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 UNtvERSlfV Ur ILLINOIS 
 
 PKKSlUKNT’S OFFICE. 
 
 Reprint of an Address Delivered 
 by President John N. Tillman 
 
 before the 
 
 Thirty-Seventh General Assembly 
 of the State of Arkansas 
 
 Published by the University of Arkansas 
 Issued Quarterly 
 
 i 
 
 Entered as second-class matter March 85, 1907, at the post office 
 at Fayetteville, Ark., under the Act of Congress of July 16, 1894 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO BULLETIN 
 Volume 2 No. 4 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 
 Reprint of an Address Delivered bypiBUBairiEntFFicB. 
 John N. Tillman before the Thirty-Seventh 
 General Assembly of the State of Arkansas 
 
 Gentlemen of the General Assembly : 
 
 The University of Arkansas owes its origin to what is known 
 as the Land Grant College Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862. 
 This act was conceived by the son of a blacksmith then in Congress. 
 The same act previously passed had been vetoed by President 
 Buchanan, but when passed the second time it was signed by another 
 representative of the industrial classes, President Lincoln. The 
 object of this act was to endow, support and maintain, with the 
 financial aid and co-operation of each state, colleges “Where the 
 leading object should be, without excluding other scientific and 
 classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches 
 of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in 
 order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial 
 classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.” This means not 
 only to educate all the people in all the things above mentioned for the 
 several pursuits and the several professions of life, but it means to 
 stress and to emphasize the teaching of such branches of learning 
 “as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts in order to pro- 
 mote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in 
 the several pursuits and professions of life.” Undoubtedly the word 
 several means not one or two particular professions, but means what 
 the dictionary says it does, an indefinite number and more than one 
 or two. In other words, the land grant college should dignify, stress 
 and emphasize agricultural and mechanical education, fit men for 
 the shop and the farm, but at the same time it should be as broad 
 as the able statesman who conceived it intended it to be. It should 
 offer every opportunity and facility for the washer-woman’s 
 daughter to improve, her knowledge of domestic science and house- 
 hold economics, and thus enable her to grace a cottage as the 
 efficient helpmeet of an honest laborer; it should also offer her 
 an opportunity to acquire a liberal education, if she desires it, at 
 the least possible cost, and prepare her for a distinguished career 
 in the school room, in literature or in any of the great vocations now 
 open to women. These land grant colleges have been doing and 
 
2 
 
 are now doing both these things. The land grant college should first 
 help the farmer, then the mechanic, and fit men well for these great 
 occupations. It should still continue to be what its founder intended 
 it to be, a place where the farmer’s son or the blacksmith’s son can 
 practically, without expense, fit himself to be a more scientific farmer 
 or blacksmith than his father was, but at the same time it should 
 offer training that will fit the farmer’s son and the blacksmith’s son 
 to become an electrical, a mechanical, a civil or a mining engineer, 
 equipped with an earning capacity of $3,000,00 a year to $10,000.00 
 a year, and it should also give the farmer’s or the blacksmith’s son 
 an opportunity to learn, under competent instructors, Hebrew, Greek 
 or Latin, Biology, Geology and Chemistry, and fit themselves to 
 be ministers, doctors, lawyers. The farmer who desires his son to 
 remain on the farm should have opportunity to educate his son for 
 the farm, but it is not fair to him if he desires his son to be a doctor, 
 a lawyer, an editor, or a minister, not to grant him facilities to edu- 
 cate his son with as little expense to him as possible for any one 
 of these learned professions. The doctors, the lawyers, the 
 merchants, the bankers, the engineers, the captains of industry, the 
 kings of finance, who are now doing the business and controlling the 
 destiny of the republic, came from the farm, and the city still needs 
 and will continue to need the big-brained, stout-hearted and red- 
 blooded farmer boys to practice the professions and transact its 
 business, and it is unfair and unpatriotic to deny to the farmer or 
 to the farmer’s son, the blacksmith or the blacksmith’s son, the 
 washer-woman or the washer-womlan’s daughter, the right and oppor- 
 tunity to equip themselves for the great careers that have always 
 awaited them and always will await them in a free government. 
 Justin S. Morrill, the author of this act, had a great career; he was 
 a great merchant and a great statesman. He was a blacksmith’s 
 son, and many another blacksmith’s son will aspire to follow in his 
 footsteps, and should not be denied an opportunity to acquire an 
 education that will enable him to do so. 
 
 The General Assembly of the State of Arkansas accepted the 
 national law by passing an act approved March 27, 1871, which 
 provided for the location, organization and maintenance of the 
 University of Arkansas, and which allowed the several counties to 
 compete for its location by making public or private donations of 
 bonds, moneys or lands. Washington County and the city of 
 Fayetteville offered bonds in the sum of $100,000.00 and $30,000.00, 
 respectively, and the location of the institution was fixed at Fayette- 
 ville. The county and town above mentioned have paid almost half 
 
3 
 
 a million dollars in principal and interest in order to secure the bless- 
 ings and benefits of this institution. In this connection we some- 
 times hear threats to remove all or a part of the University from 
 its present site; Such an act would be unfortunate, unfair and lack- 
 ing in good faith. Washington County and Fayetteville went into 
 the open market, all other counties having the same right to com- 
 pete, and bought the location of this institution for a fair considera- 
 tion. They have not yet fully paid these bonds. The University 
 is now ideally located in the mountains, 1,500 feet above the sea 
 level in one of the most beautiful and healthful places in the world. 
 The campus and surroundings are among the most attractive in the 
 country. Fayetteville now has electric lights, water works, sewerage, 
 and it is thought will soon have street cars. Here it has lived for 
 thirty-seven years, through its infancy into its maturity, through 
 evil and through good report, and here it should continue to live, 
 in my judgment, forever. Sentiment counts for something. This 
 is a place of hallowed memories for all of the many thousands of 
 students who attended the University. Who would think of moving 
 the University of Virginia from Charlottesville, where sleeps its 
 founder, the Sage of Monticello? Who would suggest the removal 
 of Yale from New Haven, Harvard from Cambridge, Bowdoin from 
 Brunswick, Vassar from Poughkeepsie, Princeton from Princeton, 
 Columbia from New York City? Nor should any portion of the 
 University be removed from its present location. Some of the 
 states have made serious mistakes by separating the agricultural 
 college and experiment station from the other university depart- 
 ments and have separate plants. This doubles the expense. It 
 means two sets of executives, duplicate equipment, duplicate labora- 
 tories, libraries and vastly increased expense in every way. It means 
 weakened facilities. Concentration rather than division is the better 
 policy, thereby strengthening the entire institution and greatly lessen- 
 ing cost of maintenance. The states that have built up strong 
 institutions have all their departments at one place. The following 
 great institutions are located at one place and under one manage- 
 ment: New York, Cornell University at Ithaca, Illinois, Minnesota, 
 Missouri, Nebraska, Wisconsin, California, Indiana, Louisiana, 
 Maine, Nevada, Ohio, Tennessee, Vermont, West Virginia and 
 Wyoming. Arkansas can well afford to follow the example of 
 these great states and their splendid institutions. 
 
 When the people of Arkansas were still surrounded by the 
 ruins of Civil War, when we were poor and staggering under a 
 load of debt, our University was founded by the combined efforts 
 
4 
 
 of a generous government and a generous state. At its birth it was 
 not an o\ erstrong infant, and was housed in a modest frame struc- 
 ture, a portion of which is now used as a laundry for the boys’ 
 dormitories. In this building on the 226 . of January, 1872, under 
 the presidency of N. P. Gates, who for a time was both president 
 and “faculty,” and with a “student body” of seven “preps,” this 
 ambitious fledgling began its career. Beset with difficulties and 
 assailed by foes, slowly but with resolute persistence she went for- 
 ward to better things. In a short time workmen began to lay deep 
 the foundations of the lordly structure which is now her home, and 
 after months of labor “university hall” reared her proud front to 
 the sky. Here she has stood since, in the shadow of her oaks, 
 proudly facing the morning. More than 18,000 students have 
 entered her doors, and 500 men and women have been awarded 
 degrees by her faculties. The University is no longer an experi- 
 ment. She has discarded, long since, the garments of childhood, 
 and now wears the stately robes of maturity. She has grown from 
 one building to fourteen, and from seven students to 1,200. She 
 stands before you proud of her past, hopeful of her future. Virile, 
 earnest, courageous, she has fought a good fight. She has made 
 mistakes, she has been disciplined by adversity, but she is stronger 
 and more hopeful and more mature today than ever before. 
 
 “She is no sapling, chance sown by the fountain, 
 
 Blooming at Beltane in winter to fade. 
 
 When the whirlwind has swept every leaf from the mountain, 
 The more shall Clan Alpine exult in her shade. 
 
 Moored in the rifted rock, 
 
 Proof to the tempest’s shock 
 The firmer she roots down. 
 
 The ruder it blows.” 
 
 A state is just as- strong as her schools, no stronger. Her 
 position among her sister states is determined by her attitude toward 
 her institutions of learning ; if they flourish she advances ; if they 
 decay for the lack of support, the state will decay for the lack of 
 manhood and womanhood. 
 
 I believe the Legislature should liberally support the State 
 University. The tendency of the time is toward state-supported 
 higher education ; the training of young people for the duties of 
 this life is no longer left to the charity of the church nor to privately 
 endowed institutions. We no longer ask a student to pay tuition; 
 we have come to recognize the fact that in the last analysis the child 
 
5 
 
 belongs to the state, and it is to the interest of the state to have him 
 educated. We have entered upon the policy of universal education, 
 and our greatest items of expense is for public education. 
 
 I am, perhaps, a partial judge, but I believe that our State Uni- 
 versity is a great and a strong institution. I am, perhaps, “to her 
 faults a little blind, and to her virtues ever kind,” but I believe in 
 her, believe that she has been a great blessing to the state during her 
 thirty-seven years of useful life, and believe that she will soon grow 
 to be a still greater blessing. 
 
 The University is at the head of the system of public education 
 in the state, and it should be the instrument of the state in building 
 up the state, and should do all the educational work for which it is 
 the best adapted organization. The very name “university” carries 
 with it the idea of education in every line of work — agriculture, 
 horticulture, animal husbandry, dairying, military tactics, pedagogy, 
 normal instruction, engineering, the sciences and the classics. 
 
 The duty of the agricultural college is to make a specialty of 
 aid to the farmers of the state, try to improve conditions so that 
 two barrels of fruit, two bushels of grain and two bales of cotton 
 shall grow where one grows now ; to improve the home life of the 
 farmer, build better roads, extend telephone lines, to encourage the 
 rural population in all the things that go to uplift them and to 
 make them happier and more prosperous, and at the same time to 
 break down the prejudice of the classes against the masses and the 
 prejudice of the masses against the classes. What a blessing would 
 visit us if we could stand for only one good day from under the 
 blighting shadow of false pretense and self-interest. The land grant 
 college must help the farmer in every way by encouraging farmers’ 
 organizations, farmers’ clubs, country reading clubs, country de- 
 bating clubs, organizations formed to consider the stamping out of 
 disease, to discuss drainage, to improve the corn crop and the cotton 
 crop, to improve fruit culture, to help farmers’ wives and farmers’ 
 daughters in domestic, household and social affairs. While the city 
 must not be neglected by the land grant college, we must remember 
 ^ that the country is God-made, the city is man-made, and that if there 
 
 was no country there would be no city, and even if we had no city 
 the great earth from which our living comes would still be here. 
 
 , Interest in agricultural education is general throughout the 
 
 country. Fortunately for the farmers, it is now much in the public 
 mind. This new movement is illustrated in the attendance of 
 students of agriculture in land grant colleges of the country. In 
 the years 1894-95 there were 2,712 such students in attendance in the 
 
6 
 
 United States. In 1905 the number exceeded 7,000, a gain in ten 
 years of more than 350 per cent. The gain in the next ten years 
 will be much larger. In the last three years in the University of 
 Arkansas the increase in this class of students has been great. For 
 many years our college tolerated instruction in agriculture, now it 
 emphazies and stresses it and will continue to do so. Our agri- 
 cultural college and experiment station are conducted in the interest 
 of the farmers of the state. There the staff are not only studying 
 live bacteria, live insects, but they are studying live cows and hogs 
 and horses as well. They not only study the flea and the fungus, 
 but the animal and the vine also. They go to the open country and 
 visit the farmer’s farms and advise with him and make his troubles 
 their troubles and his cause their cause. 
 
 In company with Governor Donaghey, Superintendent Cook and 
 Dr. Buttrick of the General Board of Education, I had the privilege 
 recently to visit the greatest land grant university in America at 
 Madison, Wis. There they do not neglect the classics and the 
 sciences nor engineering, but they properly emphasize agricultural 
 education. They have at Menomine, Wis., and at St. Paul, Minn., 
 ideal schools for farmers’ sons and daughters. Ninety-five per 
 cent of the students at these schools come from the farm and go 
 back to the farm. These schools in no way conflict with the State 
 University, they are secondary schools and make a specialty of train- 
 ing young men and women exclusively for the farm. We should 
 have as many as four such schools in Arkansas, and if properly 
 managed they are sure to be successful. I very heartily favof the 
 establishment in different parts of the state these agricultural schools 
 modeled after the ones above mentioned. 
 
 The policy of Arkansas should be, I respectfully submit, along 
 the lines above set forth ; elementary agriculture should be taught 
 in the public schools, four of these exclusively agricultural schools 
 should be established at different parts of the state, the sub-stations 
 of the State University should be continued, and the University with 
 its present agricultural college and experiment station should be 
 liberally aided and encouraged to extend and greatly improve the 
 work it is now doing, and the work that it should do in the interest 
 of all the people, and more particularly in the interest of the great 
 industrial classes, mainly for whose benefit it was established. 
 
 The popular idol of the future will not be a naval hero, nor a 
 military hero, but he will be a man who has spent his life in pro- 
 moting peace, good will and fellowship between town and country ; 
 who has promoted civic righteousness and civic cleanliness in the 
 
7 
 
 town, and who has brought the country to a higher economic, in- 
 tellectual and social plane ; who has taught the city folk to respect 
 the country folk, and who has caused the country folk to respect 
 the city folk. Such a man should have a monument in some grace- 
 ful circle at Washington, and one on the state house grounds of 
 every capitol in every state in the Union. The real idol of the 
 people will not be the statesman who has won the purple of office 
 by arraying mass against class and class against mass, but will be 
 the man who has brought the country and the town to know and 
 to love and to respect each other. Such a man should have a tomb 
 loftier than the Pyramids, more magnificent than the imperial burial 
 place of the Caesars, richer than the mausoleum of the eagle-souled 
 Napoleon. His statue should not be that of a “man on horseback/’ 
 but should stand upon the earth that he has dignified and blessed, 
 and facing the sunrise of the greatest morning of the greatest day 
 the world has ever seen. 
 
 You will pardon me if I go somewhat into detail on the subject 
 of the work of our own college of agriculture and experiment 
 station. 
 
 The man who discovers natural and physical laws that will 
 unlock nature’s storehouse of plant food, and increase the yield of 
 our farms, is a benefactor to every citizen of the state. The most 
 important question before the people of Arkansas today, is how to 
 produce more than we are now getting from an acre of land. 
 
 For many years the people of Arkansas have been indifferent to 
 their great opportunities for agricultural wealth. Our virgin soils 
 have produced fair crops with little assistance, our extensive forests 
 have yielded millions of dollars to the lumber market ; coal and other 
 minerals have been taken with little thought of their value. During 
 this period of plenty, little heed has been 'given to our natural 
 resources, and to the increased demand for agricultural products. 
 We are at last alive to the inevitable fact that our virgin soils are 
 rapidly deteriorating, and the products of our farms are not com- 
 mensurate with the demand for food products. Thus, the farmer 
 who has robbed his soil by his crude methods of agriculture must 
 compete with the man who by scientific methods produces twice as 
 much as his unfortunate neighbor. 
 
 Arkansas is an agricultural state. While we have other im- 
 portant industries, our chief source of wealth is the farm. When 
 our farms are profitable, all other people are prosperous — banks 
 lend money, capitalists invest their means, commercial life is every- 
 where active. When crops fail, business is stagnate. 
 
8 
 
 Our people have not fully realized the opportunity for agri- 
 cultural wealth. Lack of interest in agricultural education has been 
 responsible for poor methods on the farm, and hence moderate com- 
 pensation for agricultural products. The national government has 
 spent four dollars for agricultural education in the state for every 
 dollar furnished by the state. We have not participated in the great 
 advance in our education, now in progress all over the United 
 States. The great wave of progress which began in 1903 and 1904 
 has resulted in great good to agriculture in other states ; hence, 
 money and men have been provided to carry on this work. Observe 
 what other states have appropriated to advance the interest of agri- 
 culture. 
 
 South Carolina has a $50,000.00 agricultural building; Wis- 
 consin gave $150,000.00 for agricultural buildings; Nebraska, 
 $60,000.00 for its college of agriculture ; Virginia, $165,000.00 for 
 buildings and equipment. Iowa College of Agriculture, in addition 
 to the maintenance fund of $50,000.00, appropriates $95,000.00 to 
 complete central building, $45,000.00 for dairy building, $10,000.00 
 for equipment, $22,000.00 for new dairy farm, $7,000.00 for equip- 
 ment, $54,000.00 for heating plant, $15,000.00 for experiment sta- 
 tion. The College of Agriculture, Cornell University, was organ- 
 ized with state aid, appropriating $25,000.00 for buildings and equip- 
 ment. Illinois College of Agriculture appropriated $25,000.00 for 
 building for beef cattle, $12,500.00 for horticultural building and 
 $12,500.00 for agronomy. Minnesota, $300^000.00 for buildings, 
 including $218,000.00 for main agricultural building. University 
 of Vermont, $60,000.00 for agricultural building. Missouri gave 
 for agricultural and horticultural buildings $429,000.00 ; for uni- 
 versity biennial period, $689,000.00 ; the supplemental appropriation 
 for agricultural department including horticultural building, 
 $250,000:00. Indiana gave for agricultural buildings $60,000.00. 
 
 The following appropriations were made for agriculture in 
 1905: 
 
 South Carolina, supplemental to agricultural and horticultural 
 building, $45,000.00; Minnesota, horticultural building, $40,000.00; 
 Iowa, horticultural building, $40,000.00; Ohio, $25,000.00; Connecti- 
 cut Agricultural College, $40,000.00, and $60,000.00 for dormitory ; 
 California College of Agriculture, $150,000.00; Kansas Agricultural 
 College, horticultural building, green house and equipment, 
 $50,000.00; heating and power plant, $16,000.00; granary, $4,000.00; 
 current expenses, $90,000.00 in 1906, $100,000.00 in 1907. Penn- 
 sylvania agricultural building, $150,000.00, $21,500.00 for extension 
 
9 
 
 of lighting and heating plant, $30,000.00 to main courses in agri- 
 culture, $2,500.00 for tool and poultry house. 
 
 Arkansas is one of the best agricultural states in the Union, 
 and yet we have expended but $10,000.00 for an agricultural build- 
 ing, $5,000.00 for dairy, and but $35,000.00 for maintenance of the 
 college of agriculture, the experiment station, the six branch stations 
 and all other lines of work now in progress. A large portion of 
 the fund available for agriculture from the United States Govern- 
 ment must be used for research work, and can not be used for teach- 
 ing. These funds known as the Hatch and Adams funds can not 
 be used for teaching, buildings, equipment nor for any other pur- 
 poses except research work. Hence the station, for lack of sup- 
 port, could not extend further the work of farmers’ institutes, 
 co-operative and demonstration work so much needed in various 
 parts of the state. Notwithstanding the lack of support, a com- 
 parison of the results of the college of agriculture and experiment 
 station will show that they are efficient and helpful to the agricultural 
 interests of the state. Besides the regular work of teaching, the 
 men in the college of agriculture write bulletins from time to time 
 on the various lines of agriculture. These publications are the re- 
 sult of experimentation, and extend over almost every phase of 
 scientific agriculture. In addition to this work the station staff are 
 answering thousands of personal inquiries for information on sub- 
 jects relating to agriculture, horticulture, dairying, entomology, 
 chemistry and animal husbandry. 
 
 The enrollment in the college of agriculture has greatly increased 
 during the term of 1908-09. There are about 250 students taking 
 work in the various branches of agriculture, fifty-five of whom are 
 teachers, making preparation to teach agriculture in the public 
 schools of the state. 
 
 After several unsuccessful attempts to grow rice in Lonoke 
 County, the experiment station in co-operation with the United 
 States Department of Agriculture came to the aid of the farmers 
 in that locality, with only a meager sum of money available, and 
 began to experiment with rice. These experiments were successful 
 from the beginning. It is now known in Arkansas that the low, 
 flat, badly-drained lands in the state produce more rice to the acre 
 than any other region in the United States. As a result of this 
 work, thousands of dollars are made by the farmers on soils that 
 have not heretofore been profitable. The experiment station sent its 
 field agent among the rice growers to give them personal instruc- 
 tion as to how to prepare the soil, build their levees, irrigate the 
 
10 
 
 field, harvest and market the crop. Three bulletins containing 
 valuable information on rice growing have been published and dis- 
 tributed among the rice growers. This has opened a new field of 
 agriculture in the state, and caused rice lands to increase in value 
 nearly 300 per cent, during the last three years. The farmers them- 
 selves have now become rice growers, and are reaping rich rewards 
 from their farms. But the station is still working on rice problems. 
 The best fertilizers needed for rice, the best way to eradicate noxious 
 weeds, the best system of crop rotation for rice soils, the method of 
 selection and breeding an earlier and better quality of rice, are some 
 of the experiments now in progress. 
 
 The sub-station at Lonoke, while funds for taking care of the 
 experiments were not furnished by the state, extended the rice 
 acreage and made the station self-sustaining. The work of the sub- 
 stations is now appreciated, and means appropriated for six stations, 
 one in each congressional district, except the sixth, in which the 
 experiment station at Fayetteville is located. Many problems of 
 local agriculture are being solved at these branch stations, and much 
 valuable information disseminated. 
 
 The dairy establishments, as a part of the experiment station, 
 is teaching the farmers valuable lessons on the production of pure 
 milk. This information, if duly appreciated and carefully followed, 
 will prove that the dairy industry can be made to add millions of 
 dollars to Arkansas. 
 
 The chemist is rendering valuable assistance to the farmers of 
 the state in analyzing soils and making recommendations for fer- 
 tilizers needed. 
 
 In January of each year, a short winter course is given in 
 agriculture, and farmers and their sons and daughters are invited 
 to attend free lectures and demonstrations in Agronomy, Horti- 
 culture, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Veterinary Science and 
 Chemistry. These lectures and demonstrations are of incalculable 
 value to all who attend, and are being fully appreciated, as the in- 
 creased attendance clearly shows. 
 
 By the efforts of the experiment station, a successful campaign 
 has been waged against cattle tick and Texas fever, so disastrous 
 to cattle in this state. 
 
 Every cultivator of the soil has for his chief aim its permanent 
 improvement. It costs no more to grow a crop of cotton or corn 
 on a rich soil than on soil poor in plant food. If one acre produces 
 twenty bushels of corn, at a cost of ten bushels, there is a profit of 
 
11 
 
 ten bushels. If another acre produces fifty bushels, at a cost of ten 
 bushels, a profit of forty bushels is secured, or 400 per cent. The 
 experiment station has shown that soil fertility may be not only 
 maintained, but much increased in fertility by the use of legumes, 
 * thus saving the expense of commercial fertilizers. In one experi- 
 
 ment a plot of land in cowpeas produced $18.00 worth of hay, and 
 was followed by a crop of oats valued at $18.50, making the returns 
 from an acre $36.50. Another plot in oats, not followed by cow- 
 peas, yields only $11.58. Thus in the same time one acre produced 
 300 per cent more than another without cowpeas. In another case, 
 cowpeas grown before a crop of wheat produced $19.33 worth of 
 hay, and the pea stubble, plowed under, increased the yield of wheat 
 61 per cent. The wheat was valued at $13.20, making a total of 
 $32.53, against $8.08 worth of wheat grown on an adjacent plot not 
 preceded by cowpeas. This represents 400 per cent increase in the 
 value of the products taken from the soil, to ignore the increased 
 fertility of the soil for future crops. It was found that cowpeas 
 planted with corn two years increased the value of the crop 143 per 
 cent. Here we have information that would save the farmers of 
 Arkansas thousands of dollars spent in commercial fertilizers, and 
 increase the value of our farm products millions of dollars. 
 
 The experiment station and college of agriculture belongs to 
 all the people of the state, and has served and is serving more 
 people than any other similar institution with the same support. 
 Every dollar appropriated to these institutions will be bread cast 
 upon the waters, which will be gathered up with increased value. 
 
 The experiment station at the University during the years 
 1907-08, issued eleven bulletins. These cover such subjects as 
 veterinary science, pathology, animal husbandry, entomology, hor- 
 ticulture and grain crops. The cotton farmers have also received a 
 fair share of attention during the last two years. 
 
 The station is rendering a great service in its inspection work. 
 Quarantine lines are being gradually removed, and the various laws 
 touching this subject enforced, saving the farmers thousands of 
 dollars. 
 
 The station, last year, held sixty-five farmers’ institute meet- 
 ings in different parts of the state. The total attendance was about 
 12,000. County farmers’ institute associations are being organized 
 now, and these articulate with the station. 
 
 Comprehensive work touching all lines of general farming has 
 been conducted at each sub-station. The chief aim has been to in- 
 
12 
 
 crease production in all the staple crops. The work is command- 
 ing attention, and is teaching better agriculture. 
 
 The teaching departments have been increased from two to 
 eight. Three courses are offered : one four-year course, one two- 
 year course, and one short course for farmers. The demand for 
 instruction is increasing, and the capacity of some of the depart- 
 ments is thoroughly tested. 
 
 Co-operative work between the station and the department at 
 Washington is becoming more thoroughly organized. This means 
 that gradually the national government will increase its support to 
 Arkansas agriculture'. 
 
 Complaint is sometimes made that the college of agriculture 
 and experiment station have done but little for the farmers of the 
 state. In times past they have not done what they should have done, 
 but if you investigate with an eye single to finding out the facts, you 
 will find that within the last few years there has been greatly in- 
 creased activity in the right direction. Indeed, the University has 
 done much for the farmers, and has been what it was intended to be, 
 a place where the industrial classes could receive a liberal and 
 practical education for the duties of life. It has been the school 
 of the masses, a poor man’s school, a farmer’s school. 
 
 The following is a partial list showing some of the alumni of 
 the college of agriculture who have achieved prominence, and what 
 they are now doing : 
 
 A. T. Erwin, associate professor of horticulture, Iowa State 
 College. 
 
 Frank Horsfall, horticulturist, Missouri Fruit Station, Moun- 
 tain Grove, Mo. 
 
 D. C. Mooring, associate professor of horticulture, Miss. A. & 
 M. Col. 
 
 C. D. Foreman, successful planter, Chelsea, Okla. 
 
 J. D. Davis, large planter, Chelsea, Okla. 
 
 J. F. Moore, formerly chemist, Arkansas Agricultural Station. 
 
 J. M. Wilson, teacher of agriculture, Duncan, Okla. 
 
 W. W. Nelson, teacher of agriculture, Muskogee, Okla. 
 
 C. W. Jones, chemist, Michigan. 
 
 H. E. Morrow, associate professor of chemistry, U. of A. 
 
 F. I. Gibson, chemist, Southern Oil Co., Savannah, Ga. 
 
 J. H. Johnson, florist, J. W. Vestals & Sons, Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 Rufus J. Nelson, professor of agriculture, U. of A. 
 
13 
 
 These sons of farmers have distinguished themselves as elec- 
 trical engineers : 
 
 A. B. Crozier, an electrical engineer, and the son of a farmer, 
 is now consulting engineer at Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 E. H. Dickson, the son of a farmer in Desha County, has 
 attained prominence as an electrician. 
 
 J. L. Longino came from a poor family in Columbia County ; 
 has earned prominence as an electrical engineer. 
 
 L. L. Newman, of Columbia County, is superintendent of elec- 
 trical construction for Pennsylvania Ry. Co., Altoona, Pa. 
 
 C. P. Barnett, the son of a farmer, engineer for the Urban 
 Construction Co., of Kansas City. 
 
 W. A. Ruggles, draftsman for Board of Education, St. Louis, 
 
 Mo. 
 
 W. B. Stelzner, of Oklahoma, employed by the General Elec- 
 trical Company, at Schenectady, N. Y. 
 
 R. B. Bryan, of Nevada County, with the Little Rock Railway 
 and Electrical Company. 
 
 A. J. Gladson, son of an Iowa farmer, consulting engineer, 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 
 D. W. and B. J. McCloud worked their way through the Uni- 
 versity. The former is with Consolidated Light and Power Co., 
 of St. Louis, and the latter is in the employ of the Bell Telephone Co. 
 
 The following is a short record of some of the civil engineer 
 graduates who came to the University from the farm : 
 
 W. E. Ayers, Mississippi County. 
 
 Since graduating has been in successful practice, principally in 
 railway work, designs and construction of waterworks and sewerage 
 systems; now located at Memphis, Tenn., as consulting engineer. 
 
 A. H. Beard, Cross County. 
 
 Superintendent, constructing filters for the following cities : 
 Butler, Pa.; St. Joseph, Mo.; Birmingham, Ala., and Suffolk, Va. 
 
 J. H. Blair, Benton County. 
 
 Draftsman, Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. ; chief draftsman 
 for Virginia Bridge and Iron Co., Roanoke, Va. At present chief 
 engineer of the Southwestern Bridge Co., Joplin, Mo. 
 
14 
 
 J. C. Blaylock, Washington County. 
 
 Degree from Cornell University in one year ; assistant engineer 
 with the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Ry. At present assistant 
 engineer with Geo. W. Jackson Co., constructing water-works tunnel 
 for the city of Chicago. 
 
 F. B. Barrett, Craighead County. 
 
 Assistant engineer on the United States Geological Survey. At 
 present draftsman, with the Southwestern Bridge Co., Joplin, Mo. 
 
 V. H. Cochrane, Benton County. 
 
 For a number of years chief draftsman for Waddell & Hedrick, 
 Kansas City, Mo. ; inspector of materials for the Sixth Street via- 
 duct, Kansas City. At present chief draftsman for Waddell & Har- 
 rington, Kansas City. 
 
 C. W. Cromwell, Sebastian County. 
 
 Draftsman, Virginia Bridge & Iron Works, Roanoke, Va. ; 
 draftsman, Southwestern Bridge Co., Joplin, Mo. At present con- 
 sulting engineer, Omaha, Neb. 
 
 C. J. Eld, Benton County. 
 
 Engineer of construction for the water-works systems of St. 
 Charles, Mo., and St. Joseph, Mo. ; superintendent of construction 
 of the South Pittsburg Water Works (cost $2,000,000.00). At 
 present at Birmingham, Ala., in charge of the reconstruction of the 
 city’s water-works system. 
 
 Ira G. Hedrick, Washington County. 
 
 One of our most successful graduates. For a number of years 
 a member of the firm of Waddell & Hedrick, consulting engineers, 
 of Kansas City. Among some of the most important structures 
 designed by this firm are the following : East Omaha Bridge, cost- 
 ing about one and one-half million dollars ; the Red River bridge ; 
 bridges for the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Ry. ; the Sixth 
 Street viaduct, Kansas City, Mo. (costing about two million dol- 
 lars) ; the Fraser River bridge, in British Columbia, etc. During 
 the last few years Mr. Hedrick has gone into business for himself 
 as consulting engineer. He is president of the Kansas City Viaduct 
 Co., member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, member of 
 the Institute of Civil Engineers of England. 
 
15 
 
 H. N. Pharr, Lee County. 
 
 From 1893 to 1897 was division engineer on the St. Francis 
 Levee; 1897 to 1907, chief engineer of the St. Francis Levee Dis- 
 trict, Memphis. At present consulting engineer, Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 W. E. Pruett, Franklin County. 
 
 For a number of years was assistant engineer for the Chicago 
 Sanitary District. At present designer, Bridge and Buildings De- 
 partment, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry., Chicago. 
 
 The following is a partial list of former students in Geology 
 and Mining, with brief reference to their subsequent record, all of 
 whom came from the farm or from humble homes : 
 
 R. L. Austin, Crawford County. 
 
 A graduate from the department of ,geology, has done field 
 work on the United States Geological Survey; is now a teacher in 
 the Lonoke High School. 
 
 Carl Smith, Ouachita County. 
 
 Has for several years been employed on United States Geo- 
 logical Survey, and is one of the most efficient men in the geology 
 of coal. 
 
 Storer Leverett, Washington County. 
 
 Since graduation has been doing geological work for private 
 companies in Mexico. 
 
 N. P. Pope, Drew County. 
 
 Has worked on the United States Geological Survey, and for 
 one year was instructor in geology in the University of Texas. 
 
 M. J. Mann, Nevada County. 
 
 * Came to the University a poor boy. He is not a graduate of 
 the University, but had his major work in geology, and for some 
 years has been a member of the United States Geological Survey, 
 
 * and is now probably the leading worker of that bureau on oil and 
 natural gas. While at the University he made all of his expenses 
 by work. He is known throughout, the East as an authority on the 
 geology of gas and oil, and has been offered three thousand dollars 
 a year to leave and go into private work, but has refused the offer. 
 
16 
 
 R. D. Mesler, Sebastian County. 
 
 Has done a great deal of work in the department of geology, 
 and for several years has put in his summers working for the 
 United States Geological Survey. Last summer he was sent by the 
 bureau to Alaska. 
 
 H. D. Miser, Benton County. 
 
 Mr. Miser is a recent graduate from the department of geology. 
 He is now doing efficient work on the State Geological Survey, 
 and is considered by his professor as one of the most promising 
 young geologists of the country. 
 
 Several others have been temporarily or permanently employed 
 by the United States Geological Survey. 
 
 MINING STUDENTS. 
 
 Our course in mining has been established but four years, con- 
 sequently but two graduates have been turned out from this course. 
 One of these Mr. M. E. Jacks, of Phillips County, a poor boy, is 
 doing well as a mining engineer in Arizona. 
 
 M. K. Orr, Pulaski County. 
 
 Mr. Orr, the other graduate of this department, worked for a 
 time in the mines of Mercury, Utah, and is now in Mexico. 
 
 The mining students that are still under-graduates, find no 
 difficulty in getting employment in the mines during the summer 
 vacation. 
 
 C. O. Bates, the son of a farmer, is professor of chemistry in 
 Coe College, la. 
 
 E. H. Braly, the son of a farmer, is an engineer for William 
 Kenefick Co., Kansas City. 
 
 S. E. Dean, the son of a farmer, is surveyor for the C. C. C. Co., 
 Wyoming. 
 
 G. V. Skelton, the son of a farmer, is professor of civil engineer- 
 ing, in the State University of Oregon. 
 
 A. C. Wood, the son of a doctor in moderate circumstances, is a 
 consulting mechanical engineer, at Philadelphia. B. F. Wood, his 
 brother, is assistant engineer, motive power, Pa. Ry. Co., Altoona, 
 Pa. 
 
 G. W. Droke, the son of a farmer, is at the head of the depart- 
 ment of mathematics, in the University of Arkansas. 
 
17 
 
 J. F. Mays, the son of a farmer, is United States Marshal of 
 Western District of Arkansas. 
 
 G. W. Mullins, the son of a farmer, is professor of mathe- 
 matics, in Simmons College, Tex. 
 
 R. J. Middleton, the son of a farmer, is assistant engineer of 
 a railroad company in Iowa. 
 
 This list might be indefinitely extended. It is sufficient to say 
 that the great bulk of alumni and ex-students who are now accom- 
 plishing things out in the world, came to the University from the 
 farm, and from the humblest homes in the state. The cabin in the 
 highlands and the cottage in the valley have furnished and will con- 
 tinue to furnish the choicest grist for that educational mill, and crude 
 as this grain may be when it enters, it comes out a finished product 
 of superior excellence. 
 
 The University students have succeeded in other lines. A num- 
 ber of our men are members of the present House and Senate. The 
 Governor is an ex-University student. So are three of our congress- 
 men, one of our senators, the attorney general of the state and three 
 of the supreme court judges. 
 
 MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 This department of the University has gone forward rapidly 
 in efficiency during the last two years. In June, 1908, a competitive 
 examination was held at Ft. Leavenworth, Kan., for commissions in 
 the regular army. This competition was open to the whole nation, and 
 for ninety of these commissions there were more than two hundred 
 candidates. Two candidates from our military department entered 
 this contest; both were successful, and have since secured commis- 
 sions as lieutenants in the regular service, Mr. O. S. Wood, of 
 Sebastian County, being assigned to the 16th Infantry, and Mr. J. R. 
 Ellis to the Artillery Corps. These commissions mean an initial 
 salary of about $2,000.00 per annum. Last year at the annual in- 
 spection, on April 16th, although it was near the close of the session, 
 546 men were under arms. The inspector was a captain from the 
 regular army. They are not given to flattery, but he gave us a 
 most favorable report, from which I quote the following para- 
 graph ; 
 
 “The general appearance of the student body was good ; cloth- 
 ing neat and well fitting ; set-up good ; arms and equipment in good 
 condition. The movements at review and inspection, dress parade, 
 and regimental drill, all of which were conducted by the military 
 
18 
 
 instructor, were well executed. The battalion and company drills 
 under the cadet officers were fair. A detachment of twenty-two 
 boys, averaging sixteen years of age, but too small to handle the 
 rifle and perform duty in the battalion, are organized as a signal 
 detachment. These are drilled in the school of the soldier, squad, 
 company, in close order without arms, and are instructed in signal- 
 ing. They sent and received messages with the flag effectively.” 
 
 FRATERNITIES. 
 
 The fraternity quarrel is practically settled. There have always 
 been two sides to the fraternity question ; they are hurtful to some 
 extent, and in some places, but they are helpful in many ways. The 
 argument against them is that they are exclusive and undemocratic. 
 But the family is exclusive and undemocratic, union labor and 
 farmers’ organizations, excellent and worthy as they are, are some- 
 what exclusive ; all social and fraternal organizations the wide 
 world over are exclusive. Fraternities should be regulated by strict 
 faculty rules ; they should not be permitted to practice snobbery, 
 chapter houses should be free from liquor and cards, students should 
 not be allowed to enter fraternities until they pass the mid-term 
 examinations in the freshman class. The matter of regulating these 
 societies, I think, should be left to the faculty and to the board of 
 trustees. Indeed, it seems to me that the Legislature should not 
 burden itself with matters pertaining to discipline and internal uni- 
 versity management, but such matters should be left to the board 
 of trustees and the faculty, who keep in close and continuous touch 
 with all such questions. 
 
 THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 
 
 The Legislature will be approached with, various suggestions 
 on the subject of the appointment of the board of trustees. It has 
 been the custom from the beginning in this state for the members 
 of the board to be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the 
 senate. This method of selecting the board is in vogue in almost 
 all the states. It has the sanction of President Elliot, for forty 
 years at the head of Harvard College. His opinion is that the 
 board should be composed of from seven to nine members, and that 
 they should be appointed and confirmed as above suggested. I think 
 the superintendent of public instruction should be a member of the 
 board, because he is a school man, but following the suggestion of 
 President Elliot it is not always a wise thing to make trustees of 
 
19 
 
 men elected to other offices, and whose qualifications for trustees 
 are not considered in their selection. In other words, they are not 
 elected because of their qualification for trustees, but because of their 
 qualification for some other position, whereas if they are selected by 
 the governor for the trusteeship he considers their qualifications for 
 this position. Constant change is hurtful to any institution, and 
 usually those desiring a change in the method of selecting the board 
 are apt to have selfish motives in view, and are not inspired by a 
 desire to advance the institution. President Elliot’s opinion is that 
 it is a mistake to elect members of this board, that it does not have 
 the effect of taking an institution out of politics, but that it will 
 have a tendency to get the institution into politics. 
 
 SALARIES. 
 
 I think the matter of fixing salaries should be left to the board, 
 but if any change should be made, salaries at the University should 
 be raised rather than lowered. The officers of this institution are 
 doing more work for less pay than any other institution of its size 
 and importance in the country. The University of Arkansas pays 
 its president $4,000.00, and the heads of the different departments 
 $2,000.00, and furnishes no houses for either. The following list 
 of universities pay their presidents and head professors the amount 
 opposite the names of these institutions, and the great majority of 
 them furnish houses in addition : 
 
 University. 
 
 President. 
 
 Professor. 
 
 California 
 
 . .$10,000 00 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 $5,000 00 
 
 Colorado 
 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 ■ • 5,500 00 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 3,000 00 
 
 Indiana 
 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 4,000 00 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 4,000 00 
 
 Ames Agr. College (la.). 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 <0 
 
 LO 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 4,000 00 
 
 Kansas 
 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 2,600 00 
 
 Maine 
 
 . . 5,000 00 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 Michigan 
 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 4,000 00 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 . . 7,500 00 
 
 
 
 2,700 00 
 
 Miss. Agr. College 
 
 . . 4,500 00 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 University of Miss 
 
 b 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 o' 
 
 0 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 Missouri 
 
 . . 6,000 00 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 2,850 00 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 
 
 
 2,400 >00 
 
 Nevada 
 
 . . 4,800 00 
 
 
 
 2,400 00 
 
 Agr. College, N. D 
 
 . . 4,800 00 
 
 
 
 2,550 00 
 
 University, Columbus, O. . . 
 
 . . 5,000 00 
 
 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 Oxford, Ohio 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 VO 
 
 and 
 
 house 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 Athens, Ohio , 
 
 5,000 00 
 
 
 
 2,500 00 
 
20 
 
 University. 
 
 State College, Pa 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Blacksburg, Va., University. 
 
 Charlottesville, Va 
 
 Pullman, Wash., Univ 
 
 Wash. Univ., Seattle 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 President. 
 
 $ 5,000 oo and house 
 4,500 00 and house 
 5,000 60 and house 
 5,000 00 and house 
 
 5.000 00 
 4,500 00 
 
 7.000 00 house and fuel 
 
 Professor. 
 $3,000 00 
 
 2.000 00 
 1,800 00 
 
 3.000 00 
 2,500 00 
 2,100 00 
 
 4.000 00 
 
 STUDENT FEES. 
 
 Each student is charged ten dollars matriculation fee, and those 
 who occupy the dormitory are charged five dollars a year for the 
 use of the room. These fees should not be lowered^ but raised if 
 changed at all. Many people in the state who pay taxes get no 
 benefit from the school, and the student who attends should at least 
 be required to pay these small fees for the extra privilege he en- 
 joys over others who do not come. There is not sufficient dor- 
 mitory room for one-third of the students, therefore those who 
 occupy these rooms are a favored class who should pay the small 
 sum of five dollars a year; whereas, those who do not get rooms 
 in the dormitories are compelled to pay more than five dollars per 
 month for rooms in town. Many of the universities charge a 
 matriculation fee of $30.00 a year, and charge two or three times 
 as much for room rent in the dormitories as we do. This money 
 goes into a general' fund, and is the only fund that is elastic; our 
 law requires that the Legislature shall specify the particular pur- 
 pose for which each item mentioned in the appropriation bill shall 
 be expended, so there is great need of a general fund to meet emer- 
 gencies, and piece out any particular fund that may fall short of 
 being sufficiently large. For instance, this year the appropriation 
 for coal and water and a dozen more important items fell far short 
 of being enough, so it became necessary to get this from the general 
 fund. It is now made a criminal offense for anyone to permit a 
 state institution to go in debt, so it is important to provide for just 
 such a fund as this, to meet just such emergencies, and this fund 
 comes from those who get benefits, which the great mass of tax- 
 payers do not get. It is best to get it from them rather than from 
 the treasury. 
 
 In this connection let me urge the Legislature to give a large 
 Student Labor Fund. This money goes back to the people more 
 directly than any other item appropriated. This fund is available 
 for both boys and girls, and but for it a great many worthy young 
 people could not attend the institution at all. 
 
Below is a partial list of students who get the benefit of the 
 student labor fund, showing the county from which they come, and 
 the amount of their monthly earnings : 
 
 Arkansas County — 
 
 R. R. McPherson, Stuttgart $ 3 oo 
 
 Walter Fuqua 4 50 
 
 Myrtle Sampson, Stuttgart 15 00 
 
 Benton County — 
 
 A. F. Bills, Sulphur Springs 15 00 
 
 Don Stover, Rogers 15 00 
 
 R. E. Womack, Centerton 14 00 
 
 W. V. Womack, Centerton : 12 50 
 
 J. H. Blair, Decatur ' 12 50 
 
 H. E. Phillips, Gravette 8 00 
 
 Peter McKinley, Garfield 5 00 
 
 M. R. Phillips, Gravette 10 00 
 
 R. George, Bright Water 10 00 
 
 G. C. George, Bright Water 4 50 
 
 E. M. Ratliff 4 50 
 
 Boone County — 
 
 F. G. Snell 6 00 
 
 Denny Eoff, Bellefonte 10 00 
 
 May Zeigler 6 00 
 
 Bradley County — 
 
 P. H. Carruth, Warren 6 50 
 
 Carroll County — 
 
 R. C. Gibson, Berryville 10 00 
 
 J. W. Oliver, Eureka 4 50 
 
 Chicot County — 
 
 Marvin Lee Board at Dormitory 
 
 Crawford County — 
 
 Arthur King, Van Buren ! . . . 3 50 
 
 Walter King, Van Buren 3 50 
 
 L. E. Winfrey, Rudy 8 00 
 
 Theron Blair, Van Buren 20 00 
 
 Miss Viola Hatly Board at Girls’ Dormitory and 5 00 
 
 Columbia County — 
 
 Jno. Browning, Springhill to 00 
 
 P. D. Hackworth, Magnolia 10 60 
 
 W. G. Morgan, Magnolia 10 00 
 
 Clay County — 
 
 S. B. Mitchell, Greenway 15 00 
 
 Cross County — 
 
 A. Robertson 3 00 
 
 Cleveland F. McGeehee 4 50 
 
Cleveland County — 
 
 F. M. McGehee 
 
 22 
 
 \ 
 
 $ 4 50 
 
 Clark County — 
 
 V. E. Parsons, Arkadelphia Board at Dormitory and 3 00 
 
 G. C. Breckenridge, Arkadelphia 7 50 
 
 Craighead County — 
 
 A. J. Barrett 20 00 
 
 D. R. Barton, Jonesboro 7 00 
 
 Drew County — 
 
 W. W. Grubbs, Wilmar Board at Dormitory 
 
 Dallas County — 
 
 F. S. Delamar, Dalark 10 00 
 
 Franklin County — 
 
 I. L. Welton, Redding 5 00 
 
 J. E. Goodbar, Charleston ..Board at Dormitory and 4 00 
 
 R. M. Austin, Charleston Board at Dormitory and 3 00 
 
 Grant County — 
 
 E. M. Ross 4 50 
 
 Bernard Toler, Leola 8 00 
 
 Greene County — 
 
 Roy Vickers 15 00 
 
 C. L. Hyatt 4 50 
 
 Garland County — 
 
 Stephens Spargo, Hot Springs 4 00 
 
 Bert Fleming, .Hot Springs 12 00 
 
 Hempstead County — 
 
 Ed Taylor, Blevins 15 00 
 
 R. E. Wood, Blevins 8 00 
 
 W. D. Ely, Belton * 4 50 
 
 Howard County — 
 
 T. A. Green, Mineral Springs 10 00 
 
 Hot Springs County — 
 
 Maurice Williams, Lora 2 50 
 
 Independence County — 
 
 Henry Hotchkiss, Batesville Board at Dormitory 
 
 J. G. Moore, Sulphur Rock 4 50 
 
 W. J. Jernigan 12 00 
 
 Izard County — 
 
 J. L. Bledsoe 6 00 
 
 Jefferson County — 
 
 Ben Cheek, Pine Bluff 7 00 
 
 Jackson County — 
 
 P. B. Gardner 9 00 
 
 P. F. McAuley, Weldon 10 00 
 
 -a* 
 
23 
 
 / 
 
 Johnson County — 
 
 A. J. Umholtz, Turn $ 6 oo 
 
 Little River County — 
 
 Miss Louise Cheever, Richmond 15 00 
 
 Lee County — 
 
 T. B. Freeman, Marianna 3 50 
 
 H. H. Holtzclaw, Vineyard 12 50 
 
 Raymond Jacks, Marianna 12 50 
 
 Miss Z. Langston, Vineyard. ... Board at Girls’ Dormitory 
 
 Lafayette County — 
 
 C. E. Oxford, Stamps Board at Dormitory 
 
 H. C. Sheffield, Lewisville Board at Dormitory 
 
 Lonoke County — 
 
 L. M. Hinchee, Carlisle 6 00 
 
 S. W. Moore, Cabot 10 00 
 
 Logan County — 
 
 E. A. Orrick Board at Dormitory 
 
 Lawrence County — 
 
 J. H. Wasson, Smithville 9 50 
 
 P. L. Wasson, Smithville 9 50 
 
 Marion County — 
 
 J. P. Woods, Yellville 15 00 
 
 Miller County — 
 
 Cecil Cash, Texarkana 20 00 
 
 Jim Cook, Texarkana 10 00 
 
 Monroe County — 
 
 Miss Sarah Hall, Holly Grove 15 00 
 
 Jay Williams, Clarendon 15 00 
 
 J. J. Jackson, Indian Bay 4 50 
 
 Ouachita County — 
 
 S. A. Thompson, Stephens 6 00 
 
 V. T. Moon 15 00 
 
 Phil Huntly, Kirkland 12 50 
 
 Miss Elma Mlorgan, Stephens Board at Dormitory 
 
 Polk County — 
 
 Joe C. Allen 
 
 W. H. Barton, Cove .... 
 Leonard Wootton, Mena 
 
 Duke Frederick 
 
 Pope County — 
 
 Floyd Webb, Hector . . . 
 Tom Caudle, Scottsville . 
 T. J. Bullock, Dover .... 
 G. G. Strickland, Atkins . 
 P. S. Hudson, Moreland 
 J. E. McCain, Russellville 
 O. M. Alewine, Atkins. . . . 
 
 Board at Dormitory and 15 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 30 00 
 
 Board at Dormitory 
 
 4 00 
 
 • • • 4 50 
 
 12 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 4 50 
 
 Board and 3 00 
 
24 
 
 Pulaski County — 
 
 T. B. Johnson, Jacksonville 
 
 E. W. Prothro, Frank Board at Dormitory 
 
 R. D. Highfill, Argenta 
 
 Vance Crawford, Little Rock 
 
 H. S. Bagley, Little Rock 
 
 R. M. Hutchins, Little Rock 
 
 John Willis, Little Rock 
 
 4 50 
 
 4 50 
 7 50 
 25 00 
 15 00 
 10 00 
 
 Randolph County — 
 
 R. K. Baker, Pocahontas 12 50 
 
 Saline County — 
 
 Fred Bennett, Benton 15 00 
 
 Sevier County — 
 
 C. H. Metcalf, Horatio 15 00 
 
 C. G. Milford, Ben Lomond 20 00 
 
 R. M. Milwee, Horatio 6 00 
 
 H. C. McKeon, De Queen . 4 50 
 
 Sebastian County — 
 
 W. C. M'urphy, Ft. Smith 15 00 
 
 Paul Caudle, Ft. Smith 6 50 
 
 Walter West, Lacrosse • 8 00 
 
 Washington County — 
 
 T. I. Wozencraft 1 00 
 
 Roland Lea ; . . 12 00 
 
 J. J. Milligan Board 
 
 W. O. Williams, Winslow 12 00 
 
 G. E. Williams 5 00 
 
 Union County — 
 
 J. W. Byrd, Smackover 10 00 
 
 White County — 
 
 C. G. Bradford, West Point 12 50 
 
 L. R. Burkhalter, Higginson 10 00 
 
 C. H. Ray 20 00 
 
 Woodruff County — 
 
 Cecil Trice, Cotton Plant Room and Board 
 
 H. L. Lambert, Augusta 
 
 W. N. Wilks, Augusta Board at Dormitory 
 
 12 00 
 
 Van Buren County — 
 
 G. C. Rorie, Retreat 
 
 Board at Dormitory 
 
 Self-help is encouraged in every way at the University. A 
 goodly number of young men and women work at different homes 
 in Fayetteville for their board. Besides this some act as agents for 
 laundries, for life insurance companies, for book houses, for frater- 
 nity and class emblems and pennants, and in various other ways. 
 
25 
 
 R. C. Goodwin, of Union ; J. L. Shipley, of Oklahoma ; Jack Thomas, 
 and H. Smith, of Sevier; R. D. Smith, of Marion, and Guy Smith, 
 of Franklin, make from $10.00 to $12.00 per month pressing clothes 
 for the students. Jo Goodbar, Estes Allen and Cecil Cash write for 
 some of the daily newspapers and thus earn a small monthly income. 
 
 • Grover Morris, from Lonoke, now a student at Oxford, England, 
 paid his way through college in this manner. In this*body there are 
 a half dozen men who washed dishes, did janitor work and literally 
 swept their way through the University with a broom. The three 
 scholarships at Oxford awarded Arkansas students were won by 
 University men — Carothers, Keith and Morris, each one of whom 
 earned all or a part of his school expenses by self-help. 
 
 THE FEDERAL FUND. 
 
 Some complaint has been made that the Morrill Fund has not 
 been used solely for instruction in agriculture. All the fund has 
 been used for that purpose that could have been used. This act 
 provides that the money, a portion of which goes to the negroes at 
 Pine Bluff, shall be applied to instruction in agriculture, the 
 mechanic arts, the English language and the various branches of 
 mathematical, physical, natural and economic science with special 
 reference to their applications in the industries of life and to the 
 facilities for such instruction. The money has been expended for 
 these purposes only and has been fairly distributed. Congress 
 appropriates this money and directs that it shall be expended in 
 this way. 
 
 NEW BUILDINGS. 
 
 The trustees now ask for three new buildings, and they are 
 imperatively needed. I refer to them in the order of their import- 
 ance. First, a library and an auditorium ; second, a building for 
 geology, museum and mining, with room for department of physics ; 
 third, a Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. building, armory and gymna- 
 sium combined, and equipment. The present library is located on 
 * the second floor of the main building just over the chapel and assem- 
 
 bly room. This room contains 15,000 volumes besides the tables 
 and bookcases. On account of the crowded condition of the school 
 » the collegiate students are compelled to use this room for a study hall. 
 
 Our engineers say that this weight is too great and may some day 
 result in a catastrophe. The assembly hall below seats less than 800, 
 so that all the students can not be seated at chapel ; and during the 
 commencement exercises large crowds are turned away because of 
 
26 
 
 a lack of seating capacity. If you appropriate money for a library 
 building and auditorium combined this strain on the building will 
 be relieved and these two halls can be used for class or lecture rooms, 
 and thus the congested condition of the main building will be greatly 
 relieved. 
 
 Next to the library and auditorium we need a building for 
 geology, mining and physics. The department of geology and 
 mining is cared for now on the top floor of the main building and 
 the space there is totally inadequate for teaching purposes and for 
 taking care of the valuable collections belonging to the institution. 
 Besides this the department of physics is now located in a miserable 
 frame building totally unfitted for this important department. 
 
 From the standpoint of a geologist Arkansas is the most inter- 
 esting state in the Union. At the expense of being considered 
 tedious I beg to be allowed to set forth somewhat in detail some 
 data which I consider important, touching upon the geological and 
 mineral wealth of Arkansas. Besides cotton, fruit and grain, our 
 state has natural resources in the way of mines that will one day 
 make us a rich people, and this fact emphasizes the importance of 
 better facilities for teaching and investigation of this important 
 subject. Here are some of our natural, but as yet comparatively 
 undeveloped, resources : 
 
 ANTIMONY. 
 
 As early as 1873 antimony was mined in Sevier County, near 
 Antimony. An indeterminable amount of ore was produced. The 
 mines have been shut down for many years, though it is reported 
 that recently there have been attempts to open them up. 
 
 BAUXITE. 
 
 Bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum, occurs over an area 
 about twenty miles long and five or six miles wide, the longer axis 
 extending northeast and southwest. It lies in the southern part of 
 Pulaski County and the northern part of Saline County. This is 
 one of only three localities in the United States where bauxite has 
 been discovered in commercial quantities. 
 
 BITUMINOUS SANDSTONE. 
 
 Bituminous sandstone has been quarried near Pike City in 
 Pike County. The product of the quarry was used in paving streets 
 in the City of Little Rock. Another deposit is known in Sevier 
 
27 
 
 County, east of DeQueen, though no attempt has been made to 
 open it up. 
 
 BUILDING STONE. 
 
 Limestone of superior quality for building stone occurs in the 
 two northern tiers of counties, west of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain 
 & Southern Railroad. This is quarried for the market in only two 
 places, one of which is near Batesville, Independence County, and the 
 other near Eureka Springs, Carroll County. That quarried in Inde- 
 pendence County is a beautiful gray stone of superior quality. That 
 quarried in Carroll County is a good stone, and is quite extensively 
 used. 
 
 Marble, red, gray and pink in color outcrops at numerous places 
 along White River and its tributaries. Black marble occurs near 
 Marshall, Searcy County, and Jamestown, Independence County. 
 Though marble is widespread over the northern part of the state, 
 it is not quarried anywhere, except for local use. 
 
 Sandstone, well suited for building, occurs at numerous points 
 distributed over the highland portion of the state, both north and 
 south of the Arkansas River. 
 
 CHALK. 
 
 Chalk outcrops over a strip less than one-half mile wide, extend- 
 ing northeast and southwest from White Cliffs, Sevier County, 
 through Howard, Hempstead, Nevada and Clark Counties, almost to 
 Arkadelphia. A plant for the manufacture of Portland cement 
 was erected at White Cliffs some years ago, but on account of litiga- 
 tion it has not been successfully operated. 
 
 CLAYS. 
 
 Clays, from those of coarse to those of very fine quality, occur 
 abundantly in Arkansas. Dr. J. C. Branner, Vice-President of 
 Stanford University, and ex-State Geologist of Arkansas, has made 
 a special study of the clays of the state, and says that Arkansas, on 
 account of the abundance of its shale and clay deposits and its 
 climate, which is well adapted to clay manufacture, should be the 
 leading manufacturing state in the line of clay products. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Coal is extensively mined in the Arkansas Valley from the 
 western border of the state as far' east as Russellvilte. The coal 
 
28 
 
 of most of the area is bituminous, though semi-anthracite coal occurs 
 in the eastern part. A thin vein of coal outcrops in many places 
 north of the Boston Mountains, and is mined for local use at a few 
 points in Washington, Madison and Newton Counties. The state’s 
 production of coal in 1907 was 2,6 40,670 short tons. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 Copper ore has been mined to some extent on Tomahawk Creek, 
 Searcy County, and in the northern part of Sevier County, though 
 the operations have not been successful. 
 
 FULLER’S EARTH. 
 
 Fuller’s earth is produced at Bauxite, Saline County, on the 
 Rock Island Railroad. 
 
 GLASS SAND. 
 
 Glass sand of exceptionally fine quality occurs in northern 
 Arkansas, along White River and its tributaries. It is quarried at 
 Guion, Izard County, on the White River, branch of the St. Louis, 
 Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad. The novaculite of the Ouachita 
 Mountains probably would produce glass of fine quality. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 Gold has frequently been reported, and at times the supposed 
 finds have produced considerable excitement, in the area of the 
 Ouachita Mountains, occupied mainly by the counties of Hot 
 Springs, Garland, Montgomery, Polk, Pike and Howard ; but care- 
 ful examinations by the Geological Survey of Arkansas shows that 
 in most cases no gold was present. In others there was only a 
 trace. 
 
 GYPSUM, 
 
 There is an exposure of about seven feet of gypsum at Plaster 
 Bluff, southwest of Murfreesboro, Pike County, on the Little 
 Missouri River. This bed of gypsum is exposed at several places 
 between the point mentioned and Messers Creek, north of Center- 
 point, Howard County. 
 
 IRON. 
 
 Iron ores of low grade are rather widespread, but there are 
 probably none of economic value. 
 
29 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Some lead occurs in the counties of Northern Arkansas, later 
 to be mentioned under the head of zinc. While blocks of consider- 
 able size are sometimes found, it is not probable that the region will 
 ever be much of a lead producer. Galena is the common ore. Also, 
 lead has been found in Pulaski County, and the counties to the west, 
 containing the Ouachita Mountains. But the region has not given 
 promise of becoming a lead producer. 
 
 MANGANESE. 
 
 Rather extensive deposits of manganese ore occur in Inde- 
 pendence County. While this formerly was quite actively worked, 
 little is being done at the present time. There are manganese 
 deposits in Polk and Montgomery Counties, but they do not promise 
 well. 
 
 MEXICAN ONYX. 
 
 Mexican onyx is quite common as stalactites, stalagmites and 
 other cave deposits in Northern Arkansas. 
 
 MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Spring and well waters with medicinal value occur at many 
 points within the state. 
 
 NATURAL GAS. 
 
 Natural gas is found in abundance about Mansfield and Ft. 
 Smith. This is the principal fuel now in use at Ft. Smith. Further 
 exploiting will, in all probability, extend the field. 
 
 NOVACULITE. 
 
 Novaculite, the rock from which the Arkansas abrasive stones 
 are produced, is widespread over the area occupied by the Ouachita 
 Mountains west of Hot Springs. It is quarried chiefly near Hot 
 Springs. 
 
 PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 Pearls are quite extensively produced from the fresh-water 
 molluscs of White River and its tributary, Black River. Quartz 
 crystal of the finest quality are quarried in the Crystal Mountains 
 of Montgomery County, and sold for ornamental and museum pur- 
 
30 
 
 poses. They are sometimes cut and sold as “Hot Springs Dia- 
 monds.” 
 
 Diamonds recently have been discovered over a small area of 
 igneous rock, about three miles south of Murfreesboro, Pike County. 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 Phosphate rock is quarried on Lafterty Creek, northwest of 
 Batesville, Independence County. This in all probability could be 
 produced with profit at other points, as it outcrops both east and 
 several miles west of the points mentioned. 
 
 PYRITE. 
 
 Pyrite is quite common in the carbonaceous shales that are 
 very common in paleozoic rocks of the state ; but if it occurs in 
 sufficient quantity anywhere to justify mining, it is not as yet known. 
 
 ROAD MATERIAL. 
 
 Arkansas has an abundance of road material, consisting of lime- 
 stone, shale, chert and gravel. Inasmuch as they are already pre- 
 pared by nature, probably the most important of these are chert 
 (flint) and gravel. Chert already prepared for the road occurs 
 very commonly at the base of the hills of the northern counties, 
 from Baxter County, westward. The material needs only to be 
 screened, when it is ready for use. Likewise, it occurs along the 
 mountains of Hot Springs, Garland, Montgomery, Polk, Pike and 
 Howard Counties. Excellent gravel deposits cap the hills over 
 large areas of the southern part of the state. , 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 The only known localities within the state that give promise 
 of producing silver, are the Kellogg mine of Pulaski County, and 
 the Silver City district in Montgomery County. Assays, especially 
 from the Kellogg mine, show silver in considerable amounts. 
 
 SLATE. 
 
 Slate deposits are widespread in the counties occupied by the 
 Ouachita Mountains, south of the Ouachita River. They are red, 
 green, black and gray in color. A report of these deposits is now 
 in course of preparation by the State Geologist. 
 
31 
 
 SPRINGS. 
 
 In the highland region of the northern part of Arkansas are 
 hundreds of clear, cold, sparkling springs, such as may be seen at 
 Eureka Springs. Also the region of the Ouachita Mountains con- 
 tains a large number of fine springs. Springs in other parts of 
 the state are not uncommon, though not so fine as in the regions 
 mentioned. 
 
 WATER POWER. 
 
 White River and its tributaries in the northern part of the 
 state, and the streams of the Ouachita Mountains in the central 
 western part, are capable of supplying a large amount of water 
 power, which in course of time must be utilized. 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 Zinc occurs with promise of being in paying quantities in many 
 parts of Newton, Boone, Marion, Searcy, Baxter, Izard, Sharp and 
 Lawrence Counties. The important ores are spalerite, the sulphide 
 of zinc, and smithsonite, the carbonite, though calaming, one of 
 the silicates, occurs in some places. Mining operations have been 
 conducted chiefly in Marion County, though some mining has been 
 done in Newton, Searcy, Boone, Sharp and Lawrence Counties. 
 
 Zinc ore (spalerite) occurs also at the Kellogg 'mine, Pulaski 
 County, and in the northern part of Sevier County. These localities, 
 however, have not attracted much attention as possible zinc producers. 
 Such zinc ore as has been found was incidental to the search for 
 silver, in the case of the Kellogg mine, and copper in northern 
 Sevier County. 
 
 The development of many of the above named mineral deposits 
 is a comparatively simple matter, but some of them, among which 
 are the most important, need to be extensively experimented upon. 
 This requires facilities and more room that we now have at the 
 University. It is the desire of our department of geology not only 
 to give efficient and high-grade instruction, but to, in every way 
 possible, aid in developing the state’s natural resources. Among 
 lines that need experimental work are the following : 
 
 (a) Experiments on the clays of the state to determine the best 
 uses to which the various deposits can be put, and the best means 
 of working and manufacturing them. No line of work could be of 
 more importance to the state. Arkansas is unexcelled in the quan- 
 tity, quality and variety of its clay deposits. The climatic con- 
 
32 
 
 ditions are favorable to its manufacture, fuel is close at hand, and 
 the labor can be had. In 1906 our neighbor, Missouri, manufac- 
 tured clay products to the amount of $6,700,000.00; Illinois, to the 
 amount of $12,600,000.00. In the same year, Arkansas, with better 
 clays, and far better natural conditions, produced only $532,000.00 
 worth of clay products, all told. For the fine buildings erected in 
 our state, the brick is practically all imported from Missouri or 
 Kansas. We are buyers when we ought to be sellers. As well had 
 a farmer buy his own garden vegetables. We should lead in the 
 manufacture of brick, drain tile, and roofing tile, and should take 
 high rank in the production of earthenwares of high grade. We 
 only ask the opportunity to test these clays, and call the attention of 
 the public to them, and the special purposes to which each is 
 adapted. 
 
 (b) Much that has been said concerning clay products could 
 be said regarding cement material, in which this state probably has 
 as large a supply as any other, consisting of chalk, limestone and 
 clays. 
 
 (c) In Northern Arkansas are extensive deposits of zinc ore. 
 Much of this is so finely disseminated through the rock that it 
 cannot be recovered by the methods employed in the Joplin district, 
 though the percentage of zinc to rock is in many cases high. The 
 invention of means of saving this is a problem to be w r orked upon 
 by our professor of Mining Engineering, and he would be glad to 
 undertake this, and would think it a public duty, if the facilities for 
 doing so were at his command. 
 
 (d) Another promising field of investigation is offered by the 
 large deposits of lignite coal, in the southern portion of the state. A 
 large part of the domestic fuel of Germany is made from a lignite 
 inferior to ours in heating value. But as yet, almost no progress 
 has been made toward utilizing this resource of Arkansas. 
 
 These are some of the reasons why there is needed a building 
 for Geology and Mining. No line of work is more closely con- 
 nected with the state’s welfare. If the General Assembly will but 
 give us this building, from a business point of view it will repay 
 the state many times over, to say nothing of added educational 
 facilities. 
 
 In addition to the two buildings above mentioned, we should 
 have a Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A. building, armory and gymnasium 
 combined together, with equipment for the same. The University 
 of Arkansas has the largest college Y. M. C. A. in the state. It 
 usually sends more men to the Ruston Conference each year than 
 
33 
 
 all the other colleges combined. Last year the Y. M. C. A. had 
 thirty Sunday afternoon meetings, with an average attendance of 
 125 ; seventy-two prayer meetings ; six evangelistic meetings, fifteen 
 young men were converted ; they heard fourteen addresses on social 
 and personal purity, and 300 young men signed the purity pledge, 
 two decided during the year for the ministry and nine for foreign 
 mission work; 150 young men were enrolled in Bible classes. The 
 University supports a secretary to the Y. M. C. A., paying him 
 $900.00 a year. This year the Y. M. C. A. membership is larger 
 than ever before. The young women have a Y. W. C. A., at the 
 Girl’s Dormitory, and they also have a secretary at a salary of 
 $500.00 a year. The University of Arkansas is supported by a 
 Christian state and a Christian citizenship, and while it is not denom- 
 inational, it is religious, and due and special care is taken that its 
 students learn through precept and example that morality and re- 
 ligion are of more importance than any other instruction that they 
 can obtain at this institution. 
 
 APPROPRIATIONS. 
 
 It may seem to some that the budget this year is too large, 
 but it is only about half as large as the appropriation asked two 
 years ago. Compared to what other states are giving to higher 
 education, the request of two years ago was a modest one ; this 
 year we have not asked for all we need, on account of the low state 
 of the treasury. We have asked for just as little as we think we 
 can get along with.. The University is not the small institution it 
 was a few years ago. It has grown and expanded with the years, 
 and if it is to keep pace with the institutions in our sister states, it 
 must be encouraged, as they are encouraged. We have not kept 
 pace with our sister states in the matter of making appropriations 
 for higher education, but I believe we have done more for the people 
 with the money that has been given us than many of them. The 
 legislatures of many of the states have recently increased their ap- 
 propriation. I have gathered some statistics from the year 1889, 
 ^ and find that then the income of the Ohio State University, exclusive 
 
 of the expenditure for the maintenance of the experiment station, 
 amounted annually to $68,000.00. It is now $450,000.00. The in- 
 t? come of the Agricultural College of Michigan was $63,000.00 ; it is 
 
 now $288,000.00. The income of the University of Wisconsin was 
 then $190,000.00; it is now $1,100,000.00. The A. & M. College of 
 Kansas was $45,000.00; it is now $203,000.00. The income of the 
 University of Missouri was then $70,000.00 ; it is now $556,000.00. 
 
34 
 
 This year Missouri asks for $1,614,000.00, and will get it. Last 
 year the Legislature of Kansas gave the State University a million 
 dollars, and did not cut a single item in the bill as prepared by the 
 president of that institution. We are asking for something like a 
 half-million, but that is for the two years, and not for one year, as 
 were most of the incomes above mentioned. 
 
 I beg to repeat a few things I said in a former address, touch- 
 ing upon the relationship of the State University to other schools, 
 and bearing upon the question of state aid to higher education. 
 
 There is no reason why the University should spurn the humble 
 district school, or such school dislike the university. There is no 
 reason why the university should seek to injure the private academy, 
 or the private academy quarrel with the university. There is no 
 reason why the university should be jealous of the ambitious high 
 school, or the ambitious high school envy the university. There 
 is no reason why stately Ouachita should carry a dagger for us, in 
 the folds of her robe, or we strive to tear the white plumes from 
 the proud crest of Ouachita. There is no reason why Henderson or 
 Galloway or Hendrix should wage useless and wasteful feud with us, 
 or we with them. Arkansas is big enough for all her schools. 
 
 DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS NECESSARY. 
 
 The denominational school is a necessity. Its desirability is 
 conceded. Churchmen have been the greatest teachers of the world. 
 
 In the long night of the dark ages the lamp of learning would have 
 ceased to burn but for the love the priesthood had for letters. For 
 ages the priest and the teacher were the same person. He who 
 would learn was compelled to seek his opportunity in the cloister. 
 
 The world’s debt to the priest-teacher should be gratefully acknowl- 
 edged. Church schools are still a necessity and always will be so. 
 
 Private schools are also necessary, but we must have institutions 
 
 that are public and non-sectarian as well. Popular education, state- 
 
 founded universities, a system of schools supported by public money, 
 
 is the ideal school system for the people. It is the hope of our % 
 
 government, but under any form of government the children of the 
 
 people should be given an opportunity to acquire liberal learning at 
 
 the least possible cost. * 
 
 State aid to higher education is no new system. In the splendid 
 city founded by Alexander and named for him there was a college 
 in connection with the great library, with dining hall, lecture room, 
 and all the necessary equipment. Here the Ptolemies with public 
 
35 
 
 money maintained a university for the use of those who sought its 
 benefits. 
 
 Imperial Rome, under her great Emperors, established and 
 maintained schools of culture and higher education,- and expended 
 large sums of money out of the public treasury for university train- 
 ing in the parent city, at Lyons, at Antioch, at Constantinople, and 
 at Athens after the Roman conquest. 
 
 Charlemagne was the greatest man of the Middle Ages ; great 
 in war, great in statesmanship, but greater still because he was the 
 friend and patron of the English scholar, Alcuin, and because he 
 gave lavishly of his treasure in creating and promoting institutions 
 of learning in his extensive empire. 
 
 The French Republic maintains fifteen state universities, at an 
 annual expense to the government of 15,000,000 francs. 
 
 The Government of Belgium provides liberally for its institu- 
 tions of higher learning. The public universities of Ghent and 
 Liege receive large appropriations from the state. 
 
 In Sweden the government is the chief supporter of higher 
 education. The Universities of Lund and Upsala are both main- 
 tained by the state. 
 
 The German Empire has, during the last half century, advanced 
 with the strides of a giant, and this advance is due in no small degree 
 to the generous support by the state of public higher education. 
 
 Oxford and Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh have 
 all received financial aid from the British Government. 
 
 In America the state university is the most popular institution 
 with the masses for higher and technical training. Especially is this 
 true in the west, where the people’s colleges, as they are correctly 
 termed, have done so much towards the liberal education of young 
 people of worth and ambition, but with modest means. Statistics 
 show that 21 per cent of the people of the United States attend some 
 public school supported by state or municipal taxation, and that 2 
 per cent attend private schools. Back in the colonial period the 
 policy of the statesmen of that time was to encourage university 
 maintainance at public expense. After the establishment of our 
 present form of government, the same policy was advocated by our 
 greatest public men. Washington, Madison, Jefferson, Franklin, 
 ? Monroe, Edward Everett, Senator Morrill and many others believed 
 
 it to be the imperative duty of the state to provide liberally for the 
 higher education of her children. 
 
 Washington in a public utterance regretted that it was neces- 
 sary for American boys to go to Europe to receive college training. 
 
36 
 
 Scarcely a state constitution has been adopted that has not a section 
 recognizing the importance and desirability of liberal public 
 education. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson believed that the state university and the public 
 school system properly correlated is the necessary and the ideal 
 system for the education for the masses of the people. So believing 
 he founded the University of Virginia and provided for its support 
 at public expense, and this he regarded as the greatest act of his 
 long career. He was a sincere friend to popular education. In 
 1818 he said: “A system of general education which shall reach 
 every description of our people, from the richest to the poorest, as 
 it was the earliest, so it shall be the latest of all public concerns in 
 which I shall permit myself to take an interest.” 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 At this time it would be a bold statesman indeed who would 
 question the utility of the Common District School. There was a 
 time when they enjoyed scant favor or support. They were called 
 “pauper schools,” “hedge schools,” and “poor schools,” but now 
 they are known as public schools and you never hear the wisdom of 
 the system challenged. If it is proper policy to maintain the district 
 school at public expense, it is good policy to maintain the high 
 school and the state university at public expense. 
 
 As before stated, the private school is desirable and a necessity. 
 The church school is a necessity, and is bravely meeting its difficult 
 problems. It is moving grandly on towards the accomplishment of 
 its high mission, and as stated before, the university desires, to see 
 them all prosper. The church has always been zealous to educate, 
 and she is to be commended for this, and partly because of her 
 accomplished and educated men and women she has wielded great 
 power in temporal affairs to the glory of the faith, and to the lasting 
 good of humanity. But the denominational schools can not be 
 expected to exceed the limit of their strength and resources in the 
 matter of educating the children of the state ; they can not be 
 expected to divert their energies from the peculiar and paramount 
 end for which they are organized. Therefore the state, out of the 
 abundant store of her resources, should carry the chief burden of 
 lower and higher education, and should support with liberality a 
 university with all the varied departments made necessary by the 
 complexity of modern civilization. 
 
 The state university offers free tuition to all her students. 
 There are many young people who have not the means to acquire a 
 
37 
 
 college education if tuition therefor is not free. Should it not be 
 the boast of a proud commonwealth that no ambitious young man 
 or young woman should fail of university training because of 
 poverty ? 
 
 The best investment the state can make is to expend $1,000.00 
 and get in return a trained engineer, farmer or a technical expert 
 prepared to direct the building of levees, the opening of mines, the 
 beautifying of cities, the protection and improvement of farms and 
 orchards. The state can well afford to expend $1,000.00 and receive 
 in return an educated young woman with a gracious manner and a 
 cultivated mind and heart, equipped to teach the youth of the land 
 and to bear with honor and credit and dignity a woman’s share in 
 the complex life of today. 
 
 The state should give liberally of her substance to public 
 improvements. She should tenderly care for her deaf mutes, her 
 blind, her insane, but she owes no duty more pressing than the duty 
 of providing ample facilities for educating her children at the least 
 possible cost. The state should say this to her child-citizen : “You 
 are my child ; the first duty of a parent is to provide education for 
 his offspring.” It is certainly better for the state to furnish cheer- 
 fully and with liberality, adequate means to enable her children to 
 secure university training at home rather than suffer them to go to 
 other states at great expense and at a great loss of state love. 
 Young people are fond of remaining in the state where they are 
 educated, because there they form strong attachments among their 
 fellow students and among the citizens whom they meet. It is a 
 distinct loss to a state to give up an educated man or woman. Her 
 valuable assets are reduced just that much. 
 
 DUTY OF THE STATE. 
 
 It is likewise better for a state to sufficiently and cheerfully 
 provide for the higher education of her youth without waiting for 
 or expecting men of money in distant commonwealths to step in and 
 relieve her of this duty. She may be compelled to wait forever. 
 Oftentimes the spirit of gift moves these millionaires but slowly. 
 
 Our state has emerged from the shadow of ridicule, slander and 
 poverty. This situation has been attained in part through the help 
 of her schools. In common with her sisters of the South, Arkansas 
 is marching to the music of progress. She produces fruits that 
 California can not rival, cotton that Alabama envies, zinc that Mis- 
 souri can not equal, has the finest health resorts in the world, and 
 her educational institutions are among the best in the South. 
 
38 
 
 . v INSTITUTION OF DEMOCRACY. 
 
 Recurring briefly to the main subject by way of summing up, 
 let me* emphasize* the thought that the state-supported school is 
 essentially .an institution of democracy. In the South a few years 
 back, the foreign university, the classical academy, the expensive 
 and exclusive private school, were practically the only places where 
 higher training could be had, and these institutions were decidedly 
 aristocratic in their workings. The modern state university has re- 
 versed this unfortunate and unpopular condition of affairs in educa- 
 tional matters. The state university is a place where young men 
 and young women meet on a basis of absolute equality. The system 
 of co-education prevails here. The South and West believe in 
 co-education, as they believe in the state university. There is no 
 reason why the sexes should not be thrown together in school as they 
 are everywhere else in life. The state university, being a child of 
 the state, owes to each one of her citizens a special duty, and tries to 
 discharge that duty impartially. Her mission is to develop the body 
 and free the mind, to teach the unlearned, ennoble the humble and 
 uplift the fallen, to elevate man above his less gifted fellows only to 
 fit him to serve them, not to oppress them. 
 
 In the bright morning of this glorious new century so full of 
 promise and possibilities, let us congratulate ourselves that the times 
 have brought us relief from old conditions. We no longer need to 
 bend the knee to foreign educational influences, no longer need to 
 go beyond our borders for college training. We of the South and 
 West have great schools of our own. We are supplied with our 
 own state universities, where “with the wing stroke of a free mind 
 the specters of ignorance and superstition are dispelled.” Let us 
 congratulate ourselves that learning has emerged from the cloister 
 out into the sunshine. It has come out of gloomy retreats into 
 lighted halls. It has ceased to be aristocratic, and is now democratic. 
 It is no longer affected or monopolized by the few, but it is the 
 right and privilege and property of the many. Once it was beyond 
 the reach of the humble, now it is within the grasp of the poorest. 
 Once it dwelt in mystery, now it abides in the open. Once it was 
 unpurchasable, except by the privileged classes, now it is free. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
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