. a2 SOT POT 8°68 66 69 8°68 69 GFL 6ag §°99 "8h 8¢ VI? L’6P GMs VIP 9°16 T&& L0G 8° FZ 6 LT L°0G 86°SI | Lo°9T 9E° OL | SOL 6°9 |883'°8 81°¢ {LZI13°9 88'S |699'7 Us 8's €6°S |L6L°S oT 61 FOL |C6P'T c8° lp 69° 9FL Lvs L6p 00S O00L ccl FI €01 £6 6°28 GOL 09 8'1¢ VIP Tg 6°GS L0G Fo CT 98° 0L ie 68° 99°F 6h 8 °S 98°T Fa 1 £6" 69° 008 L0G col 8é1 BF 86L SOL oI oog | oor | y Org 8FG L0Z CPL 1) aA IIT F06 SSL 8L9 609 LoS GSP OLE 108 966 88T OST si GL g°9G S°SP 8°S§ v's 6°91 9¢° $1 6 329) cv OIL "SIJOA So}eoIpur Mor do} oy Ty, ‘MIU *D ‘sou Aq padsivjus pue pajidwosay “YHOLOW ddd LOOT 9681 COLT F66 ¥88 SLL £99 6g¢ GPP Is 9LG 1G COT OIL 6°68 T°c9 8° 6P GLE 6° FG 8°61 0G SL ¥6°6 69°9 cL 98FG 6861 LOOT I6FL 9GET O8iT 566 828 €99 L6F PIP Tes SaYuadNV ZLOZ Loot 18&L EFI COI L196 828 069 GGG FIP crs 9LZ LOG SET 01 PAL 69 9°9F Lele L¥G 9°9L PCL 38 ‘sdur] SIIe AA 09 | ‘d ‘9 91 GLEPS LCFE6 88868 66GPL [L€99 ZGOB8G S&L6P PPPLY gc” e& 998% GGL0G 8LS9T SEFol 8868 LIc9 G99P OF LE L6LG COST G6FL C66 9FL LO6F —_—- —— "STIEAY OST | OCT COL MINIMUM SIZE WIRK FOR MOTOR SERVICES. A copper conductor will not carry with safety more than a certain number of amperes. In the installation of a motor, the service wires should always be of sufficient size to carry the number of amperes that will be required to develop the maximum rated horse powerof the motor. It is not advisable in motor circuits to use wire smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gauge, as wire of smaller size is liable to be broken. The table gives the minimum size wire that should be used for motor services, using the table of safe carrying capacity for concealed wires as given by the National Board of Fire Under- writers, for limiting the size of service wires. Only the three standard voltages are given in the table, namely, I10, 220 and 500 volts. This table has no reference to the loss in voltage in the wires, but simply gives the smallest size wire that should at any time be used, because by using a smaller wire it would become heated beyond a point consid- ered safe by insurance companies. 84 MINIMUM SIZE WIRE FOR MOTOR SERVICES.— WHEN CONCEALED OR PARTLY CONCEALED WIRES ARE USED. S1zE WIRE B. AND S. GAUGE. | 110 Volts. 220 Volts. | 500 Volts. ee | . 14 Sea Ter Tiers. TA 14 Tf | 14 12 | 14 14 3 | 10 | 14 | 14 4 8 | 2 14 5 | 6 | 10 14 | | | 7/2 | 4 8 14 10 3 6 12 15 | fe) | 5 if) WIRING FOR MOTOR SERVICES OR CIRCUIT'S. In connecting a motor the size wire which conducts the cur- rent from the street mains to the motor plays an important part in the proper running of the motor, for if it is too small the loss in volts will be large enough to interfere with the operation of the motor as the voltage at the brushes will be less than the motor is designed for. The table, ‘‘ Wiring for motor services,’’ is calculated so that the size wire for any loss in volts may be determined. The first three columns are for the horse power of the motor ; the fourth column, the ampere capacity required by the motor to develop its rated horse power. The amperes in this table are a close approximation to actual practice, and so long as the question of efficiency of the motor is a variable one, the most valuable electric tables must be based upon approximation de- rived from actual practice. In the other columns of the table is given the distance which the various amounts of power can be transmitted on different sized wires WITH A LOSS OF ONE VOLT. The five lines at the top of the table give infor- mation in regard to the wires of different sizes. The safe car- rying capacity in this table is that which has been adopted by National Board of Underwriters. The method used in apply- ing this table is to DIVIDE THE TOTAL DISTANCE FROM THE STREET CONNECTIONS to the motor by the NUMBER OF VOLTS which are to be allowed for Loss in the service wire. THIS WILL GIVE THE DISTANCE FOR ONE VOLT 1,0Ss. See in what columns opposite the horse power this distance or the nearest amount to it is, and this will indicate the size wire required. 86 b ee Cen *LOgI ‘of jrudy pasivluy ont : Soe of is * tyltrsg || ome! otal pee "16gI ‘I JDO ‘IaH “DH ‘soy, Aq payidumioo Ayjeursri9 |. - |. - Aree Ozi Ls pe “ee bee ics Lt datea a ‘eae rad siya me oie otk wan thes ae a, ie er oOo QgI So ka alae oS Cz Jos vc aiare ©, a. . 8 he . . o .* ee) 7. 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