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 ADVANCE COPY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF. ILLINOIS 
 URBAN A 
 
 Oak Street 
 UNCLASSIFIED 
 
 THE ACTIVITIES OF THE 
 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 
 DURING THE PAST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 
 
 By Chas. Warren Hunt, 
 
 Secretary, Am. Soc. C. E. 
 
Return this book on or before the 
 Latest Date stamped below. 
 
 University of Illinois Library 
 
 Abu ““4 
 
 ICC 
 
 L161 — H41 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 URCANA 
 
 ADVANCE COPY 
 
 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 
 
 INSTITUTED 1852 
 
 PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS 
 
 This Society is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed 
 in its publications. 
 
 THE ACTIVITIES OF THE 
 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 
 DURING THE PAST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 
 
 By Chas. Warren Hunt, M. Am. Soo. C. E. 
 
 Presented December 5th, 1917. 
 
 In 1897 a ‘‘Historical Sketch of the American Society of Civil En- 
 gineers” by the writer was published by the Society. This was issued 
 in book form only, and a limited number sold, the proceeds being 
 turned over to the Building Fund for the Fifty-seventh Street House. 
 At the Washington Convention, in 1902 (the Fiftieth Anniversary of 
 the Society), he briefly sketched the development of the intervening 
 years. These, so far as known, form the only attempt at a connected 
 account of the activities of the Society. 
 
 During the past quarter century many things have happened, and 
 much has been accomplished of which there is no convenient and 
 readily accessible record. It is true that much material, in a more 
 or less fragmentary form, may be found scattered through the 250 
 monthly numbers of Transactions and Proceedings published dur- 
 ing that period, but, even if they are all accessible in bound form, more 
 . effort and time are necessary to get at the facts than the busy engineer 
 ; can afford. 
 
 In addition to this, the growth has been so rapid that only 646 
 ' (about 7£%) of the present membership of 8 544 were connected with 
 the Society at the beginning of this period. It should be remembered 
 also that the rate of increase in membership has been so much greater 
 during the latter part of this period, that 5 137 (more than 65% of the 
 increase) have joined within the last ten years. 
 
2 
 
 With full recognition of the fact that statistical matter and figures 
 are more useful in a printed than in a spoken record, it is intended to 
 place before you this evening as briefly as possible the things which 
 appear to be most interesting, and of which the membership in gen- 
 eral has little if any information. 
 
 Early History. 
 
 The American Society of Civil Engineers was inaugurated at a 
 meeting held in the office of the Croton Aqueduct Department, Ro- 
 tunda Park, New York City, on Friday, November 5th, 1852. At this 
 meeting 12 Engineers were present. Alfred W. Craven, Chief Engineer 
 of the Croton Aqueduct, presided. The first Constitution (adopted 
 December 1st, 1852) declared the object of the Society to be: 
 
 “The professional improvement of its members, the encouragement 
 of social intercourse among men of practical science, the advancement 
 of engineering in its several branches, and of architecture, and the es- 
 tablishment of a central point of reference and union for its members.” 
 
 The circular issued at that time stated: 
 
 “Civil, geological, mining, and mechanical engineers, architects, 
 and other persons who, by profession, are interested in the advance- 
 ment of science, shall be eligible as members. 
 
 “It is anticipated that the union of the three branches of civil and 
 mechanical engineering and architecture will be attended by the hap- 
 piest results, not with a view to the fusion of the three professions in 
 one ; but as in our country, from necessity, a member of one profession 
 is liable at times to be called upon to practice to a greater or less extent 
 in the others, and as the line between them cannot be drawn with pre- 
 cision, it behooves each, if possible, to be grounded in the practice of 
 the others; and the bond of union established by membership in the 
 same Society, seeking the same end, and by the same means, will, it is 
 hoped, do much to quiet the unworthy jealousies which have tended to 
 diminish the usefulness of distinct societies formed heretofore by the 
 several professions for their individual benefit.” 
 
 The first professional meeting was held on January 5th, 1853. Dur- 
 ing 1853 and 1854, fourteen meetings, with an average attendance of 
 six, were held, all in the office of the Croton Aqueduct Department. 
 There is no record of any meeting after that of March 2d, 1855, at which 
 the question of the securing of quarters was considered and the Society 
 adjourned, until October 2d, 1867, when a meeting was held at the office 
 of C. W. Copeland, 171 Broadway, New York City, at which the 
 
House of the American Society of Civil Engineers 
 
 3 
 
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5 
 
 Minutes of the Meeting of March 2d, 1855, were accepted, and the 
 object of the meeting stated to be ‘‘to take such steps as might be 
 necessary to resuscitate the Society.” 
 
 Society Headquarters. 
 
 The result of this was that the first home of the Society was in 
 rooms in the Chamber of Commerce Building, 63 William Street, 
 New York City, where the First Annual Meeting was held on Novem- 
 ber 6th, 1867. 
 
 In 1871 the quarters in William Street were enlarged by the rent- 
 ing of additional rooms, and on May 1st, 1875, new quarters were 
 secured on the southeast corner of Broadway and Twenty-third Street. 
 
 On May 1st, 1877, the Society moved into a house, No. 104 East 
 Twentieth Street, which it rented. 
 
 In April, 1881, a dwelling house, No. 127 East Twenty- third Street, 
 was purchased, the first meeting being held there on May 4th, 1881, 
 and it is of interest to note in passing that one of the Founder Socie- 
 ties — The American Institute of Electrical Engineers — came into being 
 at a meeting held in that house on May 13th, 1884. 
 
 This house was occupied until 1896, when two lots, Nos. 218 and 
 220 West Fifty-seventh Street, with a total frontage of 50 ft., were 
 acquired, and building operations started in December, 1896, in charge 
 of a Building Committee consisting of -George A. Just, Charles 
 Sooysmith, Bernard R. Green, George H. Browne, William R. Hutton, 
 Joseph M. Knap, T. C. Clarke, and Chas. Warren Hunt. 
 
 The new house was completed and formally opened on November 
 24th, 1897. 
 
 Owing to the growth of the Society, an additional 25-ft. lot, im- 
 mediately adjoining the Society House, was purchased in 1904, and a 
 50% addition to the house was built. This addition was completed in 
 the latter part of 1905, and was first used at the Annual Meeting of 
 January 17th, 1906. The Building Committee in charge of this work 
 consisted of Alfred Noble, S. L. F. Deyo, Nelson P. Lewis, and Chas. 
 Warren Hunt. 
 
 The Society property then consisted of a plot of 75 ft. frontage on 
 Fifty-seventh Street, varying in depth from about 107 ft. on the east, to 
 about 117 ft. on the west. The House was a 4-story and basement, fire- 
 proof structure, the two lower floors covering the entire plot, and the 
 two upper floors only the front portion. The first floor contained a 
 
6 
 
 spacious foyer and three offices, one of which was used for the office 
 of the Secretary. There was a large room in the rear called a Loung- 
 ing Loom, its use being principally for informal and social meetings. 
 The main stairway gave access to the second floor on which there were 
 in the front a large Beading Boom, and in the rear an Auditorium 
 with a seating capacity of 500. The third floor was devoted entirely 
 to the office force, and the top floor to a double tier of book stacks 
 with sufficient capacity for about 150 000 volumes, and with space 
 for considerable enlargement. The building was a dignified and 
 commodious one, and, having been specially designed for the use of the 
 Society, proved itself adequate in every way, and, with certain addi- 
 tions which could have been made at any future time for the increase 
 of space available for office and stack-room purposes, undoubtedly 
 would have been ample for the use of the Society for many years to 
 come. The total amount expended by the Society for the lots and 
 building was, in round numbers, $360 000. 
 
 In February, 1903, Mr. Andrew Carnegie offered to give $1000 000 
 to erect a suitable union building for the American Society of Civil 
 Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Ameri- 
 can Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Institute of Electrical 
 Engineers, and the Engineers Club. This offer was very carefully 
 considered by this Society, and submitted to a referendum vote of 
 the entire Corporate Membership, the arguments for and against its 
 acceptance being set out in an impartial manner. The result was that 
 the membership decided, by a vote of 1 139 to 662, not to accept the offer. 
 
 The other organizations mentioned accepted. The amount donated 
 by Mr. Carnegie was increased to $1 500 000, the result being the 
 Engineering Societies Building, Nos. 29-33 West 39th Street, and the 
 Engineers Club, 32 West 40th Street. The fund was divided as follows : 
 to the three Engineering Societies, $1 050 000, to the Engineers Club, 
 $450 000. 
 
 In 1914 the entire property of the United Engineering Society con- 
 sisting of a structure of thirteen stories, built with the funds provided 
 by Mr. Carnegie on property purchased by the three Founder Societies, 
 had been cleared of debt. 
 
 There was, however, a strong feeling among those prominently iden- 
 tified with the activities of the three Founder Societies that this build- 
 
220 West Fifty-seventh Street 
 
 7 
 
9 
 
 ing could not be considered a strictly representative Professional 
 Headquarters until it housed also the oldest of the National Societies. 
 
 After several preliminary discussions of the matter by individuals, 
 on June 9th, 1915, an informal meeting of members of all the National 
 Engineering Societies interested in the question of co-operation of the 
 various branches of the Profession was held, and, as a result of this 
 meeting, the matter was taken up by the Board of Direction of this 
 Society, and Clemens Herschel, Robert Bidgway, and Chas. Warren 
 Hunt, were appointed a Committee to consider the question of a pos- 
 sible amalgamation in an Engineering Headquarters. Charles E. 
 Loweth, Hunter McDonald, George E. Swain, and John A. Ockerson 
 were subsequently added to this Committee, and the Board of Direc- 
 tion, under date of February 1st, 1916, laid the whole matter before 
 the Corporate Membership of the Society for a referendum vote. The 
 letter-ballot on this question was canvassed on June 15th, 1916, the 
 result being 2 500 in favor of the acceptance of the offer of the three 
 Founder Societies to 390 against it. 
 
 This offer, briefly stated, was as follows : 
 
 That a three-story addition be made to the Engineering Societies 
 Building at a cost estimated at $225 000, and not to exceed $250 000. 
 That the American Society of Civil Engineers should pay for this addi- 
 tion, if the cost did not exceed the latter figure, but that if that cost 
 exceeded $250 000 the additional expense should be borne by the United 
 Engineering Society. That the American Society of Civil Engineers 
 would then become an equal owner in the whole enlarged property on 
 the same terms as each of the three original Founder Societies, and 
 would occupy as much space as it might need on two of the additional 
 floors. 
 
 Immediately afterward the Board of Direction accepted in due form 
 the invitation of the Founder Societies in behalf of the Society, and 
 Clemens Herschel,. J. V. Davies, and Chas. Warren Hunt, were ap- 
 pointed a Committee with power to carry out the agreement. 
 
 This agreement was ratified at a meeting of the United Engineering 
 Society on August 10th, 1916. Work was begun on the necessary pre- 
 liminary structural work on August 1st, 1916, under the supervision 
 of a Building Committee consisting of one representative from each of 
 the Founder Societies as follows: H. H. Barnes, Jr., E. Gybbon Spils- 
 bury, Chas. F. Band, and Chas. Warren Hunt. 
 
10 
 
 Owing to the general conditions of labor and material, the cost of 
 the addition to the building, which it was thought in 1915 was amply 
 provided for, with all contingencies taken care of, in the estimate of 
 $225 000, was found to be at least $50 000 in excess of the limiting 
 figure, or $300 000. This additional cost has been borne equally by the 
 four Founder Societies. 
 
 The total share of this Society, therefore, has been $262 500, which, 
 together with certain additional expenses in fitting up the new quarters, 
 cost of new furniture, and moving, will bring the total expense of our 
 change of headquarters to approximately $280 000. 
 
 The addition, as before stated, consists of three stories. The four- 
 teenth floor will be used as a stack-room for the United Engineering 
 Library, headroom for a double tier of stacks having been provided. A 
 report of the writer to the Board describes our new quarters, as follows : 
 
 “The lay-out of the floors to be occupied by this Society was made 
 by the writer with a view to utilizing every available foot of space and 
 to secure good light. This was the more necessary inasmuch as the 
 floor area of these two floors is much less than that of the lower floors. 
 
 “Briefly, the Society will occupy the entire 15th floor, and about 
 two-thirds of the 16th or top floor. In all there are eleven main rooms. 
 On the 15th floor there are : 
 
 . “(1) The office of the Secretary, entrance to which is at the right 
 of the elevators. 
 
 “(2) The Reading Room, directly opposite the elevator, the en- 
 trance to which will be the main entrance to the Society Rooms. This 
 room is 51 by 26 ft. and looks out over Bryant Park to the north. It 
 is panelled in oak, and when used by our members, in connection with 
 the Library, will, it is believed, practically take the place of the old 
 Reading Room in Fifty-seventh Street. 
 
 “(3) The Board Room. This room, which is 43 by 24 ft. is on the 
 south side of the building, directly opposite the Reading Room, a 6-ft. 
 hallway separating them. This room is panelled in mahogany, and the 
 furniture for it, which has been specially designed, is also of mahogany, 
 and consists of 4 tables and 30 chairs. The tables are designed so that 
 they can be placed together making a table 24 by 6 ft., or can be sepa- 
 rated and used as units 6 by 6 ft.; and, when necessary, can be made 
 into tables 6 by 3 ft. to set against the wall and take up very little room. 
 In the partitions between these rooms and the hallway, two 8-ft. open- 
 ings, opposite each other, with sliding doors, have been arranged, so 
 that the two rooms can be thrown together, practically forming one 
 large room averaging 57 by 47 ft. 
 
11 
 
 Engineering Societies Building 
 33 West Thirty-ninth Street 
 
13 
 
 “(4) General Office. A large room covering the east side of the 
 building, 59 by 37 ft. Here will be located the general office force. A 
 service stairway, which will practically be a private stairs for this 
 Society, gives access to the 16th floor, where, on the east side of the 
 building, there are four small offices, one of which (5) is to be used as 
 a Rest Room for women; (6) for the Bookkeeper; (7) Editorial De- 
 partment; (8) Applications Department. Three other large rooms are 
 available for Committee Rooms, or whatever use may develop in the 
 future. They are (9) 24 by 20 ft., (10) 22 by 24 ft., (11) 36 by 23 ft. — 
 these figures being approximate. 
 
 “A doorway in the hall separates that part of the 16th floor to be 
 used by the Society from three rooms which are available for renting 
 by the United Engineering Society, and to which access is obtained 
 through the elevator and hallway without passing through the quarters 
 of the Society.” 
 
 Library. 
 
 Immediately after the foundation of the Society, on January 5th, 
 1853, a circular was ordered to be forwarded to “All men in charge of 
 public works, asking for printed reports, maps, plans, etc., in order to 
 start an Engineering Library in connection with the Society.” There 
 is no record as to the response to this circular, but, naturally, very 
 little in the way of a Library could be secured until some place was 
 provided in which the books could be cared for, and it was not until 
 headquarters were first established, in 1867, that the Library really had 
 a start. After that its growth was quite rapid, when one considers that 
 practically no books were purchased, the accessions being entirely the 
 result of donations. Several large additions were received in the suc- 
 ceeding years notably, in 1872, one from William Young Arthur, 
 M. Am. Soc. C. E., and in 1873 one from William J. Me Alpine, Past- 
 President, Am. Soc. C. E. 
 
 The Annual Report of the Board of Direction for 1873 gave the total 
 contents of the Library as 3 433. 
 
 In 1873 a special committee was appointed, under the following 
 resolution : 
 
 “Whereas, the foundation of a library and museum, which contains 
 within itself all accessible published matter relating to the history, 
 theory and practice of engineering, the construction and management 
 of public improvements, and the methods and cost of manufacturing 
 operations, with illustrations by models and samples of the results 
 thereby obtained, must he invaluable, not only to the profession, but 
 
14 
 
 Chief . 
 Office Asst. 
 
15 
 
16 
 
 to all who are interested in the pursuit or the application of practical 
 knowledge, 
 
 “Resolved, that a Committee, consisting of the President and nine 
 other members to be named by him, with power to fill vacancies, be 
 appointed to devise a plan whereby such a library and museum may be 
 founded; the funds obtained for its collection, management, increase 
 and maintenance; a suitable place secured, where it and other posses- 
 sions of the Society may be preserved and its advantages enjoyed by 
 members and others connected therewith, irrespective of their location; 
 * * 
 
 This Committee did not make a report until 1875, and it seems 
 worth while to quote its principal recommendations, which, it is sub- 
 mitted, are wonderfully comprehensive, and cover the ground as thor- 
 oughly as if they had been written to-day. 
 
 “The library of the American Society of Civil Engineers should 
 contain the literature of rational and applied science, constructive art 
 and technology; all that has been, or may from time to time be pub- 
 lished, relating to the history and prosecution of engineering; the maps 
 and profiles of every canal and railroad, their complete reports, and 
 those of municipal and state departments; descriptions of private and 
 miscellaneous works ; statistics of the material resources and develop- 
 ment, the wealth, manufactures and commerce of countries; standard 
 works of reference in science and art, and lack nothing published any- 
 where, in our own or other tongue, that in a library may aid the student 
 or accomplished engineer seeking professional knowledge. * * * 
 
 * * * Much professional knowledge recorded in the several technical 
 
 journals of the day, is almost inaccessible to the busy members of a pro- 
 fession which allows but little time or opportunity for exhaustive read- 
 ing. Complete treatises on theoretical or practical subjects, frequently 
 published and full of matter valuable to engineers, are neither pur- 
 chased or read by them. These, as issued, should form a part of the 
 library, and its advantages be placed at the command of all connected 
 therewith, wherever they may happen to reside, so that at their request, 
 complete examinations on specified topics can be made, pertinent ex- 
 tracts copied, and proper references given. 
 
 “The plan here outlined involves the preparation of concise ab- 
 stracts of new works, reports, scientific and technical journals, pro- 
 ceedings of societies, and other publications, as received; the whole to 
 be classified and indexed, that a busy man may quickly learn, without 
 the trouble and expense of looking over the vast amount of matter now 
 published, to determine for himself, whether there has recently ap- 
 peared in print anything referring to a particular subject. A serial 
 index of current engineering and technical literature as thus described, 
 can be comprised within a few pages issued weekly or monthly, and 
 
17 
 
 would largely facilitate the dissemination of professional knowledge 
 ‘among men of practical science*. 
 
 “A skillful librarian, who knows what the library contains, and 
 where it is to be found, can at the mere cost of the time spent, make 
 exhaustive researches on a topic, for members, quicker and with greater 
 thoroughness than they themselves can do it. Any one who has con- 
 sulted large libraries knows that, generally, more time is spent in learn- 
 ing how and where to look, than in the work at hand.*’ 
 
 In 1885, a strong effort was made to form a library for the joint use 
 of the Civil, Mechanical, Mining, and Electrical Societies, and a com- 
 mittee was appointed by this Society to confer with similar committees 
 from the other Societies ; but, nearly three years later, the Chairman re- 
 ported that no satisfactory progress had been made in the matter, and 
 no further action was taken. 
 
 At the beginning of the twenty-five year period under consideration 
 the Library had, all told, about 16 000 accessions, and five years later, 
 when it was moved to the Fifty-seventh Street House, it contained ap- 
 proximately 22 000, among them being many old and rare volumes. 
 Up to October 1st, 1916, when the Library was turned over to the 
 United Engineering Society, the average yearly growth was 8 000, and 
 the total number of accessions had increased to more than 89 000. 
 More than 67 000 of these were not duplicated in the combined libraries 
 of the Mining, Mechanical, and Electrical Societies, and these were 
 turned over to the United Engineering Society in October, 1916. In 
 addition, the book-stacks- which had been erected in the Eifty-seventh 
 Street House, and provided for additions to our library for many years, 
 were donated to the United Engineering Society. They have been 
 taken down, and are now being erected in the new “Stack Room” on 
 the 14th floor of our new home. 
 
 The remaining 22 000 volumes have been presented to the Cleveland 
 Association of Members. The collection is to be kept intact, and is now 
 temporarily in the custody of the Cleveland Public Library. 
 
 In the Eifty-seventh Street House provision had been made for 
 a commodious, up-to-date Stack Room, and, immediately upon moving 
 in, a thorough re-classification and indexing of the Library was under- 
 taken. The Library at that time was in an exceedingly chaotic state. 
 Ho systematic index for it had ever been made, and it was a problem 
 how it should be made efficient and available for the use of Engineers. 
 The task fell upon the writer, and he made every effort to find out just 
 
18 
 
 what had been done up to that date in the classification and cataloguing 
 of an Engineering Library, by inquiry from available sources. A 
 composite picture of the replies received would have read somewhat 
 like this: “We use such and such a system, and we advise you 
 not to.” Under this condition he was thrown entirely on his own re- 
 sources, and the classification which has been in use for 20 years (it is 
 still used so far as our books, which have been transferred to the United 
 Engineering Library, are concerned), was worked out. 
 
 In such a pioneer effort by one who, up to that time, had a very 
 limited knowledge of Library work, it is not surprising that there were 
 many imperfections. On the other hand, it was put together from the 
 standpoint of an Engineer, and experience has shown that it has been 
 a most efficient tool. This classification was used, not only to arrange 
 books on the shelves, but also to arrange cards in the Catalogue. Many 
 of the classes were very large, and were not sub-divided closely, and 
 therefore the “Class Catalogue” was supplemented by a “Subject Cata- 
 logue” in which the cards were arranged alphabetically by subject. 
 At least one card was written for every book in the Class Catalogue, 
 and as many additional cards were placed in either the Class or Sub- 
 ject Catalogue as was necessary to cover its contents fully. All books 
 were very carefully analyzed, cards being written for any sections or 
 chapters which would be of special interest, which necessitated in some 
 cases as many as 40 or 50 cards for one book. In addition to the two 
 Catalogues described, there was also an “Author Catalogue” in which 
 at least one card was filed for every book in the Library. 
 
 In 1900 the Classified Catalogue was printed and issued in a volume 
 to all members. This book contained 700 pages, and covered about 
 32 000 titles. Its issue stimulated the growth of the Library to such an 
 extent that two years later a second volume of 293 pages was issued, 
 bringing it up to date. 
 
 During the years in which this classification was in use much ex- 
 perience was gained, and toward the latter part of that period an im- 
 proved and extended classification was worked out by two members of 
 the Library Staff, Miss Eleanor H. Erick, and Miss Esther Raymond, 
 on their own initiative, and largely in their own time.* Though this 
 classification is based on the general ideas of the writer, full credit for 
 the work belongs to the Librarians mentioned. It is believed that the 
 
 * The two classifications are given in Appendices A and B. 
 
19 
 
 publication of these two classifications will be of considerable use, not 
 only to Technical Libraries, but to members of the Profession. As an 
 instance of such use, it may be stated that the Committee of the Engi- 
 neering Council charged with tabulating the members of the Society 
 available for special work in connection with the War, used this classifi- 
 cation in making up the various headings under which the members 
 of this Society should be indexed. 
 
 In 1896, the writer in the “History” previously referred to, speaking 
 of the Library, said: 
 
 “While it is not possible now to bring its use within the reach of 
 members residing at a distance, it is hoped and believed that after the 
 new house is completed arrangements can be made by which non- 
 resident members may be able to secure data on any special points at 
 small expense.” 
 
 As soon as possible after the cataloguing had been completed, he 
 took up the matter, and in 1902 was authorized by the Board to make 
 searches in the Library, upon request, and to charge therefor the actual 
 cost to the Society of the work required. About 1 000 such searches and 
 bibliographies have been gotten out, and there is abundant evidence of 
 the appreciation of our non-resident membership. 
 
 A number of’ years after this system was started, the Library of the 
 United Engineering Society established its Service Bureau, which has 
 been very successful; and, as our Library now forms part of the con- 
 solidation, our members will have the benefit of that service. 
 
 Local Associations. 
 
 The question of the formation of Local Associations of Members 
 in the various centers of population was considered in a general and 
 informal way several times prior to 1905. It was discussed at the 
 Cleveland Convention in that year, following a report from the Sec- 
 retary stating that a circular note had been forwarded to at least three 
 Members in each of the following cities: Albany, Boston, Cleveland, 
 Chicago, Detroit, Kansas City, Mexico, New Orleans, Philadelphia, 
 Pittsburgh, St. Louis, St. Paul and Minneapolis, San Francisco, and 
 Washington, setting forth the advantages of such Associations, both 
 locally and to the Society as a whole, recommending their formation, 
 and enclosing a draft of a proposed Constitution suitable for adop- 
 tion. The Secretary reported that considerable interest had been 
 
20 
 
 aroused, and that two Local Associations had been formed, one at 
 Kansas City, ’Mo., and one at San Francisco, Cal.; that meetings 
 had been held at Washington, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Boston, St. 
 Louis, and Philadelphia, and that a report from the three 
 Chicago Members had also been received. The reports from Wash- 
 ington, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh, were non-committal. In Boston 
 it was the unanimous opinion of those consulted that it would be very 
 difficult to arouse sufficient enthusiasm; in St. Louis a meeting of 23 
 Members adopted a resolution to the effect that it was not desirable 
 at that time to have such an organization in that city. In Philadelphia 
 a letter-ballot was taken resulting in a vote of 42 to 14 against the 
 proposition, and the Committee in Chicago was strongly against it. 
 
 The general idea of the organization of Local Associations of the 
 Society, suggested by the Board of Direction, was approved by the 
 Convention. 
 
 The writer remembers well what a hard struggle it was to overcome 
 the many objections raised, the principal one being the fear that such 
 Associations would injure local societies and clubs already established; 
 but time has accomplished what then seemed impossible, and we now 
 have Local Associations in each of the cities named except Albany, 
 Boston, Mexico, Pittsburgh, and Kansas City. In the last named the 
 first association was formed, but it was not successful. In addition 
 there are 13 others, a total of 21. It is undoubtedly a fact that these 
 Associations add strength to the Society as a whole, and are of great 
 local benefit. Since the above was written, the writer has been informed 
 unofficially of the formation of an Association in Pittsburgh. 
 
 An important meeting of the presidents of all the Local Associa- 
 tions was held at the Society House on January 19th, 1915, at which 
 many matters of vital interest to the Society were discussed. 
 
 Membership. 
 
 Twenty-five years ago the total membership of the Society was 
 1 609 ; at the present writing it is 8 544, a net increase for that period 
 of 6 935, the average yearly net increase having been 277. It should 
 be noted that this increase has been in spite of the fact that the require- 
 ments have been raised during the period. The writer’s opinion is that 
 it is also due to this fact. 
 
21 
 
 Finances. 
 
 As nearly as can be determined, the .cash value of the property of 
 the Society, at the beginning of the twenty-five year period under con- 
 sideration, was $60 000. In a statement issued by the Board of Direc- 
 tion in May, 1895, when the building of the Fifty-seventh Street House 
 was first contemplated, the available assets of the Society were given 
 as follows: 
 
 House, 127 East 23d Street (estimate). .$60 000 
 
 Mortgage 16 000 $44 000 
 
 Securities in safe deposit, par value 16 000 
 
 Cash, awaiting permanent investment 4 500 
 
 Amount available $64 500 
 
 At the present time a similar statement would read about as follows : 
 
 Society House, 220 West 57th Street, 
 
 cost $360 000 
 
 Less Mortgage 150 000 $210 000 
 
 New 39th Street Quarters, cost to the 
 
 Society 267 500 
 
 Securities in safe deposit 10 000 
 
 $487 500 
 
 The assets of the Society on the basis of this statement have in- 
 creased during the past quarter century about $425 000. This, how- 
 ever, is very conservative, inasmuch as in the above figures the cost 
 of the Fifty-seventh Street property is used, whereas in the statement 
 of 1895 the value of the Twenty-third Street house was estimated, and 
 largely in excess of the price paid for it ; in addition to this, the value 
 of the Society’s one-fourth interest in the Thirty-ninth Street property 
 • is at least $250 000 more than the cost given. It would be more nearly 
 correct, therefore, to say that the increase of property assets during 
 this period has been $700 000. 
 
22 
 
 Meetings. 
 
 During the past twenty-five years about 500 regular meetings of 
 the Society have been held. Nearly all of these have been for the pur- 
 pose of presenting and discussing professional papers and topics, and 
 there have been 20 or 30 extra or special meetings, and about 50 meet- 
 ings which are spoken of in the Constitution as for “social” purposes. 
 There were also a number of special meetings of the Juniors of the 
 Society. 
 
 Among the most notable events, the following might be mentioned : 
 
 The formal opening of the Fifty-seventh Street HouSe on November 
 24th, 1897 was held in the afternoon. The President, Benjamin M. 
 Harrod, of New Orleans, La., presided. The ceremonies were opened 
 with a dedicatory prayer by the Bt. Rev. Henry C. Potter, and 
 addresses were made by Gen. W. P. Craighill, Past-President, J. G. 
 Schurman, LL.D., President of Cornell University, and the Hon. 
 Joseph H. Choate. 
 
 On September 16th, 1904, a reception was given to the members 
 of The Institution of Civil Engineers of Great Britain, who were visit- 
 ing this country by invitation of the Society. 
 
 On November 30th, 1910, at the home of the Society, the John 
 Fritz Medal was awarded to the late Alfred Noble, Past-President, 
 Am. Soc. C. E. 
 
 On June 3d, 1912, the Society tendered a reception to the Twelfth 
 International Navigation Congress, and on September 5th of the same 
 year to the members of the Sixth Congress of the International Asso- 
 ciation for Testing Materials. 
 
 From 1903 to 1910 all the meetings of the John Fritz Medal Board 
 of Award were held in the Society House, and on many occasions meet- 
 ings of other societies and associations were held there by special per- 
 mission of the Board of Direction. 
 
 Amendments to the Constitution.* 
 
 A revised Constitution was adopted on March 4th, 1891, the prin- 
 cipal changes being the provision for two new grades of membership. 
 The class of Associate Member was created, so that it would be prac- 
 ticable to raise the qualifications for the highest grade, and to take 
 
 * All the amendments, with a brief statement of their purport and the vote by 
 which they were adopted or rejected, will be found in Appendix C. 
 
23 
 
 care adequately of a certain class of engineers not eligible for the 
 grade of Member, as well as to provide at the proper time a method for 
 advancement to Corporate Membership of those in the old Junior grade 
 who were deserving of such advancement. The requirements for the 
 grade of Junior were lowered so as to bring them within the reach of 
 all young men who at the beginning of their careers wished to be con- 
 nected with this Society. Provision was also made for an increase in 
 the number of Vice-Presidents and for the enlargement of the Board 
 of Direction, so as to make it more truly representative. The respec- 
 tive terms of office were lengthened, and it was stipulated that mem- 
 bers of the Board should not be eligible for immediate re-election, thus 
 securing rotation in office. 
 
 The Report of a Committee on Revision of the Constitution, under 
 date of November 5th, 1890, signed by W. P. Shinn, Mendes Cohen, 
 F. Collingwood, and S. Whinery, states in part: 
 
 '“It was upon the question of the duties, position and standing of 
 the Secretary that the greatest diversity of views was found to exist. 
 A large number of members have expressed the opinion that the Sec- 
 retary of the Society, like the secretary of an ordinary business cor- 
 poration, should be appointed by the Board of Direction, but those who 
 so think forget or ignore the fact that, unlike the ordinary business 
 corporation, the offices of President and Vice-President in this Society 
 are of an honorary nature. The homes of these officers are most fre- 
 quently in parts of the country remote from the Society’s place of 
 business, and it may often occur that they can perform but few of the 
 executive duties. In fact the Society does not contemplate that the 
 men whom it honors with such positions shall drop their professional 
 duties to attend to Society work, and it certainly does not propose to 
 pay them for doing so. The executive duties must, however, be per- 
 formed by some one, and at all times. The Committee has, therefore, 
 distinctly named the Secretary, under the President and Board of 
 Direction, the executive officer of the Society. 
 
 “If we stop for a moment to consider the important duties to be 
 performed by such officer, often of a delicate and confidential char- 
 acter, it will be seen that he should have a voice in the deliberations of 
 the Board; for he is the source of all information, and to him must be 
 referred the detailed investigation of every question. 
 
 “It is necessary, too, that the office should be filled by a person 
 capable of representing the Society favorably, and deciding properly in 
 the matters constantly arising in the intervals between the meetings 
 of the Board; and this can only be well done by a professional man, of 
 business experience and standing. Such a man cannot be easily 
 
24 
 
 secured for any sum which the Society can at present afford to pay; 
 nor would such a man be willing to sever himself entirely from the 
 field of professional engagement.” 
 
 Up to 1894 the office of Secretary had been filled by a general vote 
 of the membership, but in that year an amendment was carried 
 placing the election of the Secretary in the hands of the Board of 
 Direction, but otherwise not changing his status. The vote on this 
 amendment was 191 to 6. In 1895 an amendment was carried which 
 divided the territory occupied by the Society into 7 Geographical Dis- 
 tricts and provided for representation of each of these Districts on 
 the Board of Direction. The vote on this ballot was 273 to 12. 
 
 The revised Constitution adopted in 1891 provided for the election 
 of all members by a letter-ballot of all Corporate Members, 7 negative 
 votes excluding. It also provided that the Board, upon receipt of eight 
 requests for reconsideration of the ballot in the case of any rejected 
 candidate, was empowered to order another ballot to be taken. On this 
 “Reconsideration” negative ballots to the number of 10% of the votes 
 cast were necessary for exclusion. 
 
 The small number of negative ballots necessary for exclusion on 
 the first ballot caused trouble by the exclusion of well-qualified appli- 
 cants; the reconsideration ballot also proved unsatisfactory, for the 
 reason that the number of ballots necessary for exclusion was dependent 
 on an unknown quantity. Under it, a candidate might be excluded 
 with only 15 negative ballots, and another might be admitted with 40 
 or more negative ballots. In fact, such cases as these actually occurred. 
 
 In 1903, the number of negative ballots required for exclusion on 
 the first ballot was increased from 7 to 20. Even this proved unsatis- 
 factory, and in 1908 the Constitution was amended by transferring the 
 election of members of all grades from the membership at large to the 
 Board of Direction. The vote on this amendment was 892 to 317. 
 
 In 1915 in order to provide for a more general representation on the 
 Board of Direction, the territory occupied by the Society was divided 
 into 13, instead of 7, Districts, each to be represented on the Board of 
 Direction, the vote on this question being 1 066 to 83. 
 
 A number of amendments to the Constitution have been proposed 
 and rejected. Among the most important of these was one, submitted 
 in March, 1907, increasing certain of the adrpission requirements, par- 
 ticularly for the grade of Member. This was lost by a vote of 429 to 847 
 
25 
 
 In 1914 an amendment was offered which would have changed the 
 status of the Secretary of the Society by excluding him from mem- 
 bership on the Board of Direction. This amendment was lost by a vote 
 of 1 343 to 1 828. 
 
 Engineering Congresses. 
 
 Three International Engineering Congresses in which the Society 
 was active, have been held in the United States. The first was held in 
 1893 in connection with the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 
 This Society took charge of Division “A”, Civil Engineering, the work 
 of which was described at the joint meeting of all divisions, August 5th, 
 1893, as follows: 
 
 “Six sessions have been held, and the work accomplished can be best 
 shown by the following statement: Sixty-three papers in all were pre- 
 sented. Of these fifty had been printed and distributed for discussion, 
 and covered about 1 200 pages of printed matter, with numerous plates 
 and cuts. 
 
 “The subjects treated may be classified under the following heads: 
 
 “Common Roads; Railways, Terminal Systems, Signaling, Loco- 
 motives, etc.; Cable Railways; Bridges, Substructure and Superstruc- 
 ture; Canals; Foundations; Surveys and Surveying Instruments; 
 Metals — Their Treatment for Substructural Purposes; Grain Ele- 
 vators; Paving Brick; Carbon — Its Use in Electrical Engineering; 
 Electric Light Plant; Hoisting Machinery; Inland Transportation; 
 Navigation Works; Improvement of Rivers; Improvement of Harbors; 
 The Plant of Commercial Ports; The Laying Out of Cities; Water 
 Works; Sewers and Sewerage; Tunnels, and The Testing of Building 
 Material. 
 
 “Twelve countries are represented in the authorship of these papers, 
 as follows: 
 
 Germany furnished. . 
 
 . .20 
 
 Canada 
 
 ... 3 
 
 Mexico 
 
 .. 6 
 
 Italy 
 
 .. . 1 
 
 Portugal 
 
 .. 5 
 
 Australia 
 
 ... 1 
 
 England 
 
 .. 3 
 
 United States 
 
 .. .18 
 
 Holland 
 
 .. 2 
 
 
 — 
 
 France 
 
 .. 2 
 
 Making a total of.., 
 
 . . .63 
 
 South America ........ 2 
 
 “The work of translation of papers presented in foreign languages 
 has been done in every instance by volunteers from the membership 
 of the Society, by gentlemen thoroughly conversant with the subject 
 under consideration. 
 
26 
 
 “The interest manifested in the papers presented is evidenced by 
 the fact that 318 engineers registered during the session of this Divi- 
 sion, and the average attendance at each session was about 125. 
 
 “The discussions have taken a wide range, and, on account of the 
 limited time, have been entirely confined to those presented orally. 
 Many interesting and valuable written discussions were received, 
 which it was entirely impossible to present at the sessions, but which 
 will be published in connection with the papers. 
 
 “The number of valuable additions to the literature on the sub- 
 jects mentioned is so great that it is impossible in this summary to do 
 them all justice, and it is thought best not to attempt it. 
 
 “It may, however, be asserted that the results of the sessions of 
 this Division of the Congress will be far-reaching and productive of 
 great benefit to the profession of Civil Engineering all over the world.” 
 
 The second International Engineering Congress was held in con- 
 nection with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Mo., in 
 October, 1904. 
 
 In 1903 this Society was invited by the Directors of the Louisiana 
 Purchase Exposition to undertake the arrangements for an Interna- 
 tional Engineering Congress. Our Board of Direction appointed a 
 Committee, and this Committee invited the co-operation of the other 
 National Engineering Societies, but, for some reason which was never 
 explained, they did not entertain the proposition favorably. Inasmuch 
 as the inauguration and conduct of the proposed Congress had been 
 placed upon this Society by the management of the Exposition, the 
 4 Board determined, on January 4th, 1904, that the Society should under- 
 take it alone, assuming the entire cost. 
 
 At that date nothing, even of a preliminary nature, had been done, 
 and the organization, the securing, editing, and publishing of papers 
 and discussions, as well as arrangements for meetings, devolved entirely 
 upon the writer and his staff. 
 
 The first paper was received on March 29th, 1904, and between 
 that date and October 1st, 1904, . 83 papers were edited, printed, and 
 circulated in advance, many discussions being received. The work of 
 translating many of these foreign papers was undertaken by volunteers 
 from the membership of the Society. 
 
 The Congress was held from October 3d to 8th, 1904. Its activities 
 were divided into eight sections, 28 meetings were held, the average 
 attendance at each being 50. In the discussion of the 38 selected sub- 
 
27 
 
 jects, 97 formal papers, written by prominent specialists by invitation, 
 were presented. In addition, 78 communications from engineers unable 
 to be present were read, and there were 272 oral discussions at the 
 Sectional meetings. 
 
 The proceedings were published subsequently in six extra volumes of 
 Transactions, every member of the Society receiving copies of these 
 volumes free of charge. The total edition was 4 000, and, in addition, 
 separate pamphlets covering each of the subjects were printed, a total 
 of 43 575 separate pieces being handled. 
 
 From foreign sources 46 out of a total of 96 papers, and 91 out of 
 a total of 302 discussions, were furnished. 
 
 The attendance at the Congress was: from the United States 724; 
 Canada, Cuba and Mexico 17; South America 10; Europe (13 
 countries) 111; Asia 10; Australia 4, a total of 876. 
 
 The total cost was $38 500, of which about $5 000 was received from 
 subscription and sales of publications, the total net cost met by the 
 Society being about $33 500. 
 
 The third International Engineering Congress in which the Society 
 participated was held in connection with the Panama-Pacific Exposi- 
 tion, in San Francisco, Cal., September 20th-25th, 1915. 
 
 The plan of management of this Congress and the method of financ- 
 ing it, both of which were suggested by the writer, were as follows: 
 
 The original financial plan was that the cost should be underwritten 
 
 as follows: 
 
 (1) By a general subscription from engineers re- 
 
 siding in the Pacific Coast region $10 000 
 
 (2) By the five National Societies, in the follow- 
 
 ing proportion : 
 
 American Society of Civil Engineers $9 000 
 
 American Institute of Electrical Engineers . . 9 000 
 
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers. . 5 000 
 
 American Institute of Mining Engineers .... 5 000 
 
 Society of Naval Architects and Marine En- 
 gineers 2 000 $30 000 
 
 The estimated cost of the Congress was $40 000 
 
 A General Committee of Management was composed of the Presi- 
 dent and Secretary of each of the four Founder Societies and of the 
 
28 
 
 Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, with four addi- 
 tional members from each Society resident in San Francisco. 
 
 The ten officers of the Societies mentioned formed a Committee on 
 Participation, through which invitations to take part were transmitted 
 to other Engineering organizations both at home and abroad. This 
 Committee also arranged for providing the funds necessary to carry 
 on the work. 
 
 The members of the Committee resident in San Francisco formed 
 a Committee of Management to carry out the work in detail on the 
 ground, W. F. Durand being Chairman and W. A. Cattell, Secretary- 
 Treasurer. 
 
 This Committee took charge of the receipt, editing, printing, and 
 distribution of the papers and discussions, which were finally issued in 
 13 volumes. 
 
 The total cost of the Congress was approximately $77 000. Of this 
 
 amount : 
 
 Pacific Coast Engineers contributed $10 413.00 
 
 American Society of Civil Engineers contributed 7 740.00 
 
 American Institute of Mining Engineers contributed . . 4 300.00 
 
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers contributed. 4 300.00 
 American Institute of Electrical Engineers contributed. 4 300.00 
 Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 
 contributed 1 720.00 
 
 Total $32 773.00 
 
 The remainder of the total expense was received from membership 
 fees, sale of additional volumes, etc., etc. 
 
 The Annual Convention of this Society was held in San Francisco 
 during the week before the Congress, and similar meetings of the other 
 Founder Societies were also held, thus assuring a good attendance. 
 This was a somewhat memorable occasion, inasmuch as a special trans- 
 continental train for the accommodation of the members of all these 
 organizations, and other members of the Congress, was arranged for 
 by the Joint Committee on Entertainment and Transportation of which 
 the writer was Secretary. 
 
 The Congress consisted of opening and closing sessions, and 51 
 technical meetings. The total attendance was approximately 800, and 
 
29 
 
 there were about 50 official delegates. Owing to the state of war exist- 
 ing in Europe, the foreign participation was much more limited than 
 had been expected when the Congress was originally undertaken. 
 
 The product of this Congress was not distributed gratis to any of 
 the members of the Societies participating, as was the case in 1904. 
 
 Publications. 
 
 The first paper printed by the Society was an Address delivered by 
 President James P. Kirkwood directly after the reorganization of the 
 Society in 1867. 
 
 The number of Transactions for November, 1873, was the first is- 
 sued. The first 57 papers, which were printed separately, make up 
 Volume 1 and part of Volume 2. Volume 3 begins with the number 
 of Transactions for May, 1874, and Volume 4 with that of April, 1875. 
 Between that date and 1886 the number of pages published was only 
 sufficient to fill one volume per annum, but, beginning with 1887, and 
 continuing until 1892, two were issued yearly, the total number of 
 volumes up to that date being 28. In 1893 two extra volumes of Trans- 
 actions were issued containing the product of the Civil Engineering 
 Section of the International Engineering Congress. 
 
 Up to the end of 1895 the Proceedings and Transactions were is- 
 sued together in monthly numbers, and, in order to preserve them for 
 future reference, they had to be separated and bound in individual 
 volumes. 
 
 The difficulty with this method was that a paper intended to be sub- 
 mitted to the Society was not published until it had been read at a 
 meeting, and the discussion upon it, which was limited to the few who 
 attended the meeting or who had received advance copies, had been 
 edited, printed, and collated. Under these conditions the membership 
 of the Society at large never saw or heard of any paper until the dis- 
 cussion of it was complete, which frequently was six months, and in 
 some cases as long as eighteen months, after the paper had been re- 
 ceived. The result of this was that the monthly numbers of Transac- 
 tions lacked current interest, and when received by members frequently 
 remained in their wrappers until sent to the binder when the entire 
 yearly volume had been received. 
 
30 
 
 The writer well remembers that one of the first pieces of work as- 
 signed to him as Assistant Secretary, in March, 1892, was the getting 
 ready for publication of the number of Transactions for September of 
 the preceding year. 
 
 In 1892-95 the issue, in addition to the regular Transactions, of a 
 Bulletin in leaflet form, calling attention to current events and giving 
 abstracts of the papers in advance of the date at which they were to be 
 presented, was tried. The great difficulty with this was the preparation 
 of proper abstracts. The experience of the writer leads him to the 
 belief that a technical abstract, in order to be really good, must be pre- 
 pared by one who is expert in the particular subject treated, and that, 
 even in this case, he must study the paper carefully and write the ab- 
 stract in his own words. Any attempt to produce an abstract of a paper 
 by quoting here and there a paragraph is not productive of satisfactory 
 results. 
 
 In January, 1896, the publication of our present monthly Proceed- 
 ings was begun, the technical matter contained in these being subse- 
 quently collated and published in volumes of Transactions. 
 
 This method was new in Society publications, and has since been 
 adopted by others. By it the member is interested in the receipt of his 
 monthly Number, because it contains: (1) brief accounts of Society 
 business, including abstracts of minutes of Society Meetings both in 
 New York and in the headquarters of Local Associations, list of addi- 
 tions to the membership, announcements of future meetings, and other 
 items of general interest; (2) not only the papers to be presented, but 
 also the discussions upon them, which are published serially until each 
 subject is exhausted. 
 
 It is a matter of pride that, during the 22 years that this publication 
 has been issued, it has never failed to be mailed to the membership on 
 the fourth Wednesday of the month, although at times the issues have 
 contained as much matter as an ordinary volume, in one case 650 pages. 
 
 In March, 1899, the writer was authorized by the Board to publish 
 in Proceedings a list of current engineering articles of interest. This 
 was started in a modest way, and was evidently found useful by the 
 membership, because a request soon came that it be printed on one side 
 of the page only, in order that members might cut out items 
 which specially interested them, and use them in their own in- 
 dexes. This list, which has been published continuously in each 
 
31 
 
 monthly number of the Proceedings from that date, is made up from an 
 examination of about 115 periodicals. The classification is very simple, 
 as the list is intended to be of current interest only, and to enable an 
 engineer to glance over each month the publications relating to his par- 
 ticular line of work, and to select therefrom such articles as he may read 
 either in some convenient library or by obtaining them from the 
 publisher. 
 
 In order to show briefly the quantity of material written, edited, 
 and published, the total number of pages issued in the Society publica- 
 tions for the twenty- five years from 1867 to 1892, was 17 747 (yearly 
 average, 710), and for the twenty-five years from that time to date has 
 been 96 800 (yearly average, 3 872), making the total pages 114 547. 
 The cost of the printing, binding, and postage (nearly all the postage 
 being chargeable to publications) for the latter period has been about 
 $724 000 (yearly average, $28 960). 
 
 The actual handling, preparation for mailing, and mailing, of all 
 these publications has been done by the Society force during that period. 
 
 In 1911 the writer presented a Report to the Board of Direction, 
 and subsequently to the Business Meeting of the Annual Convention 
 of that year, suggesting that there would be many advantages if a 
 change were made in the method of getting out our publications. The 
 report stated that he had investigated this possibility for some time and 
 recommended that it be tried. Briefly, the idea was to continue the 
 publication of Proceedings as heretofore, but to publish only one 
 volume of Transactions per annum, such volume to contain as much 
 matter as the four that were issued at that time. This was to be 
 accomplished by the use of thin “India”, or as it is commonly called 
 “Bible”, paper. Up to 1908 two volumes of Transactions had 
 been issued yearly, but, beginning with 1909, four volumes were 
 issued per annum. (In 1910 five volumes were issued.) These volumes 
 contained between 550 and 600 pages each. The direct benefits were 
 fully stated in this Report.* 
 
 The recommendation was approved and the first of these thin-paper 
 volumes was issued in 1912. 
 
 It may be set down as axiomatic in Society work that no matter 
 what may be done, it will not please the entire membership, and this 
 case was no exception. So many criticisms were received, with in- 
 
 * Proceedings, Am. Soc. C. E,, Vol. XXXVII, p. 319. 
 
quiries as to why the Society had adopted the use of “tissue” paper in 
 its publications, etc., etc., that in April, 1914, a circular was issued 
 asking two questions: 
 
 (a) “Shall the use of thin paper be continued in the monthly 
 Proceedings ? 
 
 (b) “Shall the use of thin paper be continued in the one yearly 
 volume of Transactions, or shall the same number of pages be issued in 
 Transactions on thick paper, in four volumes per annum”? 
 
 The result of this was that in a very large vote of about 3 000, 90% 
 of those voting was in favor of the use of thin paper in the monthly 
 Proceedings, and 95% was in favor of its use in Transactions. 
 
 As was foreseen, the points that appealed to the membership were 
 the great saving to individuals in shelf room, in the cost of binding, 
 and in economy in time by the use of one index instead of four. 
 
 Annual Conventions. 
 
 An Annual Convention has been held each year during the last 
 twenty-five years, except in 1917, when the Convention which was to 
 have been held in Minneapolis and St. Paul was abandoned on account 
 of the war. Twenty-one separate localities have been visited. Two Con- 
 ventions were held in Chicago, two in Niagara Palls, and two in San 
 Francisco. All of them have been exceedingly enjoyable, have brought 
 the members from various sections into closer contact, and have 
 been of material benefit to individuals and to the Society. 
 
 It is perhaps worthy of notice that during this period three of these 
 meetings have been held on the Pacific Coast, which up to 1896 was 
 farther away from headquarters than the Society had ever held an 
 official meeting, and that four were held on foreign soil, two in Canada, 
 one in England, and one in Mexico. 
 
 It would extend this review too far even to touch upon the interest- 
 ing events of these meetings, but perhaps it is permissible to call atten- 
 tion to the fact that the trip to London was made on the invitation 
 of the Institution of Civil Engineers, that our meetings were held 
 in the home of that Institution in London, and that the whole party 
 had the honor and pleasure of being received by Queen Victoria at 
 Windsor Castle.- It might, perhaps, also be stated that the Mexican 
 Convention was held by invitation of President Diaz. Members who 
 
33 
 
 are interested will find quite full details of these trips in the 
 Proceedings. 
 
 A special party was made up in March, 1911, to visit the Panama 
 Canal. This was a more or less unofficial party. Two of the United 
 Fruit Company’s steamers were chartered for the occasion, one sailing 
 from New York and the other from New Orleans, meeting at the 
 Isthmus, and the party generally keeping together on the return. All 
 the arrangements were made by the writer, who, unfortunately, was 
 unable to go, due to the pressure of other duties, but he knows from 
 what he heard from those who were fortunate enough to make it, that 
 the trip was a specially enjoyable one. 
 
 Special Committees. 
 
 Reference should also be made to the splendid work of Special 
 Committees appointed to investigate and report upon Engineering 
 problems, twelve of which have made Final Reports during the period 
 under consideration. The results of their work have been of inestimable 
 value, but all that is possible, within the limits of this review, is to 
 enumerate the subjects upon which such reports have been received. 
 
 Final Reports have been published on the following subjects: 
 
 Impurities in Public Water Supply; Standard Rail Sections — two 
 Committees reported on this, one in 1893 and one in 1910 — Uniform 
 Methods for Testing Materials Used in Metallic Structures, and Require- 
 ments for These Materials to Further Improve the Grade of Such 
 Structures; Standard Time; Regulating Practice of Engineering; 
 Status of the Metric System in the United States; Uniform Tests of 
 Cement; Conditions of Employment of, and Compensation of, Civil 
 Engineers ; Concrete and Reinforced Concrete ; Principles and Methods 
 for the Valuation of Railroad Property and Other Public Utilities; 
 and Floods and Flood Prevention. 
 
 At the present time six Special Committees, all of which have 
 presented one or more reports of progress, are investigating the follow- 
 ing subjects: 
 
 Engineering Education; Steel Columns and Struts; Materials for 
 Road Construction; Bearing Value of Soils for Foundations; Regula- 
 tion of Water Rights; and Stresses in Railroad Track. 
 
34 
 
 Medals and Prizes. 
 
 On October 1st, 1912, the Society established two additional prizes, 
 as follows: The J. James R. Croes Medal, named in honor of the first 
 recipient of the Norman Medal; and the James Laurie Prize, named 
 in honor of the first President of the Society. The first' consists of a 
 medal of the value of $40, and may be awarded annually to such paper 
 as may be judged worthy, and be next in order of merit to the paper 
 to which the Norman Medal is awarded; the second consists of $40 in 
 cash, with an engraved certificate signed by the President and by the 
 Secretary of the Society. This prize also may be awarded annually, 
 under the rules governing the award of the Thomas Fitch Rowland 
 Prize, to such paper as may be judged worthy and be next in order 
 of merit to the paper to which the Thomas Fitch Rowland Prize is 
 awarded. 
 
 In a recent issue of Engineering News-Record the following edi- 
 torial appears: 
 
 “AND THEY ARE FIGHTING IN FRANCE” 
 
 “The ‘Subsidence of Muck and Peat Soils in Southern Louisiana 
 and Florida’ was the title of a paper presented two weeks ago at the 
 meeting of the American Society of Civil Engineers. With the excep- 
 tion of three war addresses, equally peaceful topics have occupied the 
 meetings since last April. The fall program, so far as announced, 
 contains no papers bearing on the tremendous industrial and engi- 
 neering problems which the winning of the war demands that we solve. 
 This is an engineering war, yet the society seems not to recognize its 
 opportunity.” 
 
 It is unfortunate that such an improper, unfounded and sarcastic 
 editorial insinuation should be made about an organization whose 
 aims and objects are clearly unselfish, in a commercial publication on 
 which the Profession in a large measure depends for its technical news. 
 
 The time for this attack upon the loyalty of this Society — just after 
 it has become one of the Founder Societies — leaves an impression of 
 malicious intent. 
 
 Of late all of us have heard much of the use of previously unheard 
 of methods of warfare, and the writer feels sure that every right-minded 
 member of our Allies of the Mining, Mechanical and Electrical Societies 
 will unite with the members of this Society in condemnation of this 
 misuse of editorial prerogative. 
 
35 
 
 It is hoped that the following brief statement — written before the 
 appearance of this insult to the Board of Direction and to the Mem- 
 bership of this Society — will be a sufficient answer. 
 
 War Activities. 
 
 As soon as war was declared, the Society placed its facilities at 
 the disposal of the Government, and, both as an individual organization 
 and jointly with the other Founder Societies, has done all it has been 
 asked or permitted to do. 
 
 The value of the Engineer has been recognized to a greater extent 
 than ever before, and in the wonderful progress made in raising, 
 training, transporting, and maintaining the new Army of the United 
 States, as well as in the investigation and solution of new problems, 
 he has been a most important factor. 
 
 A Joint Committee representing the National Societies, of which 
 William Barclay Parsons, M. Am. Soc. C. E., was Chairman, was 
 active in securing the legislation which provided for the Engineer 
 Deserve Corps, and Committees made up of members of these Societies 
 have been instrumental in recruiting Engineer Regiments in many 
 parts of the country. 
 
 In 1915, in the absence of President Marx, the writer was requested 
 by a Sub-committee of the Naval Consulting Board to co-operate with 
 it and representatives of other National Societies, to formulate plans 
 for industrial preparedness. He reported to the Board of Direction, 
 on January 17th, 1916, that a plan had been developed by the Sub-com- 
 mittee, acting in conjunction with the five National Societies repre- 
 senting the Civil, Mining, Mechanical, Electrical, and Chemical Engi- 
 neers, for securing complete statistics of the industrial strength of 
 the country. Under this plan, in each State of the Union, one repre- 
 sentative, recommended by each of these Societies, was appointed as 
 an Associate Member of the Naval Consulting Board, and the five 
 Engineers thus appointed in each State constituted a Board to secure 
 the necessary information for the Government through the aid of the 
 more than 30 000 members of these organizations. As is well known, 
 this great work was carried to a successful conclusion. 
 
 In these and in many other ways the Society, and its Board of 
 Direction, has been active in the present emergency. 
 
36 
 
 Every member of the Society must read with pride our “Roll of 
 Honor”, the first issue of which,* incomplete as it undoubtedly is, con- 
 tains the names of 575 Engineer officers who are now serving in the 
 Army and Navy. Since that list went to press, 148 have been added 
 to it, and it is still incomplete. This means that more than 8£% of 
 the entire membership wears a uniform. The list, however, does not 
 contain the names of hundreds of other members who are serving their 
 country unobtrusively but still no less unselfishly and effectively, on 
 Advisory Boards or simply as citizens. The writer knows of many 
 cases where at great personal sacrifice such work has been and is now 
 being done. 
 
 Only a few days ago a suggestion was made somewhat timidly over 
 the telephone by J. W. DuB. Gould (one of our Members who is devot- 
 ing his time to the service of the Government but who is one of those 
 mentioned as not listed on our “Roll of Honor”) that perhaps the 
 Society might consider some arrangement by which the United States 
 Food Administration could secure the use of the House we so 
 recently vacated in order to carry on its work in New York City 
 and State. The writer at once said that he believed that the Society 
 would be glad to offer this House for the use of the Nation, for the 
 purpose specified, free of charge. 
 
 It was not possible to get the Board together ; indeed, in these busy 
 times, a meeting of the Executive Committee is difficult to secure. By 
 telephone, however, each available member of that Committee has given 
 his unqualified and enthusiastic support to the proposition ; the arrange- 
 ment has been made, and the U. S. Food Administration Board will 
 begin work at our old home on Friday of this week. 
 
 It is perhaps unnecessary to state that the head of this most impor- 
 tant Board is a Member of this Society — Herbert C. Hoover. 
 
 Society Staff. 
 
 Any statement of the activities of the Society would be incomplete 
 without special mention of the staff of the Secretary. It is not a large 
 one. Before the transfer of the Library the total number (exclusive 
 of Janitors and Office Boys) was 22; since that time it has been some- 
 what reduced. T. J. McMinn, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Assistant Secretary, 
 and Miss Eleanor H. Erick, Chief Office Assistant, have served the 
 Society for twenty years, and fourteen others for periods varying from 
 
 * Proceedings, Am. Soc. C. E., Vol. XLIII, p. 698 (November, 1917). 
 
37 
 
 18 to 3 years, the average length of service of the entire force being 
 more than 11 years. The Society owes much to the work of its em- 
 ployees, and the writer wishes to acknowledge publicly the faithful, 
 industrious, efficient, and loyal service which has been rendered to the 
 Society at all times, as well as to express his personal obligation to each 
 of them. 
 
 Functions of a National Technical Society. 
 
 The writer believes that the primary functions of a National 
 Technical Society might be stated about as follows : 
 
 1 — To advance engineering knowledge and practice. 
 
 2 — To maintain the dignity and standing of the organization, and 
 to preserve the high character and professional qualifications of its 
 membership. 
 
 3 — To keep in touch with, and to take proper action on, all matters 
 in which the relation of the Profession to the public is involved, and 
 to render service to the Nation when occasion demands. 
 
 4 — To do whatever is possible for its Members individually, and, 
 in general, to return to them an equivalent for the dues paid. 
 
 The latter function necessarily takes the form of providing oppor- 
 tunity for professional discussion, both formal and informal, which, 
 when, as is the case in this Society, more than 80% of the membership 
 is non-resident, must be through publications. 
 
 The use of the Library should be brought as far as possible within 
 the reach of all, and all matters brought to the attention of the man- 
 agement by correspondence should be handled promptly and efficiently, 
 including the keeping of special records of members seeking profes- 
 sional engagements in order that they may be placed at the disposal 
 of inquirers for technical men in any specialty.* 
 
 Perhaps the most difficult problem is to succeed in making each 
 member feel that he is getting as much benefit as every other member. 
 The men who framed the Constitution of the Society were wise enough 
 to make a decided difference in the amount of dues to be paid by Resi- 
 dent and Non-Resident Members, but, although the Resident Member 
 pays 66% more than the Non-Resident, the latter is still inclined to 
 feel that those who live near Headquarters derive disproportionate bene- 
 fits, in that they may attend all meetings, use the Reading Room, con- 
 
 ♦While the Society has not advertised as an employment bureau, this plan has 
 been in use for many years, and hundreds of members have been put in touch with 
 professional opportunities. 
 
38 
 
 suit the Library, and otherwise avail themselves of all local privileges. 
 
 It is not possible, of course, to arrange matters so that the Non- 
 Resident can secure all these privileges, but, during the past twenty- 
 five years, every effort has been made to do away with this feeling. 
 How successful these efforts have been must be left to the individual 
 judgment of each member, and it is hoped that what has been herein 
 set down will aid in the formation of that judgment. 
 
 Co-operation. 
 
 Why did this Society move its Headquarters? It occupied, as has 
 been shown, a dignified, satisfactory, commodious House, in an excel- 
 lent location, which was fully paid for; its standing as an organization 
 left nothing to be desired ; its membership was increasing rapidly in all 
 parts of the country. Why, then, give up that which had been achieved 
 by many years of unremitting effort? 
 
 It seems to the writer that the answer is that it was the right thing 
 to do. What if, as an organization, some sacrifices were made? What 
 if certain details of the movement did not appeal to certain individuals ? 
 Was it, or was it not, the thing to do, from the standpoint of the Engi- 
 neering Profession? The best answer to these enquiries appears to be 
 the vote of the membership, which was 2 500 in favor of, and only 390 
 against the change. 
 
 Since the inception of this co-operative movement the writer has 
 been intimately associated with it, and in close contact with the men 
 chosen by the Founder Societies to represent the other branches of our 
 great Profession, and can testify that the most broad-minded, earnest, 
 and sincere spirit of co-operation has been manifest. 
 
 In a report to the Board of Direction dated September 20th, 1915, 
 the writer said: 
 
 “The value of unity of action in all matters which affect the Pro- 
 fession generally must be conceded. 
 
 “For many years the undersigned has been endeavoring to bring 
 about such a condition; he has served on the John Fritz Medal Board 
 of Award since its organization, and as its Executive Officer for 8 or 
 9 years; and is now its Chairman; has, with Mr. Ridgway, represented 
 our Society on a joint committee for the consideration of a number of 
 subjects * * *. He has actively represented the Society on the 
 
 Committee of Management of the International Engineering Congress, 
 and has been honored by the United Engineering Society by election 
 to, and is now serving on, the Engineering Foundation Board. 
 
39 
 
 “This experience has convinced him that there should be a per- 
 manent Board or Committee, composed of an equal number of represen- 
 tatives of the four National Societies, to which the duty of representing 
 the 30 000 professional men now enrolled in their membership should 
 be given. There are many ways in which such a representative body 
 could help the status of the engineer, in his relations with clients, em- 
 ployers, and the public generally, which cannot, for obvious reasons, be 
 taken up by any one of the Professional Societies individually, and it 
 has been his thought that an organization now exists (the United Engi- 
 neering Society) which, if the representatives of the Civil Engineer are 
 added, and its powers somewhat expanded, would be ideal for the pur- 
 pose. He now believes that this matter should be the subject of dis- 
 cussion between the Committees of this Society and of the United Engi- 
 neering Society and that the result of their deliberation should be made 
 part of the question to be submitted to all the organizations concerned.” 
 
 Two years have elapsed since this was written, and without doubt 
 the establishment of the “Engineering Council” was intended to 
 provide for this long felt want. Although, up to the present time, 
 the writer has seen no reason for changing the opinion expressed — 
 that the United Engineering Society is the organization best fitted to 
 act on these most vital matters — it is hoped and expected that the new 
 body will prove its value. 
 
 The years covered by this review have been indeed busy ones, not 
 without times of serious difficulty and trial, but the bright spots after 
 all have predominated. Association with the leaders of thought along 
 Engineering and Scientific lines is always broadening and helpful, and 
 the writer looks back with pleasure only on the twenty-six years de- 
 voted to the service of the American Society of Civil Engineers, during 
 twenty-three of which he has had the honor to be its Executive Officer 
 and a member of its Board of Direction. 
 
40 
 
 APPENDIX A 
 
 CLASSIFICATION 
 OF THE LIBRARY OF 
 
 THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 
 1898-1916 
 
 BY 
 
 Chas. Warren Hunt 
 
 Secretary 
 
 A— RAILROADS 
 
 Aa General 
 
 Ab Location 
 
 Ac Construction 
 
 Ad Equipment 
 
 Ae Operation 
 
 Af Legal Documents 
 
 Ag Reports. Company 
 
 Ah Reports, State 
 
 Ai Reports, Government 
 
 Aj History 
 
 B— RAILROADS, STREET 
 
 Ba General 
 
 Bb Location 
 
 Be Construction 
 
 Bd Equipment 
 
 Be Operation 
 
 Bf Legal Documents 
 
 Bg Reports, Company 
 
 Bh Reports, City 
 
 Bi Reports, State 
 
 Bj History 
 
 C— WATERWAYS 
 
 Ca General 
 
 Cb Rivers 
 
 Cc Harbors 
 
 Cd Lakes 
 
 Ce Oceans 
 
 Cf Canals 
 
 Cfa History 
 
 Cfb Location 
 
 Cfc Construction 
 
 Cfd Equipment 
 
 Cfe Operation 
 
 Cff Legal Documents 
 
 Cfg Reports, Company 
 
 Cfh Reports, State 
 
 Cfi Reports, Government 
 
 d-water supply 
 
 Da General 
 
 Db Water 
 
 Dc Works 
 
 Dd Power 
 
 De Irrigation 
 
 E— SANITATION 
 
 Ea General 
 
 Eb Drainage 
 
 Ec Sewerage 
 
 Ed House Drainage 
 
 Ee Sewage Disposal 
 
 Ef Garbage Disposal 
 
 Eg Health and Disease 
 
 Eh Ventilation and Heating 
 
 F— BRIDGES 
 
 Fa General 
 
 Fb Arch 
 
 Fc Cantilever 
 
 Fd Draw 
 
 Fe Girder 
 
 Ff Lift 
 
 Fg Suspension 
 
 Fh Truss 
 
 Fi Viaducts 
 
 G-MECHANICAL 
 Ga General 
 
 Gb Hydraulic Machinery 
 Gc Steam Engines 
 
 Gd Boilers 
 
 Ge Compressed Air 
 
 H-ELECTRIC 
 Ha General 
 
 Hb Light 
 
 He Power 
 
 Hd Telegraph 
 
 He Telephone 
 
 Hf Various Uses 
 
 I— GAS 
 
 la General 
 
 lb Coal 
 
 Ic Natural 
 
 Id Water 
 
 J-ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING 
 
 .Ta General 
 
 Jb Buildings 
 
 Jc Materials 
 
 Jd Laws 
 
 Je Fire Prevention 
 
 K— MARINE 
 
 Ka General 
 
 Kb Yards 
 
 Kc Ordnance 
 
 Kd Naval Ships 
 
 Ke Merchant Ships 
 
 Kf Steam Boats 
 
 L— MILITARY 
 
 La General 
 
 Lb Tactics 
 
 Lc Fortifications 
 
 Ld Ordnance 
 
 M— MINING 
 
 Ma General 
 
 Mb Coal 
 
 Me Copper 
 
 Md Gold and Silver 
 
 Me Iron 
 
41 
 
 N— ROADS AND PAVEMENTS 
 
 Na General 
 Nb _ Earth 
 Nc Broken Stone 
 Nd Plank 
 Ne Monolithic 
 Nf Brick 
 Nh Stone Block 
 Ni Wooden Block 
 
 O-MUNICIPAL REPORTS 
 
 P— LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 
 
 Q— GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Qa General 
 
 Qb Physical 
 
 Qc Statistics 
 
 Qd Resources 
 
 Qe Surveys 
 
 Qf Maps and Atlases 
 
 R— SURVEYING AND DRAWING 
 
 S — SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS 
 Sa— North America: 
 
 Sal Canada 
 Sa2 Mexico 
 Sa3 United States 
 Sb— South America: 
 
 Sbl Argentine Republic 
 Sb4 Chile 
 Sbll Venezuela 
 
 Sc— Central America 
 Sd —Europe: 
 
 Sdl Austria 
 Sd2 Belgium 
 Sd3 Denmark 
 Sd4 France 
 Sd5 Germany 
 Sd6 Great Britain 
 Sd8 Italy 
 Sd9 Netherlands 
 SdlO Norway 
 Sdll Portugal 
 Sdl3 Russia 
 Sdl4 Spain 
 Sdl5 Sweden 
 Sdl6 Switzerland 
 Se— Asia 
 Sf— Africa 
 Sg— Australia 
 
 T— PERIODICALS 
 
 Ta— North America: 
 
 Ta2 Mexico 
 Ta3 United States 
 Ta4 West Indies 
 
 Tb— South America: 
 
 Tbl Argentine Republic 
 Tb3 Brazil 
 Tb5 Colombia 
 Tb6 Ecuador 
 - ... Tb9 Peru 
 Tbll Venezuela 
 Td— Europe: 
 
 Tdl Austria 
 Td2 Belgium 
 Td3 Denmark 
 Td4 France 
 Td5 Germany 
 Td6 Great Britain 
 Td7 Hungary 
 Td8 Italy 
 Td9 Netherlands 
 TdlO Norway 
 Tdl3 Russia 
 Tdl4 Spain 
 Tdl5 Sweden 
 Te— Asia 
 
 Tg— Australia 
 
 U— DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPE- 
 DIAS 
 
 V— ENGINEERING HANDBOOKS 
 
 Y-GENERAL SCIENCE 
 
 Ya General 
 
 Yb Agriculture and Forestry 
 
 Yc Astronomy 
 
 Yc5 Biology 
 
 Yc9 Botany 
 
 Yd Chemistry 
 
 Ye Education 
 
 Yf Exhibitions 
 
 Yh Geology 
 
 Yh9 Mathematics 
 
 Yi Metallurgy 
 
 Yj Meteorology 
 
 Yk Patents 
 
 Yl Physics 
 
 Ym Weights and Measuies 
 
 Yn Zoology 
 
 Z MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 Za General 
 
 Za5 Archaeology 
 
 Zb Biography 
 
 Zc Charities and Corrections 
 Zd Commerce 
 
 Ze Fine Arts 
 
 Zf Fisheries 
 
 Zg History 
 
 Zh Law 
 
 Zi Manufactures 
 
 Zj Political Economy 
 
 Zk Religion 
 
42 
 
 APPENDIX B 
 
 PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION 
 
 FOR AN 
 
 ENGINEERING LIBRARY 
 Compiled by Eleanor H. Frick and Esther Raymond 
 of the Library Staff of the 
 American Society of Civil Engineers 
 Under Direction of the Secretary 
 1916 
 
 Accompanying “The Activities of the Amerijan Society of Civil 
 Engineers During the Past Twenty-five Years”, by Chas. Warren Hunt, 
 M. Am. Soc. C. E. 
 
 Explanatory 
 
 Civil Engineering is the only class which has been expanded in 
 detail. Certain subjects have, of necessity, been classed arbitrarily, 
 the principal thought being utility. For instance, “Water Wheels” 
 are placed under “Water Power” rather than under “Hydraulic 
 Machinery” — “Locomotives” under “Railroads” rather than under 
 “Steam Engines”. 
 
 Acknowledgment 
 
 To acknowledge every source used in compiling this classification 
 is not possible, because hundreds of books and indexes have been exam- 
 ined; mention should, however, be made of unpublished material of the 
 Joint Committee on Classification of Technical Literature; publications 
 of the Library of Congress, University of Illinois Extension of Dewey, 
 and the Dewey Decimal Classifications. To John M. Goodell, and Henry 
 S. Jacoby, Associates, Am. Soc. C. E., T. J. McMinn, and A. H. Van 
 Cleve, Members, Am. Soc. C. E., Mr. H. E. Haferkorn, Librarian, U. S. 
 Engineer School, Washington Barracks, and members of the Special 
 Committee on Materials for Road Construction, of the American Society 
 of Civil Engineers, special acknowledgment is made. 
 
43 
 
 CLASSES 
 
 000 GENERAL 
 
 100 CIVIL ENGINEERING 
 
 200 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 
 
 300 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 
 
 400 MINING ENGINEERING 
 
 500 METALLURGY 
 
 600 GAS ENGINEERING 
 
 700 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. MANUFACTURES 
 800 MILITARY AND NAVAL SCIENCE 
 900 OTHER SUBJECTS 
 
 DIVISIONS 
 
 000 GENERAL 
 
 010 Engineering Bibliographies 
 
 020 Engineering Encyclopedias 
 
 030 Engineering Dictionaries 
 
 040 Engineering Directories 
 
 050 Engineering Societies 
 
 060 Engineering Periodicals 
 
 070 Patents 
 
 080 Engineering in General 
 
 090 Materials of Engineering 
 
 100 CIVIL ENGINEERING 
 
 110 Structural Engineering. Bridges. 
 
 Buildings 
 120 Surveying 
 
 130 Railroads 
 
 140 Street Railroads 
 
 150 Highways 
 
 160 Hydrology. Hydraulics. Dams 
 
 170 Waterways 
 
 180 Water Power. Water-Works. Ir- 
 
 rigation. Drainage 
 190 Sanitation 
 
 200 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 
 
 210 Power Transmission. Millwork 
 
 220 Heat Engineering 
 
 230 Automobiles 
 
 240 Aeronautics 
 
 250 Hydraulic Machinery 
 
 260 Machinery for Special Purposes 
 
 270 Machine Shops 
 
 280 Miscellaneous Types of Power 
 
 300 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 
 
 310 Electric Measurement 
 
 320 Dynamo-Electric Machinery 
 
 330 Control 
 
 340 Transmission 
 
 350 Telephone 
 
 360 Telegraph 
 
 370 Lighting 
 
 380 Chemical Electricity. Batteries. 
 
 390 Other Uses 
 
 400 MINING ENGINEERING 
 
 410 Prospecting. Mine Surveying 
 
 420 Excavation and Working 
 
 430 Drainage and Sanitation 
 
 440 Transportation 
 
 450 Ventilation 
 
 460 Lighting. Signaling 
 
 470 Electricity in Mining 
 
 480 Accidents. Safety Measure 
 
 490 Mining Special Kinds of Ore 
 
 500 METALLURGY 
 
 510 Iron and Steel 
 
 520 Gold and Silver 
 
 530 Copper 
 
 540 Lead 
 
 550 Tin 
 
 560 Zinc 
 
 580 Other Metals 
 
 590 Assaying 
 
 600 GAS ENGINEERING 
 
 610 Natural Gas 
 
 620 Materials 
 
 630 Manufacture and Works 
 
 640 Storage 
 
 650 Distribution 
 
 660 Utilization 
 
 670 By Products 
 
 680 Management 
 
 700 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. 
 MANUFACTURES 
 
 710 Chemicals. Dyes. Paints 
 
 720 Ceramics 
 
 730 Metal Manufactures. Machinery 
 
 740 Lumbering. Wood Manufactures 
 
 750 Paper Making 
 
 760 Textiles 
 
 770 Leather Manufacture. Tanning 
 
 780 Foods and Beverages 
 
 790 Miscellaneous Industries 
 
 800 MILITARY AND NAVAL SCIENCE 
 
 810 Military Science. General 
 
 820 Fortifications 
 
 830 Ordnance 
 
 840 Naval Architecture. Shipbuilding 
 
 850 Yards 
 
 860 Navigation. Shipping 
 
 870 Naval Science. War Vessels 
 
 880 Naval Strategy and Tactics 
 
 890 Naval Organization 
 
 900 OTHER SUBJECTS 
 
 910 Philosophy. 
 
 920 Religion 
 930 Sociology 
 940 Philology 
 950 Natural Science 
 960 Useful Arts (Other than Engi- 
 neering and Manufactures) 
 
 970 Fine Arts 
 980 Literature 
 990 History 
 
44 
 
 SUB=DI VISIONS 
 
 To Be Used With Any Class or Sub=Class 
 
 The following nine divisions have been used as the first general 
 sub-divisions under each main class. They may also be used with 
 sub-divisions of any class. For instance, the sub-division Costs and 
 Estimates (.04) may be applied to the general subject of Electrical 
 Engineering (300.04), and may also be used under Dynamo -Electric 
 Machinery (320), a sub-division of Electrical Engineering (320.04), 
 and also under Dynamotors (322.3), which is a sub-division of 
 Dynamo-Electric Machinery (322.304) — Dynamo-Electric Machinery 
 being 320, sub-division Direct-Current Machinery being 322, and sub- 
 division Dynamotors being 322.3. 
 
 .01 History 
 
 .02 Laws and Legislation 
 
 .03 Statistics 
 
 .04 Costs and Estimates 
 
 .05 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 .06 Drawings 
 
 .07 Congresses 
 
 .08 Exhibitions 
 
 .09 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 ooo 
 
 010 
 
 020 
 
 030 
 
 040 
 
 050 
 
 060 
 
 070 
 
 080 
 
 081 
 
 085 
 
 086 
 
 087 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 088 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .31 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 089 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .31 
 
 .32 
 
 090 
 
 091 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 3 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 Engineering Bibliographies 
 Engineering Encyclopedias 
 Engineering Dictionaries 
 Engineering Directories 
 Engineering Societies 
 Engineering Periodicals 
 Patents 
 
 Engineering in General 
 General Works 
 Ethics 
 
 Valuation of Utilities (For Valuation of a special utility see special 
 subject) 
 
 Industrial Management 
 
 Organization 
 Efficiency Engineering 
 
 Scientific Management. Motion Study 
 
 Construction Work. Contracting 
 
 Contracts and Specifications. General Works (For Special Contracts 
 and Specifications, See .05, under 
 that subject) 
 
 Organization 
 
 (See also 420, Excavation and Working, 
 under Mining Engineering) 
 
 Ditching and Trenching Machinery 
 Materials of Engineering (See also 111, Mechanics of Materials) 
 Engineering and Testing Laboratories 
 Laboratory Manuals 
 Testing Machines and Appliances 
 Methods of Testing 
 
 Timekeeping, etc. 
 Inspection 
 Contractors’ Plant 
 
 Excavation. Earthwork 
 
 Earth Excavation 
 Rock Excavation 
 Excavating Machinery 
 
091 
 
 .32 
 
 .33 
 
 .34 
 
 .341 
 
 .342 
 
 .343 
 
 .344 
 
 .345 
 
 .346 
 
 .35 
 
 .36 
 
 .37 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 
 .83 
 
 .84 
 
 093 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .14 
 
 .17 
 
 .18 
 
 .19 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .24 
 
 .27 
 
 .271 
 
 .272 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .61 
 
 .63 
 
 .65 
 
 .66 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .111 
 
 .112 
 
 .113 
 
 .114 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .22 
 
 .24 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 Engineering and Testing Laboratories ( Continued ) 
 
 Selection of Test Pieces. Influence of Temperatures, etc. 
 
 Weathering 
 
 Elastic Limit Tests 
 
 Tension, Compression, Torsion, Flexure, Shearing 
 Tensile Tests 
 Compression Tests 
 Torsion Tests 
 Flexure Tests 
 Shearing Tests 
 Repeated Stress Tests 
 Impact. Repeated Shock Tests 
 Hardness Tests 
 
 Special Tests (Varying for different materials) 
 
 Tests on Special Shapes and Forms 
 Other Tests 
 
 Timber. Strength and Testing 
 
 Influence of Temperature 
 Weathering. Decay and Preservation 
 Elastic Limit Tests 
 
 Tension, Compression, Torsion, Flexure, Shearing 
 Impact. Repeated Shock Tests 
 Hardness Tests 
 Special Tests for Timber 
 Special Shapes 
 Posts 
 Columns 
 Shafts 
 
 Cylinders. Pipe, etc. 
 
 Descriptions of Various Kinds of Timber (Arranged Alphabetically) 
 
 Masonry Materials 
 
 Stone 
 
 Influence of Temperature 
 Weathering 
 
 Tension, Compression, Shearing, Crushing 
 Impact 
 
 Hardness Tests 
 
 Special Tests for Stone, etc. 
 
 Special Shapes and Forms 
 
 Descriptions of Kinds of Stone (Arranged Alphabetically) 
 
 Brick 
 
 Influence of Temperature 
 Weathering- 
 Crushing Tests 
 Special Tests 
 Rattler Tests 
 Absorption Tests 
 
 Tile 
 
 Terra Cotta 
 Lime. Mortar 
 Cement 
 
 Influence of Temperature. Selection of Test Pieces 
 Weathering 
 
 Tension, Compression, etc. 
 
 Impact Tests 
 
 Soundness. Constancy and Time of Setting 
 Special Tests 
 
 Fineness of Grinding 
 Accelerated Tests 
 Concrete. Strength and Testing 
 
 Influence of Temperature and Mixing. Selection of Pieces 
 Concrete Aggregates 
 Sand 
 Gravel 
 Slag 
 Water 
 
 Forms. Removal of Forms 
 Effects of Freezing on Concrete 
 Weathering. Concrete Finishing 
 Action ef Salt Water 
 Action of Gases and Other Chemicals 
 Water-proofing 
 Concrete Finishes. Stucco 
 Elastic Limit Tests 
 
 Tension. Compression, Torsion, Flexure, Shearing 
 
 Impact 
 
 Hardness 
 
46 
 
 094 
 
 .7 
 
 .8 
 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 
 095 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .71 
 
 .8 
 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 
 .83 
 
 .84 
 
 .9 
 
 096 
 
 097 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .8 
 
 .81 
 
 .811 
 
 .82 
 
 .83 
 
 .84 
 
 .85 
 
 .86 
 
 .87 
 
 .89 
 
 .891 
 
 .892 
 
 .893 
 
 .9 
 
 .91 
 
 .92 
 
 .93 
 
 098 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .9 
 
 099 
 
 Concrete. Strength and Testing ( Continued ) 
 
 Special Tests for Concrete 
 
 Special Shapes 
 
 Bars. Slabs 
 
 Columns. Posts. Footings 
 
 Reinforced Concrete. Strength and Testing 
 
 Influence of Temperature. Expansion and Contraction 
 
 Weathering. Corrosion of Reinforcement 
 
 Elastic Limit Tests 
 
 Tension, Compression, Torsion, Flexure, Shearing 
 
 Impact. Repeated Shock Tests 
 
 Hardness 
 
 Special Tests 
 
 Bond of Concrete and Metal 
 
 Special Shapes 
 
 Bars. Beams. Slabs 
 
 Columns. Posts. Struts. Footings 
 
 Shafts 
 
 Cylinders. Pipes, etc. 
 
 Types of Reinforcement 
 
 Other Non=Metallic Materials (Glass, Asbestos, etc.) 
 
 Iron and Steel 
 
 Effect of Temperature 
 
 Weathering. Corrosion and Protection 
 
 Elastic Limit Tests 
 
 Tension, Compression, Torsion, Flexure, Shearing 
 
 Impact 
 
 Hardness 
 
 Special Tests 
 
 Special Shapes 
 
 Bars. Beams 
 
 Continuous Beams 
 
 Columns 
 
 Shafts 
 
 Cylinders. Rollers. Spheres. Tubes. Pipes 
 
 Rivets. Pins. Riveted Joints 
 
 Nails. Screws. Bolts 
 
 Angles. Shapes. Plates 
 
 Other Shapes 
 
 Springs 
 
 Wire 
 
 Chains. Chain Links 
 
 Special Materials 
 
 Cast Iron 
 
 Wrought Iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 Metals (Other than Iron and Steel) 
 
 Copper 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Alloys 
 
 Other Materials 
 
 100 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 1 10 
 
 General 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories (See also 090, Materials of Engineering) 
 
 Structural Engineering. Bridges. Buildings 
 
 Mechanics of Materials. Strength of Materials. General Theory 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 112 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 Beams 
 
 Continuous Beams 
 
 Columns. Posts. Struts 
 
 Shafts 
 
 Cylinders. Spheres 9 
 
 Rollers. Plates 
 
 Riveted Joints. Pin Proportioning 
 
 Theory of Design. Stresses and Strains 
 
 Analytic Methods. Graphic Statics 
 
 Loads and Stresses (General Material here. For Stresses in a 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 Special Structure, Sde 112.9) 
 
 Dead Loads 
 
 Live Loads 
 
47 
 
 .23 
 
 .24 
 
 .25 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .41 
 
 .42 
 
 .8 
 
 .911 
 
 .912 
 
 .913 
 
 .914 
 
 .92 
 
 .921 
 
 .922 
 
 .93 
 
 .94 
 
 .941 
 
 .942 
 
 .wo 
 
 .97 
 
 .98 
 
 .981 
 
 .982 
 
 .983 
 
 .984 
 
 .99 
 
 .001 
 
 .0011 
 
 .0012 
 
 .002 
 
 .0021 
 
 .0022 
 
 .0023 
 
 .21 
 
 .211 
 
 .212 
 
 .213 
 
 .214 
 
 .22 
 
 .31 
 
 .311 
 
 .32 
 
 .322 
 
 .34 
 
 .35 
 
 .36 
 
 .37 
 
 .4 
 
 .41 
 
 .42 
 
 Theory of Design. Stresses and Strains ( Continued ) 
 
 Impact Loads 
 Wind Pressure 
 Snow Loads 
 
 Iron and Steel Construction (General. For an Iron Truss Bridge, 
 ( See 112.92) 
 
 Masonry Construction (General) 
 
 Stone Construction (General) 
 
 Brick Construction (General) 
 
 Concrete Construction (General) 
 
 Reinforced Concrete Construction (General) 
 
 Timber Construction (General) 
 
 Esthetics of Design 
 Design of Special Types 
 Arches. Arch Bridges 
 Metallic . 
 
 Masonry 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Reinforced Concrete 
 Trusses. Truss Bridges 
 Simple 
 Continuous 
 
 Girders. Girder Bridges 
 Movable Bridges 
 Swing 
 
 Lift. Bascule • 
 
 Turntables ( See 133.83) 
 
 Cantilever Bridges 
 Suspension Bridges 
 Viaducts 
 
 Other Forms of Bridges 
 
 Ferry Bridges. Transporter Bridges 
 Pontoon 
 Trestles 
 Tubular 
 Roofs. Domes 
 
 Foundations. Bridge Piers and Abutments 
 
 General 
 
 Exploration of Site 
 Borings 
 
 Supporting Power of Soils 
 Theory of Design 
 Loads 
 
 Area of Foundation Required 
 Center of Pressure and Center of Base 
 Underpinning. Shoring 
 Spread Foundations 
 Masonry Footings 
 Stone 
 Brick 
 Concrete 
 
 Reinforced Concrete 
 Timber Grillage 
 Steel Beam Grillage 
 Eccentric Footing 
 Cantilever Footing 
 Inverted Arch 
 Piles and Pile-Driving 
 Timber Piles 
 
 Mechanical Protection (Cement Mortar, Galvanized Iron, Pipe, 
 etc.) 
 
 Preservation of Timber ( See 092.2) 
 
 Concrete Piles 
 Pre-moulded 
 Cast in Place 
 Metal Piles 
 Disk Piles 
 Screw Piles 
 
 Sand Piles (See 113.913) 
 
 Pneumatic Piles (See 113.6) 
 
 SheeUPiles 
 Pile-Drivers 
 Driving by Water-Jet 
 Bearing Power of Piles 
 Coffer-Dams 
 Earth 
 Sheet-Pile 
 
48 
 
 13 
 
 .44 
 
 .45 
 
 .5 
 
 .51 
 
 .52 
 
 .53 
 
 .62 
 
 .7 
 
 .81 
 
 .9 
 
 .91 
 
 .911 
 
 .912 
 
 .914 
 
 .93 
 
 .94 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 2 
 
 .21 
 
 .3 
 
 16 
 
 .001 
 
 .002 
 
 .003 
 
 .004 
 
 .005 
 
 .008 
 
 .009 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .61 
 
 .62 
 
 .63 
 
 .64 
 
 .7 
 
 .9 
 
 .91 
 
 .92 
 
 .93 
 
 .94 
 
 r 
 
 .003 
 .02 . 
 .1 
 .11 
 .12 
 .13 
 .14 
 .15 
 
 Foundations. Bridge Piers and Abutments ( Continued ) 
 
 Crib 
 Movable 
 Miscellaneous 
 Box and Open Caissons 
 Box Caissons 
 
 Single-Wall Open Caissons 
 
 •Cylinder Caissons (Open Wall. Wood. Iron. Masonry) 
 
 Open Caissons with Dredging Wells 
 Hydraulic Caissons 
 Pneumatic Caissons 
 For Bridges 
 For Buildings 
 Caisson Disease 
 
 Pier Foundations in Open Wells 
 Bridge Piers. Bridge Abutments 
 Width of Waterway 
 Miscellaneous Processes 
 Consolidating the Soil 
 By Adding Sand 
 By Driving Wooden Piles 
 By Using Sand Piles 
 By the Compressol System 
 Drainage 
 Freezing 
 Grouting 
 Retaining Walls 
 
 Bridges in General (For Design, See 112) 
 
 For Special Uses (For general material only. Class with special 
 type if possible) 
 
 Highway Bridges 
 Railroad Bridges 
 
 Military Bridges ( See also 112.982 and 116) 
 
 Park and Ornamental Bridges 
 By Special Location 
 Skew Bridges 
 
 Of Special Materials (Divided like 090. Class with special type 
 if possible) 
 
 Location. Approaches 
 
 Selection and Comparison of Types 
 
 Foundations. Bridge Piers and Abutments (See 113) 
 
 Bridge Construction (P”t here only nractical material on Erection, 
 Maintenance, Failures, etc., and Descriptions 
 of Bridges actually Built) 
 
 Shop Practice. Shop Inspection 
 Layout of Plant 
 
 Erection. Falsework. Erecting Equipment 
 Bridge Floors 
 Bridge Painting 
 Other Details 
 
 Maintenance (Inspection, Lighting, etc.) 
 
 Arch Bridges 
 Truss Bridges 
 Girder Bridges 
 Movable Bridges 
 Cantilever Bridges 
 Suspension Bridges 
 Towers 
 Anchorage 
 Cables 
 
 Stiffening Trusses 
 Viaducts 
 Other Forms 
 
 Ferry Bridges. Transporter Bridges 
 
 Pontoons 
 
 Trestles 
 
 Tubular 
 
 Building Construction. Buildings 
 
 Erection of Steel Buildings 
 Building Laws 
 Details of Construction 
 Floors 
 Ceilings 
 Stairs 
 
 Windows and Doors 
 Chimneys and Flues 
 
49 
 
 117 Building Construction. Buildings ( Continued ) 
 
 .16 Roofs and Roofing (For Design of Roofs, See 112.99, Roofs, 
 
 under Theory of Design) 
 
 .17 Vaults 
 
 .18 Walls. Partitions 
 
 .19 Other Details 
 
 .191 Fire Escapes 
 
 .192 Scaffolding 
 
 .193 Elevator Shafts 
 
 Ventilation and Heating (See 227) 
 
 .2 Educational, Government and Scientific Buildings. Exhibitions, etc. 
 
 .3 Business and Commercial ( See also 117.7, Factories and Mill 
 
 Buildings) 
 
 .31 Office Buildings 
 
 .32 Stores, etc. 
 
 .33 Markets 
 
 .4 Domestic Architecture. Residences 
 
 .41 Houses. Bungalows 
 
 .42 Tenement Houses. Housing of the Poor 
 
 .421 Model Factory Towns 
 
 .43 Apartment Houses 
 
 .44 Hotels 
 
 .5 Storage Buildings 
 
 .51 Bins (See also 133.86, Sand Plants and Bins, under Railroads) 
 
 .52 Coal Storage Plants 
 
 .53 Grain Elevators 
 
 .54 Ice Houses 
 
 .55 Lumber Sheds 
 
 .56 Warehouses 
 
 .6 Hospitals and Asylums 
 
 .7 Factories and Mill Buildings 
 
 .9 Other Buildings 
 
 .91 Prisons. Reformatories (See also Prisons, under Social Sciences) 
 
 .92 Churches. Monuments. Mausoleums 
 
 .93 Recreation Buildings 
 
 .931 Theatres 
 
 .94 Baths 
 
 .95 Public Comfort Stations 
 
 .96 Wash Houses. Public Laundries 
 
 118 Fire Prevention and Protection 
 
 .1 Fire Resistive Construction 
 
 .2 Fire Prevention and Extinction 
 
 .21 Fire Alarms 
 
 .22 Fire Extinction 
 
 .221 Automatic Sprinklers 
 
 .222 Chemical Engines. Chemical Systems 
 
 .223 Fire Engines, etc. 
 
 .224 Fire Boats 
 
 .3 Conflagrations (Arranged Alphabetically by Place) 
 
 .4 Fire Departments 
 
 119 Other Structures 
 
 .1 Stadium (e. g., Yale Bowl) 
 
 .2 Subways for Passenger and Vehicular Traffic 
 
 .3 Pipe Subways 
 
 120 Surveying. General 
 
 121 Instruments 
 
 .1 Tapes, Chains, Rods, etc. 
 
 .2 Compass 
 
 .?> Transit and Theodolite 
 
 .31 Solar Attachment 
 
 .4 Sextant 
 
 .5 Photo Theodolite 
 
 .6 Plane Table 
 
 .7 Level 
 
 .71 Aneroid Barometer 
 
 .8 Drawing Instruments 
 
 .9 Other Instruments 
 
 122 Land Surveying 
 
 123 City Surveying 
 
 124 Topographic Surveying 
 
 .9 Photographic Surveying 
 
 125 Geodetic Surveying 
 
 1 Triangulation. Base Lines 
 
 • 2 Stations, Towers, etc. 
 
 .3 Adjustments of Errors 
 
 .4 Astronomical Observations 
 
 126 Leveling 
 
50 
 
 127 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 ,3 
 
 130 
 
 .01 
 
 .011 
 
 .02 
 
 .021 
 
 .022 
 
 .023 
 
 .03 
 
 .05 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 131 
 
 .11 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .3 
 
 133 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .5 
 
 .51 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .71 
 
 .72 
 
 .73 
 
 .8 
 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 
 .83 
 
 .84 
 
 .85 
 
 134 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .111 
 
 .112 
 
 .113 
 
 .114 
 
 .115 
 
 .116 
 
 .117 
 
 .118 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 .15 
 
 Plotting 
 
 Projections 
 
 ■Lettering 
 
 Photographic Reproductions. Blue Prints 
 
 Railroads 
 
 General 
 
 History of Railroad Engineering 
 
 History of Individual Railroads (Arranged by Railroad) 
 
 Laws and Legislation. Legal Documents 
 
 Of Individual Railroads (Arranged by Railroad) 
 
 Of States or Provinces (Arranged by Name) 
 
 Of Governments (Arranged by Name) 
 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 General Descriptions of Railroads (Arranged by Name and Place) 
 Location 
 
 Preliminary Plans. Economics of Location 
 Land Grants 
 Surveying 
 
 Curves. Transition Spirals 
 Construction of Roadbed (To sub-grade) 
 
 Earthwork (See .089) 
 
 Drainage. Culverts 
 Tunnels and Tunneling 
 Masonry Dining 
 Grouting 
 
 Grade Crossings. Track Elevation and Depression 
 
 Construction and Maintenance of Permanent Way 
 
 Roadmasters’ and Trackmasters’ Regulations and Manuals 
 
 Gauge 
 
 Ballast 
 
 Ties and Sleepers 
 Rails 
 
 Rail-fastenings 
 
 Turnouts. Frogs and Switches. Track Crossings 
 Removal of Wrecks, Snow, and Weeds 
 Removal of Wrecks 
 Removal of Snow 
 Removal of Weeds 
 Track Accessories 
 
 Track Tanks. Fuel and Water Stations 
 Ash-pits, etc. 
 
 Turntables. Transfer Tables 
 Fences, Cattle-guards, Snow Guards 
 Snow Sheds 
 Sand Plants and Bins 
 Yards and Terminals 
 Buildings 
 
 Passenger Stations 
 
 Freight Stations 
 
 Engine Houses. Roundhouses 
 
 Shops 
 
 Coal Sheds 
 
 Rolling Stock 
 
 Cars 
 
 Car Details 
 Wheels 
 Axles 
 
 Bearings and Lubrication 
 
 Springs 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Brakes 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 Sanitation, Heating, Lighting, Ventilation 
 Passenger Cars 
 Baggage and Mail Cars 
 Freight Cars 
 Work Cars 
 
 Motor Cars (See 136.6) 
 
 Locomotives (Put here Manuals for Locomotive Engineers and 
 Firemen. See also Electric Locomotives, 136.5) 
 
51 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 
 .27 
 
 136 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .71 
 
 .8 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .24 
 
 .241 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .41 
 
 .42 
 
 .43 
 
 .44 
 
 .45 
 
 .46 
 
 .5 
 
 .51 
 
 .61 
 
 .62 
 
 .63 
 
 .64 
 
 .65 
 
 .7 
 
 .71 
 
 .72 
 
 .73 
 
 138 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 139 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 140 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 Rolling Stock ( Continued ) 
 
 Design and Construction 
 
 Details (Frames, Boilers, etc. Divide if necessary) 
 
 Types 
 
 Locomotive Tenders 
 Locomotive Shops and Works 
 
 Locomctive Maintenance and Repair. Inspection 
 Locomotive Performance 
 
 Use of Electricity. General Works on Electric Railroads 
 
 Power Requirements. Sub-Stations (For Power Plants, See 321, 
 
 Electric Plants, tinder 
 Electrical Engineering) 
 
 Power Transmission 
 
 Overhead Trolley Systems 
 Third-Rail Systems 
 Other Systems 
 
 Track ) | Material to be classed here only when differing in 
 Cars f | construction from ordinary track and cars 
 Electric Locomotives 
 Railway Motor Cars 
 Rolling Stock Accessories and Parts 
 Motors, Controllers, etc. 
 
 Locomotive and Car Wiring 
 Operation 
 
 Signals and Signaling 
 Hand Signals 
 
 Telegraph and Telephone Systems 
 Block Systems 
 Interlocking Systems 
 Train Movement 
 Train Resistance 
 Train Speed 
 Train Load 
 Train Running 
 
 Travelers’ Guides. Time-Tables 
 Railroad Accidents. Safety Measures 
 Traffic 
 
 Station Management 
 Passenger Traffic 
 Baggage 
 Express 
 Mail Service 
 Freight 
 Rates 
 
 Passenger Tariffs 
 Freight Tariffs 
 Finance 
 
 Capitalization 
 
 Valuation 
 
 Accounting 
 
 Receivership and Reorganization 
 Clearing House 
 
 Organization of Staff and Force 
 Service Rules and Regulations 
 Wages 
 Strikes 
 
 Federal and State Relations 
 
 Reports 
 
 Company Reports 
 
 State Commission Reports (Enter here only serials or reports so 
 general in nature that they cannot 
 be classed elsewhere) 
 
 Government Reports (Above note applies also to this class) 
 
 Miscellaneous Kinds of Railways 
 
 Mountain 
 
 Cable 
 
 Rack 
 
 Monorail 
 
 Aerial Tramways 
 Industrial Railways 
 Ship Railways 
 
 Street Railways. Elevated Railways. Subways 
 General 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 LIBRARY " — _ 
 
 UNIVERSITY nr IllTNOtS 
 
52 
 
 140 Street Railways. Elevated Railways. Subways ( Continued ) 
 
 .05 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 .06 Drawings 
 
 .07 Congresses 
 
 .08 Exhibitions 
 
 .09 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 .9 General Descriptions of Street Railways (Arranged by Name and 
 
 Place) 
 
 141 Location 
 
 .1 Preliminary Plans. Promotion 
 
 .2 Surveys 
 
 142 Construction in General 
 
 .1 Surface Railways 
 
 .2 Elevated Railways 
 
 .3 Subways 
 
 .4 Freight Subways 
 
 143 Construction of Track. Maintenance 
 
 .1 Paving Between Tracks 
 
 .2 Rails. Bonding 
 
 .3 Electrolysis. Leakage 
 
 144 Structures and Buildings 
 
 .1 Passenger Stations 
 
 .2 Car Barns 
 
 .3 Shops 
 
 .9 Other Structures 
 
 145 Rolling Stock 
 
 .1 Cars 
 
 .2 Car Heating and Lighting 
 
 .3 Car Painting 
 
 .4 Car Maintenance 
 
 .5 Accessories and Parts. Street Railway Motors, etc. 
 
 1 46 Traction 
 
 .1 Electric Power Requirements 
 
 Electric Power Plants (See 321) 
 
 .2 Electric Power Transmission Systems 
 
 .21 Overhead Trolley Systems 
 
 .22 Underground Conductors (Conduits) 
 
 .23 Third Rail Systems 
 
 .24 Other Systems 
 
 .3 Traction Other Than Electric 
 
 .31 Cable 
 
 .32 Compressed Air 
 
 .33 Horse 
 
 147 Operation 
 
 .1 Signals and Signaling 
 
 .2 Movement of Trains and Cars 
 
 .3 Accidents 
 
 .4 Traffic 
 
 .5 Finance and Accounts 
 
 .51 Capitalization 
 
 .52 Valuation 
 
 .53 Accounting 
 
 .6 Organization and Employees 
 
 .7 Municipal and State Relations 
 
 148 Reports 
 
 .1 Company 
 
 .2 City 
 
 .3 State 
 
 .4 Government 
 
 150 Highways (General Works and Treatises classed here) 
 
 General 
 
 .01 History 
 
 .011 Descriptive Material (Put here material on roads of "New 
 
 Jersey", “Lincoln Highway", etc., 
 arranged by locality) 
 
 .02 Legislation 
 
 .021 Municipal 
 
 .022 County 
 
 .023 State 
 
 .024 National 
 
 .03 Statistics 
 
 .031 Local 
 
 .032 County 
 
 .033 State 
 
 .034 National 
 
 .035 Automobile and Motor Truck 
 
 .04 Costs and Estimates 
 
53 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .15 
 
 .16 
 
 .17 
 
 .6 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .24 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .8 
 
 .9 
 
 l 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .3 
 
 .32 
 
 .33 
 
 .34 
 
 .37 
 
 .38 
 
 .39 
 
 .4 
 
 .41 
 
 .42 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .9 
 
 155 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 Highways ( Continued ) 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses - 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Administration. Reports 
 
 Organization 
 
 Civil Service Registrations' 
 
 Maintenance Systems 
 Labor. Convict Labor 
 Inspection 
 Municipal Reports 
 County Reports 
 State Reports 
 Government Reports 
 Economics 
 Financing 
 
 Administration and Engineering 
 Construction of Highways 
 Maintenance of Highways 
 Labor Tax 
 Bonds 
 
 Assessments 
 
 Appropriations 
 
 Accounting 
 
 Comparison of Different Roads and Pavements 
 Effect of Road Improvements on Social and Business Conditions 
 Traffic 
 Census 
 
 Tractive Resistances 
 Costs of Transportation 
 Contracting 
 
 Design 
 
 Preliminary Investigations 
 Highway Systems 
 Municipal 
 County 
 State 
 
 Government 
 
 Surveys 
 
 Mapping 
 
 Location and Grades 
 Widths 
 
 Crowns, Cross-Sections and Street Intersections 
 
 Bridges and Fords (Location only. For Design and Construction of 
 Bridges, See 110) 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Highway Details 
 
 Grade Crossings, Elimination of (See also 119.2)- 
 Subsurface Structures 
 Pavement Openings 
 Sidewalks 
 Gravel 
 
 Cement-Concrete 
 Tar Concrete 
 Asphalt 
 Brick 
 
 Stone Flags 
 Stone Blocks 
 Wood 
 
 Other Materials 
 Curbs 
 Stone 
 
 Cement-Concrete 
 Fences, Guard Rails and Walls 
 Road and Street Signs 
 Car Tracks, Paving (See also 143.1) 
 
 .Trackways 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Roadsides, Esthetic Treatment (See 971, Landscape Architecture) 
 Tree Culture (See 963, Agriculture and Forestry) 
 
 Lighting Systems (See 371.2, Electric Lighting. Illumination 
 Exterior and 661.12, Gas Lighting. Illumination, Exterior) 
 
 Grading, Drainage and Foundations 
 
 Grading 
 
 Excavation . . • ,, , 
 
54 
 
 .in 
 
 .112 
 
 .12 
 
 .121 
 
 .122 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 .141 
 
 .142 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .23 
 
 .24 
 
 .31 
 
 .32 
 
 .321 
 
 .322 
 
 .323 
 
 .324 
 
 .325 
 
 .326 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .61 
 
 .7 
 
 .8 
 
 .82 
 
 .83 
 
 .84 
 
 .85 
 
 .9 
 
 .91 
 
 .92 
 
 .93 
 
 .94 
 
 .95 
 
 157 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .4 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 
 .821 
 
 .822 
 
 .823 
 
 .824 
 
 .825 
 
 .826 
 
 .827 
 
 .83 
 
 .84 
 
 .85 
 
 .851 
 
 .852 
 
 .853 
 
 .9 
 
 .91 
 
 .92 
 
 .93 
 
 .94 
 
 .95 
 
 Grading, Drainage and Foundations ( Continued ) 
 
 Earth 
 
 Rock 
 
 Embankments 
 
 Earth 
 
 Rock 
 
 Sub grades 
 Special Methods 
 
 Swamps and Marshes 
 Side-hill Grading 
 Drainage 
 Ditches 
 Gutters 
 Subdrains 
 Culverts 
 
 Catch Basins and Inlets (See 191.54) 
 Foundations 
 Natural 
 Artificial 
 Telford 
 V-Drain 
 Field Stone 
 Broken Stone 
 Gravel 
 
 Cement-Concrete 
 
 Materials 
 
 Earth, Sand and Clay 
 Burned Clay 
 Gravel 
 
 Broken Stone 
 Cement-Concrete 
 Stone Blocks 
 Wood Blocks 
 Preservatives 
 Brick 
 
 Bituminous Materials 
 Petroleums 
 Asphalts 
 Rock Asphalts 
 Tars 
 
 Tars and Asphalt Compounds 
 Miscellaneous Materials 
 Calcium Chloride 
 Sulphite Liquor 
 Shells 
 Slags 
 Clinkers 
 
 Roads and Pavements 
 
 Earth and Sand-Clay 
 Gravel 
 
 Broken Stone 
 Cement-Concrete 
 Stone Block 
 Wood Block 
 Brick 
 
 Bituminous Pavements 
 Bituminous Macadam 
 Bituminous Concrete 
 
 One-Product Screening Plant 
 Broken Stone and Sand 
 Asphalt Block 
 Topeka 
 Bitulithic 
 Warren ite 
 Amiesite 
 Sheet-Asphalt 
 Rock Asphalt 
 Miscellaneous 
 Earth Mix 
 Sand Mix 
 Petrolithic 
 Miscellaneous 
 Slag 
 
 Cobblestone 
 Shell 
 Clinker 
 Wooden Plank 
 
55 
 
 157 
 
 .97 
 
 .971 
 
 .972 
 
 .973 
 
 .974 
 
 .975 
 
 8 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 .15 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .42 
 
 .43 
 
 .5 
 
 .51 
 
 .52 
 
 .61 
 
 .62 
 
 .63 
 
 .64 
 
 .7 
 
 .91 
 
 160 
 
 161 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .9 
 
 162 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 .19 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .61 
 
 163 
 
 164 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .3 
 
 Roads and Pavements ( Continued ) 
 
 Corduroy 
 
 For Special Purposes 
 Service Test Roads 
 Race Tracks 
 Bridle Paths 
 Motor-Dromes 
 Motor-Trackways 
 
 Street Cleaning, Dust Prevention and Snow Removal 
 
 Street Cleaning 
 Methods 
 
 Reports (Arranged by Place) 
 
 Dust Prevention 
 Snow Removal 
 Machinery and Tools 
 Grading Machinery 
 Steam Shovels 
 Road Drags 
 Scrapers 
 Graders 
 Scarifiers 
 
 Rollers and Tractors 
 
 Crushing, Screening and Washing Machinery 
 Mixing Machinery 
 Cement-Concrete 
 Bituminous Concrete 
 Sheet Asphalt 
 Distributing Machinery 
 Watering Carts 
 
 Bituminous Material Distributors 
 Street Cleaning and Snow Removal Machinery 
 Sweepers 
 Squeegees 
 Flushers 
 Snow Plows 
 
 Motor Trucks and Trailers 
 Small Tools 
 Miscellaneous 
 Wagons 
 
 Hydrology. Hydraulics. Dams 
 Hydrology. Water Resources 
 
 Physical Properties of Water 
 Temperature 
 Ice 
 
 Rainfall and Run-off 
 Stream Measurements 
 Springs. Wells 
 Underground Water 
 Evaporation and Percolation 
 Forest Influences 
 
 Hydrology of Individual Localities (Arranged Geographically) 
 
 Hydraulics 
 
 Instruments of Measurement 
 
 Gauges (For Heights and Depths) 
 
 Water-Flow Meters (For Volumes) 
 
 Current-Velocity Meters 
 
 Floats (For Velocities and Directions) 
 
 Piezometers S' *>”> 
 
 Other Instruments 
 Flow in Open Channels 
 Back-Water 
 Surges 
 
 Flow over Weirs 
 Flow through Orifices 
 Flow through Short Tubes and Nozzles 
 Flow through Pipes 
 Water-Hammer 
 Hydrostatics 
 
 Dams and Reservoirs. General 
 
 Foundations 
 
 Exploration and Site 
 Borings 
 Seepage 
 Design 
 Profiles 
 
 Stream Diversion 
 
56 
 
 164 
 
 165 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .3 
 
 .31 
 
 .311 
 
 .32 
 
 .33 
 
 166 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .9 
 
 167 
 
 170 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .021 
 
 .022 
 
 .023 
 
 .024 
 
 .03 
 
 .06 
 
 .09 
 
 .1 
 
 .7 
 
 .71 
 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 
 .9 
 
 .91 
 
 172 
 
 173 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 Dams and Reservoirs. General (Continued) 
 
 Dam Accessories 
 Gates 
 Spillways 
 Movable Crests 
 Racks 
 
 Fixed Dams 
 
 Earthen 
 
 Hydraulic-Fill 
 
 Rock-Fill 
 
 Timber 
 
 Steel 
 
 Masonry 
 
 Gravity 
 
 Hollow 
 
 Arched 
 
 Reinforced Concrete 
 Movable Dams (Resting on River Beds) 
 
 Trestle 
 
 Needle 
 
 Gates and Shutters 
 Curtains 
 Wickets 
 Bear-Trap 
 Rolling 
 Other Types 
 
 Coffer-Dams (See 113.4) 
 
 Reservoirs 
 
 Waterways 
 
 General 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Riparian Rights 
 Water Rights 
 
 Laws of Individual States or Provinces 
 Laws of Individual Governments 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Water Transportation (Put here description of Special Kinds of 
 Traffic (Grain Trade, etc.), also Traffic 
 Statistics) 
 
 Federal and State Relations 
 Subsidies 
 Economics 
 
 Relation to Other Transportation 
 Rates 
 
 Inland Navigation Systems (Arranged by Country) 
 
 Special Projects (e. g. Lakes and Gulf Waterways) 
 
 Hydrographic Surveying ( Put actual surveys with the subject. For 
 Stream Measurements, See 161.3, under 
 Hydrology. Hydraulics. Dams) 
 
 Excavation 
 
 Dredges and Dredging 
 Rock Removal 
 
 Coast Erosion and Protection 
 
 Groins, Spur Dikes, etc. 
 
 Sea Walls (See also Retaining Walls, 114, under Structural Engi- 
 neering) 
 
 Reclamation of Tidal Lands 
 
 Breakwaters and Jetties (See 175.11 and 175.12) 
 
 Harbors 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legal Documents 
 Protective Works 
 Breakwaters 
 Jetties 
 
 Roadsteads and Anchorage 
 Bulkheads. Dock and Quay Walls 
 Development Works and Terminals 
 Terminals 
 
 Docks and Piers. Wharves (Includes enclosed docks used abroad) 
 Freight Handling. Dock Machinery 
 
57 
 
 175 
 
 .3 
 
 .9 
 
 176 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .24 
 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 
 .27 
 
 .271 
 
 .272 
 
 .273 
 
 .29 
 
 .3 
 
 .31 
 
 .32 
 
 .321 
 
 .35 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .8 
 
 177 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .131 
 
 .132 
 
 .133 
 
 .134 
 
 .135 
 
 .14 
 
 .141 
 
 .2 
 
 178 
 
 179 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .2 
 
 Harbors ( Continued ) 
 
 Operation 
 
 Rates 
 
 General Description of Individual Harbors (Arranged by Harbor) 
 
 Canals 
 
 General 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Location. Preliminary Investigations. Dimensions. 
 
 Location of Individual Canals (Arranged by Name of Canal or 
 Locality) 
 
 Construction and Equipment 
 Excavation 4 
 
 Embankments 
 Locks and Lock-Gates 
 Inclines and Lifts 
 Aqueducts and Siphons 
 Enlargement 
 
 Dams and Reservoirs (See 164) 
 
 Traction 
 
 Motive Power 
 Boats 
 
 Resistance of Water 
 
 Of Individual Canals (Arranged by Name of Canal or Locality) 
 Operation 
 Management 
 Finance 
 Rates 
 Freight 
 
 Relations to Commerce and other Forms of Transportation 
 Of Individual Canals (Arranged by Name of Canal or Locality) 
 Company Reports 
 State Reports 
 Government Reports 
 
 Federal and State Relations (General only. Special reports go 
 with State and Government Re- 
 ports) 
 
 General Description of Canals (Arranged by Name of Canal or 
 Locality) 
 
 Rivers 
 
 River Hydraulics and Stream Measurements (See 160) 
 
 Dredging (See 172) 
 
 Regulation 
 
 Storage and Regulation Reservoirs (Put here general discussion 
 of the subject. For theory 
 of design and construc- 
 tion, See 160) 
 
 Channel Contraction 
 Bank and Bed Protection 
 Training Walls 
 
 Spur-Dikes, Groins, Hurdles, etc. 
 
 Ground Sills 
 
 Levees (Including Embankments and Dikes) 
 
 Revetments (Including River Walls, Pavings, Mattresses, etc.) 
 River Outlets (Embouchures) 
 
 Jetties, Moles, etc. 
 
 Canalization 
 .Dams (See 164) 
 
 Locks and Lock-Gates (See also Construction and Equipment, 
 176.2, under Canals.) 
 
 Floods and Flocd Control 
 
 Rainfall and Run-off (See 161.2) 
 
 Reservoirs, Channel Improvement, Levees (See 177.1) 
 Individual Rivers (Arranged by Name of River or Locality) 
 
 Lakes 
 
 Oceans 
 
 Tides 
 
 Theory 
 
 Application 
 
 Currents 
 
58 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 180 
 
 181 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .211 
 
 .22 
 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 
 .2609 
 
 .261 
 
 .262 
 
 .2621 
 
 .2622 
 
 .263 
 
 .3 
 
 .7 
 
 182 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .211 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .24 
 
 184 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .121 
 
 .122 
 
 .123 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .4 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .41 
 
 Oceans ( Continued ) 
 
 Theory 
 
 Application 
 
 Waves 
 
 Individual Oceans, or Arms (e. g. Gulf of Mexico. Arranged under 
 
 Name.) 
 
 Water Power. Waterworks. Irrigation. Drainage 
 Water Power. Hydro=electric Plants 
 
 Investigation 
 Design and Construction 
 Dams ( See 164) 
 
 Canals. Plumes. Tunnels. 
 
 Racks 
 Wheel Pits 
 Penstocks 
 Draft-Tubes 
 Power-House 
 Water-Wheels 
 Testing 
 Gravity 
 Turbine 
 Action 
 Reaction 
 Auxiliaries 
 
 Electric Machinery (See 300) 
 
 Transmission (See 340) 
 
 Cost and Sale of Power 
 Damage by Water Diversion 
 Valuation 
 
 Water Powers. Undeveloped (Arranged by Place) 
 
 Water Powers. Developed (Arranged by Place) 
 
 Water=Works. General 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Preliminary Investigations. Quantity of Water Required 
 Collection of Water 
 By Wells 
 Artesian 
 
 In Reservoirs (For Construction, See 164, Dams and Reservoirs, 
 under Hydrology. Hydraulics. Dams) 
 
 Through Intakes 
 By Infiltration Galleries 
 
 Analysis. Quality (See also 161.1, Physical Properties of Water, under 
 Hydrology. Hydraulics. Dams) 
 
 Purification of Water 
 
 Mechanical Treatment 
 Sedimentation 
 Filtration 
 
 Natural Filtration 
 Sand Filtration 
 Domestic Filters 
 Chemical Purification 
 Precipitation 
 Aeration 
 
 Ozone Treatment 
 Copper Sulphate Treatment 
 Other Methods 
 Electrical Treatment 
 Bacterial Purification 
 Water Softening 
 Distribution of Water 
 
 Aqueducts. Conduits. Canals 
 Water Supply Tunnels 
 Siphons 
 
 Pumping Plants (For Pumping Machinery, See 251, Pumps and 
 Pumping Engines, under Mechanical Engi- 
 neering) 
 
 Stand-pipes and Tanks 
 Mains and Services 
 Cast Iron 
 
59 
 
 .42 
 
 .43 
 
 .44 
 
 .45 
 
 .47 
 
 .48 
 
 187 
 
 188 
 189 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .21 
 
 .211 
 
 Distribution of Water ( Continued ) 
 
 Steel 
 
 Concrete apd Reinforced Concrete 
 
 Wood 
 
 Clay 
 
 Other Kinds of Mains 
 Coatings. Water-proofing 
 Accessories. Gates, Valves, etc. 
 
 Meters 
 
 Water Waste* 
 
 Management 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 Rates 
 
 Finance 
 
 Valuation 
 
 Accounting 
 
 Rural and Isolated Water Supply 
 
 Water Supply of Individual Places (Arranged by Place) 
 
 Irrigation. Drainage. Land Reclamation 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 Drawings 
 Congresses 
 Exhibitions 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 Construction of Systems 
 Flumes and Conduits 
 Irrigation Canals 
 Measurement of Irrigation Water 
 Weirs 
 Modules 
 
 Management and Operation 
 Duty of Water 
 
 Drainage. Land Reclamation 
 
 Reclamation of Bogs, Swamps, Lakes, etc. 
 
 Reports and Descriptions. Irrigation Projects (Arranged by Place) 
 
 Sanitation 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Sewerage (Put here General Treatises on Sewerage) 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 Drawings 
 • Congresses 
 Exhibitions 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Sewerage System. Comparative Schemes of Main Drainage for 
 Various Districts 
 Combined System / 
 
 Separate Systems 
 Sanitary Sewers 
 Storm-Water Drains 
 Liernur System 
 Shone System 
 Other Systems 
 
 Preliminary Investigation. Surveys. Population 
 Topography 
 
 Rainfall and Run-off ( See 161.2) 
 
 Economics. Financing Sewerage Works 
 Methods of Accounting 
 Valuation. Depreciation 
 Volume of Flow 
 Storm-Water 
 Run-off 
 
60 
 
 191 
 
 .212 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .24 
 
 .3 
 
 .31 
 
 .311 
 
 .312 
 
 .313 
 
 .314 
 
 .315 
 
 .32 
 
 .33 
 
 .34 
 
 .341 
 
 .3411 
 
 .342 
 
 .343 
 
 .3431 
 
 .34311 
 
 .3432 
 
 .344 
 
 .345 
 
 .346 
 
 .347 
 
 .3471 
 
 .348 
 
 .349 
 
 .42 
 
 .5 
 
 .51 
 
 .571 
 
 .572 
 
 .573 
 
 .591 
 
 .592 
 
 ,62 
 
 .63 
 
 .64 
 
 .65 
 
 .7 
 
 .71 
 
 .72 
 
 .73 
 
 .8 
 
 .9 
 
 2 
 
 .02 
 
 .1 
 
 Sewerage ( Continued ) 
 
 Flooding of Property- 
 
 Snow Removal by Sewers (Sec 157.92) 
 
 House Sewage 
 Trade Wastes 
 Ground-Water Percolation 
 
 Flow of Water in Pipes and Open Channels (See 162) 
 
 Measuring Devices (/See 162.1) 
 
 Sewers. Drains 
 
 Shape and Size of Sewers 
 Circular 
 
 Horse-shoe. Semi-Elliptical 
 
 Egg-Shape 
 
 Rectangular 
 
 Other Shapes 
 
 Depth and Alignment • > 
 
 Grades and Velocities 
 Types of Sewers 
 Vitrified Tile Pipe 
 Vitrified Block 
 Cement Pipe. 
 
 Metal 
 
 Steel Pipe 
 Mortar-Lined 
 Cast Iron 
 Wood 
 Brick 
 
 Brick and Concrete 
 Concrete 
 
 Concrete Block 
 Reinforced Concrete 
 Other Types 
 Ventilation 
 
 Openings in Streets 
 Other Openings 
 Sewer Appurtenances 
 
 Junctions. Bell-mouths 
 Traps 
 
 Manholes. Lampholes 
 Catch-Basins. Inlets 
 Flush-Tanks. Flushing Fixtures 
 Automatic Siphons 
 Outfalls. Outlets 
 Sea Outfalls 
 
 Special Valves. Tide Gates 
 Regulators 
 
 Overflows. Interceptors 
 Relief Chambers 
 House Connections 
 Other Appurtenances 
 
 Covers, Frames. Gratings. • Ladders, Steps 
 Sewage Reservoirs. Storage Tanks 
 Construction 
 Excavation 
 
 Excavating Machinery (See 89.32, Ditching and Trenching 
 Machinery, under Excavation) 
 
 Timbering 
 
 Pumping and Draining Sewer Trenches 
 Foundations 
 
 River, Canal, and Railroad Crossings 
 Maintenance 
 
 Cleaning. Flushing 
 Inspection 
 Sewer Explosions 
 Pumping Stations 
 
 Reports on Sewerage Systems of Individual Places (Arranged by Place) 
 
 Plumbing. House Drainage 
 
 Laws and Regulations 
 
 Plumbing of Special Types of Buildings (Arranged as in 117, e. g. 
 
 .92 Churches; .31 Office Buildings; .95 Public Comfort 
 Stations, etc.) 
 
 Water Supply . 
 
 Cold-Water Supply 
 Hot-Water Supply 
 House Drainage 
 Gas Fittings (See 600) 
 
193 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .111 
 
 .112 
 
 .113 
 
 .114 
 
 .119 
 
 .12 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .231 
 
 .232 
 
 .233 
 
 .234 
 
 .235 
 
 .24 
 
 .31 
 
 .311 
 
 .312 
 
 .313 
 
 .314 
 
 .315 
 
 .316 
 
 .32 
 
 .321 
 
 .322 
 
 .323 
 
 .324 
 
 .325 
 
 .326 
 
 .3261 
 
 .3262 
 
 .327 
 
 .328 
 
 .3281 
 
 .3282 
 
 .3283 
 
 .3284 
 
 .3285 
 
 .3286 
 
 .329 
 
 .341 
 
 .342 
 
 .343 
 
 .344 
 
 .345 
 
 .35 
 
 .351 
 
 .352 
 
 .353 
 
 .354 
 
 .355 
 
 .356 
 
 .357 
 
 .359 
 
 .36 
 
 .362 
 
 .363 
 
 .37 
 
 .371 
 
 .372 
 
 .38 
 
 .381 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .61 
 
 .9 
 
 Sewage Disposal 
 
 Sewage. Sludge 
 
 Character and Composition 
 Domestic Sewage 
 Storm-Water 
 Combined Sewage 
 Trade Wastes 
 Sludge 
 
 Methods of Analysis. Sampling 
 Bacteria in Their Relation to Sewage Disposal 
 Dilution 
 
 In Sea Water 
 In Other Waters 
 Pollution of Waters by Sewage 
 Physical Examination 
 Chemical Analysis 
 Bacterial Analysis 
 Standard of Cleanness 
 
 Effect of Pollution on Fish and Plant Life 
 Pollution of Water from Other Causes 
 Sewage Treatment 
 Screening 
 
 Coarse Screens 
 Fixed 
 Movable 
 Fine Screens 
 Fixed. 
 
 Movable 
 
 Sedimentation (Tanks General) 
 
 Grit Chambers. Detritus Tanks 
 Plain Settling Tanks 
 Horizontal-Flow Tanks 
 Vertical-Flow Tanks 
 Septic Tanks 
 
 Two-Story Tanks 
 Travis Tanks 
 Emscher or Irnhoff Tanks 
 Separate Sludge Digestion Tanks 
 Chemical Precipitation 
 Precipitation Tanks 
 Mixing Apparatus 
 Precipitation by Alum 
 Precipitation by Lime 
 Precipitation by Iron 
 Precipitation by Other Methods 
 Other Methods 
 Aeration 
 Filtration 
 
 Strainers or Roughing Filters 
 Intermittent Sand Filtration 
 Contact Beds 
 Trickling Filters 
 Automatic Dosing Apparatus 
 Sludge Disposal 
 Dumping at Sea 
 Air Drying and Lagooning 
 Drying by Centrifuging Machines 
 Draining on Beds 
 Pressing 
 Burying 
 Burning 
 Other Methods 
 Sludge Utilization 
 Fertilizer 
 Grease 
 Fuel 
 
 Irrigation 
 
 Sub-surface Irrigation 
 Broad Irrigation 
 Sterilization and Disinfection 
 Electrolytic Processes 
 Cess-pools 
 Pail Systems 
 
 Disposal for Isolated Plants 
 Camp Sanitation 
 
 Reports on Sewage Disposal of Special Places 
 
62 
 
 194 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 • 
 .3 
 .4 
 .5 
 .6 
 .7 
 
 197 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 Refuse Disposal 
 
 Garbage 
 
 Ashes. Rubbish. Street Sweepings 
 
 Animals 
 
 Slaughter-House and Market Refuse 
 
 Factory and Trade Wastes 
 
 Incineration Plants 
 
 Reduction Plants 
 
 Air Pollution 
 
 Dust 
 
 Gases 
 
 Odors 
 
 198 
 
 Smoke (See 222.13) 
 
 Industrial and Factory Sanitation 
 
 199 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 Plumbing of Factories (See 192.18) 
 
 Public Health. Vital Statistics 
 
 Food Regulations. Ice. Drugs 
 
 Milk and Milk Products 
 
 Animal and Plant Foods 
 
 Ice 
 
 Drugs 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .31 
 
 .32 
 
 .33 
 
 Housing Conditions (See 117.42) 
 
 Fly and Mosquito Suppression 
 
 Contagious and Infectious Diseases 
 
 Epidemics 
 
 Quarantine 
 
 Disinfection 
 
 .4 
 
 .41 
 
 .42 
 
 .8 
 
 .9 
 
 .91 
 
 .92 
 
 .93 
 
 Hospitals (See 961 and 117.6) 
 
 Disposal of the Dead 
 
 Undertaking and Embalming 
 
 Cremation 
 
 Registration. Vital Statistics 
 
 Boards of Health. Reports 
 
 City 
 
 State 
 
 Government 
 
 200 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 
 
 General 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 201 
 
 202 
 
 203 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .9 
 
 204 
 
 205 
 
 209 
 
 210 
 
 211 
 
 212 
 
 213 
 
 214 
 
 220 
 
 221 
 
 222 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .2 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Mechanics of Machines. Strength of Materials 
 Machine Drawing 
 
 Machine Parts 
 
 Fastenings. Bolts. Rivets. Screws 
 
 Axles 
 
 Cranks. Cams 
 
 Springs 
 
 Bearings 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Shafting 
 
 Other Parts 
 
 Lubrication. Friction 
 
 Balancing of Engines 
 
 Reports 
 
 Power Transmission. Mill Work 
 
 Links and Link Motion 
 
 Gearing 
 
 Belts and Pulleys 
 
 Chain Transmission 
 
 Heat Engineering 
 
 Thermodynamics. Theory of Heat Engines 
 
 Heat Generation 
 
 Combustion 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 Temperatures. Pyrometry 
 
 Smoke. Smoke Prevention 
 
 Fuel. Production, Analysis, and Use 
 
63 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 
 .29 
 
 .32 
 
 .33 
 
 .34 
 
 .35 
 
 .4 
 
 223 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 223.21 
 
 .211 
 
 .22 
 
 .221 
 
 .222 
 
 .23 
 
 .231 
 
 .24 
 
 .241 
 
 .242 
 
 .243 
 
 .244 
 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 
 .261 
 
 .3 
 
 .31 
 
 .311 
 
 .312 
 
 .313 
 
 .314 
 
 .315 
 
 .32 
 
 .33 
 
 .331 
 
 .332 
 
 .333 
 
 .334 
 
 .335 
 
 .336 
 
 .4 
 
 .41 
 
 .42 
 
 .43 
 
 224 
 
 .1 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 225 
 
 226 
 227 
 230 
 240 
 250 
 
 Heat Generation ( Continued ) 
 
 Coal 
 
 Coke ( See 671, under Gas Engineering) 
 
 Wood 
 
 Charcoal 
 
 Pulverized Fuel. Briquettes 
 Liquid Fuel 
 Gas Fuel 
 Other Fuels 
 Furnaces 
 Draft 
 Grates 
 Stokers 
 Ash-Burners 
 Ash Disposal 
 Liquid Fuel Apparatus 
 Steam Engineering 
 
 Steam (Properties, etc.) 
 
 Steam Boilers. Design. Construction 
 
 Water Supply. Corrosion (For Water Softening. See 184.5, 
 under Purification of Water) 
 
 Feed-Water Heaters 
 Details and Parts 
 Rivets. Stays 
 Tubes 
 
 Boiler Accessories 
 Superheaters 
 
 Types (For Locomotive Boilers, See 135.22, under Rolling Stock) 
 Fire-Tube Boilers 
 Water-Tube Boilers 
 Stationary Boilers 
 Marine Boilers 
 Operation and Economy 
 Explosions. Accidents 
 Boiler Inspection 
 Steam Engines 
 
 Details and Parts 
 
 Valves and Valve Gears 
 Cylinders 
 Governors 
 Fly-Wheels 
 Indicators 
 Steam Turbines 
 
 Types (Not Classed Elsewhere) 
 
 Steam Turbines 
 Traction Engines 
 Stationary Engines 
 Portable Engines 
 Rotary Engines 
 Marine Engines 
 
 Steam Power and Boiler Plants 
 Piping 
 Condensers 
 
 Cooling Towers and Ponds 
 
 Gas and Oil Engines. Internal Combustion Engines 
 
 Details and Parts 
 Ignition 
 Carburetion 
 Governors 
 
 Valves and Valve Gears 
 Types 
 
 Gas Engines 
 Oil Engines 
 Gasoline Engines 
 Alcohol Engines 
 Gas Power Plants 
 Compressed Air 
 Refrigeration 
 Heating and Ventilation 
 Automobiles 
 Aeronautics 
 
 Hydraulic Machinery. (For general theory of Hydraulics, See 180, 
 Hydrology. Hydraulics. Dams. For Water 
 Wheels and Turbines, See 181.26, under 
 Water Power) 
 
 Pumps and Pumping Engines (See also 432, Mine Pumps) 
 
 Hydraulic Presses 
 
64 
 
 253 Hydraulic Rams 
 
 Hydraulic Lifts. Elevators. Cranes (See 260) 
 
 260 Machinery for Special Purposes 
 
 261 Hoisting and Conveying Machinery 
 
 .1 Cranes and Derricks 
 
 .2 Cableways 
 
 .3 Ccal Handling 
 
 .4 ' Ore Handling 
 
 262 Elevators 
 
 263 Agricultural Machinery 
 
 264 Drying Machinery 
 
 270 Machine Shops and Machine Shop Practice 
 
 271 Machine Shop Management 
 
 272 Machine Tools 
 
 .1 Planing Machines 
 
 .2 Grinding and Filing 
 
 .3 Cutting and Sawing 
 
 .4 Turning and Milling. Lathes 
 
 .5 Drills 
 
 .6 Punching and Shearing 
 
 .7 Bending. Straightening. Shaping 
 
 280 Miscellaneous. Types of Power 
 
 281 Animal Power 
 
 282 Solar Engines 
 
 283 Wind Power 
 
 .1 Windmills 
 
 300 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 306 
 
 308 
 
 309 
 
 310 
 
 311 
 
 312 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .7 
 
 313 
 
 314 
 
 315 
 
 316 
 
 317 
 
 318 
 
 319 
 
 320 
 
 .1 
 
 321 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .41 
 
 .42 
 
 .45 
 
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 
 
 General 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 Drawings 
 Congresses 
 Exhibitions 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 Induction Coil 
 Economics 
 Rates 
 Valuation 
 Contracting 
 
 Electric Utilities. Reports of Companies 
 Electric Measurement 
 Units and Standards 
 Meters 
 
 Ammeter 
 
 Voltmeter 
 
 Ohmmeter 
 
 Watt-meter 
 
 Coulometer 
 
 Potentiometer 
 
 Galvanometer 
 
 Wheatstone Bridge. Slide-Wire Bridge 
 Other Meters 
 
 Current Measurement 
 Power Measurement 
 Resistance Measurement 
 Potential Measurement 
 Capacity Measurement 
 Inductance Measurement 
 Other Measurements 
 
 Dynamo=EIectric Machinery. Transformers. Central Stations 
 
 Armature and Field Windings 
 
 Electric Plants. Central Stations. (For Hydro-Electric Plants, See 
 181, under Water Power) 
 
 Steam Driven 
 Gas Driven 
 Oil Driven 
 
 Operation and Management 
 Maintenance 
 Rates 
 Finance 
 Valuation 
 Accounting 
 
65 
 
 322 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 323 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .2 
 
 :21 
 
 .211 
 
 .212 
 
 .22 
 
 .221 
 
 .222 
 
 .3 
 
 324 
 
 325 
 
 326 
 
 327 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 328 
 
 .1 
 
 330 
 
 331 
 
 332 
 
 333 
 
 338 
 
 339 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 340 
 
 341 
 
 .2 
 
 342 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 343 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 344 
 
 345 
 
 350 
 
 351 
 
 352 
 
 353 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 354 
 
 357 
 
 358 
 
 359 
 
 360 
 
 361 
 
 362 
 
 363 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 364 
 
 365 
 
 Direct Currents and Machines 
 
 Generators 
 
 Motors 
 
 Dynamotors 
 
 Direct-Current Boosters 
 
 Alternating Currents and Machines 
 
 Synchronous Machines 
 Generators 
 Motors 
 
 Converters (Rotary Converters) 
 
 Asynchronous Machines. Induction Machines 
 Induction Generators 
 Single-Phase 
 Three-Phase 
 Induction Motors 
 Single-Phase 
 Polyphase 
 Motor-Converters 
 
 Alternating-Current Commutator Motors 
 Series Motors 
 Repulsion Motors 
 
 Double=Current Generators 
 Motor Generators 
 Rectifying Apparatus 
 Stationary Induction Apparatus 
 
 Transformers 
 
 Auto-Transformers. Compensators 
 Potential Regulators 
 Reactors or Reactance Coils 
 
 Electrostatic Apparatus 
 
 Condensers 
 
 Control Devices. Switches and Switch=bcards 
 Switches 
 
 Switch=boards. Panels 
 Controllers. Rheostats 
 Wireless Control 
 Protective Devices 
 
 Fuses 
 
 Circuit Breakers 
 Reactances 
 Lightning Protection 
 
 Transmission. Distribution 
 Systems. Line Phenomena 
 
 Direct Current 
 Alternating Current 
 
 Transmission Materials 
 Wire 
 Cables 
 Insulators 
 Overhead Lines 
 
 Design of Overhead Lines. Catenary. Stresses. Wind Pressure 
 
 Poles 
 
 Towers 
 
 Accessories. Cross-Arms. Pins 
 
 Underground Lines 
 Electric Wiring 
 Telephone 
 
 Line Transmission 
 Systems 
 Instruments 
 Transmitter 
 Receiver 
 
 Switch=boards and Other Station Equipment 
 Wireless Telephony 
 Operation. Rates 
 Telephone Companies. Reports 
 Telegraph 
 
 Line Transmission 
 Instruments 
 Systems. Codes 
 Morse 
 Hughes 
 Simplex 
 Multiplex 
 
 Printing Telegraphy 
 Picture Telegraphy 
 
66 
 
 366 Submarine Cable Telegraphy 
 
 367 Wireless Telegraphy 
 
 368 Operation. Rates 
 
 369 Companies. Reports 
 
 370 Electric Lighting 
 
 371 Illumination 
 
 .1 Interior 
 
 .2 Exterior. Streets, Parks, etc. 
 
 372 Electric Lamps 
 
 .1 Arc Lamps 
 
 .11 Carbon 
 
 .12 Mineralized 
 
 .13 Vapor 
 
 .2 Incandescent Filament Lamps 
 
 .21 Carbon and Carbon Metallized 
 
 .22 Metal 
 
 .23 Other 
 
 373 Electric Light Plants for Country Houses, etc. 
 
 374 Special Uses of Electric Light 
 
 .1 Searchlights 
 
 .2 Signs 
 
 380 Chemical Electricity. Batteries 
 
 381 Primary Cells 
 
 382 Storage Batteries. Accumulators 
 
 383 Lead Accumulators 
 
 390 Other Uses of Electricity 
 
 391 Industrial 
 
 .1 Electric Drive 
 
 Elevators, Cranes (See 260, under Mechanical Engineering) 
 
 392 Domestic 
 
 393 Therapeutic 
 
 394 Agricultural 
 
 Mining (See 470, under Mining Engineering) 
 
 400 MINING ENGINEERING 
 
 General 
 
 .01 History 
 
 .02 Laws and Legislation 
 
 .03 Statistics 
 
 .04 Costs and Estimates 
 
 .05 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 .06 Drawings 
 
 .07 Congresses 
 
 .08 Exhibitions 
 
 .09 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 408 Economics. Mine Accounting 
 
 409 Organization and Administration 
 
 .1 Mine Labor 
 
 .2 Reports of Mine Departments and Inspectors 
 
 410 Prospecting. Mine Surveying 
 
 411 Prospecting 
 
 .1 Divining Rod 
 
 412 Mine Surveying 
 
 413 Mine Models 
 
 414 Sampling 
 
 415 Valuation 
 
 416 Prospectuses 
 
 420 Excavation and Working 
 
 421 Open Working 
 
 .1 Placer Mining 
 
 .11 Working with Pan 
 
 .12 Sluicing 
 
 .13 Hydraulic Mining 
 
 .14 Dredging 
 
 422 Drilling. Blasting 
 
 .1 Explosives 
 
 423 Quarrying 
 
 424 Boring 
 
 425 Shaft Sinking 
 
 .1 Shaft Lining 
 
 426 Tunneling and Drifting 
 
 427 Stoping 
 
 428 Timbering and Mine Supports. Masonry Lining 
 
 430 Drainage and Sanitation 
 
 431 Mine Waters 
 
432 
 
 433 
 
 434 
 
 440 
 
 441 
 
 442 
 
 443 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 444 
 
 445 
 
 450 
 
 451 
 
 460 
 
 461 
 
 462 
 
 470 
 
 480 
 
 481 
 
 .1 
 
 482 
 
 483 
 
 484 
 
 490 
 
 491 
 
 492 
 
 493 
 
 494 
 
 495 
 
 496 
 
 497 
 
 498 
 
 499 
 
 500 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 501 
 
 502 
 
 503 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 504 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 505 
 
 506 
 
 508 
 
 509 
 
 510 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 51 1 
 
 513 
 
 .1 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 Mine Pumps 
 Mine Dams 
 Sanitation 
 
 Transportation. Haulage and Hoisting 
 Underground Haulage 
 Mine Locomotives 
 Hoisting 
 
 Hoisting Engines 
 Cages. Skips. Buckets 
 
 Surface Transportation 
 
 Storage (See also 117.52, Coal Storage Plants, under Building 
 Construction) 
 
 Ventilation 
 
 Mine Gases. Fire=damp. 
 
 Lighting. Signaling 
 Safety Lamps 
 Signals and Signaling 
 Electricity in Mining 
 
 Accidents. Safety Measures and First Aid 
 Explosives 
 
 Dust Explosions 
 Mine Fires 
 Safety Regulations 
 Mine Rescue Work. First Aid 
 Mining of Special Kinds of Ore 
 Coal Mining 
 Copper Mining 
 Gold and Silver Mining 
 Iron Mining 
 Lead Mining 
 Petroleum Mining 
 Tin Mining 
 Zinc Mining 
 
 Miscellaneous (Arranged Alphabetically by Metal, e. ()., Antimony, 
 Cadmium, Cobalt, etc.) 
 
 METALLURGY 
 
 General 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Physics and Chemistry of Metals. Metallography 
 Alloys 
 
 Ore Dressing. Milling of Ore (See also under each Metal) 
 Crushing, Grinding etc. 
 
 Concentration. Sizing. Sorting 
 Flotation 
 Amalgamation 
 Cyanide Process 
 Pyro=metallurgy (General) 
 
 Fuel (See also 222.2, Fuel, under Mechanical Engineering) 
 
 Refractory Materials 
 
 Furnaces 
 
 Gases 
 
 Smelting 
 
 Hydrometallurgy (General) 
 
 Electrometallurgy (General) 
 
 Economics. Trade 
 Reports 
 Iron and Steel 
 
 Physics and Chemistry. Metallography 
 Alloys 
 
 Ore Dressing 
 Pyrometallurgy 
 
 Pig Iron Manufacture 
 Cementation Process 
 Crucible Process 
 Bessemer Process 
 Open-Hearth Process 
 
68 
 
 514 Electrometallurgy 
 
 515 Foundries and Foundry Practice 
 
 516 Mechanical Treatment of Iron and Steel 
 
 .1 Forging 
 
 .2 Rolling Mills 
 
 517 Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel 
 
 .1 Improper Heating of Steel 
 
 .11 Welding 
 
 .2 Hardening 
 
 .21 Case Hardening 
 
 518 Economics. Iron and Steel Trade 
 
 519 Descriptions and Reports of Iron and Steel Works 
 
 520 Gold and Silver 
 
 .1 Physics and Chemistry 
 
 .2 Alloys 
 
 521 Ore Dressing. Milling of Ore 
 
 .1 Crushing. Grinding 
 
 .2 Flotation 
 
 .3 Concentration. Sizing. Sorting 
 
 .4 Amalgamation 
 
 .5 Cyanide Process 
 
 522 Roasting 
 
 523 Hydro=metallurgy 
 
 524 Electrometallurgy 
 
 528 Economics. Trade 
 
 529 Reports 
 
 530 Copper 
 
 .1 Physics and Chemistry. Metallography 
 
 .2 Alloys 
 
 531 Ore Dressing 
 
 .1 Crushing. Grinding 
 
 .2 Flotation 
 
 .3 Concentration. Sizing. Sorting 
 
 .4 Amalgamation 
 
 .5 Cyanide Process 
 
 532 Pyrometallurgy 
 
 .1 Roasting 
 
 .2 Smelting 
 
 .3 Bessemer Process 
 
 532 Hydro=metallurgy 
 
 533 EIectro=metallurgy 
 
 538 Economics. Copper Trade 
 
 539 Reports 
 
 540 Lead 
 
 550 Tin 
 
 560 Zinc 
 
 580 Other Metals (Arranged Alphabetically) 
 
 590 Assaying 
 
 600 GAS ENGINEERING 
 
 General 
 
 .01 History 
 
 .02 Laws and Legislation 
 
 .03 Statistics 
 
 .04 Costs and Estimates 
 
 .05 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 .06 Drawings 
 
 .07 Congresses 
 
 .08 Exhibitions 
 
 .09 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 610 Natural Gas 
 
 611 Fields 
 
 612 Production 
 
 .1 Wells 
 
 613 Transmission 
 
 .1 Pumping Plants 
 
 .2 Pipe Lines (For Local Distribution, See 650) 
 
 620 Materials for Gas Manufacture 
 
 630 Manufacture and Works 
 
 631 Coal Gas 
 
 .1 Purification 
 
 632 Water Gas 
 
 .1 Purification 
 
 633 Producer Gas 
 
 634 Coke Oven Gas 
 
69 
 
 635 
 
 636 
 
 637 
 
 639 
 
 640 
 
 641 
 
 642 
 
 643 
 
 650 
 
 651 
 
 652 
 
 653 
 
 654 
 
 655 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 656 
 
 657 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 660 
 
 661 
 
 .1 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 662 
 
 670 
 
 671 
 
 672 
 
 673 
 
 674 
 
 675 
 
 676 
 
 677 
 
 679 
 
 680 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 Oil Gas 
 
 Acetylene 
 
 Air Gas 
 
 Other Processes 
 
 Storage 
 
 Station Meters 
 
 Holders 
 
 Analysis and Testing 
 
 Distribution 
 
 Station Governors 
 
 Pressure Instruments and Apparatus 
 
 Pumping Plants 
 
 Flow in Pipes 
 
 Street Mains 
 
 Valves 
 
 Subways 
 
 Service Pipes 
 
 Interior Piping and Fittings 
 
 Regulators 
 
 Consumers’ Meters 
 
 Piping 
 
 Utilization 
 
 Gas Lighting 
 
 Illumination 
 
 Interior 
 
 Exterior. Streets. Parks, etc. 
 
 Gas Lamps 
 
 Burners 
 
 Incandescent Fixtures 
 
 Gas Heating 
 
 By Products 
 
 Coke 
 
 Tar 
 
 Ammonia 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Cyanogen 
 
 Naphthalene 
 
 Benzol 
 
 Other Products 
 
 Management 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 Rates 
 
 Finance 
 
 Valuation 
 
 Accounting 
 
 700 
 
 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND MANUFACTURES 
 
 General 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 710 
 
 711 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .21 
 
 .211 
 
 .22 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 History 
 
 Laws and Legislation 
 
 Statistics 
 
 Costs and Estimates 
 
 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Congresses 
 
 Exhibitions 
 
 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 Chemicals. Dyes. Paints and Varnishes 
 
 Chemicals 
 
 Chemical Elements 
 
 Acids 
 
 Nitric Acid 
 
 Utilization of Atmospheric Nitrogen 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 
 
 Alkalies 
 
 Salts (For Common Table Salt, See 785, Salt, under Foods and 
 Beverages) 
 
 712 
 
 713 
 
 714 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 715 
 
 Paint, Varnish, etc. 
 
 Dyes. Colors. Inks 
 
 Distillation Products 
 
 Wood Distillation 
 
 Coal Distillation (See Gas Engineering) 
 
 Explosives. Matches ( Sec also 831, Explosives, under Military and 
 
 Naval Science) 
 
 716 
 
 Starch, Glucose, Gluten, etc. 
 
70 
 
 717 Photographers’ Supplies 
 
 719 Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Industries 
 
 .1 Vegetable and Animal Oils 
 
 .2 Soap, Perfumery, etc. 
 
 .3 Glycerine 
 
 .4 Candles 
 
 .5 Waxes 
 
 .6 Gums and Resins 
 
 .7 Glue and. Gelatine 
 
 .8 Fertilizers 
 
 720 Ceramics. Stone, Clay, and Glass. Other Non=MetalIic Mineral Products. 
 
 721 Ceramics 
 
 .1 Pottery 
 
 .2 Stoneware. China 
 
 .3 Sanitary Ware 
 
 .4 Electrical Porcelain 
 
 .5 Brick 
 
 .6 Terra Cotta 
 
 .9 Other Clay Products 
 
 722 Glass Manufacture 
 
 723 Cement, Lime, and Gypsum 
 
 724 Stone Products. Artificial Stone 
 
 725 Abrasives 
 
 726 Asphalt and Other Bitumens 
 
 727 Petroleum 
 
 .1 Lubricants ( See also 204, Lubrication, under Mechanical En- 
 
 gineering) 
 
 729 Miscellaneous Non=Metallic Mineral Products 
 
 .1 Asbestos 
 
 730 Metal Manufactures. Machinery. Conveyances 
 
 731 Gold and Silver Ware. Jewelry 
 
 732 Iron and Steel Articles (Not Classified Elsewhere) 
 
 733 Wire Making 
 
 734 Hardware, Cutlery, and Tools 
 
 735 Implements. Instruments (Not Classified Elsewhere) 
 
 .1 Typewriters 
 
 .2 Cash Registers 
 
 .3 Scales 
 
 .4 Meters 
 
 .5 Watches and Clocks 
 
 736 Machinery. (Not Classified Elsewhere) 
 
 737 Locksmithing. Gunsmithing 
 
 738 Vehicles. Conveyances 
 
 .1 Carriages, Wagons, and Sleighs 
 
 Automobiles and Motor Trucks ( See 230) 
 
 .2 Bicycles 
 
 Manufactures of Miscellaneous Metals (Arranged Alphabetically, 
 
 e. g., Aluminum, Bronze, 
 Copper, Tin, etc.) 
 
 740 Lumbering. Wood Manufactures 
 
 741 Logging. Lumbering 
 
 742 Wood Working. Saw Mills 
 
 743 Furniture 
 
 .1 House Furniture 
 
 .2 Office Furniture 
 
 .3 Pianos and Musical Instruments 
 
 .4 Mirrors 
 
 744 Cooperage 
 
 745 Box Making 
 
 746 Caskets. Undertakers’ Supplies 
 
 747 Pulp and Fiber Goods 
 
 .1 Mats. Baskets 
 
 .2 Brooms 
 
 .3 Brushes 
 
 748 Cork Industries 
 
 749 . Miscellaneous Wooden Articles 
 
 750 Paper Making 
 
 760 Textiles 
 
 .1 Design 
 
 .2 Processes 
 
 .21 Spinning 
 
 .22 Weaving 
 
 .23 Dyeing and Finishing 
 
 .3 Machinery 
 
 761 Cotton Manufactures 
 
 762 Woolen Manufactures 
 
71 
 
 763 Silk Manufactures 
 
 764 Flax, Hemp, and Jute 
 
 765 Dry Goods 
 
 766 Carpets and Rugs 
 
 767 Felt 
 
 768 Cordage and Twine 
 
 769 Oil Cloth. Window Shades 
 
 770 Leather Manufactures. Tanning 
 
 771 Boots and Shoes 
 
 772 Harnesses. Saddlery 
 
 773 Trunks. Traveling Goods 
 
 774 Fur 
 
 779 Miscellaneous Leather Goods 
 
 780 Foods and Beverages 
 
 781 Flour, Feed, and Other Cereal Products 
 
 782 Sugar and Molasses 
 
 783 Canning Industries 
 
 784 Chocolate and Cocoa 
 
 785 Salt 
 
 786 Groceries (Not Otherwise Classified) 
 
 787 Slaughtering. Meat Packing 
 
 788 Dairy Products 
 
 .1 Milk and Cream 
 
 .2 Butter 
 
 .3 Cheese 
 
 .4 Ice Cream 
 
 .5 Casein 
 
 789 Wines and Liquors 
 
 .1 Brewing and Malting. Beer 
 
 .2 Wine Making 
 
 .3 Distilled Liquors 
 
 790 Miscellaneous Industries (Arranged Alphabetically, e. g., Celluloid 
 
 Products, Laundering, Rubber, Tobacco) 
 
 800 MILITARY AND NAVAL SCIENCE 
 
 General 
 
 .01 History 
 
 .02 Laws 
 
 .03 Statistics 
 
 .04 Costs and Estimates 
 
 .05 Contracts and Specifications 
 
 .06 Drawings 
 
 .07 Congresses 
 
 .09 Tests. Laboratories 
 
 810 Military Science, General Works 
 
 811 Strategy and Tactics 
 
 812 Army Organization and Administration 
 
 820 Fortifications 
 
 830 Ordnance (Military and Naval) 
 
 831 Explosives 
 
 832 Military Ordnance 
 
 833 Naval Ordnance 
 
 840 Naval Architecture. Shipbuilding. 
 
 .1 Buoyancy and Displacement 
 
 .2 Resistance 
 
 .3 Stability 
 
 .4 Strength of Ships 
 
 .5 Structural Details 
 
 .51 Water-tight Compartments 
 
 .6 Ventilation and Heating 
 
 .8 Measurement of Ships 
 
 .9 Miscellaneous Equipment of Ships 
 
 .91 Steering Apparatus 
 
 .92 Distillation of Salt Water 
 
 841 Materials 
 
 842 Ship Propulsion. Propellers 
 
 .1 Steam 
 
 .2 Electric 
 
 843 Special Types of Vessels {See also 870, War Vessels, under Naval 
 
 Science) 
 
 .1 Ocean Liners 
 
 .2 River and Lake Boats 
 
 .3 Vessels for Freight only 
 
 .31 Oil Steamers. Tank Ships 
 
 .32 Colliers 
 
 .33 Ore Ships 
 
72 
 
 843 
 
 .4 
 
 .8 
 
 .9 
 
 850 
 
 851 
 860 
 861 
 862 
 
 863 
 
 864 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .51 
 
 .511 
 
 .512 
 
 .513 
 
 .514 
 
 .52 
 
 .53 
 
 .54 
 
 .55 
 
 .6 
 
 865 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 866 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .9 
 
 870 
 
 871 
 
 872 
 
 873 
 
 874 
 
 875 
 
 876 
 880 
 
 890 
 
 891 
 
 892 
 
 893 
 
 894 
 
 895 
 
 896 
 
 Special Types of Vessels ( Continued ) 
 
 Canal Boats. Barges 
 Tugboats 
 
 Motor Boats and Launches 
 Yachts. Pleasure Boats 
 Survey Boats 
 Other Types 
 
 Yards 
 
 Dry Docks 
 
 Navigation. Shipping 
 Nautical Astronomy 
 Nautical Instruments 
 
 Compass 
 
 Magnetism of Ships aud Compass Variation 
 
 Seamanship 
 Aids to Navigation 
 
 Tide Tables 
 Charts 
 
 Sailing Directions 
 Steam Lanes 
 
 Signals and other Maritime Regulations. Prevention of Collisions 
 Signals 
 
 Lighthouses 
 Light Ships 
 Buoys 
 Fog Horns 
 Marking of Ships 
 Flags and Pennants 
 Steering and Sailing Rules 
 Loading Rules 
 Pilotage and Pilots 
 Shipwrecks. Accidents 
 Life Saving 
 Salvage 
 
 Shipping. Merchant Marine 
 
 Directories, Blue Books, etc. 
 
 Companies 
 
 Rates 
 
 Tolls 
 
 Accounts 
 
 Inspection 
 
 Naval Science. War Vessels 
 Battle Ships and Cruisers 
 Torpedo Boats 
 Torpedoes 
 Submarines 
 Armor Plate 
 Armament 
 
 Naval Strategy and Tactics 
 Naval Organization and Administration 
 Registers. 
 
 Navy Customs. Rank of Officers 
 Personnel 
 
 Naval Militia 
 Marines 
 
 Education 
 
 Maintenance ahd Supplies 
 Hygiene 
 
 900 OTHER SUBJECTS 
 
 Note : For subdivisions, use Dewey Classification. 
 
 910 Philosophy 
 
 920 Religion 
 
 930 Sociology 
 
 940 Philology 
 
 950 Natural Science 
 
 960 Useful Arts (Other than Engineering and Manufactures) 
 
 970 Fine Arts 
 
 980 Literature 
 
 990 History 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL 
 ENGINEERS, ADOPTED, 1891-193 7. 
 
 Oct. 3, 1894 Art. II, 1 
 
 ( Proceedings , Sec. 1, 2. 
 
 Vol. XX, Art. Ill, 
 
 p. 176.) Sec. 6, 7. ! 
 
 Art. IV, 
 
 Sec. 1, 2, 1 
 
 3, 7. J 
 
 ! Abolishes Grade of “Subscribers.” Yes, 194 
 
 No, 5 
 
 Art. II, 
 
 Sec. 8. 
 
 Corporate Members may become Fellows. Yes, 196 
 Previous to this time the grade of Fellows No, 3 
 
 was limited to “contributors to the perma- 
 nent funds of the Society who may not be 
 eligible for admission as Corporate Mem- 
 bers.” 
 
 Art. Ill, 
 
 Sec. 1. 
 
 Honorary Members “shall be elected only by Yes, 196 
 the unanimous vote of the Board of Direc- No, 5 
 
 tion” instead of “by a unanimous vote of 
 the Board of Direction and such Past- 
 Presidents of the Society as continue to be 
 members of the Society”, etc., the Past- 
 Presidents having become members of the 
 
 Board of Direction on the adoption of the 
 
 Constitution. 
 
 Art. Ill, 
 
 Sec. 2. 
 
 Applicants for membership must be en- Yes, 193 
 dorsed by written communications from five No, 7 
 
 Corporate Members before applications can 
 be considered by the Board of Direction. 
 
 Art. VI, 
 
 Sec. 4. 
 
 This Amendment provided that the Secre- Yes, 191 
 tary be a Corporate Member of the Society No, 6 
 
 and be elected annually by the majority of 
 the whole Board of Direction within twenty 
 days after the Annual Meeting. 
 
 Mar. 3, 1895 Art. Ill, 
 
 ( Proceedings , Sec. 3. 
 
 Vol. XXI, 
 p. 85.) 
 
 This Amendment required the Preliminary Yes, 265 
 List of applicants to contain the names of No, 14 
 
 “references” for Corporate Members and 
 “endorsers” for Associates, Juniors, and 
 
 Fellows, in order to make the meaning in 
 
 Section 2 of this Article clearer. 
 
 Art. Ill, 
 
 Sec. 5. 
 
 This Amendment required that ballots on Yes, 224 
 reconsideration of rejected applications for No, 61 
 
 membership must be signed by the voters. 
 
 Art. VII. 
 
 The territory occupied by the Membership Yes, 273 
 was divided into Seven Geographical Dis- No, 12 
 
 tricts, thus dividing the non-resident mem- 
 bers of the Board of Direction equally 
 among the six non-resident Districts. This 
 amendment increased the elective members 
 of the Nominating Committee from seven to 
 fourteen, who, with the five living Past- 
 Presidents, should nominate officers for the 
 
 Society ; made the term of each member 
 two years ; and empowered the Board of 
 
 Direction to prescribe the mode of pro- 
 cedure in the election of members of the 
 
 Nominating Committee. 
 
 Art. VI, 
 
 Sec. 5. 
 
 This Amendment provided for the appoint- Yes, 273 
 ment of an Assistant Secretary by the No, 7 
 
 Board of Direction. 
 
74 
 
 Oct. 6, 1897 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXIII, 
 p. 164.) 
 
 Oct. 5, 1898 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXIV, 
 pp. 121, 167.) 
 
 Oct. 3, 1900 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXVI, 
 
 p. 216.) 
 
 Mar. 4, 1903 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXIX, 
 pp. 36, 100.) 
 
 Oct. 7, 1903 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXIX, 
 pp. 195, 374.) 
 
 Oct. 7, 1908 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXXIV, 
 p. 408.) 
 
 Mar. 1, 1911 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXXVII, 
 p. 164.) 
 
 Art. V, 
 Sec. 1. 
 
 Art. VI. 
 
 Art VII, 
 Sec. 2. 
 
 Art. Ill, 
 Sec. 2, 3. 
 
 Art. II, 
 
 Sec. 6, 7, 8. 
 
 Art. III. 
 
 Art. Ill, 
 Sec. 1, 3, 4. 
 
 Art. VI, 
 Sec. 12. 
 
 Art. VII, 
 Sec. 2. 
 
 Art. IV, 
 
 This Amendment provided that only the “five 
 latest living Past-Presidents who continue 
 to be members” shall be members of the 
 Board of Direction, instead of “all the liv- 
 ing Past-Presidents”, as previously pro- 
 vided. In the case of the election of 
 Honorary Members, however, all the Past- 
 Presidents shall be members of the Board 
 of Direction. 
 
 The office of Auditor was abolished and his 
 duties were transferred to the Secretary ; 
 provision was made for auditing the ac- 
 counts of the Society monthly, and the 
 duties of the Finance Committee were 
 widened, in order that the immediate su- 
 pervision of the financial affairs of the 
 Society might be put into the hands of such 
 Committee. 
 
 The time of appointing the Nominating 
 Committee was changed from the Annual 
 Convention to the Annual Meeting, and the 
 time was fixed for the meeting of such 
 Committee and its presentation to the 
 Board of Direction of the nominations for 
 officers to be elected at the next Annual 
 Meeting. 
 
 This Amendment provided that hereafter the 
 Board of Direction shall classify the 
 applicant with his consent. 
 
 By this Amendment provision was made for 
 the omission of the clause, in the case of 
 application for Junior membership, stat- 
 ing that the applicant intends to become 
 or continue to be an engineer. 
 
 By this Amendment all applications are to be 
 sent out as applications for “admission” 
 to the Society without classification into 
 grades ; power is given the Board of Direc- 
 tion to transfer persons from a lower to a 
 higher grade ; the number of negative votes 
 for exclusion is raised from seven to 
 twenty ; and the reconsideration ballot 
 (pink ballot) is abolished. 
 
 The election and transfer of applicants in 
 any grade is taken from the membership at 
 large and given to the Board of Direction, 
 the consequent changes in method of elec- 
 tion are fixed, and the number of negative 
 votes for exclusion is changed from “20 
 or more” to “3 or more”. 
 
 This Amendment confers on the Board of 
 Direction the power of appointing a 
 Special Committee when such appointment 
 is approved by a business meeting of the 
 Society ; and, if it is necessary, in the opin- 
 ion of the Board, that such Committee he 
 appointed in order to accomplish the ob- 
 jects for which its appointment is re- 
 quested. 
 
 Power is given the Board of Direction to 
 fill any vacancies occurring in the Nom- 
 inating Committee. 
 
 A new Section (13) is added to Article IV 
 by this Amendment, which provides for ex- 
 emption from dues of Corporate Members 
 and Associates who have reached the age of 
 seventy years, and have paid dues as such 
 for twenty-five years, and also of Corpo- 
 rate Members and Associates who have 
 paid dues as such for thirty-five years. 
 
 Yes, 427 
 No, 47 
 
 Yes, 210 
 No, 1 
 
 Yes, 193 
 No, 53 
 
 Yes, 401 
 No, 26 
 
 Yes, 537 
 ' No, 49 
 
 Yes, 892 
 No, 317 
 
 Yes, 1123 
 No, 58 
 
 Yes, 2229 
 No, 39 
 
75 
 
 Oct. 2, 1912 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXXVIII, 
 p. 550.) 
 
 Art. VII, 
 
 By this Amendment the number constituting 
 a quorum at a meeting of the Nominating 
 Committee is fixed at ten ; the time of 
 meeting of the Nominating Committee is 
 fixed to take place either at the Annual 
 Convention or not later than July 15 ; 
 provision is made for the organization of 
 the Nominating Committee ; “Official 
 Nominees” and “Nomination by Declara- 
 tion” are established ; nomination by the 
 Board of Direction is provided for, in case 
 the Nominating Committee fails to act ; 
 and the time of closing the polls at the 
 Annual Election is changed from noon to 
 
 9 A. M. 
 
 Mar. 3, 1915 
 ( Proceedings , 
 
 Vol. XLI, 
 p. 150.) 
 
 Art. VII, 
 Sec. 1. 
 
 The territory occupied by the membership ) 
 is divided into Thirteen Districts instead 1 
 of seven, as heretofore. 
 
 
 Art. VII, 
 Sec. 2. 
 
 This Amendment provides for the method of 
 electing the Nominating Committee from 1 
 thirteen districts instead of seven. J 
 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION, AM. SOC. C. E. 
 REJECTED, 1891-1917. 
 
 Mar. 6, 1901 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXVII, 
 pp. 38, 82.) 
 
 Art. II, 
 
 Sec. 5. 
 
 It was proposed by this Amendment to add 
 a clause to Section 5, Article II in order 
 to allow the Board of Direction to transfer 
 any Junior elected prior to the adoption 
 of the Constitution in 1891 to the grade 
 of Associate. 
 
 Mar. 5, 1902 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. xxviii, 
 pp. 35, 98.) 
 
 Art. Ill, 
 
 This Amendment, if adopted, would have 
 placed the election of all members in the 
 hands of the Board of Direction. 
 
 Mar. 6,1907 
 ( Proceedings , 
 Vol. XXXIII, 
 pp. 71, 152.) 
 
 Art. II. 
 
 It was proposed by this Amendment to raise 
 the standard of membership in the Society 
 by raising the qualifications for admission 
 to the various grades. 
 
 
 Art. Ill, 
 Sec. 2. 
 
 This Amendment related to applications of 
 engineers not resident in North America 
 and provided that the applicant must pos- 
 sess the necessary qualifications for mem- 
 bership before he is recommended for elec- 
 tion to the Society. 
 
 Mar. 3, 1909 
 (Proceedings, 
 Vol. XXXV, 
 
 p. 160.) 
 
 Art. Ill, 
 Sec. 4. 
 
 This Amendment provided that negative 
 votes equal to 1%, or the whole number 
 nearest to 1%, of the total Corporate Mem- 
 bership at the time of voting shall exclude 
 from membership. This Amendment was 
 nullified by the Amendment adopted on 
 Oct. 7th, 1908, and was, therefore, de- 
 feated. 
 
 Mar. 4, 1914 
 (Proceedings, 
 Vol. XL, 
 p. 176.) 
 
 Art. VII, 
 Sec. 1, 2. 
 
 (A) By this Amendment, it was proposed 
 to divide the territory occupied by the 
 membership into Thirteen Districts ; it 
 also provided for the procedure in appoint- 
 ing the Nominating Committee from such 
 Districts at the Annual Meeting. 
 
 
 Art. VII, 
 
 (B) This Amendment also provided for 
 dividing the territory occupied by the mem- 
 bership into Thirteen Districts and the 
 method of procedure of electing the Nomi- 
 nating Committee by ballot to be counted 
 by the Board of Direction and announced 
 to the Annual Meeting. 
 
 Yes, 680 
 No, 31 
 
 Ye?, 1066 
 No, 83 
 
 Yes, 282 
 No, 166 
 
 Yes, 343 
 No, 257 
 
 Yes, 429 
 No, 847 
 
 Yes, 247 
 No, 762 
 
 Yes, 1494 
 No, 1628 
 
 Yes, 1550 
 No, 1612 
 
Art. V, 
 Sec. 1, 2. 
 
 Art. VI, 
 Sec. 4, 6. 
 
 76 
 
 (C) By this Amendment, it was proposed to' 
 change the status of the Secretary by re- 
 moving him as a member of the Board of 
 Direction. It also defined the terms of 
 officers elected by the Society. 
 
 The changes proposed in this Amendment re- 
 late to the method of electing the Secretary 
 by the Board of Direction and would have 
 given the Board of Direction power to de- 
 termine the salaries to be paid to the 
 Secretary and Treasurer. J 
 
 Yes, 1343 
 No, 1828 
 

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 
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