wpm. UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS LIBRARY AX URBANA-CHAMPAIGN STACKS V -v ■ CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- s ponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped be!ow. You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each lost book. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result In dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CAU TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF IUINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN .££8 2 b 1395 FEB 2 6 f998 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L 16 2 /? . .v UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS LIBRARY AI URBANA-CHAMPAIGN STACKS I . $/y r , 7 ./7 : f ✓I? m-ti Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/geographybybrace00boye_0 GEOGRAPHY BY TH* MM BRACE SYSTEM/') OR Horn to Study Geography. Nortti America. Prepared for the Use of Teacher and Pupil BY COUNTY SUP’T JOHN M. BOYER AND JOHN F. WICKS. CHICAGO : A. FLANAGAN Publisher. Copyright, 1892, By JOHN F. WICKS, All Rights Reserved. Tatl^ of Copbe^t^. Page. North America 7 United States 12 New England States— Maine . 17 New Hampshire *. 23 Vermont 29 Massachusetts 34 Connecticut 42 Rhode Island 47 Eastern States — New York > 5 o Sketch of the Hudson River 62 Pennsylvania 63 New Jersey 74 Delaware 81 Maryland 86 Southern States— Virginia 93 West Virginia 100 North Carolinia 105 South “ 1 13 Georgia 121 Florida 130 Mississippi 139 Alabama 145 Louisiana 149 Texas 158 Arkansas 172 Tennessee 177 Kentucky 222 NORTH AMERICA. Western States — page. Ohio 185 Sketch of Ohio River 189 Illinois 200 Sketch of Illinois River 210 Michigan 230 Wisconsin 236 Minnesota 242 South Dakota , 249 North “ 257 Iowa 262 Nebraska 267 Kansas 270 Missouri 274 California 278 Oregon 287 Washington 294 Montana 298 Idaho 300 Wyoming 302 Nevada 305 Utah 308 Colorado 312 Territories— New Mexico 317 Arizona 320 Indian 323 Oklahoma 324 Alaska 326 Canada and Newfoundland 334 Danish America, 340 United States of Mexico 347 Central America 355 North America NORTH AMERICA. 1. Boundary, area and population. 2. Coast lines — Directions, regularity, indenta- tions and projections. 3. Surface, mountains, plateaus and plains. 4. Oceans, seas, gulfs and bays. 5. Dakes, salt and fresh water. 6. Rivers. 7. Islands. 8. Climate. { Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 10. Political Divisions. 11. Cities. 12. Races of people. 13. Occupations. 14. National wonders. North America is a great peninsula and forms the north- ern and larger part of the continent of America. 8 NORTH AMERICA. The extremities are North — Cape Barrow, 7J 0 24' N. Eat. East — St. John’s, New Foundland, 52 0 3'W. Long. South — Isthmus of Panama, 9 0 40* N. Eat. ^ West — Isle of Attoo, 187* 34' W. Long. On account of its more salubrious climate, its larger popu- lation, its greater wealth of all kinds, and its higher civili- zation it is much the more important of the two Americas. The fact that it is our home country lends an additional interest to its study. We should know thoroughly the geog- raphy of our own country and the principal facts about other lands. The “ block method ” spoken of on p. 10 of Vol. I can be profitably used by pupils in written work in bounding the countries mentioned in this volume. Call the attention of the pupils to the general shape of the different continents. Lead them to see that North America agrees with the other continents in having a triangular shape. Lead them also to find the cause of the longest side being on the west in each of the Americas. Compare the two Americas in size, shape, indentations, rivers, lakes and climate. In extent the length of N. America is about 5,000 miles, and its greatest width is about 3,000 miles. . Its area 9,349,000 square miles, comprises about one-sixth of the dry land on earth. The pupils should be required to learn to name and lo- NORTH AMERICA. 9 cate the principal natural features, as lakes, rivers, etc., in the order given in the outline above. Only the important should be taken up noiv as we soon begin the study of each of its political divisions in detail. Lead the pupils to see that the principal part of North America is in the temperate zone, while the most of South America is in the torrid zone. Teach them of the influence of the ocean currents on the climate of the east and west coasts of North America, also the reason for the sterility of the great Rocky Mountain plateau, and for the slight rain- fall on the Pacific slope. While the animal and vegetable growths are not so luxuri- ant as in South America, the mineral wealth is far greater. North America possesses every variety of soil, and great plains of the most fertile character, so that agriculture is carried on extensively and profitably by the larger number of the inhabitants. Manufacturing, mining and commerce are next in importance. Lead the pupils to see that the people who settled near the oceans and lakes naturally engaged in fishing, ship- building, manufacturing and commerce; those who settled in the forests engaged in hunting, trapping and lumbering; those on the prairies to tilling the soil, and those in the mountain regions to grazing, dairying, quarrying and mining. The following little outline clipped from a school journal may be useful: 10 NORTH AMERICA. f Fishing. Of people living on the coast, j Commerce. j Ship-building. Manufact’ing. 1 a. s u u O r Quarrying. Mining. Of people living in a moun- j Grazing, tainous region . Dairying. ^ Manufact’ing. Of people living in a prairie country. " Agriculture Grazing. Stock raising. w Commerce. { Hunting. Trapping. Numbering. Day by day review interesting historical facts associated with the places studied. Have the pupils learn the characteristics of the principal classes of people inhabiting the different parts of North America. NORTH AMERICA. 'll COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA. COMPARATIVE SIZE SHOWN BY DIAGRAM. I United States, 3,600,000 sq. rai. Canada, 3,230,000 sq. mi. Danish America, Mexico, Cent. America, West Indies, 94,000 sq. mi. 180.000 sq. mi. 750.000 sq. mi. 880.000 sq. mi. The pupils should be required occasionally to show the comparative size of the individual members of a group of states by the construction of similar diagrams. United States, 1789. 12 NORTH AMERICA. UNITED STATES. 1. Boundary. 2. Area and population. 3. Gulfs and bays, 4. Peninsulas and islands. 5« 6 . 7- 8 . r Relief. ■< Atlantic Coast Plain. Appalachian Highlands. Mississippi Valley. Rocky Mountain System. Great Basin. Sierra Nevada Mountains. Pacific Coast Plain. Rivers. Fresh. Salt. No. of States \ ^ ^ rst * ( Now. 9. Number of Territories. 10. Form of Government. II. Climate. Animal. 12. Productions. Vegetable. Mineral. ^ Manufactured. 13- Occupations. 14. Education, j g^mon Schools. 15- Natural Wonders. 16. Religion. UNITED STATES. 13 The United States is a federal republic situated between 25 0 and 49 0 N. Lat., and (exclusive of Alaska) between 67° and 124 0 W. Long. Its greatest length from east to west is a little less than 3,000 miles and the greatest breadth is about 1,600 miles. It is the largest and most important of the divisions of North America. Its extent over 24 0 of latitude and its varied relief forms give it an almost unlimited variety of climate and pro- ductions. The Atlantic Coast Plain ranges from 50 to 200 miles in width, occupied mostly by the “ Original Thirteen.' ’ The northern half of this plain is tolerably fertile. The Appalachian Mountain system is noted for its coal and iron mines and its forests. It comprises the following ranges and clusters — Alleghany, Blue Ridge, Catskill, Green and White Mountains. , The Mississippi Valley is the largest and one of the most fertile plains in the world. It is said to be capable of sus- taining a population of 500,000,000 persons. In the quantity and quality of the food products of this fruitful region, this Mississippi Valley is without a success- ful rival. West of the Mississippi River the land gradually rises and diminishes in productiveness until we reach the Rocky Mountains — the backbone of North America. This moun- tain system has a base of over 1,000 miles in width, over which trend numerous ranges, all of which are in some way connected so that they form a comparatively unified whole. 14 NORTH AMERICA Many of the peaks tower above the snow line, below which they are clothed with forests of fir, pine and many varieties of deciduous trees. The scenery in many portions is noted either for its pict- uresque beauty or sublime grandeur. Among the places much visited and praised by tourists may be mentioned the Yellowstone National, North, Middle, South and San Luis Parks; Colorado, Arkansas, Williams,’ Engleman’s, Queen’s, De Challez, Cheyenne, Cataract and Red canyons, each possessing a beauty peculiar to itself; Idaho, Colorado, Manitou, Cottonwood, Salida, Poncho, Deansburg, Soda, Hevwood, Morrison and Hartsell Hot Springs; San Luis, Yellowstone, Twin, South Park Salt, Palmer’s, Green, Trout, Heart, Shoshone, Lewis, Madi- son, Jackson’s and Fremont’s Springs; Upper and Lower Yellowstone Falls, Seven Falls and Fountain Cascade; Cave of the Winds; Garden of the Gods; Glen Eyrie, Aus- tin’s Glen, Blair Athol, Royal Gorge, Durango Cave Dwellings and Aztec Ruins, the Holbrook Petrified Forest, the numerous geysers of Yellowstone National Park and some of the more prominent peaks, especially Pike’s Peak. The mineral wealth of this region is very great. The most important are gold, silver, coal, iron and copper. The Great Basin lying between the Rocky Mountain system and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is a high and comparatively unproductive region. In some places, how- ever, where local irrigation is utilized, good crops are pro- duced. UNITED STATES. 15 The characteristics of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Pacific Slope may be found under the topic California. Lead the pupils to see that the direction of the rivers (and many other things /) depend upon the relief of a country. Let the pupils write the names of the important rivers in five lists, as follows: i. Those flowing into the Atlantic. 2. Those flowing directly into the Gulf of Mexico. 3. The tributaries of the Mississippi. 4. Those flowing into the Pacific Ocean. 5. All other rivers. The government is a republic, i. e., the people choose, at regular intervals, the persons whose duty it becomes to make, execute or explain the law as the case may be. The government is thus naturally divided into three principal branches, as follows: T . 1 f Senate •g.y Legislative. } House House of Representatives. 1**1 f Supreme Judicial. | j n f er j or c e Court and courts. The government of each state is similar in character. The climate of the United States is temperate, but not so mild as that of the old world in the same latitudes. The in- fluence of the Japan current upon the climate of the Pacific Slope should be noted. The pupils can with little or no help make a list in outline form of at least ten of each of the kinds of productions. 16 NORTH AMERICA. The principal occupations should be named, the places of their greatest, activity located, and the reason given for a specified occupation being carried on in a particular locality. It would be well to have the pupils make a list of some of the important inventions, and to name the occupations that have arisen because of said inventions. Under Education, teach the pupils how the common schools are supported and something of the machinery of school government. The various kinds of schools devoted to higher and special education should be named and briefly described. The following universities, colleges and seminaries should be located: Yale, Harvard, Bowdoin, Williams, Holyoke, Vassar, Cornell, Princeton, John Hopkins, Ann Arbor, In- land Standford, Jr. The principal natural wonders should be named and lo- cated; their description can be taken up under the respect- ive states. The great blessings of a fertile soil, a congenial climate, rich mines, extensive and valuable forests, many navigable rivers and commodious and safe harbors, beautiful lakes, grand scenery, free schools, freedom in religion, and of the republican form of government which we in the United States enjoy, should all be brought vividly before the pupils’ minds. Me. 1820. 4 ‘ Pine Tree State. ” “ Foxes. NEW ENGLAND STATES. 17 NEW ENGLAND STATES. MAINE f Position. Boundary. Size and population compared with your state. Atlantic Ocean. Fakes. { Grand. Chesuncook. Moosehead. Umbagog. < Rivers. r St. John. St. Croix. < Penobscot. Kennebec. , Androscoggin. Bays. { Passamaquoddy. Frenchman’s. Penobscot. Casco. ( Moose. Mt. Desert. Isles of Shoals. ( Mars Hill. Mountains. «] Katahdin. t ( Saddleback, 18 NORTH AMERICA. Cities. ■*> Augusta. Portland. Bangor. Lewiston. Bath. Rockland. Eastport. Principal industries. " Lumbering. Ship building. < Manufacturing. Fisheries. Agriculture. Note: — To the left of the brace is found ist the abbrevia- tion of the State; 2nd, the date of admission as a State; 3rd. the nickname of the State; 4th, the nickname of the people. KEY WORDS. 1. Bowdoin. 2. New Sweden. 3. Alewives. 4. “100 Harbored Maine.’ ’ 5. ( ‘ Thunder Cave. ’ ’ 6. ‘ ‘ Schooner Head. ’ ’ 7. “ The Plumed Knight.” 8. Ice Harvests. 9. Gum Gathering. 10. Menhaden. 11. “ The Lumber State. 5 5 12. ‘ ‘ Down-easters. ’ ’ 13. Webster — Ashburton Treaty. 14. “Jumping-off place.” NEW ENGLAND STATES. 19 queries. i . Who named New England ? 2. What is the meaning of Chesuncook? Passama- quoddy ? Androscoggin ? Bangor ? Casco ? Katahdin ? Kennebec ? Penobscot ? Piscataqua ? Umbagog ? 3. With what State was Maine connected until 1820? 4. What city is the outlet for the commerce of the Great Lakes in the winter season ? 5. Who are Maine’s most noted authors ? 6. What city is the second lumber market in the United States ? 7. What is the eastern terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway ? 8. Which city of Maine is noted for its sardine industry? 9. What is the Motto of Maine ? 10. Who founded the Youth’s Companion? 11. What Indians still live in Maine? 12. Why is there so great a difference between the cli- mate of Northern and Southern Maine? ITEMS OF INTEREST. Maine, the most north-eastern of the United States, has an area about equal to the rest of New England. It has immense forests of valuable woods; extensive and excellent quarries of good building stone; 2500 miles of sea coast with numerous good harbors; a great many lakes teeming with trout, salmon and other fish; an abundance of water power in its rivers, and valuable fisheries along its coast. The 20 NORTH AMERICA. short summers hinder agriculture somewhat, but the hardiest cereals and fruits are cultivated with profit. Maine is midway between the Equator and the North Pole. It contains 1,700 lakes over one mile in area, besides many smaller ones. EASTPORT. Eastport, situated on Moose Island in Passamaquoddy Bay, is the most eastern town in the United States. It is connected with the mainland by a bridge. The city enjoys an extensive commerce with the neighboring British prov- inces. Owing to high tides its harbor, a good one, is never filled with ice. Fort Sullivan, situated on a prominence, defends the harbor. BANGOR. Bangor, at the head of navigation on the Penobscot, is one of the leading lumber markets of the United States. It is built on both banks of the Kenduskeag, which affords abundant water power that is utilized by numerous mills and factories. Power for the water works and also for manufacturing purposes, is secured by the erection of an immense and costly dam across the Penobscot just above the city. ROCKLAND. Rockland, noted for the manufacture and exportation of lime, excellent building granite, and for its ship building, is on the west shore of Penobscot Bay, about ten miles NEW ENGLAND STATES. 21 from the ocean. It has a good harbor. Granite for the postoffices in New York and Cincinnati and for the St. Louis custom house was quarried here. BATH. Bath, on the Kennebec River, a short distance from the ocean, is noted for its excellent harbor and for its extensive ship building. AUGUSTA. Augusta, the capital of Maine, on the right bank of the Kennebec, is at the head of sea navigation. It has a beauti- ful state house built of white granite. The manufacture of lumber is the most important industry. LEWISTON. Lewiston, on the Androscoggin, opposite Auburn, is an important manufacturing center. The falls in the river fur- nish the power by which many cotton and woolen mills are operated. PORTLAND. Portland, the metropolis and principal commercial city of Maine, is built principally upon a peninsula that juts east- wardly into Casco Bay. It has a safe and capacious harbor, the entrances to which are guarded by several forts. The canned provision trade and the manufacture of lum- ber and the various products of the foundry and machine shops are the principal industries. Capt. John Smith made the first summer trip to this region in 1614. 22 NORTH AMERICA. He described Casco Bay as ‘ ‘ full of many great isles and harbors.” It is said to contain more islands than any other like space in the United States. In 1866, July 4th, a fire cracker started a fire which burned a space one and one-half by one and one-quarter miles square, 100,000 people were homeless and $10,000,000 of property was destroyed. HereH. W. Uongfellow, N. P. Willis and “ Fanny Fern ” were bom. The Youth’s Companion was first started in Portland. animaes. The immense forests afford homes for the moose and cari- bou, deer, bear, wolf, catamount, coons, squirrels, beaver, sable, weasel and other wild animals. The birds are eagles, geese, ducks, hawks, owls, quails, etc. The salt water fish are chiefly cod, mackerel, herring; the rivers and lakes contain salmon, trout, and pickerel. Maine does not lead in the production of lumber as form- erly, but she still cuts, sa’ws, and sells laths, shingles, clap- boards, shooks, palings, scantlings, boards, planks, ship timber, furniture and chair stock, carriage material and such like. Maine produces more lime than any other state except New York. New Hampshire, “The Switzerland of 1788. America.” “ Granite Boys.” NEW ENGLAND STATES. 23 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Position. Boundary. Size and population compared with your own state. Atlantic Ocean. Lakes. Winnipiseogee. Connecticut. < C Connecticut. Rivers. -] Merrimac. ( Piscataqua. Mount’ns White. Mt. Washington. Cities. ’ Concord. Manchester. Nashua. Portsmouth. Keene. v Dover — 1623. Principal f Manufacturing. Industries. | Agriculture. Products. Name 10. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 15. Dartmouth. 16. Hannah Dustin’s Island. 17. Old Man of the Mountain. 18. Old Man’s Washbowl. 19. Lacoma. 20. Tip Top House. 21. The President’s Range. 24 NORTH AMERICA. 22. The Flume. 23. The Observatory. QUERIES. 13. Why was the state so named? 1 4 . What president was a native of New Hampshire? 15. What is the meaning of Winnipiseogee? Relate the story of Hannah Dustin. 16. In what wars did the people of New Hampshire par- ticularly suffer? 17. What Indians once lived in this state? 18. What writer makes a summer resort 01 the Isles of Shoals? 19. Who wrote many stories about the White Mountains? 20. What great lexicographer born in New Hampshire? 21. How many miles of seacoast has New Hampshire? 22. What Indian legend connected with Mt. Washington? ITEMS OF INTEREST. New Hampshire, one of the “original thirteen,” is too mountainous in most parts for agriculture: however, in the valleys and in the southern part it is conducted with profit. The great business of this state is manufacturing. The swiftly flowing rivers afford abundant water power. Be- sides one president, Daniel Webster, Salmon P. Chase and Horace Greeley were sons of New Hampshire, PORTSMOUTH. Portsmouth, the only seaport of New Hampshire, has a NEW ENGLAND STATES. 25 safe harbor large enough to accommodate 2,000 ships. Even at low tide the water is deep enough for the largest vessels. The swiftly outflowing tides keep the harbor free from ice or sediment. The first warship (the North America) launched in Ameri- can waters was built here. A United States navy yard is established on Navy Island opposite Portsmouth, within the limits of Kittery, Maine. CONCORD. Concord, the capital of New Plampshire, on the Merri- mac, has important manufactories of woven fabrics and carriages, and some excellent quarries of granite. MANCHESTER. Manchester, the metropolis of New Hampshire, is built on both sides of the Merrimac River, about 18 miles south of Concord. The Arnoskeag Falls, 47 feet in height, furnish the power by which the great cotton and woolen mills are operated. The manufacture of steam engines, both station- ary and locomotive, is an important industry. NASHUA. This is also an extensive manufacturing town. The water power is derived from the Mine Falls, in the Nashua River, whence the w T ater is conducted in a canal 3 miles in length. The fall of the water is about 36 feet. Besides the cotton and woolen factories, it has extensive iron works and manufactures edged tools. 26 NORTH AMERICA. WHITE MOUNTAINS. The White Mountains consist of about 200 peaks in two principal groups on a plateau about 30 by 45 miles in ex- tent, lying north of the center of New Hampshire. Of these peaks Mt. Washington is the highest, being 6,293 above the sea level. On Mt. Washington a carrige road has been built to the summit on the east side and a railroad on the west. There are several buildings at the summit; among them is one used as a meteorological station by the United States signal service. The grand and picturesque scenery of this region attracts many tourists every summer. The railroad is three miles in length, and has a rise of over 3,600 feet. The steepest grade is 1980 feet to one mile. The time occupied in making a round trip is about one and one-half hours. In addition to the ordinary rails for the road, is a third one between the others, a cog rail, in which works the strong cog wheel of the locomotive, which pushes one car ahead of it. There are brakes strong enough to hold the car on any portion of the track. No accidents of a serious nature have ever happened on this road. It is said that 15,000 people visit Mt. Washington every year. The Summit House is a large hotel. For three months of the year, the Tip-Top House prints a daily paper called “Among the Clouds.’ * NEW ENGLAND STATES. 27 The temperature on this peak is very changeable; for instance, on the 5th of February, 1871, a party of scientific men recorded 59 0 Fahr. below zero, and two days later the themometer registeeed 62° above. Summer tourists are sometimes caught in severe snow storms on these moun- tains. MERRIMAC RIVER. The Merrimac River is especially noted for its manufac- tories. This river turns more spindles than any other in the world. One town alone makes cotton cloth enough to reach three times around the earth. A cotton factory is a very interesting place to visit. The cotton comes to the factory in bales. ‘ ‘ In the spin- ning room it is made into thread by the spinning jenny. In the weaving room are long rows of looms in which the cloth is woven. The spindles turn, the looms move, the shuttles fly back and forth to form the web, without a hand to touch them when once set in motion. If a thread breaks, the machinery stops itself until the thread is mended. It is not an unusual sight of an evening to see 1,000 people, mostly boys and girls, leave a single factory. THE FIRST STRIKE. The first strike in America of which we have a record occurred at Dover, in 1827. Some oppressive act aroused the factory girls. They struck, and paraded the town with a band and an American flag. The mill owners quickly came to time. 28 NORTH AMERICA. FORESTS. The principal forests are in the northern part and afford much timber, firewood, charcoal, maple sugar and tanners' bark. The hard fwood is used for furniture and wooden-ware makers' use. AGRICULTURE. Wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn and potatoes are produced. Hay is the most important crop of this state. Fruit raising is very profitable. The state offers encouragement to actual settlers on the abandoned lands. Dairy farming is profitable — milk is shipped by rail to the Boston market. MINERALS. Granite is extensively quarried in many places; it is used principally for building purposes. There is a fine soapstone quarry at Francestown. Some of the largest beryls ever known were found in New Hampshire. Iron ore is found in paying quantities. Tin, lead, gold, silver, zinc, mica and graphite are found here. LITERARY MEN. T. B. Aldrich — Poet. Edward Bellamy — Novelist. J. E. Worcester — Lexicographer. B. P. Shillaber — (Mrs. Partington) Humorist. NEW ENGLAND STATES. 29 Horace Greeley — Journalist. Charles E. Coffin — Journalist. Hosea Ballou — Religious Writer S. G. Drake — Historian. J. T. Fields — Essayist. Thos. W. Knox — Journalist. Daniel Webster — Statesman. Celia Thaxter. Edna Dean Proctor. o> m S O a.g *3 rt 5:3 2 O O a s (1) CL) a a co i ON VERMONT. Position. Boundary. Lakes •$ Cham P lain - i^aKes. | Memphremagog. { Connecticut. Winooski. Otter Creek. ( Green. Mt. Mansfield. Killington Peak. ' Burlington. Montpelier. Cities. - Rutland. St. Johnsbury. , Bennington. ( Animal io. Vegetable 5. Mineral 5. ( Agricultural. Occupations. j « L Manufacturing. BO NORTH AMERICA. KEY WORDS. 24. Runaway Pond. 25. Ethan Allen. 26. Camel’s Hump. 27. Bellow’s Ealls. 28. “ Queen City of Vermont.” 29. “ The Beech Seal.” 30. Sugar Camps. ’ ’ 31. Stone Quarries. QUERIES. 23. To what State does the Connecticut River belong? 24. What is marble? 25. What city is noted for the manufacture of weighing scales? 26. In what does Vermont excel all other States? 27. What kind of fences are found in this State? 28. What town in Vermont was raided by the Confeder- ates in 1864? 29. How is stone sawed? 30. How many cities in Vermont? 31. What is a city? 32. How much did Vermont pay for herself? ITEMS OF INTEREST. The mountainous parts of Vermont are valuable for their forests of trees, useful for lumber, fuel, tanner’s bark, maple sugar, etc., for luxuriant pasturage on their slopes, and for NEW ENGLAND STATES. 31 their mineral wealth, consisting of excellent marble, rang- ing in color from pure white to black; iron, copper, build- ing slate, potter’s clay and mineral springs of medicinal value. It has a number of beautiful lakes, and the rivers, though small, have a number of picturesque falls, and furnish con- siderable water power that is utilized in manufacturing a great variety of goods. Many valuable farms occupy the valleys and the western slopes of the lower mountain ranges. This State excels all others in the quantity and excellence of its maple syrup and sugar. Vermont is also noted for its highly reputed dairy products. CITIES. Burlington, the metropolis of Vermont, and one of the most important lumber markets in the United States, is beautifully situated on the eastern shore of Take Champlain, near the outlet of the Winooski river. It is built on a slope, reaching from the water’s edge to the top of an emi- nence 300 feet high. Upon this eminence is situated the University of Vermont that was established the same year that Vermont was admitted to the United States. From this eminence one can obtain a view that is rarely equalled for its picturesque beauty, hooking westward one can see the whole city, the lake with numerous islands, and thtL Adirondacks in the distance. The city has an excellent harbor. 32 NORTH AMERICA. Montpelier, the capital, is a small town on the Winooski river. Rutland, an important town on Otter Creek, is noted for the extensive quarries of superior white marble near it. Bennington is noted for the scene of Gen. Starks’ victory over the British. A monument now marks the battle ground. It also contains manufactories of porcelain and Parian ware. One of the most beautiful natural panoramas of the United States is presented to the view of the spectator from the summit of the Vermont University at Burlington. Lake Champlain is 600 feet deep and covers an area of 600 square miles. The bottom of this lake is several hundred feet below the level of the sea. MAPLE SUGAR. Vermont produces about one-third of the annual maple sugar crop of the United States. The average crop is about 12,000,000 pounds. The rock or sugar maple tree (Acer Saccharinum) is usually not as highly prized as its many merits deserve. Its symmetrical form, dense shade, and its great beauty when arrayed in the glory of its royal autumnal robes com- bine to make it one of the most desirable of shade trees. Its wood, next to hickory, is the most valuable for fuel, and for charcoal it is unexcelled. The wood being very hard and often having a curiously twisted grain, makes it valuable for furniture and interior finishing. The sugar season comes in the early spring, sometimes as NEW ENGLAND STATES. 33 early as February. When frosty nights are followed by sunny, thawing days, the sap runs the most freely. An auger hole is made in the tree a few feet from the ground and a tube is inserted in the hole to convey the sap to a bucket attached to the tree to receive the sweet fluid. The sap is collected usually in a tank hauled upon a wagon or sled and conveyed to the sap house where it is boiled down to syrup or sugar as desired. Much of the Vermont sugar is used for home consumption. The people there use it to put in their coffee and to sweeten their cakes and pies. 4 4 Sugaring off’ ’ is the important epoch in sugar making, it is the completion of the process of reducing the sap to sugar, and cannot successfully be acomplished ex- cept by the most experienced and skillful makers. A 4 4 sugaring bee,” a young folks party, often attends a 4 4 sugaring off.” The boys and girls of the neighborhood are invited and have a jolly time in all sorts of games, and in eating great quantities of the newly made sugar. The demand for maple syrup and sugar is so great that it is often adulterated. Very little pure maple syrup and sugar is to be obtained far from where it is made. Massachusetts, “ The Bay State, NORTH AMERICA. S4 MASSACHUSETTS. Boundary. Atlantic Ocean. ! Cape Coa. Massachusetts. Buzzards. C/3 a +-> d fc d d> ”d o o d § o bO a d d L Prod’ts. V f Animal. I Vegetable j Mineral. [ Manufactured, 94 NORTH AMERICA. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS, 135. “ Mother of Presidents.’ ’ 136. “ The Wilderness.” 137. Chickahominy Swamp. 138. “ The tomb of the Unknown.” 139. Mt. Vernon. 140. United States Navy Yard. 141. “ The Garden of Virginia.” 142. The Peninsula. 143. “The Antiparos of Virginia.” 144. Piedmont District. 145. “ The Hamburg Massacre.” 146. “ Old Point Comfort. ’ ’ 147. Noted Battlefields. 148. ‘ ‘ Father of University of Virginia.” 149. “ River of Swans.” 150. The Natural Bridge. 15 1. Hampton Roads. 152. “ Rome of the South.” 153. “The Father of Virginia.” 154. “ Lady Rebecca.” 155. The Salt Pond. 156. “ Tide W ater Section. ’ ’ 157. “ Readjusters.” 158. “ The Lord of the Roanoke.” 159. “Uncle Robert ” 160. The Dismal Swamp. SOUTHERN STATES. 95 161. “Virginia Leaf.” 162. “ Sage of Monticello.” QUERIES. 146. Who wrote “Dred,” or “Tale of the Dismal Swamp”? 147. What Governor once said, “I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall have none these hundred years.’ * 148. What religion was once established by law? 149. How many states have been formed from what wa* once Virginia ? 150. Name ten noted Virginians. 15 1. Who wrote a novel called “The Virginians”? 152. Where are two presidents buried within ten yards of each other ? 153. What great man made his home at Arlington Heights ? 154. How do steamboats show respect to Washington when passing his grave ? 155. Was Washington’s old home or grave desecrated dur- ing the Civil War? 156. Of what state was Illinois once a county ? 157. What Virginian was the first governor of Illinois? 158. Who wrote “Sheridan’s Ride”? Locate the scene. 159. Name five authors of Virginia, and what each wrote. 160. Where was Libbv Prison located ? For what noted ? Where now ? 161. Where is Fort Monroe ? What noted prisoners have been confined there ? 96 NORTH AMERICA. 162. Who were the seven presidents, natives of Virginia ? 163. Who was the lad noted for his exploit at the Natural Bridge ? 164. What is the motto of Virginia ? What does it mean? What were the Virginia Resolutions of ’98 ? Who drafted them? (Jefferson.) 165. At what place are men trained for the Signal Service and Weather Bureau ? 166. Which one of Virginia’s noted men held the office ot Chief Justice and Secretary of State at the same time ? 167. What Indians lived in Virginia? What became of them ? 168. What eccentric Virginian desired not to be buried within one mile of any church ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. The forests of Virginia are extensive and very valuable. Almost all known varieties of trees of this latitude may be found here. Virginia has ninety-nine counties and the names are con- stant reminders of Old England. Virginia contains many springs noted for their medicinal effect. The most noted are Buffalo Eithia, Sweet Chaly- beate, Bath Alum, White and Yellow Sulphur, etc. The Natural Bridge is 215 feet high. How much higher than Niagara Falls? Marble is quarried on the banks of the Potomac. Virginia ranks first in raising peanuts, and second in tobacco. SOUTHERN STATES. 97 The Oyster beds in the tide region are ‘ ‘mines” of great wealth, and the fisheries are important. Jump Mountain is so named in remembrance of an Indian maiden who jumped from a cliff when she saw her lover killed in a battle between the Cherokees and Shawnees. Gold, iron, copper, lead, zinc, coal, salt, granite, marble, freestone, gypsum, glass-sand, and clays are some of the minerals of Virginia. Lexington is the seat of Washington and Lee University, also Virginia Military Institute. Here General Robert E. Lee breathed his last, and Stonewall Jackson rests in the old church yard. Blowing Cave is another curious freak of nature. In the winter a current of cold air rushes into the cave and during hot weather the cold current is emitted. Why is this ? There are numerous sandstone quarries throughout the state. The State Institutions are the penitentiary, three Insane Asylums, the one at Williamsburg, established in 1773, is the oldest in the United States, Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institutes, Virginia Military Institute, Agricultural and Mechanical College and Normal Schools for blacks and whites. Norfolk is the principal naval station of the United States, and near Norfolk is a Navy Yard also. Hampton Roads is considered the best harbor along the Atlantic coast. Virginia is one of the most picturesque states of the Union. From the Peaks of Otter the ocean can be seen. The Nat- 98 NORTH AMERICA. ural Towers, Bolivar Heights, Anvil Cliffs, and Purgatory Falls on Roanoke River, are other mountain scenes. Richmond is noted for many scenes of the past. Aaron Burr was tried here ; LaP'ayette was received by his officers here; “Stonewall’ ’ Jackson lay in state here with a Confed- erate flag for his pall ; here, in the 4 4 Old Church ” (St. John), Patrick Henry uttered his stirring words ; here Lincoln held a reception in Jefferson Davis’s Parlors. Some of the noted buildings are the City Hall, Custom House, Governor’s Mansion, State Armory, Penitentiary, Medical College, and various factories, mills, and machine shops. The city con tains statues of Washington ; Henry, delivering an address; Jefferson, pen in hand ; Marshall, stern and firm ; General Andrew Lewis, the pioneer. Virginia contains seventeen National Cemeteries cared for by salaried superintendents who are under Government In- spectors. Any neglect is promptly reported. A headstone marks every grave ; the walks are graveled ; shade trees and flowers beautify the last resting place of the Nation’s dead. Weyer’s Cave is next to the Mammoth Caves of Ken- tucky ; it has been called “The Antiparos of Virginia ;” it was named after Bernard Weyer. The different parts of the cave bear names descriptive of each, viz.: Ghost Chamber, Cathedral, Anthony’s Pillar, Jacob’s Ladder, The Bottom- less Pit, Oyster Shell, The Tower of Babel, and many others. Near Richmond, in the James River, are the so called Falls, really only rapids, inclosing a number of small islands. SOUTHERN STATES. 99 The largest of these islands and the most widely known is Belle Isle, which was one of the prisons for Federals during the Civil War. It is visited by many people every year. Harper’s Ferry, of * ‘John Brown fame,” is located where the Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge, and the mouth of the Shenandoah River. Jefferson said the scene was worth a trip across the ocean to witness. It was named after Harper, of Oxford, England, in 1723. At Plampton is a Government School for Indians. An effort is made to teach Indian girls to sew, and the boys to farm or learn a trade. The scheme is only a partial success. The writer is personally acquainted with several Sioux Indians who have received instructions in these eastern schools. The College of William and Mary is near Williamsburg, the old capitol of Virginia. Next to Harvard, this is the oldest college in the United States, and in 1776 it was the wealthiest in America. It was used by the French and Americans in the Revolutionary war, and as a hospital and barracks in the Civil war. Some of the noted graduates are Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John Tyler, John Mar- shall, Peyton and John Randolph, and Winfield Scott. “The Eadies’ Mount Vernon Association” now own Washington’s Old Home and 200 acres of land. It was purchased for $200,000, in 1858, and their design is to keep it as a place of public resort and pilgrimage. The library and bed room remain the same as when they were last used by Washington. The barn is 140 years old. The well with 100 NORTH AMERICA, rope and pulley, the covered walks, the slave kitchens, the slave quarters, and the crane in the chimney are still to be seen by visitors. In 1876 Dom Pedro, of Brazil, officiated in beautifying the new grave by planting trees around it. The old church where Washington worshiped in Alexandria still stands. A family resides in the back part, who keeps it in repair and open for visitors at the moderate charge of five cents. > V g3 o3 Rivers. 1 Pearl. 1 Mississippi. 1 Yazoo. in £ h-t Cities. \ ( ' Vicksburg. Jackson. [ Natchez. S 2 ( Animal. Products. H Vegetable. l Manufactured. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 206. hand of beeves. 207. Terrapin farms. 208. The Yazoo Fraud. 209. Cane Hills. 140 NORTH AMERICA. 210. Mississippi Bottoms. 21 1. Great Father of Waters. 212. Silt. 213. River of Ancient Ruins. QUERIES. 226. What is a terrapin ? 227. What was the Mississippi Bubble? 228. Which race predominates in Mississippi ? 229. What battle fields in this State ? 230. Did buffaloes ever roam over the Southern States ? 231. Which is the longest river in the world ? 232. Is it true that the Mississippi River runs up hill ? 233. What does the word Mississippi, mean ? 234. Where was Jeff Davis’ home? 235. Who is called “The Daughter of the Confederacy ”? 236. To which State did Mississippi once belong ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. VICKSBURG. Vicksburg, the metropolis of Mississippi, is situated on a bluff of the Great River, a little below the mouth of the Yazoo River, and 400 miles above'New Orleans. It is sur- rounded by a rich country for cotton and other agricultural products. The city has many fine buildings, and a variety of manufacturing interests. It is noted as a cotton market, but more especially for the siege which occurred here during the Rebellion. Read carefully the account of the surrender SOUTHERN STATES. 141 of Vicksburg, in your histories* Find out how the city waj approached and how they lived in the city. Tell of the running of the batteries, etc. PALMYRA BEND. Below Vicksburg there was a noted bend in the river. It was thirty miles around, and across the neck not much over one-fourth of a mile. The average fall of the Missis- sippi river is four inches per mile, hence, when the current began to run across the neck, it soon wore a channel which became one mile wide and one hundred feet deep. Relate General Grant’s experience in changing the course of “ Father of Waters.” NATCHEZ. Natchez, the second city in population, is about 275 miles above New Orleans. It is built on a bluff 150 feet above the river, and affords a splendid view of the immense cypress swamps of Louisiana. A portion of the city is situated on a narrow strip along the river, at the foot of the bluff, hence goes by the name of “ Natchez-under-the-Hill.” The upper part is known as ” Natchez-on-the-Hill.” On the bluff is a National ceme- tery, and a beautiful park. The name Rosalie was first given to this place, but the Natchez Indians destroyed the fort and massacred the people. It was once the capital of the State. The main business here is the cotton trade . 142 NORTH AMERICA. OYSTER BEDS. Near Pass Christian, in the Mississippi Sound, is one of the largest oyster beds in this part of the Gulf. It is over one mile wide and about io miles in length. This oyster bank supplies the canning factories of the Mississippi coast, and furnishes a large quantity of oysters used in the Cres- ent City. Fifty vessels are busy gathering oysters, in the fishing season. The canned products are shipped north to the in- terior cities, and sold at good prices. FISHING. Mississippi City has been famous for the fine mackerel fishing. The Spanish mackerel is a much finer fish than his cousin of the northern seas. It is one of the most deli- cately flavored of the fish species. The silver fish makes the most interesting sport of any found in the Gulf. Few ever forget their experience with a fish of this kind, and fewer yet ever safely land the first tarpon hooked by them. Bass, sea trout, pompano, red fish, and sheep-head are all plentiful. MOUND BUILDERS. Many mounds are found in this State, in different places. The largest and most interesting mound is at Seltzer Town. It is 600 feet by 400 feet at the base, and 40 feet high. The corners were in harmony with the cardinal points of the compass. SOUTHERN STATES. 143 Dr. Dickerson, the explorer, found skeletons, ashes, vases, and sun-dried brick, two feet thick, having on each the print of a human head. A group of mounds, in Chicasaw county, were surrounded by a w r all enclosing six acres. WALNUT HILLS. These hills are a few miles above Vicksburg, on the east bank of the river. They rise boldly, with swells and gullies, to nearly the height of 500 feet. It forms one of the most beautiful landscapes on the Lower Mississippi. LEVEES. Between the Yazoo and Mississippi Rivers, there is a net- work of bayous and small streams. All this country of 60 miles width in places, was sub- merged for weeks, and even months, in times of floods, be- fore a system of works began to ‘‘fence” in the water. The side channels were cut ofl* and embankments were built many miles along the river. These levees have cost over 100 millions of dollars, which was obtained from the United States Government, State and private parties. Previous to the Rebellion, Louisiana had spent $24,000,- 000; Mississippi $14,500,000, and other States smaller amounts. The levees are divided into districts, and over a million of dollars are annually expended in keeping them in repair. 144 NORTH AMERICA. Below the mouth of the Missouri, the Mississippi flows over a more nearly level bed, the current becomes sluggish and much of the sediment, held heretofore in solution, is deposited along its course. This sediment fills up the bed of the river, and makes it necessary for the levees to be built higher and higher, year after year. This makes the breaks more dangerous, and on the lower Mississippi the steamboats are actually above the low lands adjoining the river. Ala. “ The Cotton State. 1819. “Lizards.” SOUTHERN STATES. 7 4 ? ALABAMA. " Location. Comparative size. Gulfs. Rivers. < j Mexico. ( Mobile. Tennessee. Chattahoochee. Mobile. , Alabama. ' Coosa. Tallapoosa. Tombigbee. ^ Black Warrior. Mountains. Cumberland. Blue Ridge. Cities. " Mobile. Montgomery. 1 Selma. Birmingham. , Huntsville. f Animal. Products. "S Vegetable. (Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 214. Cane brakes. 215. Spanish Moss. 216. Muscle Shoals. 217. DeSoto. 218. Horse Shoe Bend. i 46 NORTH AMERICA. 219. Fort Mimms. 220. The Paint Rocks. 221. The Suck. 222. Natural Bridge. QUERIES. 23 7. What is the origin of the name Alabama? 238. Where was the first seat of the Confederate Govern- ment ? 239. How much seacoast has this State? 240. What Indians once lived here? 241. Locate the battle-fields in Alabama ? 242. Which is the most populous race, the white or black? 243. What revenue does Alabama receive from her oyster industry ? 244. How are good roads made in southern Alabama? 245. Where is the largest fruit nursery in United States? 246. What ex-Vice-President was arrested on Alabama soil ? 247. What is an Alabama gopher? MOBILE. Mobile, the metropolis, is the only seaport of the State. It is situated on a sandy plain, sufficiently elevated to afford the city good drainage. It is the outlet of 2,000 miles of navigable waters, and of the greatest cotton regions of the United States. One of the leading industries is the manufacturing of lumber, especially SOUTHERN STATES. 147 cypress shingles. The naval store supplies are important. The coal trade is increasing rapidly. The city is abundantly supplied with pure water, from springs six miles distant. The United States Marine Hospital is located here. Its history should be read, as it figures prominently with the Indians, Spanish, French, British and Americans. Near here is the noted African village, which contains the sur- vivors of the last ship load of slaves ever brought to our country. The Emancipation Proclamation freed them be- fore they were sold. BIRMINGHAM. This town of 26,000 people contained less than 5,000 in 1880. The iron industry is the principal business. Six miles distant is Red Mountain, estimated to contain 500,- 000,000 tons of iron ore. The Warrior coal field, the largest in the State, is near at hand. Pig iron is produced at a cost of nine dollars per ton, and over 2,000 tons are manu- factured daily. The number of employes engaged in works of all kinds, is over 22,000. The State criminals are used in the mines. A veritable ‘‘Birmingham of America.’ ’ Huntsville, Decatur, Gadsden, Sheffield, are all prosper- ous towns in northern Alabama. ANNISTON. (ANNIE’S TOWN.) Anniston is another town of recent growth, situated in the heart of the iron regions. The ore is mined from the 148 NORTH AMERICA. mountains and the hills, which surround the town, without any underground work. Here was a furnace which sup- plied the Confederates with iron during the Rebellion. The town is supplied with pure water from an artesian well. Anniston has the largest cotton mill in the State, and the only steel bloomery in the South. Charcoal furnaces, and Coke ovens, are important interests. Here are the largest pipe works in the United States, which produce 200 tons of pipe daily. Houses, schools, churches, stores, etc., were built by the men who owned the mills, for their employes. MASSACRE ISLAND. Dauphine Island lies near the entrance to Mobile Bay. It was the seat of a French settlement, under Bienville. From the great number of human bones found there, it was named Massacre Island. Here was located for several years the capital of the French colony of Louisiana. Fort Gaines is on < this island, which, with Fort Morgan, on Mobile Point, guard the entrance to the bay. The passage is three miles across and over 20 feet deep. I^a. “ Pelican State. 1812. “Creoles.” SOUTHERN STATES. 149 LOUISIANA. ' Location. Comparative size. Gulf of Mexico. Lakes. Pontchartrain. Borgne. Rivers. ' Pearl. Mississippi. Red. ^ Sabine. { New Orleans. Baton Rouge. Shreveport. { Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. Manufactures. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 223. Acadian Coast. 224. Shaking Prairies. 225. Mardi Gras. 226. Crescent City. 227. New Orleans Exposition. 228. The Garden of Louisiana. 229. Levees. 230. Crevasses. 150 NORTH AMERICA, 231. Louisiana Lottery. 232. Mafia. 233. The Passes. 234. The Picayune. 235. Glucose. QUERIES. 248. What are counties* called in Louisiana? 249. What are the Coulees f Rigolets ? 250. What is a bayou? Lagoon ? 251 . Why was Pearl River so named ? 252. Why are there few good harbors on the gulf coast? 253. In what production does Louisiana lead all other States ? 254. How many States have been made from the original Louisiana ? 255. What city has cemeteries above ground? 256. How many parishes of Louisiana are subject to in- undation by the overflow of the Mississippi River ? 257. What is a delta ? 258. What fish is called “ The King of the Gulf?” 259. What words mean “ One-Eyed Lake ” ? 11 Bridge of the Coach Train ’ ’ ? 260. What were the boundaries of Louisiana, when pur- chased in 1803? 261. How was the State formed ? (Geologically). 262. How are the people of New Orleans supplied with water ? SOUTHERN STATES. 151 263. Does the sun ever shine directly over the heads of the people of New Orleans? Why or why not? A SUGGESTION. Write all you know about sugar. Molasses. Day this paper away, then read up for one week the sub- ject of sugar cane, its history, care and manufacture. Try writing again, and compare with your first effort. These subjects are purposely omitted. NEW ORLEANS. New Orleans, the Metropolis of Louisiana, and the largest cotton market in America, is situated on the Mississippi River, over 100 miles above its mouth, and 1,200 miles be- low St. Louis. The city is built in the shape of a letter S, on the left bank of the river. There is a levee twenty-six miles in length, by 15 feet wide, by 14 feet high, and surrounding the city, to protect it from inundation. Parts of the city are below the high water mark of the river. There are ditches in the streets from which the water is pumped by steam power. New Orleans has a number of canals for business use. This city is the largest sugar market in the United States. Sugar is stored in immense sheds, where it is heaped up, like coal in a yard. Spaniards, French, Italians, Mexicans, •Indian*, Craolas, Chinese, Germans, Irish, Northerners and 152 NORTH AMERICA. Westerners, all come together and jostle one another, in the busy pursuits of life. There are over 2,000 different manu- facturing establishments within the city. A few of the chief buildings are the Custom House, United States Branch Mint, Cathedral of St. Louis, St. Charles Hotel, the City Hall, and Charity Hospital. Mardi Gras, or Shrove Tuesday, the greatest carnival in the United States, is observed here. New Orleans has suffered several times from the ravages of yellow fever. New Orleans is the natural entrepot of one of the richest regions of the world, and commands over 15,000 miles of steamboat navigation. Read up the historical associations connected with this place. It is the twelfth city of United States in population, and has nearly one-quarter million of inhabitants. MOSS. The long moss of commerce is almost wholly a product of Louisiana, although it is found in the lowlands of all the Gulf States. It is known by the name of Spanish Moss, Gray and Long Moss. Its native home is in the branches and tops of living trees, which grow in the swamps. It is rarely found north of 33° north latitude. It revels in the darkest recesses of the everlasting swamps, and the dismal cypress groves. It drifts from the tops of the cypress, and festoons, with its gray drapery, the other trees of the swamps. SOUTHERN STATES. 153 The moss needs the tree simply to keep it in the air. It is said that it feeds on the elements in the air, and thus purifies the atmosphere. No scenery in nature can convey a more solemn appear- ance, to a traveler, than a moss-covered swamp, shutting out the brightest sun, so as to make twilight at noon. The great moss region is all southwest Louisiana, wherever swamps exist. The moss is gathered by hundreds of men, both white and black, who make a business of this work. It is then dried, baled and shipped to the moss factories. The factories undo the bales, sort, cleanse, and grade the moss, ready for the market. The moss is shipped to all parts of United States and Canada. Targe quantities are sent to Germany and France. It is used in making mattresses, cushions, car-seats, stuff- ing chairs, and for all purposes to which hair was applied. THE SALT MINE. On Petit Anse Island is one of the famous rock salt mines of the world. This island lies about ioo miles west of New Orleans. The salt is very nearly pure. The mine has been bored to a depth of 65 feet and no signs of a bottom, and the extent is over half a mile square as proved by bor- ings, and it may extend much farther. Earth covers the salt from 10 to 30 feet in depth. 154 NORTH AMERICA. Miners drill holes into the solid salt, then blast as they do rocks. The salt is then crushed in mills and placed on the market. During the Civil War the Confederates obtained salt from this source. The miners have found the bones of a mastodon in the earth above the salt. SULPHUR MINE. Eighty miles west of the salt mines is an immense [mine of pure crystalline sulphur. The sulphur is ioo feet in thickness and lies over 400 feet below the surface of sur- rounding country. GUINEA GRASS. This grass was brought from Africa to Jamaica less than 200 years ago. It has spread over many of the West Indies and has been grown with success in Florida and Louisania. The grass grows 8 feet high and can be cut three times in one season. It makes fine feed for cattle and horses. The tea shrub will grow here. Experiments have proved this fact. SHREVEPORT. This city is on the west bank of the Red River, about 500 miles from its mouth, and 20 miles below the Great Raft. SOUTHERN STATES. 155 It is situated in the midst of a productive country and the cotton, hides, wool, and other commercial articles, give a business exchange of $20,000,000 annually. There are more colored people here than whites. Highest temperature 102°; lowest, 5 0 above zero. Average rainfall, 52 inches. RED RIVER RAFT. The great raft in Red River once extended nearly 45 miles. It is an immense collection of driftwood and trees which have lodged in the river. In 1872 the United States government undertook to re- move the drift, and in November, 1873, a navigable chan- nel was opened. This gives an outlet to a rich cotton country above Shreveport. PASSAGES FROM LONGFELLOW’S EVAN- GELINE. In 1755, the village of Grand Pre, in the Province of Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was broken up by general Winslow, under orders from the King of England, the property of the Acadians forfeited to the Crown, and 253 of their houses were set on fire at one time. Among others, Basil, the Blacksmith, the father of Gabriel, had proceeded to Opelou- sas, in St. Eandry, and Evangeline followed Gabriel, her lover, with her guide, the Father Felician. Passing down the Mississippi, as they approached bayou Plaquemine: — 156 NORTH AMERICA. “ Level the landscape grew, and along the shores of the river Shaded by China trees, in the midst of luxuriant gardens, Stood houses of planters with negro cabins and dove cots. They were approaching the region were reigns perpetual summer, Where through the Golden Coast, and groves of orange and citron, Sweeps with majestic curve the river away to the eastward. They, too, swerved from their course, and entering the bayou of Pla- quemine, Soon were lost in a maze of sluggish and devious waters, Which, like a network of steel extended in every direction. Over their heads the towering and tenebrous boughs of the cypress Met in a dusky arch, and trailing mosses in mid air, Waved like banners that hung on the walls of ancient cathedrals. Deathlike the silence seemed and unbroken, save by the herons Home to their roosts in the cypress trees returning at sunset, Or by the owl, as he greeted the moon with demoniac laughter. Lovely the moonlight was, as it glanced and gleamed on the water — Gleamed on the columns of cypress and cedar sustaining the arches, Down through those broken vaults it fell as through chinks in a ruin. ******** Thus ere another moon they emerged from those shades, and before them Lay, in the golden sun, the lake of the Atchafalaya. Water lilies in myriads rocked on the slight undulations, Made by the passing oars, and resplendent in heart the lotus Lifted her golden crown above the head of the boatman. Faint was the air with the odorous breath of magnolia blossoms, And at the heat of noon: and numberless sylvan islands, Fragrant and thickly embowered with blossoming hedges of roses, Near to whose shores they glided along, invited to slumber. ******** Thus he spake to his guests, who listened, and smiled as they listened: Welcome, once more, my friends, who so long have been friendless and homeless, Welcome once more to a home that is better perchance than the old one. Here no hungry winter congeals our blood like the rivers; Here no stony ground provokes the wrath of the farmer, SOUTHERN STATES. 157 Smoothly the plowshare runs through the soil like a keel through the water — All the year round the orange groves are in blossom, and grass grows More in a single night than a whole Canadian summer. Here, too, numberless herds run wild and unclaimed in the prairies. Read the whole story, it will richly repay you. The land of beautiful scenery, of glassy lakes and bays; of splendid prairies and noble forests; of pleasant skies and gentle breezes; is the land where Evangeline sought her lover Gabriel, as described by the poet in “A Tale of Acadia.” PRODUCTS. The fruits of Louisiana are: Oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, pineapples, Japan plums, figs, quinces, pears, peaches, cherries, grapes, pawpaws, persimmons, crab apples, strawberries, mulberries, besides nuts of various kinds. The bottom lands are excellent for the production ot sugar, cotton, rice, corn, sweet and Irish potatoes, peas, tobacco, melons, hay and oats. Louisiana is not rich in mineral resources, but sulphur, gypsum salt, coal peat, iron, and various clays, are found here. The forest trees are the oak, elm, ash, locust, cypress, sas- safras, mulberry, walnut, hickory, pecan, maple, magnolia, poplar, pine, buckeye, willow, and others. Stock of all kinds thrive here. Oysters, fish, and water game, are abundant in their season. Sea turtles are found in large numbers on the islands. 158 NORTH AMERICA. Deer, bear, panther, fox, opossum, raccoon and otter, are found here. Alligators are found in the rivers. There are a few kinds of snakes. The silk worms will thrive in this State. The mulberry leaves are their best food. Silk culture was carried on by the early French settlers. Four and one-half pounds of Louisiana cocoons make one pound of silk. The silk worm season lasts two months. TEXAS Location. Area. Gulfs. | Mexico. \ Galveston. " Canadian. Red. Sabine. Trinity. Rivers. < Brazos. Colorado. Nueces. Rio Grande. c Pecos. Mountains. ' Galveston. Houston. Brownsville. Sherman. Products. j Animal. ( Vegetable. V SOUTHERN STATES. 169 SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 236. Alamo. 237. Staked Plains. 238. Northers. 239. Yucca. 240. Mesquit. 241. Hog-wallow. 242. New Philippines. 243. Knights of the Golden Circle. 244. Pan-handle. 245. Mezquite. 246. Chapparal. 247. Cross Timbers. 248. Arroyos. 249. The Island City. * QUERIES. 264. What is the meaning of the word Texas ? 265. To what country did Texas formerly belong? 266. What town is partly in Texas and partly in an ad- joining State ? 267. In what month is the Texas wheat harvest? Corn harvest ? 268. When did the slaughter of a few pigs nearly ruin the Republic of Texas ? 269. The dispute over what territory caused the Mexican war? 160 NORTH AMERICA. 270. To what time belt does Texas belong? 271. What State leads in the production of cotton ? 272. How is fresh meat shipped in summer time? 273. Why is Texas called the “Tone Star State' ’ ? 274. Where did the last fight of the Rebellion take place? When? OUR GREAT COTTON INDUSTRY. What an expanse of knowledge opens up in the one word “Cotton!" We read of thousands of millions of pounds of cotton brought to the mills, made into cloth, and sent out again. We call it one of the staple industries of our country, yet it is doubtful if we really have any idea of the magni- tude which the cotton trade has attained of late years. The planting of seed begins in Texas in February, is later as one goes northward, closing in North Carolina and Ten- nessee not before early in May. The plant resembles a bean in its early growth, shoots up two green leaves, and grows in a few days two or three inches high. More leaves soon appear, and in about three weeks the process of plowing and cutting out the superfluous plants begins, leaving only three or four in a bunch and the bunches being one or two feet apart. There are many kinds of cotton. Those most cultivated are from two to four feet in height. The pods, when ripe, burst open and permit the cotton to be easily gathered. The seeds are entangled in the fibres and must be gathered with them. The fibres are called staples. If they are long* SOUTHERN STATES. 161 the cotton is called long-staple cotton; if short, short-staple cotton. The seeds are so entangled in the staples, that at the be- ginning of the cotton industry till after the invention of the cotton gin, by Eli Whitney, a Massachusetts man, about a ioo years ago, it used to take a man an entire day to sep- arate one pound of lint from the seed; to-day one man superintends machinery that does 5,000 times as much. Cotton fibres, though thinner than cobwebs singly, are yet tubes. In their growth on the seed, they become twisted or spiral, a great help in carding; for just as cork- screws twine together and point all one way after a good shake, so do the filaments of cotton after carding. Fast, but gently, there is sent off at last a thin, filmy cloud of gossa- mer, floating in the air, which gathers into an endless curl or sliver of pearly white cotton. X,ight as a wreath of smoke the sliver goes on to unite with its fellow slivers, and with them winds at length in a flat coil upon a metal reel. From the cards the slivers travel to the drawing machines, and now we see why so many slivers are joined in one. The filaments of cotton are not all equal, and some of them break in carding, which would make bad thread. When the slivers are doubled over and over again, and when these doubled slivers, drawn out to the size of a candle wick, are doubled from sixteen to twenty thousand times, the stouter threads correct the weak ones. The finer the thread, the greater the number of card ends doubled into one. For fine 162 NORTH AMERICA. lace sixty thousand or more are thus doubled and drawn out into a single delicate thread. Now the slivers are twisted and wound upon bobbins. Now to the throstle or spinning frame. Seated on the bars of the throstle are long lines of reels of cotton thread looking like a row of white breasts of sea birds. Round and round go the bobbins. Reels at the top give out the thread which is drawn finer and twisted, and bob- bins below receive it until they are filled and others take their place. Then there is the weaving. A good deal has to be done with the-thread before it gets to the loom. As a rule, the twist, to form the warp or length-thread of the cloth, is throstle-spun, while the weft , or breadth-thread, which wafts to and fro with the shuttle, is spun upon the mule-frames. Women prepare the warp for the loom. The warping frames look not unlike giant clothes-horses, on the bars of which are placed bobbins without number. From all these bob- bins the ends are culled and drawn, narrower and narrower, to a roller, just the width of the cloth to be woven. They pass on their way through slip gauges, to keep their exact distance apart; and, round the roller they wind, a sheet of cloth without the cross thread or weft. And now the long lines of thread look as though the giants might be having a tremendous game of “ cradle.’’ The action of the loom upon the warp is to raise one set of alternate threads and to lower the other set, so as to divide SOUTHERN STATES. 163 the warp into two sheets of thread. It is trying labor; every separate thread must be seen to, so that all shall rise and fall without a mistake, and at the same time travel on to- ward the shuttle. The rolLof woven cloth lengthens and lengthens as the shuttle flies to and fro, with the rap it gets on either side. Neither end will have it. Self-acting arms fling it back- wards and forwards, as if in spite, and do not cease until the cob is wound out. Between the two separated layers of warp threads the weaver puts in, with shuttles, the weft threads across the warp at right angles, and fills up the breadth of the web. By means of treadles both warp and weft threads are beaten up; that is, pushed up together, so as to make the cloth firm and compact. The whole story of cotton cultivation may be told now as Auguste de St. Hilaire wrote 300 years ago: — “All the planter has to do is to burn off* the woods and plant his seeds at the proper season.” This is all that is really necessary to prepare the soil, except the occasional chopping out of weeds or sprouts. But the great drawback is the picking, which requires such an immense number of pickers that the other crops are neglected, and up to within a short time ago there seemed to be no way out of the difficulty caused by the slow and wearisome toil of cotton crop picking, which, occurring as it does at the hottest season of the year, makes the process all the more toilsome and laborious, and 164 NORTH AMERICA. often subjects the planter to annoying delays from his negro helpers. But again the inventive genius of a scientific mind comes to the aid of patient labor. A firm in Texas is now intro- ducing a cotton-picking machine, the invention of Mr. Angus Campbell, which, after a thorough test in the cotton fields, through the picking seasons of 1890 and 1891, has demonstrated that it picks cotton at a saving of seventy-five to ninety per cent, of the cost of hand labor. This may seem incredulous to those who have watched the process of cotton-picking, and know how delicate and intricate the operation is. But this machine has demon- strated its usefulness in the field, by doing work in the pres- ence of thousands of witnesses. It is difficult to give a lucid description of its construc- tion. It is mounted on two wheels, and drawn by two horses directly over the row to be picked, the plants, if tall, being slightly bent to allow the machine to pass over. The cotton is gathered by spindles, which, in series of nine, project from sixteen small cylinders, which revolve around a common center. At each revolution of this sys- tem of cylinders the spindles, which are furnished with brush-like surfaces, properly guarded, and are revolving on their own axis with great rapidity, are thrust between the branches of the plant, permeating every part, engaging the fibrous cotton, leaving the unopened bolls, blooms and leaves uninjured. After the spindles emerge from the plant they are presented to rapidly revolving brushes, which clean SOUTHERN STATES. 165 them of cotton, an operation similar to the cleaning of gin saws.* The cotton is thrown by centrifugal force to the rear into the receptacle, which has a capacity of about seventy- five pounds, and is -made of heavy wire netting, allowing the dust and dirt to escape, but retaining the fibre. Each cylinder has an independent motion equal to about one-half a revolution on its own axis, which motion causes the spindles to remain relatively stationary to the plant while picking, and to enter and emerge from among the branches with the least possible disturbance, no combing or raking motion being produced. A valuable feature is a series of ribs, through which the spindles pass immediately on emerging from the plant, and while yet loaded with cotton, these ribs serve the purpose of preventing any branches or hulls being carried through them, but allow the fibre to pass, and are formed of heavy steel wire twisted with bristles, so as to form what might be termed a large round brush. Another feature of great value are the trailers. They are attached to the machine on each side, at the lowest point, and extend inward until they nearly meet, thus forming a carpet under the center of the machine, ready to catch any chance droppings of cotton, which are at once seized by the spindles and carried forward to the brushes, which throw it into the cage, while hulls, twigs and leaves, dropping upon the trailers, are simply thrown upon the ground. 166 NORTH AMERICA. The driver, while sitting in his seat, can raise or lower the whole picking apparatus. The present cost of picking cotton is $12.50 per bale; the machine is capable of doing it for about $1.50, and the ma- chines are expected to average over one hundred bales each in a season. By the use of this picker the planter cannot only pick cleaner and more quickly, but he can do what he was never able to do before, extend his plantation, and pick every par- ticle of cotton at a very small cost. The introduction of the cotton picker will begin a new era in the cotton industry of the United States, and promises to create a furor in manufacturing movements. It is des- tined to revolutionize cotton raising in the South. With the present labor-saving machinery, cultivators and cotton chop- pers, one man, with two horses, can cultivate a hundred acres of cotton, and if he picks ten of it after it is culti- vated, he does well ; but now, after he has planted and cul- tivated his hundred acres of cotton, with the same two horses with which he made the crop, he can hitch to his cotton picker, which costs not over $150 or $200, and pick the entire hundred acres as quickly as he could give it one plowing Think of the increase in the cotton trade, since Eli Whit- ney invented the cotton-gin ! Think of what it will be in future years, with the help of this latest invention ! Cotton picking by machinery ! It seems as though inven- tive genius could go no farther ; and yet the introduction of SOUTHERN STATES. 167 the cotton-gin was looked upon as a marvel of science at the time. Mr. Campbell’ s name will go down to posterity among those who have made the “lessening labor problem” the study of their lives, and surely no name deserves to be more gratefully remembered than that of the man who has given us the cotton picker, and with it a greater stimulus to our great cotton industry. — [Revised by permission of the Tone Star Cotton Picking Co., from their circulars.] items OF INTEREST. SAN ANTONIO. San Antonio, one of the oldest Spanish towns in America, and the largest city in Texas, is built upon the site of the famous, historical Fort Alamo. It is said to have more the appearance of a country town in Spain, than of even a modern town of France or Ger- many. It contains a Roman Catholic College and Cathedral, a United States arsenal, large flouring mills, and several fac- tories. It has an extremely healthful climate. The inhabitants paradoxically say, ‘ 4 If you want to die here you must go somewhere else. ’ ’ Tell your pupils about the massacre of Alamo, and about the noted “ Davy Crocket,” who met his death at that time. 168 NORTH AMERICA. GALVESTON. Galveston, the most important seaport of Texas, is pleas- antly situated on Galveston Island, on the south coast of Texas, at the opening of Galveston Bay, into the Gulf of Mexico. The harbor, though safe, is rather shallow. The island is only about 5 feet above the sea level. The manufacture of flour and oil, and the pressing of cot- ton, are the chief industries, next to its commerce. The island is bordered by hard, smooth beaches, which form magnificent drives. DALLAS. Dallas, on the Trinity River, in the northeastern part of the State, is an important railroad center and manufactur- ing town. Over 130 factories, of various kinds, employing more than 3,000 hands, are in successful operation. Textile fabrics, flour, harness and lumber, are the principal articles manu- factured. AUSTIN. Austin, the capital of Texas, is situated on the Colorado River, near the center of the State. It is the shipping point for the produce of about 40 counties surrounding it. A dam 1,100 feet long, and 60 feet high, across the river, affords abundant water-power, which is utilized to furnish the city with water and light, and to furnish motive power for manufacturing industries. SOUTHERN STATES. 169 The Capitol, next in size to the Capitol at Washington, is built of red Texas granite, and is one of the largest public buildings in the world. The State University, and various State benevolent and charitable institutions, are located in Austin. WACO. Waco, one of the growing manufacturing cities, is situ- ated on either side of the Brazos River, near the center of the State. It is well supplied with all of the modern metropolitan conveniences, paved streets, water works, electric lights, electric street car lines, etc. It is an important shipping point for wool, cotton, live- stock and grain. The principal articles of manufacture are, woolen and cotton goods, cotton seed oil, vehicles, flour, harness and ice. Other rapidly growing towns are: Sherman, which has the largest cotton gin in the world; Gainsville, near the In- dian Territory boundary; ElPaso, on the Rio Grande, noted for its smelting works, trade with Mexico, and meat pre- serving industry; and Fort Worth on the Trinity River, west of Dallas, near the coal and iron mines, noted for the manufacture of steel, ice and flour. HOUSTON. Houston, named after the famous Sam Houston, a former governor, is situated at the head of navigation and tide- 170 NORTH AMERICA. water, on Buffalo Bayou. It is the terminus of a number of diverging lines of railway. A ship channel, 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep, from Houston to the Gulf of Mexico, was recently constructed by the United States Government. Its being the distributing point, for all sorts of supplies, for eastern and southern Texas, gives it considerable com- mercei Lumber, cotton and hides, are the chief exports. The Galvestonians call the inhabitants of Houston ‘ ‘ mud turtles, ’ ’ and the Houston people reply by calling the citi- zens of Galveston “land crabs.’ ’ MUSTANGS. The wild horse of America, although now native to the soil, is descended from the tribes of wild horses that still roam the plains of Central Asia. When the discoverers of this continent first landed, there were no horses anywhere in North or South America. Centuries before, the horse had been introduced into European countries, from Asia, and had become common all over that continent. Columbus, on his second voyage, brought horses to the New World, and Narvaez landed a number of horses in Florida, in 1528. Cortez took horses with him to assist in the conquest of Mexico, as did Pizarro, in his conquest of Peru. The natives were greatly affrighted when they beheld these strange animals. At first they supposed that the man and the horse were one complete creature, something like the SOUTHERN STATES. 171 centaur of which we read in ancient fable. And when they saw the rider dismount, and disengage himself from his steed, their amazement knew no bounds. In time, the savages learned that the horse was an animal that had been subdued by man, and that it was a separate creature; but they long dreaded the horse of the Spaniards as a beast of prey. And when the horses escaped from their masters, and made their way into the freedom of the forest, as they did after a space, the natives avoided them as some- thing to be shunned. The quarreling Spaniards neglected their steeds, which soon found homes on the plains of Mex- ico, South America, and the unexplored interior of North America. From these escaped animals have sprung the wild horses of America. The mustang, as the native horse of the North American continent is usually called, is gen- erally of a bright chestnut color. The horses marked with odd colors and patches are called “ pinto,” or “painted,” by the Mexicans, and “calico,” by the Americans. The mustang is smaller than the domesticated American horse; for we must remember that the larger horses now found in our stables are the direct descendants of later importations from Europe. Ark. “Bear State. 172 NORTH AMERICA. ARKANSAS. S a o o VO to oo Location. Comparative size. Lake St. Francis. Rivers. " Mississippi. Missouri. V White. Red. w Washita. Mountains, Ozark. f Little Rock. Cities. *< Hot Springs. (Ft. Smith. { Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 250. Arkansas diamonds. 251. Lost Hills. 252. Field crops. 253. Natural resources. 254. Shoals. 255. Climate. SOUTHERN STATES. 173 queries. 275. What are the healing properties of Hot Springs ? 276. How was Lake St. Francis supposed to have been formed ? 277. Which State exceeds Arkansas in the production of zinc? 278. In Pike county there is an alabaster mountain. What is alabaster ? Its use ? 279. Under what different names has Arkansas been known ? 280. In what battle of the Rebellion in this State did the Indians take a hand ? 281. Who was the first white man to traverse this region ? 282. What place, at the head of navigation, on the Arkansas River? 283. Where is Arkansas City ? 284. How far north are Alligators found ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. HOT SPRINGS. These celebrated springs have a world-wide reputation. They were discovered about the year 1807. There are between 75 and 100 springs, varying in temperature from 90° to 150° Fahr. The town first built was located on what was supposed to be private land, but subsequently proved to be public land. 174 NORTH AMERICA. By a court decision, 5,000 people were dispossessed of their homes, but were allowed to file their pre-emption claims, and thus become owners. The Hot Springs Mountain, on which are located the fam- ous springs, was reserved from sale. This reserve enclosed an area of 245 acres. The bath houses pay an annual rental to the United States Government of $5 for each bath-tub in use. A receiver collects rents for the Government. It is estimated that fifty thousand invalids and other per- sons visit these .springs annually. Thousands visit who have no diseases. They go simply to see the marvelous work of nature, where the Great Physi- cian has stored so much healing property for afflicted man- kind.. Many wonderful cures of rheumatism, gout, stiffness of joints, mercurial diseases, scrofula and diseases of the skin, have been performed by the use of these waters. A heavy fog hangs over the springs and upon the moun- tain sides. LITTLE ROCK. Little Rock, the capital, metropolis, and chief railroad center of Arkansas, is situated on the Arkansas River, about 250 miles above its mouth. The site is on a small cliff of 40 to 50 feet elevation, hence the name. Two miles above, on the opposite side of the river, are cliffs four or five hundred feet high, called Big Rock. Lit- SOUTHERN STATES. 175 tie Rock is the seat of a United States arsenal, of the State penitentiary, of the State institutions for the blind, deaf and dumb, and of a United States District Court. It contains many schools and churches. Population, in 1890, about 26,000. ARKANSAS RIVER. The source of the Arkansas River is in Colorado, at a height of 10,000 feet above sea level. It is over 2,000 miles in length. Near its source it passes through a canon 40 miles long, and through the prairie region the water entirely disappears in immense beds of sand. The White, Canadian, and Cinnamon, are the principal branches. Near the mouth, there are levees to restrain the spring floods. In times of flood, small steamboats ascend to Fort Gib- son, in the Indian Territory. The basin of the Arkansas River comprises nearly 200,000 square miles. SOILS The soils are of various kinds, viz. : The high and bot- tom lands of the Arkansas, the black alluvium, sandy and clayey loams, the sandy and clayey mixtures, the black waxy land, and the red lands. NORTH AMERICA. m There are immense tracks of submerged bottom lands, which can be brought under cultivation, by a system of drainage,; and levees along the Mississippi River. The up- lands are varied by rolling prairies, which are generally well watered. The principal products of Arkansas are agricul- tural. The soils are so various, and the climate sucn, that almost anything can be raised. In the Washita valley there is an immense bed of snperior oil stone. The northeastern part oi the State consists of continuous swamps, bayous and shallow lakes, covered with cypress and gum trees. The timber regions protect from the northers of the North, and the hot winds of the South. The soil varies from the most fertile to the most barren. The mammoth Hot Spring, in Fulton County, discharges 8,000 gallons of water per minute. Fort Smith commands the trade of the Indian Territory. The United States Court here has jurisdiction over that region. Term. “ Big Bend State. 1796. “Butternuts.” SOUTHERN STATES. 177 TENNESSEE. Bound Tennessee. { East Tennessee. Middle Tennessee. West Tennessee. Rivers. { Mississippi. Tennessee. I Cumberland. < Mountains. " Allegheny. Cumberland. Missionary Ridge. ^ Lookout. Cities. Products. " Nashville. Memphis. Knoxville. Chattanooga. C Animal. a Vegetable. ( Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 256. Volunteer State. 257. State of Franklin. 258. Hermitage. 259. Garden of Tennessee. 260. District of Washington. 261. Convict Labor. 262. Big Bone Cave. 263. The Enchanted Mountains. 178 NORTH AMERICA. 264. Devil’s Pulpit. 265. Stone Grave Men. QUERIES. 285. What minerals does Tennessee afford ? 286. What county of Tennessee is circular in form ? Why? 287. What noted summer resort in Tennessee ? 288. Locate 10 battlefields of the- Rebellion in this State. 289. Contrast the three sections of Tennessee surface, climate and productions. 290. Which colony once claimed the territory now called Tennessee. 291. Which two presidents are buried in Tennessee? Where ? 292. What city has the largest inland cotton market in the United States. 293. What city was depopulated in 1878 by yellow fever? 294. What is Bessemer steel ? 295. What was the capital of Tennessee from 1796 to 1816 ? 296. What is the most important river port between St. Louis and New Orleans ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. A TYPICAL STOCK FARM. ‘‘Belle Meade,” a large and typical estate, lies on Rich- land creek, a beautiful, clear stream of water, surrounded by noble hills and broad valley lands, deep set in blue grass. SOUTHERN STATES. 179 5,250 acres comprise the farm. It has a park of 460 acres, in which are over 200 deer. Extensive improvements have been made since the war, for the care of thoroughbred horses. There are 100 brood mares, besides celebrated stallions, and sixty yearling colts, which will sell from $600 to $1,000 each. There are also a herd of Shetland ponies, Cashmere goats, Southdown sheep, and herds of blooded cattle. Two creameries produce one-half ton of butter each month. “ Belle Meade,” has its own saw mill, grist mill, carpen- ter and blacksmith shops, all run with a full force. Previous to the war there were 60 head of buffalo and 30 elk here, but the soldiers found them suitable to their wants and taste. Most of the hired help in the place consist of the former slaves of General Harding. The help is so kindly treated that they cannot be lured away from the place. There are twenty-four miles of stone fencing. On the highlands are found blue grass and grazing ; on the lowlands, corn, oats, hay, etc. Fruit orchards are extensive and the varieties choice. NASHVILLE, The capital and metropolis of Tennessee, is situated on both sides of the Cumberland River, north of the center of the State. It is the hardware, dry goods and drug center of the South. 180 NORTH AMERICA. $20,000,000 are invested in manufactories. The wholesale trade amounts to over $100,000,000 annu- ally. Nashville is the first hardwood market in the country. The iron interests are extensive, one firm, representing $9,000,000 in mining and manufacturing, in Tennessee and Northern Alabama. There are many schools, among which is a medical col- lege for negroes, the only institution of the kind in the world. Read your history for facts concerning Nashville during the Rebellion. CHATTANOOGA. Chattanooga is located on the Tennessee River, about six miles from the boundary line. Lookout Mountain overlooks the city from the south, and Missionary Ridge from the east. Chattanooga was one of the objective points in the Rebel- lion, and the battles fought in this vicinity will be of in- terest to note carefully. There is a National cemetery here where 13,000 northern men found graves. This city lies on the natural highway of traffic between the East, West and South. Nine lines of railroads enter Chattanooga. The coal and iron industry of East Tennessee center here. This is the first place in the South where the Bessemer steel was manufactured. SOUTHERN STATES. 181 The mills and factories number over ioo, besides many small industries. This valley is fertile and well supplied with pure water. The mountain tops are heavily timbered. One of the United States Signal Service stations is located here. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. Lookout Mountain is located in the northwest corner of Georgia, the northeast corner of Alabama, and on the south- ern boundary line of Tennessee. The elevation is 1,600 feet above sea-level. This mountain is almost a perpendicular cliff, directly over the Tennessee River, and commands a view that baffles description. From the point it is said that seven States may be seen. A narrow gauge railroad extends to the top of the mountain. The mountain extends south many miles in Alabama. There are two hotels, a college, cottages and cabins, on the summit of the mountain. Hooker’s famous “ Battle Above the Clouds,” will for- ever make Lookout Mountain a noted name in United States history. The surface of the mountain is well wooded, and has numerous springs. There are many curious rock formations here. HARRIMAN. Harriman is a new city, 50 miles west of Knoxville, at Emery Gap, a natural gateway through the Cumberland plateau. 182 NORTH AMERICA. This town was founded by General Clinton B. Fisk, in 1890, and inside of one year it contained 4,000 people. Harriman is in the center of 1,000 square miles of land rich in iron, coal and other minerals. It has an abundance of valuable timber, and a bountiful supply of pure mountain water. Mills, factories and industries of many kinds are found here. There is a total prohibition of the liquor traffic in the title deeds. The scenery is beautiful and the climate healthful. STUDENT’S CAVE. This cave is in the Raccoon Mountain, the mouth of it is in Tennessee, although the greater part is in Georgia. The entrance is about half-way up the mountain side, and the descent to the floor is 70 feet perpendicular. The walls are of solid rock. The cave winds in a southwesterly direction, and is sup- posed to form a connection with the great Nicojack cave, which is 20 miles distant. It was first explored in 1848, by the students of Mercer University, hence the name. TENNESSEE RIVER. The Tennessee River is formed ,:y the junction of the Clinch and Holston Rivers, which rises in Southwest Vir- ginia. Including the largest tributary, the Holston, the Tennes- see River is over 1,000 miles in length. It is navigable for SOUTHERN STATES. 183 large steamboats, from the Ohio to Muscle Shoals, about 260 miles. There are small steamboats adove the shoals, which ply up the river for 500 miles. The Big Bend includes a circuit of 300 miles in Alabama. The upper Tennessee has some very beautiful scenery. This river drains a territory of 40,000 square miles. Reelfoot lake is the largest lake in the State. It was formed during the earthquake of 1 8 1 1 . On Duck River there is a pre-historic stone fort, which is an object of interest to tourists. PERTINENT QUESTIONS. 1 . Are you reviewing continually ? 2. Do you vary your exercises ? 3. Are your pupils making notes of the work done? 4. Do they consult the Gazetteer daily ? 5. Can they sketch, in a few minutes, any state studied ? 6. Do you outline every State for study, or have you taught your pupils to work alone in this matter ? 7. Can your pupils change the queries to suggestive key words ? 8. Can you change the key words to items of interest ? 9. Do the class recite topically? 10. Are you teaching your pupils to see the places men- tioned, or do they see only black spots and lines on a map ? 184 NORTH AMERICA. AN EXERCISE ON PRODUCTS. The following plan has been tried, with good results, by the authors. Write the names of products upon slips of paper, or card- board, thus: Rice. Sugar. Tobacco. Oranges. Hand them to the class and require them to state what they know concerning them. If but little is known let them take them to their desks, and study the topics for future work. It is surprising how much can be said, in one or two minutes, when you know what you are to say, and say all you can. When all have recited upon the topics, turn them over and let the pupils draw promiscuously. This will add variety. The following list is suggested: Corn, wheat, coal, gold, lead, iron, nickle, sponge, peaches, lemons, glass, etc., etc. The following points may be noted about each subject: 1 . Where found ? 2. Use ? 3. How obtained ? 4. Exporting and importing. 5. Commercial port. 6. History. Ohio. Buckeye State. 1802. "Buckeyes.” WESTERN STATES* 135 OHIO. Location. Comparative size. Lake Erie. Rivers. Cities. Products. r Ohio. Muskingum. 1 Scioto. Miami. Maumee. ^Sandusky. f Cincinnati. | Columbus, j Cleveland, j Toledo. Sandusky. [ Dayton. Animal. } ( Grains. Fruits. Timber. Mineral. " Coal. Iron. 1 Salt. Oil. Lime. , Etc. ^ Manufactured. 186 NORTH AMERICA. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273 - 274. The Bay City. The Fire Lands. Western Reserve. National Road. Queen City of the West. The Forest City. Paris of America. Black Swamp. Blennerhassett Island. QUERIES. 297. How many miles of lake shore ? 298. What is the most prolific fishing stream in United States ? 299. In what part of Ohio are the vineyards located? Why? 300. Where is the National Normal School in Ohio ? 301. Which city of Ohio manufactures large quantities of school crayon ? 302. What is crayon ? How made ? 303. Which has the longer day, Cincinnati or New Or- leans ? Why ? 304. Emery Arcade, in Cincinnati, is said to be the larg- est in United States. What is an arcade ? 305. Where is the Central Nation Soldiers’ Home located ? WESTERN STATES. 187 306. Name several noted men of Ohio. 307. What Presidents have Ohio furnished ? 308. Where are the largest wagon works in the world ? 309. Where is the largest fresh water fish-market ? 310. In what productions does Ohio excel all other States ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. CINCINNATI. Cincinnati, the metropolis of Ohio, is pleasantly situated on the Ohio River, about midway between its mouth and source. It resembles Rondon somewhat by its river fogs, and the smoke of its foundries and factories. In 1790 General St. Clair became governor of the North- west Territory, and he it was that gave the city its present name, from the order to which he belonged. One portion of the city, which is densely populated with Germans, is known as “ Over the Rhine.” In this vicinity are the great breweries of Cincinnati. The city is well supplied with public parks; one, the Eden Park, which is sometimes called the “Garden of Eden,” contains 216 acres, and commands splendid views of the sur- rounding country, the river and city. The Suspension Bridge, which connects Cincinnati with Covington, is an object of interest. It stands 100 feet above low water mark, 188 NORTH AMERICA. and cost about $2,000,000. A few of the noted buildings here are the Government Building, County Court House, Chamber of Commerce, Masonic Temple, Exposition Build- ing, Music Hall, numerous noted schools and colleges, and many magnificent churches. Cincinnati stands among the great manufacturing cities of our country. She makes what the people of Ohio and other States need, and so long as the river, railroads and canal exchange her products for the cotton of the South, the grain of North and West, the stock and dairy products of the blue grass region, her financial success and prosperity are assured. In 1883 the Ohio River rose 66 feet above krw water mark, destroying millions of dollars worth of property. Eight square miles of Cincinnati were under water. LAKE ERIE. Take Erie is elliptical in shape, and is the only one of the great lakes said to have any current. It is nearly 2 50 miles long by 40 miles average width, with an area of over 9,000 square miles. It is the most shallow of the great lakes, and the most dangerous of the fresh water seas. ‘ 4 The surplus waters of the basins of Superior, Huron and Michigan, flow across the plate of Erie into the deep bowl of Ontario.’ ’ The principal tributaries are the Detroit, Raisin, Maumee, Sandusky and Cuyahogo Rivers. The outlet is the Niagara River. WESTERN STATES. 189 The harbors are: Dunkirk and Buffalo, in New York; Erie, in Pennsylvania; and Sandusky, Cleveland and Toledo in Ohio. The Take was named from the Erie Indians (tribe of the cat), who were exterminated in a single day by the warlike Iroquois, but the name lives in the lake, town, canal and railroad. Buffalo, named from the American bison, which roamed along the lake shore as late as 1720, is at the foot of the lake and has the largest harbor. The Erie canal connects with the lake here. The city of Erie supplies the greater part of the coal used on the lakes. Navigation is closed in winter on account of ice. Read in class the description of the battle of Take Erie, from the histories, and of John Maynard, the pilot of Lake Erie. Look up the record of the Griffin, the first boat on the lakes. Tell of Johnson Island, where Confederate pris- oners were confined during the Rebellion. OHIO RIVER. O-he-yo, the Wyandotte word means “Fair to look upon.” The French called it the La Belle Riviere. The Ohio River is formed by the Alleghany (clear water) and the Monongahela (Falling-in-banks) Rivers. The river constantly changes its direction; every turn presents a new view, now a wall of hills, now a woody gorge, now beauti- ful meadows, now almost doubling back on its track; the 190 NORTH AMERICA. river actually running north, south, east and west, until a person, traveling on a boat, loses his bearing entirely, as the author can testify. The Ohio has the most uniform current of any river known ; it never seems in a hurry; it loiters among the coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania, the hills of West Virginia, the farms of Ohio, and the meadows of Kentucky ; it curves north to accommodate Cincinnati ; it bends south to receive the twin rivers, and finally mixes with the Mississippi River, one thousand miles above the Gulf. Not like the rushing streams of New England, nor the sleeping, sluggish streams of the South, the Ohio has a character peculiarly her own. The French claimed the Ohio valley, and took possession by depositing leaden plates along the shores of the Ohio. Three of these plates have been found, bearing this in- scription: “In the year 1750, we, Celeron, commander-in- chief of New France, to establish tranquility in certain Indian villages, have buried this plate on the Beautiful River as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of said river and its tributaries, and of all the land on both sides ; inasmuch as the preceding kings of France have engaged it, and maintained it by their arms, and by treaties, especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht and Aix-la-Chapelle. The Ohio is about 1,000 miles long, and carries a greater volume of water than any other tributary of the Mississippi. Give the names of principal tributaries and cities on the Ohio River. WESTERN STATES. 191 CLEVELAND. Cleveland is the second city in size in the State, and the northern terminus of the Ohio canal. The city is built on an elevated plain, overlooking the lake. The Cayahoga River passes through the city, affording excellent harbor facilities. A breakwater, costing $1,200,000, west of the river’s mouth, incloses 180 acres of water. The city is supplied with lake water. The Standard Oil Company have their headquarters here. In Cleveland are found 5 ship yards, 20 oil works, 150 establishments of steel and iron, extensive lumber yards, numerous schools, colleges of high order, and magnificent buildings, both public and private. In 1852 the first railroad whistle was heard in Cleveland, and in 1890 the population was 262,000. Cleveland produces more refined petroleum than any other city in the world. (Possibly Pittsburgh excepted.) “ PORKOPOLIS.” Cincinnati, geographically located in the center of one of the best stock farming regions, received the above name on account of its pork packing. It is said that 50 men will slaughter over 1,500 hogs in a day in a single establishment. Each man has his own special work to perform, the labor being proportioned among the pen-men, knockers-down, stickers, scalders, bristle- snatchers, scrapers, shavers, gamble men, gutters, hose-boys, 192 NORTH AMERICA. slide-boys, splitters, cutters, weighers, cleavers, knife-men, ham-trimmers, shoulder-trimmers, packers, salters, brand- ers, book-keepers, porters and draymen. These men, once under headway, dispose of a hog in less than one-half minute. COLUMBUS. Columbus, the capital of Ohio, is a flourishing city, located near the center of the state. Not including Washington, Columbus is not excelled by any city in the United States for its numerous and important public buildings. The State Capitol is one of the largest in the United States. The State penitentiary covers six acres, not the largest, but one of the safest in the country. The deaf and dumb, the blind, and lunatic asylums are located here. A United States arsenal, and other Govern- ment buildings are situated on handsome and well wooded grounds, which form a suburb of the city. The canal and fifteen lines of railroad center here. In 1887 $190,000,000 were invested in the coal business, iron industry, and other manufacturing interests. The State House well is 2,775 feet deep, and the temperature of the water is 91 degrees Fahr. WESTERN STATES. 193 MOUND BUILDERS. It has been estimated that 10,000 mounds exist in this State alone. In 1845 a careful and scientific survey was be- gun, and continued for two years At Fort Hill was one noted mound, occupying the sum- mit of a hill nearly 500 feet high. The wall and ditch inclosed forty-eight acres. Trees were growing on this wall which are estimated to be 1,000 years of age. On the Little Miami is another work, called Fort Ancient, in which the walls are four miles in length and twenty feet high^in places. The State of Ohio has bought the site of this fort, and it will be preserved as a public park. In the Scioto Valley is another one embracing one hun- dred and twenty acres, and near its mouth are earthworks extending at least twenty miles. The Newark works are more extensive and better known than others. They cover hundreds of acres. Ind. “Hoosier State. 1816. “Hoosiers.” 194 NORTH AMERICA. INDIANA. ' Location. Comparative size. Lake Michigan. Rivers. I -< . Cities. ' Ohio. Wabash. < White. | Maumee. [ Kankakee. " Indianapolis. Terre Haute. La Fayette. { Ft. Wayne. Richmond. New Albany, ^ Evansville. i Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 275. The Railroad City. 276. Crescent City of Indiana. 277. The Quaker City of the West. 278. Epsom Salt Cave. 279. Indiana Block Coal. 280. The Drowned Lands. 281. Cranberry Marshes. 282. The Tall Sycamore of the Wabash. WESTERN STATES. 195 QUERIES. 31 1. What is lime ? How made ? Its uses ? 312. What is the only lake port of Indiana ? 313. How is glass made? 314. What towns of Indiana are supplied with natural gas? 315. What noted Indian battle ground in the state? 316. Where was the first settlement made? 317. Who are the literary men of Indiana? 318. Tell of the “Hoosier Schoolmaster” and his trials. 319. What is worthy of note about Delphi ? 320. In what things does Indiana excel all other States? 321. Which portion of Indiana is hilly ? 322. What is the largest city in the United States not on navigable waters ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. INDIANAPOLIS. The capital and metropolis of Indiana is located near the geographical center of the State. It is on the old National Road, and in the direct line of communication between the East and West, hence enjoys excellent commercial advan- tages. Fifteen lines of railroad center here. An abundance of pure water is obtained from a subterra- nean lake. Many beautiful public parks, Government buildings, State Institutions, all combine to make Indianapolis one of the 196 NORTH AMERICA. handsomest cities of the United States. The grain, the mercantile and manufacturing interests are important and extensive. Indianapolis is in the vicinity of the coal fields, and the region noted for black walnut. In public and sectarian schools, universities and benevo- lent institutions, Indianapolis is well equipped. EVANSVILLE. Evansville is the second city of Indiana in size. It is a port of entry and controls a large river trade. There are six coal mines within the city, and it is one of the largest hardwood markets in our country. The manufac- tories number nearly 500, which includes almost everything made of wood and iron. The population is over 50,000. NEW ALBANY. New Albany is situated below the falls of the Ohio, and nearly opposite Louisville, Kentucky. The water power is second to none in the West. Manufacturing is the chief industry of the city. The largest glass works in the United States are located here. The fine polished plate glass is a specialty of these works. The wholesale business is extensive. The river trade ex- ceeds twenty millions annually. WESTERN STATES. 197 SOUTH BEND. South Bend, the second city in the State in manufacturing, is located on the St. Joseph’s River. One wagon factory covers 83 acres, and manufactures 40,000 wagons annually. The same company have carriage works covering three and one-half acres. There are plow works, clover-huller works, steel skein works, toy wagon and croquet factory, besides mills of many kinds. The entire output for 1890 aggregated nearly $11,000,000. The city is supplied with water from sixteen artesian wells. Gravel banks in this vicinity are used in making excellent roads. MARION. Marion is a prosperous city of modern growth. There are twenty-one wells of natural gas within the city limits. Twenty-seven factories of various kinds are located here. One pressed brick factory makes 20,000,000 bricks annu- ally. Here we find the Soldiers’ Home and a Normal School. WYANDOTTE CAVE. This cave is the most remarkable natural curiosity in the State. It rivals in some respects, the more famous Mam- moth Cave of Kentucky. 198 NORTH AMERICA. The cave is dry and the stalagmites and stalactites exceed in size and beauty those of the Mammoth cave. The Mammoth Hall is 350 feet long by 245 feet high, and contains an elevation 175 feet high, on which stand several large stalagmites, one of which is pure white and is called Lot’s Wife. The “snow banks” are formed by fine, loose crystals of alabaster. In places the stones and floors are covered with the crystals of epsom salts. HAMER’S CAVE. Hamer’s cave is entered on the side of a hill forty-five feet above the valley, and is situated about two miles east of Mitchell. The floor is level, six feet wide and covered with a swift stream of water eight inches deep, which at places is increased to twenty feet. A boat must be used to explore it and hence very few ever venture into its passages. Three- fourths of a mile from the door the whole stream rushes down an incline only three feet wide with great violence and a noise that fills the entire cave. The boat may be carried above this rush of waters and after passing along for about three hundred feet a person comes to what is called the grand cascade, beyond which the cave is low, wet and full of rushing water. Eyeless fish, crawfish and other crusta- ceans are caught in this cave, which has an outlet into the grand amphitheatre in which is situated a mill which is run by a power given by the water carried from the mouth of the WESTERN STATES. 199 cave for a distance of over one hundred yards. The top of the hill over this cave extends about sixty feet above the opening into the cave, and traveling about a quarter of a mile eastward the explorer finds himself at the entrance of Donnelson’s cave, from which is discharged a large stream of water, which was used by the former proprietor to drive a woolen, grist and saw mill many years ago. CENTER OF POPULATION. When the first U. S. census was taken in 1790 the center of population was located at a point about 23 miles east of Bal- timore. From that time to 1890 the center always traveled westward, but sometimes a little north and again a little south of the preceding center. In 1890 the center of popula- tion was located, by the census geographer, at a point a short distance southwest of Greensburg in southern Indiana. This town is about 500 miles due west of the center of population in 1790, making an average annual rate of about five miles. The center of population in 1890 was marked by a stone monument ten feet high and about four feet square at the base. It was built by the Chicago Herald, and has on its face this inscription: “Center of population, 1890. Latitude 39 0 , 11', 56"; longitude 85° 32', 53." Ejected by the Chicago Herald. 111 . “The Prairie State. 1818. “Suckers.” 200 NORTH AMERICA, ILLINOIS. Border. Size. f States. { Waters. C Length. 4 Width. ( Area. Number of inhabitants. Rivers. Name and describe 8. Lakes. Name and locate 2. Cities. Name, locate and tell important facts about io. Canals. Name and locate 2. ... ( Domestic. 5. Animals, j wild * C Grains. Products. 4 Vegetable. 4 Fruits. ( Timber. Minerals. 5. „ Manufacturers. 5 - 10. 10. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 283. American Bottoms. 284. Hennepin Canal. 285. Black Hawk’s Tower. 286. The Flower City. 287. The Gem City. 288. The Evergeen City. 289. Cave in the Rock. WESTERN STATES. 201 290. The Great Ship Canal. 291. Latter Day Saints. 292. The Garden City. 293. ‘‘The River Divine / 9 294. Earthquake 1811. 295. “Egypt.” 296. Indian Mound. 297. The Lead City. 298. World’s Fair. QUERIES. 323. What colonies owned the North-West Territory ? 324. What was the “Great Bird of Alton ? ” 325. What were the Black Laws ? 326. How much land did the Illinois Central Railroad receive from the State ? 327. What returns, to the State, does the Illinois Central make every year ? 328. Does Lake Michigan ever freeze over? 329. How much lake coast in Illinois ? 330. What and where are the Trembling Lands ? 331. Where is the longest continuous street-car line in United States ? 332. In what respects does Chicago lead the world ? 333* Where is coke manufactured in Illinois ? 334. What is the proper name for the Okaw River ? 335. Who were the “ Prairie Banditti ? ” 336. What names in Illinois recall historical characters? 202 NORTH AMERICA. 337. What names are of Indian origin? 338. How is the Illinois and Michigan Canal kept in repair ? 339. Where are the watch factories in Illinois? 340. Name the 10 largest cities in this State. 341. Does Illinois own any of the Ohio River? Of the Mississippi River ? Of L,ake Michigan ? 342. How are the foundations laid for the large building* in Chicago? 343. Where is petroleum found in this State ? 344. Sketch at least five important railroads in a map of Illinois, and locate the cities on each. ITEMS OF INTEREST. STATE INSTITUTIONS. Educational — University of Illinois, Champaign. State Normal Schools, { ^ Wale. State Normal Schools, Charitable — Asylum for the Blind, < < 1 < < t “ “ Deaf and Dumb, [■ Jacksonville. “ “ Insane. ) Institute for the Feeble Minded, Lincoln. Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago. Soldiers’ Home, Quincy WESTERN STATES. 203 Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home, Normal. Reformatory and Penal — State Reformatory, Pontiac. State Penitentiaries, j Chester. “SUCKERS.” Travelers, in early days, when the season was dry, were troubled to find water on these great prairies. In low places, swamps and small streams, the crawfish make deep holes in the ground, down to water, during the dry season. Persons setting out on a long journey provided themselves with long, hollow reeds, which they thrust into the crawfish holes, and thus procured a supply of generally pure water. The word ‘ ‘ suckers ’ ’ is derived from the manner in which the supply was obtained. < Mound Builders. Indians. Florida, 1543. Virginia, 1606. Louisiana, 1682. { Virginia, 1763. County of Illinois, 1779. Northwest Territory, 1787. Territory of Indiana, 1800. Territory of Illinois, 1809. State of Illinois, 1818. 204 NORTH AMERICA. THE MOUND BUILDERS. The earliest settlers of Illinois can be traced here and there by earth mounds, by stone implements, and by other relics of their work. Many mounds are found along the Mississippi, Fox, and Rock Rivers. In the “American Bottoms ” are scores of mounds of different sizes and forms. At Cahokia is one that covers six acres, and it is estimated to contain 20,0000,000 cubic feet. Almost over the entire State are found arrow-heads, spear-heads, awls, axes, knives, etc. Archaeologists have many times dug into and explored these mounds, to find specimens of their art. They have found bones, tools of flint and copper, many stone weapons, and carved work in great quantities, such as pipes, vases, pitchers, beads, etc. These people selected the best farming country in America for their homes, and such sites for their structures as civilized men select for their great cities, viz: Cincinnati, St. Louis and Milwaukee. They were farmers, no doubt, judging from their location; hunters and warriors from their weapons; religious from their altars, temples and idols; and they worked in stone, shells and copper, as shown by their specimens. This interesting subject must be left, for space forbids. INDIANS. The Illinois Indians, composed of several families, num- bering all told 12,000 strong, were located within the pres- ent limits of the State. The different families were the WESTERN STATES. 205 Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tamaroas, Michiganies, and the Peorias. The Saxes, Foxes, and Kickapoos warred with them and drove them southward. These Indians were friendly to the French, and assisted them in their wars and explorations. When the English obtained control, the In- dians sold out, moved west again and again, until now what remains of them may be found on a reservation in Kansas and Indian Temtory. Draw an outline map of Illinois and locate the Indiah tribes, by writing the name on the portion occupied by each,. Tell of the Indian legends, of stories connected with Illinois, of their habits and customs, and their treatment by the whites. Here are a few of the Indian chiefs’ names: Black Part- ridge, Black Bird, Shabbona, Black Hawk, White Hair, South Wind, Pipe Bird, Sun Fish, Great Speaker, Tittle Sauk, etc. FLORIDA. The Spanish claims extended northward indefinitely. By the explorations of DeSoto, and the reports of his follow- ers, this name has been sometimes applied to territory as far north as Illinois. VIRGINIA. The grant of land, given by King James, to the London Company, embraced the southern portion of this State, while that of the north was claimed by the Plymouth Com- pany. 206 NORTH AMERICA. LOUISIANA. The French explored this region first, and named it Louisiana, in honor of their king. Mobile was the first capital, and D’Artaquette its first governor. Crozat, Cadil- lac, and others followed. The famous Mississippi Company, under John Law’s management, came next. By him Ft. Chartres was built, the strongest fortification in the Missis- sippi valley. Ere the bubble burst Illinois had a population of over 5,000 white people. In an outline map locate the following French forts and settlements: Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher; Forts Chartres, St. Louis, St. Phillip, and Creveceour. Trace, by dotted lines, the routes of Marquette, Henne- pin, LaSalle and Joliet, on the map. Tell of the Jesuit Fathers: Mermet, of Kaskaskia; Mar- est, of Peoria; Charlevoix, Binneteau, and others. VIRGINIA. After the close of the French and Indian war, this region became a portion of territory controlled by the Virginia Colony. This did not last long. COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. The County of Illinois was formed in 1779, with Patrick Henry as its first governor. WESTERN STATES. 207 NORTHWEST TERRITORY. By the famous compact of 1787, this territory became sep- arated from the Colonies. Marietta was the capital and General Arthur St. Clair the governor. Review “The Ordinance of 1787,” and explain how and why Dr. Manasseh Cutler succeeded in obtaining such pro- visions as it contains. TERRITORY OF INDIANA. When Ohio was ready for statehood, the remaining por- tion, west of the Wabash River, was known under the above name. W. H. Harrison was the first governor, with Vin- cennes for the capital. TERRITORY OF ILLINOIS. In 1809 this territory was formed, with Ninian Edwards as first governor. Kaskaskia was the capital. ILLINOIS. In April, 1818, the bill passed, admitting Illinois as a State. Shadrach Bond was elected governor, and Pierre Menard lieutenant-governor. Vandalia was selected for the capital for twenty years. The first session of the State Legislature met in Kaskaskia, at a cost of $13.50. 208 NORTH AMERICA. CHICAGO. Chicago, the metropolis of Illinois and second city of the United States, is situated on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. It covers an area of over 185 square miles, and has a population of over 1,400,000. The city was chartered in 1837, and contrasting with the present, it is safe to say it is the most remarkable city in the world for its rapid growth. Being built upon a low, marshy plain, it became necessary to raise the city. This was done by one of the most extraordi- nary experiments ever undertaken anywhere in the known world. Targe hotels, immense business structures, and even whole blocks were raised by jack-screws to the required level, from six to ten feet. The lake shore was filled in, the breakwater built, and artificial structures erected to keep out the water of the lake. The city sewerage, which now flows partly into Take Michigan and partly into the Illinois River, in time of low water is to be directed entirely by the Great Ship Canal through the Illinois into the Mississippi River. The water supply is obtained from tunnels which extend two miles and five miles, respectively, under the lake to enclosures, where the water fills them through grated cylin- ders. The cribs mark the source of the water supply Twenty-five lines of railroads center in Chicago. Elevated WESTERN STATES. 209 railroads and street car lines lead to all parts of the city. Of the many public buildings space forbids more than a mere mention of a few of them, viz: Masonic temple, twenty-one stories high. The Auditor- ium, largest theatre in the world, the tower of which is 270 feet high; the Board of Trade, the market for Western pro- duce; County Court House and City Hall, which cost about $6,000,000; Tacoma, Rookery, Monadnock and other busi- ness buildings; the Postofiice valued at $5,000,000; the large hotels, railroad depots, wholesale houses, retail stores, one of which has in its nine stories thirteen acres of flooring. Six parks of Chicago contain over 2,000 acres, which are connected by drives 250 feet wide and thirty miles long. There are many places of amusement, museums, theatres > Battle of Gettysburg, L,ibby Prison, etc. The historical in- cidents connected with the city that should be mentioned are Fort Dearborn Massacre, Chicago fire of 1871, the railroad strike, Anarchists and World’s Fair. 210 NORTH AMERICA. SKETCH OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. WESTERN STATES. 211 KEY. 1. Lake Michigan. 2. Chicago. 3. Des Plaines R. 4. Joliet. 5. Kankakee R. 6. Kankakee. 7. 111 . and Mich. Canal. 8. Fox Lake. 9. Elgin. 10. Aurora. 11. Ottawa. 12. Vermilion R. 13. Pontiac. 14. Streator. 15. Starved Rock. 16. Utica. 17. LaSalle. 18. Peru. 19. Hennepin. 20. Peoria Lake. 21. Peoria. 22. Pekin. 23. Spoon R. 24. Galesburg. 25. Sangamon R. 26. North Br. of Sangamon R. 27. Bloomington. 28. Normal. 29. Lincoln. 30. Champaign. 31 . South Br. of Sangamon R. 32. Decatur. 33. Springfield. 34. Jacksonville. 35. Mississippi R. 36. Alton. 37. St. Louis. 38. Illinois R. 39. E. St. Louis. ATRIP DOWN THE ILLINOIS RIVER. The Des Plaines or Iroquois River rises in Wisconsin, and its junction with the Kankakee forms the Illinois River. It was named by the French from a species of maple which grows along its banks. 212 NORTH AMERICA. Along this river runs the Illinois and Michigan canal. It crosses the river at Joliet. In 1816 the Indians granted a strip of land for the purpose of a canal which the government was to construct. This canal was chartered in 1836 and opened in 1848 at a total cost of $6,400,000. It is ninety-six miles long. Every alternate section for five miles each side of the canal was granted to aid in the construction. This land and the tolls paid out the expense in 1871. The tolls now more than pay the keeping of the canal in repair. Who owns the canal ? How is it controlled ? What is the extent of business done ? Joliet was named after the French explorer. -In this city are located the northern state penitentiary, the largest wire mills in the state, oatmeal and flour mills, the Illinois Steel Co., a plant which produces weekly 3,000 tons of steel rails, and the noted quarries, which have furnished stone for many public buildings in the State. Joliet possesses a very fine court house. The Kankakee River rises in Indiana and flows through a low, flat, marshy country, noted for its berry marshes and hunting and fishing grounds. Kankakee is the only city of note on this river. The stone quarries are valuable. It is the seat of an asylum for the insane. Much of the barren and marshy region is being reclaimed by drainage and brought under cultivation. Fox River is the first tributary of the Illinois River. It is the .outlet of Fox Take and flows through a fine country, WESTERN STATES. 213 noted particularly for its dairy and agricultural products. The water power of this river is important. Elgin is noted for its watch factory, which employs about 3,000 persons, who turn out between 400 and 500 watches daily. Cheese and milk condensing factories are found here. Special trains are run to Chicago called “milk trains,” which supply the city from this dairy region. Aurora is a thriving town on the Fox River. It contains the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy machine shops and has many factories of various kinds. The schools are of a high order and among the best in the State. Near the mouth of the Fox River Ottawa is situated. This enterprising city contains glass works, cutlery works, a starch manufactory and other industries. It is a noted grain mar- ket. “It is remarkable that the first discovery of coal in Amer- ica, of which there is any accountin a printed book, was made so far in the interior as Illinois, by Father Hennepin, over 200 years ago.” Hennepin’s Journal of 1698, locates a coal mine near Ottawa where coal comes to the surface along the bluffs. A few miles below Ottawa on the north side of the river is Buffalo Rock, so called from the practice of the Indians de- coying the buffaloes to this promontory and driving them over the bluff into the river. Still lower down the river is Lovers’ Leap, with its Indian tradition, and the historic place called Starved Rock, which commemorates the last sad tragedy of the Illinois Indians. 214 NORTH AMERICA. Weakened by internal quarrels and diminished in num- bers, the entire tribe was warred upon by the Ottawas, Shaw- nees, Kickapoos and Miamis. Outnumbered and worsted in a conflict on the prairie, they retreated to this bluff, where an attack could be easily repulsed. From the summit of the rock they viewed the ruins of their village and crops of ripe corn, while, for fifteen days they famished for food and died of thirst for water which flowed at the base of the rock, about 150 feet below. The haven of safety which they sought thus became their tomb and monument. In 1675 Father Marquette first saw the great village of the Illinois Indians, called Kaskaskia, situated on the plain opposite Starved Rock. L,a Salle for- tified the rock in 1682 by building a palisade on the summit. He named it Fort St. Iyouis. A company now own the rock and 360 acres of surround- ing land. It is being fitted for a summer pleasure resort. A fine hotel and a number of cottages are found at the west base of the rock. There is an excellent supply of artesian water found here. An American flag floats from a tower on the top of the rock, from which the view is picturesquely grand. There is soon to be an electric railroad built from South Ottawa to the rock. Utica is built on the site of the first Indian Mission in Ill- inois, erected by Father Marquette in 1675. It is also noted for its cement works. A few miles below, the Vermilion River empties into the Illinois. Upon this stream are located Streator, noted for WESTERN STATES. 215 coal mines and glass works, and Pontiac, the seat of the State Reformatory. Near this river are Bailey's Falls and the famous Deer Park. At the former may be seen the rainbow when the sun shines upon the spray as it falls over a precipice of some forty feet. At the foot of the falls are some very large detached rocks that have been broken from the fissured ledge above. Deer Park is so called from the custom of the Indians driv- ing the deer into it and then slaughtering them. There is only one passage out and that only a few rods wide. The walls are from forty to seventy-five feet in height. Across the river from the mouth of the Vermilion is Da Salle, and a mile below is Peru City. These cities are sometimes called the “twin cities," although the citizens of L,a Salle are mainly Irish, while those of Peru are Germans. At L,a Salle the Illinois and Michigan canal terminates. Here are found the largest zinc works in America. The ore used is shipped in by railroad from Missouri and Ken- tucky. The coal trade is very important, as is also the glass industry. Peru has a plow factory, zinc works, coal mines and large ice houses. Passing down we reach the big bend of the Illinois River and in this turn the town of Hennepin is situated. 216 NORTH AMERICA. This town was once an important trading post, in the days before railroads. Just above the town the Hennepin Canal connects with the river. Webster, Van Buren and other celebrities have visited this place. Here was located one of the underground railroad stations in anti-bellum days. It was named after Father Hennepin. A few miles below, at Henry, there is a government dam, to assist in the navigation of the river above. Steamboats pass the dam by means of a lock. Toll is collected of all passing boats. Tower down we come to that beautiful expansion of the Illinois River called Peoria Take. It is about 20 miles in length, and from one-and-a-half to s two miles wide. Peoria, “ the whisky city/ * is just below the lake. It is built on the site of old Fort Creve Coeur (Broken Heart). The fort built here was one of the first steps taken towards a permanent settlement in Illinois (1680). Peoria is noted for its corn market, its breweries, its distilleries, and its vari- ous manufactures. Peoria pays more revenue on distilled spirits than any other city in United States. Pekin, still lower down, but on the opposite side of the river, follows in the foot-steps of Peoria, so far as industries are concerned. Next we reach the mouth of a stream called Spoon River, on which is found Galesburg, in the midst of a good agri- cultural country. It has large factories for cars, wagons, carriages, etc. WESTERN STATES. 217 It is the seat of Knox College and Lombard University. The Sangamon is the largest tributary of the Illinois River, and near its source we find Champaign. Champaign is located in the broom corn region of Illinois, and is the seat of the Illinois University. Passing down the Sangamon we reach Decatur, which is located geographically in the center of the State. The city was named in honor of Commodore Stephen Decatur. This city possesses most of the modern improve- ments that belong to metropolitan cities. Decatur is the center of the great coal fields of Illinois. There are two shafts within the city limits. It is surrounded by the best corn land of the world. It is the birthplace of the Grand Army of the Republic. Post No. i was organ- ized here April 6, 1866. A large memorial hall is soon to be erected. Lincoln and Oglesby are two of her honored citizens. The com- merce of this city will exceed $ 6 , 000,000 annually. 2,500 people are engaged in manufacturing industries of various kinds. Decatur supplies the world with checkrowers and hog ringers. The pressed brick and tile industry is important. Forty miles west of Decatur we reach the capital of the State. The Capitol is the chief building, which cost about $5,000,000. It contains many objects of interest, such as Memorial Hall, museums of natural history and agriculture, State 218 NORTH AMERICA. Library, etc. It is heated by steam and lighted by elec- tricity. The dome stands 365 feet high. Watch making is the leading industry. The factory turns out 400 daily, and employs 800 men. The buildings cover 16 acres of ground. The Wabash railroad machine shops are located here. Thirteen coal shafts are in constant operation in this vicinity. Lincoln's Monument and the memorials kept there, are well worth a visit. Lincoln’s home is still kept much as he left it and is open to visitors. On a branch of the Sangamon we find Bloomington, Nor- mal and Lincoln. The former is pleasantly situated on a rolling prairie, and is one of the prettiest inland cities of the State. Its indus- tries are the coal mine, the C. & A. machine shops, extens- ive nurseries, and various manufactories. It is the seat of the Illinois Wesleyan University. Normal, only two miles north, is noted for being the seat of the State Normal School and Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home. Many Norman horses are raised here. The berry culture is important. Lincoln is the seat of the Home for the Feeble Minded and the Lincoln University. Near here is a large farm owned by an English Lord, who rents it to tenants in a manner similar to the English plan. WESTERN STATES. 219 West of Springfield, and some distance from the river, we find Jacksonville, “The Athens of the West.” In 1829 the Illinois College was founded, the oldest in the State. Besides the State Institutions, Jacksonville boasts of a Business College, The Illinois Female College and a Con- servatory of Music. There are numerous manufacturing industries here. Near the mouth of the Illinois River they sometimes have sand storms, and in a few localities there exists beds of quick- sands. Below the mouth of the Illinois River, on the Mississippi, we find Alton, noted for its quarries, lime, fruit and coal. It is the seat of Shurtleft College. There are many bluffs along the river in this region. East St. Louis is noted as a railroad center and a great manufacturing city. It is connected with St. Louis by two large steel bridges. ROCKFORD. Rockford, a flourishing manufacturing town, is situated on both sides of the Rock River, whose strong current is here spanned by six bridges. The city gets its water sup- ply from several artesian wells. It is well supplied with the modern metropolitan necessaries and conveniences. ROCK ISLAND. The city of Rock Island is built on the right bank of the Mississippi River, three miles above the mouth of the Rock 220 NORTH AMERICA. River and opposite Rock Island. The Mississippi is here spanned by several bridges. The principal business is the manufacture of lumber of various kinds. The island of Rock Island is owned by the United States, and is the seat of the Central United States arsenal. It was formerly the site of Fort Armstrong, and was used as a prison for captured Confederates during the Civil War. The island is connected by bridges with Rock Island, Moline and Davenport. MOLINE. Moline, a lew miles above Rock Island, has a- beautiful and healthful location, immense water power from the rapids in the Mississippi River, and is noted for its numerous fac- tories. The principal articles of manufacture are vehicles, agricultural implements and organs. GALENA. Galena is picturesquely built on several terraces on the Fevre River, about six miles from the Mississippi River. Steamboats can ascend the river to Galena. Considerable quantities of lead ore are mined in this vicinity. General Grant lived at this place at the opening of the Civil War. A beautiful monument to his honor and mem- ory was erected in the Galena Cemetery, in 1890. by his grateful and admiring fellow-citizens. NAUVOO. Nauvoo, pleasantly situated on high ground, on the east bank of the Mississippi, 14 miles above Keokuk, is noted for being founded and occupied by the Mormons. A WESTERN STATES. 221 large and costly temple, which was erected by them, is now only a heap of ruins. The population before the expulsion of the Mormons, in 1846, was 15,000. It is now less than one thousand. QUINCY. Quincy, one of the large and growing cities of Illinois, is beautifully situated on a limestone bluff, on the right bank of the Mississippi River, about 170 miles above St. Eouis. Its manufactures are extensive and varied. It has numerous elegant public buildings, and is the seat of the Illinois State Soldiers’ Home. Over 700 veterans of the Civil War are here comfortably cared for by the State. KASKASKIA. Kaskaskia, the first town settled in Illinois, was founded about 1682. A mission station was established near Utica, Illinois, by Marquette, in 1675, and named Kaskaskia. A few years afterwards the mission and its name was transferred to where Kaskaskia now stands. Kaskaskia was the first capital of Illinois. On the opposite bank of the Kaskaskia River, is Chester, which contains one of the State penitentiaries. CAIRO. Cairo, situated at the junction of the Ohio with the Mis- sissippi River, is well located for commerce. The city is protected from inundation by immense levees. A magnificent steel railroad bridge here crosses the Ohio River. Ky. il Corn Cracker State. 1791. “ Corn Crackers. ’ ’ 222 NORTH AMERICA. KENTUCKY. " Location. Comparative size. Rivers. ' Mississippi. Ohio. Tennessee. <{ Cumberland, Green. Kentucky. ^ Big Sandy. Cumberland Mountains. Mammoth Cave. Cities. Products. " Louisville. Frankfort. Lexington. ^ Covington. r f Horses. | Mules. Animal. \ Cattle. I Hogs. ( Sheep. f Grains. Vegetable. -j Fruits. (Timber. f Coal. I Iron. Mineral. \ Lead. I Salt. L Marble. / WESTERN STATES. 223 SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 299. 30°. 3°I. 302. 3°3* 3°4* 3°5* 306. 3°7- 308. 3°9* Blue Grass Region Salt Licks. The Garden of Kentucky. Swiss Colonies. Land of Cane. Big Bone Licks. The Falls City. Daniel Boone. Transylvania. Water lime. The Pride of Kentucky. QUERIES. 345. What are “oak knobs ?” 346. In what part of the State are the “ Barrens? ” 347. Who were the early pioneers of Kentucky ? 348. What does the word Kentucky mean ? 349. Repeat the State motto. 350. Why did no Indian tribe own the territory called Kentucky ? 351. How can the coral formations in Kentucky be ac- counted for ? 352. In what manner is the Mammoth Cave connected with the War of 1812? 353. Relate the troubles of the early settlers with Indians. 224 NORTH AMERICA. 354. Kentucky produces two-thirds of the hemp raised in this country. What is made of hemp ? 355. What two noted Presidents were natives of Ken- tucky ? ITEMS OE INTEREST. MAMMOTH CAVE. This wonderful cave is in Kentucky, about 100 miles south of Louisville, and people are continually going to see it. It was first discovered in 1802. In 1809 it was purchased for forty dollars. It now belongs to nine heirs, each of which receive from it an income of $ 1,000 annually. The Mam- moth Cave is the largest known in the world. The Cave contains hundreds of avenues, numerous rivers, many domes and pits, eight cataracts, besides a few animals and curious rock formations. Let us enter and take a trip into one of the world’s wonders. The fee is paid and we are furnished with overalls, blouses, flannel caps and a swinging lamp. As you enter you think a strong current of air is behind you, but it is really the “breath” of the cave. The guide tells us that the temperature is 56 degrees, Fahr. , the year round, and the cave inhales and exhales, as the temperature outside is above or below. As we proceed, hundreds of bats flit about and circle around our heads. These bats, a few rats, lizards,, a strange kind of cricket, and e eyeless fish, constitute the animal life of the cave. WESTERN STATES. 225 Nearly all the places are christened with names, such as: The Rotunda, The Chapel, The Haunted Chamber, Audu- bon Avenue, The Devil’s Arm Chair, The Bottomless Pit, Bridge of Sighs, The Dead Sea, The Rivers Styx and Echo, The Star Chamber, Giant’s Coffin, Kentucky Cliffs, and many others. The guides tell us the legends of some of these. In the Gothic Chapel with its bridal altar, a Ken- tucky belle was married to her lover, after having promised to marry no man on earth. She insisted she had kept her promise to the very letter, by marrying in this subterranean “ Gretna Green.” In the Haunted Chamber two Indian mummies were found, hence the name. Wandering Willie’s Spring was named from a blind bo}^ who wandered into the cave, and when found was asleep beside the spring which bears his name. McPherson’s Monument is a rude pile of stone, built by the staff officers of that brave general. Stones are added to the pile by the General’s soldiers and friends who visit the cave. The stalactites of gigantic size, and stalagmites of fantas- tic forms, when illuminated by calcium lights, present a scene never to be forgotten. TOBACCO. Kentucky ranks first in the production of tobacco, and in the study of this State a good opportunity is afforded to know something about it; its history, growth and commer- cial importance. 226 NORTH AMERICA. It is a plant, a genus of the solanacecz, or night shade family, and a native of America. The early explorers introduced it into the old world. Relate Raleigh’s experiments and experiences It was used as money (the medium of exchange) in the Virginia colony at one time, and was grown in the streets of James- town. The tooacco seed is first sown in beds, and propagated similarly to cabbage plants. The plants are set out in rows, checked like corn ground, and from 4,000 to 7,000 plants are used on each acre. It requires thorough cultivation. Many insects prey upon this plant, among which are the larva of a sphinx, commonly known as the “big green worm,” the common tobacco worm, and others. During the “ worming” season constant care is required. “ Priming ” consists of destroying worm-eaten and soiled leaves. 1 ‘ Top- ping ’ ’ is cutting off the top of the plant that the strength may go to the leaves. “ Cutting” consists in severing the stalks near the ground, and when wilted so the leaves will not break, they are deposited in the tobacco house. The “curing” takes from 75 to 100 days, according to the pro- cess employed. Assorting, stripping, bulking and packing, then follow. Tobacco is known by the name of the country producing it. In this country it can be raised from the Gulf to the Great Takes. The yield per acre ranges from 600 to 1,000 pounds. WESTERN STATES. 227 The raising of tobacco soon impoverishes any other than a very rich soil. What are the medicinal effects of tobacco upon the body ? What common plants belong to the same family ? Under what different names and forms is tobacco sold ? What diseases are produced by the excessive use of tobacco ? Which is less injurious, smoking or chewing? What was the Connecticut Blue Law concerning tobacco? LOUISVILLE. Louisville, the metropolis of Kentucky, is situated on the Ohio River, 150 miles below Cincinnati. The so-called falls of the Ohio are here, but they are simply a series of rapids. The fall of the river is 27 feet in a little over 2 miles. But little use is made of the water power. The Louisville and Portland canal is 2 miles long, and is on the Kentucky side of the river. The canal has three locks and is capable of passing steamboats of 3,000 tons burden. Since 1874, the United States government controls the canal, making it free to commerce except a small toll to keep up repairs. Louisville rests on a plain with the hills for a background, and the Ohio River flowing rapidly in front. This city is the largest tobacco market in the world. 228 NORTH AMERICA. The pork- packing, whisky distilleries, the tanneries and iron industries are all extensive. Louisville is noted for its schools, especially its medical colleges. The public library of Kentucky has over 30,000 volumes, and a museum and natural history department of 100,000 specimens. The population is over 161,000 (1890). Louisville was named after Louis XIV, king of France. At Louisville begin the double graves of the late war, the Confederate soldiers on one side, the Federals on the other. Here there will be two Decoration Days, until coming generations will lay wreaths upon all graves alike. LEXINGTON. The early pioneers were laying out this town when they heard of the news of the battle of Lexington of Revolu- tionary fame, so they named the town Lexington. This town is a handsome city, surrounded by a fertile country of great beauty. It is 20 miles distant from Frank- fort and is in the center of the famous Blue Grass Country. Lexington is especially famous for its celebrated race horses and “Bourbon” whisky. Near by is Ashland, the conntry home of Henry Clay. The cemetery contains a $50,000 monument in memory of the Great Pacificator. The manufacturing interests are important, the city has a number of noted schools and several state institutions. It was once the capital of Kentucky. WESTERN STATES. 229 KENTUCKY RIVER. This river rises in the Cumberland Mountains and flows northwest about 250 miles into the Ohio. The river seems to have worn itself through limestone rocks, which rise in perpendicular cliffs on either side. The scenery is picturesque. The Kentucky has no impor- tant branches. By means of locks and dams, steamboats can navigate one- third its length. Excellent coal, iron and marble are found along its banks. SINK HOLES. The ‘ ‘ Sink Holes * ’ of this state are cavities in the surface of the ground, commonly in the shape of inverted cones, sixty or seventy feet in depth and from sixty to two hun- dred feet in circumference at the top. The ear can often detect the sound of water flowing beneath. Mich “ The Lake State. 230 NORTH AMERICA. MICHIGAN. 'Location. Comparative size. Bays. Green. Saginaw. Strait of Mackinaw. ( Superior. I Michigan. Lakes. { Huron. I St. Clair. [Erie. - Rivers. Islands. CO 00 Cities. Products. ' Grand. Detroit. St. Clair. c Sault St. Marie. | Mackinac, j Beaver. " Detroit. Dansing. < Grand Rapids. Bay City. w Saginaw. f Animals. 1 Vegetables. Minerals. Manufactures. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 310. Ann Arbor. 31 1. Pictured Rocks. 312. Gem of the Straits. WESTERN STATES. 231 313. Sand dunes. 314. “ Peninsula State/ * 315. Gibraltar of the Lakes. 316. “The Pocahontas of the West. 317. The Fruit Belt. 318. The Sail Rock. 319. The Grand Portal. 320. Educational System. 321. Peat deposits. QUERIES. 356. What portion of the Lakes does the United States own ? 357. Which city contains the largest medical and surgi- cal sanitarium in the world? 358. What Indians still live in Michigan ? 359. Which peninsula excels in agriculture ? In minerals ? 360. What does the motto of Michigan mean ? 361. What canals in Michigan ? 362. Where are the salt wells located ? 363. For what vegetable production is Kalamazoo noted? 364. Where is the most noted summer resort in Michigan ? 365. For what is Ypsilanti noted ? 366. Name the forest products of Michigan. 367. Where is Michigan City ? 368. How do vessels pass to and from Lake Superior. 232 NORTH AMERICA. ITEMS OF INTEREST. Michigan excels all other States in producing lumber and salt. An excellent and sure crop of apples and peaches is pro- duced yearly in Michigan. On account of the modifying influence of the lakes, the climate is more mild and equable than in the neighboring States. The first European settlement was made by Father Mar- quette, atSault St. Marie, in 1668. In 1858, James D. Graham of Chicago, proved the exist- ence of a lunar tidal wave on the lakes. The spring tides gave a difference of three inches. Near Thunder Bay, stone is quarried which makes excel- lent grindstones. Michigan is second in extent of coast line. Which State has the most? DETROIT* Detroit, the metropolis of Michigan, and the best harbor on the great lakes, is situated on the right bank of the Detroit River. This city has a river frontage of over seven miles, the en- tire distance of which is crowded with warehouses, eleva- tors, ship-yards, dry-docks mills, foundries, factories, and other business buildings. A boulevard in the form of a crescent, nine miles long and 150 feet wide, surrounds the city. WESTERN STATES. 233 Fort Wayne, just below the city, commands the strait and defends the city. The principal park is called the “ Grand Circus/ ’ from which the avenues radiate. In 1886, twelve lines of railroads centered here, and steam- boat lines run to most of the lake ports. Detroit is one of the important lumber markets, and “the largest center in the world for stoves, railroad cars, emery wheels and phar- maceutical supplies. ” There are many fine buildings here. The French first visited this region in 1670. In 1701, Cadillac founded Detroit. The Griffin , under LaSalle, sailed to the entrance of the Detroit River. Here stood an Indian village of unknown date, where now stands the City of the Strait. This region is rich in Indian legends and lore. Detroit brings to our remembrance Pontiac, Hull, River Raisin, and other historic persons and scenes. It has been the scene of 4 ‘ one surrender, fifty pitched battles, and twelve massacres/ * SALT MANUFACTURE. Michigan leads all other States in the manufacture of salt, and a few words of how it is made will not be out of place. There are several ways by which the salt may be separ- ated from the water, which holds it in solution. Evaporation is performed by the heat of the sun in the warm countries, and hot seasons in the temperate regions. Evaporation is by artificial heat, commonly known as boiling. 234 NORTH AMERICA. Evaporation, by condensation, by which the ice formed is nearly pure water, and the brine remaining is finished by boiling. Northern Europe uses the last method, and the United States the first and second. The brine is pumped into shallow vats, when the design is to remove impurities, such as iron, carbonic acid, sulphate of lime, and several chlorides. The vats are protected by large movable covers. The evaporation is performed very slowly, hence the crystals are larger, or ‘ ‘ coarse salt ’ ’ is formed. Fine table salt is obtained by boiling in kettles and pans, or by the steam process. The kettles and pans are placed in long rows, under which fire is introduced, hence the evaporation is very rapid, and the salt requires removing continually. The steam process consists of steam pipes running through large wooden vats or cisterns, otherwise the process is the same. The finest salt in the United States is obtained from Michigan, Onondaga, N. Y., and Ohio and Kanawha Salt Companies. 25 to 30 gallons of water produces one bushel of salt at Saginaw, Michigan. This is the strongest brine known in United States. Fuel being near and cheap, it is readily seen why Michigan stands at the head of the salt manufacture. BENTON HARBOR. Benton Harbor is the chief shipping station of domestic fruits in Michigan. One steamer once carried off 16,000 WESTERN STATES. 235 crates of berries for a load. Canning factories, cider, vine- gar and pickle factories are located here. Some of the best wood-working machinery is produced in works which have been moved from Grand Rapids. ST. CLAIR TUNNEL. The immense amount of railroad business over the Grand Trunk and other connecting lines, made it necessary to pro- vide other means of transportation besides the steam ferries. Over 500 cars were ferried daily. At length it was deter- mined to construct a tunnel from Port Huron on the American side, to Sarnia in Canada. The company was formed in 1886, and the tunnel was completed September, 1891. The tunnel is 6,800 feet long, and circular in form, having a diameter of 20 feet. The bed of the *unnel is 15 feet be- low the bed of the river, or 66 feet below water level. It cost $2,500,000. COPPER. The southern shores of Lake Superior abound in native copper, the purest and most abundant in the United States. The rock is first crushed, then washed, when it is nearly in a pure state. It needs only to be smelted to make ingot copper. Michigan has more copper mines than all the rest of the states of United States. Some of the mines had been worked long ago by people who had stone implements with which to work. 236 NORTH AMERICA. MARQUETTE. Marquette is an important shipping point on the northern peninsula. The leading industry is handling iron ore. This place is a noted summer resort, and celebrated for its fine fishing. Presque Isle is one of the finest natural parks in the West. Congress presented the island to the city of Marquette. Electric light is furnished by the water power from Dead River, several miles distant. WISCONSIN. oj - +-> - CO to So bp c3 $ pq « • rH £ oo 00 Eocation. Comparative size. Green Bay. Takes. < Rivers. Cities. Products. { Superior. Michigan. Winnebago. Pepin. r Mississippi. St. Croix. J Wisconsin. * Rock. Fox. c Menominee. r Milwaukee. Madison. - Oshkosh. Racine. c EaCrosse. { Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. WESTERN STATES. 237 SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 322. Cream Colored City. 323. The Dalles. 324. Height of Land. 325. Mound Builders. 326. Lead Region. 327. The State Park. 328. Winnebago Marsh. 329. Hop Culture. 330. Lumber Camps. 331. Eye of the Northwest. 332. The Lake City. 333. Maiden Rock. QUERIES. 369. Which city manufactures the most threshing ma- chines ? 370. What does “ Wisconsin n mean? 371. What Indian war partly occurred in this State ? 372. What names in Wisconsin suggest a French origin ? 373. Which is the deepest of the Great Lakes ? 374. Name ten ports on the Great Lakes, and tell some- thing noted of each. 375. How can you account for so many small lakes in these Northern States ? 376. What noted group of islands in Lake Superior ? 377. Iii what vegetable production does Wisconsin excel ? 238 NORTH AMERICA. 378. What town of Wisconsin manufactures a great many ships ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. MILWAUKEE. Milwaukee, the metropolis and chief port of entry of Wisconsin, is on the western shore of Lake Michigan, about 85 miles north of Chicago. The harbor, naturally one of the best on the lake, has been improved by the Government building a breakwater, costing $1,000,000. The copper and iron mines, not far distant, have done much toward making Milwaukee a great manufacturing city. The city is celebrated for the great quantities of lager beer, which finds a market all over the Union. $4,000,000 are invested in that branch of industry alone. The lumber and grain interests are extensive. Vast iron mills and large leather factories are here located. Near here is located the National Northwestern Soldiers* Asylum for disabled veterans. These buildings are sur- rounded by 425 acres of land, one-half of which is under cultivation, the remainder forms a beautiful park. One of the State Normal schools is here. There are many fine buildings in Milwaukee, among which are the Postoffice and Custom House, County Court House, Board of Trade Building, Masonic Temple, railroad depots, churches, schools, etc. WESTERN STATES. 239 ASHLAND. Ashland is noted particularly for its lumber interests, and as a shipping port for iron ore. Here is found the largest charcoal blast furnace known ; the output is ioo tons daily. In 1890, the saw mills cut 138,000,000 feet of lumber, besides laths and shingles. This city has many attractions for summer tourists. The Apostle Islands are favorite resorts for excursionists. On one of these islands John Jacob Astor established a fur trading post, and the dock still stands. The Pierre Marquette Mission, of 1669, is still in a good state of preservation. SUPERIOR. Superior, one of the cities whose recent growth is phe- nomenal, is very advantageously located, near the west end of Take Superior. The city has three deep and safe har- bors, and is the center of seven great systems of railroads. Manufacturing and commerce combine to make Superior prosperous. It grew from a hamlet of a hundred inhabitants in 1885, to a bustling city of over 20,000, in 1890. MADISON. Madison, capital of Wisconsin, and one of the most beau- tifully located cities in America, is built upon an isthmus, about three miles in length and one mile wide, lying be- tween Lakes Mendota and Menona. 240 NORTH AMERICA. Besides being the capital, it is noted for its commerce and its educational advantages. Among the important institutions are the University of Wisconsin, Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home, and Asylum for the insane. CHIPPEWA FALLS. Chippewa Falls, beautifully situated on both sides of the Chippewa River, takes its name from the falls in the river. The falls are about 25 feet in height, and furnish power that is used in manufacturing. The principal industry is the manufacture of lumber, shingles, lath, etc. One of the largest saw mills in the world is located at this place. The water with which the city is supplied comes from a spring that issues from a rock. The water is very nearly pure; it contains less than one per cent, of impurities. EAU CLAIRE. Eau Claire, situated at the confluence of the Eau Claire and Chippewa rivers, is one of the greatest lumber manu- facturing cities of the United States. Besides lumber, furniture, paper, ice and electrical ap- pliances are made here. It has a healthful location. RACINE. Racine is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan, has an excellent harbor and good railroad facilities. WESTERN STATES. 241 Manufacturing is the leading industry. Farming imple- ments of various kinds, and engines, are the principal articles of export. It is the seat of the University of the Northwest. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN. Prairie du Chien, one of the oldest towns of Wisconsin, is on the left bank of the Mississippi River, a short distance above the mouth of the Wisconsin River. It is built upon the former site of Fort Crawford. It was at this fort that Jefferson Davis won the heart of Noxie Taylor, the daughter of Zachary Taylor. The story is that ‘ ‘ Old Rough and Ready” opposed the match, and that, as the daughter had inherited some of the independent spirit of her father, an elopement preceded the marriage. Minn. “ Gopher State. 1858. “Gophers.” 242 NORTH AMERICA. MINNESOTA. Location. Comparative size. f Superior. Lakes. Rivers. J Rainy. ] Woods. Itasca. f Mississippi. I St. Croix. <{ Minnesota. | Des Moines. [ Red River of the North. Height of Land. St. Paul. Minneapolis. Duluth. Red Wing. Winona. Cities. Products. { Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 334. The Diadem City. 335. St. Anthony’s Falls. 336. Minnehaha Falls. 337. The Zenith City. 338. The Twin Cities of the West. WESTERN STATES. 243 339. The Big Woods. 340. Fountain Cave. 341. The Ice Palace. 342. Indian Reservations. 343. Itasca State Park. 344. The Gateway of the East. 4 QUERIES. 379. Who first explored the upper Mississippi River ? 380. What is the meaning of the word Mmnesota ? Minne- haha? Minneapolis? 381. What is the origin of the word Itasca? 382. What is the latitude of the most northern portion of Minnesota ? 383. What is the straightest river, of its size, in the United States? 384. The scene of what famous poem is located princi- pally in Minnesota ? 385. What lake is now considered the source of the Mis- sissippi River ? 386. What State once offered $200 a piece, for Indian scalps? When? 387. What lines of steamboat navigation begin in Minne- sota? 388. What kind of engines are used in street car service of Minneapolis? 389. Does the destruction of the forests affect the climate? 244 NORTH AMERICA. ITEMS OF INTEREST. SAINT PAUL. Saint Paul, the capital of Minnesota, has a beautiful loca- tion upon several terraces, on the left bank of the Missis- sippi River, 2,200 miles above its mouth. It is devoted to both manufacturing and commerce, and has grown very rapidly within the past few years. It is at the head of steamboat navigation, for large boats. Its water supply comes from Take Phalen, three miles dis- tant. LAKE MINNETONKA. Take Minnetonka is a popular summer resort, about 1 2 miles southwest of Minneapolis. Numerous cottages and several immense hotels line the chores, for the accommodation of seekers for health and recreation. The lake is about 1 5 miles long, has many beautiful bays, and is well furnished with all kinds of pleas- ure boats. MINNEAPOLIS. Minneapolis, the largest city of Minnesota, lies fourteen miles, by the river, or eight miles in a direct line, west of St. Paul. It has had a phenomenally rapid growth during its recent history. The Falls of St. Anthony at this place furnish an im- mense amount of water power. This is utilized by many mills and factories. It manufactures more flour than any other city in the United States. WESTERN STATES. 245 The “A” 'mill, of Pillsbury’s, is the largest in the world, and has a daily capacity of 7,000 barrels. Another great industry of Minneapolis is the manufacture of lumber and the various products of the planing mills. Over half the lumber product of Minnesota is turned out by the saw mills of Minneapolis. For this reason it is some- times called the ‘'Sawdust City,” WINONA. Winona, one of the greatest lumber manufacturing cities of the United States, is pleasantly located on the right bank of the Mississippi River. The other important manufactures are flour, vehicles and farming implements. A large and prosperous State Normal school is located in Winona. MANKATO. This town, the largest cit}^ of southern central Minnesota, has a picturesque location at the big bend of the Minnesota River. It is in the center of a very rich country, and is engaged largely in manufacturing and commerce. It is the seat of one of the State Normal schools. It was at this place that thirty-eight of the savages engaged in the Sioux War of 1863 were executed at one time. 246 NORTH AMERICA. TOWER. Tower, devoted at present wholly to mining iron ore, is located on the south shore of Vermilion Lake. This lake gets its name from its appearance at sunset. The hills sur- rounding the lake contain almost inexhaustible mines of the purest magnetic iron ore yet found anywhere. The vein varies in thickness from 25 to 125 feet. The ore is shipped to Chicago, Pittsburg, and other east- ern cities to be used in manufacturing iron ware of various kinds. TWO HARBORS. This town, important as one of the principal shipping points for the immense quantities of iron ore and timber produced in this section of the State, is located on Lake Su- perior, about twenty-seven miles north of Duluth. It has also some note as a summer resort. DULUTH. Duluth, the third city in size in Minnesota, is advantage- ously located for commerce at the head of Lake Superior. It is near vast supplies of timber and mineral wealth, and forms the natural outlet for the vast grain fields of the northwest. It has a good harbor, that is capable of accommodating the largest vessels. Its growth within the past few years has been remarkable. \ WESTERN STATES. 247 THE MINOR LAKES. The minor lakes region of the United States lies principally in the states of Minnesota and Wisconsin. It is estimated that fully one-sixth of the lake surface of the United States is found here, and good authorities estimate the number at about 12,000. Within 25 miles of Minneapolis there are 200 lakes, and within the great pine forests are countless numbers yet un- explored. In Minneapolis this region bears the name of “Park Region.’ ’ The whole area is a gigantic reservoir system, preventing floods and supplying water in the drier periods for the navigation of the Upper Mississippi. These water courses help to convey the logs from the lumber camps to the saw mills, miles away. The hunting, the fishing and the scenery is all that could be desired. The lakes temper the cold of winter and modify the heat of summer. THE PIPESTONE QUARRY. Catlin was the first white man to explore the place which the poet describes, thus : On the Mountains of the Prairie, On the great Red Pipestone Quarry, Gitche Manito, the Mighty, He, the Master of Life, descending On the red crags of the Quarry, Stood erect, and called the Nations, Called the tribes of men together. 248 NORTH AMERICA. The Quarry is something over one mile from the town of Pipestone, Minneapolis. This locality is of interest to the geologist on account of a rock formation which is found no- where else ; to the historian for its romance and legends ; to the red men as a spiritual shrine to which they make yearly pilgrimages. The stone when first taken from the quarry is very soft and easily carved into curious shapes. It after- wards hardens rapidly. There are evidences that the Mound Builders knew of and visited this region. The open quarry is an excavation of perhaps sixty feet across and fifteen or eighteen feet deep. Fragments of the pipestone lie strewn about on every side. The Indians select the choicest pieces of stone for working, discarding all that have hardened and all that are of an undesirable color. It is their inherited belief that the stone is composed of the blood of Indians ; and when a streak of a lighter color appears they cast the stone aside, believing it to be a white man’s blood, which no good Indian is allowed to use. Having selected his several pieces of pipestone, the dusky artist seats himself cross-legged on the ground before his tent, and proceeds to carve them into the desired articles. The one thing which he most delights to make is a calumet, shaped to represent a tomahawk. It is graceful in design, nicely carved and artistically ornamented. There are many forms of pipes and other articles, novelties — any thing in fact that would make a suitable memento of the place ; for the Indians are shrewd on this point and carry on a thriving trade with tourists and curiosity-seekers. S. Dak. “ Land of the White Rabbit. 1889. “ Coyotes.’ ’ WESTERN STATES. 249 SOUTH DAKOTA. Boundary. Area. Population Lakes. Rivers. Mountains. Cities. Products. J White. (Red. | Stone. ( Traverse. f Missouri. ) Big Sioux. Dakota. Cheyenne. | Black Hills, j Plateau of the Missouri. "Sioux Falls. Pierre. Yankton. v Deadwood. { Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 345. The Big Muddy. 346. The Big Bend. 347. Hot Springs. 348. Buffalo Wallows. 349. Newport of the West. 250 NORTH AMERICA. 350. The Bad Rands. 351. The Mother City of Dakota. 352. The Great Sioux Reservation 353. The Pirates of the Missouri. 354. Prairie Fires. 355. Chinook Winds. 356. Hot Winds. 357. The Gate City of the Hills. QUERIES. 390. Can you pronounce Missouri ? Coyote? 391. Which city is nearly one mile above the sea level ? 392. What is an artesian well ? 393. How is it proposed to irrigate South Dakota ? 394. Where are the richest tin mines in America ? 395. How have railroads helped in settlement ? 396. Mention some of the hardships the early settlers had to endure. 397. Where are the trade centers through which Dakota’s imports and exports pass ? 398. What was the Timber Culture Act ? Why was it repealed ? 399. What river furnishes the best water power in this State? 400. Why are the prairies treeless ? 401. Why does the snow melt under a northwest wind ? WESTERN STATES. 251 ITEMS OF INTEREST. SIOUX FALLS. Sioux Falls, the metropolis of South Dakota, is situated on the Big Sioux River. The quarries here furnish the most important business, next to mining. The granite is of various colors, and is capable of a high polish. Many public buildings are built from the material obtained here. Sioux Falls is the seat of the State penitentiary, the School for Deaf Mutes, and of four sectarian colleges. The river descends go feet in the distance of one-half mile, thus afford- ing abundant water power. The Dells and Palisades along the Sioux River are beautiful to behold. Sioux Falls has a variety of industries of minor importance. The polishing works here use car load after car load of the petrified wood of Arizona for making monuments and orna- ments of different kinds. BLACK HILLS. These hills are located in the southwest corner of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming. They occupy an area of sixty by ninety miles. Harney’s Peak is the highest point. Crook’s Tower is nearly as high. The hills are surrounded by a wall of sand-stone, inside of which is the “Race Course” of the Indians. Near the south side are the famous Hot Springs, called by the Indians 252 NORTH AMERICA. Minne-kali-ta. Not far distant is a cave which will claim equal laurels with the most noted in our land. Dead City contains the largest stamp mills in the world. Rapid City is the seat of the Dakota School of Mines. Deadwood is in the center of the mining district, and is so called on account of the dead trees which were destroyed by fires. Deadwood is built on the side of a gulch, or rather several gulches, and the business that supports the town is per- formed outside, in the mining camps. Spearfish, in the Black Hills, is the seat of a Normal School. The minerals of this region are tin, gold, silver, lead, cop- per, mica, gypsum, coal and stone. The Indians believed the Hills to be the abode of the Great Spirit, and that the springs possessed great curative properties. Half a century ago, the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians fought for the possession of this region at a place called Battle Mountain. The Sioux were victorious. CAVE OF THEiWINDS. This cave is twelve miles north of the Hot Springs. It was found by a cowboy in 1884, but not explored until 1890. The temperature in the cave stands at 45 0 Fahr. The entrance was blasted and the cave has been explored for several miles. A thousand chambers have been discovered, the largest of which is about three acres in extent. The stalactite form- WESTERN STATES. 253 ations are beautiful, and the owners are careful to preserve the grandeur of the cave. TIN MINES. For several years past a company of men have silently bought all the available tin mines in the vicinity of Harney’s Peak. Their capital consists of $15,000,000. One of the officers reports as follows : “The company, of which I am chairman, and in which American capitalists are equally interested, have built two of the largest and most thoroughly equipped mills in the world. “They have a capacity of producing 500 tons of tin daily. In two years hence this country need not import any more tin, and the production will save $75,000,000 annually. “The mills expect to begin work by October 1, 1892.” Hill City is the center of the tin mines. THE WOONSOCKET WELL. At Woonsocket there is an artesian well 725 feet deep, which discharges 8,000 gallons of water per minute. There is a pressure of 153 lbs. to the square inch, and it throws a four-inch stream 70 feet high, or a two-inch stream 200 feet high. It is used for domestic purposes, and also supplies the fire department with water. It is said that this well exceeds in power and volume any other well in the world. 254 NORTH AMERICA. A DAKOTA BLIZZARD. A genuine blizzard is a storm of fine sleet accompanied by a fierce gale and freezing temperature. It usually follows a warm day, and the change comes very quickly. The frost begins to fly, the mercury falls below zero, the snow on the ground begins to move with a swishing sound, until all the snow seems to be in the air. The stinging, blinding sleet and the deadly cold wave com- bine to make it nearly impossible to find the best known paths. All this may seem incredible to those who never were in such a storm. It is impossible to convey its grim horrors in words; it is impossible to realize that men could get lost in going fifty feet, with houses all round, but they were. A blizzard is something terrible; it is something, which if once experienced, is never forgotten. No man wants to see one twice. The following is an account of the author’s experience in the great blizzard of January 12, 1 888, in South Dakota January 11, it snowed two or three inches of light, fluffy snow. The morning of the 12th there was a light wind from the south, with a dull, hazy, obscure atmosphere. A double ring was plainly visible around the sun. We saw the storm working up against the wind, and all the children reached school before it broke upon us. The wind suddenly shifted to the northwest, and in an instant we were in the midst of a fierce blinding storm of snow and sleet. The WESTERN STATES. 255 wind blew the snow in under the door, up from the floor, in the windows and even down from above, and it was only by careful attention that the room was kept barely comfortable. Noon came — no abatement. The coal house was just back of the school-house and open enough to drift full of snow. The noontime was spent in shoveling out the coal for the the afternoon. Recess — the gale increased, if anything. Night came — the storm furies still held sway, and we came to the conclusion to .stay in the school-house all night. Enough coal to last all night was brought in and piled in the corner of the room. The teacher went to the neighbor’ s, about 1 50 yards off, to see what arrangements could be made for food and other accommodations. The neighbor offered to keep the girls all night if they could get there and with numerous wraps the teacher started back to the school-house. The teacher traveled by guess for seeing was out of the question, and the wind was no guide — shifting and deceit- ful as the Will-o’-the-wisp. The school-house was reached again without mishap, the girls warmed and carefully wrapped, then, hand in hand, we started for the house. The teacher led the way, the others following as before stated. Half way over, the teacher turned to see if all were coming, found the line broken and the children scattered, and thus the bearings were lost. All were huddled together, and a shawl was thrown around th em, with the request not to move until sure of the right direc- 256 NORTH AMERICA. tion. The wind would whirl in every direction, and at times the snow and sleet would cover our faces so we could not see a particle — couldn’t even see our feet — and it was almost suffocating. In a few moments a pile of rocks was found, which were due east from the house about 130 feet, and the pupils moved to them. We all knew where we were, but no one knew which way was west. Horror of horrors ! Placing one pupil about 20 feet from the others, the teacher went as much farther. This was done several times in different directions, when cuttings were discovered which were in rows leading to the house. On hands and knees the teacher followed the row to the house, the rest, ten pupils, following. The children were crying with the cold, nearly all were frosted ; faces, fingers and feet were blistered. The teacher undid wraps, placed frozen limbs in water, and cared for the comfort of all before he realized his own frost bites. The lady of the house spread bread and butter for the boys and we started back. In the meantime the sun had gone down. The boy who was helping to take the food to the school-house desired not to go, and rather than risk chances of a night on the prairie, with the snow for a winding sheet, we turned back. No one cared for supper. All went to bed to keep warm; 14 persons in a 14 by 20-foot house of one story. Sleep was out of the question. About mid-night the wind lulled for a few moments, and the teacher went to the school-house, were all were found WESTERN STATES. safe around the fire. With a red hot stove, and a thermome- ter only ten feet away on the north side of the house, the mercury stood about zero. It was 30° below, out doors, next morning, and a stiff wind blowing. The author was a truly happy, thankful boy, thinking “what was,” and “what might have been.” NORTH DAKOTA r Location.