fr*Z L I E> R.AR.Y OF THE U N IVLR.SITY Of ILLINOIS c gjs»B^; 'fazd£vi*E& 1 1>" • f. baWrer\(e <^Academ^. — ««^&— m— By Geo. H. Sweet, her Last Principal. Something more than three-fourths of a century ago, when this present prosperous village of Potsdam was in its very infancy — a mere hamlet — St. Lawrence Academy was established and incorporated and, with a small endow- ment in comparatively valueless real estate, opened her doors as a higher institution of learning, having in view the prospective demands of this then undeveloped section of country for higher educational facilities. This now time honored and warmly cherished institution embarked upon her noble mission on a bright September morn in 1816, with no flourish of trumpets, in an unpretentious, one story, one room, five hundred dollar wooden building, erected for the purpose on what was then known as Ray- mond street. One solitary teacher w T as there as faculty and guiding star ol that new born enterprise. But he, with this embryonic venture and hardly divining the great fu- ture before it, was surrounded and energetically sustained in his lonely trust with a score of philanthropic, broad minded pioneers, through whose liberality and efforts St. Lawrence Academy had become a possibility. If I mistake not these men, whose forethought conceived this grand old institution, whose manly courage was strong enough to successfully carry it through its early struggles and vicis- situdes, have passed on to their reward. Still it is a mat- ter of great compensating satisfaction for us to know that nearly all of them lived to see St. Lawrence Academy vic- toriously stem the tempestuous current of adversity, con- sequent upon these primeval times, and securely anchor Potsdam Normal School. herself upon that commanding pedestal of success and fame which made her the well deserved idol of Northern and Eastern New York — the educational Mecca at whose shrines of lore the best minds of those days devotedly drank and counseled, in fact the equal, yea peer of the best Academies in the Empire State. Starting- from such humble beginning, but surcharged with the true spirit of broad and progressive education, St. Lawrence Academy soon got a strong hold upon the people and so grew in public estimation and patronage that the plain Academy building on Raymond street was wholly inadequate and ten years after its erection a sub- stantial stone structure was built, and in 1836-7 still another stone building was put up to meet the growing demands of this Academy. These two last named Academy build- ings were located upon and occupied a part of the beauti- ful grounds across the park — one upon Main and the other upon Elm street — on which the State Normal School build- ing now stands. They were both taken down in 1867 to give place lor the present modern and commodious structure. The early history of St. Lawrence Academy and St. Lawrence County are closely interwoven. The sons and daughters of all classes, seeking an academic education in those days, rounded up school life in St. Lawrence Acad- emy. The ties between the Academy and people were very strong, friendly, intimate. Taking her existence as a whole, St. Lawrence Academy admittedly took the center position in the front rank of Academies in this section, and was an authority on education- al matters. She called a class of students of mature years from near and far, who were looking for the best and most representative Academy, the Academy offering the largest advantages, the best instruction, the highest character. Her halcyon days cover no inconsiderable part of her ex- istence. All who knew her point with justifiable pride to the high water mark reached by her in many, very many 67. Lazvrence Academy. continuous years of her existence. To be sure the financial struggles of the Academy at times were severe; but with determined friends ever to her aid, with merit and worthi- ness ever at her mast-head, she always successfully sur- mounted them. St. Lawrence Academy was not founded in abundance and luxury. Her course was rugged, her career had to be cut through hard, flinty rock. Her fame was self-made, self-won. In the open field of Academic strife she manfully entered the lists and scored a brilliant victory, relying solely upon her superior work, her clean cut, high, moral, scholastic standing. Genuine merit, born of intelligently directed grit, was emblazoned upon her banner, and with this for her battle-cry no barrier seemed insurmountable, no achievment too high, no goal too dis- tant to zealously strive for. Potsdam proved good soil in which to plant a higher in- stitution of learning thus early in the century. Its geo- graphical situation was admirable and the natural intelli- gence of her people caused the importance of such an Academy to be fully understood and appreciated. This Academy was also remarkably fortunate in the uniformly high order of its students, also in the main, intelligence and wisdom characterized her management. With spare- ing exceptions those in control were live, scholarly men, with marked aoility for educational work. Such names as Asa Brainerd, Elijah W. Plumbe, William H. Parker, come down the corridor of time, not simply as good men and good citizens, but as brainy educators, successful managers, rarely equalled in their day. As a rule the instruction and general unwavering aim of this Academy were progressive in the fullest sense. Among the first academies to arrange and adopt courses of study was St. Lawrence. The earlier suggestions about teachers' classes and special instruction lor teachers are credited to St. Lawrence Academy. The strong growth and popularity indeed, are attributable in no slight degree to the educa- tional resources and forethought of those who, from time Potsdam Normal School. to time, were at the helm. For certainly progressive no- tions, new and improved ideas give life and zest to schools as well as other commendable undertakings. Truly may it be said that the successful history of St. Lawrence Academy rested upon the primary foundation of cause and effect. Its success was by no means accidental, but was due to its fortunate location, the hearty co-operation of the people and its meritorious work. "By their fruits ye shall know them" was the standard named by Christ in His sermon on the Mount. Measured by its fruits St. Lawrence Academy shines in most resplend- ent rays. Her students, living and dead, scattered broad- cast over this fair land, are potential monuments of her utility and her noble work. During her short but brilliant existence of but little more than half a century thousands of young men and women drank from her scholastic foun- tain and laid the structural foundations, true and plumb, of lives, to be useful and successful in nearly all the avenues and callings of life. Possibly none of her students ever reached in after life the highest round on the ladder of dis- tinction and preferment ; possibly no one can be singled out as the most dazzling star of his day in the firmament of statesmanship, law, journalism, pulpit or the commercial world, but countless is the number who turn with respect and devotion to St. Lawrence Academy as their Alma Mater, who have rilled and still are rilling all these vocations with conceded ability and most enviable success. If the long roll of registered scholars of this grand old Academy could be called on this anniversary occasion, before this banquet of learning, although twenty-five years have fled since her doors were closed, what enthusiasm, what local pride would be awakened, what glorious remembrances would well up, as the roll books, covered with names, his- toric and well-known, because of honored and honorable lives, were opened afresh to our view. To snatch an occa- sional name from the long roll of honor of St. Lawrence Academy's sons and daughters would pass the bounds of St. Lawrouc Academy. time generously accorded me as the last Principal of this Academy, by this educational gathering-, for a reminiscent word in regard to this old institution, which was supplanted twenty-five years ago by the Potsdam State Normal School, whose students, alumni, teachers, principals many of you are or have been, and as such this day are celebrating the first quarter century milestone of its successful existence. It must suffice on this occasion to say generally that there is hardly a county or town in this magnificent State, hardly a State in this matchless Commonwealth, where the student of St. Lawrence Academy has not been heard or felt; where, alas! after at least local name had been honorably won in life's glorious battles, silent words upon the granite tablet, in the city of the dead, speak tenderly and lovingly of his noble life. Suffice it to record that St. Lawrence Academy marshals among her fruits, her out-put, a gratify- ingly large number of full average, self-made, self-reliant, stalwart men and women, well equipped to adorn any of the professions and creditably perform any of life's call- ings. Her galaxy of names is clearly discernable upon the boundless scroll of men and women whose lives have made mankind better; and I feel certain that many, yea, legions of her sons and daughters, who have entered the higher portals, performed life's tasks so well, that ere this they have heard the welcome plaudit, "Well done, good and faithful servants," the highest encomium, from the highest authority, awaiting mankind. Students, graduates and teachers of the Potsdam Normal, I am happy to say that your lines were cast in more aus- picious times than existed for the student of St. Lawrence Academy fifty or seventy-five years ago. A magnificent school building, with all modern school appliances, a large array of the best up-to-date instructors —the vast resources of the great State of New York at its back — bless your school days. You enjoy the conspicuous advantages offered by the Potsdam Normal, conceded the first in the Normal school system of the State. Potsdam Normal School. As a representative of the interests and memories of St. Lawrence Academy on this Quarter Centennial Normal School Anniversary, will you kindly permit me to leave two thoughts with you. First, St. Lawrence Academy paved the way and made it possible for Potsdam to secure this Normal School. May 1 add my own individual conviction, that it would never have been located in this village had it not been for the healthy, wide-spread reputation which Potsdam enjoyed as an educational center through and on account of the well known and efficient educational work of St. Lawrence Academy. It was my good fortune to be connected either as teacher or principal with St. Lawrence Academy dur- ing the last few years of its existence. Vividly do I recall the desperate struggles of various localities in 1866-7 for the one of the six Normal Schools to be located in Northern New York. The several contesting localities, as well as Potsdam, promptly met and pledged all money require- ments demanded by the State, and no stone was left un- turned by any of them to secure it. At this time the civil war had closed and young men had returned to school in vast numbers. St Lawrence Academy was filled to over- flowing with an unusually mature class of students. Her success was then phenomenal and the old Academy was manfully sustaining its old-time record as one of the largest in the State. Her lustre was still undimned, her good name unsullied and prominently before the educational world. This educational halo, this reputation for culture which St. Lawrence Academy had won for Potsdam, were peculiarly fortunate in that crisis and strikingly useful to supplement Potsdam's herculean efforts to Turn the scales in favor of this locality and give this village the Normal School. Second, St. Lawrence Academy is not dead but sleepeth. There legally rests in her bosom an improbable contin- gency that must not be lost sight of, for these dormant rights may some day resurrect and rehabilitate her. This St. Lawrence Academy. is not probable but possible. As a matter of fact, however, the State of New York has not the absolute ownership of this great Normal School plant. It has only a life lease of this vast school property. It is the State's only while used by her as a Normal School to instruct teachers. The fee simple, the underlying title, is still vested in St. Lawrence Academy. Should the State of New York ever abandon or give up this Normal School, which I sincerely trust may never be the case, that moment the State forfeits its rights, and this Normal School property reverts to St. Lawrence Academy. The terms of the transfer, drawn by the thoughtful pen of Judge Charles O. Tappan, do not convey absolute title. Therefore, students, graduates, teachers, ex-teachers of the Potsdam Normal, have you not most potent reasons, on this your quarter century cele- bration, not only to admire the achievements of St. Law- rence Academy, but also to extend to her some reverential consideration as the progenitor of your Alma Mater, the Potsdam State Normal — possessing as she does bed rock, not forfeited, not forfeitable rights, with dormant plenary powers I propose, and I am sure you will all heartily join me in inscribing the following sentiment to her cherished memory: St. Lawrence Academy — the best of her day — the WORTHY FORERUNNER OF THE POTSDAM STATE NoRMAL School. Reouiescat in Honore. fplje J^oiYnal Idea. A brief reference to the growth of what may be called the "Normal Idea" seems an appropriate introduction to the History of the First Quarter-Century of the Potsdam Normal School. Differences in conception of the final cause of education have occasioned the differences in the agencies employed to effect its realization. If the aim of education be the pos- session of subject-matter, the Normal idea would date its birth from the inception of the first school, but if the pur- pose of education be the inculcation of habit and the awakening of taste, if intellection be subordinate to emo- tion, there follows quite a different conception of the teacher's work. It seems to the writer that the necessity of training schools for teachers was an outgrowth of the religious and educational awakening which characterized the Reformation. " Since the greatest evil in every place is the lack of teachers * * * we must take the trouble to educate them and prepare them," was the thought of the German reformer. Whoever was the originator of the training school idea, it did not take definite form until the last quarter of the 17th century, when, at Lyons, under Demia (1675) and at Rheims under LaSalle (1684) were established the first Normal Schools as they are known to-day. The Growth of the Normal Idea in America. It would be a matter of interest to note the great changes that have been wrought in the school curriculum within a century. The first reading book prepared for our schools was Webster's "Third Part," 1 785. Geography was intro- duced in 1786, and History much later; but even more im- Professional Training. t3 portant changes have been effected in the conception of the end of education. In the Massachusetts Magazine, 1789, is found evidence of the beginning of the Normal school idea in America. The article has two fundamental motives, primarily "to lessen every unnecessary expense," and secondly, to qualify ''for the office of school-keeping * * * and to teach these branches with ease and propriety." It is difficult to determine just how much the Lancaster- ian or Monitorial system, introduced into this country in 1 8 10, had to do with the Normal Idea, but its advocates were enthusiastic in its commendation and profuse in its praise. Gov. DeWitt Clinton, one of the foremost of American educators, said (18 10), "I consider the system as creating a new area in education, a blessing sent down from Heaven," "a wonderful combination of economy in expense and rapidity of instruction." "I am desirous that all our com- mon schools should be supplied with teachers of this de- scription." There is probably an historic connection be- tween this system and the Normal, but the motive of the system and its conception of education are quite distinct from the Normal, hence it seems to me that this new idea was first conceived by Prof. Olmstead, (later of Yale Col- lege) who in 1 8 16 set forth an argument for a "Seminary for School-Masters," to which students were to be admitted after "an approved examination" and in which "pupils were to study and recite whatever they were themselves afterward to teach, for the purpose of learning * * the best modes of teaching." In this article he shows the necessity for advanced scholarship as well as for "instruc- tion in the organization and government of a school." In 1823, at Concord, Vt., Mr. Samuel R. Hall established a school for training teachers, and published "Lectures on School-Keeping," which contain advanced views regarding the profession. In Vol. V. of Barnard's Journal will be found a brief account of these lectures. At about the same date Mr. James G. Carter urged the establishment Potsdam Normal School. of a Normal School in Massachusetts, embracing the three characteristics of our best current Normal Schools, viz: I. Scholarship. 2. Theory of Teaching. 3. Practice Schools. His contributions to educational literature and his labors in the halls of the Legislature, entitle him to great distinc- tion as a promoter of professional training of teachers. A number of articles by various educators which ap- peared within a few years show that the idea of special preparation of teaching was taking a strong hold upon the American mind. The rapid progress of the Normal idea in America, is worthy of especial mention when contrasted with the slow development of the same idea in the Old World. In less than a quarter of a century after the first agitation of the question in this country, the first Normal school in America was opened in 1839 at Lexington, Mass., (now Framingham, Mass.) with Mr. Cyrus Peirce, the "Arnold of America," at the head. Without doubt the establish- ment of professional schools in Europe, especially the Prussian system, had much to do with accelerating the work in America, but great credit should be given these early pioneers who with feeble beginnings, and with meager appointments, were able to give such impetus to the work in the New World, for the evidence seems conclusive that the originators of the movement in America, Mr. Olmstead (1816), Mr. Hall (1823), Mr. Gal- laudet (1825), and others, conceived the idea from their own observations of the needs of their schools. In 1834 Rev. Charles Brooks (Hingham, Mass.) after thorough- ly acquainting himself with the Prussian system, "resolved to do something about State Normal Schools." To the untiring labors of this man, more than any other agency, is probably due the particular form of Normal school training in this country, viz: "that the true function of the Normal school consists in pedagogical instruction." It should not be forgotten that the first educational jour- nal in the English language, the "American Journal of Ed- Professional Training. 1 5 ucation," was published in Boston in 1826, Mr. William C. Woodbridge, editor. In 1836 Mr. J. Orville Taylor edited the "Common School Assistant" in New York; in 1837 Horace Mann started the "Massachusetts Common School Journal," and Dr. Henry Barnard began his famous "Jour- nal" the year following. The faith of these men in the per- manency of our institutions and the future development of our schools was almost prophetic. No mind can com- pute the indebtedness of American schools and American institutions to the influence of these leaders in educational matters. A summary of the growth of the Normal Idea in America will show the following stages : 1. That academic scholarship is the sole test of teaching qualifications. 2. That more extended scholarship, including mastery of the principles or science of education, is needed. 3. In addition to the foregoing there must be actual prac- tice under competent supervision. 4. That child-mind must be studied, and tests must be made to determine the aptitudes and tastes of children. 5. That professional training is as applicable to higher institutions as to secondary and primary grades. 6. That pedagogics should be studied experientially with laboratory methods. Professional Training of Teachers in the Empire State. In his annual message in 1827, Governor DeWitt Clinton called the attention of the Legislature to the necessity of trained teachers. He says: "With a full admission of the merits of several who now officiate in that capacity, still it must be conceded that the information of the instructors of our common schools does not extend beyond rudimental education; that our expanding population requires constant accessories to their numbers; and that to realize these Potsdam Normal School. views, it is necessary that some new plan for obtaining able teachers be devised. I therefore recommend a seminary for the education of teachers." In his message the following year, 1827, he emphasizes his position and recommends the establishment of a school in each county for the special training of teachers. As a result of the awakening of pub- lic sentiment, the Legislature appropriated $150,000 "to promote the education of teachers." In the report of the Regents made to the State Legisla- ture, February 29, 1832, Simeon Dewitt, Chancellor, are found these words in regard to St. Lawrence Academy: "By a reference to the abstract it will appear that St. Lawrence Academy, at Potsdam, St. Lawrence County, has sent out during the last year (1831) eighty teachers of common schools, and that part of the study consists of lectures upon the principles of teaching. The superiority which St. Lawrence Academy has acquired in this respect is to be ascribed altogether to the new branch of instruc- tion introduced into it." (Page n.) And in the report of January 8, 1835: "In the neighborhood of St. Lawrence Academy the school districts are almost entirely supplied with teachers educated at that institution, and so beneficial has been the effect of introducing into the schools a better class of instructors, and more efficient plans of instruc- tion, that the compensation of teachers is already, on an average, from thirty to forty dollars per annum more than it was before the Academy had established a depart- ment for training them." (Page 84.) From schedule 11 of the report of the Regents for February 29, 1836: "In order to give character to their efforts to prepare teachers, the trustees employed three graduates for three years; * * * they now supply gratuitously the greater part of the text books used in this department. :: " " :: " * One evening a week has been devoted to a public discussion of questions connected with the theory and practice of teaching." At one of these meetings one of the scholars reports that "seven years ago (1828) he attended this Professional Training school one quarter," (the first term that special efforts were made in behalf of teachers) "and that he had since taught rising 800 different children, of whom he had kept a list, and that more than 80 of them had since, to his knowledge, been employed as teachers in district schools." (Page 97.) From this evidence it appears that St. Lawrence Academy enjoys the distinguished honor ol being the pioneer in the professional training of teachers in the Empire State. Teachers' Classes. In May, 1834, a statute was enacted authorizing the Regents to spend a portion of the literature fund for the special education of teachers, and a special appropriation of $500 was made to one Academy in each Senatorial dis- trict for books and apparatus, and $400 was paid for special instructor of teachers. The first classes in these Academies were opened in the fall of 1835. This was the beginning of the Teachers' Classes in the Academies of the State. The supervision of Teachers' Classes was transferred to the Department of Public Instruction bv Chapter 137 of the Laws of 1889, and the report of the Supervisor of Teachers' Training Classes, as they are now designated, for the school year ending July 31, 1894, shows a total registration of 3653 pupils in 227 training classes, and the amount paid for their maintenance $48,840.00. Teachers' Institutes. In April, 1834, the first Teachers' Institute was held at Ithaca, with a registration of twenty-eight teachers, the session continuing two weeks. The report for Teachers' Institutes held for the year ending July 31, 1894, shows that there were one hundred and eleven Institutes held with 15,607 teachers in attend- ance, at the total cost to the State ot $35,222.74. Q. C. H. 2. 1 8 Potsdam Normal School. State Normal Schools. Hon. Calvin T. Hulburd, Member of Assembly from St. Lawrence Co., introduced a bill in the State Legislature (1843) i° consequence of which the first State Normal School in the Empire State was opened at Albany in 1844, which school was changed in March, 1890, to "The New York State Normal College." The second school was opened at Oswego in 1861, as the exponent of a new idea, giving emphasis to work in the Schools of Practice, thus making these schools emphatically Training Schools. All of the Normal and Training Schools of the State follow substantially the course adopted by the Oswego school. Ten such schools have been established besides the Normal College and the school at Jamaica, L. I., for which provision was made during the last session of the State Legislature. These schools have real estate val- ued at one and one half million dollars and furniture and apparatus valued at two hundred thousand dollars more. The last report for the year ending July 31, 1894, shows a total registration of 4,000 Normal pupils, and a total gradu- ation of 603. The State has paid for the maintenance of these schools nearly one quarter million dollars. In addi- tion to these eleven schools the city of New York supports a Normal College for the preparation of teachers for its own schools, which College was opened in 1870. During some portion of the year ending July 31st, 1894, there were em- ployed in the public schools 32,929 teachers, of whom 27,833 were women and 5,096 were men. Of these teachers 3,177 were Normal graduates. It is gratifying to know that of the twenty million dollars expended by the State for her public schools twelve millions were paid for teach- ers' salaries. That the trend of public thought in the State is in the direction of demanding trained teachers in all our public schools, is evidenced by the demands made in qualifications of teachers and the multiplication of educational institu- tions. The fathers planned wisely in their provision for Professional Training. 1 9 the professional training of teachers. No one would claim for their early scheme clearness or comprehension of edu- cational problems. They looked for academic scholarship rather than for skill in imparting instruction and know- ledge of soul development. But they inspired public con- fidence in the work of the public schools, and in the science of pedagogics. Their children make larger demands for schools, generous provision for their support, and accept the proposition that academic scholarship is not the sole test of teaching qualifications. Technical training is as much demanded for teaching as it is for any of the other so-called professions. All honor to those who inaugurated the school system of the Empire State ; all honor to those who have sustained and enlarged its scope, and all honor to those w r ho have persistently advocated the claims and the rights of the profession. ^ jpl?£ potsdam State formal and ^prainin^ School. At the close of the Rebellion the thought of the people was again turned to the internal welfare of the Common- wealth. The influence of free schools upon the army of the north had been demonstrated, and the school policy of the north had been vindicated. That the efficiency of the schools might be increased, better supervision and instruc- tion were demanded, which called for better qualified in- structors. Upon recommendation of Victor M. Rice, Superintend- ent of Public Instruction, April 7, 1866, the Legislature passed Chapter 466, Laws of 1866, naming the Governor, Lieut.-Governor, the Secretary of State, the Comptroller, the State Treasurer, the Attorney General and the Super- intendent of Public Instruction as a committee "to receive proposals in writing in regard to the establishment of Normal and Training schools for the education and discip- line of teachers for the common schools of the State, from the board of supervisors of any county, from the corpo- rate authorities of any city or village, from the board of trustees of any college or academy, and from one or more individuals." The act provided for the appointment by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, of a Local Board which should have the immediate supervision and management of the school. General E, A. Merritt, who was a member of the staff of Governor Fenton, and who had assisted Superintendent Rice in securing the passage of the Normal School bill, foreseeing the advantage which must accrue to any commu- nity from the establishment of such a school in its midst, suggested to the Board of St. Lawrence Academy the de- sirability of their securing for Potsdam one of the four Early History. 21 Normal Schools proposed in the bill. His labors seconded by his zeal were constant and unremitting until the end sought was attained. St. Lawrence Academy, located at Potsdam for half a century, had sustained its reputation for broad and gen- erous scholarship, and had been one of the first academies to respond to the demand for teachers' classes in 1835, the first experiment of its kind in the Empire State, if not on the continent. From its organization in 1816 it had edu- cated large numbers of teachers for the common schools, and its prosperous condition under the efficient manage- ment of Principal Geo. H. Sweet, A. M., at the time of the visit of inspection by the committee, contributed not a little to the decision in favor of Potsdam. Early in 1866 the board of trustees of the academy passed a resolution tendering to the State Normal School Com- mission the grounds, buildings, library and apparatus be- longing to that institution for the use of a Normal school, should it be located at Potsdam. Among the most active promoters of this enterprise special mention should be made of Mr. Henry Watkins and Charles O. Tappan, Esq., who were afterwards made President and Secretary respectively of the original Local Board. These gentlemen caused petitions to be circulated in the various townships of the county, to awaken interest and to secure sufficient pledges for sums to meet the con- ditions named by the Normal School Commission, which conditions required that $72,000 should be raised in addi- tion to grounds and buildings donated. At a special meeting of the Board of Supervisors, held June 19, 1866, $10,000 were pledged for establishing the Normal School at Potsdam, which sum was raised to $25,000011 November 19 following, and on December 19 of the same year the village corporation voted the generous sum of $35,000 in addition to $12,000 previously pledged, which completed the amount necessary to determine the location of the school. On the 29th of November, 1867 a contract was 22 Potsdam Normal School. entered into for the construction ot the building, the corner stone of which was laid with imposing- ceremonies June 24, 1868. Local Board. The original Local Board as appointed by Superintendent Victor M. Rice, August 10, 1867, consisted of nine mem- bers, as follows: Henry Watkins, A. M., President, deceased March 29, 1891 ; Charles (). Tappan, A. M., Secretary resigned January 23, 1879, to take "his position as Judge of the Supreme Court, deceased August 20, 1895 ; Jesse Rey- nolds, M. D., Treasurer; Pres. Ebenezer Fisher, D. D., St. Lawrence University, Canton, deceased February 21, 1879; Principal John I. Gilbert, A. M., Franklin Institute, Malone; Principal R. G. Pettibone, A. M., Ogclensburg Academy, re- signed July 3, '90, because of removal from State; Mr. Noble S. Elderkin, deceased December 31, 1875; A. W. Deming, resigned August 14, 1873; Abraham X. Parker, Esq., re- signed January 12, 1882, to assume duties of Congressman. In the selection of representative men for the board, great care was exercised to place the school in the charge of gentlemen whose official positions or professional duties made them familiar with the practical workings of a school. It was thought expedient that various portions of the county should be represented, and that the most prominent schools in Northern York should have a voice in fixing the policy of the new school in which their graduates would naturally seek their professional training, and to which they would naturally look for a portion at least of their own teaching force. The board are fortunate in having still in their counsels two of the original members, Dr. Jesse Reynolds, and Hon. John I. Gilbert. The following changes have occurred in the board: Gen. E. A. Merritt, LL. D., at date President of the board, was appointed August 14, 1873. William H. Wallace, appointed December 31, 1875, resigned May C, 1878. Hon. George Z. Erwin, A. M., appointed January LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA President Watkins. Local Board. 23 23, 1878, Treasurer, deceased January 16, 1894. William A. Poste, A. M., appointed May 6, 1878, resigned July 3, 1890. Absalom G. Gaines, D. D., appointed June 4, 1879. Hon. J. G. Mclntyre, A. M., present Secretary, appointed January 12, 1882. Geo. H. Sweet, A. M., present Treasurer, appointed July 1, 1890. William R. Weed, appointed July 3, 1890. Hon. John A. Vance, appointed July 1, 1891. Thomas Spratt, Esq., appointed January 24, 1894. Few persons are aware of the amount of unseen work done by the Local Board of the Normal School. These gentlemen not only were active in establishing the school, but are its constant guardians, giving thoughtful oversight to its management and well-being. Without remuneration, save the consciousness of faithful discharge of public trust, these men guard with zealous care the interests centered in this institution for professional training. It is fitting that the undergraduates and the alumni, as well as the public should know something of their preparation and fitness for this important trust. Henry Watkins, A. M., the first President of the Local Board was born in Rutland, Vt., in October, 18 19. He graduated from Middlebury College and came to Potsdam in 1842. For several years he was professor of Mathematics in the St. Lawrence Academy. From 1847 until his death — March 29, 1 891 — he was engaged in business. When the movement was started to secure the location of the normal school in Potsdam, Mr. Watkins entered in- to it with all his energy. He was active in all the plans connected with the building of this institution and was familiar with all details of its management. He was per- sonally acquainted with every graduate to the time of his death. Hon. Charles O. Tappan, the first Secretary was born in Addison, Vt., April 17, 1831. He began the study of Law in 1851 and was admitted to the bar July 4, 1853, when he became a resident of Potsdam. In 1861 he was 24 Potsdam Normal Scliool. appointed U. S. Commissioner for the Northern District of New York. In 1871 he was elected County Judge and January 1, 1878, took his seat as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State and served a term of fourteen years. In educational affairs Judge Tappan has been especially active. He was a metnoer of the Board of Trustees of the St. Lawrence Academy at the time of the agitation of the Normal School question and was active in securing the location of the school in Potsdam. He was one of the Commission entrusted with the* superintendence of the construction of the building. When he assumed the duties of Justice of the Supreme Court January 1, 1878, he ten- dered his resignation as a member of the Local Board. Dr. Jesse Reynolds, the first Treasurer, was born in Chazy, N. Y., December 10, 1823. He graduated from the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock, Vt., June 14, 1847. After twelve years of practice, in i860, he located in Pots- dam. He is one of the members of the original board ap- pointed by Superintendent Rice. Dr. Reynolds has always found time in the midst of a large and busy practice to at- tend to the interests of the Normal School of which he is a firm friend. He is a staunch advocate of pure morals and high educational qualifications. Ebenezer Fisher, D. D., one of the original board, was born in Charlotte, Me., in 181 5. His early educational op- portunities were limited. From the age of nineteen to that of twenty-three he was the school master in his own coun- ty. In 1840 Mr. Fisher was elected as Representative to the Maine Legislature. In 1841 he began a pastorate at Addison Point, Me., which lasted six years. In September of this year he married Amy W. Leighton of Pembroke, Me. On May 4, 1847, ne began a pastorate in Salem, Mass., which he held until tailing health forced him to retire in 1853. In 1858, he resigned the pastorate at So. Hedham to accept a call to Canton, to be the President of the then new Universalist Theological School, Here Dr. Fisher Local Board. 25 did his life work continuing in this enterprise till death relieved him February 21, 1879. Hon. John I. Gilbert, A. M., LL. D., one of the two surviving original members of the board, was born at Pittsford, Vt, and prepared for college at Granville (N. Y.) Academy and at Barre, Vt., and was graduated from the University of Vermont, A. B., in 1859, anc * A. M., in 1862. He was Principal at Roylston, Vt., for two years and for several years held the same position in Franklin Academy, Malone, N. Y. He was admitted to the Bar in '69; was a member of the Assembly in '76, 'jj and '78. In 'yj Gov. Robinson, in his message attacked the Normal Schools, which attack was supported by a speech in the Assembly by Judge Ruggles (later Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion) on which occasion Mr. Gilbert began his defense of the Normal Schools. In '78 he was appointed chairman of a Committee to investigate the Normal Schools, the re- port of which committee gave these schools a permanency which they have ever since enjoyed. In 1884-5 ne was a member of the State Senate and in '84 a delegate-at-large from New York to the Republican National Convention. In '89 he was the Republican candi- date for Secretary of State, and in '94 he was one of the fifteen delegates-at-large to the Constitutional Convention. For many years he has been a member of the Board of Education of Malone, and President of the State Deaf Mute Institution at that place. Hon. Noble S. Elderkin was born in Potsdam, August 27, 1 8 10. In early life he became identified with the State Militia and was promoted for his efficiency through the various grades to brigadier general. He was speaker of the State Assembly in 1853. He was a trustee of St. Law- rence Academy at the time of the location of the Normal School when it became merged into the latter institution and he rendered valuable assistance in locating and in organizing the school. He remained a member of the Local Board until his death, December 29, 1875. 26 Potsdam Normal School. Roswell G. Pettibone is a son of the late Rev. R. G. Pettibone, who was for many years pastor of the Pres- byterian Church at Canton, N. Y. Mr. Pettibone was ap- pointed one of the original members of the board, August 10, 1867. Mr. Pettibone had been principal of the Ogdens- burg Academy from 1849 to l ^3 an d had filled the posi- tion with distinguished ability. In 1863 he received the appointment of postmaster at Ogdensburg and held this position for about twenty years. He took an active inter- est in the Normal school and was a most efficient member of the board. He resigned upon his removal to Tacoma, Washington, July 3d, 1890. Mr. Pettibone is now preach- ing at Temno in that State. Aaron N. Deming was born in Potsdam, and received his education at the St. Lawrence Academy. His business life was spent as a farmer and later as a produce merchant. He was a man of pronounced energy, which he gave to promoting the interests of the Normal in its early history. He was appointed one of the original members of the Board, Aug. 10, 1867 and resigned Aug. 14, 1873 when he removed to Kansas where he died. Hon. Abraham X. Parker, A. M., was born in Gran- ville, Vt., Nov. 14, 1831, and has been a resident of Potsdam since 1839. S e attended St. Lawrence Academy, taking his last term in 1849. He was admitted to the Bar from the Albany Law School in 1854. In 1863 he took his seat in the Assembly and was re-elected in 1864. In '65 he was unanimously re-nominated, but declined the honor. He served as a member of the State Senate during its 91st and 92nd sessions, and as Representative from the 19th District in the 47th Congress, re-elected in '82, '84 and '86. In 1890 he was appointed Assistant United States Attor- ney-General by President Harrison. His active interest in educational affairs, commended him to the Superintendent of Public Instruction who ap- pointed him one of the original members of the Local LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA Gen. Merritt. Local Board. 27 Board ot which he was the Secretary from December 31, 1877 to the time of his resignation to assume his duties as Congressman. Gen. E. A. Merritt, LL. D., President of the Board, was born in Sudbury, Vt., February 26, 1828 and became a resident of St. Lawrence County in 1841. As a civil engineer he published the first map to guide tourists to the Adirondack Wilderness in i860, and super- intended the location and construction ol the eastern por- tion of the R. W. & O. R. R. He was elected Assemblyman in 1859 an d re-elected in i860. At the opening of the Rebellion he took an active part in raising troops and went to the front as quarter- master of the 60th New York Volunteers. While in ser- vice he was appointed a member of Gov. Fenton's staff and entered upon the duties of that office Januarv 1, 1865. In 1867 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Con- vention and in March 1869 he was appointed Naval Officer of the port of New York. In 1871 he was tendered the position of United States Minister to Brazil. In 1877 he was made Surveyor of the Port of New York and July 1879 was promoted to the Collectorship, being the only man who ever held the three offices of Surveyor, Naval Officer and Collector of the Port of New York. In the last position he served until 1881 when he was appointed Consul- General to London. In his repeated public services he has earned the gratitude of his countrymen. Gen. Merritt has always been active in educational af- fairs, and was especially influential in securing the location of the Normal School in Potsdam. Having secured the end sought, after identifying himself thoroughly with the work he declined the honor of a position on the original board and generously accorded this honor to another. He was appointed to the board August 14, 1873 a °d upon the death of President Watkins in 1891 he was unanimously chosen as his successor in office. He is also President of the Board of Trustees of St. Lawrence University. 28 Potsdam Normal School. Gen. Merritt's public career has been an exceptionally active one, but public life has never interfered with his in- terest in ordinary affairs, nor has it turned him aside from the path of temperance and integrity. His thorough familiarity with the details of management of the Normal School qualifies him to be an able counsellor, and his fre- quent visits to the class-room keep him in close contact with the progress and needs of the institution. William H. Wallace, A. M., was born in Richmond, Vt., November 28, 1821, and with his parents came to Pots- dam when a child. He was a graduate of the University of Vermont; in 1849 he edited and published the "St. Law- rence Mercury;" he taught several years ; was School Com- missioner; '6o-'62 was President of the Village; was ad- mitted to the Bar, and practiced law in Potsdam. He was a member of the Local Board from December 31, 1875, un- til his death in 1878. Hon. George Z. Erwin, A. M., Treasurer from January 30, 1879, to January 16, 1894, was born in Madrid, N. Y., January 15, 1840. At the age of sixteen he entered the St. Lawrence Academy and after four years of preparatory study he entered Middlebury College, from which he grad- uated with honor in 1865. He was admitted to the Bar in 1867. His painstaking preparation of the case in hand and his power to present the same made him not only success- ful as a practitioner but made him conspicuous in later years in the halls of the State Legislature. In 1881 he was elected Member of Assembly, and was re-elected for five successive terms. In the Legislature he served on the Ways and Means Committee, as Speaker of the Assembly, as Chairman of the General Land Committee and on im- portant special committees. In his twelve years of legislative life Mr. Erwin showed masterful leadership, and comprehensive grasp of the many problems that occupied his attention. A man ol powerful convictions, of equal courage and indomitable Local Board. 29 will, he was always accessible and mindful of the interests of his constituents. "He was too great to harbor resent- ment and too generous to cherish the memory of personal wrong." The memory of his early efforts to obtain an education gave him an active sympathy with every effort for self-im- provement. He labored assiduously in the struggle to locate the Normal School at Potsdam. He was appointed a member of the board January 23, 1878, and was elected Treasurer, June 30, 1879. In the Legislature he was recognized as an earnest advo- cate of the common school system, and championed all legislation which promoted the development of the Normal School system. His genial nature won for him hosts of friends, even his political enemies seeking his personal friendship, for no one excelled him in generous, hearty good nature. In his death, which occurred January 16, 1894, the school system of the Empire State lost one of its most ardent friends and ablest defenders. Appropriate memorial ser- vices were held in Normal Hall, January 19, 1894, at which addresses were delivered by Lieut. -Governor Sheehan and by members of the Senate and Assembly, who came as legislative representatives to attend his funeral. William A. Poste, A. B., was born in Canton, N. Y., November 9, 1849, a °d graduated A. B. from the St. Law- rence University in the class ol '71. He was Chase Pro- fessor, Latin and Greek, Dean Academy, Franklin, Mass., '71-2 ; Principal, Westbrook Seminary, Deering, Me. ,'73, and Acting Professor, Greek, St. Lawrence University, '74-5. He was admitted to the Bar, September 1877. He mar- ried Anna A. Ellsworth, of Canton, 1878. He was appoint- ed a member of the local board May 6, 1878, and served twelve years, resigning July 3, 1890. He was Civil Service Commissioner '90-92, and is now engaged in the practice of Taw, New York City. 30 Potsdam Normal School. Rev. Absalom G. Gaines, D. D., LL. D., was educated at the University of Virginia and was elected President of St. Lawrence University in 1872, which office he resign- ed on account of ill health in 1888, retaining his chair of Psychology and Ethics. "A man of earnest convictions and marked individuality, his influence in moulding charac- ter has been notable." In 1879 ne was appointed a member of the local board to succeed the late Dr. Fisher. His familiarity with school life has made him a valuable coun- sellor and firm friend of the school. Hon. John G. McIntyre, A. M., was born in the town of Massena, N. Y., December 1, 1839. ^ n '57 ne entered St" Lawrence Academy where he prepared for college, enter- ing Middlebury College in 1861 and graduating in 1865. Alter graduating he spent one year in Northfield, Vt., at the head of the Academy, and in 1866 was elected Professor of Mathematics in the St. Lawrence Academy where he taught until admitted to the Bar in 1867. • In 1893 he was elected to the Constitutional Convention which convened in 1894, in which he was a conspicuous member of the committees on Education and Railroads. January 12, 1882, he was appointed a member ol the local board and was elected Secretary January 28, in place of Hon. A. X. Parker, resigned. His practical knowledge of teaching and his familiarity with the theory and management of the school make him a most valuable counsellor. He has had practical oversight of the recent repairs and improvements, and has spared neither time nor strength to promote the welfare of the school. In 1892 he was appointed one of the building committee for the erection and equipment of the new school building in District. No. 8, which is an ornament to the town and a monument to the committee's indefatigable oversight. George H. Sweet, A. M., LL. B., was born in Nichol- ville, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1837. In l8 57"5 g ne prepared for col- lege at Franklin Academy, Malone, N. Y. He graduated Local Board. 3 1 from Middlebury College with the degree of A. B. in 1862 and came to Potsdam as teacher of Ancient Classics in the St. Lawrence Academy. H e graduated from the Albany Law School in 1865 and in 1866 was elected Principal of St. Lawrence Academy which position he held until it was merged into the Normal School, when he was elected first Vice-Principal and teacher of Ancient Classics which posi- tion he resigned in 1872 to become one of the proprietors of the Courier and Freeman, acting as editor until 1880, in which year he was appointed Private Secretary to the Col- lector of the Port of New York. July 3, 1890 he was ap- pointed a member ol the local board and January 10, 1894 was elected Treasurer to succeed the late Senator Erwin. Professor Sweet is a thorough advocate of classic cult- ure and maintains high standards for professional training of teachers. The many students who have studied under him congratulate the Normal School that it has the benefit of his experience in its counsels. William R. Weed was born at Glens Falls, N. Y. July 5, i860, and received his education at the Glens Falls Academy. At the age of sixteen he entered the First National Bank of Glens Falls where he served for five years and resigned to accept the position of book-keeper in the First National Bank of Saratoga Springs which he held for two years. In March 1886 he moved to Potsdam and became interested in the extensive business of the A. Sher- man Lumber Co. Mr. Weed is a thoroughly public spirited man and takes an active interest in the educational affairs of the State. July 3, 1890 he was appointed a member of the local board. In April 1893 he was appointed a member of the State Forest Commission. Hon. John A. Vance was born in Osnabruck, Canada, October 8, 1836. At the age of fourteen he came to Pots- dam where he entered the St. Lawrence Academy. His first experience as teacher was in Canada in 1853. In 1859 32 Potsdam Normal School. he began the study of law and at the breaking out of the Rebellion he entered the service as first lieutenant in the 16th New York Volunteers. At the close of the war he resumed his studies and in 1864 was admitted to the Bar. In 1882 he was elected Supervisor and held the office eleven years until he was elected Surrogate of St. Law- rence County, in 1892, being for three successive terms elected Chairman of the Board. July 1, 1 89 1 he was appointed a member of the local board. His devotion to his duties private and public and his thorough integrity make him a valuable counsellor in the affairs of the School. Thomas Spratt, Esq., was born in Rossie, N. Y., De- cember 12, 1848, and received his education in the Common Schools and Academies of the County. He was admitted to the Bar in 1870 and ranks as one of the ablest attorneys in Northern New York. Mr. Spratt is a self made man and is a thorough believer in a practical education which meets the needs of the masses. He was appointed a member of the local board January 24, 1894. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA Dr. Malcolm MacVicar. ISio^rapfyc&l §ftefcl?€S of faculty REV. MALeOLM MacVICA*R, A. M„ Ph. D. LL.O. Principal 1869-80. Malcolm MacVicar, the subject of this sketch, was born in Argyleshire, Scotland. His father, John MacVicar, was a farmer in Dunglass,near Campbeltown, Kintyre, Scotland, and was known as a man of great physical and intellectual vigor. He was recognized by all who knew him in his native Scotland and in Canada, the land of his adoption, as a man of unusual ability, generosity, and sterling integrity. His wife, Janet MacTavish, possessed a similar character, and reached the age of, ninety-two years, having seen her children's children in positions of usefulness and influence. Malcolm, was one of twelve children, and came with his parents to Canada in 1835 and settled on a farm at Chat- ham, Ontario. Having an earnest desire to secure an edu- cation he went, along with his brother Donald, now Prin- cipal of the Presbyterian College in Montreal, to Toronto in 1850, and entered Knox College to study for the Presby- terian ministry. While a student in Knox College his views of doctrines underwent a change, which caused him to become connected with the Baptist denomination and turn his attention to teaching ,and fitting young men for the Toronto University, preaching occasionally. He was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1856, and in 1858 he went to Rochester, N. Y., and entered the Senior Class of the University of Rochester, taking his Degree of B. A. the following summer. He immediately went to Brock- port, in the same county, and accepted a position in the Faculty of the Brockport Collegiate Institute, then under the Principalship of David Burbank, LL. D. With the Q. C. H. 3. 34 Potsdam Normal School. exception of one year spent in the Central High School, Buffalo, he continued in the Collegiate Institute until the summer of 1868, first as teacher of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences, then as Principal, during which time the Institution, chiefly through his efforts, was transformed into a State Normal School. He was a very successful teacher from the first, being full of energy, and ambitious to devise new and improved methods of illustrating and impressing the truth. His ef- forts however, were not confined to the class room; he was constantly seeking improved methods of organizing the educational work immediately under his charge, as well as all over the State. He was, therefore, quickly recognized by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, as one of the foremost teachers and principals in the State. In August, 1865, by appointment, he read a paper before the Convocation of that body on the "Internal Or- ganization of Academies," which was the first step towards instituting and putting in practice the "Regents' Examina- tions" in the Academies, as a basis for the distribution of the income of the Literature Fund. He was shortly after- wards appointed by the Chancellor of the University of the State of New York, Chairman of a Committee of Prin- cipals of Academies to consider and report on the prac- tical workings and results of the system of Regents' Exami- nations then instituted. His report upon this subject, the product of a careful examination of the system instituted, was made to the Convocation of Colleges and Academies the following year, and is given in extenso in the Regents' Report for that year. During the years of his connection with the Collegiate Institute, he took a lively interest in the subject of Teach- ers' Classes, or so-called Normal Training in Academies, and became convinced that the utmost that could be done in these Classes, under the circumstances, was too little to meet the needs of the Common Schools of the State. He therefore, with the advice and co-operation of friends of Biographical Sketches of faculty. 3$ education in Brockport and Rochester, and the Hon* Vic- tor M. Rice, then State Superintendent, proposed to the Legislature of New York, in 1865-66, a bill for the establish- ment of a Normal and Training- School at Brockport, N. Y. The authorities of the Brockport Collegiate Institute of- fered the property of the School to the State for that pur- pose on very liberal terms. Subsequently the bill proposed to the Legislature was modified so as to provide for four schools instead of one, and to leave the location of them to a Board consisting of the Governor, State Superintendent and State Officers. In this form the bill became a law, and a plan for the organization of the schools provided for in the law had at once to be devised. Superintendent Rice very naturally turned to Dr. MacVicar as the best man he could secure to draft this plan. The Doctor in a comparatively short time submitted the draft of a plan, which, with some slight modifications, was adopted and became the basis of the organization of all the schools established under the law. In consideration of the services rendered by Dr. MacVicar and other friends of the cause, the first school was located in Brockport and he was appointed its first Principal. He immediately set to work to organize this school, and opened it in the spring of 1867, having among the members of his Faculty Professors Charles D. McLean, William J. Milne, and James H. Hoose, afterwards the Principals of the Normal Schools established at Brockport, Geneseo and Cortland. The first year of Normal School work, carried on as it was in connection with planning and supervising the erection of the new buildings for the School, proved a very trying one to Principal MacVicar and his health gave way under the pressure. He therefore resolved to offer his resignation at the end of the school year, 1867-68. This he accordingly did, but the State Super- intendent, preferring not to lose him from the State, granted him a year's leave of absence instead of accepting his resig- nation. He then took a trip West, during the summer of 1868, and was invited to become the Superintendent of the 36 Potsdam Normal School. schools of the City of Leavenworth, Kansas. After some consideration he accepted this position and remained there until the following April; in the meantime he organized the schools from bottom to top, a work that had hitherto been neglected. His Western trip having restored him to per- fect health, he returned to New York State but thought it best not to again take up his work at Brockport; a Normal School having been located in Potsdam, St. Lawrence County, N. Y., and about ready to open, he was invited to become its Principal and accepted the position. He at once gathered around him a corps of teachers and opened a second Normal School, three weeks after he lelt Leaven- worth. The Regents of the University of the State of New York welcomed him back to the State, and expressed their estimation of his ability as an educator by conferring upon him the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, the following year, and in the summer of 1869, his Alma Mater, the Uni- versity of Rochester added the Degree of Doctor of Laws. The school at Potsdam was no sooner organized than he gave himself anew to the study of methods of instruction and the philosophy of education, for which he possessed peculiar aptitude. He at this time became the author of a series of Arithmetics, and also the author and inventor of various important devices to illustrate objectivelv the principles of arithmetic, geography and astronomy; chief among these was a Tellurian Globe, published by Andrews and Com- pany, of Chicago. In December, 1880, Dr. MacVicar was invited to take the Principalship of the Michigan State Normal School, at Ypsilanti, and finding it the only school of the kind in that State, and there being no diversity of interests in the educational management of the State, it seemed to him to offer an opportunity for something like ideal Nor- mal School work, so he accepted the position. He remain- ed there however, only one year; being thoroughly worn out with hard work, he resigned his position in the Michi- gan State Normal School, and, urgently pressed to do so, Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 37 he became a member of the Faculty of Toronto Baptist College, Toronto, Canada. He was induced to take this step because the Professorship in the College offered en- tire freedom from responsibility and care, and leisure to prosecute lines of investigation which he found impossible as the Principal of a large Normal School. For seven years he filled in the College the Chair of Christian Apolo- getics, and Biblical Interpretation in English. When Mac- Master University was founded, in 1888, of which Toronto Baptist College became the Theological Department, Dr. MacVicar was chosen as its first Chancellor, a position which he accepted very reluctantly, because of the labor which it necessarily imposed. He, however, assumed the responsibility at the urgent request of its Senate and Board of Governors, and in two years he completed the organiza- tion of every department of the University. He then re- signed, as he contemplated when he consented to under- take the work of organization, and bscame the Superintend- ent of the Educational Work done in the x^merican Baptist Home Mission Society for the Colored People of the South, and for the Indians, Chinese, and Mexicans. In this work, to which he had a pressing invitation shortly after he ac- cepted the position in Toronto Baptist College, he has been deeply interested for many years. He has now under his supervision one Theological Seminary, seven Colleges, and twenty-four Academies. Dr. MacVicar excelled as a mathematician and metaphy- sician, having read extensively in both directions as well as in the natural sciences. He has also made the relation of science and religion a special study. As a writer, and in the class room, he is characterized by the utmost clearness and force, and his career as an educator has been eminently successful. It has fallen to his lot to perform a vast amount of hard organizing work, in all of which he has shown, in a remarkable degree, a spirit of self sacrifice, through which he has been the means of advancing many others to positions of high trust and usefulness. His in- 38 Potsdam Normal School. vestigations in the science of Education have been critical and original, being- based upon extensive observation and a large induction of facts. Having for over thirty years taught a wide range of subjects, and being naturally pos- sessed of strong and well trained logical powers, he is well qualified to analyze the human mind and all that is con- cerned in its proper education and harmonious develop- ment. To this work he has devoted such time as he could spare from his many other onerous duties. Recently a small volume from his pen, entitled, "Principles ol Educa- tion," has been published by Ginn & Co., of Boston, Mass., which embodies, in a condensed form, some of his views of the work of the true educator. As a theologian, his views are definite and comprehensive, thoroughly evangelical and uncompromisingly opposed to the materialistic pantheism, and philosophical and scientific scepticism of the present day. On the ist of January, 1855, Dr. MacVicar was married to Isabella MacKay, of Chatham, Canada, a union to which he owed largely his success as an educator. Mrs. Mac- Vicar's tactful and efficient management of everything con- nected with the home life, permitted him without distrac- tion, and under the most favorable conditions to devote his entire energy to his chosen work. It is but due to the memory of Mrs. MacVicar, who was called to her reward January seventh, 1895, to state, as Dr. MacVicar freely conf esses, that to the wisdom of her counsel, encourage- ment and effective help, sometimes under trying circum- stances, as much as to his own efforts, is to be attributed his success as an educator. She, as well as himself, came into the most intimate relation with the many students in the United States and Canada who have shared his instruction, and no one knew better than she how to cheer and en- courage the homesick boy or girl, nor could any one be quicker to discover those who were struggling with poverty or other difficulties, and to devise effective means to help them. She was a friend true as steel, and constant Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 39 as the sun. Counting the living and the dead, a large com- pany of students, as well .as others, shared her cheerful words and helpful deeds in times of real need, for which she will always be held in grateful remembrance. She left to mourn her loss a husband, daughter and two sons. The foregoing sketch indicates in brief form the promi- nent features in Dr. MacVicar's educational efforts up to the present time. The influence, however, of his work while Principal upon the present and future development of the School, can only be correctly judged in the light of the educational principles espoused and which guided him in its organization, and also during the eleven years of his Principalship. From the very beginning of his work as a teacher, he held advanced views of education, and hence for many years he gave careful attention to approved methods of teaching. He visited, usually unknown, Nor- mal and other schools where special attention was given to training teachers, and he derived from these visits much that he afterwards utilized in his own school. Early in his work as a teacher he became acquainted with Dr. E. A. Sheldon, then Superintendent of the schools of Oswego and now Principal of the State Normal School, Oswego, N. Y., and he heartilv endorsed the views of elementary education and of the training of teachers, of which Dr. Sheldon is justly known as the pioneer advocate in the United States. Agreement in views between Dr. Sheldon and Dr. MacVicar upon this and other important educa- tional questions, soon resulted in a sincere friendship, which has with advancing years ripened into a sympathy for each other which only brothers can experience. It was natural, therefore, that when Dr. MacVicar was called to the Principalship of this School, that he should go to his friend Dr. Sheldon for teachers to put in charge of the Training Department of the work. A most fortunate se- lection was made of four well trained and efficient gradu- ates of the Oswego Normal School, namely, Miss Amelia Morey, who is still a member of the Faculty, Miss Ellen 40 Potsdam Normal School. M. Merritt, Miss Eleanor Jones, Miss Mary F. Hall. Each of these teachers was a specialist in her chosen work, and it is but just to state that Dr. MacVicar always at- tributed his success in organizing the Practice School, and in overcoming the strong prejudices which then existed against the employment of pupil teachers in class work, to the devotion and earnest co-operation of these four teach- ers. They spared not themselves in their constant efforts in behalf of their pupils, and in their efforts to exemplify in their work the benefits they had received from their own course of training in the Oswego Normal School. To their devotion therefore to their work as well as to their ability, toil and good management, Dr. MacVicar iustly attributes his success in organizing the Practice School, upon, sub- stantially, the plan on which it has been conducted ever since. The place which Dr. MacVicar believed the Prac- tice School should have in the training of teachers can be fully appreciated only by carefully noting the following brief outline of his views on which his efforts were based while Principal of the School. Qualifications of Teachers. The views which Dr. MacVicar held of the qualifications of a true teacher were of a high order. His experience however in training teachers, made him painfully conscious of the fact that these qualifications were rarely, if ever, combined in one person. But, notwithstanding this fact, he held that these ideal qualifications should always be kept before those under training as the end for which they should constantly strive. The following presents in brief form, what the Doctor aimed to enforce in his teaching as the ideal qualifications which true teachers should possess. i. They should possess a reliable, transparent and 'unim- peachable character, and a strong personality, marked by tact and common sense. 2. They should possess the power of forming, intuitively a reliable estimate of the real character of their pupils, and Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 41 of the forces by which their conduct is directed and con- trolled. 3. They should possess a commanding presence, accom- panied by a sympathetic nature guided by a sensitive con- science, and a firm and controlling will. 4. They should be true to every duty and personal con- viction, yet generous and fair in their treatment of the con- victions of others, recognizing in the fullest sense the prin- ciple of "soul liberty," and maintaining in acts, as well as in words, the Golden Rule as the true standard of life's con- duct. 5. Thev should be sympathetic towards their pupils, giv- ing to them their confidence, and rendering them effective help whenever necessary. 6. They should be entirely impartial in their dealings with their pupils. Their course in this respect should be so transparent that no pupil can fail to recognize the just and unbiased character of their actions. 7. They should exercise a kind and diligent watchfulness over every step in the progress ol their pupils in manly and womanly self development, surrounding them constant- ly with the most favorable conditions to promote this end. 8. They should be models to their pupils in all things that pertain to personal conduct, or that pertain to any line of school work in which pupils are engaged. They should never fail to sustain by their own acts, every requirement they make of their pupils. 9. They should possess a correct, and in a certain^ sense, exhaustive knowledge of the subjects on which they give instruction, and also of subjects on which these are depend- ent. 10. They should possess a correct knowledge of the pres- ent attainments of their pupils; their present and past en- vironment, and of the connection which the subjects under consideration sustain to the knowledge previously acquir- ed. 42 Potsdam Normal School. 11. They should possess the power of holding vividly in their minds, while in the act of conducting their classes, the results which they seek to secure, and the general course the pupil must pursue in reaching these results. 12. They should possess the power of inventing simple and pertinent illustrations at the time they are required in class, which will call into service the present knowledge of the pupils; hence, place them in a position to understand the difficulties encountered, and to perform their work. 13. They should possess the power of logically question- ing their pupils in such a manner as to stimulate them to put forth such efforts as may be necessary to master the subjects under consideration, without assistance from out- side sources. Management of Schools. The views which Dr. MacVicar held on school manage- ment, and which he successfully enforced in his teaching and practice, may be briefly stated, as follows : He held that mental discipline alone is not a preparation for the highest form of success in practical life, nor is it the measure of the highest form of manhood and woman- hood. The building of a strong and reliable character he regarded as the crowning excellency of true scholarship. Hence, he maintained that the various regulations, privi- leges, restrictions and requirements of a school, should constitute, in the strictest sense, a course of study and training through which the pupil would acquire correct views of the relations of the governing to the governed, correct habits, and the power of self-government. He held therefore that in the management of a school the teacher and pupils should be co-workers, exactly in the same man- ner as in conducting class exercises in grammar or arith- metic. In harmony with this view, he held that the rela- tion of the teacher and pupils in the management of a school should be controlled by the following general prin- ciples. Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 43 First — That the Golden Rule, "As ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise," should be the standard by which to judge the right or wrong of every action. Second — That the highest good of the individual, so far as this is compatible with the highest good of the whole school, should be a fundamental principle in determining what course of action can be legitimately allowed upon the part of teachers or pupils. Third— That no requirement should be made of any pupil which would not be right under similar circumstances to make of every pupil in the school. Fourth — That the spirit in which everything is done should always be considered more important than form, and hence, should oe regarded both by teachers and pupils in lorming a judgment of the character and value of every act. Fifth — That from the very nature of the relation between teacher and pupils, the teacher must always be considered the proper judge of what is to be viewed, under given cir- cumstances, as right or wrong ; and that in forming a judg- ment, however, all the circumstances in any way affecting the case should be fully canvassed, and the views of the pupil carefully consulted before making a final decision. Teachers' Training Course. On this subject Dr. MacVicar held, as has already been suggested, substantially the views which were put for the first time in New York, or, indeed, in the United States, in practical operation in the Elementary Training School, organized by Dr. Sheldon in Oswego, N. Y. His views on the training of teachers may be briefly summarized as follows : 1. He held that while true teaching power is largely a natural gift, yet that this power can be made far more ef- fective by special training under the guidance of exper- 44 Potsdam Normal School. ienced instructors ; hence, his unwearied efforts to secure for New York State its present system of Normal Schools. 2. He held that true success, both in teaching and in managing, depends very largely upon the ability of the teacher to put himself in a real sense in the pupil's place, and to look at every difficulty and every line of work from the pupil's standpoint ; hence, he held that in the training of teachers it is of the first importance* that they be required in every subject of study, to analyze and trace with great care and accuracy their own mental processes in reaching results. 3. As a necessary consequence from the preceding posi- tion, he held that the Academic preparation of persons in- tending to become teachers should be conducted in such a manner as to promote and also require upon the part of the pupils the most careful study of their own mental pro- cesses in the act of performing their work, and also of the order in which each topic is presented, and of the illus- trations and devices used by the teacher to enlist the at- tention of the pupils and to make difficulties plain. Hold- ing this view, he maintained that the best results in training teachers can be secured only in Normal Schools, where, at least, all of the Academic subjects on which the pupil teachers are to practice are taught or carefully reviewed in the way just stated. 4. He held in a very real sense, that "the study of man is man," and hence that however valuable the study of books on psychology and the science and art of teaching, such study cannot take the place in the training of teachers of the careful and exhaustive study of the living specimens. The teacher, he maintained, can be properly trained only when required, under the guidance of experienced leaders, to study the actual infant, child, youth and man under nor- mal conditions, and amid the various changes through which each passes in the process of development. 5. He held that teaching is, in a marked sense, an art as LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA Dr. Morgan. Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 45 well as a science, and consequently that the teacher must acquire the ability to perform his work successfully just in the same way as is done by the artisan or artist, viz., by persistent practice under favorable conditions. Hence, he held that the practice school properly organized and con- ducted is the chief, it not the only medium, through which a thorough and practical training can be imparted. So strong were his convictions upon this point that he would greatly enlarge the scope of the work ot the practice scho >1, even at the expense of lessening the time given to what is technically called ''methods." He held that it is in the act of doing under experienced guidance that the clearest and most valuable scientific knowledge upon any subject is acquired, and that teaching is no exception to this principle. GEN. THOMAS J. MORGAN, D. *D., LL. T>., Principal 1881-1883. Thomas Jefferson Morgan, the son of a Baptist clergy- man ol intelligence, distinction and wide influence, was born in Franklin, Indiana, August, 1839. At thirteen years of age he was left an orphan and thrown upon his own resources. Starting with a common school education, he worked his way through to the Senior Class in Franklin College, Indiana, which he left April, 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil War, to enlist as a private soldier in the 7th Indiana Volunteer Infantry ; serving in West Virginia, and participating in the battle of Carrick's Ford. At the expira- tion of his three months term of service, he was honorably discharged, and in August, 1862, re-entered the service as First Lieutenant in the 70th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Colonel Benjamin Harrison. October, 1863, he was promoted to the rank ol Major, and subsequently was made Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel of the 14th United States Colored Infantry. He organized the 14th, 42nd and 44th U. S. Colored Infantry, and organized and 46 Potsdam Normal School. commanded the First Colored Brigade ot the Army of the Cumberland. He served for a time as a Volunteer Aide- de-Camp on the staff of General O. O. Howard, who was in command of the 4th Corps in the Army of the Cumber- land. He took part in the battles of Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Dalton, Decatur and Nashville. At Decatur he charged and captured a battery. At Nash- ville in command of a brigade of colored troops and one of white troops, he opened the great battle on the left of the Union line, and for his gallantry was made Brevet Brigadier General, United States Volunteers, at the age of twenty-five. General Howard complimented him as being "tireless on the march and fearless in battle," and gave him the credit of saving Sherman's army from disaster at the battle of Resaca. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, the Loyal Legion, and of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland. In his " History of Negro Troops in the War of the Rebel- lion," Colonel George W. Williams says of him : "Perhaps there was not a finer specimen of a Christian soldier in the Western army than Thomas J. Morgan. He had enjoyed academic training, was deeply religious, and entertained positive ideas respecting the war and the Negro. A sort of spiritual valor marked all his actions. He reversed the Napoleonic idea that soldiers should be simply machines, and that the officers should do all the thinking. He cared for the moral and intellectual growth, as well as for the im- provement his men made in drill, and the duties of soldier- ship. He strove to make every man an intelligent unit. His views were grateful to the men under his immediate command, and were highly appreciated by such general officers as at that time comprehended the questions in- volved in the war. It was natural that in looking for an officer to gather, by truth and personal magnetism, Negro recruits about the standards of the Union, General George H. Thomas should choose Colonel Morgan." At the close of the war he resigned his commission, and Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 47 in September, 1865, entered the Rochester, New York, Theological Seminary, graduating in 1868. Since that time he has been in public life, chiefly in educational work. For seven years he was Prolessor of Homiletics and Church History in the Baptist Theological Seminary of Chicago. He was Principal of the Normal School at Potsdam, New York, from 1881 to 1884, and of Rhode Island State Nor- mal School from 1884 to 1889. His book entitled "Studies in Pedagogy" is an outgrowth of his class room lectures and is a standard work on teaching. In 1889 President Harrison tendered him the position of United States Commissioner of Education, at the same time expressing his desire that he might see his way clear to accept the office of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, which, after some thought, he decided to do. This is one of the most perplexing and difficult positions in the Government, involving great responsibility and labor, as well as tireless vigilance. General Morgan instituted im- portant reforms in the Office ; reorganized the Indian School Service, giving a new and vigorous impulse to the Government schools, and was instrumental in securing the extension of the Civil Service Rules to many of the posi- tions in the Indian Service, such as School Superintend- ents, teachers, physicians, matrons, etc., which prevents the dropping of these employes with every change ot ad- ministration. In February, 1893, he resigned, to accept the position of Corresponding Secretary of the Baptist Home Mission Society, an office which he now holds. He received from the President the following testimonial : "Executive Mansion, ) Washington, February 6, 1893. j Hon. T. J. Morgan, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Sir: Your letter of January 10th, tendering your resign- ation of the office of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to take effect March 4th next, has been received, and vour 48 Potsdam Normal School. resignation is accepted. Your conscientious devotion to the work of your office and your activity and industry have been highly commendable. I am glad to know that, congenial work in a field of great influence is before you ; and beg to extend to you in parting my most sincere good wishes. Very truly yours, Benj. Harrison." General Morgan has traveled extensively both in this country and abroad, and attended a course of lectures at the Leipzig University ; has taken a prominent part in the Temperance and other reforms, writing extensively for the press and making numerous public addresses. He has been honored with the degrees of A. B., A. M., D. D., and LL. D. E. H. COOK, 7V. M., PH. D., Principal 1884-1889. E. H. Cook was born at Madrid, Franklin County, Maine, December 18, 1845. When three years of age his parents moved to Lewiston, where he was prepared for college at Maine State Seminary. His degrees of A. B., (66), and A. M., (69), were received from Bowdoin College. Mr. Cook began teaching at a very early age, and with few intermissions has been engaged in educational work till the present time. His college course was interrupted by one year of service in the civil war, as Quartermaster Ser- geant, of the First Maine Light Artillery. The more important positions he has occupied are the following : Wilton Academy, Maine ; Woodstock Acad- emy, Conn. In referring to the laboratory of this school, and the building in general, one visitor declared "no mat- ron's pantry could be neater— the apparatus repaired and burnished, shelves and floor newly painted — every room cleaned and freshened." The grounds on which the new Academy stands, were made memorable by the plant- ing of a tree bv President Grant at the dedication cere- monies of which Mr. Cook had charge. Dr. E. H. Cook. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 49 In '71 ne accepted the principalship ot the West Chester, (Pa.,) Normal School, and exerted in this new field of labor the same energy and activity that had already marked his career. On resigning, he was elected principal of the Columbus, Ohio, High School. Nearly ten years were spent here. This school under his management became one of the largest and most influential in the State. Two no- table facts regarding his administration may be mentioned. First — The admission of colored pupils on an equal foot- ing with white. Second — The introduction of a purely English course of study covering a period of four years, in which the study of the English language was made prominent. He organized and had direct charge of the great temper- ance movement in Central Ohio, that followed the Wo- man's Crusade. He was also superintendent of the Second Presbyterian Sunday School. On taking charge of the Potsdam State Normal School in 1884, Dr. Cook set about the work of becoming thor- oughly acquainted with his new field. In various towns in St. Lawrence and adjoining counties he lectured the first year one hundred and four times in behalf of education and temperance. Familiar, not only with every phase of school work, but thoroughly up in architecture, sanitary science, etc., he entered zealously and enthusiastically upon the work of enlarging, remodelling, improving and thoroughly equipping this school. He drew plans for a large exten- sion or annex, as well as for material changes in the old edifice, and personally supervised the work of building and remodelling. "With all the other improvements the principal's residence, which is owned by the State, has undergone marvelous changes and is now in point of con- venience, of arrangement and architectual beauty a pleas- ant place to dwell in and an ornament to our village." "It is not out of place to say in all local matters which interest and benefit the community, both Dr. and Mrs. Cook have Q. C. H. 4. 50 Potsdam Normal School. borne their share of the burden and the resposibility, and have made their influence felt in all that makes for temper- ance, sobriety and good order." — Courier & Freeman. The citizens of Potsdam expressed their appreciation in the gift of a valuable gold watch, bearing this inscription, ''Presented by the citizens of Potsdam as a testimonial of the public services of E. H. Cook." In recognition of his efforts in behalf of popular education, the Universities of Colgate and St. Lawrence simultaneously conferred upon him the degree of Ph. D. In 1888, Dr. Cook was elected President of the New York Teachers Association, that held its annual meeting in Brooklyn in 1889, when over three thousand teachers were enrolled, it being the largest meeting in the history of the association. In 1889, ne accepted an invitation to become head-master of the Rutger's College Prepartory School at New Brunswick, N. J., where he effected many reforms and improvements. In 1890, he was elected President of the New Jersey State Association that met at Asbury Park. In 1 89 1, he was secretary of the International Meeting of the National Educational Association that convened at Toronto, and in 1892, President of the National that met at Saratoga Springs. The May issue of the Review of Reviews of that year, made this announcement, "The great honor of the presidency this year was conferred at Toron- to, upon Superintendent E. H. Cook, Ph. D., one ol the most prominent and able of our educational leaders." Dr. Cook's work for the last three years has been as Superintendent ot the Flushing, New York, public schools, and as one of the editors of the Educational Review. Dr. E. A. Goodridge, President of the Board of Trustees dur- ing Mr. Cook's supervision, writes relative to the latter's resignation; "The success of your administration of our schools has been most gratifying and encouraging and has made a deep impression on the community." At this time however, Dr. Cook was prostrated with a severe ill- ness, and needed absolute rest and change of climate. The LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS UR6ANA Dr. T. B. Stow ell BiograpJiical Sketches of Faculty. 5 1 bracing air of Maine, proved the needed tonic, and after several weeks spent among old home friends, he found himself able to return and take up work. He is still in- terested in the Review, which is steadily increasing in cir- culation, but has changed his home from Flushing to Yonkers. In 1869, he married Miss Clara Wing Coburn, of Bruns- wick, Me., who has been active in every enterprise that promoted the growth of the work in which her husband was engaged. Her children rise up to call her blessed. Both sons graduated from Columbia College class of '94, course in arts. Harold is taking a post-graduate course. Walter was elected assistant in mathematics at Columbia '94-'95; having been awarded the John Tyndall Fellowship, he will study in Berlin '95-98. Clara is a student at the Yonkers High School. From the many resolutions which have been adopted by school boards expressive of their appreciation of Dr. Cook's work, the following extract may be taken as a sample. "His remarkable efficiency is so conspicuous, able and universally recognized that its expression seems almost un- necessary, and yet we desire to put upon our records a statement of the fact that he has brought to the principal- ship that zeal, ability and energy which puts this institution in the very front rank ol Normal Schools ; and that as a citizen in a most remarkable degree he has promoted every interest which makes the highest welfare of the commun- ity." Local Board, Potsdam Normal School. Dr. Cook's present address is Park Hill, Yorkers, N. Y. T. B. STOWELL, A. M., Ph. D., Principal 1889—. Thomas Blanch ard Stowell was born in the town of Perry, Wyoming County, N. Y., March 29, 1846. His father, David P. Stowell, Esq., was one of the early settlers of Wyoming county; his mother, Mary Ann Blanchard was 5 2 Potsdam Normal School. born in York, England, and came to America when twelve years of age. Both parents are still living. The first school years of our subject were spent in the district school. At the age of nine he attended a private school in the city of Buffalo, where he began the study of the Ancient Classics, and at twelve he entered the Perry Academy, under the Principalship of Rev. Martin R. At- kins, A. M. The classic atmosphere of this school strengthened his ambition for an education, and afforded superior advantages for Collegiate Preparatory study. He graduated from Genesee College (Syracuse University) in 1865 having been honored with the Greek oration in '64 and with the Latin oration in '65. He declined the tutor- ship in Mathematics in his senior year. His professional labors began as principal of the Addison (Steuben Co.,) N. Y., Academy 1865-6. The next year he took charge of the Academic Department of the Union School at Morrisville (Madison Co.) N. Y., and the year following was elected Professor of Mathematics in Genesee Wesleyan Seminary. In 1868 he accepted the Principalship of the Morris High School, Leavenworth, Kansas, Dr. Malcolm MacVicar being Superintendent of City Schools. In this position he had the supervision of one thousand pupils, with sixteen associate teachers. The next change placed him in a posi- tion of importance and influence, the chair of Natural Science in the State Normal School at Cortland, N. Y., which position he filled with eminent success for twenty- one years until his second call to the Potsdam Normal School in 1889. He was married in August 1869 to Miss Mary Blakeslee, a graduate of the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, who shares in all his labors. They have one son Roy Sherman, now attending the Normal School. In 1868 he received the degree of A. M. and in 1881 the degree of Ph. D. from Syracuse University on examina- tion. When the Anderson School of Natural History was opened at Penikese, Dr. Stowell was the first applicant for Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 53 the privileges of this school, where he studied under the illustrious Agassiz and his able co-laborers. His summer vacations were passed in the Anatomical Laboratory of Cornell University, under the instruction of Dr. Burt G. Wilder, or in the held, collecting- material for scientific re- search. To his familiarity with Nature and love for her ways must be referred his strength as a teacher of the Natural Sciences. The enthusiasm with which his students pursued their Laboratory investigations, was born ol con- tact with a soul which was in close communion with the heart of Nature and to whom she gladly disclosed her secrets. As a teacher of the Sciences of Nature his in- fluence was both liberalizing and inspiring. His work in Histology, both vegetal and animal has been extensive and conscientious, and in the held of Comparative Neurology he has made many valuable studies along lines of original research. His contributions to Comparative Neurology embrace a series of papers illustrated by original drawings descriptive of the Cranial and Spinal Nerves of the domes- tic cat, as a basis for neurological study, in which the author argues the desirability of making Zootomy the basis of Anthropotomy and he also shows the advantage in mak- ing Neurology instead of Osteology the basis for identifi- cation of organs and muscles. He has published three editions of an outline course in Anatomy and Physiology, and numerous papers before scientific and educational bodies, and a special work upon the Effects of Narcotics. These publications may be found in the proceedings of The American Philosophical Society, The American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, The American Microscopical Society, The Society of American Anatomists, The Nation- al Educational Association, etc. He has for years advocated the necessity for observation or laboratory work, and has illustrated before Educational Associations the practicability of his views. As a teacher he is a firm advocate of the rights and duties of the profes- 54 Potsdam Normal School. sion and of the advantages to be derived from Professional Training. The trend of Dr. Stowell's thought on education may be epitomized as follows: The final cause or purpose of all education or training is threefold : first and ultimate, is the attainment of Taste, which is the index of character and the motive to action: second, and proximate is the formation of Habit which is largely physical, but which insures Taste as well as accuracy; and third, subject matter, which in order of acquisition is primal, and deter- mines in large degree the working value of Habit. He is a firm believer in the imitative functions of childhood and takes advanced ground regarding the ethical education which is early acquired through imitation. He also holds that culture»or discipline is largely specific and not generic, hence much depends upon the character of the matter learned or as he expresses it, upon the soul-form acquired. His mode of teaching Psychology is the inductive and experiential, and leads the teachers-in-training early to observe the workings of their own minds and to study the children whom they teach. His rigid laboratory training has given him a distaste for speculative philosophy, and has heightened in the same degree the importance which he attaches to psychical research, for which his familiarity with laboratory methods in Physiology gives him a special preparation, and also a special fitness for presenting the results of the same to his classes. His travels both at home and abroad have always been undertaken with special reference to enlarged scholarship and usefulness. Dr. StoweU's position in the educational world is an en- viable one. He is a member of the American Microscopical Society, a fellow of the American Society for the Advance- ment of Science, an Original Member of the American Society of Anatomists, a Member of the National Educa- tional Association, New York State Teachers' Association, etc. Dr. Stowell claims that teaching is both a science and an art, and has prepared the following criteria for deter- Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 55 mining- professional qualifications, used with pupil teachers in the schools of practice. I. Scholarship — measured by 1. Technical knowledge of subject matter presented to classes. 2. Scope of knowledge — amount of collateral knowledge at command. II. Knowledge of condition of Pupil's mind — measured by 1. Teacher's "mode" in preparation of lesson to be given. 2. Teacher's "mode" in presentation of lesson to be given. 3. Tact in presentation of lesson. 4. Fertility of resources of illustration. III. Knowledge of the System and the Method to be employed, with ability to practically apply the same — measured by 1. Logical sequence of matter presented to class (system). 2. Kind of mental activity demanded of the pupil by the presentation of matter (method). 3. Ability to give correct Form to pupil's knowledge. IV. Ability to test the form of pupil's knowledge — measured by 1. Character and Scope of questions. 2. Presence of necessary questions ; absence of unnecessary questions. 3. Use of questions which convey the answer sought, by intonation, content, etc. V. Ability and Disposition to improve under Criticism — measured by 1. Freedom from depression under adverse criticism. 2. Freedom from undue elation under favorable criticism. 3. Freedom from effort to evade criticism. 4. Eeadiness of comprehension of nature and scope of criticism. VI. Professional spirit — measured by 1. Devotion to Preparation of Work. 2. Willingness to assume extra tasks. 3. Power to awaken in pupils an ambition to study. 4. Ability to make pupils think vigorously and logically. 5. Ability to develop use of technical terms, elegant and correct con- structions in recitation. 6. Ability to enable pupils to use as well as to comprehend subject matter. 7. Loyalty to Authority, Punctuality, Professional Courtesy. VII. Executive ability — measured by 1. General Theory of Class Management. 2. Dexterity with which work is accomplished ; amount of work done. 3. Quality of mental activity awakened in pupil. a. Promptness, "Brightness." b. Absence of Irritability. c. Conservation of pupil's energies. 56 Potsdam Normal School. 4. Ability to keep pupils cheerful and hopeful under assigned tasks. 5. Knowledge of disposition of individual pupils, and of means to reach them. 6. Acuteness of observation of the condition of order of class, of room, and of class work. 7. Variety of resources (tact) in correcting disorder. 8. Ability to create a "Habit of Order" in pupils, shown by a. "Moral tone" of pupils. b. Ability of pupils to control themselves. c. Pupils ideal of order. d. Pupil's orderly arrangement of work. 9. Ability to hold pupils to matter in hand. VIII. Mannerisms. His more important scientific and pedagogical publications are: 1881 — The Vagus Nerve in the domestic cat. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Vol. XX. pp. 123—138, figs. 13. Use of the microscope in gross anatomy. The Microscope, Vol 1, pp. 65-68, figs. 3. 1882 — Outline Course in Zoology, a syllabus of laboratory work for normal students. 1886 — The Trigeminus Nerve in the domestic cat. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Vol. XXIV, pp. 459-478. PI. 1. The Facial Nerve in the domestic cat. Ibid Vol. XXV. pp. 13, PI. 1. 1888 — The Glosso-pharyngeal, the Accessory, and the Hypoglossal Nerves in the domestic cat. Ibid Vol. XXV, pp. 89-104. PI. 3. 1889— The Soft Palate in the domestic cat. Proc. A. M. S. Vol. X, pp. 58-76, PI. 1. Syllabus of Anatomy and Physiology for Normal Students, 3d Ed. pp. 120 illus. Effects of Stimulants and Narcotics, 2d Ed. pp. 40, figs. 6. The claims of the Natural Sciences in the School Curriculum. Proc. Peg. U. N. Y., pp. 15. 1890 — Psychic Form in its Eelation to Teaching. Educational Gazette, pp. 12. 1891 — The Lumbar, the Sacral and the Coccygeal Nerves in the domestic cat. Jour. Comp. Neur. Vol. I. pp. 287-314, PI. 1. Moral Tone in the School. Academy, Mar. pp. 12. 1893 — Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Pedagogy. Proc. N. E. A. p. 442. 1894— The Training of Teachers. Proc. N. E. A. p. 115-120. The Practical in Elementary Education. Rep. Snpt. Pub. Instr. '95, pp. 1051-56. Biographical Sketches of Faculty. $7 MRS. M. ANA4IB ALLEN -THAPN ELL, Preceptress 1869-1871. M. Annie Allen was educated at the Amsterdam Academy and Female Seminary, she reading considerably more Latin than the College course prescribed, and mak- ing good attainment in mathematics and the sciences. Beginning in 1854, Miss Allen was preceptress of the Prattsville Academy; from April 1855 to April 1859 P re " ceptress in the Amsterdam Female Seminary; from April 1859 to July 1868 preceptress in the Jefferson County Insti- tute at Watertown. While there she acquired a knowledge of the German language under a native teacher. While principal of Canajoharie Academy in 1869, she re- signed to take the post of preceptress in the State Normal School at Potsdam on the organization of that institution. In the- fall of 1871 she resigned at Potsdam and married the late Rev. Wm. H. Trapnell of Upper Marlborough, Maryland. After the death of her husband in 1873 sne sailed for Europe where she remained for three years. Her time was spent in England, Germany, Italy and France, making extensive studies in the masterpieces of the old world. After her return to Amsterdam she gathered and con- ducted for six years a free class in art (poetry, painting and architecture), also for seven years was the President of a large Chautauqua Circle. She at present is connected with a school for young ladies at Amsterdam, where she has ably conducted the department of Belle Lettres for several years. Mrs. Trapnell took a leading part in founding the Children's Home Association at Amsterdam and is its present Corresponding Secretary. The public press of both that and other cities has been the recipient of articles from her gifted pen, in poetry and prose. For many years she was Secretary of the Amster- dam Reading Club, an organization which did much for the social and intellectual life of Amsterdam. She also $8 Potsdam Normal School. aided in sustaining- and carrying on a night school for the operators of the mills of that place. Daring the past six years a wide field has opened to Mrs. Trapnell in invitations to conduct Shakespeare classes in her own and adjoining cities. An afternoon and an evening class have been greatly enjoyed by the citizens of that place, and in the winter of '93 an enthusiastic group of ladies in the city of Poughkeepsie listened to her exposi- tions of the plays of the Bard of Avon. Mrs. Trapnell has also conducted a Browning Class with acceptance in Amsterdam. She has been invited to become a member of the faculty of the University Extension under the Regents Board of New York State, which will open to her a still wider field of usefulness in this direction. For many years a member of St. Ann's Episcopal church of Amsterdam she has been untiring in her devotion to all departments of church work. Upon the many communities in which Mrs. Trapnell has resided her influence has been widely felt in promoting the good, the true and the beautiful. L. L. B. M*RS MIRANDA S. MAI^KS-CON KEy, Preceptress 1871-1875. Miranda S. Marks received her earlv education in the common schools. To the careful training of a refined and devoted mother, and the strict discipline of a cultured father, "an ideal man," was due much of her success as a teacher. At eighteen years of age she entered a Girls' School at St. Paul, Minn., where she continued her studies and taught in the Primary Department. When twenty-two years of age she was elected Principal of the Preparatory Department of Gloversville Seminary. After one year's connection with this school she entered the Oyr French Boarding School in Montreal for better preparation to teach French. When she left this School the position of LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA Miss Amelia Morey, Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 59 "Senior teacher" in Mrs. Say's Seminary, Montreal, was offered and accepted. This was the beginning of twelve consecutive years of work in teaching. After three years she accepted the position of preceptress of Canton Academy, where she remained three years, after which she took the same position for three years in Franklin Academy at Malone. At the expiration of that time she succeeded Miss Allen as Preceptress of the Potsdam State Normal School, which position she occupied from Septem- ber 1 87 1 until January 1875. Too high a tribute cannot be paid her as a teacher; one to whom reference is often made as "the best teacher I ever knew." No student could do other than thorough work under her inspiration. What was more important, she aroused the student's ambition, awakening a desire to know which led the mind to work for itself. She was sincere and her perfect sincerity was felt, giving her an in- fluence for good over all. Her aim was the up-building of character and her own self was the practical embodiment of her teaching. Soon after leaving the State Normal School she married Charles N. Conkey of Canton, N. Y., where she has since resided. Her influence over those whom she taught and in- spired continues. To her home they journey and write to tell of their success, receiving encouragement and inspira- tion to attain unto the high ideals of noble life. F. L. Backus. MISS AMELIA MCTREy, Preceptress 1869 — . Amelia Morey was born in Susquehanna County, Penn., the oldest daughter among seven children, three sisters and three brothers. She removed with her parents to Binghamton, N. Y., in 1850, where excellent school ad- vantages were enjoyed. Although the schools of that per- iod were not as "advanced" as those of the present day, at 6o Potsdam Normal School. seven years of age she carried proudly to school a Sander's Third Reader, an Elementary Geography and a Mental Arithmetic, and "got to the head" occasionally in spelling, much to her satisfaction. From a child, reading had been a passion, abundantly gratified by the books in the home, an entire school library, a Sunday school library, and later, the city library which, as a special favor, was always open to students and teachers. Though children's papers were not to be had, the metro- politan newspapers served fcr the younger as well as the older members of the family, and good enjoyable reading they were. As a special reward for excellence in reading, the younger members of the family were occasionally al- lowed to read aloud for the benefit of the rest, thus gather- ing a fair idea of men and measures from this much coveted exercise, and also from the conversation of their elders. At sixteen she passed the necessary examinations and taught her first term of school of seventy pupils to the satisfaction of all except herself. In '59 and '60, she attend- ded Susquehanna Seminary ; in '61, the Binghamton Acad- emy. In '64, she was appointed principal of the Sixth Ward school. At this time the City Superintendent pro- posed to hire one Normal graduate, at the magnificent sal- ary of $500, "and steal her methods." In February '68, she entered the Oswego Normal school graduating in June '69. In September '69, she entered upon her duties in Pots- dam, as principal of the Intermediate Department, where she distinguished herself for her executive ability, managing the department with that ease which is possible only to those gifted as she is. At this time the work of criticism in all subjects taught in the Practice School was performed by two teachers in the Intermediate, and two in the Primary, so the earlier graduates of the school remember Miss Morey as a critic in Arithmetic as well as in Grammar. Although appointments have been offered her in Philadelphia, Pa., Nor- mal School, the Chautauqua and Buffalo Normal Schools, the LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA Professor Mann. Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 6\ Normal College of New York, and also the principal posi- tion in several institutions for ladies, as well as large salar- ies as the principal of City Training Schools, she still re- mains true to the school whose success is in so many ways due to her efforts, her work. In 1876, she was made Preceptress of the school, retain- ing charge of the work in English and the criticism in this department. The success with which she has administered the affairs of her responsible position is testified to by the work and the words of hundreds of teachers, scattered over the country, who owe to Miss Morey much of their success, not alone because of instruction received, but for the inspiration which makes "drudgery divine," inspiration caught from contact with one whose whole life has been un- selfishly devoted to the best interests of the young people who have come under her care. J. E. C. PHOFESSOn WAHKEAJ MAAJA4, A.M., 1872-. Warren Mann was born in Varick, Seneca Co. N. Y., Dec. 10, 1 846, a son of Matthias T. Mann, a native of New Jersey who removed to Seneca County when a lad and died in 1889 at tne advanced age of ninety-one. Warren was the youngest of nine children, and early showed a de- sire for an education. He taught while taking his course and put himself through Genesee College (now Syracuse University) from which he graduated at Syracuse, June 1872, since which time he has been connected with the Normal School, having the chair of Mathematics for two years, and in 1874 was elected to the chair of Natural Science, a position which he has ever since held. He married July 7, 1872, Helen E., daughter of Rev. G. H. Blakeslee of the Wyoming Conference. They have had three children, Paul B., a student in the Normal, Francis Darwin, who died at the age of twenty months, and Claire Louise, a pupil in the Training School. No teacher who has been connected with the Potsdam Normal School is held in kinder regard than Prof. Mann; Potsdam Normal School. positive in his convictions, outspoken on all moral issues, severe in his denunciations of vice, he is yet sympathetic and sensitive to every appeal for help, always the student's friend; a rigid observer of school discipline, his counsel is always for honesty and uprightness; his evident desire for justice and fair dealing causes his opinion to be respected and few teachers are able to exert a more uplifting in- fluence. Professor Mann's great strength as a citizen and a teacher lies in his manliness, the nobility and sincerity of his life. He is direct in his manner and reaches the end sought by the shortest route. He has served as a member of the Village Board of Health and has been twice a mem- ber of the Board of Excise. His class-room work is observational and leads the student to make his own conclusions. An ardent lover of nature, he inspires his pupils with the same feeling. New apparatus has been recently added and the Professor re- joices in a finely equipped laboratory. He has been President of the St. Lawrence Teachers' Association, and has published an Outline of Work on Human-Body Lessons, Plant Lessons, Common Rocks, Animal Lessons, Physics Lessons. These constitute a series of directions how to teach the subjects treated, and represent the character of the work as planned by him for the Practice Schools. They are a valuable contribution to Methodology. M. B. S. PKOFESSOK JAMES W. AITCHISOAJ, 1886-1887. James W. AlTCHISON was born in Madrid, and prepared for the Normal in the district school. After graduation from the Scientific Course, '86, he taught over one year in the Preparatory Department, the next three years in Cali- fornia and from September '90 to June '93 in Madrid Union Free School. During the last four years of teaching he completed the C. L. S. C. Course of reading. Entered University of City of New York Medical Department October '93. Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 6$ PROFESSOR FHEEMAM H. ALLEN, Ph. B., 1885- Freeman H. Allen was born in Copenhagen, Lewis Co , N. Y. in 1862. His father, E. Allen, M. D., was form- erly a teacher, and two brothers have had several years of successful experience in teaching-. His early education was in the village school in Copen- hagen, a school which has held high rank in Lewis County for many years. At the age of fourteen he attended the private school ol Prof. J. A. Prindle, at Denmark, N. Y., and later spent one year in a private Academy in Copen- hagen. At the age of eighteen he enioyed his first ex- perience as pedagogue in a country school, "ooarding round." He was, for two years, principal of the village school at Copenhagen and in '83 entered the State Normal at Potsdam, graduating in June '85. During his course in the Normal he was assistant in- structor in the Preparatory Department, and upon gradu- ation was appointed a member of the faculty of this school to instruct in Geography, History and Botany. In '85 he was appointed instructor in Arithmetic; in '87 to supervision of Arithmetic in the training school; and in 90 teacher of Civics and Arithmetic Methods. In 92 pub- lished a Manual of Arithmetic Methods. He has pursued a non-resident college course, making a specialty of History and Political Economy. Ph. B. '95 (111. Weslevan University). In June 1890 he was married to Rose L. Priest of Pots- dam ; daughter Elizabeth Rose (95) deceased. WRS. HELEM D. AUSTIN-BKAMLEg, 1872-1878. Helen D. Austin the daughter of Oliver and Harriet Sealy Austin was born in Potsdam, Oct. 27, 1848. Her early educational advantages were received in the district school. At the age of sixteen she entered the St. Lawrence Academy at Potsdam, and the following summer taught 64 Potsdam Normal School. her first term of school. With an experience of teaching six terms she entered the Normal, graduating in January '73, English course with Latin additional. In the summer of 1892 she was engaged by the Local Board as assistant in the Intermediate Department. After her graduation she became a regular member of the Faculty and continued to teach, first as Critic and later as Principal of the Intermediate Department for five years. She then resigned her position, and on April 23, 1878 was married to Rev. A. Bramlev of the Northern New York Conference. At the close of a three years pastorate in Watertown the Methodist Episcopal Itinerancy took her to Utica for three years, then during her husband's term as Presiding Elder, to Potsdam four years, to Pulaski five years and then to Lowville, where she now resides. At the time of Miss Austin's marriage her husband had two children, Grace Wilcox fourteen years of age, and Herbert Wright eleven years of age. A son, Howard Craig, was born Nov. 11, 1882. With her many labors in the itinerancy Mrs. Bramley does not forget her Alma Mater. /VVRS. MAKY E. LOKD-BAeON, 1882-1886. MARY E. Lord entered the Normal from district No. 8. Potsdam, taught three terms, and studied Elocution with Miss Helen Potter. She graduated from the classical course January '75; '75 Crary's Mills; '75-7 Burlington, Vt.; '77-9 Boston University School of Oratory, graduating '79 ; 'S1-2 gave private instruction in Elocution; '82-6 teacher of Elocution and Reading in the Potsdam Normal School ; '89 studied with Mrs. Harriet Webb and Edmund J. Meyer, and upon her return to Potsdam continued private instruc- tion in Elocution and Vocal Culture; '91-2, studied at the Boston School of Expression, graduating in '92 studied Swedish Gymnastics with Baron Nils Posse ; December '92 removed to San Jose, California, where she is teaching Elo- Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 65 cution. December '79 she married Albert S. Bacon. Chil- dren, Sanford L. ('80), Cora ('87), Ruth L. ('88), Albert S. (90), Ruth ('93). 9KOFESSOK GEO. V. SE7VRD, A. M., 1884. Prof. Geo. P. Beard, A. M., is a native of Vermont. Reverses in his father's finances necessitated his reliance entirely upon his own efforts in securing his Academic and College Courses, the expenses of which were paid by teaching during the winter months. He excelled as a student in Literature, Languages and Mental Philosophy and kindred subjects. In the summer and fall of 1864 he labored under the "Christian Commission" caring for the wounded soldiers in Grant's great campaign from the Rapidan to City Point. In the spring of 1865 he was elected Superintendent of city schools at Chillicothe, Mo. The excellence of these schools, his personal efforts in securing legislation for a system of public schools for the State, and State Normal Schools, his nomination as candidate for State Superinten- dent of Public Instruction on the Republican ticket in '70, and subsequent election as first Principal of the State Nor- mal School at Warrensburg, Mo., are among the features of his eight years residence in that State. He was elected Principal of the State Normal School, at Shippensburg, Pa., in the fall of '72. From ,r j6 to '84, he was Principal of the State Normal School at California, Pa. From '85 to '88, he was Principal of the State Normal School at Lock Haven, Pa. From January to July in 1884 he officiated as Principal of the State Normal School at Potsdam, N. Y., graduating two classes, and filling out the unexpired school year upon the resignation of Principal Morgan. His engagement was for six months only and he was not a candidate for re-election. He has been a teacher, organizer and manager of schools for about 30 consecutive years, and is now pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Blair, Neb. Q. C. H. 5. 66 Potsdam Normal School. MISS MAUD BELL, 1882-1883. Maud Bell was born in New York City where she received her early education. She graduated at the Au- burn (Me.) High School, and began teaching- in the Auburn Public School in 1875, where she remained four years. She studied one year at Cornell University, and then went to Leipsic and Hanover, Germany, for the study of the Ger- man language; she studied French in Paris and returned to America to accept the position of Teacher of French and German at Potsdam in 'S2, where she remained one year, resigning to accept similar work at Norwich, Conn. Here she remained three years and in the Fall ot 1886, went to Fort Collins, Colo., where she is now teaching as Professor of History and Literature, in the State Agricultural College. P-ROFESSCR E*RASMUS *D. BLAKESLEE, A. M., LL. B. By Rev. William D. Marsh, '74. Of the instructors who have contributed to the intellect- ual and moral life of the Potsdam -Normal School, Prof. E. D. Blakeslee stands in the front rank. In May 1869, he as- sumed the duties of the Chair of Natural Science, a posi- tion which he filled with great honor to himself for three years. He was then elected to the Yice-Principalship, and in two years more was made acting Principal, during the almost continued absence of Dr. Malcolm MacVicar. In 1876, he resigned in order to enter the legal profession. After graduating at the Albany Law School he was attack- ed by an incurable disease. Through seven long years of suffering he was so brave and hopeful, so eager in the pur- suit of knowledge, so interested in the mental life of the world, that it seemed that the spirit would conquer the body, and that he would realize his long cherished ambi- tions. Disciplined by years of closest study, an admirable writer, logical in thought and forceful in expression, an elo- quent and convincing speaker, a man of sturdy moral con- BiograpJiical Sketches of Faculty. 67 victions, he had every promise of a brilliant and distin- guished earthly career. But this was not God's plan for him, and in his thirty-sixth year, he was translated to a land where, unhindered b/y physical weakness, his powers are having their full development. As a teacher his chief characteristic was his marked abil- ity to quicken thought. His students were led to develop their own powers. You could not be with him without in- creased desire to dig to the foundations of truth. In every fibre he was a student. His life was the forfeit paid to a complete, and thus unwise, devotion to study. But though, pre-eminently a man of thought, he was no book worm. So genial and companionable was he that every young man felt the inspiration of contact with his rich, full mind. He was more than a student, more than an instructor. He was a Christian educator, whose impress was left on the moral and spiritual nature of young men and young women. Thoroughly familiar with the Scientific Materialism of the day, ever pondering on the religious problems which confront all thoughtful souls, never fearing to face all sides of every question, accepting nothing on mere tradition or authority, he nevertheless retained to the last an unwaver- ing faith in the fundamental truths of Christianity. Severe- ly tested by the long hard struggle with slowly approach- ing death, he held fast his faith in the providence and good- ness ot God. The character and the claims of Jesus Christ were the sheet anchor of his faith. Such a faith in such a man preaches as ten thousand sermons cannot preach. Such a life ennobles the teacher's profession. Its influence is perpetuated and never dies. Of the many Potsdam students from '69 to '76, students whose intellectual habits were changed, whose ambitions were transformed, whose characters were moulded by this devoted brilliant man, none cherished a deeper respect or warmer love for his memory than the writer. It is fitting that one whose life was touched, elevated and enriched by him should bear this tribute to a true christian teacher. 68 Potsdam Normal School. _ — _ , PROFESSOR WILLIS E. BOND, A. B., 1893—. Willis Elmer Bond was born of American parentage, near Albion, Orleans County, N. Y., July 9th, 1861. His early education was received in the common schools of his native place, where he showed a special aptitude for mathe- matics. At 17 he commenced his preparation for college at the Albion High School, entering the University of Michigan in the fall of '82. Although taking the classical course, he early became in- terested in scientific pursuits, and after the required amount of Greek and Latin had been finished he turned his whole attention to scientific study. His work in Astronomy was done with Prof. Mark \V. Harrington, afterward at the head of the Weather Bureau. In Geology, under Prof. Alexander Winchell, he pursued all the courses offered in the curriculum and one and one-half year's special work in Prof. Winchell's laboratory. After graduation he was suc- cessively Principal of the Union School, at Holley, N. Y., Professor of Mathematics in a private school, at Stamford, Conn., where he prepared boys for Yale and Cornell, and Professor of Mathematics at Dr. Halsev's school in New York City, preparing boys for Columbia, Princeton and Johns Hopkins. In the fall of '93, he became Professor of Mathematics and Geology in the Normal School, which position he still holds. MISS AMELIA L. BHETTELL, 1873-1874. Miss Amelia L. Brettell was elected teacher of Phil- osophy, Algebra, French and Latin, which position was held for one year. The Editor regrets his inability to obtain a biographical sketch, or even a recent address. M*RS. ELIZABETH BHONSOAJ-BHOWAL 1882-1883. Elizabeth Bronson was born in Rocktord, III., and attended the Citv Schools, graduating from the classical course. She conducted a private school for a year or more Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 69 and entered the Geneseo (N. Y.) Normal, from which she graduated, and accepted the position of Principal of Pri- mary Department and teacher of Primary Methods at Potsdam. She was called home by the severe illness of her mother whose death occurred soon after. She remained in Rockford, 111., where she taught until her marriage. Her residence is 423 Baynes St., Buffalo, N. Y. MISS ALICE M. BU"RN, B. A., 1889-1893. Alice M. Burn received her special training - for the position of teaching Drawing, in the Art Department of the Pratt Institute. Brooklyn, at the Metropolitan Art School, New York City, and with private instructors. She graduated at the Packer Collegiate Institute, Classical Course, in 1881. She began her duties as teacher oi Draw- ing at the Normal School, September 1889, an ^ remained a member of the faculty until March '93, resigning to accept the position in Brooklyn of Supervisor of Drawing in the Public Schools Her chief work outside of teaching has been illustrating Articles on Surgery. P-ROF. WM. H. BURAHHAM, A. M., Ph. *D., 1883-1885. Born, December 3, 1855. Early education in the country schools of Dunbarton, N. H.; graduated at the Manchester N. H., High School 1875; taught in country schools and studied privately for three years ; A. B., with honors in Philosophy, Harvard University, 1882; Instructor in Wit- tenberg College, 1882-3 ; Instructor of Latin in the State Normal School, Potsdam, N. Y., 1883-5: Fellow Johns Hop- kins University, 1886; Ph. D., 1888, and instructor in Psy- chology, 1888-89; Docent, Clark University, 1890-92 ; In- structor in Pedagogy, 1892 to the present. He has published the following articles : — Memory, Historically and Experi- mentally Considered, Am. Jour. Psychol., Vol. II. The Older Conceptions of Memory, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 89-90 ; Modern Conceptions of Memory. Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 225-270; Paramnesia, Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 431-464 ; Recent Theories and Experimental Studies, Vol. II. No. 4, pp. 568-622. Jo Potsdam Normal School. Economy in Intellectual Work, Scribner's Magazine, March 1889, pp. 306- 314 The New German School, Pedagogical Seminary, Yol. 1, pp. 13-18. The Study of Adolescence, Ibid. Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 174-195. Observation of Children at the Worcester Normal School, Ibid. Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 219-223. Higher Pedagogical Seminaries in Germany, Ibid. Vol. I, No. 3, pp. 390-408. Illusions of Memory, Scribner's Magazine, February 1882, pp. 185-195. Outlines of School Hygiene, Pedagogical Seminary, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 9-71. A Scheme of Classification for Child-Study, Ibid. Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 191-198. Individual Differences in the Imagination of Children, Ibid. Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 204-225. Some Recent German Literature on Physical Education, Ibid. Vol. II, pp. 232-298. Occasional contribution of book reviews and short articles to The Nation, Pedagogical Seminary and other periodicals. Iii the summer of 1890 he visited Europe, and traveled visiting educational institutions in England, France, Bel- gium, and Germany. MISS JAAJE P. BUTKI6K, 1883—. The early childhood of Jane F. Butrick was passed in the town of Hammond, where she was sent to the village school. Removing with her parents to Morristown, she entered a private school conducted by a Presbyterian clergyman, the Rev. Andrew Phillips, a man of superior ability, large experience and deep devotion. In this school she remained several years, leaving finally to engage in teaching, but still pursuing a systematic course ol reading and study under the supervision of her former principal. From the fir^t term of teaching, Miss Butrick was a faithful attendant at institutes and similar educational gatherings, and by correspondence with other teachers, visiting the best schoDls whenever opportunity offered, and reading educational books and papers, endeavored to improve the character of her work, testing theories pre- sented and profiting by every item of information gleaned from the experience of skilled teachers. Attendance for several seasons at the Chautauqua Summer School, the course of reading in connection with that school and the pursuit of subjects in the Correspondence Department of Biographical Sketches of Faculty. ft the Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts have occupied a portion of the time devoted to self improvement. Miss Butrick's first teaching was in a district school. After several terms so spent and a visit to the mountainous section of East Tennessee she entered the Normal School at Potsdam for her first term. During her course at the Normal, the experience gained through being called upon to supply classes in the Training School, added to the discipline of the method classes, was of invaluable assist- ance in enabling her to carry successfully into effect what was then considered an attempt of the greatest difficulty, that of systematically grading a district school. After graduating, one year was spent in the Training School at Potsdam as assistant in the Primary Department, and in teaching classes in grammar and composition. This was followed by two years in Westchester County, one year being spent in charge of a primary department of several rooms, in a large graded school. In September, '83, Miss Butrick returned to Potsdam as principal of the Primary Department of the Training School and teacher of Primary Methods, a position she has occupied to the present time. In connection with her work in Primary Methods and for the guidance of teachers in the classes under her special direction, she has publish- a manual of Primary Lessons. /VVRS. O. A. eHASB-SUfVROUGHS, 1871-1872. Miss Chase was assistant and critic in the Intermediate Department for one year. MISS SAKAH VOOHHEIS eHOLLAH, 1889—. Sarah Voorheis Chollar was born in Homer. Cort- land Co., N. Y., of English and Dutch parents. Her early education was received in her native town where she graduated from Homer Academy in both the Classical, Literary and Scientific Courses in 1882. Previous to this 72 . Potsdam Normal School. time she had taught district school one term in Broome County. During the spring of 1883 she taught a large dis- trict school near her home, and the next year, 1883-4, was Preceptress of the McGrawville Academy. The next two years were spent in attending the Cortland Normal School from which she graduated in June 1886. The next year was spent as book-keeper for the Laird-Norton Lumber Company at Redwood Falls, Minnesota. She was then called to her Alma Mater in Homer where two years were spent in teaching. In September 1889 she came to the Potsdam Normal School where she has taught Arithmetic, Civics (one year), Botany and Composition since 1890 and Physiography added in '94. She has had courses of work in the summer schools at Martha's Vineyard and Cornell University. /WHS. LILIAN CHU *RCH -M7VRSH, 1880-1883. Lilian Church was born in Morristown, and was educated in one of the district schools of that town. Miss Jane Butrick, now one of the teachers of the Potsdam Normal School, had much to do with her early education. Through her influence Miss Church entered the Normal, graduating in June '80. After graduation she taught in the Normal School three years, occupying the positions of assistant in Primary Department, teacher in Preparatory Department, and Critic in the Intermediate. September 5, '83 she married Rev. W. D. Marsh '74- (For the rest of her history see the itinerary of that Methodist preacher). MISS JULIET A. eOOK, 1872-1874. Miss Juliet A. Cook was teacher of English Grammar, Composition and Botany. MISS JULIA BTTIE. CKAN B, 1884—. Julia ETTIE Crane was born in Potsdam, where her life as pupil and teacher has mostly been passed. Her education was beofun in the district schools and she entered Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 73 the Intermediate Department the day the Normal School opened. Her musical education began with piano lessons at eleven years of age, instruction at singing schools, and constant practice in singing in church choirs. She was graduated from the Normal June, 1874, and taught in District No. 8 Potsdam, from September '74 to April '77, and attended Music Schools during the summers of '75 anc ^ '76; taught Mathematics, Calisthenics and Vocal Music in the State Normal School, Shippensburg, Pa., from April '77 to June '80 ; taught and studied in summer music schools in '78 and '79- After spending a year in Potsdam giving private voice lessons, Miss Crane spent a year abroad studying in London with Signor Manuel Garcia, the instructor of Jenny Lincl. Upon her return Miss Crane spent two years more in giving private voice lessons, and in '84 became connected with the Normal School and director ol the Musical Conservatory; planned and execut- ed a complete system of musical instruction from the low- est grade of the primary to methods for the Normal Grad- uate, a system now in successful operation. The number of private pupils has increased so that several assistants have become necessary. Mrs. Hattie May Crane-Bryant is now associated with Miss Crane, and the Conservatory has bright prospects for continued success and future enlargement. Miss Crane continues the cultivation of her own pure and sympathetic voice, taking lessons during each winter vacation of Mme Cappiani from whom she has received the highest testimonials of proficiency as a teacher of voice culture. Miss Crane has scholarly attainments of a high order, having carried her researches into the realm of speculative philosophy and based her work upon sound psychological principles. She has been largely instrumental in creating public sentiment upon the necessity of teaching music in the public schools, having been vice-president of the State Music Teachers' Association since its organization, besides giving important papers on the subject before several of 74 Potsdam Normal School. the State Teachers' Associations. In '92 Miss Crane spent ten weeks traveling and visited the schools of Denver and Southern California, where she responded to invitations to deliver addresses at town, county and State associations. She has also written extensively for the New England Journal of Education, The Etude, and Werner's Voice Magazine. Her manual first published in 1887 has reached four editions. Besides her rare qualities as a teacher, her distinctive characteristic is her ability as a teacher of teachers. She animates them with her own enthusiasm, and her graduates understand not only the theory of music and its execution but they have also learned how to inspire and direct others. M. B. S. WRS. EMILg M.DAgTOAJ-STKEIBEHT, 1878-1880. Emily M. Dayton entered the Normal School from St. Lawrence Academy, Potsdam, in the spring of '69; was graduated in '72 Classical Course ; spent one year in rest; in '73 went to Europe spending two years there in study and travel; in '75 became Preceptress of Lovvville Academy which position was held for three years ; during the years '78 and '79 was a member of the Faculty of the Potsdam Normal School, teaching Composition, Rhetoric and French ; resigned this position in 1880 and married Rev. J. Streibert ; spent the following sixteen months in Europe; lived one year in Gloversville, N. Y., where daughter Ethel was born in '82. Mr. Streibert being called to Christ Church, West Haven, Conn., she removed to that place, there Muriel was oorn '83, Gladys '85. Mr. Streibert was then appointed Professor of Hebrew in the Theologi- cal Department of Kenyon College, therefore moved to Gambier, Ohio, where Marion was born '86 and Grace '89. In '93 Mrs. Streibert. came for a year's visit to Potsdam where her daughters are at present enjoying the many ad- vantages offered by the old Potsdam Normal School. Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 75 PROFESSOR F. L. TDEWEtJ, A. M., Ph. D., 1885-1895. Frederick L. Dewey was born in Otego, Otsego Co., May 14, i860. He prepared for College at the Delaware Literary Institute and graduated at Hamilton Co 1 lege in the class of '82. While in college he distinguished himself for scholarship and oratory, receiving the "Hawley prize" in Latin and Greek, the "Tompkin's Mathematical Scholar- ship," appointment as "Clark prize orator," the "McKinney prize debate," and the Valedictory of his class. Two years after graduation he received the degree ol A. M., in cursu and in '92 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree Ph. D. After graduation he was called to the Delaware Institute as teacher of Ancient Classics, where he remained three years, until he was elected to the Department of Latin and Greek in the Potsdam Normal School. Dr. Dewey is a natural teacher, and by culture has added to his natural gifts. He has the ability to inspire his pupils and to give them a clear insight into the spirit of the authors studied. He has sent five valedictorians to his Alma Mater, and many other brilliant students to other colleges, who have distinguished themselves in the Ancient Classics. In '87 Dr. Dewey married Jessie M. Henry of Potsdam, N. Y. They have one son, Lewis Dayton. In January '95 Dr. Dewey resigned his position in the Normal School to take charge of large financial interests. As a teacher he was beloved by his pupils, and esteemed by all his co-laborers. MISS OLA ESTERLg, 1894-. Ola Esterly was born in Columbiana, O. Her early education was received in the public schools of that city. She graduated from the High School in '85, and entered Wooster, (O). University, from which institution she graduated June 1890. After one year spent in rest and travel, she entered the Emerson College of Oratory, Bos- ton, Mass., from which school she graduated in 1894 and was elected Teacher of Reading and Physical Culture in 76 Potsdam Normal School. the Normal School at Potsdam, where she began her duties in the fall of '94. P-ROFESSOH EDWA1VD W. FLAGG, A.M. 1883-. Edward W. Flagg was born in Wellesley, Mass., Oct. 27, 1 850. He was Educated at Williston Seminary, East- hampton, Mass., and entered Yale College in 1874, gradu- ating in 1878 ; he received the degree of A. M. in 1890 from the same college. After leaving college he was principal of the High School in Glencoe, near Chicago, Illinois. In 1883 he became a teacher in the Potsdam State Normal School, having graduated from the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass., previous to his Academic Course. His department is that ol Rhetoric, History, English Litera- ture. He has been a contributor to Lippincott's Magazine, The New England Magazine, The Congregationalist, The Chicago Tribune, The Standard and The interior, Chicago Journals, The New England Journal of Education. In 1892-3 he spent six months at Clark University, in the educational department, and in addition did some research work in "The history of the teaching of Reading in the United States." He was married in June 1888 to Laura A. Cauble, '87 of Brooklyn, N. Y. MKS. MIMA L. F L ETC +HEK- FAULK, 1878-1879. Mina L. Fletcher had her preparatory education in the district school. After graduation from the Normal she was elected teacher of English Grammar and remained one year; '79-80, Yankton, S. D., '80-90 Assistant Principal Sioux Falls '90-93 Principal Sioux City ; Post Graduate Course in the American School of Methods; '81 married A.J.Faulk. Children, Carl, '82, Lucile, '84. Present ad- dress, Sioux City, Iowa. NVRS. eAH'RIE M. GIFFOIVD-TOSg, 1877-1879. M iss Gil- ford was elected teacher of Composition and Arithmetic in 1877, and remained one year. She taught in Biographical Sketches of Faculty. JJ Dr. Gannett's School in Boston, Mass. The date of her marriage to Mr. Toby and of her subsequent death have not been ascertained. WRS. S. JULIA GILBEHT-SWEET, 1869-1870. S. Julia Gilbert was born in Fredonia, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. At eight years of age she moved with her family to Wisconsin, where she attended a graded school. At seventeen she returned to New York State where she attended school at Brockport for three years, two of which were spent in the Brockport Normal. She taught one year in Leavenworth, Kansas, and in the fall of 1869 came to the Potsdam Normal School where she taught Geography and History for one year. August 30, 1870, she was married to Prof. George H. Sweet, A. M., of the same school. One son George G. PROFESSOR JAMBS M. GRAVES, 1887—. James M. Graves was born at Waddington, St. Law- rence Co., N. Y., Nov. 27, 1862. His early education was received at the Union School of his native town. At the. age of eighteen he began teaching in a district school, and after two terms' work he entered the Normal in February 1882. He went out to teach and work at different times and graduated in the Classical Course, June '88. During the last year of his course, he taught the Preparatory class- es, and did office work. He was elected a member of the faculty for the following year. In the autumn of 1889, ne went to New Jersey with Dr. Cook, to teach in Rutgers College Grammar School, at New Brunswick. This posi- tion he resigned in January '93, having accepted the prin- cipalship of a Grammar School at Bristol, Conn. He had scarcely entered upon his duties at that place, when per- sonal illness and illness among his people at home compell- ed him to give up the position. In March, 1890, he was called back to his Alma Mater to fill a vacancy caused by the illness of a member of the faculty. Since then he has yS Potsdam Normal School. remained in the school, teaching preparatory work and composition, and doing criticism work in the Training De- partment. MISS AGNES L. -HALE, 1875-1877. Agnes L. Hale received her early education at Nor- wood, N. Y., in a district school. A natural fondness lor mathematical subjects led her to devote her energies al- most exclusively to the study ot arithmetic and algebra. She graduated from the Classical Course in January, 1875. After graduation she was employed in the Potsdam Nor- mal School as a teacher of mathematics. In January, 1877, she took charge of the highest grade in Grammar School No. 13, Brooklyn, where she remained until October, 1887. She then resigned to accept her present position of teacher of mathematics in The Girls High School, Brooklyn, which has over 1,800 girls with a corps of sixty-nine instructors. Her post graduate studies have been mostly in the line of her work, and she has devoted considerable time to the study ol the higher mathematics, particularly analytical geometry, quaternions and the calculus. MISS MAKy F. HALL, 1871-1877. Miss Hall is a graduate of the Oswego Normal School and began her work at Potsdam as teacher of Geography and Methods in 1871. Classes of '71-77 will remember her zeal in her chosen department and the enthusiasm which she awakened in her classes. In 1878 she took a course in Kindergartening at Columbus, Ohio. After spending some time in the Boston Kindergartens she accepted a position in the State Normal School at Buffalo, N. Y. For the four years previous to her present position she was connected with the State Department of Instruction, Min- nesota, and is now Supervisor of Primary work in the city schools of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which includes thirty-six Kindergartens, the first and second grades having three hundred and fifty teachers. Her address is 930 Cedar St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Biographical Sketclies of Faculty. 79 WRS. ELIZABETH tHA-RGHAVE--REgAJOLDS,1877-83. Elizabeth Ha.rgra.ve entered the Normal, April 1870, and graduated from the English Course, January '72. Taught one term during the time. Previous to entering taught four terms in a district school, three terms in a Union Graded School, and attended school in Ogdensburg Academy one term. From April '72 to June '76 was Prin- cipal of Intermediate Department in Graded School Ny- ack, N. Y. From January '77 to June '83 connected with Potsdam Normal, first as assistant in Mathematics; Jan- uary '78, Principal of Intermediate Department; Septem- ber '80, Principal of Training Department; from '83 to '85 Teacher of Methods and Critic in Training Department of Whitewater State Normal, Wisconsin. Highest salary re- ceived, one thousand dollars. Married Jesse Reynolds, M. D., of Potsdam, February '85. Children, Mary '86, Albert '87 and Elizabeth '89. PKOFESSOH HEAJ-R9 L. -HA*RTEVR, A. M., 1869-1882. HENRY L. Harter was born in Warren, Herkimer Co., Nov. 8, 1834; student in 1852; studies continued at Union College; graduated in 1858; received title of A. B. in 1858, and title of A. M. in 1861; married Aurelia Wendell in 1863. Professor of Mathematics and Lan- guages at Fort Plain Seminary for five years. Principal of Walworth Academy one year. Professor at Genesee Wesleyan Seminary (Lima) four years. He was elected Professor of Mathematics at the opening of the Normal, April 1865, and continued his connection with the school for thirteen years, the greater part of time as Vice Princi- pal and teacher of Ancient Languages. He has taught in all over thirty years, always enjoying the duties of his pro- fession. After leaving Potsdam, removed to Albany, en- gaging in business, chief clerk and correspondent in the of- fice of the Receiver of the Universal Lite Insurance Co., four years. Removed to New York city in 1889 and was 80 Potsdam Normal School. employed in the publishing houses of Chas. L. Webster & Co., and Chas. Scribner Sons; at present with Funk cS: Wagnalls Co. He has been successful with all of these firms, but never has lost his attachment and regard for the teacher's vocation. MKS.AL1CE E. H AKTN ESS-SeH EKMEHHORN, '78-80 Her acquaintance with Potsdam Normal began with the teachers' training class in the fall of 72. This class which numbered about fifty was composed mostly of district school teachers who for a term of ten weeks came to study the Methods. The following winter she taught district school in Lisbon. Her parents moving from that town to North Gage, Oneida Co., she taught there the next year. Returning to Potsdam she became one of the forty girls who found a home in the Normal Building during the last year of its use as a dormitory. During her course she taught several terms studying at the same time and graduated in the Classical Course January 29, 1878. After graduating she remained with the school. The following term she supplied Prof. Loomis' place as teacher of higher mathe- matics, he being obliged to give up the work on account of ill health. The next year she had charge of arithmetic and critic work in that subject and later arithmetic meth- ods; held this position until June 1880 when she resigned on account of her mother's death. After remaining at home about two years she became the wife of C. Schcrmer- horn, of North Gage, N. Y. She has three daughters Mabel, Florence and Helen. Present residence Poland, N. V. P'ROF&SSO'R F. E. HATHOHNE, 18T5— . F. E. HATHORNE was born in New Haven, Vt. After completing the Collegiate Preparatory Course at Beeman Academy in his native town, he entered the New England Conservatory of Music where he studied with Messrs J. C. D. Parker, George E. Whiting and S. A. BiograpJiical Sketches of Faculty. 81 Emery; after graduation he continued his post graduate studies with the eminent artist and teacher, Mr. A. D. Turner. He first came to Potsdam in 1875, and has been connect- ed with the Normal School as Director of the Instrumental Department of the Normal Conservatory of Music since that time, with the exception of five years, for two years of which time he was pursuing his post graduate course and for three years he was director of the Musical Institute at East Greenwich, R. I. In 1886 he was recalled to Potsdam to resume charge of his former department. He has graduated many good pianists who are filling important positions. He is also conductor of the Mozart Club, Organist and Choir Master of the Trinity Episcopal church. In 1890 he was appointed examiner of the New England Conservatory of Music. PROFESSOR GILES P. HAWLEg, A. B., 1872-1873. Giles Parmlee Hawley was born in Potsdam, July 13th, 1848. After a few years teaching he graduated at Union College in '71 and was elected teacher of Vocal Music and Elocution in the Normal in the fall of '72. In the fall of '73 he was elected teacher in the High School, Syracuse. While at Syracuse he felt himself called to the Ministry and at once entered the Union Theological Semi- nary, from which he graduated in '76, ^nd accepted the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian church at Saratoga. In '82 he made a somewhat extended tour abroad, and up- on his return he re-entered the Ministry. In '84 his Alma Mater called him to the chair of Metaphysics and English Literature. He was an active member of several literary societies and gave many literary addresses. He was fond of the German classics, and among his literary labors should be named translations from Jean Paul Richter. He was a man of vigorous thought and earnest purpose. His death, April 23, '85 was a great loss to the literary world and to the body of faithful teachers. Q. C. H. 6, 82 Potsdam Normal School. MISS PHEBE M. HAgNES, 1882-1884. Phebe M. Haynes was born Sept. 14, 1838 in Strongsville, Ohio. Music was an important element in her home life. Her training was at home chiefly, until at the rge of four- teen she went to Oberlin and nearly completed the Classi- cal Course and studied music. Taught in Montezuma, Indiana, in 1862-3, in Terre Haute, Female Seminary, 1863-4, in Oberlin, 1864-8, and in Conservatory when found- ed. Studied in New York Conservatory with Signor Eranni one year. '69 -'70 taught in Orange, N. J,, and sang in Grace church, again in Oberlin, and sang in St. Paul, Cleveland. '72 she moved to St. Louis, where she had good choir positions and taught four years, and one year in Berea College, Kentucky. '77-79 in Mankato, Minnesota, '79-'8o traveled and studied in Europe, Leipsic, Berlin, Milan, Paris, London, etc. '8o-'82 in Oberlin and Elyria, Ohio, '82-^84 in Potsdam S. N. S., when she was called to the care of her brother's home in Mankato, Minnesota. She now resides with her sister, Mrs. Swift, Oberlin, Ohio. MISS JULIA HOLeOMB, 1870-18T1. Julia Holcomb received her Academic training at the St. Lawrence Academy, and to qualify herself for teaching music she studied under John W. Tufts, Carlo Bassini, Al- berto Laurence and Wm. Mason of New York, W. S. B. Mathews of Chicago, and other well known musicians. After teaching two years in Vermont she located in Potsdam in 1867, and in the winter of '69-70, at the request of the Principal and Local Board of the Normal School she accepted the position of music teacher, but resigned in the summer of '71 on acccount of failing health. After a few months rest and change of work, she went to Spring- field, Illinois, when she taught until '92, when she was call- ed home by the illness of her mother. Miss Holcomb's specialty is voice training, in which she has been very successful. Present address, Winthrop, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 83 MHS. H. H. HOWE, 1873-1875. Mrs. H. H. Howe early showed a remarkable voice, and is remembered as the prima donna of Potsdam for many years. Her clear, bird-like voice thrilled many an audi- ence to enthusiasm as unbounded as that aroused in the same hearts by Thursby and Cary. For eighteen years she sang in the choir of the Presbyterian Church. In 1873 she was elected teacher of Vocal Music and remained in charge of the work tor two years until her removal to Brooklyn, N. Y., where she became a member of the Phil- harmonic Club, organized and conducted by Theodore Thomas, and remained a member of the organization dur- ing its existence. Her present address is Ludlow, Vt. MKS. ELEAMOK B. JONES, 1869-1877. Eleanor E. Jones was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., February 1844. When seventeen years of age, she began her career as teacher, working in various district schools until called to the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation to act as missionary teacher among the Senecas. Upon the com- pletion of her course at the Oswego Normal in 1869, Miss Jones came to Potsdam, to take charge of the primary department of the Normal School, and remained in this position until February '77, when failing health demanded a change. Three years were then given to rest and study. In October '79, she went to Detroit, Mich., to study with Mr. and Mrs. Hailman in their training school for Kinder- gartners. Her election to the Principalship of the Normal Practice School, Lewiston, Maine, called her from her studies. Nearly three years were spent in Maine when she resumed her kindergarten work taking a full course of study in the Oswego Normal School. Miss Jones has always felt a keen interest in the work of other teachers, and has seen Normal and other schools of various cities of Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Wyoming and Washington, D. C. She has endeavored to get the latest thought upon Kindergartening from a variety of 84 Potsdam Normal School. sources, — from books, magazines, training schools, and kin- dergartens in several places. She is now engaged in train- ing kindergartners in Ithaca, N. Y. MISS ELIZA KBLLAS, 1888-1890. Eliza Kellas graduated from the Normal School June '89, and was at once elected as teacher in the Preparatory Department, with Composition and Geography in the Nor- mal. She remained at Potsdam two years and accepted the position of Principal of the Intermediate Department, and teacher of Methods in the Plattsburgh Normal School, in which institution she continues her labors as Preceptress. Miss Kellas's strength as a teacher is due in large measure to her accurate scholarship, and to her logical habits of thinking. MISS MTVRy M. KgLE, 1873-1889. Mary M. Kyle was born in Montreal, Canada, and came when a child to St. Lawrence County where she re- ceived her early education afterwards studying at Fair- fax, Vt., and in Boston, Mass. A bright, alert mind enabled her to acquire readily and to use with skill whatever idea or line of work suited her purpose. Teaching was early chosen as her profession and thou- sands of pupils in loving remembrance, recall her versatil- ity, her genial and happy manner, and her inspiring person- ality. She began her teaching in La Grange Mo.; she taught in New Hampshire and for a time was a teacher in the public schools of Boston. In 1873, she was elected teacher of Drawing, French, History, English Literature and Rhetoric in the Potsdam Normal, which position she held until July '89. During her connection with the Nor- mal she spent two years abroad in travel and in perfecting her knowledge of the French and German languages. In '89 she resigned to accept a position in Granville, Ohio, and later was teacher of Drawing, Painting and French in Chadwick College, Ouincy, 111. She is at present, ('95) traveling in California, Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 85 M*RS. HAHHIET A. L B BT B-C L APP, 18T9. Harriet A. Leete entered the Normal from St Law- rence Academy, graduated from Academic Department in 1 87 1 ; studied French at St. Hyacinthe and Longueuil, P. Q.; re-entered the Normal in '73 ; graduated in '74 En- glish with Latin; taught '74 Lawrenceville Academy ; '74-5 Madrid ; '75-6 Rouse's Point ; '76-7 Madrid ; Arithmetic and Grammar, Potsdam Normal, '78-79; graduated from Mrs. M. Kraus-Boelte's Seminary for Kindergartners, N. Y., in '80 ; taught Kindergarten in Bethel, Vermont, '81; Kindergarten in Potsdam, '82-83 ; Marion, Ind., '84 ; Hunt- ington, lnd., '85 ; kept N. L. Stone's books in Potsdam, '85-'6 ; Kindergarten in Potsdam, '87; Kindergarten in Hackensack, N. J., '88-92 ; married Sanford Elliott Clapp, July 1892. Children, Elliott Leete, '93, died November '93; Adelaide Eliza, '95. Spent one summer at Dr. Tourgee's summer music school at East Greenwich, R. I., a year in Washington, D. C. Present residence Hackensack, N. J. /WHS. LUeg A. LEONAHD-"REgMOLt)S, 1869-1873. Lucy A. Leonard was born in Pierrepont, N. Y., and graduated from Mt. Holyoke Seminary. She taught sev- eral years in the Franklin Academy, Malone, N. Y., and at the opening of the Normal in '69 was elected teacher of Mathematics, and in '71 of Composition, which position she held until her resignation in July '73. A teacher of keen intellect and unerring intuition, by her gracious and winning manner, her tender and sympathetic nature she awakened all the nobler qualities of her pupils, and stimu- lated them to their highest attainments. February 4, 1874, she was married to Jesse Reynolds, M. D. of Potsdam. Her death occurred November 5, 1882. The following extract is taken from a tribute to her memory, by the First Preceptress of the Normal. "Early her work for this world was accomplished, rich and abun- dant had been her soul's experience, life's discipline had been completed, the heart had expanded to its full measure 86 Potsdam Normal School. of capacity, the great sculptor's chisel had wrought its perfect finish on her character, and her spirit had complet- ed the deep meaning of life's mystery." Of her three sons, Leonard J. graduated from the Normal in the class of Jan. '95, James I. Jan. '96, and Guy H. is still an undergraduate member of the school. PKOFESSOR EUGENE S. LOOMIS, 1875-1879. Eugene S. Loomis was born at East Pembroke, Genesee Co., N. Y., February 26, 1852. He was educated at East Pembroke Academy, Brockport Normal School and finish- ed the first two years in Rochester University. He was married to Miss Delia Augusta Chappell of Lima, Nov. 22, 1873. Miss Chappell had taken the Normal Course at Brockport. Prof, and Mrs. Loomis were teaching in the East Pembroke Academy, when he was called to Potsdam to take the chair of Mathematics and Greek. Prof. Loomis saw things under the white light and in that grasp of them he taught. He had the remarkable power of working students to their utmost and yet retaining their love. He did not spare self. In the conflict he sacrificed his life too early. The nervous energy which should have gone to both brain and digestion he transferred very largely to the brain and died literally at his post. His last work was done when he was physically unable to ascend more than one flight of stairs. He died January, 1879, being connected with the Normal School less than five years. As a worker and teacher he had very few equals if any superiors for his age. He aspired to get to the head, and no one who knew him well had any doubt of the results, had his body been able to endure the strain. He was kind hearted, sociable, and a man to be trusted under all circumstances. His habits were clean and his influence salutarv in the extreme. In short he was a scholarly, christian gentleman. Warren Mann. Biographical Sketches of Fatuity. S" AVRS. MINNIE *R. LUeAS-GOETZ, 1886-1893. Minnie R. Lucas was born in Westboro, Mass. Her early education was acquired in the public schools, and at Pierce Academy, Middleboro. While yet very young she was engaged in teaching, her pupils varying from children of five years to young men and women. After one year's work, she attended the Historic Eliot Academy, Boston whose founder was John Eliot, the missionary to the Indians. While in Boston she obtained her technical edu- cation in her chosen branch of special teaching at the Mon- roe Conservatory (no*v Emerson College of Oratory) where she took both the regular and the post-graduate courses of study and practice. To extend her knowledge of Physi- cal training she took instruction at the Hemmenway Gym- nasium, Harvard College, thus becoming familiar with one of the most extensive and popular systems of Gymnastics and Athletic training, as well as the appointments of a well equipped gymnasium. At the close of her course of study she accepted a position in the State Normal School at Potsdam, N. Y., where she was a devoted worker for seven years. In June 1893, she resigned to become the wife of Rev. Leander Goetz, of Williamsport, Pa., which city has since been her home and field of labor. PHOFESSOK GILBERT B. /WAAJLEg, A. M., 18TO-1971. Gilbert B. Manley, son of Rev. George and Esther Smith Manley, was left an orphan at the age ol seven years. He prepared for College at the St. Lawrence Academy, and at a private school at Williamstown, Mass., and gradu- ated from Williams College, A. B. 1857; A, M., '60. For six years after graduation he was Principal of the Acade- mies at Conway and at Amherst, Mass., and of the Frank- lin Academy at Malone, N. Y. He was elected teacher of Mathematics, Botany and Language at the Normal in '70, and resigned in '71 to become Principal of the Homer (N. Y.) Academy. In '73 he became proprietor of the St. Lawrence Plaindealer, Canton, N. Y., and has conducted 88 Potsdam Normal School. its business ever since. In '50 he married Martha L. Hyde of Massena. Of the three children, the eldest is the wife of R. E. Sumner, of the St. Lawrence Herald, Potsdam; the second, Williston, is associate editor of the Plaindealer; and the youngest, Mark Manley, M. D., is a member of the Medical Staff of the Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn. /VVRS. AMELIA A. Mc FADD EN -AW t) EKSOM , 18T1-18T8. Amelia A. McFadden became a member of the faculty in September '71. Her educational advantages, aside from the public and the select school, had been one year in the Al- bany Normal School and one year in the Potsdam Normal School, from the latter of which she graduated from the English Course in June '71. In the following September she entered the school as assistant teacher of Mathematics, where she remained seven years. For several vears follow- ing, her time was spent chiefly in the care of an invalid mother. These years of home life proved perhaps the most telling in their influence of any in her whole life. Being free from school duties, and home cares being light, she had time for work in the community in which she lived. In church and society work, and in missionary and temperance effort among the young, these years are regarded by herself as among the most satisfactory in her life's experience. In January '89 she was married to Geo. H. Anderson of Plattsburgh. And now at her home in the outskirts of the village of Plattsburgh and on the shore of the beautiful Lake Cham- plain, there awaits a welcome for old time friends who shared with her the joys and sorrows of Potsdam Normal School life. MISS ANNA McLACmy, 1883-1884. Anna McLAURY prepared for College at Forest ville Free Academy, and at the Fredonia Normal; was Principal of the Intermediate Department one year, graduated at Wellesley in '86; and has taught since '86, with the except- ion of one year, at the New Hampshire Normal and in the Fredonia Normal. Biographical Sketches of Facility. 89 PHOFESSOH WILLIAM T>. MAKSH, A. M. 1879-1881. William Dixon Marsh was born in Potsdam, August 2, 1854. Before entering the Normal School he attended the private school of Mrs. Truesdell, and District No. 8, which was taught by Mr. L. L. Goodale. He also spent one term in the St. Lawrence Academy under Professor George H. Sweet. After working over two years in the sash and door shop of George B. Swan he entered the Normal School and graduated in the classical course in June, 1874. For one year he was Principal of the Gouver- neur Graded School. Resigning this position and enter- ing Syracuse University in September 1875, he graduated A. B., June 1879. He was teacher of Mathematics in the Potsdam Normal School from Feb. 1879 to June 1881. En- tering the Boston School of Theology of Boston Univer- sity, he graduated in June 1883, receiving the degree of B. D. In 1882 he received from Syracuse University the degree of A. M. July 19, 1875, Rev. A. Bramley gave him a license to exhort, in 1877 at Syracuse he was licensed to preach, joined the Northern New York Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church 1883, and has received the following appointments; Parishville, two years ; Norwood, three years; Malone, five years; Watertown, State Street Church, serving the second year. He was married to Lilian Church Sept. 5, 1883, at Morristown, N. Y. Their daughter, Clara Church Marsh, was born Sept. 11, 1893. MKS. EUNICE, J. MEKHIAM-EASTMAN, 1869-1871. Eunice J. Merriam is a native of Malone, Franklin County, N. Y. She received her early education in the public schools of Malone, graduating from Franklin Acad- emy in '67; '68 she entered the Oswego Normal School and graduated '69 at which time she was engaged by Dr. M. MacVicar to fill the position of Critic teacher in the Train- ing Department of the Normal School at Potsdam, which position was assumed in the fall of '69 and continued for two years, at the end of which time she resigned to accept 90 Potsdam Normal School. a position in "Chickering Institute," a private school for boys and young men in Cincinnati, Ohio. This position was resigned after one year, and in the fall of 1872 she re- turned to Potsdam as the wife of George L. Eastman a resident of this place, which has ever since been her per- manent home. Mr. Eastman was early in the administra- tion of President Harrison made Post Master at Potsdam, but his health which was then rapidly declining, later failed him entirely, and his death occurred in the fall ol '91, after which Mrs. Eastman was appointed Post Mistress with a commission for four years. She is the mother of five children, three sons and two daughters. Her daughter Susan graduated June '95, and her two youngest children are receiving their education at the Potsdam Normal School. MISS ELLEN J. ME1VR1TT, 1869-1871. Ellen J. Merritt was born May 26, 1825, in Sudbury, Vt., and began her life as a teacher just before her seven- teenth birthday. She graduated from the Ludlow Acad- emy at Ludlow, Vt., and went to Middlebury to teach a select school for a year ; afterwards coming to St. Law- rence county, she engaged in teaching both district and select schools and for a term assisted Mr. Charles T. Pooler in his school of Mathematics in Potsdam. In 1855 she was called to take charge of a Seminary at Ottawa, Canada, where she remained four years teaching with marked suc- cess both English and French. When this school passed into other hands, she again taught in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., and in Rock County, Wis., and in Council Bluffs, Iowa, when she was called home to the care of her sick and dying mother. In '69 she graduated from the Oswego Normal School and at once came to the Potsdam Normal as Teacher of Methods. Miss Merritt was present at the opening of the school and assisted in its organization. In '7° sne studied Elocution with Prof. Leonard of Bos- ton. In '72 a severe and sudden pulmonic attack compelled Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 9 1 her to resign and take rest and change of climate. She was soon restored by the dry, pure air of Colorado and resumed work in a private school in Pueblo, Col., where she taught two years. While visiting Colorado Springs she was engaged in one of the graded schools, and at the end of the year was elected Vice- Principal of the Colorado Springs High School to which position she was re-elected for the sixth year, but over-work and the high altitude again demanded a change. After a year's rest she taught one year in Iowa then went abroad for travel and study, remaining about two years. Most of the time was spent in France, much of it in Paris. Miss Merritt gave especial attention to the study of the French language and the politics and social questions of the time and country. Upon her return she taught in Harttord, Conn., two years and at Red Oak, la., two years, since which time she has conduct- ed private classes in French and has been engaged in mis- sion and temperance work in Iowa and Colorado. In New York and Nebraska she has done effective work in Teach- ers' Institutes. Her labors have been long and abundant. She is living at Arvada, Colo. MKS. MAKGAKET MILAJE-GL1BDEN, 1879-1881. Margaret Milne w^as born in West Rush, Monroe Co., but at a very early age removed with her parents to Hol- ley, Orleans Co., N. Y. She received her first instruction in the Holiey Academy. She entered the Brockport State Normal School in 1870, but went with her brother William J. Milne to Geneseo when he became Principal of the Geneseo Normal School, where, in 1874 she graduated in the Classical Course of that institution. Since graduation she has taught six years. One year as preceptress at Cuba, N. Y., three years as preceptress at Corning, N. Y., and two years as teacher of English Grammar and Rhetoric in the Potsdam Normal School. In 1881 she was married to Charles H. Glidden, M. D. ot Little Falls where she has since resided. 92 Potsdam Normal School. PHOFBSSOH ALBERT W. MOREHOUSE, A. M., '88-93 Albert Wm. Morehouse was born in Brockport Col legiate Institute June 13, 1844; prepared for College in Al- bion Academy, Medina Academy, and Brockport Collegiate Institute; was Principal of the Preparatory Department of Brockport Collegiate Institute under the direction of Oliver Morehouse and M. MacVicar; graduated from the University of Rochester in July 1869; married Nov. 25, 1869, in Albion, N. Y .; was Vice-Principal of Albion Academy and Teacher of Latin and Greek 1869-71; re- ceived the degree of A. M., for special post graduate work in July 1872 and was elected to membership in the Phi Beta Chi society; was Principal of Weedsport Union School and Academy 1871-76, School Commissioner of Cayuga Co., N. Y., 1876-79 in charge of 167 schools; Secretary of N. Y. State Association of School Commissioners and City Superintendents 1876-80; Principal of Port Byron Free School and Academy 1878-88, during which time he prepar- ed several students for Cornell University in Mathematics, who received the Cornell cash scholarship, for passing the best entrance examination; was Secretary of the N. Y. State Teachers' Association 1884-92; teacher of Higher Mathematics, Geology and Astronomy in the State Normal School at Potsdam, N. Y., from Sept. 1888 to July 1893. He has traveled quite extensively through the western and southern portions of the U. S. in pursuit of Geological researches, and has published several small works relating to Algebra, Geometry and Latin Analysis. MISS ALieE L. MOOKE, 1893-1894. Alice L. Moore was born in Wales, Erie Co. N. Y. Her early education was received in the district school and two terms at the Aurora Academy. She then entered the Buffalo State Normal School which she attended four years, graduating from the Classical Course June '83. She taught three years in a Grammar grade, Cedar Falls, Iowa, and three years as the Preceptress in the Aurora High Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 93 School. She spent one year in inspecting schools, and studying methods. Three years attended, in Boston, the Emerson College of Oratory, from which she graduated and thentook post-graduate course. In '93 she was elected Teacher of Reading and Calisthenics at the Potsdam State Normal School, where she remained only one year, on account of failing health. Her rare qualities as a teacher were due to her extensive experience, which gave her an enlarged sympathy with pupils and made her work a con- stant inspiration and encouragement. pnoFEsscm sTANSBcmy no*rse, 1893-. Stansbury Norse was born August 3rd, 1847, entered college 1863, but left to enter the army February '64, and served "until the end of the war." In 1872 he was engag- ed as a civil engineer, made the preliminary surveys, and directed in the construction of the West Shore Tunnel near New York City ; '74 he was resident engineer for the Laflin & Rand Powder Co., Wayne, N. J. His practi- cal experience enhances his value as a teacher of Industrial Drawing. Fortunately for art, an injury received while engaged at Weehawken, obliged him to abandon Civil Engineering. A little water color sketch, made in '80 from memory, and which commanded the attention of an artist, determined his life work. While studying at the Academy of Design in New York he outlined a course of study for pupils in Drawing, which he afterwards developed and tested with pupils in his private studio. Many of the productions of Prof. Norse have been honored by a place in the most important Art Exhibitions of our country, and have been selected to grace the walls of private art galleries ; others have appeared in leading Art Journals as models for study. Prof. Norse has devel- oped a distinctive System of Teaching Drawing, whose best commendation is the results produced. He is a regu- lar contributor to the "Art Amateur," having charge of the Department of Drawing Methods. 94 Potsdam Normal School. MISS FRANCES A. PA*RMETE*R, 1871-1880. Frances A. Parmeter entered the Normal from the St. Lawrence Academy, Potsdam, in '69, taught four terms before entering the Normal, was graduated in '71 English Course; Critic in Primary Department Potsdam Normal, '71-73 ; Principal of Primary Department, Nyack, N. Y., '73-76 ; Principal of Primary Department, Potsdam Normal '77-80; traveled in Europe '80-81, visiting schools in Lon- don and in Germany; Method teacher and Critic, White- water, Wis. '85-91 ; Principal of Training Department, Chico State Normal, California, '91-95. MISS IDA J. PHELPS, 1884-1886. Ida Jessie Phelps was born in 1854, in Lawrence, Massa- chusetts. Her youth was spent in an uninterrupted course in the public schools followed by a course in the Lawrence Training School. The study of French developed in her a fondness for this language which was strengthened by a year's residence in a French convent forty miles from Montreal. After four years' work in ungraded and village schools the desire for a higher education became so strong that she resolved to enter college, and selected St. Law- rence University as her Alma Mater. On the recommen- dation of members of the college faculty she was engaged to teach at the Potsdam Normal School during the two years of Miss Kyle's absence abroad. Since then she has taught in Massachusetts, having been for three years of the time in charge of the literary work of the boys' depart- ment of Perkins Institute for the Blind at South Boston. She is at present teacher of French at Dean Academy, Franklin, Massachusetts. MISS AMELIA QUA, 1884-1886. M. Amelia Qua of the class of '75 was called to the Normal in the Fall of '79 as Critic in the Primary Depart- ment and Teacher of Primary Methods, where she remain- ed three years. In '86 she was elected secretary of the Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 95 "Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior," and 'Sy-'g^ Pastor's assistant, Plymouth Congregational Church, Chicago, Illinois. MKS. EMMA LOUISE QUA-BLAKESLEE, 1869-1872. Emma Louise Qua in early life had the advantages of the district school, two years in the West Hebron Acad- emy, N. Y .., one in the Brockport Collegiate Institute, two years of private instruction (in Hudson City) in French and music, during which time she taught private and district schools. Hearing of Dr. MacVicar's advanced educational work in Brockport, she entered a three years' classical course continuing her musical studies graduating in '66. After two years' experience as Principal of Union School, and teach- ing instrumental music, she studied one year in the Brock- port Normal, and was then called to the Potsdam Normal, where she taught three years, and married Prof. Erasmus Darwin Blakeslee. In y y6 Prof. Blakeslee went to Albany, N. Y., to complete his law course, was admitted to the Bai- rn May 1877, came home ill, and the next seven years her life work was nursing him. The last four years of his life she taught Rhetoric, Composition and English grammar, in the East Greenwich Academy, Rhode Island. After her husband's death, Oct. '83, and a rest of two years she ac- cepted her present position, Director and Inspector of Vocal Music in the Oshkosh, Wis., Normal School which position she has held eight years. PROFESSCTR C A. "ROSEG-RAAJT, A. 3., 1895. Clark A. Rosegrant was born August 8, 1866, in Lis- bon, St. Lawrence Co. He attended the country schools until the age of fifteen when he entered Ogdensburg school No. 2 in the spring of '81 and the Ogdensburg Free Acad- emy the following autumn. He graduated with the first class to leave the Academy, that of '84, but remained one year longer for work in Greek and Latin. In June '85 he won a scholarship to Cornell University, which institution g6 Potsdam Normal School. he entered the following September. After spending three years at the University it became necessary to leave for financial reasons. He was appointed a teacher in the schools of Ogdensburg in '88, but resigned the following March and entered Eastman's Business College at Pough- keepsie, from which he graduated in July of the same year. The following two years were spent in a business capacity in the South and West, but he again returned to Cornell University in November '90, and graduated, June '91. The year '91-92 was spent as teacher of Ancient and Modern Languages in Lowville Academy. From there he came to Potsdam, N. Y., to fill a temporary vacancy, occasioned by the absence of Dr. F. L. Dewey during the first half of the year '92-93. In the following fall, '93, he entered the University Preparatory School at Ithaca, as instructor and at the same time, pursued post-graduate work in science, at Cornell. He remained in this position until called to Pots- dam, Feb. '95, to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Dr. Dewey. MISS CLA-RA M. "RUSSELL, 188^-1891. Clara M. Russell received her preparatory education in the District School, Massena Center, and in the Union Free School and Academy, Massena, N. Y. Entered the State Normal School, Potsdam, N. Y., in 1875, graduated in June 1880. Taught one year during the under-graduate course at the Normal School. After graduation, she taught one year in Bedford Academy, Westchester Co., N. Y., and three years as principal of the Graded School at Ka- tonah, N. Y. At the close of the third year in Katonah, she was called to the principalship of the Intermediate Depart- ment of the Training School at Potsdam, resigning at the close of the seventh year. In February of the following year accepted the position of teacher of Methods in Geo- graphy and Science, in the State Normal College, Albany, N. Y. Pursued a special course in Biology, during the summer of '93 in the Harvard Summer School. Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 97 PHOFESSO-R EDGTVRS. SHUMWALJ, A. M. Ph. D., '82-3 Edgar S. Shumway, Professor of the Latin Language and Literature, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., fitted for college at Williston Seminary; supported himself in preparatory school and college; graduated at Amherst in '79; studied and taught (Greek) at Baptist Union Theo- logical Seminary, Chicago, '79; taught Latin in Chelten- ham Academy, '8o-'82; Latin and Greek in Potsdam Nor- mal, '82-'83; founded and for four years edited "Latine"; taught Latin at Chautauqua and Amherst Summer Schools; adjunct professor of Latin, Rutgers College, '83-'85; Pro- fessor of the Latin Language and Literature, '85 — ; Author of "A Hand Book of Latin Synonymes", and "A Day in Ancient Rome"; by permission of the trustees of Rutgers College, studied in Europe, '87-'88, visiting Germany, Bel- gium, Austria, Greece, Italy, France and England. PHOFESSOK G. C SCHUTTS A. M., 1879-1888. George C. Schutts was born in Schoharie County, N. Y.; he spent his early life upon a farm; attended a district school and prepared for college at Fort Edward Institute, N. Y.; taught several terms of district school, the first two of which he "boarded round"; in 1877 graduated from the Classical Course of the Normal School at Geneseo, N. Y.; taught nearly two years as principal ot the Graded School at Crescent, N. Y.; then took a position in the Normal School at Potsdam, doing among other things the rhetori- cal work; was shortly after elected to the chair of Mathe- matics, which he held until 1888; in 1878 was married to Em- ma V. Sudden of Altamont, N. Y. While at Potsdam credits were given and examinations taken, covering the first three years of a College Course at St. Lawrence Uni- versity. In 1888 he resigned to take the Department of Mathematics and History at the Normal School of White- water, Wisconsin. He has engaged in Institute work in that State several weeks each year since entering the Q. C. H. 7. gS Potsdam Normal School. State; published a hand book in Arithmetic by Ginn & Co., and has now in press a Geometry on the heuristic plan published by Tracy & Gibbs, Madison. He has spent two vacations traveling and camping out in the Rocky Mountains. PROFESSOR GEOKGE W. F. SMITH, A. B., 1881-1882. George W. F. Smith entered the Normal at the open- ing of the school and graduated January '73, having taught one term during his under-graduate course; '74-'75 he was Principal of the Gouverneur Union School; '75-' 79, Yale College; 'yg-'Si, Normal Department of Kansas University; '8i-'82, Mathematics and Rhetoric, State Normal School, Potsdam, N. Y.; '83, Natural Science, German American Teachers' Seminary, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; from which position he was called by the death of his aunt, which made it necessary for him to remain in Potsdam, where he has been engaged in surveying and civil engineering. While teaching in Milwaukee he was an active member of the State Natural History Society, and also of the State Mic- roscopical Society. MISS IDA B. ST&y&H, 1883- Ida B. Steyer, since 1883 teacher of German and French in the State Normal School, Potsdam, received her educa- tion in Germany, where she graduated after finishing a ten years' course of study, in one of the well known schools in the Kingdom of Saxony. Having been confirmed in the Lutheran church, she continued different studies as His- tory, Literature, etc., under private teachers for two years. Some years later she took up a two years' course of Eng- lish Language and Literature, at the same time taking a course in German Literature, and preparing herself for teaching. She taught first in Leipzig. Coming to America she taught in Maine; and after having taken a course in Dr. Sauveur's School of Languages, she was connected as Biographical Sketches of Faculty. 99 teacher with that institution in the University of Burling- ton, Vt. Miss Steyer has visited many places renowned by history or known either by their industry or scenery. M*RS. MTVRg L. STUAHT-BAgTON, 1873-1876. Mary L. Stuart had her preparatory education at Nor- wood and entered the Normal, having taught three terms; graduated from the English Course, July 1, '73. After graduation she taught in the Primary Department of the Training School as Assistant and Critic for three years. In January '77 she married Mr. Dayton and has since resid- ed in Hopkinton, Potsdam, N. Y.; Anthony, Kansas, and Trinidad, Colorado. She has one daughter, Mary, whom she hopes to send to the Normal. PKOFESSOH CHARLES G. TOWNSEAID, A. M„ '77-'83. Charles C. Townsend's opportunities for obtaining a common school education were afforded in the successive terms of the District School ol North Lawrence, his native village. These he attended until fourteen years of age. Two terms were then spent in the Academy at Lawrence- ville, N. Y.; in February 1869 at the opening of the Pots- dam Normal School, he was enrolled as a student in this institution. Four years were spent here, and in February of 1873 he graduated from the Classical Course with a class of eight members. In the Fall of 1873, he entered the Classical Course of the University of Rochester, and com- pleted the course in 1877, with the degree of A. B. He taught some during each of the last three years of the Col- lege course, one term in the Boys' Military School near Rochester; 19 weeks in the Rochester City Night Schools; two half terms in the Potsdam Normal School as a supply. He received the degree ol A. M. in course from his Alma Mater in 1890. Alter graduation in 1887, he was employ- ed as a teacher of Methods in Geography and Critic in the Training Department of the Potsdam Normal School, afterwards as a teacher of Methods in Arithmetic, besides !00 Potsdam Normal School. occasional classes in History, Civil Government and Ger- man. While in the school, he prepared and had printed a Syllabus of the work in Geography, which was used as a guide for the work in that department. He taught six years as a regular teacher in the school. He entered the minis- try of the Methodist Episcopal Church in April 1883, re ~ signing his position to take effect at the following June Commencement. Since entering the work of the ministry, he has completed a four years' course in Theology. He has been stationed successively as pastor at Buck's Bridge, '83-4; Watertown, State St., '85-7; Lowville, '88-92; Malone, 93-6. He was President of the Alumni, '74, also '95, and preach- ed the Baccalaureate sermon before the class of '84. '78 married Hattie M. Morgan, ('75). Children; Harold, '79; Arthur, '80; Carl, '82; William, '87; Edith '90. PHOFBSSO-R HENHg A. WATKI/MS, 1880-. Henry A. W ATKINS is achild of the Normal. At the age of eight he entered the Primary Department of the School of Practice in '69. His father's active interest in the school as the first President of the Local Board made him familiar with the school from its beginning. He graduated from the Classical Course, June '80, and was elected teacher of Arithmetic, Geography and Grammar; and in '84, he organized and took charge of the orchestra. He re- signed the Academic work, to become book keeper for the Watkins Lumber Co., from which position he was elected first bookkeeper of the National Bank of Potsdam. He mar- ried Carrie L. Moore (V. '88); one son living. He is conduc- tor of the Normal Orchestra. PKOFESSO*R J. T. WEBB, 188^-1886. J. T. Webb was born at Fort Covington, Franklin Co., N. Y. in 1859. He worked at home on a farm, attending district school winters until seventeen years of age. In 1877 he entered the Fort Covington Academy and pursued Biograpliical Sketches of Faculty. 101 the classical course two years. In 1880 he entered the State Normal School, commencing the classical course, but owing to tailing health, was obliged to leave school at the close of the first quarter of the third year. While at the Normal he became interested in art, giving special atten- tion to drawing under the instruction of Miss Mary Kyle. His progress in drawing was such that he decided to pur- sue a course in art, and, instead of returning to complete the Normal course, entered the New England Conserva- tory, Boston, completing the two years course in drawing and painting in the spring of 1884. Miss Kyle, then teacher of drawing at the Normal, was given a leave of absence for two years and Mr. Webb was elected to fill the vacancy. He resigned the position on Miss Kyle's return in 1886, and opened a private studio at Potsdam. He gave instruc- tion in painting and drawing at his studio and at adjoin- ing towns until 1891, during which time he also instructed the teachers in the Canton, N. Y. Schools. In 1892 he was elected supervisor of drawing and penmanship in the Pub- lic Schools of Chillicothe, Ohio, which position he still holds. MKS. MA"Rg L. WOOD-NOIVRIS, 1871-1884. Mary L. Wood received her early education at the noted "Emma Willard Female College" Troy, N. Y. After two years of special preparation under excellent teachers of French and German, she entered the school of Dio Lewis for Physical Culture and Elocution, and was connected with the same for six years. She also studied at the Mon- roe and Leonard Schools of Elocution, Boston, Mass. While in Boston she was elected teacher of Physical Cul- ture and Elocution in the Potsdam Normal where she continued thirteen years. 120 E. 26th St., New York City. 102 Potsdam Normal School. MISS AMANDA A. WOOD7VFVD, 1891-189*. Amanda A. Woodard's early educational advantages were of the most liberal character. She was instructed by private tutors until ready for the third year's work. Then attended private schools until prepared for the higher grammar grade. A Grammar and Academic course, in- cluding a full course in French was completed in the Utica schools. This was further supplemented by a course of private study. Miss Woodard then received the appoint- ment as assistant teacher in one of the grammar grades of the Utica schools. This was followed by an appointment to the Principalship of a higher grade school numbering five hundred pupils. After having charge of this school four years, in 1885 Miss Woodard received another promo- tion, being called to the assistant principalship of the high- est grammar grade of the Utica school, where she remained until the Fall of 1891 when she assumed the charge of the Intermediate Department of the Potsdam State Normal, which position she held until her decease November, 1894. Miss Woodard was a teacher of strong personality, whose life ennobled all her pupils. MISS HELEN S. WRIGHT, 1869-1877. Helen S. Wright's earlier education was received in the public schools and in Franklin Academy. On graduation she was made instructor in the schools, and one year later took the place of preceptress. When this school was merged in the Fredonia Normal, she became teacher of English and preceptress of the Academic Department of the Normal; entered the Potsdam Normal School in '70, resigned with failing health in '72; spent three years fol- lowing in the South, the last two as teacher in Sayre Insti- tute, Lexington, Kentucky; studied in Boston Normal Art School during the winter of 1 875-6; went to Cali- fornia in 1876 to enter the State Normal School at San Jose; after one year as teacher of English and Drawing, Biogi'apJiical Sketches of Faculty. 103 was made Preceptress; continued in this position till '88; went abroad, giving- a year to study and travel, not the least valuable part of which was a trip through Bible lands; returning, resumed work in English, principally Litera- ture and Grammar; at present making special effort to disseminate throughout the State, by means of Normal graduates, better and more practical and effective methods of teaching English grammar, the germ of which methods, with many other valuable ideas, was received from Dr. MacVicar in the old Potsdam days. MRS. NELLIE LANG-BART LETT, 1895— Nellie Lang was born in Massena and received her preparatory education at Norwood. She entered the Normal '78, and graduated from the Academic Department Classical Course, '83. In 1884 she married Charles L. Bart- lett, of Norwood, who died Nov. 26, 1890. She has two daughters, Ruth '86, and Gladys '89, who is attending the Primary Department. In the Spring of '91 Mrs. Bartlett entered the Normal Department and remained one term; in the Fall of '91 she accepted the position of preceptress at Norwood, which position she resigned in the spring of '93 to complete her Normal Course; '93-4 she conducted a private school in Burlington, Vt., with her sister, Miss Ada Bartlett, but finding the climate injurious to her health, returned to Norwood in 94. In January '95 she was elect- ed Principal of the Intermediate Department of the Schools of Practice and Teacher of Geography Methods which position she still holds. Mrs. Bartlett has visited the best schools in the country for the study of Methods of Teaching Geography, and has incorporated them into her own work, which is meeting with marked favor and success in the schools of practice. iouo^rapfycal Sketch^ of ©Alumni. -^>hh^ Class of February, '71. Amanda H. Martin-Reynolds — El. ; preliminary education at Madrid; taught five terms undergraduate; '73-7 Madrid; '77-8 Massena; '78 married Gary Whitney Reynolds, M. D. Children, Georgiana Davis '79, Martin V. B. '81, Charlotte May '85, Caroline '88. Miss Martin belonged to the first class graduated, which consisted of two members. Madrid, N. Y. Alice C. Stevens-Smith— El. ; latest address, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Class of June, '71. Hannah B. Barnes-Smith — EL; '71-81 Norwood, N.Y.; '81 married Frederick R. Smith, '78. One daughter, Ada '84. Norwood, N. Y. Mattie S. Carpenter — El. : taught about two years. Died '74. Joanna S. Haig-Russell — El. ; entered from St. Lawrence Academy; taught three years at Norwood, six years and one term, Massena; '80 married Myron Russell, deceased '87. Son, John '84. Massena, N. Y. Amelia A. MoFadden-Anderson — E.; entered from the Albany Normal; has taught eight years since graduation. See Faculty. Plattsburgh, N. Y. Frances A. Parmeter — E.; entered from St. Lawrence Academy; has taught nineteen years. See Faculty. Chico, Cal. Class of January, '72. Mrs. Joanna Anderson — El. ; latest address, Port Jervis, N. Y. Celestia Blatchley-Caldwell — E.; latest address, Gilford, London Road, Surry, England. Elizabeth Hargrave-Reynolds — E. See Faculty. Potsdam, N. Y. Seraphina Howard— E.; taught several terms before graduation; taught twenty-four years of thirty nine weeks each, and was obliged to retire from school life on account of failing eye sight; lives with her brother. Massena, N. Y. Matilda Osier — El. ; latest address. Ogdensburg, N. Y. Adula Stone — El.; latest address, Massena, N. Y. Harriet B. Stearns- Wilcox — El.; preparatory education at the St. Law- rence Academy; taught seven terms, undergraduate; '72-3 Massena; '73-4, Lowville; '73 married Jonas J. Wilcox. Children, William '74, May '80. Lowville, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 105 Class of July, '72. Herbert C. Adams — C. Deceased. Anna M. Anderson-Washburn — EL; entered from home district; '72-3 Gouv- erneur, '77-8 Butler, 111.; '78 married A. D. Washburn; '85-92 resided Norfolk, Neb. Children Vantia '80, Iva and Charles '86, Hazel '89. Columbus, Kas. Martha I. Burt-Turney — C; prepared at St. Lawrence Academy; one year Whitewater, Wis., Normal; six years Menomonee and Black River Falls, Wis.; '79 married Fletcher S. Turney. Children, Mary, Ruth, Clarence, Dayton, and Roger; has taught three of the twelve years of residence in South Dakota; worked in Institutes in Iowa and Dakota; now teaching. Plankinton, S. D. Emily M. Dayton-Streibert — C; See Faculty. Gambier, 0. Hattie A. Fisher-Hepburn — C. ; deceased. Francene Swift-Barber — EL; entered from St. Lawrence Academy; taught three terms of district school; '72-4 Massena; '74-5 No. 8, Potsdam; '75 married A. S. Barber. Children, Gaylord '77, Roscoe '78, Anna 80. Ithaca, Mich. Alice M. Wood-Macomber — EL; prepared at Malone; '72-5 Massena; '75 married Thomas Macomber; Children, Benjamin and Clara; '84 moved to California. Tustin. Calif. Eliza J. Wall — EL; M. D., Colorado Springs, Colo. Class of January, '73. Helen Austin-Bramley — E. ; preparatory education at St. Lawrence Acad- emy; taught five years after graduation. See Faculty. Emma J. Fuller — E. ; prepared at the St. Lawrence Academy; taught seven terms previous to entering the Normal; '73-86 Principal No. 8, Potsdam; '86-91 Principal Intermediate Department, Normal School, Whitewater, Wis.; '91-5 State Normal School, Chico, California. Cyrus W. Hewitt — E.; entered from Dickinson; taught one term, under- graduate; '73-4 Gouverneur; '75-7 read law, practiced until '80; '80 mar- ried Mary A. Thompson. Children, Florence '81, Harry '82, Carl '84, Ryland '89; '80-90 farming, trustee of Gouverneur Union Free School since '90. Anna E. Parker-Lemon — E.; taught one term undergraduate; '73-7 Potsdam; '77-8 Elmira; 78-82 Gouverneur; '82-5 Marshalltown, la.; '85-9 Potsdam; '87 married Gilbert J. Lemon. Potsdam, N. Y. Leona S. Smith-Gutterson — C; prepared at St. Lawrence Academy; taught one term before graduating; '73-7 Gouverneur; '77-8 rested; '78-80, Mankato, Minn. ; '80-2 St. Peter, Minn. ; '82 married to C. L. Gutterson, of Stanislaus Co., Calif.; lived five years in Eastern Arizona; now settled in Broken Bow, Nebraska. Three daughters, Nell Louise, '83, Alice J. '85, deceased; and Faith L. '87. io6 Potsdam Normal School. Waldo F. Smith, 0— A. M. See Faculty. Potsdam, N. Y. Charles C. Townsend, C. — A. M. — Rev. See Faculty. Malone, N. Y. Anna A. Weston-Ashley — E.; entered from Keene: '73 Jay; '73 married Henry Ashley. Daughter, Alice '78. Norwood, N. Y. Class of July '73. Eva M. Carpenter-Barber — E. Howard City. Mich. Ella R. Clifford-Delongy — C. Winiield, Kas. Ella A. Crary — El. Deceased. F. Isabelle Donaghue-Dodge — E. Ogdensburg, N. Y. Lucius E. Hawley — C. — A. M. : entered at the organization of the Normal in 'G9; '77, A. B., '80, A. M., Union College; taught one year in Stamford', Conn., three years in New Rochelle, one year in Warren sburg, one year in Smithland, Iowa; '85 established his present Preparatory School for Boys, 129 College St., Buffalo, N. Y.; '77 married Frances M. Meeker, of Moira, N. Y. Two daughters, Laura '83, Gertrude '88. Liel D. Halleck-Cogswell — El. Madrid, N. Y. Florence Merchant-Clark — El.; entered from Hopkinton; taught one term undergraduate; '73-6 Elmira; '76 married F. A. Clark. Two sons, Albion M. '80, Earl '85; Chautauqua course, postgraduate. Brushton, N. Y. Julian H. Myers— C— A. M.— Ph D.— Rev.; Rouse's Point '75-6; Redwood, '80; Instructor in Lowville Academy '81; School Commissioner, Lowville '81-4; admitted to the Bar of N. Y . '82; principal Union N. Y., '85; In- structor in Summer Teachers' Institute, Chapel Hill and Winston, N. C, '85-6; student Boston School of Theology '86-7; entered Methodist Ministry '87; Bangor, '87-9; Madrid, '89-91; Clinton, '91-5. Married Mary S. Bingham '88. Two sons, Frank D. and Wm. M. Mary L. Stuart-Dayton — E.; preparatory education, Norwood; married '77. See b acuity. Trinidad, Colo. Howard E. Thompson — C; prepared at St. Lawrence Academy; taught two terms, undergraduate, in St Lawrence County, and one term in Wis- consin; '77 admitted to the Bar, and now practicing law, White Sulphur Springs, Mont. '83 married Gertrude Culver '77. Children, Gertrude F. '86, died '89, Myrtle Jeanne '88. Class of January, '74. Elizabeth A. J. Bibbins-Goodale — E.; taught in Malone. Malone, N. Y. Alvinza B. Collins — C; taught two years in New Orleans, La.; died of consumption. Eva V. Ellis-McMurphey — C; entered from St. Lawrence Academy; taught in Potsdam, Stockholm, Prescott, Wis., and Ravena, Minn.; '78 married Augustus McMurphey; '78-89 lived in St. Paul; '89-95 Helena, Mont. Children, Beulah, May, Alice, Grace. Miss Ellis belonged to the "Pioneer Class who walked the plank" before the entrance to the building was completed. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 107 Alice A. Ellis — E.; entered from Norwood; '74-7 Potsdam; '78-9 Lawrence- ville; '79-81 Prescott, Wis.; '81 2 Potsdam: '82-3 Philadelphia; '84-5 Massena; '85-6 Cross River; '86-7 Potsdam; '87-95 at home, Potsdam, N.Y. Augusta C. Fobes-Cahoon — C; prepared at St. Lawrence Academy; was one of the first twelve girls who "boarded in the building." '76 married Dexter G. Cahoon. Children, Carl Wright, Blanche May, Earl George. Potsdam, N. Y. Maria Fuller — E. ; taught two terms, undergraduate; '74-6 Nyack; '76-86 Potsdam; '86-7 Colton; '87-8 Potsdam; '88-92 Pasadena, Cal.; '92-5 State Normal School, Chico, Cal. Watson S. Hawkins — C. — A. M. ; entered from St. Lawrence Academy; taught one term (Antwerp); '74-5 Waterville; '75 entered Syracuse Uni- versity; '78-81 Editor St. Lawrence Herald; '83 A. B. Syracuse University; '83-4 Trinity Hall, Washington, Pa.; '84 reporter Syracuse Herald; '85 Ives Seminary; reporter Rome Sentinel; bought the Reflex, Waterville, N. Y.; '87 consolidated Times and Reporter, now editor and proprietor; '90 married Lucia Clark Candee. Waterville, N. Y. Charles H. Lester — .C — D. B.; postgraduate study at Rochester University; graduate Auburn Theological Seminary; Ministry. Shortsville, N. Y. Lucinda E. Lytel-Lawrence — C. Lisbon, N. Y. Agnes H. Marshall — E. Deceased. Erean C. Welch — E.; entered from Hannawa Falls; has taught thirteen years at Ionia, Mich., her present residence. Class of June '74. Annette B. Austin-Gibson — E.; entered Classical from Fort Covington; '77 U. S. Grant University, Athens, Tenn. ; September 25th of the same year married T. F. Gibson a merchant of that place. One son, George Austin. She is treasurer of Hoist on Conference Woman's Missionary Society and State Recording Secretary of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Athens, Tenn. Julia Ettie Crane — C; has taught nineteen years; postgraduate, Music, Psychology, Pedagogics. See Faculty. Potsdam, N. Y. Agnes F. Culver-Broga — C; entered from the home district; she taught five terms, one year High School, Hutchinson, Minn., the remaining time in the home school; '81 married to Marcus M. Broga, Westfield, Mass. One daughter '86, one son '91. Mary R. DeLong — E. ; taught only a part of one term after graduation, when her failing health made it necessary for her to leave the school room. She died December 24, 1877. Thomas L. Heaton — C. — LL. B. ; has taught fifteen years; LL. B. University of Michigan. Superintendent of Schools, Fresno, Cal. Harriet A. Leete-Clapp — E.; preparatory education at St. Lawrence Acad- emy; taught sixteen years; '92 married S. E. Clapp. See Faculty. Hack- ensack, N. J. Io8 Potsdam Normal School. William D. Marsh — C. — A. M. — Rev.; entered from St. Lawrence Academy; member of Northern New York Conference. See Faculty. Francis H. Tichenor— C— A. B.,— LL. B.; A. B. Yale; LL. B. Columbia; taught five years, New York City three years, Washington, D. C, two years; Attorney, Peoria, 111. Class of January, '75. Helen M. Andrews — El. Indianolia, la. Gertrude D. Bridge-Barbour — E. Hanford, Calif. Agnes L. Hale — C; entered from Norwood; '75-7 Mathematics, Potsdam Normal; '77-87 No. 13, Brooklyn;' 87-95 Mathematics, High School Brook- lyn. See Faculty. Mary E. Lord-Bacon— C. See Faculty. 669 So. 2d St., San Jose, Calif. Alfonso E. MacDonald— C; taught one term undergraduate; '75 Colton; '75-7 Rouse's Point; '77-8 Louisville; four years Maywood, 111.; ten years Principal McClellan School, Chicago, 111.; '79 married Sara Holmes of Ballard Vale, Mass. 4035 Prairie Ave., Chicago, 111. Edwin W. Stowell — C; prepared at Massena; Principal two years at Holden and two at Clinton, Mo., where he died. Charlotte Swift-Powers — C; taught summer schools and one winter; entered from district school; '75-6 Nyack; '77-80 Lawvenceville; '80 married James L. .Powers. Children, J. Harold '82; Hiram H. '83; Mary F. '85; who attend the Practice School; postgraduate study, English Literature and French. Potsdam, N. Y. Mahlon M. Wagner — C; entered Intermediate department the day the Normal was opened; 75 Waddington and Lisbon Center; '76-9 Guthrie High School, Panora, la. ; '80 appointed to a clerkship in Custom House N. Y. City; promoted on examination '80-7-9; '95 holds highest grade, confidential clerk and deputy collector; '77 married Jessie E. Fuller; religion Universalist; politics Republican. Class of June '75. Thomas C. Aitchison — C. Deceased. Nettie E. Dayton-Dawley — C; one term undergraduate teaching; '75-6 Amsterdam Academy; '76-7 Greenville, Mich.; July '77 married W. W. Dawley (Amsterdam); '77 private lessons in English; '78 Mr. Dawley began his theological studies at Colgate University, Mrs. Dawley taught in the Ladies' Seminary and studied painting; has contributed articles to the religious press; also short stories. Two boys and two girls. Address First Baptist Parsonage, Duluth, Minn. Ada L. Elmore-Stark — El. Deceased Frances A. Farmer — E.; prepared at Hailesborough and Gouverneur Sem- inary; Principal Hailesborough. twelve years; Vice-Principal Reno, Nev. five years; Grammar grade Minneapolis, Minn., three years; called home by sickness in the family '94; postgraduate Glens Falls and Chautauqua. Hailesborough, N. Y. BiograpJiical Sketches of Alumni. 109 Bertha E. Gordon — EL; teacher. Los Angeles, Calif. Hattie E. Hamblin-Palmer — C. : '75 8 Principal Grammar Department, Whitehall, N. Y.;' 78-9 Minneapolis, Minn.; '79 married Joseph G. Palmer. Children, Ethel, 12 years; Alice, 6 years; Florence, 5 years. 2102, 2d Ave. South, Minneapolis. Minn. Libbie Hawkins-Nixon — E.; entered the Intermediate department; taught 16 weeks Barnhart's Island; '76-8 Greenville, Mich.; '80 Corning, N. Y. ; '81-90 Grand Eapids, Mich,; '85 married Frank T. Nixon, Grand Rapids; One daughter, Ruth Nanette, '92. 133 Mt. Vernon St., Grand Rapids. Sarah E. Lock wood-Fisher — E. ; prepared at the St. Lawrence Academy; taught school until she was married in '78 to Andrew Fisher. Owatonna, Minn. Eliza E. Lord-Fowler — E. Arnprior, Out. L. Candace Lewis-Ward — EL; entered from Jefferson Co.; taught twenty terms; '80 married Grover C. Ward of Hannibal, Mo., now police Judge. Chetopa, Kansas. Hattie M. Morgan-Townsend — C; entered from Practice Schools; '75-6 Ilion Union School; '76-7 studied French and Painting in Montreal; '77-8 Drawing, Rome N. Y.; '78 married Rev. Charles C. Townsend, '73. Children, Harold Amasa '79; Arthur Morgan '80; Charles Lucius '82; William Wallace '87; Edith Winifred' 90. Malone, N. Y. M. Amelia Qua — E. See Faculty. 3442 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111. Flora A. Rogers-Flint— E. ; entered from Crary's Mills; taught two terms, undergraduate; taught nenr home until '80. Married H. C. Flint in '81. Two sons, Roger '82, Loren 83, who attend the Normal. Potsdam, N. Y. Ellen E. Selleck — C. Janesville, Wis. M. Ella Wilkinson — C; '75-81 Massena, Ovid, and Medina; '84-9 Ham- mondsport; '89-91 Latin, History, Rhetoric, High School, Jamestown; '92-5 Latin, High School, Elkhart, Ind. Ella M. Welch— E. Fine, N. Y. John O. Wheeler — C. Canton, N. Y. Frances L. Webster-Fish — El. ; entered the Normal after about three years' experience as a teacher; '75-6 Reading and Geography, City Normal School Leavenworth, Kansas; '76-8 State Normal School, Cedar Falls, Iowa; '78-81 State Normal School. San Jose, Cal. : '81 married Lafayette . I. Fish. Children, Annie Holcomb '86; Irving Webster '92. Martinez, California. Class of January '76. Myron D. Briggs — C. — M. D.; student of Lawrenceville Academy previous to entering Normal: '76 entered Syracuse University; '77 commenced study of medicine; '80 M. D. University of city of New York; commenced practice of medicine in Parishville, N. Y.; '81 married Myra S. Dodge; '82 removed to Iowa; '86 located at Champlain, N. Y. Member of Board of Education, Health Officer and Pres. Clinton County Medical Society, 1 1 Potsdam Normal School. Nettie E. Coffeen — E.; two years, Champlain; one year, Richville: '83-'95 White Plains. White Plains, N. Y. Lillian I. Phelps-Ingham — E. ; prepared at Hopkinton; taught two years, abandoned teaching on account of ill health; stenographer and typiste for several years; studied four years Chautauqua Course; '89 married Henry Ingham, Minneapolis, Minnesota — two daughters, Laura and Margaret; '91 traveled in England. Minneapolis, Minn. W. S. Smithers— C— A. M.— S. T. B.; '80 A. B.,'S3 A. M., Syracuse Universi- ty; '83 S. T. B. Boston University; joined Vermont Conference; '83-6 Pittsfield; '86 Island Pond; '87-'90 Brattleboro; '90-3 Barre; '93 St. Johns- bury; '94-5 Hardwich, Vt.; '83 married Susie A. Joslin. Sons, Howard Joslin '89, Otis Sherwood '90. Florence E. Thompson-McCharles — E. ; taught one term undergraduate; '76-7 Southville; '77-8 one term each Bicknellville, Southville and Parish- ville; '79 Humboldt Co., California; '80-3 Garberville; '86-7 Briceland; '88 Garberville and Tustin, Orange Co., California; '88-'95 Tustin California. '82 married D. L. McCharles. One son, Carl '83. Lottie E. Taylor-Banister — E. ; deceased. Cornelia E. Waldo — C; prepared in the schools of practice; '76-'81 taught in schools near Potsdam; '81-5 Morristown; '87-8 Norwood; '8$-'91 High School, Canton; '92 High School, Ft. Howard, Wisconsin; '93-5 at home. Potsdam, N. Y. Laura C. White-Dunlap — C. Los Angeles, California. Fred D. Woodworth — C; entered from West Potsdam; taught two terms undergraduate; '78 Norwood; has taught six terms of school; engaged in farming two years; milling ten years at Newport, N. Y. ; '91-4 connected with the firm of Geo. W. Head Co., residence 159 Catharine St., Utica, N. Y. ; '79 married Amelia A. Gallagher. Children, Walter L., Chauncey M., Paul H. and James G. Mary E. and Gertrude deceased, Feb'y '93. Class of June '76. Ida C. Bailey— E. Canton, N. Y. Xenia A. Clark-Heney — E.; entered from Sanfordville; taught one term undergraduate; taught Buckton school one year; Humboldt Co., Cali- fornia three years; January 6, '81 married William L. Heney. Children, '81 Charles, '83 Guy, '84 Edna, '86 May, '87 George, '90 Walter, '92 Wil- liam. Has written a letter to her mother every week for 17 years. Eureka, California. Evelyn M. H. Clark — C. ; entered from West Chazy; West Chazy '77-8; district schools and music ' 78-'83; Ausable Forks '83-4; Chazy '84; West Chazy '85-6: district schools '88-'91; Chazy '91-3; Ellensburg, Washing- ton '93-91. West Chazy, N. Y. David A. Forsst — E.; lawyer. West Manchester, N. H. Emma A. Gurley— C; '76-'85 Elmira, N. Y.; '85-'95 Cleveland, Ohio, 689 Castle Avenue. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. in Lucia E. Hawley-Darling — C; entered the Intermediate Department at opening of school; taught one term; '76 Colton: '77 married William Darling; children, Grace '78; Raymond '80: '82 studied National Kinder- garten Institute. Washington, D. C; '83-4 Kindergarten, Canton; '84-'92 Potsdam; '92-4 St. Louis, Mo. Helen C. Holcomb-Jaquis — C; post-graduate drawing and painting; taught eight years, Minneapolis, Parishville, Crary's Mills; diploma endorsed by California and Minnesota; one daughter. Parishville. N. Y. Frederick W. Maine — C. — LL. B.; taught four years; LL. B. University of Michigan; post-graduate Latin and Greek; has been Judge of Probate and District Attorney. Charlevoix, Michigan. M.F.Perry — C. ; prepared at Lawrenceville Academy; taught four years undergraduate; ^G-'SO Principal Fort Covington Academy; '80-3 Brook- lyn Polytechnic; '83-4 Principal Gouverneur; '84-'90 Chateaugay; '90-2 Brasher and Stockholm; '92-5 Principal Carthage Academy; earned a state certificate at one examination in '91; '84 married Mary Chisholm. One son and three daughters. Carthage, N. Y. Addie B. Priest-Newell — C; entered from Training Department; '76 Springfield, Illinois; '77 Gouverneur; '79 married Edgar A. Newell of Ogdensburg. Sons, Albert Priest and William Allan. Francis M. Payne — E.; preliminary education in district school; taught three terms under-graduate; '76-7 Colton; '77-8 West Stockholm '78 mar- ried Nellie C. Hazelton; daughter Grace L. '80; '80-1 Normal School, Warrensburg, Missouri; '81-9 farming, Pipestone, Minnesota; '89-'92 teaching; '92-5 Superintendent of Pipestone County schools; attended the twenty-fifth anniversary of Alma Mater. Mary E. Ransom-Guyette — El. Massena, N. Y. Florence D. Stearns-Hopkins — C; entered from Parishville; taught two terms; 76-9 Massena; , 79- , 85 Burlington, Vermont; '85 married Charles M.Hopkins, cashier of Keeseville National Bank. Two daughters, Mar- garet '87 and Miriam '89. Edgar J. Stearns— C; prepared at Winthrop; '76-7 Rensselaer Falls; '77-'85 general merchandise, Winthrop, N. Y., and Tower City, Dakota; '85-'95 lumber, Hutchinson, Minnesota; '82 married Mary McKee of Rensselaer Falls, N. Y. Children, Max, Gertrude, Marian. Spencer and Lida Lou. Emma S. Wait — C; prepared at Canton; taught near Potsdam; in Florence, Wisconsin; RDchester, Minnesota; three years in Canton; '91-6 State Nor- mal School, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. M. Adela. Waldd — 0.; prepared in the schools of practice; '76-'8l taught in Potsdam, '81-5 Morristown; '85-'90 High School, Canton; '92-3 music, Ft. Howard, Wisconsin; '93-6 music and geography, State Normal, Shippens- burg, Pennsylvania. 1 1 2 Potsdam Normal School. Class of January '77. Emma G. Aldrich— E. Moira, N. Y. Jennie C. Bartlett — E.; district schools, Chelensford and Tewksbury, Mas- sachusetts; '83-7 Lawrence, Massachusetts; '92 returned to Chelensford, but her health did not permit her to continue her work. Old Meadow Eoad, Lowell, Mass. Carrie J. Bishop-Church — El. Watertown, South Dakota. K. Gertrude Culver-Thompson — C; entered from West Stockholm; taught two terms under-graduate; Rome '77-'80; winter and spring of '77 as class room teacher in Academy; next year as Principal of ward shool and one year as teacher of penmanship and drawing; '82 Perry N. Y., and one term at West Stockholm; '83 married Howai-d E. Thompson; '84-5 Florence, Wisconsin. Two daughters, Gertrude F. '86, died '89; Myrtle Jennie '88. White Sulphur Springs, Montana. Mattie G. Clark-Call — E.; prepared at Norwood; has taught twenty-six weeks; post-graduate study of history and literature. 661 W. Third St., Elmira, N. Y. Emma D. Clark-Hurlbutt — EL; entered from Nyack; taught four terms under-graduate; '77-'81 Nyack Public School; '81-3 Principal Long Ridge, Connecticut; '83 Principal Nyack; '84 married George J. Hurlbutt. Children, Carrie Gertrude '85; Ralph Benson '89. Stamford, Connecticut. Etta A. Fuller — E.; entered from Norwood; two terms under-graduate teaching; '77-'85 Norwood; '86- '95 Minneapolis, Minnesota. Eva G. Gilman — El. ; deceased. Ruthsr Harsrave — 'J. — A. M. — Rbv.; taught two terms; attended Antwerp Academy one term; '82 graduated from Union College, Schenectady; '86 Alleghany Theological School; '88 was ordained pastor of the United Miami Congregation, Northwood, Ohio, which position he still occupies; married Eliza Ballantine of Heuvelton, N. Y. , September '83. Nettie S. Perry-Conable — C; taught several terms; '80-1 Warrensburg, Missouri; '82 married Prof. Morris Conable, A. M., of Cortland, N. Y.; died October '83. Daughter, Nettie. Rollan M. Porter — C; chief clerk, Mechanical Department No. Pacific R. R., Missoula, Montana. Frederick William Rich — 3. — B. S.; entered from West Potsdam; '77-'81 Cornell University, chemistry and physics majors; post graduate in chemistry '81-2; Instructor in chemistry, Cornell University '82; qualita- tive analysis '82-3; quantitative analysis '83-4; since June '84 Professor of chemistry and physics, Lombard University, Galesburg, Illinois; married Lovina S. Horton '82. Children, Willis Horton '85; Gertrude May '8^. Class of June '77. Emma J. Blanchard— El.; entered from Norwood; taught two years under- graduate; '77-8 Normal; '78-81 artist with N. L. Stone's Copying House, Potsdam; '84-5 Binghamton; '85-9 crayon and watercolors. Norwood, N.Y. Biograpliical Sketches of Alumni. 113 Taylor 0. Bogert — E. — L.L. B.; taught two terms as undergraduate; '87-8 Gouverneur; '90 LL. B., Albany Law School; '90 Banking, South Dakota; member of Dakota Senate, delegate from South Dakota to Republican National Convention '88; '82 married Nettie E. Gleason, Gouverneur. One son, George Gleason. One daughter, Lotta Jean. Attorney, Scotland, South Dakota. Ida C. Briggs — C; deceased. S. Elizabeth Derby-Slaymaker — E. Vineland, N. J. Emma G. Erwin-Luck — E. 349 South Paulina St., Chicago, Illinois. Jennie E. Fisher-May — E.; prepared at Brigham Academy, Vermont; taught nine terms; '77-9 St. Albans; '79 married W. A. May. Children, Katherine, John, William, Maurice, who are attending the Normal. Potsdam, N. Y. Willis J. Fletcher — C; attended Norwood and Liwrenceville Academies; taught several terms after graduation; '81 admitted to the Bar;'79 married Esther A. Hale; twin daughters, Grace and Margaret '89; member of Board of Education; member Town Committee; lawyer. Norwood, N. Y. 0.*pha E. Jenkins-Maynard — E.; deceased. Mary Mc I. Knowles-Gardner — C; taught two years in District No. 11, Waddington; '80-3 No. 17, Potsdam; '83-5 Ives Seminary; '85-6 Gouver- neur; '8(5 married Geo. E. Gardner. Children, George Knowles '91, Katherine '93. Worcester, Massachusetts. Lydia A. MacDougal — E.; entered from Ft. Covington Academy; taught over two years; '77-8 Pittsburgh; '78-'80 Rouses Point; '80-2 Gouverneur; studied at the Normal the first part of '82; '82-4 Marshalltown, Iowa; '84-5 School Independence, Iowa; '85-'93 teacher geography and history, State Normal School, Platteville, Wisconsin; '93 ; 5 student in Chicago Unviersi- ty; since graduation has taken the following University lecture courses: one in Political Economy, one in Astronomy, one in Geology, three in Literature, three in History, one year each, and one in Political Science one year. Maria L. White — E.; teacher. Syracuse, N. Y. Class of January '78. Silas E. Brown— C.—M. D. Ogdensburg, N. Y. Ettie E. Clark- White — EL; taught six terms undergraduate; '78-9 West Potsdam; '7£-'30 Morley; '81 Cant >n; '32 married Jay M. White; post- graduate Chautauqua Course, Literature and Piano. Potsdam, N. Y. Mina L. Fletcher-Faulk — C; entered from Hewittville. See Faculty. Sioux City, Iowa. Alice E. Hartness-Schermerhorn — C; see Faculty. Frances I. Looker-3aunders — E. Malone, N. Y. Carrie M. Sheldon — C. Marshalltown, Iowa. Q. C. H. 8. 1 14 Potsdan/ Normal School. Frank R. Walker — C. — A. M.; prepared, at Champlain Academy; Principal Heuvelton four years; '84 A. B.; '87 A. M., Syracuse University; '87 ad- mitted to Bar; '93 married Jessie Elizabeth Morey. Attorney. Riegel and Walker, Syracuse, N. Y. Class of July, '78. Lucy A. Bacon — E. 7 Rue Leopold. Robert, Paris, France. M. Vesta Burns-Mosier — E.; '78-'Sl Academy, St. Albans, Vermont; '81-3 Ft. Covington; graduated from Mr. Simpson's Missionary Training Col- lege; '85 married Rev. W. J. Hosier, now pastor of Grace Baptist church, Brooklyn, N. Y. Three daughters living, one with the Shepherd. Celia S. Chaney — El.; taught about thirteen years; post-graduate study at Pillsbury Academy. Badger's Mills, Wisconsin. Lydia A. Clifford — El.; entered the Intermediate at the opening of the school; has taught nearly every year since graduation, chiefly in the schools of St. Lawrence County; '93-4 Bayville, L. I.; was called home by the death of her mother, April '94; now teaching in No. 6, Potsdam, N.Y. Lewis A. Coffin — E. — M. D.; under the misnomer, Lewis A. Coffeen, entered the Primary Department of the Normal school on the day that school opened; he believes he was the first to graduate, who began i» the Pri- mary Department; '77-'80 Principal Alexandria Bay Graded School; '80-2 did the four years Scientific Course of Union College; '82-4 taught Og- densburg Academy, the last year studying medicine with Dr. S. E. Brown; '84-6 taught in Night Schools, N. Y. City; '86 M. D. University, City of N. Y. ; '84-'6 took the Medical course prescribed by the University of City of N. Y., teaching at the time in the City Night Schools and dur- ing the last year, mornings'also in a private school; March '86 placed a doctor's sign in the window and began practice some time later. The sign is still in the window and the practice goes on, 145 West Twelfth St., New York City; October '89 married Miss Grace Geer. Children, Grace '90, Lewis A. Jr., '92. Frederick W. Clark — C — LL. B.;entered from Training Department; '78-'80 Principal Rouse's Point; '80-1 Katonah, N. Y.; '81-3 Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut;'83-5 teacher of languages, State Normal School, Edinboro, Pennsylvania ;'86 LL. B. Cincinnati Law School;'87 admitted to the New York Bar; '87-'95 lawyer White Plains and New York City; '89 married Ada M. Sniffin of White Plains. Two children, Albeit M., and Silas S. Attends the reunions of the Alumni. Cyrus G. Dake — E.; prepared at Gouverneur; has tanght more or less since graduation; fruit growing; Justice of the Peace, Earlville, Iowa; '94-5 teacher of Mathematics, Conference Seminary. Epworth, Iowa. Edwin L. Fletcher — C; merchant. Sioux City, Iowa. Ezra John Guoyott — C — M. D.; '76-7 office clerk Normal School; '78-9 Prin- cipal Constable ville; '79-'80 Rouse's Point; '82 M. D. Hahnemann Medical Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 115 College, Chicago, Illinois; '84 married Anna E. Gale; '82-'90 practiced medicine, Gouverneur; '90-5 practiced Malone, N. Y; Secretary of Y. P. S. C. E. Franklin County. Katie Gilbert— E. Plattsburgh, N. Y. Frances A. Gorrie — El. ; taught two years before completing the course and after graduation taught four years. Potsdam, N. Y. J. Horton Munson — C. ; deceased. Eufds E. King, Jr. — C; entered from Lawrenceville; '78 Raymondville; '79 Madrid; '80 Gouverneur; '81-2 Syracuse University; '83-'94 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church and joined the Northern New- York Conference; '83 married Clara Ingersoll. Three daughters, Hazel '85, Gladys '83, Ruth '91. Ida E. Myers-Inglis — C; early education in the district school; taught in Wyoming and in Hale, Iowa; '84 married John Inglis. Children, Jane '86, Miriam '88; Luther and Margaret, twins '91. Hale, Iowa. David E. Roberts — E. — LL. B.; two years postgraduate Cornell University; LL. B. University of Michigan; County Judge and District Attorney. Superior, Wisconsin. Winona Delia. Wright El. ; entered from Buck's Bridge; taught two years; cashier. Buck's Bridge, N. Y. Class of January, '79. Mrs. E. W. Allen — EL; prepared at Herkimer; taught at Ilion, Syracuse, Flushing (Training Class); '90-5 Birmingham, Alabama, Training Class; postgraduate psychology, history of education, French and German; has been prominent in Institute work and has contributed articles to Educa- tional Journals. 73 Warburton Avenue. Yonkers, N. Y. Fred W. Best — E. — M. D.; entered the Primary Department; '79-'82 Princi- pal Port Jervis; '85 M. D., N. Y. Homoepathic Medical College; '86 Opthalmic Hospital; '86-'95 physician, 16 Ball Street, Port Jervis, N. Y.; member of the Orange Company Homoepathy Medical Society and Homoepathy State Society; married Lida K. Heller of Port Jervis '80. Children, Lena '82 deceased, Josephine '84, Fred '88. Helen M. Blachard-Bones — E. Carthage, N. Y. Hanna F. Brosnan-Singleton — El.; entered from Massena; taught two terms; '79-'82 Ogdensburg; '82 married George H. Singleton, a former Normal student; '83-5 deputy in. her husband's office, School Superin- tendent, Price Company, Wisconsin; '89-'92 assistant P. M. Two sons, George B. and Charles; two daughters, Leah and Nellie. Fifield, Wis- consin. Orra A. Craig-McMonagle— El. ; deceased March 8, 1888. Mrs. Ellen S. Chase — EL; was transferred from the Oswego Normal; taught twenty terms previous to entering the Normal; has taught twenty-five terms since graduation, the last eighteen in Gouverneur; has not been teaching since June '93; '94-5 St. Bensonhurst-by-the-Sea, N. Y. Ii6 Potsdam Normal School. Class of July '79. Minnie E. Baldwin-Bailey— El.; entered from the Practice Schools; '80-2 Madrid; '84-5 Cantitoe School, Bedford; '85-9 Principal, Adams School, Burlington, Vermont; '89 married Elmer B. Bailey, of Burlington, Ver- mont. Hattie J. Bryan— C. St. Paul, Minnesota. Hattie V. Bartholomew — E.; taught six years before graduation; 'T9-'87 Minneapolis, Minnesota; '87-'94 Lincoln, Nebraska; '94-5 No. 17 Potsdam. Angie M. Burns-Gillette— E. ; entered from Ft. Covington; taught three terms before graduation; '79-\80 Ft. Covington; '80 North Bangor; '81 Elkhart, Indiana; '81-2 Heuvelton; '82-5 St. Johnsbury, Vermont; '86-8 Burlington, Vermont; '88 married Edward A. Gillette. One daughter, Helen Burns '90. Hartford, Vermont. Mary A. Donovan — E.; taught seven terms before graduation; was in feeble health at the time of her graduation, and died December 17, '79. Albert N. Gale — E. — LL. B.; entered from Malone; taught two terms undergraduate; '79-'81 Vice President Bed Bluff College, California; '81-2 Principal, Tehama, California; '83 LL. B., Union University; '83-8 prac- ticed Red Bluff; '88-'95 Lawyer, Gale & Perry, San Francisco, California; Member of Board of Education, three years. Adele M. Haley-Scribner— E. Canton, N. Y, Nellie Howe-Brown — E.; taught two terms before graduation; '80-1 Wad- dington; '82 Heuvelton; '83-4 Spragueville; '84 married W. G. Brown; '84-5 Richville; '88 Three Mile Bay. Children, Carl F. '85; Harold H. '87; Kenneth G. '93. St. Albans, Vermont. Willard F. Selleck — C. — Rev. ; taught two terms undergraduate; Princi- pal Heuvelton '79; Principal, Gouverneur '80-1; Principal, Elk River Min- nesota '82-5; teacher Latin, Normal School, St. Cloud, Minnesota '85-8; Secretary Y. M. C. A., Helena, Montana "89; Superintendent Schools Northfield, Minnesota '89-91; teacher Owatonna, Minnesota '91-2; Superintendent City Schools, Austin, Minnesota '92-5; Conductor of State Summer Schools '90-5; Secretary State Teachers' Association '93; married Celia S. Upham '84, December 25. Five children, three boys, nine years, eight years, five years; two daughters, six years and two and one-half years. 84 Burnett St., Providence, Rhode Island. Hleum R. Shoemaker — C. — Rev.; Methodist Episcopal minister, Central New York Conference. Arthur Dana Stetson — C; '81 3 Heuvelton; '83-5 studied law with Hon. J. M. Kellogg, Ogdensburg; '85-90 Ogdensburg; '90-4 Prin. No. 19 Brooklyn, N. Y., Librarian of Eastern Dist. Public School Library. Frank Fay Williams — E. — M. D.; prej>ared at West Stockholm; English, '79; taught two years and twelve weeks; M. D. N. Y. Homeopathic Medical College. Physician, Canton. N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 117 Class of January, 'SO. William C. Bicknell — E. — LL. B.; entered from Parishville; taught several years before graduation; '80-2 taught in St. Lawrence county; '82-3 Minn.; '83-5 University of Michigan; '85 LL. B.; '85-95 Attorney, Morris, Minn.; '86-90 County Superintendent, Stevens County, Minn.; '90-5 County At- torney: '88 married Nellie M. Finney. Three children. Elizabeth Clifford — C. ; teaching. Cleveland, Ohio. William H. Clark— E. Pharmacist, 109 E. 7th Street, St. Paul, Minn. Emma Goodspeed — E.; Elmira, N. Y. Class of June 'SO. Ezra P. Axtel — C. Gainesville, Fla. Jane F. Butrick — see Faculty. Potsdam, N. Y. Lillian Church-Marsh — E.; see Faculty. Watertown. Herbert J. Jones — C. — Ph. B.; entered the Normal in '71. Ee-entered in '75, taught two terms, during undergraduate course; assistant in Inter- mediate Department of Normal '80-1; teacher in State Reform School Lansing, Mich., '81-3; Principal at Broadalbin, N. Y., '83-5; Walden, '85-9; Dolgeville, N. Y., '89-91; '94 Ph. B. Cornell University; '94-5 Prin- cipal of Ward School Binghamton, N. Y.; '83 married L. Anna Peppers, '80. Celia E. LeFaire- Wiggins — El.: entered from H. C. Institute, Adams; in '80-2 graded school at Philadelphia, N. Y. ; married Principal A. H. Wiggins '82; '82-9 graded school Rensselaer Falls, N. Y., her present address. L. Anna Peppers-Jones — E.; entered from Intermediate Department; taught in State 'Reform School Lansing, Mich., and as Principal at Parishville, N. Y Married Herbert J. Jones ('80) in '83. Binghamton, N. Y. Clara M. Russell — E.; see Faculty. Albany Normal College. Henry A. Watkins — C; see Faculty. Potsdam, N. Y. James F. Williams — E. ; prepared at Bedford Academy. '80-4 Principal of Academy, Bedford; '84-6 Principal of Graded School Katonah; '85 School Commissioner 3rd District Westchester county; '86-8 Principal Elm street school, Stamford, Conn.; '88-95 Superintendent Schools and Principal South Side school, Bristol, Conn. ; active in teacher's meetings and Chris- tian Endeavor work. Bristol, Conn. Class of January, '81. Martha S. Abbott— El.— P. '77.; entered from Practice Schools; '81 district school Waddington; '81-5 taught piano; studied at New England Conserva- tory; teaching piano at Potsdam, Norwood and Massena. 1 1 8 Potsdam Normal School. Sarah D. Butrick-Holliday — EL; taught several terms undergraduate; '81-5 taught in a district school; '85-9 graded school Morristown; '89 post- graduate study; '90 married James Holliday, who died July '94. Morris- town, N. Y. Julia A. Coffeen-Jennings — E.; entered the Normal from the Schools of Practice, having passed through all the grades; '81 Massena; '82-5 Oneida; Aug. 12, '85 married Frank N. Jennings, Oneida, N. Y. Fletcher A. Gillette, C. — Eev.; entered from Gouverneur Wesleyan Semi- nary; entered Syracuse University '81; '84 married Fannie E. Roy; one son Roy, and two daughters Anna and Emma; '85 licensed to preach, engaged in city mission work, manager of a department of the Methodist Book Concern; compiled and published Photogravures of the Holy Land; editor and publisher of The Chicago Methodist, 300 Dearborn Street. Isadore A. Kelton-Leete — El.; educated at Burlington, Vt., graduating in classical course of high school in '77; taught primary department of public school in Jericho, Vt., from April until June '81; in Berwick academy, South Berwick, Maine, for several months; and one year beginning September '82 in an intermediate school in Burlington, Vt; '83 married Charles H. Leete. Son Edward Hokynton '94. 116 W. 59th street, New York city. C. H. Leete — C; entered intermediate department at the beginning of the school '69; in academic department classical course till '75; Syracuse Uni- versity '75; Yale college '76-9; taught District No. 30, Potsdam, winter term '79; Normal school '80-1 pupil and assistant teacher; taught in Dr. J. Sachs's Collegiate Institute. New York, '81-7; married Isadore A. Kelton '83; son Edward Hokynton '94; Fellow of American Geographical Society '86; studied at Leipzig, Berlin and Halle '87-90; received A. M., Ph. D. at Leipzig '90; associate editor of Longman's School Geography. Atlas and Questions '89; visited schools in America, England and Ger- many '90-1; headmaster Dr. J. Sachs's school for girls from '91 to present time. John C. Mahony — C; entered from Quaker Settlement district, Brasher; taught one term during undergradute course; '81-4 Principal Virginia City schools; '84-92 County Superintendent of Madison county, Montana, schools; Democratic candidate for State Superintendent, defeated; present occupation mining, Silver Star, Montana. Ella E. Patterson-Hamilton — El. ; prepared in the district school; '81 Pine street school Potsdam; '82-4 Massena; '82 married Irving Hamilton of Massena, N. Y. Matilda J. Roberts — E.; deceased. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. tig Class of June, '81. Addie C. Benedict-Cheney — EL; graduated Lowville Academy "76; nine years teaching, Lowville, Gouverneur, Ft. Covington; '87 married W. J. Cheney; one daughter Muriel '92; post graduate Chautauqua course, special Ancient History and English Literature. Hattie M. Delong-Hinckley — C; prepared at Malone; '81-2 Stowell's Cor- ners; '83-4 White Plains; 84-8 Minneapolis, Minn.; '89 married H. H. Hinckley. Children, Helen, Ethel, Harold. Westport, N. Y. Lewis Alton Foote — C; entered from district school in Madrid; '81-2 Prin- cipal Gouverneur; went to South Dakota '83; Proprietor Kimball Roller Mills; married Estelle Willson, Potsdam, in '82. Two sons, Merrill ()., '85, Fi-dd W., '90. At present member South Dakota State Senate. Ella D. Fuller-Manhire — EL; '81-6 Principal No. 17 Potsdam; '86-9 Ouray, Colo.; '89 married Mr. Manhire; has taught in Montrose, Colo.; '95. Pots- dam. Maggie R. Gilmour — E. ; deceased. Alice M. Haywood — C; deceased. Alice M. Howe-Hyde — El.; entered from district school; taught one term undergraduate; had one term of the advanced course; '81-2 Waddington; '82-4 Madrid; '84 married Charles Hyde. Children: Hattie '85; George Frederick '91. She has done considerable work in oil painting. West Potsdam, N. Y. Eleanor Havens-Whitford — El.; taught in district schools before entering, during the intervals of attendance and after graduation; married Frank H. Whitford in '84. Children: Clara May '87; Earle Havens '91. South Edwards, N. Y. Martha A. Hatch-Johnson — El. ; taught seven terms previous to entering the Normal; '81-3 Principal Intermediate department Hermon Union Graded school;' 84 married Milo Johnson. Children: Howard '85; Frank '87; Louise '90. Weybridge, Vt. Sumner D. Irish — C; teacher. Trinidad, Colo. Libbie Lane-Botsford — E. ; entered from district school; '81-2 district school; '82-4 Principal Round Hill, Conn.; '85-6 Katonah, N. Y.; '86-9 New Rochelle; illness at home called her from her school work; at intervals she has taught the home district school; '94 married Dr. Botsford, Colton, N. Y. Myra R. Lee-Requa — EL; entered from No. 8; taught three terms under- graduate; taught one year in Graded school in Madrid; one year in West- chester county and four years in Tarry town; '87 married James M. Requa of Tarry town. One daughter, Ruth, '90. Anna A. Lewis — EL; entered the A class primary '72; '81-2 Lawrenceville Academy; '82-4 Senior department Massena Union school, which position she resigned to take charge of her brother's family at Potsdam, where she has remained ten years. 120 Potsdam Normal School. Helen Louise Morton-Bonney — E. ; entered from Griffith Institute, Spring- ville, N. Y. ; taught one term before entering and one while undergradu- ate; '81-3 Ithaca; '83-4 in Griffith Institute; married Joseph P. Bonney Oct. '84. One daughter, Louise M. '94. Potsdam, N. Y. Lois Isabelle Phillips — E. ; entered from the schools of practice; '81-4 home district school; '85-7 Primary Department, Brushton; '87-8 home school; '88-91 Syracuse Publishing House; '91-4 home school, Madrid, N. Y. Lucy O. Perrin — E. ; entered the Academic Department of the Normal School from District No. 8; '81-8 White Plains; '89-93 Elm Street, Pots- dam; '94-6 Tarry town on the Hudson; completed four years' Chautau- qua Course. Jennie Phippen-Wright — EL; taught one year before graduation; '82 Marsh- alltown, Iowa; '83 married W. S. Wright of Mason City, Iowa, where she resided three years, going to Kansas City four years and Oklahoma City for one year. One daughter, Edith Lucile, '85. Her husband died in '92. Potsdam, N. Y. Wilbur H. Reynolds — E. — M. D; '79 taught in St. Lawrence Co.; '81-2 Iowa; '86 M. D., N. Y. University Medical College; '87 married Elizabeth A. Wood. Children, Robert J. '91; Lorena '93; Blythe M. '95. Physician, Potsdam, N. Y. Sarah Y. Raymond — EL; entered from Ogdensburg; '81-2 assistant teacher Bedford Academy, Westchester Co.; '82-9 in the different grades, Ogdens- burg; '89-96 Director of Drawing, Public Schools of Ogdensburg, N. Y. George W. Sisson, Jr. — C; entered Primary Department, Normal, '70 at eight years of age; '81-2 Principal, Half Moon; '82-3 Gouverneur; '83-4 taught private school at Blount's Ferry, Fla. ; several contributions to educational journals in '82 on Lessons in Elementary Natural Science; since '84 in lumbering business, farming and dairying, Potsdam; '87 married Mary Howes of Gouverneur. They have had four children of whom Marion Grace '90 and Stanley Howes '94 are living. Potsdam, N.Y. Wayland Eugene Stearns — C. — A. M.; entered from District No. 8: '85 A. B. '91 A. M., University of Rochester; '85-6 Principal, Heuvelton; '86-9 Principal, Cape Vincent; '89-90 Saratoga Springs; '90-4 Principal, Mo- hawk; '94 Superintendent Rome Schools; '91 married Helen Ruth Mason, '89. Rome, N. Y. DemisE. Smith — EL; taught four terms undergraduate; '81-5 Onawa, Iowa; '86-7 Mapleton, Iowa; '87-90 St. Cloud, Minn.; '90-4 Riverside, Cal. Received life diploma from State Department of Public Instruction, Cal. Riverside, Cal. Clara L. Tisd ale-Dexter — C; entered from Potsdam; '82 taught at Keene's N. Y.; '83-4 Norway. N. Y.; '84-5 Newport; '85 married Henry C. Dexter. Children, Fannie E., '87; William, '91. Pulaski, N. Y. George E. VanKennan — C; lawyer, Ogdensburg, N. Y. Biograpliical Sketches of Alumni. 121 Class of January, '82. Jerome A. Crane — C; entered from home district school; taught one term undergraduate; '82-3 Vermont Reform School, Vergennes, Vt.; '83-93 druggist, Clinton, Mass.; '93-5 advertising manager X-Zalia Medicine Co., 2 Bromfield St., Boston, Mass. Warren J. Cheney — C; '82-7 Fort Covington Academy; '84 married Lizzie H. Southwick, who died in '86. One son, Guy W. '86. '83-4 President Alumni Association; '87-90 Principal Brasher and Stockholm Academy; '87 married Addie C. Benedict. One daughter Muriel A. '92. '87-90 studied law in office of Lewis C. Lang; '90 admitted to Bar; '90-5 practice of law at Corning; '94 elected alderman city of Corning. Jennie M. Hall-Smith — E.; Hudson, N. Y. Annette E. Gillette — E.; graduated C. in June '82. Susan A. Putnam — El.; entered from District No. 8; since graduation has taught in Potsdam and one year and a half in New Rochelle; now teach- ing in Potsdam. Class of June '82. Nettie Billings — El.; deceased. Mary L. Barker-Denlinger — El.; entered from Alexandria Bay; '82-3 Prin cipal Primary school, Marinette, Wis.; '83-5 Alexandria Bay; '85-7 Lans- ford, Pa.; '88 married Austin F. Denlinger, M. D. One daughter, Catharine Barker, '88. Diploma was indorsed by the states of Wisconsin and Penn- sylvania. Since marriage has taken the Chautauqua course in reading. Lansford, Pa. Maggie Cochran-Gorrie — El.; entered to take method work; she had taught forty terms before entering the Normal; in '82 was married to Rev. P. D. Gorrie, Potsdam. Mary Augusta Cowper-Witherhead — E. : entered from Morristown; taught five terms undergraduate; graduated with French extra; '82-3 Onawa, Iowa; '83-4 Elk River, Minn. ; '86 married John B. Witherhead. Three daughters, Helen '89; Mary '91; Fannie '93. Ogdensburg, N. Y. Ella C. Dorwin-Smith — E.; taught nine years before Normal course; taught forty terms after graduation; '84 married John S. Smith, Eau Claire, Wis. Children, E valine '85, deceased '93; Seymour '87, deceased '93; Dorwin '91. 119 Marston Avenue, Eau Claire, Wis. Cynthia E. Everett-Brooks — El. ; taught three years; '91 married H. G. Brooks, who died Sept. '91; '95 graduate course at Normal. Potsdam, N. Y. Anna E. Gillette-Pim — C; prepared at Gouverneur Seminary; taught one year at Atlanta, Ga., two years at Savannah, Ga. ; married Benj. F. Pirn. One son B. Frank. 24 East Hunter St., Atlanta, Ga. 122 Potsdam Normal School. Mayfred Leonard- O'Hara — E.; entered from Intermediate department; taught one term before graduating; taught one term in Massena center; '83-9 Waltham, Mass.; '89 married Daniel O'Hara. Children, Elliott '00; Dwight '02. Waltham, Mass. Hannah McCloy-Mitchell — El.; prepared at Gouverneur; taught five years in White Plain; married B. E. Mitchell. One son William Kenneth. Gouverneur, N. Y. Clara A. Smith-Close — El.; entered from Gouverneur; taught one term un- dergraduate; '82-5 Gouverneur East Side school; '85-6 Kimball, S. D.; '87 Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary; '86 married Dr. S. W. Close. Children, Alison J. '88; Dorothy L. '05. Completed with diplomas a four years' course of study in the C. L. S. C, also a seal course American History and Literature. Gouverneur, N. Y. Nettie M. Spencer-Hewitt — El.; entered from Gouverneur; taught one term undergraduate; "this was the class of girls;" '82-3 Canister; '83 married Dr. George D. Hewitt. Carthage, N. Y. Mary H. Wallace-Corey — EL; entered from Morristown; 82-3 district school at home. '83 Elk Eiver, Minn.; '84-5 Minneapolis, Minn.; '85 married F. N. Corey. One child, Cecilia '88. Class of January, '83 Lizzie G. Atwater-Cochrane — E.; prepared at P^ast Norfolk; taught before graduation; '83-5 Pomalie, Cal.; '85-00 San Raphael, Cal.; '00 married James W. Cochrane, District Attorney Marin county, Cal. Two children, Clare and Evelyn. Darwin H. Clark — E.; pharmacist. 100 East 7th St., St. Paul, Minn. Ellen E. Gaynor — EL; passed through the training departments; taught one term undergraduate; '83-6 Cresco, Iowa; '86-0 Principal's Assistant: '80-04 first Primary Teacher at Public Schools Hewlett's L. I. Lizzie Southwick-Cheney — E. ; deceased. Class of June, '83. C. A. Barnett— E.— M. D. Potsdam, N. Y. Carrie E. Benton-McComb — C. Carthage, N. Y. Minnie J. Bridges-Kinsley — C; prepared at Massena; taught eleven years as Preceptress Massena; '04-6 Arlington, N. J. Jennie A. Brodie-Fowler — C; entered from the Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary; taught one year Gouverneur Seminary; two years at Tilden Ladies' Seminary, West Lebanon, N. H.; '86 married Edwin Fowler. Children, Margaret '88; Helen '90. Kansas City, Mo. William G. Brown — E.; entered from home district school; taught one term undergraduate; '83-4 Principal Spragueville; '84-5 Richville; '85-8 Thine Biographical Sketches of Alumni. J 23 Mile Bay; '88-94 in business St. Albans, Vt ; '84 married Nellie E. Howe, 79. Children, Carl F. '83: Harold H. '87; Kenneth G. '93. Sarah Jean Close-Daggett — EL; entered from Stockholm: taught two years undergraduate: taught in Madrid, Massena and Gouverneur; '89 married Elmer E. Daggett. One son, Eex E. '91. Post-graduate Chautauqua Course. West Stockholm, N. Y. RedmondS. Colnon — C; Civil Engineer. St. Louis, Mo. Henry C. Curtis — E.; entered from Medina. 0. ; has taught between forty- five and fifty terms as Principal of Union schools; his present business is life insurance. Potsdam. Clark M. Foote — C; teaching. Deer Lodge, Montana. Minnie A. Hickey — C; entered Primary department; '83-7 Tuckahoe, N. Y.; '87-92 State Normal school Platteville, Wis. ; '92-4 Elmira, N. Y. ; '95 at home; '95-6 Burlington, Vt. Diploma endorsed by Wisconsin. Dennis B. Lucey — C; '83-4 Principal Grammar school Ogdensburg; '84-7 Ogdensburg Free Academy; admitted to Bar Sept. '86; practice of law in Ogdensburg to date; firm, Malby and Lucey; '95-6 Mayor of Ogdensburg. E. W McDonald— E ; died Oct. 11 '95. Lillian Macomber-Kerr — El. ; '85-6 Brighton, N. Y. ; '87 married Rev. Geo. A. Kerr of Troy Conference. Children, Mildred M. '88; Ethel '90, Genevieve '92; Lepha Lillian '94. Middlebury, N. Y. Harriet A. McGruer-Morgan — El.; prepared at DeKalb; '83 East DeKalb; '83-4 Lewisboro; '84-7 New Rochelle; '87 married Charles H. Morgan, New Rochelle. Children, Malcolm Douglass '90; Hobart McGruer and Bayeux Badeau '92; John Alexander '94. Adelaide Norris — C; entered from District No. 8; '83-6 Junior Grammar, Mount Kisco; '86-9 Minneapolis city schools; '89-90 Junior Grammar, Mount Kisco; '90-5 Principal Mount Kisco Free school; one vacation spent in traveling through the West to the Pacific. Amy L. Perry — EL; prepared at Fort Covington; Fort Covington one year; Chateaugay four years; Sherman Academy, Moriah, one year; Marshall- town, Iowa, two years; Riverside, CaL, four years, her present address. George W. Shoemaker — C— M. D. entered from Nichols, N. Y.; '83-4 Prin- cipal Port Jervis Academy; '84-6 Billings, Mont., Public schools; '86 Drug business, Billings; '91 graduated medical department Syracuse University at present drugs and medicines, Billings, Mont. ; '86 married Alice G. Swift, '83. Children, Harold R. '89; Horace A. '91; Martha G. '92; Ger- trude '94. Emma A. Shields-McDonald — E.; entered from West Potsdam; '83-4 Primary department Norwood; '85 Principal Spencertown; '86 Norwood; '85 mar- ried Edwin F. McDonald '84. Two sons, Lyle R. '90, deceased; Lloyd R. '92. Norwood, N. Y. 124 Potsdam Normal School. Alice G. Swift-Shoemaker — El.; prepared in the practice schools; '84 district school and Waddington; '85-6 taught music in Potsdam; '86 married Geo. W. Shoemaker, '83 and moved to Billings, Mont. Martha E. Shoemaker — El. Belle C. Turner-Hyslop — C; passed her entire school life in the Normal, entering in the Primary Department; '83-5 Rouse's Point; '86-90 Nyack; postgraduate course in German; '91 married Rev. John W. Hyslop. Ashtabula, O. Class of January, '84-. Emma 0. Armstrong-Sarles — EL; entered from public school, Brooklyn; taught five years undergraduate; '84-5 Harris ville; '85-7 Mount Kisco; '87 married A. W. Sarles. One son, Merrill '90. Mount Kisco, N. Y. Alice L. Dove — El.; since graduation has been teaching at Woodlawn, Va. Margaret Ellen Roberts — E. ; Superior Wis. Class of June, '84. L. Belle Beaman — E.; entered from Gouverneur; '84-6 First Grade, Cook Co. Schools, 111.; '87 Canton; '88-95 Gouverneur, N. Y. Alice M. Benson-Grant — E.; entered from home district school; taught three terms undergraduate; '84-5 Pierpont; '85-7 Hammond; '87 Morris- town; '88-94 Potsdam; '87 married Clarence W. Grant, Potsdam, N. Y. Annis H. Bissell — El. See Class of June '85. Lettie M. Bliss-Giles — El.; entered from Withersfield, 111.; taught ten terms undergraduate; taught in Burns, Withersfield and Wyoming, 111.; '88 revisited Potsdam; '89 married Lincoln F. Giles. One daughter, Beulah E. '93. 319 Fifteenth St., Rock Island, 111. Jessie M. Crandall — C: Kindergartner, Rockford, 111. Gertrude T. Giffin — C; prepared at Heuvelton; '84-6 Canton; '86-7 Pre- ceptress, Ives Seminary, Antwerp; '87-8 White Plains; '88-91 Heuvelton; '91-2 Cook Co., Normal, Chicago, regular course Kindergarten and post- graduate courses; '92-5 Kindergarten, Evanston, 111. Ella Kingston- Wright— E. Waddington, N. Y. H. May McLaury- Abbott — C. Salamanca, N. Y. Edwin F. McDonald — C; entered from Pierpont; taught three terms under- graduate; '84-5 Spencertown, N. Y. ; '86-96 Principal, Norwood; several contributions to educational journals: assistant instructor at Teachers' Institutes; '88-94 many articles to daily papers, etc.; '86 married Emma A. Shields, '83. Cora M. Nelson-Fitzgerald — EL; taught one term undergraduate; '84 Nicholville; '85 Sandy Creek; '88-90 Tucson, Ariz.; '90 married James Fitzgerald. Daughter, Edna E. '92. 1420 Maxwell St., Spokane, Wash. Biographical Sketches of Alumni 125 Harvey M. Story, Jr. — E.; entered Primary Department; '84-6 Ogdensburg Grammar Department; '86-95 dry goods, Potsdam, N. Y. Mary E. Sanborn — EL; prepared at Norwood; taught two terms undergradu- ate; after graduation taught three years; studied English Literature and French in Boston; took a course in stenography and type-writing; acted as Secretary to the Dean of Harvard College; has contributed to educa- tional papers, and written one story; '95 postgraduate study at Normal. Massena, N. Y. Class of January, '85. Harriet S. Akin-Tupper — E.; entered from the practice schools; '85 Nichol- ville; '85 married E. C. Tupper; '90-4 Primary Department, Canton, N. Y. C. E. S. Cross — EL; taught one year in Michigan; nearly nine years in N. Y. State; is now teaching in Salt Lake City, Utah. Alice Dwinnell-Whitfokd — El. DeKalb, N. Y. Clara L. Keener-Hawkins — E.; entered from Parish ville; one year under- graduate teaching; '85-6 Assistant Heading, Potsdam Normal; '86 gradu- ated Boston School of Oratory; '86-8 Elmira College, Greenville, 111.; '89 married W. M. Hawkins, Potsdam. Children, Gladys '91; Irena '93; John Keener '95. Has continued postgraduate study in Literature and Elocution; Vice-President fortnightly Literary Club, Potsdam: Worthy Matron, Vega Chapter, 0. E. S. M. Jennie Kinney — EL; prepared at Massena; '85-8 Massena; '88 postgrad- uate study of Languages; taught two years in Massena, N. Y., and two at Winclom, Me. N. Euth Murphy — EL: '85-6 Katonah; '87 Principal Mooers Forks; '88 post- graduate study; '88-90 Principal North Tonawanda; rested two years; '92-5 Principal No. 3, North Tonawanda, N. Y. Julia A. Partridge — El. East Barre, Vt Fannie K. Eicketson-Gordon — EL; prepared at Keeseville Academy; '85 Port Douglass; '85-6 Chateaugay; '8? Austin, Minn. ; '88 New Eochelle; '89 married Newton S. Gordon, Austin, Minn. Two sons, one daughter. Mabel L. Waggoner — E. ; taught one year undergraduate; '86-7 Charlotte, Vt.; '87-8 West Carthage; two years since in district school; last three years detained at home by her mother's health. Harrisville, N. Y. Class of June, '85. Minnie D.Abbott — C; prepared in the district school; spent three years in college; taught one term before and one term since graduation; teaching at Potsdam, N. Y. F. H. Allen, E. — Ph. B.; four years teaching, undergraduate and ten years since. See Faculty. 126 Potsdam Normal School. Bertha L. Allen-Conant— E. ; prepared in the Practice School; '85-6 Assist- ant, Heuvelton; '87-90 Primary Department, Constable ville: '90-1 Primary Department, Norwood; '91-2 District School, South Salem; '92-3 Primary Department, West Chester; '93 married Principal Eobert L. Conant, Long Island City. One daughter, Marion '94. Harriette L. Banister— El. ; entered from District No. 9; taught several terms during course; '85 Principal Primary Department, Norwood; '89-92 No. 8, Potsdam; '93-6 Primary Work, New Rochelle; '93 spent three months visiting schools in and about Boston. Ella G. Roberts— El. Plattsburgh. N. Y. Annis H. Bissell — E.; entered from Madrid; taught two terms undergradu- ate; '85-8 out of health; '89 Madrid; '90 Rhode Island Hospital Training School for nurses and graduated in '93; has since been doing private nursing in the city of Providence. Berton L. Brown C— A. M.; prepared at Gouverneur; '88 A. B.— A. M., Middlebury, (Vt). College; '88-95 Principal Sherman Collegiate Institute Moriah, N. Y. ; '88 married Leonora M. Freeman. One daughter, Rae Marion. Lizzie B. Brown — C. Deceased. Harriet Call-Burnap — C; entered from Intermediate Department; '85-6 Fort Dodge, Iowa; '86-9 New York City; '89-91 New Rochelle; '91 married F. P. Burnap. 1113 East 22d. St., Kansas City, Mo. Clara L. Clark — E.; entered from District No. 8; taught one year in the Deaf Mute Institute, Rochester, N. Y. ; one year taught a deaf mute child in a private family, Belfast; one year District No. 6, Potsdam; four years Primary Department, Katonah; entered Oswego Normal School February '93 and completed the method work in June '93; '94-5 Critic Teacher, State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich.; '95-6 State Normal School, Oshkosh, Wis. Harriet M. Crane-Bryant — C. T.; entered from District No. 8; taught two terms in Lysander; '88 graduated Music Teachers' Course; taught music one year in Sycamore, 111., and one year in Normal Conservatory; '89 married Willis Merton Bryant; settled in Chicago, studied with Sara Hershey Eddy, and taught Public School Teachers in Chicago and classes in Wheaton College; Mr. Bryant died '92; continued her studies in sing- ing with Mme. Luisa Cappiana; taught singing in Western Michigan College, then in New Bay City; '93-5 had charge of music in the Schools of East Orange, N. J.; '95 Normal Conservatory, Potsdam. M. Bessie Davis — E.; teaching, Pasadena, Cal. Frank Edwin Ford — E.; taught four terms undergraduate; '85-6 Richville, N. Y.; '86-7 Columbia Grammar School, N. Y. City; '87-90 studied law with Hon. John I. Gilbert and taught in Franklin Academy; '91-5 State Agent Travellers Life Ins. Co., Minn.; '92 married Margaret Elliot. 1014 Pioneer Press Building, St. Paul, Minn. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 127 Alberta E. Foster-Sexton — EL; prepared at Colton; three years undergrad- uate teaching; '85-6 Colton; '86-8 Santa Ana, Cal.; '88-90 Alhambra, Cal.; '91 married Fred L. Sexton, Santa Ana; has worked in Los Angeles and Orange Co. Institutes. Santa Ana, Cal. Anna Louise Hickey — C; entered the lowest class of the Primary Depart- ment; '85-94 Public Schools of Elmira, N. Y. ; she is taking a year's vaca- tion at home Potsdam, N. Y. Jennie M. Jones-Richardson — El.; entered from Ogdensburg; taught school one and one-half years in Spokane, Wash.; married Wm. D. Richardson. One daughter, Elizabeth. Spokane, Wash. Eva M. Lane-Smith— E.; '85-6 Constable ville; '87-90 New Rochelle; '91 mar- ried Perry R. Smith. Children, Edward M., Thaddeus D., Fannie L. Mount Pleasant, N. Y. Roberta. McDonald — C; taught five terms undergraduate; '85-6 Norwood; '86-9 Madrid; '89-91 Sandy Creek; '91-6 Irving-on-Hudson; '83 married Ludencia Rowles; Children, Edith Rose '84; Arthur R. '91; Margaret A. '95; postgraduate, Chautauqua. University of City of New York. Emma L. Merrick-Lookwood — E. Deceased. Nellie H. McCarthy — El. Deceased. Emma G. Olmstead— E.; taught undergraduate; '85-8 Gouverneur; '88-9 Herkimer; '89-91 Normal School, Shippensburg, Pa.; '91-2 Training School, Pueblo, Col.; '92-6 Training School, Bridgeport, Conn.; postgraduate study at School of Pedagogy, New York. Jane Purves — E. T.; entered from Madrid, having taught three years; '85-8 Principal Primary Department, Hammond; '88-9 Waddington; '90 gradu- ated Music Teachers course; '90-3 Teacher Vocal Music, Drawing and Physical Culture, Normal College, Florence, Ala. ; '93-6 Emerson College of Oratory, Boston, Mass. John C. Rockwell — C; prepared at Bedford Academy; has taught thirteen years; postgraduate course in Pedagogics, N. Y. University; Superintend- ent of Schools; Secretary County Teachers Association; Superintendent Sunday School. Port Chester, N. Y. Franc C. Sullivan-Graves— C. Minneapolis, Minn. Marion G. Sprague — El. ; teacher Fullerville, N. Y. Luther 0. Wadleigh — E. — Ph. B— LL. B.; entered Primary Department at the age of six; '85-7 Principal, Constable ville; studied Classics with Prof. Dewey one year, and entered Syracuse University, graduating in '92, Ph. B.; studied law one year in Potsdam; '93 entered law department of Michigan University, graduating in June '94, LL. B.; '94 admitted to Bar at Saratoga. Lawver Potsdam, N. Y. 128 Potsdam Normal School. Class of January, '86. Nellie M. Allen — E. ; entered from Ellenburg Depot; taught four terms previous to entering Normal, and two terms undergraduate; '86-7 Anns- ville; '87-9 Grammar Department, Scotts Plains, N. J.; '89-93 Yonkers; '93-4 Cranford, N. J. Lena C. Boyd — EL; prepared at Russell; taught one year undergraduate; taught one year West Potsdam and one year at Russell; '89-93 Hermon; '93-5 Elysian, Minn. ; diploma endorsed by Minn. ; '95-6 completing Ad- vanced course at Normal. Kate Butler-Leahy — El. Deceased. Agnes T. Crowley-Grim — E. ; taught two terms undergraduate; '86 Ausable Forks; '86-7 Crarys Mills. '87-9 Santa Ana, Cal.; '89 married Charles F. Grim. One daughter, Mary '90. '92-6 Santa Ana, Cal. Emma C. Fisher-Sage — EL; entered from Madrid; taught one term under- graduate; '86-9 South New Berlin: '89-90 Afton; '90 Lawrence; '90 mar- ried Jewett P. Sage. One daughter, '91 deceased. South New Ber- lin, N. Y. W. F. Hitchcock — E.; entered from Hannawa Falls; taught one term under- graduate; '86 Principal Colton; '87 Pierpont Center; '88-9 Principal, Catman, Minn. ; '89-92 Fisher, Minn. ; '92-5 Assistant County Superin- tendent of Schools, Polk Co., Minn.; '87 married Cynthia L. Fairbanks. One son, J. Howard '94. Bookkeeper and stenographer, E. B. Childs &. Co. Crookston, Minn. Alice S. Lewis — C; entered from the practice school; taught two terms be- fore graduation; '86 district school; '86-8 Waddington; '88-9 at home; '89- 94 Principal Primary New Rochelle; '94-5 Principal Intermediate Belle- ville, N. J. Flora E. White-Boynton — EL; taught four years before graduation; '87-91 Middlebury, Vt.; '91-3 Webster, N. Y.; '86 married F. D. Boynton, '87. Ithaca, N. Y. Class of June, '86. James W. Aitchison — S.; see Faculty. Ella M. Bartholomew — El. Deceased. Jennie L. Besio-Potter — El. Jamaica, L. I. George Henry Cobb — E. ; entered from Sackett's Harbor; taught four terms undergraduate; '87-8 Principal, Heuvelton; '89 studied law; '91 admitted to practice; '92-3 Deputy County Clerk, Jefferson county; '93-5 Recorder of City of Watertown; has been Deputy Collector of Customs Cape Vin- cent; Post Master Westminster Park; '93 married Louise Wenzel; "Non- dum nobis sunt liberi." 23 Clay St., Watertown, N. Y. Edith M. Crandall-McFadden — E. Deceased. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 129 Lottie A. Clark-Parker — E.; entered from Parishville; taught several terms; '93 married Waller F. Parker; taught in California; died July 30, '95. A. Augusta Cheney-Church — EL; entered from training department; one term undergraduate teaching; '86-8 Morristown; '88 married George Church; '93-4 Morristown, N. Y. Delia D'Ette Dorchester — El.; taught before entering; '87 Primary depart- ment Parishville; '88 Intermediate department Boonville; '89-92 Grammar department Arlington, N. J. ; '94 re-entered Normal to complete English course; '95-6 Billings, Montana. May Hawley-Squires — EL; taught two terms undergraduate; '86-7 Hoyt's Mills; '88-9 Hawleyville; '89-90 Hoyt's Mills; '90-3 Good Ground, L. I.; '93 married Benjamin Squires of Good Ground, L. I. Elva Marie Haywood — C. — T. '88; entered from District No. 8; taught two terms undergraduate; '86-7 Principal No. 8; member of first class Music Teachers' Course; '88-9 first assistant Williams Bridge; '92 first assistant Waddington, where she introduced music and drawing; '92-4 Principal Pine street Potsdam; '94-6 Junior grade No. 8 Poisdam. Arthur K. Hitchcock — C. — LL. B.; '86-7 Principal Harrisville; '87-9 Princi- pal Tuscon, Arizona; '89-91 Superintendent Florence, Arizona; '91 Law department University of Michigan, graduating '93; '93-6 practicing law Traer, Iowa; diploma endorsed by Arizona. John E. Hitchcock — S. — Ph. C; entered from Harrisville; '86-7 Principal Natural Bridge; '87-9 drug store Carthage, N. Y.; '89-91 student Universi- ty of Michigan, graduating Ph. C. '91; '91-5 Medical Hall Pharmacy, Flattsburgh, N. Y. Lura S. Jones-Keiffer — S.; entered from Norfolk; has taught one year in New York; five years in California. Anaheim, Cal. Lina A Morton-McKain— E. ; '86-90 Bradford, Pa. ; '90 married George C. McKain. Children, Harriet; David, deceased '94; Dorothy. Salem, West Va. Lilly A. McBrien — E.; taught eight terms before graduation; '86-7 Mount Kisco; '87-9 New Rochelle; '89-93 Waddington; '93-4 Madrid; '94-6 Nauga- tuck, Ct. Minnie A. Nichols-Zillman — E. ; entered from Madrid; taught four years in Madrid and Thorpe. Thorpe, Wis. Abbie M Parmeter — E.; preliminary education in the practice schools; '86 Potsdam; '88 California; '89-92 Florence, Arizona. Cleveland, O. Sidney A. Perkins — E. ; has taught since graduation in California. Shan- don, Cal. Burt W. Reed — S.; entered from Adams Center; taught one term undergrad- uate; '86-7 Principal Spencertown; '87-9 Principal San Pedro, Cal. ; '90-2 Principal El Modena, Cal.; '92-5 Whittier, Cal.; married Jennie L. Wright 'SQ, Son, Chauncey '90. Whittier, Cal. Q. C H. 9, Potsdam Normal School. Charlotte Anna Reay — E. ; entered from Plattsburgh High school; '86-7 Cross River; '87-90 Ingraham; '90-1 West Chazy; '01-3 Beekmantown; '93-4 Albury, Vt. West Chazy, N. Y. Alice M.Stanton — C; entered from Saranac; taught district schools two terms; '86-8 Katonah; '88-9 Saranac; later taught in Bedford, Ilion and Beekmantown, N. Y. ; '92 went to Kin Kiang, China, and began the study of the language; at present in charge of Girls' Boarding School of about forty-eight members. Mary A. Shearer — E. ; '86-8 Bradford, Pa. ; '88-96 has been book-keeper for her father. Butler, Pa. F.M.Smith — E.; entered from Watertown; two terms undergraduate teach- ing; '86-8 Principal Parishville; '88-96 hardware, Fort Wayne, Ind. Martha E. Shoemaker — E ; entered from Nichols Academy; taught two years before graduation; '86-9 Middleburgh academy; '89-90 Elmira academy; '90 New Rochelle; '90-2 Montclair, N. J.; '92-3 book-keeper, Billings, Mont. ; '93-5 Bozeman, Mont. ; '95 county superintendent of schools, Yel- lowstone county, Mont. Billings, Mont. Sarah M. Spaulding-Burr — E.; entered from' Hermon; taught nine terms undergraduate; "86-7 New York cit}-; '87-90 New Rochelle; April '90 mar- ried Isaac Burr. Harrisville, N. Y. Fannie J. Storie-Dumas — E.; entered from Gouverneur Seminary; post- graduate Latin and Kindergarten; taught six years; diploma endorsed by Washington. Hawaii, Sandwich Is. Reuben A. Taylor — E. ; entered from Lanesboro, Pa. ; '86-7 Sanataria Spa, N. Y.; '87-8 Spring Valley; '89 West Haverstraw; '89-92 National Ex- press, Niagara Falls to Boston, Mass.; '92-5 Niagara Falls schools; '91 mar- ried Rena A. Mumford. Son, M. Warren. Jennie Freeman Wright-Reed — S. ; entered from Brasher Falls; '86-7 Spen- eertown; '87-8 Los Angeles, Cal.; '88-9 San Pedro; '91-2 El Modena; '93-4 Whittier, Cal. ; married Burt W. Reed '86. Son, Chauncey '90. Class of February, '87. Lura S. Coonley-Gurley — C. Chateaugay, N. Y. Laura A. Coonley-VanVatchen — C. Chateaugay, N. Y. Florence Converse — C; taught one term before graduation and four terms in New York, after graduation; '90-5 Portland, Ore. 232 Caruthers St. Nora Crossman-Marsh — E.; entered from Ives Seminary; taught four terms undergraduate, and three years in Westchester county, since graduation; '87 married James M. Marsh, M. D. Children, Emma L. '91; Jael S. '94. Ogdensburg, N. Y. Jessie Freemont DeWolee— E. ; entered from Moriah; has taught nearly all the time since graduation in Whittier, Cal.; '91-2 Brattleboro, Vt.; '94-5 Biographical Sketches of Alumni 131 Superintendent of Girls' Reform school, Whittier, Cal. : member of Woman's Congress, Woman's Study Club; taking course in Spanish. Walter S. Flint — C; entered from South Colton: taught two terms under- graduate; '87 Principal South Colton; '87-8 Katonah; '88-93 Fort Cov- ington; '93 entered law department of University of Michigan; '90 mar- ried Hattie G. Benedict of Katonah; '95 lawyer, Binghamton, N. Y. Emily L. Halleck — EL: entered from Keeseville; '87-8 Peru; '88-95 Keese- vilie High school. Julia L. Hutchins — C; teaching. Cazenovia, Mich. Nellie F. Parker-McCall— E. ; entered from District No. 17 Potsdam; '87-8 Heuvelton; '88-93 Madrid; '93 married Harry W. McCall. Madrid, N. Y. Joel M. Pelsue — E. ; entered from North Stockholm; taught before gradua- tion at West Stockholm ; '87 Principal Fine; '90-5 agent for U. S. Whip Co., Westfield, Mass. North Sfockholm, N. Y. Class of June, '87. Lina E. Barber-Graves— C. ; '87-9. South New Berlin; '89-93 West Side Gouverneur; '93-4 Harrisville, N. Y. Gouverneur, N. Y. Frank David Boynton — C, A. M.; taught two years before graduation; '91 A. B. Middlebury college, Yt.; '91-3 Principal, Webster, N. Y.;93-6 Prin- cipal, High School, Ithaca, N. Y.; '94 A. M. Hamilton College; '94 Presi- dent Alumni Association P. S. N. S.; '86 married Flora E. White '86. Mary Estelle Brown -Myers — C, T., '90; entered from the Intermediate de- partment; '87-8 Canton; '89 Music Teachers' Course; '90-2 Seattle, Wash.; '92 married Alexander Myers. Children, Daisy '93; Alexander Douglass '95. Seattle, Washington. Sarah Cameron — S.; '87-90 taught in New York State; '90-1 LaGrande, Ore.; '91-6 Seattle. 512 Albert Street, Seattle, Wash. Laura Annis Cauble-Flagg — C; entered from High School Salem, Ind.; has pursued post-graduate study of Chaucer and 18th Century Literature; married Professor Edward W. Flagg of the Normal Faculty. Virginia J. Colnon — C; entered from Chicago, 111.; '87-9 Nyack; '89-91 East Syracuse; 91-5 Tnckahoe, N. Y. John M. Curran — C, A. B. LL. B., entered from the Intermediate depart- ment; '87-8 Principal, Ft. Covington; '92 A. B. Hamilton College; '93 LL. B. Kent Law School, Chicago, 111. 612 Title and Trust Building, Chicago. Mildred Adine Cleveland-Hull — E.; entered from the practice depart- ment; '87-8 Adams school, Burlington, Vt.; '88-9 Cross Eiver; '89-91 Pine street, Potsdam; '91 married Walter C. Hull. Daughter, Ruth Cleveland. Bridgeport, Conn. Sydney R. Covey — E.; entered from Parish ville; taught before graduation; five years teaching at Oyster Bay, L. I.; two years at Lincoln, Nebraska. Hermon, N. Y. i3 2 Potsdam Normal School. Nellie B. Dodds-Evans — E.; entered from the home graded school; taught two terms undergraduate; '87-8 Hammond; '88-90 Theresa: '90-2 Yank- ton, South Dakota; '92-4 Hammond, N. Y.; '94 married Byron A. Evans. Hammond, N. Y. Margaret M. Everett — E. ; entered from Parish ville Center; taught one term before graduation; two years in Cherubusco; three years in Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. ; and two in the Misses Masters' school, Dobbs Ferry on the Hudson; '94-5 graduate at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn; '95-6 Brookline, Mass. Jessie Ferguson — S.; entered from Medina Academy; '87-8 Mt. Kisco; '88 Me- dina; on account of ill health obliged to abandon her chosen work; she writes, "I look forward to teaching again;" has given private instruction in German, and English Literature. Medina, N. Y. Cora M. Gurle.y — E.; entered from District No. 8; '87-8 North Lawrence; '88-9 No. 8 Potsdam; '90-2 Malone; '92-6 Bay ville, L. I. Lottie Hitchcock — C; entered from Mt. Kisco; taught at Mt. Kisco two years; Ilion two years; 91-6 Principal assistant Hackensack, N. J. Belle Hatch — E.; prepared at Waddington; '87-8 Colton; '88-9 attending the sick at home; '89-96 Primary department, Morristown, N. Y. Franc J. Humphrey — E.; prepared at Perkins academy, Copenhagen; '87-8 Theresa; '88-90 Lowville; '90-8 New Rochelle; '93-5 Fresno, Cal. Sara Elizabeth Hawley — El. ; entered from Johnston, Vt. ; taught one term undergraduate; '87-8 Voluntown, Ct. ; '88-91 Noank, Ct ; '91-4 Mariners' Harbor, N. Y.; president of C. E. Society, Mariners Harbor. Woodville, Ct. Jerry Mahoney — C; Principal, Scarsdale, N. Y. Deceased. Helen Ruth Mason-Stearns — C; entered from Beeman Academy, New Haven, Vt.; '87-9 Grammar department, Cape Vincent; '91 married Principal Wayland E. Stearns '81. Rome, N. Y. Gertrude D. McBrien — E.; entered from Waddington; taught four terms undergraduate; '87-93 Primary department, Madrid; '93-6 Emerson Col- lege of Oratory, Boston, Mass. Charlotte L. Mawson — El.; entered from Cazenovia Seminary; taught two years undergraduate; '87-8 Rockaway Beach, L. I.; '88-91 East Syracuse; '91-4 instructor in department of biology, State Normal School Madison, South Dakota; '93 instructor in biology, Summer School Madison; '94-5 graduate, course Potsdam; '95-6 Indiana Normal School, Pa. Charles Seymour Plank — C; entered from Ives Seminary; taught two terms undergraduate; '87-90 Principal, Waddington; '90-date school commission- er 2d district St. Lawrence county; graduate study of law; '91 married Ada M. Flint '90. Son, Seymour Lafayette, Dec. '95. Waddington, N. Y. Clayton W. Powers — E.; '87-8 Principal, Chazy; '89-90 Principal, Mooers; '90-3 Principal, Hailey, Ida. ; '93-5 Fire Insurance, Minneapolis, Minn. ; 'ss married Margaret Marnes. Daughter, Margaret Lucile, Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 1 33 Cora M. Stearns — C. ; has taught six years at Cape Vincent and New Ro- chelle. Frank Benton Spaulding— S., A. B.: entered from Crary's Mills; taught two terms undergraduate; '87-9 Principal, Ocean City, N. J.; '89-90 Prin- cipal, Madrid; '93 A. B. St. Lawrence University; '95-6 Principal, New Hartford, N. Y.; '88 married Bettie M. Pelton, whose health did not per- mit her to complete her course. Son, Carl. Maggie Sullivan — El. Tuckahoe, N. Y. Martin E. Thew — C; taught two terms undergraduate; '87-9 Principal Amenia; '89 Principal, Hastings-on-Hudson; '90-2 Principal, Lawrence, L. I.: '92-4 general agent Saving and Loan Association; '95 district organizer loan association; '80 married Bertha C. Church. Sons, M. Bertrand '90; Robert G. '92. '90-2 studied Pedagogics, University of New York. New- burgh, N. Y. Edith C. Thompson-McNaughton — E.; taught at Southville, N. Y.; '90 Nor- way, Mich. Lizzie R. Wadsworth — E. ; taught at North Bangor, Norwood, Knapps and North Stockholm. North Stockholm, N. Y. Abbie M. Zoller-Fuller — C; entered from Morristown; '87-9 assistant Nor- wood; '89 married W. D. Fuller. One son, Wyman '93. Norwood, N. Y. Class of January, '88. Franciene E. Bidwell — El.; entered from Norfolk; taught two years un- dergraduate; '88-92 Norwood; '92-6 Fort Plain, N. Y. Merton P. Fobes— C; entered from District No. 8; '88-9 Somers; '90-5 Suth- erland, Iowa; '92 married Harriet Clark. Mabel B. Foster — C; entered from district school; '88 taught home district school; '88-9 assistant, Rockland College, Nyack; '89-93 No. 8 Potsdam; '93-6 Alhambra, Calif. ; piano course, post graduate. Patricia M. Hartford-Hoag — E.; taught several years; married P. M. Hoag, Utica, N. Y. Julia E. Merritt — C; entered after teaching sixteen terms in the towns of Pierpont and Potsdam; '88-9 Mt. Vernon; '89-90 South Colton; '90-4 In- termediate department, Theresa. Crary's Mills, N. Y. Carrie M. Morse — E. ; taught at Chateaugay. 1 Somerset street, Boston, Mass. Harriet L. Parker-Hubbs — El.; taught at Los Angeles, Cal. ; '91 Anaheim; Cal.; Superintendent Kearns County Exposition, San Francisco. South Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal. Willow M. Peake — El.; entered from Chateaugay; '88-94 Chateaugay Union school. Deceased Oct. 21, '94. 134 Potsdam Normal School. Celia C. Eobinson-Page — E.; entered from South Colton; '88 Santa Clara; '89 Principal, South Colton; '90 instrumental music, Windom, Minn.; '91 married Rev. A. E. Page, a 'Normalite.' Norfolk, N. Y. Aletta Viola Ray-Brayton — E.; entered from North Russell; taught one year undergraduate; taught two years since graduation; '89 married Geo. W. Brayton, who died Oct. 18, '94. Canton, N. Y. Evan J. Smith— E., M. D.; '88 Principal, Palmer Falls; '90 Principal, Beaver Falls; '95-6 Physician, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. Class of June, '88. Laura Estelle Burrows-Hoyt — C; entered from Hermon; taught two terms previous to entering; and one year undergraduate; '88-92 Precep- tress, Fulton Academy; '92-3 St. Lawrence University; '98-4 Principal, Bennington, Vt., High School; '94 April married Chester James Hoyt, Bennington, Vt. Elva L. Bell-Carr — E.; taught Parishville; East Orange, N. J.; '93 Rouse's Point, N. Y. ; married Principal Carr, Rouse's Point, N. Y. Emily A. Braun— EL— E. '90; '89 Grand Isle, Nebraska; '90-3 Sing Sing; postgraduate Music and German. Cape Vincent, N. Y. Georgetta L. Burnap-Tryon — EL; entered from Stockholm; taught two terms undergraduate; '88-9 Katonah; '89-91 Hammond; '91-3 Madrid; '93 married Howard I. Tryon '88. Pawling, N. Y. Dora E. Buxton-Lang — EL; entered from district school; taught twenty-five terms undergraduate; '90-1 Johnstown; '92-3 Harrisburg; '93-4 Marion; '89 married William W. Lang now '90 a student at the Normal. Mary Clark — El. ; taught one term undergraduate; '89-90 Somers Centre; '91-2 Cantito: '94-5 Ypsilanti, Mich.; '95-6 Bedford, N. Y. Sarah A. Freeman — E. ; entered from Edwards; '88-90 Edwards; '90-5 Long- fellow school, Minneapolis, Minn. ; '95-6 Edwards, N. Y. James M. Graves — C; entered from Waddington; see Faculty. Potsdam, N. Y. Emma E. Grant — E.; entered from district school; taught one term under- graduate; '89-91 Baldwins, L. I.; '91-6 Chester; completed course of read- ing C. L. S. C. '92. Chester, N. Y. Minnie E. Gillis-Lynch — E.; entered from Fort Covington; taught two and one half years undergraduate; '88-9 Mt. Kisco; '90-2 Principal, Primary department, State Normal School, Oneonta, N. Y.; '91 married Professor Wilbur H. Lynch, of the Normal Faculty; died July '95. Mary E. Hamlin-Bowhall — EL; entered from training school; taught two terms undergraduate: '89-91 Norwood; '90 married Lincoln A. Bowhall. Son, Leigh Armin '93. So. Framingham, Mass. Frances L. Joy-Ladd — EL; taught two terms undergraduate; '89-91 South- ville; '91-2 Intermediate Department, North Lawrence; '95 married Asa F. Ladd who died '95. Potsdam, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. . 135 William J. Linnell — E.; taught four years at Three Mile Bay; three years at Chaumont; '88 married Harriette M. Wells. Children, Harold and Don Clifford Gray. Chaumont, N. Y. Mrs. Mary L. Lewis — E.; taught several terms undergraduate; since gradu- ation has taught chiefly at Passaic, N. J.; postgraduate one year, School of Pedagogy, N. Y. Towners, N. Y. C. Antoinette Miller — S. ; '83-96 Primary Department, Massena, N. Y. Eobert C. McGill — E. ; Principal, McKnownville, Conn. Perris, Cal. Jessie E. Mawson-Cubley — EL; entered from district school; taught one term undergraduate; '88-91 Massena; '91-3 Ithaca High School; '93 mar- ried Will H. Cubley. One son. Massena, N. Y. Florence A. Puffer — E.; entered from Heuvelton; '88 9 North Lawrence; '89-90 Fargo, North Dak.; '90-6 Fresno, Cal. Leslie Eodee — C. Canton, N. Y. Lee E. Eemley-Mansfield — S.; early education, Port Henry; taught two terms undergraduate; two years, Dixon, 111.; three years, Austin, 111.; '93 married Frank Mansfield of Boston, Mass. 1621 Chestnut Street, Phila- delphia, Penn. Willis J. Shields — C; '84-5 taught ungraded school; '88-90 Principal Katonah, N. Y.; '90 Principal, Grammar School, East Orange, N. J.; resigned on account of health; '91 April went to California; '93 married Alwilda E. Bonine. Real estate, 16 E. Colorado Street, Pasadena, Cal. John B. Smith— E. Watertown, N. Y. Joseph Smith — E. ; entered from district school; taught three terms under- graduate; '88-90 Prospect; '90 traveled West; '90-1 Real Estate Mont. : '91-6 mining; attended the twenty-fifth anniversary of his Alma Mater. Dillon, Mont. Edith A. Sawyer — E.; prepared at Canton; has taught at Neillsville, Wis.; Babylon, L. I.; Arlington, N. J.; '91-6 LaCrosse, Wis. Geo. A. Taft — E.; entered from Norwood; taught two terms before gradu- ation; '88-9 Parish ville; '89-90 Goldens' Bridge; '90-3 Katonah; '93-5 Pawling, N. Y. Custom House, New York City. Howard I. Tryon — E.; entered from Brookdale; taught three terms under- graduate; '88-9 North Lawrence; '89-91 Ausable Forks; '92-4 Highlands, N. J.; delegate from Clinton County to State Association, Saratoga, '91; 93' married Georgetta L. Burnap '83; '95-6 Principal, Pawling, N. Y. Laura A. E. Walker — C. Deceased. N. Belle Whitney — E.; entered from Copenhagen; taught one and one-half years undergraduate; '88-9 Hammond; '89-94 New Rochelle; '95-6 San Diego, Cal. 1 36 Potsdam Normal School. Class of January, '89. Frank J. Fuller — E., M. D.; Principal, Saranac Lake; Principal, Somers; Principal, Lake Placid; M. D. University of Pennsylvania. Potsdam, N.Y. George Washington Fuller — E., LL. B. ; taught three and one-half years, Potsdam, Odessa, and Good Ground; LL. B. University of Michigan; '93 Law Practice. Potsdam, N. Y, Kate G. Hayes — EL; entered from Keeseville; '89-90 Westport; '90-6 Keese- ville, N. Y. Jennie M. Healey — E.; taught district schools, Crary's Mills; '93-4 East Syracuse; '95-6 Lowville, N. Y. Harriet M. Nichols- Ackert — E.; entered from Madrid; taught one term undergraduate; '89-90 Fairport; '90 married Charles P. Ackert. Children, Euth Nichols '91; Charles Pierce '93. Little Rock, Ark. Margaret A. Thomas — E. ; entered from Plattsburgh; '89-96 Plattsburgh, N. Y. Emily S. Thorne — El.; prepared at Perth College Institute, Can., and Mas- sena; has taught at Massena; Hewlett's, L. I.; Woodhaven; Jamaica; '95-6 Woodhaven, L. I. Class of June, '89. Mary E. Bateman — C; entered from training school; '89-90 district school; '91-3 Champlain; '94-6 Rouse's Point, N. Y. J. Fred Brown — C; taught five years before entering the Normal; '89-90 Principal, Heuvelton; '90-1 Centerville, Mich.; '91-3 Principal, Cheney, Wash.; admitted' to the Bar, Spokane Co., Wash.; '93 Nov. removed to Yakima, Wash.; practiced law, Firm name, Snyder and Brown; '94 County Superintendent of Schools, Yakima Co., Wash.; '90 married Minetta C. Thorton of Heuvelton, N. Y. Children, Marguerite Elizabeth '91; Irving Thortou '93. North Yakima, Wash. Abner B. Brown — S.; preparatory education at Philadelphia, N. Y.; taught four years at Amenia and Chester Hill; postgraduate Latin, History and German. Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Julia A. Boyle — E. Seward, Neb. Elizabeth J. Cartwright — E.; taught ten terms undergraduate; '90 Essex- ville, Mich.; '91 Boston School of Oratory; '93 studied Swedish Gymnas- tics and graduated at the School of Expression, Boston. Mass.; '91-5 Washington State Normal School, Ellensburgh, Wash. Elsie A. Curtis-Moe — E. ; taught five terms undergraduate; '89-90 Odessa; '90-1 Heuvelton; '91-2 Johnstown; '93 married John Prescott Moe, mer- chant, who died June 25, 1893. One step daughter, Mary Brown; one daughter, Gladys '93; who died March 7, 1894. Houghton, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 137 Mary A. Daily-O'Malley— A. B., C; entered from St. Lawrence Universi- ty; taught one year undergraduate; '86 A. B.; '87-8 Parishville; '88 en- tered Normal, graduating in one year; '89-92 Principal Assistant and Training Class, Walkill Academy, Middletown, N. Y.; '92 married Daniel O'Malley. Colton, N. Y. Libbie L. Dyke — E.; entered from East Stockholm; taught four terms under- graduate; '89-90 Sing Sing; '91-2 New York City; '93-4 Felton, Del.; 95-6 East Stockholm, N. Y. Nellie A. Denison — El.; entered from Massena; taught two years under- graduate; '85-91 New York City; '92-6 Tonawanda, N. Y. Oscar W. French — C, M. D.; taught one year; M. D., Rush Medical Col- lege, Chicago, 111.; physician, Hospers, Iowa. Wayne C. Fox — E.; after graduating Adams College Institute and teaching three terms, entered from Rodman; '91 Somers; '92-4 Principal, Croton; '94-6 Dobbs Ferry; '93 established the Croton Journal, a weekly news- paper. Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. Hortense E. Ferris — E.; entered from La wrenceville Academy; six years teaching at Mount Kisco and Moriah; postgraduate Drawing and Rhetor- ic; '95-6 Lawrence ville, N. Y. W. Henry Fox — E. Deceased. Gertrude M. Fuller — El. ; has taught at Massena, and South Salem, N. Y. ; '95-6 Stenographer, Brooklyn, N. Y. Harriet F. Flower— El. ; '89-90 Gouverneur; '90-6 Seattle, Wash. John W. Harrington— E. ; '89-91 Fine; '91 Lake Placid; '92 West Chester; two years Putnam County; '93 married Addie Alice Barnhart. Son, John W. Jr., '94. Has been assistant Institute conductor at Elizabeth, Mana- roneck, Carmels and Brewster. Dykemans, N. Y. Ured A. Hadley — E.: taught Tobyhanna Mills, Pa. Black River, N. Y. Charles T. Haggerty — E. ; early education at Raymondville; '89-96 Travel- ers' Insurance Co., Rochester, N. Y. Carrie E. Haggett — E. ; entered from Massena; has taught every year since graduation. Dickinson Center, N. Y. J. Irving Harkness — E.; prepared at Stamford Seminary; '89-90 Principal, Rouse's Point; '91 Mooer's Forks; '91-4 Principal, Phoenicia; '94-6 Prin- cipal, Davenport, N. Y.; '90 attended Sauvere Language College; '91 married Luretta Madeline Hall of New Berlin. Eliza Kellas — C; entered from Franklin Academy; postgraduate, History and Literature; See Faculty. State Normal, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Angela E. Keyes — EL; entered from Rich ville; taught during her course; illness repeatedly interrupted her studies; has taught eleven years; '94-6 Richville, N. Y. Harriet A. Kellam-Houston — El. Seattle, Wash. 38 Potsdam Normal School. Carrie Liscomb — El.; entered from Jay; lias taught six years at Jay, Sing Sing and Saranac Lake. Saranac Lake, N. Y. Mary E. Lynch-Campbell — E.; entered from Stockholm; taught five terms undergraduate; '89-93 Herkimer; '93 married John Campbell. Herkimer, N. Y. George A. Miller — C; entered from Louisville; taught one and one-half years undergraduate; '92-3 journalist, Massena; course in Stenography; Bookkeeper and Stenographer, Philadelphia Type-writer Co., Philadel- phia, Pa. D. Eliza Needham — E. Deceased. Mary A. Pierce — E.; preliminary education at Lawrenceville and Franklin Academies; taught four terms undergraduate; '89 district school; '90-3 Moira; '93-4 Alburgh; '94-6 St. Regis Falls, N. Y. Bertrand H. Snell — S.; see June "90. Lena M. Stanley — E, T.; entered from Binghamton High School; taught in Binghamton schools; '89-96 teacher of Vocal Music, New Rochelle, N. Y. ; postgraduate Music. New Rochelle, N. Y. Jerry W. Sweeney — E.; preliminary education at district school; taught three terms undergraduate; '89-90 Principal, St Mary's, Pa.; '90-6 Dis- trict Superintendent of Benzinger Schools, Pa ; conducts summer schools for teachers and local institutes in his own and adjoining districts; '90 attended summer school at Glens Falls; has published a "Course of Study" for his teachers; revisits his Alma Mater annually. St. Marys, Pa. Minnie L. Stickney-Essler — E.; taught one term undergraduate; '89-90 Assistant Principal and Teacher of Music, St. Peter, Minn.; '91 married Henry J. Essler. St. Peter, Minn. Flora L. Shaw— El.; , 89-90 Dickinson Center; '90-6 Rouse's Point, N. Y. Ella A. Tilden— El. Mary Thorne— E. ; '89-93 Ninth Grade, Sidney; '93-6 Preceptress, Amster- dam, N. Y. Annie Thorne — EL; prepared at Perth Collegiate Institute, Canada, and Massena; has taught one year at Woodard, L. I., and two years at Bald- wins; '95-6 Madison, N. J. Hattie M. Wood— C, T. '88; entered from Elwood, 111.; taught one term and two years; '89-90 High School and supervisor of Music Mankato, Minn.; '90-2 same work Sauk Center, Minn.; '92-6 High School, South Omaha, Neb. Emma E. Wood — S., T.; '89-91 Music; studied with Mrs. Harriet Crane Bryant of Chicago, 111.; '91-4 supervisor and Special Music Teacher's work, South Omaha, Neb.; has studied Vocal Music with Mrs. J. W. Cotton, South Omaha, Neb. George F. Wilcox — E.; entered from training school; taught one term un- dergraduate; '89-90 Principal, Burke; '90 with O. G. Howe's Millinery BiograpJiical Sketches of Alumni. 139 House; '91 with Acme Oil Co.; '92 with A. A. Senter; '93 studied crayon portraiture; '93-6 Elmira Portrait Co., Elmira, N. Y. Mary E. Willmarth— E. ; entered from Addison, Vt.; '89 Bristol, Vt.; '90-1 Chester, Vt. ; home duties have necessitated her being near home, but she has been in school work each term since graduation. Addison, Vt. Rebecca E. Young — E.; entered from Tuckahoe; '89-91 first assistant, Mount Vernon; '91-4 Bronxville. Tuckahoe, N. Y. Class of J anuary, '90. Alice B. Baldwin — E.; entered from Ausable Forks; taught four terms un- dergraduate: '90-1 Heuvelton; '91-2 district school; '92-3 Herkimer; '93-4 at home; 94-6 Herkimer, N. Y. Harriet E. Briggs — E. ; taught Derry Depot. N. H; at Chicopee Falls, Mass.; '95 Minneapolis, Minn. W. H. Crowley — E. ; entered from training schools; taught one term under- graduate; '90-1 Principal, Burke; '91-2 Passaic; '92-3 Bayville, L. I.; '93-5 Rush Medical College, Chicago, 111. Ada M. Flint-Plank — C; entered from South Colton, taught three years at Norwood and at Rio Grande, Colo.; '91 married C. H. Plank '89. Dec. 7th, '95 son, Seymour Lafayette. Waddington, N. Y. Frances A. M. Garvin — E. ; prepared at Belleville; has taught at South Ham- mond; Union, N. J.; St. Louis, Mo.; and is now caring for her father at home. Belleville, N. Y. Clara B. Harris— E. ; '90-1 Harrisville; '91-2 Gloversville; '93-5 Yonkers, N. Y. Velma A. McCormick-Barry — E.; entered from District No. 17; '90-1 Baby- lon, L. I.; '91-2 Bradford, Pa.; '92-3 District No. 17 Potsdam; '94 mar- ried Edwin M. Barry. Seneca Falls, N. Y. W. B. Richmond — C; taught one year undergraduate; '90-1 Principal, Black Brook; '91-2 Principal, Jay; '92-4 Principal, Ausable Forks; '95 Middle- bury College, Vt. Class of June, '90. Katherine E. Barnett — E. ; entered from the practice schools; '90-3 graded schools Potsdam; '94-6 Westminster, Cal. Grace L. Brush-Pert — S.; entered from Hopkinton; '90-2 Canton; '92 mar- ried vVilliam L. Pert. Daughter, Josephine '94. Potsdam, N. Y. Emily A. Braun — E. ; see June '88. Grace L. Besio — EL; entered from the training schools; '90-2 Primary, Theresa; '92-4 Intermediate department, Whitford, R. I.; '94-5 Grammar department, Catskill; '95-6 Flushing, L. I. May F. Burns— E. Rouse's Point, N. Y. 14^ Potsdam Normal School. Hannah A. Cahill — E ; entered from Constableville; '90-6 Malone, N. Y. Clara J. Foster — E.; '90-2 Hammond; '98-6 Moreno, Cal. Ida Belle Green — EL; entered from Adams Center; taught six terms before graduation; '90-2 Adams; '92-4 at home, ill; '94-6 Adams Center, N. Y. Elizabeth V. Griffin — El.; taught before entering the Normal: took a special course in Botany at Wellesley College; resumed work in the South; '90-2 Boger Williams University, Nashville, Tenn.; '92-6 Superin- tendent Speiman Normal and Training School, Atlanta, Ga.; has charge of the Normal School exhibit at the Atlanta Exposition '95. Seth Hoyt Geer — S.; entered from the home district, Potsdam; emigrated* to California in '90; engaged in ranching for his health. Perris, Cal. C. Alice Hamblin — C; entered from District No. 8; taught at Somers Center five months; at Goldens Bridge one and one-half years; at Keeseville two years; '94-5 Emerson School, Minneapolis, Minn. Lillian A. Hay-Maxfield — C; entered from West Chazy; taught three years undergraduate; '90 married Bev. Charles C. Maxlield; '92 North Parma; '94-6 Binghamton, N. Y. Hattie E. Hoffman — C; entered from Deposit; '90-5 Deposit Union School; '95-6 Glendale, Mass. Jeannette B. Johnson — El.; entered from Kichville; '90-1 Moriah; '92-6 Phil- adelphia, N. Y. Ola L. LaLime — C; entered from Franklin Academy; '90-5 Malone, N. Y. Addie I. Lavery — E.; taught three terms undergraduate; '91-2 senior depart- ment, Norwood; '93-6 Malone, N. Y. Adelaide E. Littlejohn — E. ; entered from home district; taught three terms undergraduate; '90-2 Herkimer; '92-3 rested; '93-4 Herkimer; '94-5 Loon Lake; '95-6 Burlington, Vt. Sarah T. Lee — EL; teaching at the New York Orphan Asylum, New York City. Mrs. Alice D. Lottridge — EL; entered from New Berlin; taught five terms before entering; '86 married Silas A. Lottridge; '90-2 taught at Canton while her husband completed his College Course. 374 Williams street, East Orange, N. J. Myrtle C. Maynard — E.; preparatory education at Elgin, 111.; taught two terms undergraduate; '90-2 Keeseville; '92 visited Seattle, Wash., where she has continued to teach in the city schools. Sarah Alice McKenty — EL; entered from Norwood; taught five terms un- dergraduate; '90-2 Pierrepont; '92-6 Norwood, N. Y. Ella J. Niles-May — S.; prepared at Spencertown; has taught at Spencer- town; Lenox, Mass., and Amenia, N; Y. '94 married Rev. Edwin M. May. Cleveland, O. Emma E. Phippen — E.; entered irom home district; taught one term under - j^radnsite; '90-4 Minneapolis, Minn. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 141 Mary Aura Reeve-McEwen — E.; entered from Lawrenceville Academy; '90-2 Mt. Kisco; '92-4 home school; '94 married G. C. McEwen. Fort Jackson, N. Y. Eva A. Ricketson-Morse — E. ; '91-2 High School, Durand, Wis. ; '93 married George Morse. Schuyler Falls, N. Y. M. Belle Remley-Paulson — El. 655 Macon St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Mary Reynolds — El. ; entered from Alburgh Springs, Vt. ; taught three terms undergraduate; '91 Morristown, N. J.; '92 Clinton, Iowa; '93-6 Colorado City, Colo. Charles H. Signor— C; '90-2 Principal, Grammar Grade, Ogdensburg; '92-4 Principal, Dannemora; '95-6 law student, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Ella B. Shaw — E.; entered from Norwood; taught one term undergraduate; '90-2 Santa Paula, Cal. ; '92-4 Ventura, Cal. ; '95-6 Berkeley, Cal. Ellen E. Sheehan — E. ; entered from district school; '90-2 Hammond; '92-6 No. 8 Potsdam, N. Y. Bertrand Hollis Snell — C, A. B.; entered college after graduation; '94 A. B. Amherst: President College Athletic Association; Chairman Senior Dramatics. Racquette River Paper Co., Potsdam, N. Y. Fred Le Verne Spaulding — C; prepared at Spencertown; '83 Journalist; '89 Classical Academic; '89-90 New Lebanon; '90 Normal Classical; '90-2 Prin- cipal, Stuyvesant Falls: '92-4 Principal, Gorham, N. H.;'94 married Flora M. Adams of Plymouth N. H. Normal; '95-6 Principal, Manchester, N. H. Elizabeth Emma Thompson-Bannister — El.; prepared at Carthage; taught one and one-half years: '92 married Frank G. Bannister; '94 traveled through England, France, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium. 101 West 128th Street, New York City. Clara E. Waterbury — E.; entered from Sacketts Harbor; '90-2 Osceola: '92-6 High School, Whitehall, N. Y. Silas H. Wood ard — E.: entered from practice schools; taught one year un- dergraduate; '90-2 Principal, Amenia; '92-6 Literary Department Univer- sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Jessie M. Wright — El. ; entered from practice schools; taught several terms in rural schools; '94-6 Corona, L. I. Marion E. Whitney — E.; entered from Cazenovia Seminary; 90-6 Principal East Hill Ward School, Ithaca, N. Y. Class of January, '91. John T. Barnett — E. ; taught four years at Silverton, Colo.; Secretary and Treasurer State Silver League; '95-6 studying law. 836 University Build- ing, Chicago, 111. Sidney Pope Brown — E, M. D.; entered Primary department and passed through the training schools; '91 Principal, Hammond; '92 medical stu- dent; President John Ashurst Surgical Society University Philadelphia; H 2 Potsdam Normal School. '94 M. D. University of Philadelphia; traveled through Washington, Ore- gon, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Colorado and Nebraska; '95 Physician, Pots- dam, N. Y. Georgia Marie Cleveland — C; entered the Primary under Miss Jones; '91-3 Principal, Intermediate department Port Henry; '93 student at Nor- mal Conservatory; '94-5 Principal, Pine street school; '95-6 Utica, N. Y. M. Elizabstii Dou3LVi3— E. ; entecei from Eaymoniville; '91 Sandy Creek; '91-3 rural schools; '93-5 Presbyterian school at Old Dwight, Indian Terri- tory; '95-6 resting at home. Raymondville, N. Y. Eugene A. Fuller — E.; entered from District No. 8.; taught ten terms un- dergraduate; '90-4 Good Ground; '94-6 Principal, Shelter Island Heights, N. Y. Frances May Matteson — C; entered from practice schools; '92-5 Preceptress Macedon Center, N. Y. Carrie M Palmer — S. ; prepared in the practice schools; '91 Pine street school; '91-3 Massena; '93 6 Preceptress, High School, Howard City, Mich. Arthur R. Rutherford — C; prepared at Ogdensburg; '91-4 Principal, Har- risburg, Ore. ; '94-6 Superintendent of Lime Co. Schools, Ore. Amy L. Richardson-Millen — E.; entered from Norwood; taught one term undergraduate; '91-4 Grammar Grade, Earlville, la.; '94 married William J. Millen, Earlville, la. M. Alice Rutherford-Cornell — E. ; was married soon after .graduation to Frank Cornell of Potsdam; after a protracted illness she died in Feb. '92. Class of June, '91. Albion B. Allen — C; taught six terms before entering the Normal; '92-3 superintendent of Cottage Building Association, Ansonia, Conn.; '93 Principal, Derby Schools; '93-6 member of Allen Brothers Building Co., Amherst, Mass. Elizabeth Ellen Aitchison — E.; entered from Waddington; '91-2 Canton: '92-3 Croton-on-Hudson; '93-5 Mount Kisco; '95-6 New York Orphan Asylum. New York City. Fannie E. Burnap-Laverty — C; entered from Brasher; taught one term undergraduate: '91-4 Riverside, Cal.; \)4 married Rev. L. F. Laverty. Los Angeles, Cal. Mary Elizabeth Baum-Kernan — S. ; entered from the practice schools; a member of the first Intermediate class which graduated with public exercises; '91-2 Katonah; '92 married Principal Charles H. Kernan. One daughter, Ruth Imogene '95. Orient, L. I. Carleton Hosford Bonney — S., M. D,; entered from Canton; '91-5 Balti- more Medical College; '95 April, M. D.; '95-6 Physician, Ludlow, Vt. Loella. M. Byrns-Williamson— EL; entered from Sprague villa; taught four terms undergraduate: '91-3 Harrisville; '93-4 Natural Bridge; '94 married Mr. Williamson. Spragueville, N. Y. BiograpJiical Sketches of Alumni. 143 Nettie I. Benson — EL; has taught district schools several terms. Potsdam, N. Y. Ildah M. Chaney — C, P.; taught one term undergraduate; '91-2 District No. 17, Potsdam; '92-3 Mt. Kisco; '93-5 Pasadena, Cal.; '95-6 Tupper Lake, N. Y. Mabel P. Collins-Powers — C; taught at Parishville; '92-6 Minneapolis; May 13, '92 married Samuel E. Powers '91. Minneapolis, Minn. Alice L. Crystal — E.; entered from the practice schools; '91-6 Canton Academy. Lilla V. Cole-Buck — E. ; taught one year in the Normal Department of East Greenwich Seminary, E. I. Lawrenceburg, Ky. Jennie M. Davis — E. ; taught three terms before entering the Normal, and six years undergraduate; '91-6 History and Eeading, High School, East Orange, N. J. ; postgraduate study of History at Teachers' College, New York City. Myrem H. Donald — E. ; entered from Redwood. Insurance, Antwerp, N. Y. Nettie C. Dove — E.: taught three terms undergraduate; '91-5 Grammar Grade, Kerney, N. J. Anna S. Dowsey — EL; entered from the practice schools; '91-5 Lawrence Station L. I.; '95-6 District No. 17, Potsdam, N. Y. Frances A. Francis — C; entered from Gouverneur Seminary; taught one term undergraduate; '91-2 assistant, Canton Academy; '92-6 Principal Assistant, Carthage Academy. Jessie Gale-Herring — E.; entered the Intermediate Department in '78; taught two years at Morristown and one year at North Lawrence, during undergraduate course; '91-2 Preceptress, Heuvelton; '92 studied at New England Conservatory; '93-6 North Attleboro, Mass. Lunette M. Garlock — EL; entered from Parishville; '93-4 East Orange- N. J. ; '94-6 Yonkers, N. Y. Benjamin L. Haydon — E.; prepared at Heuvelton; '89-90 Principal, Black River; '91-3 Principal, Poland; '93 entered Middlebury, Vt., College. Agnes Eveline Hollister-Brooks — EL; entered from District No. 8, taught one term undergraduate; '91-5 Pine Street, Potsdam; '95 married Hiram W. Brooks, Esq. Chateaugay, N. Y. Lulu Almira Hazelton — EL; entered from Felts Mills; taught one year undergraduate; '91-2 Harrisville; '92-3 Felts Mills; '93-6 Geneva, N. Y. Theresa J. Kenneday — E.; prepared at Franklin Academy, Malone; '91-3 Bellmont; '93-4 Duane; '94-6 Malone, N. Y. Sadie Helen Littlejohn— E.; '91-3 Herkimer; '93-4 traveling through far West for health; '95-6 at home, Loon Lake, N. Y. Herbert S. McCasland — C; three years teaching undergraduate; '90 mar ried Anna C. Anson, Ausable Forks; '91-5 Mooer's Forks, Standish, and Peru; '95-6 Paul Smiths, N. Y. 44 Potsdam Normal School. Anna F. Maltby— S.; prepared at Alfred University: '92-3 Dillon; '94-5 teaching and graduate study, Alfred University, Alfred Center, N. Y.; '95-6 Saugerties, N. Y. Sarah E. Morgan — E.; entered from Hogansburg Convent of Mercy; taught eight terms, undergraduate; '91-4 West Chazy; postgraduate French and German. Helena M. Mawson — EL; preliminary education at Earlville; after three terms teaching entered the Normal; one term teaching during the course; '91-2 Rushford; '92-6 Walden, N. Y. Eveline L. MoKimm — El. North Lawrence, N. Y. Carrie E. Merriam — EL; entered from Franklin Academy; '91-2 Malone; '92-3 studied music; '93-6 Belmont, N. Y. T. Frank Niles — S.; prepared at Spencertown; taught before graduation; '91-3 Austerlitz, and White Mills; '93-5 Principal, Spencertown, N. Y. Willard F. Ollard — E. ; taught several terms after graduation; is traveling through the South. Bertha S. Olmstead — EL; taught seven terms undergraduate; '91-3 East Quogue; '93-5 District No. 17, Potsdam. John W. Powers — E., LL. B.; taught one year before graduation; '91-2 Principal, North Lawrence; '93 LL. B., University of Michigan; '94-6 Lawyer, Kniper and Powers, Grand Rapids, Mich. Agnes T. Reilly — E. ; graduated, Franklin Academy; taught two years; '91-4 Principal, Bellmont; '94-6 Principal, Ward School, Malone, N. Y. Rose E. Reeve — E.; prepared at Lawrenceville Academy; taught ten terms undergraduate; '91-3 Mt. Kisco; '93-4 East Orange, N. J.; '94-5 at home, Fort Jackson, N. Y. Simon Garrett Sheehan — C, LL. B.; '91-2 Superintendent, St. Mary's, Pa.; '92 study of law with Hon. J. G. Mclntyre, Potsdam; '94 graduated, "cum laude" New York Law School; '95-6 Lawyer, Room No. 33, 120 Broadway, New York City. Nellie G. Smith — C; prepared at Ogdensburg; '93-6 Middletown, N. Y. M. Eloise Searles — E.; entered from Katonah: '91-2 South Salem; '93-6 New Rochelle, N. Y. Minnie R. Santway-Sargent — EL; entered from Canton, Latin-English Course; taught one term undergraduate; '91-4 Principal, Castorland; '94 married Edgar Sargent. Potsdam, N. Y. Estella C. Taggart — E. ; entered from Norwood; '91-3 Norwood; '93-6 Ft. Plain, N. Y. Julie Thompson Walling — C, T.; entered from training schools; a member of the first Intermediate class which graduated with formal graduating exercises; '91-2 Lawrence, L. I.; '94-6 Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C. Delia M. Wainwright— EL; '91-2 Primary, Jay; '92-5 Primary, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Biograpliical Sketches of Alum m. 145 Rolnda H. Williams — E.; entered from Holland Patent; '91-2 Principal, Sing Sing; '92-3 student, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. ; '93-6 Troy Military Academy. Eliza. M. Wood-Patterson — El.; entered from Massena; taught four terms before graduation and two years since; '93 married D. E. Patterson. Massena, N. Y. Class of January, '92. Gertrude A. Burton— C; entered from training school; '92 South Colton; '93 Potsdam, N. Y. Delia Marie Barrows — E.; entered from Parishville; taught previous to graduation; '92 supply teacher, East Orange, N. J.; '92-5 Canton; '95-6 Schaghticoke, N. Y. Katherine Burke — EL; graduate of Canton Union School; '92-5 Crary's Mills, N. Y. Julia C. Chandler — C; graduate of Ogdensburg Free Academy; '93-4 Glenwood Collegiate Institute, Matawan, N. J.; '94-6 Flushing, L. I.; postgraduate French and German. Charlotte M. Clarke— E.; entered from Redwood; taught six terms pre- vious to entering the Normal, and two terms undergraduate; '92-3 Prin- cipal, Plessis; '93-5 Woodville, N. Y. W. D. Clemons — E.; prepared at Massena; '92-6 Principal, North Lawrence and North Bangor. Lester G. Collins — E.; entered from Ives Seminary; taught three terms undergraduate; '92-3 Principal, Calverton, L. I.; '93-4 Principal, East Moriches; '94 married Alice Rector; '95-6 Point Peninsula, N. Y. Edna Cora Crowley — El.; entered from Massena; '92-6 Union School, Massena, N. Y. Mary Elizabeth Dardis — El.; entered from Madrid; taught one term under- graduate; '92-6 Tonawanda, N. Y. Harriet May Dayton — El.; entered from training schools; taught one term undergraduate; '92 Pierrepont; '92-3 Principal, Intermediate, Harrisville; '93-6 Princpal, Primary, Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y. May Janette Emerson — El.; prepared at Canton; taught district schools; '93-6 Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y. William Elliot Fay — C; entered from District No. 8; for three years of undergraduate course he was connected with the Courier & Freeman; '92 Principal, Calverton, L. I. ; '92-3 Principal, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I; summer of '93 on the Staif of the "Daily on the St. Lawrence," and Unit- ed Press Representative at the encampment of the American Canoe Asso- ciation; '94 one of the editors of the Courier and Freeman, Potsdam, N. Y., and publisher of the Quarto-Centennial Book. Q. C H. 10. 146 Potsdam Normal School. Mary Cecelia Fairfax— C. ; taught Latin, French and German, Westfield, N. Y.; '93 traveled in Algeria, Egypt, Greece, Italy, and studied in Ger- many and France; '95-6 Idaho Springs, Colorado. Ella Fife — C; entered from Gouverneur; 1)2-3 Heuvelton; '93-5 Whitestone, L. I. ; '90 East Orange, N. J. Idella M. Fuller— El.; prepared at Massena; '92-6 Corona, N. Y. J. Gertrude Hutton — C; entered from home district school; taught four terms; '95-6 Mathematics and Normal Methods in the Normal and Col- legiate Institute, Ashville, N. C. Flora B. Hackett — S., T.; entered from the training schools; '92 Lawrence- ville; '92-3 Lawrence, L. I.; '93-4 special teacher of music and drawing, Florence, Wis.; '94-5 Deposit, N. Y.; '96 Red Bank N. J. Florence M. Hamlin — E.; ? 92-4 Elmira, N. Y.; '95 called home by the illness and death of her mother. Detroit, Mich. Nellie R. Hartley — E.; since graduation has taught in the graded schools of Spencerport, N. Y. Nellie M. Howard-Cline — EL; taught one term before graduation; '92-5 rural school; '94 married W. Cline. Croils Is., via Massena, N. Y. Veda Martha Lyon — E.; graduated from Franklin Academy; has taught three years. Fort Covington, N. Y. Anna McGilvray — E.; entered from district school; taught six terms; '92-3 Principal, Fine; '93-6 assistant, Good Ground, L. I. Martha Amelia Mitchell — EL; has taught eight terms; Benson Mines and Parishville; '95-6 Williams Bridge, N. Y. E. Lizzie Morrell — El. ; entered from Dickinson Center; taught three terms before graduation; '92-4 St. Regis Falls; '94-5 Intermediate, Moira, N. Y. A. Stanley Pike — C. ; entered from Madrid; taught one term undergraduate; '92 Principal, Evans Mills; '93 Principal, North Bangor; '95 M. D. Univer- sity Medical College, New York City. Carlotta M. Porteus-Wellington — EL; entered from Waddington; taught one term undergraduate; '92 Good Ground; '92-3 Hempstead; June '93 married Carlon G. Wellington. West Stockholm, N. Y. Susanna E. Snaith — EL: prepared at Massena; '92-4 Massena; '94-6 Fort Plain, N. Y. Helen Irene Still-Schurr — EL; entered from Theresa; taught one term un- dergraduate; '92-3 Primary department, Theresa; '94 married Theodore P. Schurr. Springfield, Mo. Jessie M. Young-Murkett — E.; entered from home district school; '92-4 teacher of English and Normal Methods, E. Greenwich Academy, R. I.; "94 HarewoDd; '95 Aug. 22 married Rev, Herbert E. Murkett. East Black-stone. Mass. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 147 Class of June, '92. Cornelia F. Anthony — E.; entered from Cape Vincent; failing health pre- vented her teaching. Deceased. Lillian R. Avery — EL; entered from Norwood; taught four terms under- graduate; '92-4 common schools; '94-5 Lyon Mountain, N. Y. Edward S. Burdick — S.; entered from Sherman Academy, Moriah; served four years as assistant janitor to pay his way; '92-3 District No. 7 Crown Point; '93-4 Science and Mathematics, Ives Seminary, Antwerp; '92 mar- ried Minnie E. Cooley '90, who died July 12, '94; '94-5 Principal, West Troy, '95-6 teacher in Deaf and Dumb Institution, New York City. Franklin P. Baltz—E. ; '92-3 DePauville; '93-4 Cold Brook; '94-5 Lyons, N. Y. Mary E. Barry — E. ; '92-6 Woithington, Minn. Nina A. Benham-Daniels — E. ; entered from home village school; taught four terms undergraduate; '92-3 Principal, South Colton; '93 married Warren O. Daniels '93. Nicholville, N. Y. Stanard D. Butler — E.; taught four terms at Chamberlain's Corners; '92-3 Principal, Ox Bow; '93-5 Principal, Bridgewater, N. Y.; '94 married Blanche Hungerford, Preceptress at Bridgewater. Ida J. Bouton— El. ; '95-6 Stamford, N. Y. Johanna M. Boyle-O'Brien — EL; entered from Pierrepont Center; taught eight terms undergraduate; '92-3 Principal, Tupper Lake; Oct. '93 mar- ried William O'Brien. Son, David Boyle '94. Tupper Lake, N. Y. Eunice E. Crapser — C; entered from Waddington; taught before gradua- tion; '92-4 High School, Middletown. N. Y.; '94-5 postgraduate and sup- ply teacher at Normal; '95-6 Lawrence Station, L. I. Frank L. Cubley — C; entered from Massena; '92-3 Brookfield; '93-6 Univer- sity of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. Georgiana E. Clark — E.; entered from Franklin Academy; taught several years before graduation; '92-3 Madison; '93-5 English Language, Dover, N. J. Horace N. Clark — E.; received his early education in home district; '93-4 Golden's Bridge; '95 undertaking. Potsdam, N. Y. Alice M. Clark — El. ; entered from teaching at Bangor; '92-3 Principal, Dickinson Center; '93-4 Intermediate, Bangor; '94-5 Castleton Cor., Staten Island; '96 at home. Dickinson, N. Y. Lillian H. Chilton— EL; '92-3 East Quogue; '93-4 Walden; '95-6 Glen Ridge, N. J. Frances C. Crary-Cooke — EL; entered from Colton; taught three terms before entering; and eleven terms undergraduate; '88 while teaching in North Dakota she married J. Berton Cooke, who died five weeks after their marriage; '92-3 Norwood; '93-6 Middletown, N. Y. 148 Potsdam Normal Scliool. Almena M. Covey — El. ; entered from home district; taught eighteen terms undergraduate; '92-4 Principal, Brasher and Stockholm; '94-6 Parish ville, N. Y. Orletta Crandall — El. New Berlin, N. Y. Grace M. Dayton — El.; entered from training school; taught one term un- dergraduate; '92-4 Primary, Harrisville; '94-6 Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y. Mary E. Dimond— E.; entered from Fort Covington; '94-5 Principal, Bom- bay, N. Y. Pauline Eddy — E.; entered from Glens Falls; '92-5 Glens Falls; '95-6 Hor- nellsville, N. Y. Clara A. Foster — EL, T.; entered from training school; '92-3 North Bangor; '93-4 Saugerties; '94-5 Alhambra, Cal.; '95-6 postgraduate. Potsdam, N. Y. Harriette Fuller — El.; entered from Center White Creek; '92-3 Heuvelton; '93-4 Cambridge, N. Y. Luna A. Giffin-Clark — El. Canton, N. Y. Evelyn T. Goldthrite-Fowler — El.; entered from district school; taught three terms before graduation; '94-5 Lowville; '94 married Philip S. Fow- ler. Lowville, N. Y. Ella J. Goodnow — EL; entered from Hopkinton; taught two years under- graduate; '92-6 Hopkinton, N. Y. Anna Olivia Gouldin — El. ; has taught since graduation at Hopkinton and Parish ville, N. Y. Margaret M. Grant — EL; entered from Clayton; '93-4 Grammar grade, At- lantic City, N. J.; '94-6 Tome Institute, Port Deposit, Md. Mary A. Grant— EL; entered from Clayton; '93 Theresa; '94-6 Atlantic City, N. J. Lillian Ellen Hadley — C; entered from Madrid; '92-3 St. Regis Falls: '93-6 Madrid, N Y. Mary A. Hadley— E.; entered from Madrid; '92-3 St. Eegis Falls: '93-6 Mad- rid, N. Y. Elizabeth H. Hale — C; entered from Norwood ; taught in Norwood Academy twenty-seven terms; '92-6 Grammar School, No. 44, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mary K. Harrington — S. ; entered from Elizabethtown: taught one year un- dergraduate; '92-3 Indian Lake; '93-5 Westport, N. Y. Harriet A. Hapgood — E.; entered as graduate from Franklin Academy; '92-3 East Orange, N. J.; '93-6 Malone, N. Y. Elizabeth Mary Hanlon-McGaulley — E.; entered from Clayburg; taught two terms undergraduate; '93 Sept. married Michael W. McGaulley. Clayburg, N. Y. W. S. Herrick — E.: entered from Three Mile Bay: '92-4 Principal, Rodman, N, Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 149 William M. Hill— E.: entered from Lawrence ville; taught two terms under- graduate; '92-4 Principal, West Hampton. L. I.; '93-5 Principal, Good Ground; '95-6 Charlottesville, Va. Jennie Harper-Craig — EL; entered from Lisbon Center; taught thirteen terms before graduation; '92-5 eighth grade. Canton; married J. Wesley Craig. Lisbon, N. Y. Belle W. Hyde— El.; entered from Massena; '92-5 taught No. 3, Massena, N. Y. Katherine M. Kellas — C; prepared at Mooer's Forks; '92-3 Norwood; '93-6 Cazenovia Seminary. Cazenovia, N. Y. Mary Alison Keenan — El.; taught ten terms before graduation; '92-4 Cham- plain; '94-6 at home, Potsdam, N. Y. Mabel U. Kingston — EL; entered from Winthrop; taught two terms under- graduate; '92-6 Norwood Union School and Academy. James C. Lenney — C; entered from Potsdam; '92-4 Empire Book Co.; '95-6 Law student, New York City. Mary Teresa Lenney — C; taught two terms undergraduate; '92 summer school. Tupper Lake; '93-4 Heuvelton; '94-5 Gouverneur; '95-6 book- keeper, Empire Book Co., Potsdam, N. Y. Ida Rozelle Lewis — C; entered from the practice schools; '92-3 Canton; '93-6 Intermediate Department, Francis Street, Utica, N. Y. Margaret C. Lincoln — C; entered from Fort Covington; taught several terms; was Preceptress at Brasher; and attended the January Commence- ment '93; was killed on her way to church by a running horse, and was buried from the Principal's residence. F. H. Lewis — C; entered from Evans Mills; taught three terms previous to graduation; '92-3 Principal, Pierrepont Manor; '93-4 Maimsville; '94-5 Principal, Antwerp; '93 married Fannie Lena Millard; '95-6 Principal, Evans Mills, N. Y. Catherine M. Leary — S.; entered from Gouverneur; taught several terms; '93-4 Principal, Natural Bridge; '94-6 Naugatuck, Ct. Jeremiah J. Lynch — E. ; entered from Brasher Falls; '92-3 Principal, High School, St. Mary's, Pa. ; '93-4 Principal, Tupper Lake: '94-6 Principal, Portland Mills, Pa. Margaret T. Lynch — E.; entered from Stockholm; taught nine terms; '92-6 Herkimer, N. Y. Susie J. Liddle — EL; entered from Colton; taught four terms; '93-4 Primary, Colton; '94-6 Tupper Lake, N. Y. Gertrude Lockwood — EL ; entered from Morley; '92-3 Helena; '93-6 Morley, N. Y. Lilly M. Lottridge-Willard — El. ; taught several terms; married Geo. H. Willard. New Berlin, N. Y. 150 Potsdam Normal School. Mary McCarthy-Fitzgibbons — E. ; received her early education in the Con- vent of Mercy, Hogansburg; '92-3 Salem; '93-4 Hammond; '94 married Principal W. L. Fitzgibbons of Brooklyn, N. Y. William McCoemick — E.; prepared in the training schools; '93 Principal, Potsdam; '94 Principal, Ox Bow; entered Law Department of University of Michigan. Theron L. McKnight — E.; taught forty weeks before entering Normal; since graduation has studied Latin; '92-3 Principal, Ellenburgh Depot; '93-6 Principal, Fort Montgomery, N. Y. Margaret MacRae — E.; entered from Fort Covington; '92-4 Fort Covington; '94-6 Crookston, Minn. Jennie E. McKenty — El.; entered from Hewittville; taught thirteen terms before graduation; '93 district No. 18 Potsdam; '93-6 Tiverton, R. I. Mary Oredlia Pendleton — E. ; entered from New Berlin ; taught six terms undergraduate; '93-6 Northville, N. Y. Jennie Pierce — El.; entered from Gouverneur; taught two terms before en- tering; '92-3 rural schools; '93-4 Theresa; '94-6 Gouverneur, N. Y. Jennie D. Reed — E.; teaching. Vineland, N. J. Jennie Ellen Riggs — El.; taught several schools; '92-3 Dickinson; '93-4 Hop- kinton; '94-6 Stockholm, N. Y. Isabelle M. Stowers-Skinner— C; entered from Waddington; taught two terms; '92-3 High School, North Tonawanda; '93 married Walter S. Skin- ner. Portage Creek, Pa Mabel C. Sayles— E.; '93-4 Canton; '94-6 District No. 8 Potsdam, N. Y. Dante Smith — E.; taught two terms before graduation; studied pharmacy; '94 licensed pharmacist, Manchester, N. H. Rosa M. Smith— E.; entered from South Salem; '92-3 Cross River; '93-6 Bed- ford Station, N. Y. Carolyn M. Smith — EL; taught one year previous to entering the Normal; '92-6 Primary and Music, Oceanic, N. J. Adelaide Sweet — E.; taught six terms in district schools; '92-3 Coila; '93-4 Good Ground; '94-5 East Hampton, L. I.; '95-6 Johnstown, N. Y. Mary Louise Walling-Brown — C; entered from District No. 8 Potsdam; '92-3 Silverton, Colo.; '94 married Frank B. Brown, Esq. Silverton, Colo. Lester W. Ward — C; taught rural schools; '92 supply teacher, Preparatory department, Normal School Potsdam; '93 4 Principal, Fort Covington; '94 entered Boston University, School of Theology. Boston, Mass. Mary L. Warren — C; entered as graduate from Port Byron, N. Y.; '92-6 Redbank, N. J. Charlotte A. Wolcott — C; entered from Port Henry; '92-6 Intermediate department, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Abigail H. Webster— E. Highgate Center, Vt. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 151 Frank C. Wires— E.; entered from West Potsdam; '92 3 Principal, Flanders, L. I.; '93-6 assistant electrical engineer. Canton, N. Y. Vbnkta C. Wright — E.; entered from Wegatchie; taught rural schools; since graduation has taught at Herkimer and Gouverneur. Gouverneur, N. Y. Mary L. Walbridge— El.; '92-3 Chateaugay; '93-6 Malone, N. Y. Ella L. Watts — El. ; prepared in Brooklyn, and New York City Normal; '92-6 Crawford, N. J. James K. Young — E. ; taught several rural schools; '92-5 Principal, Ham- mond; '95-6 Bloomfield, Nebr. Class of January, '93. Abbie Susan Armstrong-Storie — E. ; '93 district school; '93-4 Antigo, Wis.; '94 married Harvey Storie. Parishville, N. Y. Madge S. Bruner-Boshart — C; entered from Rochester; '93-5 Lowville; '95 married C. M. Boshart. Lowville, N. Y. Alida B. Craig — E. ; entered from Lisbon Center; taught several terms before graduation; '93-4 Norwood, N. Y. Grace Harriet Good ale — C; entered from preparatory department; '93-5 Intermediate Department, Pettit School, Lawrence Station, L. I.; '95-6 Columbia College. Charlotte L. Hoadley-Leonard — E. Norwood, N. Y. Agnes B. Mein — C; entered from Madrid; '93-4 grammar grade, Middletown: '94-5 Walkill Academy, Middletown; '95-6 at home. Madrid, N. Y. Luella Arnold Melhinch — C ; graduate of Ogdensburg Academy, Latin English Course; taught two years; '93-4 Preceptress, Manlius; '94-6 Principal, High School. Columbia City, Ind. Jennie M. Merithew — E.; graduated at Richville; taught two years; '93-4 Hammond; '94-6 Blue Ridge. Pa. Ethan H. Parker — E.; entered from district school; '93-4 district No. 3; '94 Principal, Russell; '95 Sissonville; '95 married Lovisa M. Baum. Pots- dam, N. Y. Herbert E. Sweet — 0. ; prepared at Madrid; '93-5 Principal, East Quogue; '95-6 Principal, Richville, N. Y. Webster G. Snell — E.; prepared at Ives Seminary; studied law in Water- town; '93 Principal, Brushton; '93-4 Principal, No. 17 Potsdam; after a brief illness died Aug. '94. Mary A. Towne-Fuller — S.; prepared at Potsdam; '93-4 Preceptress, Brasher; '95 Dec. 10 married Grant W. Fuller. Gouverneur, N. Y. Arthur A. Woodard — S. ; taught rural schools. Raymond ville, N. Y. Wtlliam H. Willson — E. ; entered from training schools; '93-6 Lemoore, Cal. 152 Potsdam Normal School. Class of June, '93. Jessie Helen Alverson — E. ; entered from Hermon; '93-4 Primary. Dolge- ville; '94-6 Primary, Dr. Sach's School for Girls, New York City. Edward J. Bonner— C; taught threj district schools: '93 5 Principal, North Brookfield; '95 entered Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y. Edith V. Brill — C; entered from home district school; taught one term undergraduate; '93-5 Walkill Academy, Middletown; '95 at home. Mooer's Forks, N. Y. Eva E. Briggs — C; entered from practice schools; taught one term under- graduate; '93-6 grammar grade, Saugerties, N. Y. Mrs. Nellie Lang Bartlett — C; see Faculty, last name. Potsdam, N. Y. Mary A. Barnett — S.; entered from practice schools; '93-6 District No. 17, Potsdam, N. Y. Anna G. Bell-Corsin — E. ; entered from Heuvelton; taught six terms under- graduate; '93-5 Burlington, Vt. ; '95 married Aaron B. Corbin '93; '95 entered Middlebury, College. Middlebury, Vt. Carrie A. Bissell — C, T.; entered from home district; '93-4 District No. 8, Potsdam; '94-6 St. Johnsville, N. Y. Mary N. Boynton-Munro — E., T.; entered from Sherman Academy, Moriah; taught one year undergraduate; '93-5 Primary teacher, and music in other grades, Pettit School, Lawrence Station, L. I.; '95 Dec. 25, married Rev. D. D. Munro. Gouverneur, N. Y. Aaron B. Corbin — C; prepared in the practice schools; '93-4 Principal, Nicholville; '94-5 Principal, Good Ground; '95 married Anna G. Bell; '93; '95 entered Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt. Ada B. Coats-Walling — C. ; entered from Gouverneur; '93-4 Primary, Sau- gerties; '93 married William H. Walling. Son, William '95. Potsdam, N. Y. Katherine M. Church-Hyde — C; entered from Amenia; taught two terms; '93-4 Sidney; '94-5 Summit, N. J.: June 27, '95 married George H. Hyde. Bristol, Conn. Carrie Winona Carver— E.; entered from Rensselaer Falls; '93-6 Plessis, N. Y. Grace E. Daggett — E.; prepared at Parishville; '93-4 Primary, Sidney, N. Y.; '94-6 Parishville, N. Y. Burt B. Davis — E.; entered from Cape Vincent; has taught one 3-ear. Cape Vincent, N. Y. Warren O. Daniels — E.; entered from Parishville; taught two terms under- graduate; '93-4 Principal, Sing Sing, School No. 3; '93 married Nina A. Benham '92; '94-6 Principal, Nicholville, N. Y. Mary J. Donovan — E.; preparatory education in the home district school; '93-6 Sonthville, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 1 5 3 Lena Euth Goodnow — C; entered from Madrid; taught one year; '93-6 English and German, ('94 Preceptress). Belleville, N. Y. Anna M. Gaynor — C; entered from practice schools: '93-5 Philadelphia, N. Y.; '95-6 Hewlett, L. I. Delphine I. Growe — E. ; '93-6 Primary, Dolgeville, Union Free School. Louise Stewart Horr — C; graduated at Carthage; '93-4 Clayton; '94-6 Harris ville, N. Y. Katherine L. Hulburd — E.; entered from Stockholm; taught one year un- dergraduate; '93-4 Philadelphia; '95-6 Fort Jackson, N. Y. Lola E. Holden — E.; prepared at DeKalb; '93-6 Heuvelton, N. Y. Bessie Louise Humphrey — E. , T.; prepared at Copenhagen; '93-5 Lawrence; '95-6 Summit, N. J. Mildred Derby Hamlin — E.; entered from Hermon; '93-4 Cape Vincent; '95-6 Richville Center, N. Y. Esther T. Jackson — C; was transferred from the Oswego Normal; '93-5 Martin, Fla. Cl^ra May Keenan — C; entered from Edwards; taught five terms under- graduate; '93-6 Union Free School, Rouse's Point, N. Y. Jennie M. Kelly — C; entered from home district school; taught two terms, undergraduate; '93-6 Norwood, N. Y. John H. Miller — C, LL. B.; entered from Louisville; '92 studied law; '94 LL. B. University of Michigan. Lillian E. McGill — E.; entered from Norwood Academy; taught eight terms undergraduate; '93-6 Norwood, N. Y. Cora A. Nelson — E.; entered from Stockholm; taught one term undergrad- uate; '93-4 Primary Department, music and drawing, Lowville; '94-5 West Stockholm; '95-6 North Tonawanda, N. Y. Minnie B. Olley — E.; entered from Carthage; taught Felt's Mills two years; '93-6 Great Bend, N. Y. Margaret J. Pringle — C; prepared at Madrid; taught twenty-five weeks after graduation and was obliged to resign on account of failing health; died Sept. '94. Edith G. Pardee — E. ; taught three consecutive years at Newport; '93-6 grammar department, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Sophia E. Pettit— E.; prepared at Lockport; '94-6 Sixth Grade, Suspension Bridge, N. Y. Frederick T. Swan — C; entered from the practice schools; '93-4 Principal, Fine; '94 entered University of Michigan. Iola D. Shepard — E.; graduated Fair Haven, Vt.; taught one year under- graduate, Pittsford, Vt. ; '93-6 Middletown, N. Y. Helena A. Smith — E.; entered from Chateaugay Academy, and Sophomore class, Mt. Holyoke College; '93-6 Burlington, Vt. 1 54 Potsdam Normal School. Lillian S. Snowe — E. ; prepared at Malone; taught two terms in Norfolk; '94-6 Malone, N. Y. Clara Alice Stearns — E.; entered from Massena; '93-5 Intermediate De- partment, Massena; '95-6 Flushing, L. I. C. F. Simpson — E. ; taught four years in Herkimer County; transferred from Cortland Normal; '90 married Mary Theobold; '93-6 Principal, District No. 8, Potsdam, N. Y. Hattie M. Shaughnessy-Avery — E.; prepared at Norwood; '93-5 Norwood; '95 married Nathan E. Avery '94; '95-6 teaching North Lawrence, N. Y. Charles J. Vert — C; entered from Morristown; taught undergraduate. Bismark, North Dakota. E. Belle Webb — E.; graduate Syracuse High School; '93-6 Worthington, Minn. Class of January, '94. Theresa Agnes Crystal — C; entered from training schools; taught three terms undergraduate; '94-6 Madrid, N. Y. Grace E. Chaney — S.; entered from practice schools; '94-5 Mount Kisco, N. Y.; '95-6 Saugerties, N. Y. Katherine Campbell — E.; taught several terms undergraduate; '94-6 Wal- kill Academy, Middletown, N. Y. Maude C. Chappell — E.; '94-5 Katonah; '95-6 Patterson, N. Y. Delos M. Cosgrove — E. ; Principal, OxBow, N. Y. Mae De Ette Davis — E. ; entered from practice schools; '94-6 Croton Falls, N. Y. Henrietta L«. Faber — C; graduate of Utica Academy; '94-6 Drawing and U. S. History, Newton, N. J. Lucy A. Geer — C; entered from practice schools; taught two terms under- graduate; '94 began her work as teacher of Natural Science in the Col- legiate Institute, Asheville, N. C, but illness necessitated her return home, where she died Dec. 8, 1895. William S. George — E. ; entered from Eedwood; taught one term under- graduate; '94 entered Eastman's Business College, graduating April '95. Plessis, N. Y. Katherine M. Gorman — C; entered from Waddington: taught one term; '94 Principal, Lisbon Center; '94 summer school, North Bangor; '94-6 Preceptress, Massena, N. Y.; continued summer school. Margaret F. Haggerty — C; preparatory education at Raymondville; taught one term; '94 Principal, Norfolk; summer school at North Ban- gor; '94-6 Dolgeville; summer school at North Bangor. Phebe A. Hatfield — C; graduate of Utica Free Academy; '94 Herkimer; '94 Sept. , entered Vassar College. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 15$ Hannah A. Hayes — E.; prepared at Norwood; '94-5 Lisbon; '95-6 Canton, N. Y. Harvey W. Humphrey — E.; prepared at Copenhagen; '94-5 Copenhagen; '95 entered Medical College, New York City. Emma E. Leonard — S.; prepared at Norwood; '95-6 Norwood, N. Y. Mary H. Mulligan — C. ; graduate, Ogdensburg Academy, Latin and English Courses. Ogdensburg, N. Y. Myra L. Mayne — E.; graduate of Heuvelton; taught seven terms undergrad- uate; '94-5 Herkimer; '95-6 Alexandria Bay, N. Y. Harriet W. Meade — E. ; having studied three years at Middlebury College and taught four years, entered the Normal: '94-5 Preceptress, Sherman Collegiate Institute, Moriah; '95-6 Salem, N. Y. Dennis B. O'Brien — E. ; prepared at the Normal; '94-6 Principal, Eussell, N. Y. Evangeline O'Connor — E.; preparation in the New York City Schools; trans- ferred from the Albany Normal; '94-6 Williams Bridge, N. Y. Emma Pratt — E.; entered from Hopkin ton; taught one year; '94-5 Earl ville; '96 Hopkinton, N. Y. J. Frank Stanton — C; prepared in home district; '94 Principal, East Con- stable; '95 married Ida Booth, Troy; '94-6 Principal, Hillsdale, N. Y. HelenA. Savage — S.; entered from St. Mary's Academy; '95-6 No. 8, Og- densburg, N. Y. Gertrude Emma Swift-Peck — S.; prepared in practice schools; postgradu- ate Vocal Music; '94 married William W. G. Peck, druggist, Potsdam, N. Y. William M. Snell — E. ; entered from Theresa; '94-6 Book-keeper, Snell and Makepeace. Theresa, N. Y. Ida B. Tolman — C; graduate from Fort Covington; '94 Dickinson; '94-6 Cross Eiver, N. Y. Mary I. Taft — E.; entered from Norfolk; taught two terms; '94 Dickinson; '94-6 Amsterdam, N. Y. Class of June, '94. Jennie A. Armstrong — C; prepared at Ives Seminary; taught about nine years; '94-6 Hunter, N. Y. Ellen Aitchison — E.; entered from Madrid; taught one year; '94-5 Middle- town; '95-6 Madrid, N. Y. Nathan E. Avery — E.; entered from Norwood; taught two terms; '94-5 Principal, Craigs ville; '95 married Hattie Shaughnessy, '93; '95 Princi- pal, North Lawrence, N. Y. Alma D. Babcock — C. ; graduate from Massena; '94-6 preceptress, Brasher Academy, Brasher, N. Y. 156 Potsdam Normal School. Edwin J. Bennett — C; entered from home district; taught four years, un- dergraduate; '94-6 Principal, Accord, N. Y. Lemuel R. Brown — C; entered from training schools; '94 entered Middle- bury College. Middlebury. Vt. Helen M. Bullis — S.; entered from Marion Collegiate Institute; taught twenty weeks; '94 Herkimer; '95 spring term, postgraduate, English Literature, at Potsdam; '95-6 Summit, N. J. Mary A. Baldwin — S.; prepared at St. Mary's Academy, Ogdensburg; '94-6 Chateaugay, N. Y. D. N. Boynton — E.; entered from Sherman Academy; taught three terms; '94 married Jessie I. Ormiston, a Normal student; '94-6 Chestertown; Daughter, Ruth, '95 April 7th. Chestertown, N. Y. Bertha C. Brunson — E.; entered from the Normal Academic. Potsdam, N.Y Hattie F. Burdick — E.; entered from Fine; taught one term, undergradu- ate; '94-6 Intermediate Department, Gilbertsville, N. Y. Emma M. Crabbe — A. B.,C; graduate of St. Lawrence University; '94-6 Heuvelton, N. Y. Clara A. Cruikshank — C; graduate of Carthage Academy; '94-6 Morris- town, N. Y. Ida B. Clark — S.; entered from Malone: '94-6 North Bangor, N.Y. Katherine L. Carr — E.; graduate of Utica Free Academy; '94-6 Newton, N. J. Katherine B. Carroll — E. ; taught eighteen terms before entering the Nor- mal; taught one term during the course; '94-5 Principal, Rossie; '95-6 Principal, Hailesboio, N. Y. Viola V. Cheney— E.; entered from the practice schools; '94-5 Bayville, L. I.; '95 Potsdam, N. Y. Frank Clapper — E.; entered from Amsterdam Business College; taught three terms before graduation; '94-6 Castleton, N. Y. James F. Connolly — E.; entered from Norfolk; taught four years; '95-6 Pleasant Valley, N. Y. Naomi E. Craig — E.: taught six years before graduation; '94-6 Russia, N. Y. Eleanor M. Cruikshank — E. ; graduate of Carthage Academy; '94-6 Princi- pal, Harrisville, N. Y. Mary Helen Ellis — S.; attended the Agassiz school, Cambridge, Mass., for three years and moved to Potsdam, with her parents; entered the Normal from the practice schools; '94-5 Primary, Theresa; '95-6 No. 17, Pots- dam, N. Y. Elias H. Foley— C. Lowville, N. Y. M. Vanche Fuller — S.; taught before graduation; '94-6 Lowville, N. Y. Florence Gorman — C; graduated at Waddington; taught one term, 94-6 Alexandria Bay, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 157 Sybil C. Goodnough — S. Orient, L. I. Elizabeth M. Gadbois — E. ; entered from Brasher; taught four terms under- graduate; '94-6 Massena, N. Y. H. Louise Hale — E.; prepared at Norwood and at East Greenwich, R. I.; '94-6 grammar grade, Whitestone, L. I. Carrie Hatch-Brookins — E. ; prepared at Waddington; '94 Primary, Dis- trict No. 8 Potsdam; '95 married W. H. Brookins. 64 Knox St., Ogdens- burg, N. Y. Lillian A. Hutchins — E.; entered from district school; taught one year un- dergraduate; '93-5 Norfolk; '95-6 St. Regis Falls, N. Y. Alice B. Jordan — C. ; entered from Chateaugay; taught one term; '94-5 Parishville, N. Y. Mollie E. King — E.; entered from home district; '94-6 district school, Nor- folk, N. Y. Susan Lewis — C; entered from the practice schools; '94-6 Herkimer, N. Y. Eva F. Lalone — E.; entered from Norwood; '94 6 Hammond, N. Y. Alice K. Merrill — C; graduate from Watertown High School; '94-6 Latin and English, High School, Watertown, N. Y. Charles A. Murphy — S.; entered from Norwood; taught twenty-two weeks; "94-6 St. Lawrence Hospital, Ogdensburg, N. Y. Winona D. Merrick — E. Johnstown, N. Y. George W. Miller — E.; entered from Ogdensburg Academy; taught twenty- six weeks before entering the Normal, and eighteen during his course; <94-5 Principal, West Carthage; '95-6 202 East Onondaga St., Syracuse, N. Y. Sadie M. Nichols — C; entered from practice schools; '94-6 Wellington, O. Bessie Olney — E.; entered from Madrid; taught one term; '94-5 Croton Falls; '95-6 Purdy's, N. Y. George C. Owen — E.; entered from home school; took three years Latin ex- tra in his course; '94-5 Fine; '95-6 Principal, Colton, N. Y. Charles D. Pitcher — C; prepared at Lowville; 'S4 Martinsburgh; '94-6 Prin- cipal, Kenwood, N. Y. Mary I. Philp— E.; entered from Chateaugay; taught four terms; '94-5 gram- mar grade, Sidney; '95-6 Chateaugay, N. Y. Roy N. Porter — E.; prepared at Theresa; '94-5 bookkeeper, Theresa; '95-6 business. Clayton, N. Y. Dora E. Remley — E.; entered from Port Henry; spent one year in Notre Dame Convent; '94-5 Mt. Kisco; '95-6 Schuylerville, N. Y. Elizabeth F. Remley — E.; prepared at Port Eenry; one year at Notre Dame Convent; '94-6 East Quogue, L. I. Sara Louise Reynolds — E.; entered from Amenia Seminary; taught four and one-half years; '94-5 Principal, Barre, Mass.; '95-6 Johnstown, N. Y. 58 Potsdam Normal School. William P. Smith— S.; prepared at Heuvelton; taught one year; '94-5 Princi- cipal, E. Moriches; '95 entered Emerson School of Oratory, Boston, Mass. Lena Violet Sabin — E. ; taught one year before entering the Normal; '94-5 Principal, Knapps Station; '95-6 St. Johnsville, N. Y. Julia E. Sullivan — E.; entered from her home district school; taught four- teen terms; '94-6 Alexandria Bay, N. Y. Gi*ace M. Train— E.; entered from District No. 8 Potsdam; '94-6 Norwood, Mass. Emma M. Tyner— E. '94-6 Canton, N. Y. Ella R. Valley— E.; prepared at Fort Covington; '94-6 Theresa, N. Y. Frank H. Wallace — C; entered from Morristown; taught four years; '94-6 Principal, Madrid, N. Y. Annie Gertrude White — C; graduated from the practice schools; taught fifty-four weeks; '94-5 Coxsackie; '95-6 No. 17 Potsdam, N. Y. Squire Stephen Wood — S.; entered from Katonah Public School; taught two terms at Croton Lake: two terms at Purdy's; '94-6 Principal, Patterson, N. Y. Jessie E. Ware — E. ; entered from Norwood; taught twenty-six weeks; '94 6 Hammond N. Y. Virgil C. Warriner — E.; prepared at Belleville Academy; taught one year; '94-5 Principal, Smitnville; '95-6 Principal, Adams Center, N. Y. Jennie L. Whitmarsh — E.; entered from Canton; taught one year; '94-6 Am- sterdam, N. Y. She is studying Shakespeare with Mrs. Trapnell, the first Preceptress of the Normal. Margarete L. Williams — E.; graduate from Adams Collegiate Institute; entered State Normal College; transferred to Potsdam; taught six terms previous to coming to the Normal; '94-6 Primary, Plessis, N. Y. Class of January, '95. Mary Lucinda Benson — E. ; enterd from the practice schools; taught forty weeks; '95 district school; '95-6 Alden, N. Y. Harriet Belle Br adley — E. ; entered from Madrid; taught twenty weeks; '95 district school; '95-6 Madrid, N. Y. Nellie A Buss — E. ; entered from Hammond; '95-6 Amsterdam, N. Y. Margaret Jean Craig — E.; taught seven years before graduation; '95 Stark; '95-6 Flack ville, N. Y. Nelly Ruth Cramer — C, T.; graduate of Watertown High School; taught twelve terms before graduation; '95-6 Lawrence Station, L. I. Jeanette E. Douglass — E.; entered from Ray moudville; taught three years undergraduate; '95-6 Malone, N. Y. Minnie Louisa Davis — E. T.: graduate from Malone Academy: taught three vears: '95-6 Tarrvtown, N. Y, Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 159 Margaret A. Gaynor — C. ; entered from the practice schools; '95 district school; '95-6 Port Henry, N. Y. Minnie Avildah Gary — E. ; entered from Brasher Academy; taught thirty- two weeks; '95-6 North Tonawanda, N. Y. DeFrance M. Hodge — E. ; entered from Adams Center; '95-6 Adams Center Union School. Mida L. Hooper — E.; graduate from Ticonderoga High School; taught two terms in same school; '95-6 returned to Ticonderoga High School. Julia M. Hourihan — E. ; taught several terms undergraduate; '95 district school; '95-6 Stockholm Center, N. Y. Matilda L. Jackson — C; entered from the practice schools; '95 district school; '95-6 Massena; called home by the death of her mother. Potsdam, N. Y. Elizabeth Leary — S.; entered from Gouverneur; taught six years before graduation: '95-6 Naugatuck, Ct. Ellen Agnes Leary — S.; entered from Colton; taught eight terms under- graduate; '95-6 district school. Colton, N. Y. Katherine Louise Leary — E.; graduate of Gouverneur; taught one year; '95-6 grammar grade, Gouverneur, N. Y. W. Merton McNeil— E.; '95-6 Principal, Philadelphia, N. Y. Leonard J. Reynolds — C; entered from the practice schools; '95 Principal, Brushton; '95-6 Principal, Heuvelton, N. Y. Helen M. Story — C: entered from the practice schools; '95-6 grammar grade, Schaghticoke, N. Y. Mary Belle Sherman — E.; entered from East Greenwich Seminary, R. I. ; taught three years undergraduate; '95 Kitchawan, N. Y. ; '95-6 Webster, Mass. William A. Torrance — E. ; prepared at Jay ; taught four terms undergradu- ate; '95-6 Principal, West Troy, N. Y. Martha A. Wiggins — E. ; graduate of Rensselaer Falls; taught three years; '95 Sidney; '95-6 Point Peninsula, N. Y. Class of June, '95. Bessie Evangeline Andrews — E.; entered from Pierrepont; taught five years; '95-6 Saugerties, N. Y. Henry Murray Andrews — C; entered from South Rutland; '95 entered Hamilton College. Clinton, N. Y. Susan Gates Armstrong — E. ; entered from Wilna; taught one year before entering; '95-6 Evans Mills, N. Y. Julia Annis Beam an — E.; graduate of Gouverneur Seminary; taught two years; '95-6 East Hampton, L. I, 160 Potsdam Normal School. Fannie Jane Beaman — C; graduate of Gouverneur Seminary; taught twenty weeks; '95-6 Theresa, N. Y. Henry Martin Bodman— E.; entered from Theresa; '95-6 Theresa, N. Y. Cressida May Clark — E. ; taught before graduation: received honorable mention Clarkson Prize Contest; '95-6 Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y. Mary Hannah Coolidge — C; entered from Philadelphia; taught one year; contestant for Clarkson Prize; '95-6 East Hampton, L. I. George Herbert Covey — S.; entered from Potsdam; taught sixteen weeks; '95-6 Principal, Port Chester, N. Y. Solon Ellsworth Crane — E.; entered from North Stockholm; taught one term; '95-6 Principal, North Stockholm, N. Y. Hagopos Toros Daghistanlian — C. ; entered from Marion Collegiate Insti- tute: taught one year, Principal, Louisville; '95-6 Emerson College of Ora- tory. Boston, Mass. William Chalmers Davis — C. ; entered from Norwood Academy; taught one year; contestant for Clarkson Prize; '95-6 Principal, Massena, N. Y. Mabel Katherine Dixon — C; entered from Madrid; '95-6 Norwood, N. Y. Delia D'Ette Dorchester — entered to take the English Course; see June '86; '95-6 Billings, Mont. Jessie Maria Doud — E.; entered from West Stockholm; taught previously; '95-6 West Stockholm, N. Y. Grace Hannah Dryden — E. ; prepared at Copenhagen and Houghton Semin- ary; '95-6 Preceptress, New Hartford, N. Y. Susie Lura Eastman — C; entered from practice schools: '95-6 Primary, Pettit private school. Lawrence Station, L. I. Frederick Everett— S.; entered from Fort Jackson; taught one year; Prin- cipal, Elba High School, Elba, Neb. ; '95 entered Cornell University. Ithaca, N. Y. William Edward Fisher — E.; entered from Madrid; taught one year; '95 began course in Theology. 1060 N. Halstead St., Chicago, 111. Florence Imogene Freeman — E.; entered from Crary's Mills; taught one year; '95-6 Middletown, N. Y. Milton Harvey Freeman — C. ; entered from Crary's Mills; taught four terms ; '95-6 Principal, Good Ground, L. I. Flora L. French — E.; entered from Madrid Springs; taught one term; '95-6 teaching near Potsdam, N. Y. Nellie Mae Fullerton — E. ; taught several terms before entering the Nor- mal; '95-6 Norfolk, N. Y. Katherine Johanna Gill — E.; entered from Port Henry; '95-6 Port Henry, N. Y. Arthur B. Hale — E.; entered from Hermon; taught three years before grad- uation; '95-6 Hermon, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. . 161 May Agnes Haley — E. ; entered from Stockholm Center; '95-6 Stockholm Center, N. Y. Gustavus S.Hardy — S.; entered from Copenhagen; taught fifty-six weeks; '95-6 Principal, North Brookfield, N. Y. Elizabeth Laura Healey — E.; entered from Crary's Mills; taught fourteen weeks; '95-6 Goldens Bridge, N. Y. Amy B. Hildreth — E.; entered from Canton; taught one year; '95-6 Glen Cove, L. I. Myrtle M. Howard — E.; entered from Pierrepont; taught ten weeks; '95-6 South Colton, N. Y. Agnes J. Jordan — E. ; entered from Burke; '95-6 Sun, N. Y. Mhry A. Joy — C; entered from Potsdam; '95-6 Canton, N. Y. Minnie A. Joy — E.; entered from Raymondville; '95-6 Natural Science, Nor- mal and Collegiate Institute, Asheviile, N. C. Elsie A. Kerans — E.; entered from Harrisville; taught three years; '95-6 Harrisville, N. Y. Allie Kibbe — E.; graduate of Franklin Academy; taught five terms; '95-6 South Bombay, N. Y. Minnie Everett Kirby — C; entered from the practice schools; '95-6 Primary, No. 8, Potsdam, N. Y. Edith M. Lent— E.; entered from Rensselaer Falls; '95-6 Hammond, N. Y. Clara G. Loope — E.; entered from Crary's Mills; taught two years; '95-6 Gloversville, N. Y. Harry Z. Mayne — E. ; entered from Katonah; '95-6 Principal, Chappaqua, N. Y. Lucy L. McCarthy — C; graduate of Ogdensburg Academy; taught one hun- dred ana forty weeks; contestant for Clarkson Prize; '95-6 Ogdensburg, N. Y. Joseph Wheeler McDoniels, Jr. — E.; entered from Pitcairn; taught one year; '95-6 Principal, West Carthage, N. Y. Nellie F. McGill — E.; graduate of Norwood; taught five terms; '95-6 West Parishville, N. Y. Clara L. Miller — E.; taught several terms before graduation; '95-6 Glovers- ville, N. Y. Florence M. Myers — entered from Canton Union School; taught nine terms; '95-6 Whitesboro, N. Y. Amy C. Norton — E.; entered from Morley; taught one hundred ten weeks; '95-6 Whitesboro, N. Y. Elizabeth O'Connor — E.; entered from New York City; taught several terms; '95-6 Williams Bridge, N. Y, Q. C. H. 11. Potsdam Normal School. Johanna M. O'Leary — E.; entered from Crary's Mills; taught sixteen terms; '95-6 Crary's Mills, N. Y. George M. Perry — E.; entered from the practice schools; taught one year; '95-6 Principal, East Quogue, L. I. Jennette M. Purves — E.; entered from Libson; '95-6 Patterson, N. Y. Helen M. Radford — E.; graduate of Port Byron; taught five years; '95-6 Dolgeville, N. Y. Katherine B. Began — E. ; entered from Potsdam; taught seventy-two weeks; '95-6 Potsdam, N. Y. Lena E. Schwarz — C. ; entered from Theresa; '95-6 Theresa, N. Y. Metta Virgil Strough — C; entered from Clayton; won the Clarkson Prize; '95-6 Highland Falls, N. Y. Nellie C. Sullivan — E.; entered from Potsdam; taught sixteen weeks; '95-6 Alexandria Bay, N. Y. Arloine M. Walton — E.; entered from Houghton Seminary; taught three and one-half years; '95-6 Alexandria Bay, N. Y. Ellen I. Ward — E.; entered from North Wilna; '95-6 Michigamme, Mich. Jennie M. Wellings — entered from Potsdam; taught three terms; '95-6 Syca- more, 111. Dora E. Wheelock — E.; entered from Moriah; '95-6 Rutland, Vt. Tacie L. Wood — E.; graduate of Massena; taught several terms; '95-6 Mas- sena, N. Y. William W. Wright — E.; entered from Philadelphia; '95-6 Principal, South Bangor, N. Y. Class of January, '96. Ada R. Allen — E. ; prepared at Hammond; taught one year district school. Hammond, N. Y. Leslie R. Bell — E. ; prepared at home school. Manlius, N. Y. Alberta C. Bents — E,; prepared at LaFargeville High School. Orleans, N. Y. Mae H. Bromley — E.; prepared at Wallingford, Vt., and Lansingburg, N. Y. ; '96 East Syracuse, N. Y. Giles A. Chase — E.; prepared at Massena; taught one year. Racket River, N. Y. Francis M. Close — E.; prepared at the home school. South Colton, N. Y. Mary E. Crane— C; prepared at North Stockholm; taught two terms. North Stockholm, N. Y. Minnie A. Dollar — S. ; graduate of Heuvelton; taught two years in district school, and two years in the Heuvelton Union Free School. Heuvelton, N. Y. Katherine Donovan — E. ; entered from home school. Colton, N. Y, Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 163 Frederic A. D. Dowsey — E.; entered from the practice schools. Potsdam, N. Y. James F. Driscoll — C; prepared at Lawrenceville Academy; taught in dis- trict schools, and one year as Principal of Hopkinton Graded School. Brasher Falls, N. Y. Mary Drown — E.; prepared in the home district school; taught ten weeks. Potsdam, N. Y. Elsa E. Evans — E.; prepared at Hermon graded school; taught five years be- fore entering the Normal. Hermon, N. Y. Lettie L. Gtll — E.; graduate of Canton Union School; taught one year. Canton, N. Y. Hannah C. Goggin — E.; prepared at Brasher Academy; taught ten terms. Winthrop, N. Y. Mildred E. Griffith — E.; graduate of Heuvelton; taught one and one-half years in the district schools. Heuvelton, N. Y. Margaret J. Haydon — E. ; graduate of Heuvelton; '96 assistant, Schroon Lake, N. Y. Blanche A. Hodgkin — E. ; prepared at Gouverneur Seminary. Gouverneur, N. Y. Etta E. Horton — E.; prepared at home school; taught twenty-six weeks. South Colton, N. Y. Edwin L. Hulett — S.; prepared at Heuvelton; taught district school; '96 Principal, Brushton, N. Y. Luna B. Keeler — C, T.; graduate of Norwood Academy. Norwood, N. Y. Linnie E. Merrill— E.; entered from home school; '96 Chappaqua, N. Y. Effie E. Plumb — E. ; prepared at Colton. Harrisville, N. Y. Bernard P. Quain — E.; prepared Fort Covington; taught sixteen weeks, Principal, Vermontville. Moira, N. Y. Elsie M. Reynolds— E.; prepared at Mt. Vernon. Tuckahoe, N. Y. James I. Reynolds — C; entered from the practice schools. Potsdam, N. Y. Herbert M. Stone — E. ; entered from the practice schools; '96 Massena, N. Y. Margaret Sullivan — E. ; prepared in the district school. Potsdam, N. Y. Bertha M. Taber — S. ; graduate of Utica Free Academy. Utica, N. Y. Marion H. Thompson — E.; graduate of Utica Free Academy; taught three terms before entering the Normal. 208 Elizabeth St., Utica, N. Y. Anna K. Toomey — E.; prepared at Lawrenceville Academy; taught about nine years; seven years in the North Lawrence graded school. North Lawrence, N. Y. Note — C, Classical Course; four years. S., Scientific Course; three and one-half years. E., English Course: three years. El., Elementary Course; two years, not now in existence. 164 Potsdam Normal School. ACADEMIC GRADUATES. Hattie Leete-Clapp — E. '71; See Faculty. Clarence P. Townsley— E. '72; IT. S. Army Officer, Ft. Adams, Newport, E. I. Harvey J. Welch — E. '73; Deceased. Lamira S. Dodge-Briggs—E. '74; '74-7 taught Chateaugay; '80-1 Chateau- gay Academy; '81 married M. D. Briggs, M. D. Champlain, N. Y. Grace Eaymond Knowles — E. '74; entered the Intermediate Department: '75-9 student at Vassar College; the years since have been devoted to Art in its various forms, and to travel, the latter including much of our own country, Cuba, England, the Continent, Greece, Egypt, Syria, and other parts of Turkey. Potsdam, N. Y. Celia M. Parker— C. '74. Potsdam, N. Y. Hattie E. May-Smith — C. '74. Deceased. Walter A. Brown — E. '75. Charlevoix, Mich. Mary L. Carpenter — E. '75. Norwood, N. Y. David A. Forrest — E. '75; Lawyer. West Manchester, N. H. Augusta E. Lee-Sampson — E. '75; three years teaching; taught two terms after graduation; '80 married and resided in Vermont; thirteen years in her present residence; 508 Second Avenue, S., Minneapols, Minn. Edward W. Leete — C. '76; merchant; '95 commercial traveler. 110 W. 59th St., New York City. Frank W. Moore — C. '76; '81 A. B. Union University; '82 business, Pots- dam; '82 married Jessie M. Crane, '78; '85-9 Sash, Door and Blind Fac- tory, Potsdam; '89-96 lumber business. Children, Barbara, attending the practice school; Mabel, deceased; a son lived only a few days; Merton, three years of age. Potsdam, N. Y. Forrest P. Eundell — E. '76; prepared at Dekalb; taught one term; course in History and Political Economy at Cornell; read law, practiced eight years; President of the New England Investment Co., Providence, E. I. Henry S. Wilson — C. '77; book-keeper for G. B. Swan, several years; book- keeper for Thomas S. Clarkson, resigning '95; '89 married Anna Baldwin; Aug. 6th, '94 son, Harold B. Potsdam, N. Y. Janet A. Farlinger-Hawkins — E. '77. Deceased. Jessie M. Crane-Moore — E. '78; entered from District No. 8, at the opening of the school; '81 taught Shippensburg, Pa. Normal; '82 married Frank W. Moore '76; four children. Potsdam, N. Y. Bertie L. Hawley-Willmarth — E. '78; entered from District No. 8; taught one year; '80 married Geo. E. Willmarth, Druggist. Potsdam, N. Y. Alfaretta MacDonald-Moore — E. '78; taught four terms undergraduate; '78-9 Coopersville; '80 Hannawa Falls; '81' Perry's Mills; '82 married Charles E. Moore. Perry's Mills, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 165 Frederick R. Smith— E. '78; '78-85 Principal, Norwood Free School; '81 married Hannah B. Barnes; '85 became editor and half owner of the Nor- wood News; '87 elected school commissioner, third district, St. Lawrence County: '90 and '93 re-elected; September, '90 admitted to the Bar. One daughter, Ada C. '84. Norwood, N. Y. Augustus W. Sheals — E. '78; entered from Hopkinton; taught several terms during undergraduate course; read law with T. H. Swift, Esq., Potsdam; and later with L. C. Lang, Esq., Brasher Falls; '82 admitted to the Bar; practiced law since at Brushton, N. Y. ; '88 married Sarah L. Taylor. Two sons, W. Taylor, Ralph A. and daughter, Charlotte E. ; '89-93 Post- master. Brushton, N. Y. Howard E. Stearns — E. '78; merchant, Mapes, Dak. Wilbur H. Armin — E. '78; entered from Hermon; taught three years; assist- ant and Principal, No. 17 Potsdam; Principal, Sibley, la. ; '84 married Stella Perry, a Normal student; Five children, three living; '86-7 County Superintendent. Dickinson County, la.; '88-95 lumber business. Oche- yedan, la. Frank F. Williams — E. '79, M. D.; taught before and after graduation; Principal, at Heuvelton two years; '83M.D. ,N. Y. Homeopathic Col- lege; member of several medical societies; '84 married Lilla A. Thornton; Two sons living, daughter deceased. Physician, Canton, N. Y. Helen W. Liscomb-Wheeler — C. '79. Deceased. Nellie E. Howe-Brown — E. '79. St. Albans, Vt. Edwin A. Merritt, Jr. — C. '79; prepared at the Normal; '84 A. B., Yale University; '84-5 abroad; '88 married Edith S. Wilcox '84. Daughter, Esther Mary '94. Managing, Manufacturing and Selling Potsdam Red Sandstone. Potsdam, N. Y. John A. Dutcher — E. '80; Merchant. Potsdam, N. Y. John A. Dalzell — C. '80; '84 A. B., Hamilton College; Attorney at Law. Gibbon, Minn. Rosa Wright-Wright— C. '80; '93 married Daniel Wright. Hopkinton, N. Y. Edward P. Hamill— E. '82; Merchant. Milford, O. Helen M. Hay-Jamieson — C. '82; entered from Ogdensburg; taught two terms undergraduate; taught two years since graduation; '92 married Alexander Jamieson; '94 daughter. Morristown, N. Y. Anna J. Wright — E. '82. Madrid Springs, N. Y. Emilie V. Clarkson — C. '85; after graduation spent several winters in New York, with private masters in drawing and painting; '88 began the study of photography; '89 joined Postal Photographic Club, and Chautauqua School of Photography, graduating from the latter in '90; '90 member of the Society of Amateur Photographers of New York; exhibited work publicly first at the joint exhibition '91; '93 gave lantern exhibition be- 1 66 Potsdam Normal School. fore the New York Society, since which time she has given exhibitions before prominent clnbs in the State; a firm believer that Photography is an art, she has demonstrated the correctness of her theory by numerous prizes and medals, won at competitive exhibitions both at home and abroad. "Holcroft", Potsdam, N. Y. Nellie R. Lang-Bartlett — C. '83; see Faculty. Last page. Tompkins Marshall — E. '83; has taught at Redwood, Adams Center; '91-6 Principal, Theresa, N. Y. N. Clark Stone — C. '83; '87 married Edith Simonds. Photographer, Pots- dam, N. Y. Ida A. Stone E. '83; '86-8 studied art at Syracuse University; '92-3 Art- students League, New York City. Potsdam, N. Y. Mary E. Sanford— E. '84. Potsdam, N. Y. Edith S. Wilcox-Merritt — C. '84; '88 married Edwin A. Merritt, Jr., '79. Daughter, Esther Mary, '94. Potsdam, N. Y. Edith M. Crandall-McFadden — E. '84; Deceased. Jennie M. Barnes — E. '84; Stenographer. 303 W. 51st St., New York City. W. W. Reed— E. '84; prepared at Watertown; '88 C. E., Cornell University; four years in Syracuse; '92 Cleveland, 0.; '95 Niagara Falls, N. Y.; '92 married Elizabeth Mclnness. Son, Willette D. Engineer and Con- tractor, Niagara Falls, N. Y. Geo. E. Parmeter — E. '84; '88 B. Sc. Cornell University; '91 married Minnie Keiley, of Ithaca; '88-95 Architect, 212 N. 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa. John Perkins Colnon — E. '84: entered first primary grade; learned milling at Potsdam; proprietor of Heuvelton Grist Mill. Heuvelton, N. Y. Minnie M. Stone — C. '85, T. '95; '86-8 studied music, Syracuse University; '87-8 taught music in private family; '89-95 Organist and Choir-Leader, M. E. Church, Potsdam; '95 Music Teachers' Course; '95-6 Superintendent of Music, Westchester, N. Y. Anna J. Hay — S. '85; entered from Morristown; '85 taught at home. Og- densburg, N. Y. Katherine Barnhart-Paddock — C. '86; after graduation entered the Art Schools of the Metropolitan Museum; has written articles for Art Maga- zines; has taught charcoal drawing from the Antique and has continued art study in oil, water color, and pastel. Malone, N. Y. Francis D. Davis— E. '86; M. E.; member A. S. M. E.; '90 M. E. Cornell University; '90-1 draftsman for Howe Scale Co.; '91-2 assistant engineer, Sheldon Marble Co., Rutland, Vt.; '92-5 Bridge engineer, The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford, Conn.; '92 elected member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; '92-4 taught evening school in mechani- cal drawing, Y. M. C. A. course, Stamford, Conn. Pliny J. Clark— S. '86; '89-96 manufacturer, S. L. Clark & Son. Parish- ville, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 1 67 Edward W. Henderson — E. '86; M. D.; entered from Fort Covington; '91 M. D. University of Michigan; '93 married I. May Hill. Physician, 785 Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich. James M. Marsh— E. '87; '90 M. D., Homeopathic Medical College of New York; Hospital practice one year, Brooklyn; '87 married Nora Crossman '87. Children, Emma L. '91; Jael S. '94. Practicing Physician and Sup- erintendent, Keeley Cure, Ogdensburg, N. Y. Mary S. Howe— C. '87; P. '88; '89-91 Teacher of Music, State Normal, Os- kosh, Wis.; '91-5 Superintendent of Music, Public Schools, Flushing, L. I.; '95-6 at home, Potsdam, N. Y. Fred E. Duffy — S. '87; '95 School Commissioner. Mooer's Forks, N. Y. Ernest Austin Fay — S. '87; Joint editor and proprietor, Courier and Free- man, Potsdam; '93 Assistant Journal Clerk, Senate; '94 5 Clerk of Senate Finance Committee; '96 Index Clerk, Senate. Potsdam, N. Y. A. Lincoln Boynton — E. '87, Rev.; taught one term undergraduate; '88 taught; '89-91 Secretary of Y. M. C. A.; pastor of birst Baptist Church, Essex, N. Y.; '94 pastor Hamilton, N. Y.; '95-6 Colgate University, Theological Department. Hamilton, N. Y. Herbert G. Geer — E. '87, M. E.; entered from the practice schools; '87-9 Cornell University; '89-91 Union Pacific and Southern Pacific Railways; '93 M. E., Cornell University; '93-6 Instructor in Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Member of the Franklin Institute Engineers Club, Philadelphia; and of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. Baltimore, Md. Charles E. Lake — E. '87; prepared at Harrisville; '89-92 clerk, Harrisville; '92-5 Merchant, Harrisville; '91 married Jettie R. O'Neil. Daughter, Jettie May, '94. Supervisor of town, Harrisville, N. Y. William E. Kelly— E. '88; '95 Teacher, Bucks Bridge, N. Y. Robert R. Murphy — E. '83; Life Insurance, Red Wing, Minn. Fred L. V. Spaulding — C. '89; See Normal, June '90. Manchester, N. H. William W. Walling— S. '89; '93 married Ada B. Coats, '93. Son, William Henry, '95. Hardware merchant, Potsdam, N. Y. Edith Leona Dove— E. '90; 90-2 taught in New York; '92-3 in Texas; '93-6 Accotink, Va. Samuel E. Powers — C. '91; taught several years in New York; '91 married Mabel Collins '91. Minneapolis, Minn. Willard H. Waterbury — C. '91; taught several schools undergraduate; '92 graduated C. at Cortland Normal; is teaching. Niversville, N. Y. Jennie U. Clay — E. '91; entered from Plattsburgh Academy; '91-2 studied, Conservatory of Music, Utica; '92-3 graduated Fort Edward Institute; '93-4 Methods, Albany Normal College; '94-5 teacher of Language, Cat- skill Academy. Catskill, N. Y. Potsdam Normal School. George M. Stimets — E. '91; postgraduate Literature; business. 51 Somer St., New Haven, Conn. Arthur W. G^le—E. '92; '93 entered Eastman's Business College; '94 with Alden Spears Sons and Co., Boston, Mass. Leon L. Gibson— E. '93; lumber business. West Stockholm, N. Y. Laura Alta Feltt — E. '94; teaching, Clintonville, N. Y. Mary Coffeen-Sisson — C. '94; entered the lowest Primary class in '69; when a member of the "A" class taught Rhetoric, Algebra and French, Ogdens- burg Academy for four years; one year District No. 17, Potsdam; '86 married Rufus L. Sisson. Children, Lewis Hamilton, '87; Rufus Luther, '90; Ruth Coffeen, '92; Walter Coffeen '94; having completed all academic work, her diploma is dated '94. Potsdam, N. Y. Mary Frances Batchelder — C. '95; entered from practice schools. Pots- dam, N. Y. D'Ette Brownell, M. D. — E. '95; first entered the Normal, left before com- pletion of professional course; taught nine years in the schools of New York. Practicing Physician, Westboro, Mass. Katherine Agnes Donovan — E. '95; re-entered to complete Normal Course, and to take course in Art. see Normal January, '96. Potsdam, N. Y. Carlton Eugene Smith — E. '95; '95 entered Union University. Schenectady, N. Y. William D. Witherbee — E. '95; '95 entered McGill Medical College. Mon- treal, Canada. Frederick Lamont Maxon — E. '96; entered from Adams Center; taught several rural schools in Jefferson County; nearly completed Normal course; '96 teaching. Smithvillc, N. Y. CONSERVATORY GRADUATES. Martha S. Abbott — P. '77; see Normal '77. Music teacher, Potsdam, N. Y. Mabel D. Parker-Hathorne — P. '77; postgraduate at Normal Conservatory, . and at New England Conservatory; has taught sixteen years as assistant to her husband, Professor F. E. Hathorne, at E. Greenwich, R. L, and at the Normal. Son, Ernest. Potsdam, N. Y. Florence L Chase-Briggs — P. '81; entered Normal from practice schools; taught three terms; '81-2 teacher of music, No. 17, Potsdam; '82-4 voice culture and piano, Hickory, N. C; '85 married Warren S. Briggs. Daugh- ter, Florence Mayfred '87. St. Paul, Minn. Lucy Katherine Leonard-Follett — P. '82; taught one year, Pierrepont; four years, Marinette, Wis. ; '87 married J. Ward Follett; is teaching. Marinette, Wis. Clarence H. King — P. \S7; taught piano one year; organist and director of music, First Universalist church; jeweller, North Attleboro, Mass. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 169 Mary S. Howe— P. '88; see Academic '87. Potsdam, N. Y. Carrie E. Moore- Watkins — V. '88; married Henry A. Watkins. One son living. Potsdam, N. Y. Mrs. Belle P. Barnard — T. '88; taught music in public schools and private lessons, Norwood; '94-6 Superintendent of Music. West Bay City, Mich. Harriet E. Brown-DeRevere — T. '88; member of the first class graduated in the Teachers' Course; assistant to Miss Crane until '93; studied with Mme. Cappiani and Professor Holt; '93 married Dr. J. W. DeRevere, who died December, '95. Potsdam, N. Y. Mrs. S. A. Clarke— T. '88. Smith's Falls, Ont. Mary F. Call— T. '88. New Rochelle, N. Y. Harriet M. Crane-Bryant — T. '88; see Normal '85. Potsdam, N. Y. Elva M. Haywood— T. '88; see Normal '86. Potsdam, N. Y. Hattie M. Wood— T. '88; see Normal '89. South Omaha, Neb. Harriet Lovisa Ellis-Lanpher — P. '89, T. '90; '90 Superintendent of Music, East Orange, N. J.; since '92 private class at home; Dec. 25, '95 married Professor Charles N. Lanpher. Lowville, N. Y. Bertha M. Leonard-Dovc — P. '89. Potsdam, N. Y. Dora May Frauton — P. '89; '89-90 home class; '90-2 Conservatory of Music, Boston, Mass.; '92 orchestra, St. Andrews, N. B.; '93-5 teaching at home; '95-6 Conservatory at Potsdam, N. Y. Carrie L. Storrs— P. '89. Canton, N. Y. Elizabeth W. Carpenter — T. '89; '89-90 soprano and leader of quartette choir and teacher of vocal culture, Warren, O. ; '90-2 vocal music and drawing, Johnstown, N. Y.; '93 entered Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Alice S. Lewis— T. '89; see Normal '86. Potsdam, N. Y. Lena M. Stanley— T. '89; see Normal '89. New Rochelle, N. Y. Grace T. Howe — T. '89; entered Intermediate department from District No. 8; after graduation become assistant in the Vocal Department; '91-2 studied with Mme. Cappiani; '95-6 private vocal lessons. Cortland, N. Y. Emma E. Stone— T. '89; '90-1 Shippensburg, Pa., State Normal School; '92-3 Devil's Lake, North Dakota; '94-6 vocal music, Jacob Tome Institute, Port Deposit, Md. Emma E. Wood— T. '89; see Normal '89. Teaching, South Omaha, Neb. Minnie E. Cubley-Rochester — P., T. '90; taught one year at Massena; mar- ried Rev. Rochester, pastor Presbyterian church. Two sons. Prince Albert, Sask., Canada. Edith Louise Barnum — P. '90; '91 Vocal and Instrumental music, Jasper Normal Institute, Fla. ; housekeeper for her father. Potsdam, N. Y. Alice E. P. Kellogg-Riley— P. '90. West Chazy, N. Y. Lila S. McClelland-Britton — P. '90; private pupils, organist, Norwood; '91 married Fred J. Britton. Norwood, N. Y. 170 Potsdam Normal School. Elfreda E. Tambling-Fraser — P. '90; '91-2 chorister and organist, Parma: '92-3 taught Piano in New York Institute for the Blind; '93 married Allan D. Fraser; '91-2 studied Voice Culture with Charles Abercrombie, of Eochester. North Parma, N. Y. Minnie E. Cooley-Burdick—T. '90; '90-1 taught at San Eiver, Mont.; '91-2 Shoshone, Idaho; '92 married Edward S. Burdick '92; '92-3 Crown Point: '93-4 Ives Seminary. Died July 12, '94. Jennie Purves — T. '90; see Normal '85; '95-6 Emerson College of Oratory, Boston, Mass. Ildah M. Chaney— T. '91; see Normal '91. Tupper Lake, N. Y. Mrs. Jennie P. Clark-Mu-llen — T. '91. Leadville, Col. Charlotte A. Clark-Parker — T. '91; see Normal '86. Deceased. Mary A. Waldo — T. '91; see Normal '76. Shippensburg, Pa. Julie T. Walling— T. '91; see Normal '91. Ealeigh, N. C. Edith M. Austin — P. '91, T. '93; assistant in the Normal Conservatory of Music, Potsdam, N. Y. G. Estelle Peppers-Drummond — P. '91; taught one year; '94 married John H. Drummond. '95 son. Adams, N. Y. Sarah E. Sanford— P. '91. Potsdam, N. Y. Flora B. Hackett— T. '92; see Normal '92. Potsdam, N. Y. Eleanor J. Lockwood — T. '92; taught at Shippensburg, Pa., at Mohawk and at Malone. Madrid, N. Y. Clara A. Foster— T. '92; see Normal '92. Potsdam, N. Y. Anna F. McGregor-Billings — T. '92; taught three terms before graduation; '92-4 Superintendent of music and drawing, Johnstown, N. Y. ; married. Charles Billings. South Hammond, N. Y. S. Mae Hapgood — T. '92: graduate of Franklin Academy, Malone; '92-6 vocal music, State Normal School, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Harriet McCormick-Hitchcock— T. '92. i02 Fifth St., N. E., Washington, D. C. Alice H. Houghton — P. '92; '93-4 student, New England Conservatory, Bos- ton, Mass; '94-5 private pupils, Potsdam and Ogdensburg. Potsdam, N. Y. Gertrude E. Whitney-Eogers — P. '92; '92 married William F. Eogers, Ant- werp, N. Y. Hattie L. Burr-Henderson — T. '93; Superintendent of vocal music West- chester; married William Henderson. Westchester, N. Y. Mary H. McGregor — T. '93; taught three terms undergraduate: '93 teacher of vocal music Mohawk; '93-5 superintendent of music and drawing, Am- sterdam; '95-6 Superintendent vocal music, Corning, N. Y. Ethel M. Vance — T. '93; graduate of Elmira Academy; severe illness has in- terrupted her teaching since graduation. Potsdam, N. Y. Biographical Sketches of Alumni. 171 Carrie A. Bissell— T. '93; see Normal '93. St. Jolmsville, N. Y. Mary N. Boynton-Munro— T. '93; see Normal '93. Gouverneur, N. Y. M. Gabriel Collins — T. '93; taught three months at Mohawk; '94-5 at home; '95-6 Superintendent of Music, Stamford, N. Y. Bessie L. Humphrey — T. '93; see Normal '93. Summit, N. J. Nellie Melrose — T. '93; '93-4 Lewiston; '94-5 Music in the Seminary, Pryor Creek, Ind. Terr. MarCxARET G. Northup-Flint — T. '93; private pupils, Morley; Nov. 28' '95 married Edward L. Flint. Potsdam. N. Y. Eva M. Wellington — T., P. '93; studied with Mrs. Carpenter, Potsdam; later at Boston and at Holyoke, Mass.; '93-4 private lessons DeKalb; '94 Music, Colby Academy, New London, N. H. Ella Maude Williams — T. '93; '94 taught in public schools, Katonah, N. Y. Mrs. Grace Dearing Walseman — T. '93; '93-6 Superintendent of music in city schools, and soprano in Baptist church. Plattsburgh, N. Y. Mrs. Alberta Atkins- Wilson — T. '93; '93-4 taught music, Massena; '95 be- gan Normal Course; '95-6 teaching No. 8. Potsdam, N. Y. Julia F. Bailey— T. '94. Canton, N. Y. Mary Elizabeth Bixby — T. '94; one and one-half years undergraduate teach- ing. Norwood, N. Y. Myra M. Blake — P. '94; private pupils, Nicholville; '95-6 Clinton, Mass. Margaret M. Garrity — T. '94. Chatham, N. Y. Leta A. Kitts — T. '94; Superintendent of Music and Drawing. Flint, Mich. Joanna M. Oliver — T. '94; private vocal lessons. Waddington, N. Y. Georgia Anna Schull — T. '94, studied French and German in addition to Conservatory course; private pupils German and Superintendent of Music in Public Schools. Carthage, N. Y. Carroll H. Vance — T. '94; nearly completed Academic E. course; spent several years as slide trombonist in theater and opera-concert orchestral work; has conducted military bands, orchestras, and amateur operas; '94-6 Clerk, Surrogate's Office; '93 married Bertha Glanz; member of specialists' committee on bands, New York State Music Teacher's Associ- ation. Canton, N. Y. Nellie Buth Cramer — T. '95; see Normal '95. Lawrence Station, L. I. Ethel I. Chaney — T. '95; see Normal '95. Saugerties, N. Y. Minnie L. Davis — T. '95; see Normal '95. Tarrytown, N. Y. G. Clayton Flint — T. '95; nearly completed Academic S. course; studied harmony and composition in New York City; '95 teaching music and con- tinuing postgraduate studies; member of local music organizations; '95-6 Musical Director. Lafayette, Ind. 1^2 Potsdam Normal School. Anna M. Manlet — T. '95; prepared at Watertown; Superintendent of Music, Yarmouth, Mass. Hatty C. McGary— T. '95. Watertown, N. Y. Fannie L. Towne—V. '95, T. '9G; at home, Potsdam, N. Y. Mary C. Wells— T., D. '95; graduate of Madrid Union School; '95-6 Super- intendent of Music and Drawing, East Syracuse, N. Y. Ada Euth Allen — T. '96; see Normal, '96. Hammond, N. Y. Grace Heward— T. '96. Potsdam, N. Y. Luna Belle Keeler — T. '96; see Normal, '96. Norwood, N. Y. Note — P., Piano Course. T., Music Teachers' Course. V., Vocal Course. D., Drawing Course. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA MISS EUTRICK. FRLF. FLRQG. M1SSSTEYER. HiSSCHOLLflR. MISS HOWE. PROF. MRNN, DR. STCWELL. MISS MOREY, FR£F. HRTHORNE. FRLF. NORSE. PRCF.BONC. HISS CRANE. FR°F. ROSEGRRNT. HISSESTERLY. FR£F. CRAVES. HRS. BRRTLETT. FR9F. ALLEN. PR°F, W ATKINS. {pWenty-piffl? ©Anr\i\}Grsar^ Exercises (p^e potsdam State J^ofmal School eAlumni ©Association, Ibelfc in tbe ©pera fbouse, fl>ot50am, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 21m, 1894, AT TEN A. H. ■?&& Music, . . . Orchestra. Informal Greeting, ...... Dr. T. B. Stowell, Principal Potsdam Normal School. Address of Welcome, ..... Gen. E. A. Merritt, President Local Board. Eesponse, . . ." . . . Mahlon M. Wagner, '75. President Alumni Association. Music — The Night has a Thousand Eyes, . . Phoenix Club. Address, . . . . . . . . Hon. A. X. Parker, The Old St. Lawrence Academy as an Educational Center in Northern N. Y. Song— Three Fishers, . . . Mary N. Boynton, '93. Reading, . . . . . . . Gertrude D. McBrien, '87 Violin .Solo, . . . R. Barnhardt Brewer. Address — Reminiscences, . . Mrs. Helen Austin Bramley, '73. Song — In Sevilla's Groves, .... VanLennep. Miss Fannie Towne. Address, Francis M. Payne, '76. County Superintendent of Schools, Pipestone, Minn. The Influence of the Potsdam Normal in the West. Song, Miss Emma E. Stone, '89. Address, ....... Elizabeth V. Griffin, '90, Principal Spell man Normal College, Atlanta, Ga. Work of Our Alumni in the South. Aria — Romeo and Juliet, . Mrs Harriet Crane Bryant, '88. Address, ... . . . . Frank D. Boynton, A. M., '87, Principal High School, Ithaca, N. Y. The Influence of the Normal at Home. Music, ........ Orchestra. 174 Potsdam Normal School. CONDENSED REPORT OF THE EXERCISES. Introductory Remarks by Dr. Stowell. Members of the Alumni Association, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the olden time there was a functionary with a high-sounding title which indicated that his special work at the time of the races was to signal just when the line should be dropped for the races to proceed. I saw this illus- trated the other day by some small boys who were engaged in their sports, and one little fellow was pompously magnifying his office, of whom I inquir- ed: "My little fellow what have you to do with this?" Straightening him- self he replied: "Why, I am the starter." You see at once my relation to the exercises of the day— and I would magnify my office— I am the starter. It was agreed that I form no part of the program, but I take this occasion to reiterate and to emphasize what is well understood by the undergraduates as well as by the recent classes that my hopes rest entirely in the Alumni for the prosperity and the future of our Normal school. We may boast of great things here at home, but unless our Alumni show to us large results, we are a failure;and consequently I rejoiced when I heard that our Alumni were dis- posed to return this year and celebrate the silver wedding. They would not permit us to invite them home and celebrate their return; but they proposed to come back as boys and girls and have a grand good time. We are to look on and see their sports and rejoice with them. I wish to express my ap- preciation of the hearty co-operation of the Alumni in this movement, and on this occasion also to acknowledge the services of the Executive Committee in making this gathering a possibility, for without their continuous and hearty co-operation it would have been impossible to reach all sections of the country and to awaken the enthusiasm so manifest to-day. It would be quite foreign to the spirit of our school to forget the history of another Institution whose labors in Northern New York made the Potsdam Normal School a possibility — for let it be remembered that St. Lawrence Academy was one of the first schools in the Empire State to form a special class for the training of teachers. It gives me pleasure to see one of the old Academy boys upon the program and the last of the Academy Principals who for years was an honored mem- ber of the corps of Instructors in our Normal School, and who is to-da./ Treasurer of the Local Board. But while we honor the older Institution I am forced to say "Pulchra mater, filia pulchrior." In the selection of a site for a Normal School in Northern New York, one gentleman was perhaps more active and more influential than any other; to his services Potsdam is indebted for the location of the school in her midst, and the school is indebted for its most fortunate location. Although this gentleman accorded to others the honor of being the Original Members of the Local Board he was subsequently appointed a member of that Body and since 1891 has been its honored President. It gives me great pleasure to present to you the President of the Local Board to bid these children welcome, General E. A. Merritt. Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Exercises. 175 ADDRESS OF WELCOME BY GEN. E. A. MERRLTT, President of the Local Board. Members of the Alumni Association: I give you on behalf of the authorities of this school, a most cordial wel- come. You are very welcome and we want you to feel entirely at home. We extend this greeting also to the undergraduates of tMs institution, most of whom cannot be with you today. We extend it most cheerfully and earnest- ly on behalf of the village, to these graduates and these teachers, and if they have chosen words better than I can express, I want them to feel that that is just exactly what I feel, and wis:i to express. This school was founded upon a rock, which was recognized as one of the first institutions of Northern New York — the old St. Lawrence Academy. Many distinguished persons went from that school into public life and ex- tended their influence broad and widely. We come in as successors, so to speak, of that institution, and we are linked to it in a particular way; not only in a bond of local interest, but as those who were associated in the old institution come over and becoms a part of the present, and I may, without going too much into detail, refer to two or three of the individua's. First and foremost was the principal of the old Academy, who was most successful, and came over into our faculty and rendered valuable service at the outset — Prof. George H. Sweet. And in order to bind together more closely the two institutions he concluded that he would join the faculty and accordingly he made Miss Julia Gilbert, Mrs. Sweet. I notice here one of the Alumni of the old institution who also came into our faculty. I refer to Mr. Manley who has gone into the newspaper world at Canton. I notice Judge Vance who was an alumnus of the old institution and who is now identified with the Local Board. We all recognize Hon. A. X. Parker who is to ad- dress you today. These are samples of what we had to start with, and if we did not recognize their abilities, we would be dull scholars. We are very fortunate today and it is a great pleasure to meet the ex-principals and ex- preceptresses of the Normal, who are all here. Dr. McVicar was the first principal. You know what he did in establishing thoroughly the true prin- ciples of education here. Dr. Morgan succeeded. Nothing was lost but something was added. Then he was succeeded by that noble, active, energetic promoter, Dr. Cook, who directed his labors not to the work of the school alone but to the sanitary conditions surrounding. He took interest in the sanitary interests of our town, and became popular, except with those who were opposed to his policy, and the rigid rules which were established by the Board of Health, of which he was an active member. We all feel that a great good and valuable service was rendered by him. We knew a lady by the name of Miss Allen, our first preceptress, now Mrs. Trapnell. She saw fit to change her name while she was here, and we wish to say to Miss Allen that we are proud she is here today, and know that she still feels an interest in this school. She was succeeded by Miss Marks who afterwards changed her name to Mrs. Conkey, and who was also succeeded by our own Miss Mcrey 176 Potsdam Normal School. who is still with us. Perhaps it would not do for me to dwell on those who have gone out from us but I do not think it improper to mention a few names. You all know we lost two noble friends, Prof. Blakeslee and Prof. Loomis, who were linked with us. I would also refer to Miss Parmeter who was a member of our faculty and who now has a permanent position in Cali- fornia, and Miss Eleanor Jones, first Principal of the Primary Department. And you all know Miss Russell, who was at the head of the Intermediate De- part ment and is now connected with the Albany College. I think that all I have to say now is that I have heard that it was almost a violation of propriety for the audience to applaud any good thing that came upon the stage. I wish to say that after my speech is done and that when the regular speaking of the day is commenced you need not feel that constaint that has been imposed upon us by the former principals. I can assure you that the janitor of this hall and the local board are perfectly satisfied to have you applaud all the good things that come. We have examined the roof and the sides here and you need not be afraid of any calamity. One word as to myself. I feel a deep interest in this institution. As some of you know I have been in public life to some extent, but of all the public services I ever rendered. I feel greatest pride in what I may have contributed to the inter- ests which are identified with this school. I feel as time goes on that at least we have one permanent institution in which my neighbors, my family and friends shall feel a continuous and lasting interest. The President of the Alumni will now take charge of the exercises ar- range 1 for this occasion. RESPONSE OF MAHLON M. WAGNER. President of the Alumni Association. Mr. President, Members of the Local Board. Ladies and Gentlemen: I can only thank you in the name of the Alumni, for your friendly greeting and assure you that no matter how glad you may be to see us, you are not one-half as glad ae we are to be at home once more. It gives me especial pleasure to be welcomed by Gen. Merritt because I am indebted to him for all that I am or may ever hope to be. In so far as 3'our cordial reception is intended for me personally, which can be but in a small measure, I return to you my most sincere thanks; but in so far as your intent is to honor the Alumni Association through me their representative, I not only thank you but, personally, I commend your judg- ment because I have insisted, during the past year in public speech and pri- vate talk, through the press and everywhere, that this Alumni Association is deserving of honor. It is not a thing for laughter, jibes and jeers as some seemed to think. If the graduates of this school are not better men and women and more useful members of society by reason of their instruction here, then is this institution a failure and its Alumni Association unworthy of honor. Twenty -Fifth Anniversary Exercises. 177 As a tree is judged by its fruit so is a school judged by its graduates. For twenty-five yeai's this school has lived upon its promises to do a certain work. From this time forth it must be able to point with pride to what it has done and is doing. It seems to me peculiarly fitting that on this occasion our Alumni should gather here from all over the land, that you, gentlemen of the Local Board, and members of the Faculty, may see what manner of men and women we are. We come not as children subject to the control of pai'ent or teacher, but as full-grown men and women having ideas and convictions of our own and the courage to express them. We come to acknowledge the debt we owe to you and to the state, to praise those things which are deserving of praise, and in all love and kindliness to criticise those things which are deserving of criticism. It is true that up to this date the advise of our Alumni has never been ask- ed by those in authority nor have we any representative upon the Local Board. But there will be a change some day, and we shall come back, as we have come today, from every walk in life, and from every state from Maine to California; we shall come not only possessed of a knowledge of the needs of the school, but strengthened by all the varied experiences of life. Then will those in authority advise with us and it will be to the advantage of all concerned. To you, citizens of Potsdam, on behalf of the Alumni, I desire to return thanks for your unbounded hospitality. Our stay in town is short. We must leave early in the morning and it will be utterly impossible for us to call upon you all at your homes. But do not let us pass you on the streets unnoticed this afternoon. Stop us and let us grasp you by the hand once more. Call us by our given names, for remember, dear folks, that to you we are never doctors, nor lawyers, nor preachers, but when we come back to Potsdam we are plain Tom and Dick and Harry, just as we were in the days of long ago. ADDRESS OF HON. A. X. PARKER, A. M. "The Old Academy." Mr. Parker said : It will be remembered that the region lying along the in- land rivers of St. Lawrence county was but an unbroken wilderness until after 1803, and that the attacks upon the grand old forests hereabout were scarcely well begun until after the close of the war of 1812. The early set- tlers were people who found hard work upon their hands ; they were serious, laborious men and women of brawn and brain. The puny and timid found little to attract them in this northern wilderness. The pioneers were earnest, true and strong, and had faith that they were developing a fine country for themselves and their successors, and they met their privations with religious faith and brave confidence. These pioneers were essentially a New England colony, and familiar with New England institutions ; yet many of them were Q. C. H. 12. 178 Potsdam Normal School. from southern and central New York, and a few were of those who came from the old world to the new. All worked with a will to reproduce here the best that they had known elsewhere. The landed proprietors gave their aid with intelligent liberality. That portion of northern New York lying between the Adirondack elevations and the river St. Lawrence, away from natural lines of travel, almost provin- cial in its seclusion, and practically cut off from the business, political, fi- nancial and educational centers of the State until about 1850, of necessity furnished from its own homes and hamlets the students of its higher schools. The representative students of that day, while not really poor, were far from being rich ; as a rule they were quite mature in age and experience before ap- pearing at the academy. They seldom possessed means to acquire a well rounded education, and most of them were precluded from a college course. They had little time for dalliance with general literature or for a culture of the graces. They were not sent to school, they came of their own volition and in furtherance of well considered plans of life : they had studied their needs and their limitations and were thoroughly practical in their purposes. They came with fully formed intentions of becoming teachers, editors, doctors, lawyers, civil engineers, business men, farmers, preachers or missionaries, as the case might be, and studied hard and lived economically and wrought and trained with a fixed purpose in view. They had little time or money for ex- periments, they set to work and became faithful, patient and thorough. Of- ten, when the student found his purse becoming dangerously light, he would seek out a district school, act as its teacher for three or four months, then come back with his little fortune and invest it carfully, dollar by dollar, in his education. Such a student would neither trille nor digress. It was true then, as many of you know it to be true now, that the sacrifices of a loving home circle give a pathetic, yes, almost a sacred, character to the labors and strivings of one bravely seeking culture and knowledge for use in a higher and broader path of life. It is a notable fact that while the population was yet sparse and settlers were few, almost before the advent of the common school here, an academy was provided. Hough, the trustworthy chronicler, tells us that Benjamin Raymond in 1810 "built a house which he called an academy and subsequent- ly conveyed it for that purpose." Out of this early movement grew the St. Lawrence Academy. In 1812 the same benefactor at his own cost employed a Harvard graduate as teacher. The succeeding school became the first academy in the county and its leadership was unquestioned. In 1812-14 a liberal subscription was made and an effort followed for an incorporation, which succeeded in 1816. In 1825 the corner stone of the northerly stone building of the academy was laid upon a spot now covered by the northern wing of the Normal building. A teachers class had been established in the school at a very early period. In 1825 the State, Silas Wright then being State Senator, appropriated $2,500 for the higher education of teachers at this school. Prosperity ensued and in 1836 the south building was erected where the southern wing of the Normal building now is. Many teachers served Tzventy-Fifth Anniversary Exercises. 179 faithfully and successfully, but perhaps the long period of peace and prosper- ity from 1828 to 1847, under the Rev. Asa Brainard, was the period most of- ten cited. It has been stated that for twenty-five years the academy sent forth one hundred teachers per annum to train the common schools. Thus the St. Lawrence Academy originated and developed and became a local educational power, and thus from those old red sandstone buildings did it send its representatives throughout the land, and even abroad to bear its name, extend its reputation, and in diverse lines of achievement to illust- rate the value of its careful and thorough training. About 1866 it became apparent that the two old stone ( slab and binder ) buildings were insufficient for the demands of the time, and that more and better rooms were needed. Extensive, expensive repairs became an impending necessity. Improved ap- paratus and modern appliances were demanded to keep pace with the times. The law authorizing new Normal schools went upon the statute books. The friends and the trustees of the old school here, and the representative, in- fluential and official citizens of the whole county joined in an effort to consti- tute a State Normal School the successor of St. Lawrence Academy. The ef- fort was successful. The old academy disappeared, the members of its faculty went their ways, the trustees who had wrought for educational prosperity here for more than half a century ceased to meet, and the builders and the managers of the new institution commenced their duties and assumed con- trol. St. Lawrence Academy became transformed into the Potsdam State Normal School. When Benjamin Raymond in 1810 built a house and called it an academy and conveyed it to the public he began the foundation of this State Normal School. The teachers who left the old halls, one hundred per year, and went abroad to prove by their characters and their work the nobility of their na- tures and the perfection of their training, were the advance guard of the alumni of the Potsdam Normal School. Principals Johnson, and Banks, and Ives, and Brainard, and Bascom, and Plumb, and Sweet, were but the fore- runners of the later Principals, Doctors Mac Vicar, and Morgan, and Cook and, Stowell. While this Normal school is in one sense a creation in another sense it is an evolution. Those who were students or graduates of the older school, like other veter- ans about us, will soon disappear. A large majority of those for whom I speak have gone "into the silent land." Once for all, speaking in behalf of the living and the dead, and in order that the services of those who speak not may be remembered as those here present wish them to be remembered upon this notable occasion, I beg to say to the students of the current year, to the graduates of yesterday who confidently await their fortunes, to the brave alumni who went out in companies from year to year with lances couched and pennons dancing to storm the gray castles and frowning battlements of the world, and have brought back emblems of victory, I beg to say to you that but for the St. Lawrence Academy the Potsdam State Normal School would not have been. But for the faith and labors of the ' 'forefathers of the ham- let" yonder noble edifice would not have graced this fair landscape, nor would 180 Potsdam Normal School. the rhythmic tread of its marching bands here challenge the ambition of the young or recall pleasant memories of the old. I was a student of St. Lawrence Academy in those days which, with a student's partiality, I assume to have been its palmiest days. I was one of its trustees when its property and good will were turned over to the Potsdam State Normal School. In both relations, and speaking for the students and the managers of my time, I beg to offer this sentiment : May this royal insti- tution of learning, the Potsdam State Normal School, for which the St. Law- rence Academy paved the way and built the foundations, live and flourish for a thousand years. ADDRESS OF MRS. HELEN D. AUSTIN-BRAMLEY, 73. Assistant and Critic in the Intermediate Department in the Seventies and Principal of the Department in '76. In those early days the number of students was not as large as at the pres- ent day, and the building was not as extensive. They say valuable articles are put up in small packages. About twenty-five years ago that building as it rose in its beauty and grandeur, was a far more imposing structure in the minds of the people than it is today, and those who were fortunate enough to pass those rigid examinations were regarded in the community as remarkable students. The remark was made in the Sabbath morning services that this institution was founded in righteousness, and I wish to be sober and earnest long enough this morning to emphasize that fact. We had a faculty to which we shall always look back with feelings of pride and admiration. Personally I feel that I was enriched for life through their influence. Dr. MacVicar, with a corps of teachers working in harmony with him, was enabled through this school to elevate the moral tone of all northern New York. Of those who entered college it was said that a Potsdam Normal school graduate never cribbed in an examination; and that, it seems to me, is honor enough for any man. One of my first experiences as a Normal student was in connection with a boarding hall. During our study hours, we were obliged to keep our rooms and were not even to communicate with each other. We usually got on very well. At other times it was a hard matter to keep still. Sometimes we heard footsteps in the hall, heavier footsteps than were accustomed to pass, then a tap at the door of an adjoining room, occupied by teachers. Then frequently would be beautiful sounds floating to our ears, and ac- companiments on the violin. Some how or other these unusual occurrences had a very disquieting effect on us. They always seemed to inspire my room mate to say a great many funny things to the stove. I think I should have been happier if I had always remembered that we could not go down town in the evening without permission, unless on Thursday night. One night in front of the Albion House I met the preceptress. Perhaps some of the rest of you have done the same thing, and you may know just how small Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Exercises. 181 I felt. One of our chapel experiences stands out very clearly in my mind, when our good Dr. Mac Vicar used to stand up in all the majesty of his righteousness. Then woe to the student who had a conscience. How we used to tremble in our places when the command, came ''All who have not kept study hours, stand." Well, I always stood. The memory of those strains of music and conversations^ with the stove always brought me to my feet. I don't remember of ever appearing to advantage on such occasions but once. The subject of discussion was, why we were there, the motive that brought us there, etc. Several were called and their answers were unsatisfactory. Finally I raised my hand and was given the floor. I arose and said, "We are here to be educated." Well, the faculty nodded approval and I sat in triumph. I did not think it necessary to tell them that a short time before I had attended a teachers' institute and there gained my information. The class of '73 deserves especial mention. I used to hear it said that they were the jolliest class that ever graduated from the school. As I look back into the past, memory brings very sweet and precious recollections of the lazy year spent in the intermediate training department. The year that I was assistant teacher I don't care to dwell upon. The keen, merciless but well deserved criticisms that were heaped upon me were given freely for my good. The wounds they caused were healed years ago. The evils at which they were aimed I fear remain. When I entered upon the duties of a regular teacher I had so recently come from the hands of the critics that I felt a great deal of sympathy for the young ladies and gentlemen who came to me for criticism. The knowledge that I transmitted to them the good which I had received would compensate in a large measure for the trials of the year. ADDRESS OF FRANCIS M. PAYNE, '76. Superintendent of the Schools of Pipestone, Minnesota. Our worthy president ought to know, if he has studied his geography at all that I am not from the west. Minnesota is one of the central States of this grand Union. So that when he asks me to speak of the influence of the Nor- mal School in the west I am out of my sphere. Accepting the old definition of the west, we will take nothing east of the eastern line of Lake Michigan. I find that we have west of that line, out of 800 graduates of this institution, one hundred and sixty Normal graduates. The reason, perhaps, was indicat- ed in the remarks of Mr. Skinner yesterday. They go there for the improve- ment of their condition. That being their only object, and how well they have succeeded I know only from my own personal observation. We find Potsdam Normal graduates in almost every occupation that you might men- tion. We find prominent lawyers in the west; we find many judges, even at the present day; we have prof essors and theologians all over the west. We find located in California, Oregon and Washington, silver miners; in Montana not the miners only, but the owners of mines; we find them in Iowa, scatter- ed throughout that State, and also in Missouri and Arkansas. In Salt Lake City we find our representatives, (they are not Mormons, however), and even 1 82 Potsdam Normal School. we find them in the Hawaiian Islands. I have just notified Mr. Cleveland that if he would consult our representatives there, that the vexed question between the two would be settled at once. The Potsdam Normal graduate seems to be pre-eminently successful when he is engaged in the almost un- certain occupation, politics. I have yet to learn of one single member of our alumni who has permitted his name to run for political office, who suffered defeat. It seems to me that when they go out West and want a political of- fice they simply reach out and take it. I believe we have several ladies who are county superintendents, one or two of whom are from our alumni. This is an encouragement, knowing that the abilities of the ladies are recognized among us in the west as well as those of the gentlemen, and I was surprised when I took up a program here this morning that the ladies were not on the program instead of the gentlemen. In the schools of Minneapolis we find from our State Superintendent that the graduates of this school are doing a work, the credit of which is due in a large measure to the teachers who have gone there from this Potsdam Normal School. Go where you will, ask any one whom you choose that is acquainted with educational matters, and the reputation of the Potsdam Normal school stands second to none in the West. Why, we have them there in our Indian school work. We have them en- gaged in all kinds of occupations from a primary teacher to the superintend- ents of city schools. Among one of the most successful is our W. F. F. Sel- leck. I wish here to acknowledge in behalf of the State of Minnesota the work that is being done there by one of our teachers, a member of the faculty, Mary F. Hall. In conclusion I will simply say this, that there is a field of work in the west that is open to all the alumni of this institution, and that we extend to every one a cordial welcome; and more than that, if we find that you are successful in the east, we do not hesitate, as our superin- tendent said yesterday, at a few dollars, but we send for you and you general- ly come. WORDS FROM THE SOUTH BY MISS ELIZABETH V. GRIFFIN '90. Superintendent of Spelman Normal School. Every whiff of the rose, every note of the bird is a reminder of the land of sunshine and flowers, which sends to you of the Potsdam Normal greetings this day. This, our twenty-fifth anniversary, is a fitting time to hear of the new Normal, situated in the highlands of Georgia, which claims relationship through Dr. Mac Vicar and also through one of your own number. The Nor- mal is a department of Spelman Seminary of Atlanta, and a few words with reference to its early history may be of interest. On the walls of our library hangs the picture of an old white haired man. Thirteen years ago one dreary spring morning, he was praying in the study of his church that some one might be sent to help the colored women of the South. While he was praying, tap tap, against the window came a bit of sand thrown by the hands of two who days before had left their Boston home to help those for whom he was praying. Picture to yourself the basement of a Twenty -Fifth A?iniversary Exercises. 183 dilapidated church with half a dozen old women in its dim light, writing on its sandy floor x y z, guided by the hands of a white haired woman and her friend, and you see the beginning of the now largest school for colored girls in this country. One of the students of those days says the building of the school was like the rebuilding of the wall about Jerusalem only the founders used the old rubbish instead of throwing it away and quaintly adds, "I came in with the old rubbish." After years of hard work, another one of those early days said, "I was born a fool, brought up a fool, but see what I am now." In a short time the dark basement became crowded beyond endur- ance, and a part of the old battle field became the home of the school. Many of the pupils came from the old slave cabins where our idea of home was un- known. Not only was that true then, but now. The cabins usually of one or two rooms are built of rough boards, with battered joints and being without inside finish of plaster allow good circulation. Many are without windows, all the light coming from two doors placed opposite each other. When win- dows are desired openings in the sides of the cabin protected by a rude blind, serve the purpose. Stairs are unknown. One writer exclaims, "Oh, the depth, the depth, the depth!" If the way so far has been very dreary "patience yet" for in the larger towns and cities we see many homes of taste and refinement. One is surprised at the amount of sacrifice shown by the old and young in the desire to gain an education. A man of fifty told me it had been the dream of his life to go to school and that he had been saving for that pur- pose for years. He was a pastor of a church and a man with a family; but three years ago his dream came true. Last year a man and his "old woman" sold everything they had to put themselves in school. He said they were of "no count" now and they wanted to "mount" to something. If they failed they could be no less than nothing, their present condition. The pupils in our school of today come from Illinois, California, all parts of the South, Jamaica and even Africa and are hundreds in number. They are children of the "old folk" and have better advantages than were dreamed of in the days of slavery long gone by. The words of the little child "Massy, tell 'em we're rising," are true. When we think of the eight millions of colored people in this country, mostly uneducated, with little true home life, we are bound to feel that their salvation can only come through educated, christian leaders; leaders who are trained, wise to plan and lead in the building up of a people once slaves, now free. To the young we must look, for "The old people are shaped and bent in the direction which they cannot be bent otherwise. Their habits are fixed not to be unfixed only by death. But the young can be fixed, shaped, polish- ed and habituated." Four years ago Dr. Mac Vicar was appointed Superintendent of Education in the work done by the Baptist Home Mission Society. One result of his labors is our beautiful building one hundred and seventy feet long and three stories high with a basement entirely above ground, devoted to Normal work. The money came as a gift from the generous John D. Rockafeller. The young 184 Potsdam Normal School. men and women who enter this course are graduates of the Seminary or its equivalent. They have the advantage of the practice school, which last year numbered four hundred and fifty. During the last summer these teachers came in contact with one thousand pupils in their own schools. Who can measure the far reaching circle of influence? Institute work has been much helped by our Normal students as reported by School Commissioners. "It was at — where some of the information gained at the Normal was needed: so I did not lose any time in calling forth that which I had learned, and using it with all the freeness possible." ''I have a good school and am forced to say I am doing a good work." Self appreciation may be found in the North, too, but perhaps not quite so freely stated. The words of another student express the sentiment of the school. During the controversy on educational work between the North and South, he said, "While the two are quarreling we, the students, will work." Let every whiff of the rose, every song of the bird remind you of the spirit of loving service found in the Spelman of the South and the Potsdam of the North. THE INFLUENCE OF THE NORMAL SCHOOL AT HOME. By Frank D. Boynton, '87. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: — It has been humorously said, if you want to leam your duty, how to live, and how to vote, and how the Country may be saved from ruin, go to a Normal School Commencement. Seven years ago I stood upon this platform and carried out the provisions of this saying. My directions have been so faithfully observed that I have had no occasion for making a speech from that time to this; and I expect Cincin- natus — like to return to my plow, at the close of these exercises, and remain in undisturbed quiet for at least another 7 years. Your committee has asked me to speak briefly upon the "Influence of the Normal School at Home;" with their permission I shall interpret the word home to mean New York State. It is 261 years since the first school-master, Adam Rolandson, landed in our State. Since that time our American people have grown from the most insignificant to the most powerful government on the globe. Then we were unimportant and unknown; a few months ago the world stood upon our shores and in dazzled bewilderment bowed acknowledgement to our claim for first place among the nations of earth. What is the cause of this great effect? The answer is echoed from 12,000 school houses on the hillsides and in the valleys, "Universal Education." The great secret of America's success is the intelligence of her people. Ignorance and popular government never have lived and never can live together. "The world has watched the development of our system of laws with will- ing but fearful admiration. Its anxiety has been to see if free states are stable as well as free; if popular government can be trusted as well as feared. Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Exercises. 185 We have said in answer to these interrogatories, that wise and virtuous self government is not a theme for the contemplation of theorists, but a truth illustrated and practiced in free America."' The security of the American Republic, the freedom of her institutions and the strength of her law rests upon the intelligence of the American People. In a Monarchy or an Aristocracy where the laws emanate from one or a few men, it is not necessary that the people be educated, but in a Republic where every man sees reflected from his looking glass a king, the education of the masses is the only safeguard to liberty. Contrast, if you please, the condition of the American and the European laborer. Politicans tell us it is due to the tariff or the abundance of our natural resources. They spin various theories as to why an American gets three times the wages of his European competitor. But the real difference lies in the fact of the American's superior intelligence. Up to 1870 the En- glish Government had no system of public schools and the masses of her pop- ulation are illiterate and unambitious. Her policy has always been the reverse of the American. Within the last ten days I have answered a set of 9 questions on our public schools, asked by the Royal Commission of England. One of those questions was, in substance this — "Do you not find that the American System of free schools unfits the people for the duties of life?" For once at least my indignation got the better of my judgment and T answered, "The American People are not afraid of popular intelligence." Why is New York the Empire State ? The answer to this question begins back in 1C30 when the Dutch charter of privileges called particular attention to the necessity of making prompt provisions for the support of a minister and school-master. The school-master of these times received a compensa- tion of $12 per month, for which he taught school, preached the gospel and fought the Indians as the case required. The seed thus early sown by the Dutch fell upon good ground. It sprang up, grew, yielding 30, 60, and even 100 fold until to-day we are expending the colossal sum of 19,000,000 of dollars annually. The comprehensive mind of DeWitt Clinton was the first to grasp the idea of elevating the standard of the teacher, and with characteristic clearness he pointed out to the legislature the only practical way this new idea could be made a reality, namely, by a Seminary solely for the education of teachers. The entire scheme and purpose of a Normal School was thus carefully out- lined by this great Statesman. At the State convention of County Superin- tendents held at Utica in 1812, the Subject of Normal Schools was the princi- pal topic of discussion. Public opinion rapidly drifted in that direction. In 1844 the first Normal school was organized at Albany and was the only one in the State for 19 years. The success of that school has been established and the success of the system recognized by the organization of ten more and an appropriation for another. Tradition, selfishness and ignorance are and have always been the foes of progress and reform. These mighty forces were hurled against the Normal School movement with all the greed and avarice of private interest and the foolishness of bigotry. But under the 1 86 Potsdam Normal School. skillful leadership of David P. Page the "experiment", as the first Normal School was derisively called, became a reality, in spite of opposition, and proved its right to exist. New York State is the Empire State because she has realized from the first that money invested in educating her people was a better safeguard to indus- try and personal liberty than the uniform and the bayonet. Acting upon this belief she has decked her hillsides and her valleys with school-houses un- til the cost of maintaining these schools is six times the amount appropriated for the same object by the Eussian Government and twice the amount expend- ed by the thirteen confederate States. But of all the important dates in the educational history of our State, we are most interested in the 27th of April 1869. On that date the Potsdam State Normal School became a reality. From the very beginning it achieved popularity and the first year registered 328 pupils. The strides it has since made into the public confidence have been phenomenal. One by one the other Normal schools have dropped behind in the race for popular favor until Pots- dam, founded twenty-five years after the organization of the Albany school and not until four others were in operation, stands with her 1000 students at the head of the Normal School System, the pride of her Alumni and of the State. The best intellect of this community has been behind this school from the first. It has always received the indorsement and support of such men as Ex-president Watkins, Hon. Charles O. Tappan, Dr. Jesse Reynolds, Hon. Geo. Z. Erwin, Gen. E. A. Merritt, Hon. John G. Mclntyre and others. The influence of such men in giving the school a standing before the public, can not be estimated. They have made the interest of this school their interest, giving to it unsparingly of their time and splendid abilities. Most fortunate have we been indeed, in having men of broad and liberal views at its head, assisted by a strong corps of teachers well known to the educational world. Mr. Chairman, the hope of this nation is its public schools. The success of the public schools depends upon the public school teachers. The stream of ignorant foreigners flocking to our shores is a menace to our free institutions. The gates of Castle Garden must open into the school room, and there these immigrants must learn to read, I was a German, I was an Irishman, I was a Frenchman, but around and above and over all, in letters that cannot be mis- taken they must read I AM AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. The character of the future citizen is in the hands of the school teachers of to day. They are dealing with precious materials; they are making character which the Immortal God will not change. I beseech you therefore that no pains be spared that these characters may be rightly formed. And herein lies the success of our Normal School. Scores of conscientious, God-fearing, liberty loving young men and women are yearly going out from this school into the schools of this State with an intelligent understanding of their responsibility to teach the young, their duty to their God, to their Country, and to their fellowmen. Tzventy-Fifth Anniversary Exercises. 187 The presence of the former Principals added much to the enthusiasm of the occasion. Dr. MacVicar spoke substantially as follows: DR. MACVICAR'S ADDEESS. Members of the Alumni and Faculty: — I have been accustomed to regard occasions such as the present as family gatherings, in which the children who visit their old home are entitled not only to a hearty welcome, but also to great freedom of speech and action. When young they were made to stand in a corner and meekly listen to what their parents had to say to them; it was useless for them to protest or com- plain. But when they had reached maturity and had taken upon themselves the burdens of life and had experience of their own, they were allowed the right to speak and act freely when they returned to their home, and the parents took great pleasure in listening to the story of their struggles and successes. Such, it seems to me, should be the spirit that should characterize this Quarter-Centennial re-union of the children of the Potsdam Normal School. They have come back in large numbers, and they bring good tidings to their Alma Mater. They have reason to rejoice in the successes that have crowned their twenty-five years of earnest effort. I speak therefore what I know must be the sentiments of all of the friends of the School, when I assure every graduate here present, that they are welcomed most heartily back to the scenes of their school life and that we join with them in their rejoicing. We have listened with delight to what those who have taught in the West and in the East have had to say of their successes, and also to the reminiscences of others concerning their Normal School experiences, — which this occasion naturally recalls. In view of what has been said by some of the speakers, I may perhaps be allowed to indulge in some personal remarks. It is now fourteen years since I severed my connection with the School, but I still have as deep an interest as ever in its success and in the success of its graduates. It gives me there- fore, special pleasure to meet so many of those who were under my guidance and instruction, as well as those who have finished their course of study and training under my successors. It has certainly given me also great pleasure to meet almost everywhere I go, worthy representatives of the Potsdam Nor- mal School, doing valiant service as teachers in every grade of public schools in our land. I am yet to meet one who has not done honor to the training received while a student in this School. No doubt the older Alumni here present remember quite as well as I do the conditions under which the work of the School was commenced. We had not then the appliances of the present. The State was not quite as liberal as now in furnishing pianos and other important aids to school work; these, so far as they were furnished, came to the school through the earnest and self sacrificing efforts of both students and teachers. I am disposed, however, to 1 88 Potsdam Normal School. think that the young men and women who participated in these efforts re- ceived a training therefrom for their chosen life work quite as valuable as the training now received under more favorable conditions. But I must not dwell on the past. The present, with all its added facilities and advantages, com- mands our admiration. And those of us whose memories link us with the necessary disadvantages and struggles of the formative period, rejoice greatly at what we now witness of what has been accomplished by other workers in the fourteen years of the School's history during which we have been absent. I cannot close these brief remarks without referring to another matter that has claimed our attention on this occasion. I have listened with great pleas- ure to what representatives oe the "Old St. Lawrence Academy" have had to say of the remarkable work done for Northern New York by that pioneer and noble school. It certainly laid good foundations on which to build the present State Normal School, an institution of much wider scope and enjoying superior facilities for more advanced work in modern lines of educational effort. I cannot express in too strong terms my appreciation of the help ren- dered me when 1 was called to organize the Normal School twenty-live years ago, by the men who received largely, if not wholly, their education in the "Old St. Lawrence Academy," or who, at least, were deeply interested in its management and success. The first Local Board of this Normal School was composed of just such men. It would be invidious upon my part to make any comparison, yet I cannot refrain from saying that to its first Local Board this Normal School owes largely its present enviable position among the Normal Schools of this State. It is true that I was personally charged with the diffi- cult task of organizing and conducting the school, under conditions far less favorable to Normal School work than now exist in Potsdam and throughout the entire State, but it is just for me to say, and I delight in doing so, that to the wise counsel and self sacrificing efforts of the men composing the first Board, some of whom have gone to their reward, I, and the Faculty associated with me, owe our success in laying true foundations, on which other Local Boards and other Faculties may safely build for all time to come. I sincerely congratulate the present Local Board, the present Principal and Faculty, the inhabitants of Potsdam and St. Lawrence county and the friends throughout the State, and particularly the Alumni, on the great success that has been ac- complished during the first twenty-five years of the existence of the school. What has been done, however, is only a beginning. You, the Alumni of the School, through consecrated devotion to your chosen profession and to your Alma Mater, make the next twenty-five years of her history ten-fold more suc- cessful than th& twenry-five years just closed. That you may have given to you this consecrated devotion is the best that I can wish for yourselves and for your Alma Mater, in whose prosperity I shall ever be deeply interested. Gen. Morgan in his happy manner congratulated the Alumni and the officials upon the successful history of the Normal School, and, after expressing his confidence in the future of the Institution, on account of the lateness of the hour excused himself from more extended remarks. It was announced that Dr. Cook would be reserved for the evening banquet. We regret that we have not a full report of his address. The history of the St. Lawrence Academy by the last and only surviving principal, Prof. George H. Sweet, A. M., LL. B., completed the program. (See Page 5). LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA < X o (pfye School Building. — > > & < ♦ The trustees of St. Lawrence Academy, on the 20th of December, 1866, made a proposition to the State Commis- sion constituted by Chapter 466 of the Laws of 1866 under- taking- in case one of the Normal and Training Schools mentioned in said act should be located in the Village of Potsdam, to grant and confirm to the State the use, so long as the same should be used for the purpose of such Normal and Training School, of a piece of land situated in said village, easterly of the Public Park being 20 rods in width between Elm and Main streets, and 16 rods upon each side of said streets, being the premises used and belonging to St. Lawrence Academy, upon which was a stone structure known as the "South Academy Building," also the stone structure known as the "North Academy Building." These buildings constitute the South and North wings of the present somewhat modified T-shaped structure. Between the two Academy Buildings stood the old Pres- byterian church which was joined with the two wings de- scribed and which forms the body of the T. In 1885 a special appropriation of $40,000 was made by the State Legislature for the purpose of enlarging, heat- ing and ventilating the school building and the East wing was constructed which constitutes the base of the T. The present building is a three story and basement struc- ture built of Potsdam sandstone and containing all mod- ern appliances and conveniences for instruction. Upon the first floor are the Principal's Office, Faculty Room, Par- lor, Gymnasium, Music Hall, Janitor's Rooms and the of- fices, assembly and recitation rooms of the Schools of Prac- tice. Upon the second floor in the middle front is the Ref- erence Library ; in the body of the T the Normal Hall; the 190 Potsdam Normal School. remainder of this floor is devoted to the Preceptress' of- fice, two study halls, six recitation rooms, text book library and cloak rooms. The west third floor contains the socie- ty rooms, two recitation rooms, the museum, Art studio and the Piano Conservatory. The East third floor is de- voted to the chemical laboratory, science lecture room and apparatus rooms. The building is heated throughout by steam and hot air, and there is a fine system of ventilation by means of fans and heated pipes. The basement is ce- mented, dry and in perfect sanitary condition. The entire building is supplied with gas from a local gasoline plant. The boilers are in a separate building. The extreme measurements are : length of front 232 feet, depth 180 feet. The body of the T is 100 feet in length. formal biterar^ Societies. The Baconian Societies, "Eloquence is one of the mightiest factors which move mankind." These words from a paper written by Prof. E. D. Blakeslee, and read before the young men connected with the Potsdam Normal School constituted the corner stone of the Baconian Literary Society. Beginning with a small membership, and that composed largely of those who had little experience in conducting debating societies, it was greatly aided by Professor Blakeslee, through whose efforts it was formed, and who became one of its charter members. The formal organization was effected in 1870. The meetings were held in one of the class rooms of the Normal Building, going from one to another, until the Faculty appointed the room immediately over the Office as "Society Room." This, though used during the day for class work, afforded a permanent home for the society for many years. While here a portion of the members with- drew and formed another society, the Zeta Rho. By friendly contests in private and public debate both were strengthened. After a time the Zeta Rho was discon- tinued. In the early days of the Baconian Society, though em- barrassed somewhat by inexperience and the lack of a well fitted society room, the members were given an opportuni- ty to practically test the value of "Cushing's Manual" in parliamentary tactics, and sharpen their wits in debate. Live questions were discussed, making it necessary to ran- sack books and newspaper files for "munitions of war." Some started here in their career as public speakers, who have reached high places of honor at the Bar and in public 192 Potsdam Normal School. assemblies. It was considered an honor to be elected a member of the Baconian Society. From the proceeds of an entertainment, aided by sub- scriptions from the members, the society accumulated a fund with which a table and chairs were purchased; soon a bookcase was added and the nucleus of a library gathered. The sense of ownership increased the feeling of import- ance, and in response to a request from the society, the Local Board set apart for its use an unused room on the third floor of the building. The numbers were so augmented that it became necessary in 1876, to divide the membership, thus forming the Roger and the Francis Baconian Societies. Fach now possesses a fraternity room for its exclusive use, furnished and fitted at its own expense. From small beginnings this organization has contin- ued in all its history as one of the potent educational factors of the school, the fruitage of which has been in- creased facilities in public speaking, skill in perceiving the weakness of an adversary's argument, alertness of thought, ready use of language and familiarity with the method of conducting public assemblies, besides other important ad- vantages in oratorical training. Charles C. Townsend, '73- Ladies' Literary Societies. Very early in the history of the school the Alpha Socie- ty was organized for "the purpose of improvement in com- position and debate and such other things as rightfully pertain to literary culture." The charter members were: Misses A. II. Austin, F. N. Armin, C. Blatchley, F. R. Clifford, E. M. Dayton, H. A. Fisher, A. C. Green, L. S. Smith, M. M. Hanna, E. A. Judd, M. E. Lord, L. L. Marsh, A. M. Martin, F. A. Parmeter, A. C. Phelps. The Calliopean society was organized either in the spring of '81 or fall of '82 with the following charter mem- bers: Misses Mary Coffeen, Nelly Lang, Florence Seeley, Edith Wilcox, Hattie Call, Mary Sanborn, Mary Packard, Normal Literary Societies. 193 Minnie Stone, Annie Hickey, Carrie Miller, Ida Stone, Mary Sanford, Franc Sullivan, Lillian McComber, Belle Parmeter, Alice Swift, Jennie Brodie, Carrie Benton, Jen- nie Barnes, Mary Call, Mary Coon, Jessie Crandall, Gert- rude Giffin, Hattie Crane, Esther Porter, Harmie Miller, Nellie Miller, Hattie Wood, Helen Porter. Both societies have carried out earnestly aud enthusias- tically the purpose of their organization as has been evi- denced not only by their public meetings, where they have often contended in debate and essay with brother societies with credit and honor, but in their regular weekly meetings where earnest work has characterized all their efforts. The regular program consists of a debate, recitation, es- say and music, both vocal and instrumental, with an occa- sional indulgence in a mock faculty meeting or other form of comedy which in no way counteracts or interferes with the more serious work of the societies but represents the blossoms on the shoot "Where wisdom's ripe potato Still lingers at the root." Q. C. H. 13, Distinctive peatutes of +I7G Potsdam School. Some of the distinctive features of our school may be briefly summarized as tol ows : 1. That ''Methods of Teaching" are as applicable to Secondary Instruction as to Primary. 2. That every Teacher of "Methods" should be in im- mediate contact with the Schools of Practice. Teachers of subject matter teach Methods and follow the same sub- ject as critics in the Schools of Practice. a. All visionary schemes are eliminated from method teaching. b. The practicability of everything is tested at once. c. Supervision and criticism is given by specialists and experts. d. The individuality of the pupil teacher is strength- ened. 3. Graduate Course. See page 195. 4. The special course for music The only course of the kind in the United States. Rare advantages in music and drawing are afforded through the connection of the Normal School with a Con- servatory of Music and a School of Design. By this means pupils may acquire thorough musical and artistic training, and at the close of such course, study the most approved methods, and have practice in teaching in all grades from low Primary to the High School. 5. A new departure is about to be made in such affilia- tion of the Normal School with the Thomas S. Clarkson Memorial School of Technology (now being established in Potsdam) that all students may have a course in manual training which shall qualify them to take charge of such work in the schools of the State, Distinctive Features. 195 GRADUATE eOUHSE. The demand for teachers qualified to superintend Train- ing Classes and to take charge of Methods in Professional Schools is quite beyond the supply. School officials are discovering that to "teach teachers" is quite distinct from teaching academic pupils. To adjust mind to subject mat- ter calls for a different type of Training from that which prepares to train teachers for instructing others how to make such adjustment. To meet this demand, and to induce graduates, who have been deprived of the opportunity of special pedagogi- cal study, to continue advanced work in Methods of Teach- ing, a special course of training for five months has been introduced into the State Normal and Training School at Potsdam, which has been named the Graduate Course. Conditions of Entrance. Graduates of this Normal School and of other similar In- stitutions, who have taught at least tivo years since gradua- tion, will be admitted to this course upon satisfactory evi- dence of the requisite moral, intellectual and professional qualifications. Certificates signed by the President and the Secretary of the Local Board and by the Principal will be given such persons upon the completion of the course of work pre- scribed, indicating special fitness to take charge of Train- ing Classes or to act as Critics or Teachers in Normal and Training Schools. OUTLINE OF COURSE. Methodology. — Five periods per week will be required in review of some branch of methodology (the particular branch will be arranged to meet the needs of the candidate). Schools of Practice. — Ten periods per week will be required in the superintendence of teachers-in-training, and in giving criticism under super- vision; and five periods per week in actual teaching under criticism. Teaching advanced classes in the Science Laboratories, in advanced Mathematics, or in English Composition and Rhetorical Work, may be elected in place of one of the periods of criticism. ig6 Potsdam Normal School. Psychology. — Five periods per week will be devoted to advanced studies in Psychology (including the topics Apperception, Association, Habit, Tastes, Intuitions, Instincts, Attention). Institutes of Pedagogics. — Weekly discussions with theses upon The Educational Ideals of the Renaissance; The Systems of the Jesuits, Comenius, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart. The educative values of specific subjects — how determined, how affected; The correlation and the concentration of studies; The continuation of subjects through successive terms or their completion in shorter time; The relative value of grading and of "individual teaching;" Preparation of daily programs with special reference to correlation or cooperation; Study of individual pupils with written reports. The following works will be studied, and portions will be made the sub- jects of discussion and theses. Philosophy of Education — Rosenkranz. The Science and Art of Education — Joseph Payne. The Senses and the Will — Preyer. The Development of the Intellect — Preyer. The Institutes of Education — Laurie. Principles of Education — Mac Vicar. Philosophy of Teaching — Tompkins. Outlines of Pedagogics — Rein-VanLiew. German Psychology of To-day — Ribot. Apperception — Lange. European Schools — Klemm. Prussian Schools — Parsons. Emile — Rousseau. Levana — Richter. The work in the Laboratories consists in taking charge of groups of pupils, directing their experimentation, caring for apparatus, etc. Students in charge of Rhetorical divisions will assign topics for written work on special subjects, find material for reading on the themes assigned, and select recitations which will fairly represent the subject in hand; they will assume the responsibility of the written orations which will be presented before the school. In English Literature they will be required to make a particular study of special topics which in the capacity of teachers they will present to the class in Literature. The work for the first half of the year '95-'96 will be a study of the great tragedies of Shakespeare from their historical, technical, and literary stand- points. Comparison will be made with the great dramatic literatures of other peoples, showing that the drama is just as truly an exponent of national life and thought as is the record of more material events. There will be an interpretative .study of each play; there will also be special papers given by members of the class on the ethical, psychological and aesthetic aspects of these dramas. Distinctive Features. 197 Works recommended for this study; Eolfe's edition of Shakespeare. An introduction to the Study of Shakespeare — Hiram Carson. Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist — Eichard G. Moulton. Shakespeare's Life, Art and Character — Hudson. Shakespeare's Dramatic Art — Ulrici. Characteristics of Women — Mrs. Jameson. Shakespeare, His Mind and Art — Dovvden. System of Shakespearian Drama — Snider. The Ancient Classical Drama — Richard G. Moulton. The work for the second half of the year will consist of a general study of English and American Fiction. The Romantic type as represented by Scott, Cooper and Hawthorne. The Realistic type as represented by Thackeray, George Eliot, and Howells. The Idealistic type as represented by Dickens. Students are expected to have a general familiarity with the works of each of these authors. The relative merits of these schools of fiction will be discussed and papers will be given by members of the class on the ethical, psychological and social problems presented in the various novels. At least two periods per week will be required in class-room work. (pl?e formal aAlamni ^Association of |4^W ^ofk. Mahlon M. Wagner, '75. It had long been the desire of certain members of the Alumni to have a reunion of the graduates aud friends o the school residing in the vicinity of New York City, and in the fall of 1893 it was decided to make an effort to carry this plan into execution. Accordingly an informal meeting was held at the residence ot Mr. M. M. Wagner, in Brook- lyn, Miss Agnes Hale, Miss Elizabeth Hale, Mrs. Harriet Crane Bryant, Dr. C. H. Leete, Mr. A. D. Stetson, Dr. L. A. Coffin and Mr. S. G. Sheehan being present, and as a result of this conference it v* as determined to give a recep- tion and dinner to Dr. and Mrs. MacVicar, at the St. Denis Hotel, on Saturday evening, February 3rd, 1894. The reception was a marked success, and at an early hour, greatly to the surprise as well as gratification of the the committee in charge, the parlors of the St. Denis were crowded. A large delegation was present from Potsdam, among others Mr. Wm. R. Weed, of the Local Board, Dr. and Mrs. Stowell and Prof. Mann. Mr. H. L. Harter, Mrs. H. H. Howe and Mrs. Mary Wood Norris, Ex-mem- bers of the Faculty, were also present, and added largely to the pleasure of the occasion. After some discussion it was decided to perfect a per- manent organization, and a liberal constitution was adopt- ed. There are no dues, and members may be either resi- dent or non-resident. Any person residing within the ra- dius of one hundred miles from the Brooklyn Bridge, who is or has been a member of the Local Board or Faculty, or who shall have attended the school at least one year and left in good standing is entitled to resident membership. Any person similarly qualified residing without the limits above described is entitled to non-resident membership. New York Association. 199 In accordance with the constitution, the following offi- cers were elected for one year. President, Mr. M. M. Wagner, ' 75 ; Vice President, Miss Agnes L. Hale, '75; Sec- retary and Treasurer, Dr. Chales H. Leete, 'Si; Executive Committee, Dr. L. A. Coffin, '78; Mr. A. D. Stetson, '79; Frederick W. Clark, Esq., '78, Mrs. Harriet Crane Bryant, Mrs. Hattie Leete Clapp, (the President, Vice President', and Secretary being members ex-officio). At seven o'clock the members of the Association to the number of 102 adjourned to the banquet hall, and it was nine by the dial when the cofiee was served and the speech- making began. The president, acting as toastmaster, first called upon Dr. MacVicar whose response was naturally in a reminiscent vein and was keenly appreciated. It was a very happy circumstance that the first principal of the school and his wife could be present as the guests of the Association at its first meeting. Dr. C. H. Leete, Dr. Stowell, Mr. J. F. Quigley, F. VV. Clark, Esq, Dr. W. C. Phillips, and Mr. E. A. Fay re- sponded to regular toasts, after which Mr. W. R. Weed, of the Board and Prof. W. B. Gunnison, of the St. Lawrence University Alumni, were called on and responded briefly. The following resolutions, offered by Mr. D. A. Stetson, '79; were unanimously adopted. Whereas, It is usual for the Alumni of Educational Institutions to be rep- resented in their governing bodies and such representation is not only gratify- ing to the Alumni but greatly to the advantage of su m institutions, and Whereas, The Alumni Association of the Potsdam Normal School is now twenty-five years old and numbers among its members representative men in every walk of life, be it Resolved, That it is the sense of this Association that the Alumni should be represented in the Local Board of the Potsdam State Normal School; Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the Local Board and to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction with the request that they give the matter consideration. As an inducement for the Alumni of the Potsdam Normal and of St. Lawrence University to attend the June Com- mencements in 1895, an excursion was planned from New York City to Canton and to Potsdam, an*d return, by Mr. 200 Potsdam Normal School. H. F. Gunnison, Secretary of the St. Lawrence University Club, and the President of the Normal Alumni. More than one hundred took advantage of this low rate, and the ex- cursion, from every point of view, was more than. ordinari- ly successful. On the evening of February 2nd, 1895, the second annual reception and dinner was given, Dr. and Mrs. Thos. J. Morgan being the invited guests of the x\ssociation, but much to the regret of every one, Mrs. Morgan was pre- vented by illness from being present. Again the parlors were thronged, though not as many were present as was hoped for, and again ample justice w r as done to the excel- lent dinner provided by the St. Denis. The speaking was begun by the President, who cordial- ly greeted the members and friends of the Association. He then briefly referred to the work accomplished by the Alumni during the year — the most eventful year, perhaps, in the history of the school — and the important place now occupied by the New York Association in relation to the school. In accordance with the program Dr. L. A. Coffin '78 was then introduced, who, in flattering terms, welcomed Dr. Morgan in behall of the Association. The response of Dr. Morgan was extremely felicitous, referring to the old days in Potsdam and the many friends there, and then very briefly to his work in later years in the education of negro and Indian children. Regular toasts were then responded to by Miss Julia Ettie Crane, Mr. H. F. Gunnison, Miss Clara L. Russell, Mr. A. D. Stetson, S. G. Sheehan, Esq., Mr. James F. Williams, Gen. E. A. Merritt and Dr. T. B. Stowell. Prof. Mann being called out responded in a very earnest little speech expressing his pleasure at meeting so many of the early graduates. An invitation having been extended to the Association by Mr. Don C. Seitz, business manager of the New York World, to visit the office and witness the printing of the Hew York Association. 2ol Sunday Edition, a large number adjourned to the World office after the dinner, where they were met and every courtesy was shown them by Mr. Seitz. In conclusion it may be proper to state in concise form the objects of the Association, which are: First, To promote a fraternal feeling among the Alumni and friends of the school residing in the vicinity of New York City. Second, To insure to each member one good dinner an- nually and an evening of social enjoyment. Third, To advance in everv way possible the best inter- ests of the Potsdam State Normal School and its Alumni. Music Department. In the early history of the school the music was taught by instructors who led the hymns in the chapel, prepared music for the different public exercises of the school and gave one lesson every day for twenty weeks to the "C" grade. As the school grew a demand for piano lessons called for a teacher who would give private instruction in this department. The plan was then formed of engaging a teacher who should give one period each day to the school work, lead the morning singing and prepare music for public entertainments, while the rest of his time was devoted to giving piano lessons. This plan was followed until 1884 when, the music teach- er having resigned, Mr. Watkins, then President of the Board, asked Miss Crane to take charge of the music in the school. In talking over the matter Miss Crane told Mr. Watkins that it had long been her desire to put music in the Normal school, upon the same basis as that of the other subjects, making it a Normal not an Academic study, giving such instruction as was necessary to fit teachers of music for the public schools, including methods in music, observation and teaching of music in the Training School. Such a plan as this required an entirely new arrangement of the school program, more time devoted to music both by the pupils and the teacher. Mr. Watkins saw the value of such a course, but could not then see a way of accom- plishing it, but promised Miss Crane that if she would give the time to the school formerly required of a music teach- er he would use his influence and help her in every way toward the accomplishment of the result so much to be de- sired. Dr. Cook became Principal of the school at this time, and entered heart and soul into the project, re-arranging Music Department. 203 the program to fit the needs of the new plans. Two years were spent in preparing the Normal pupils for their work before any pupil teachers were allowed to work in the Prac- tice School, such work as was done here being carried on by Miss Crane herself. The first pupil teachers who began teaching music undertook the work with a timidity which ihreatened failure, but the children soon became so enthu- siastic that all gained courage, and the plan then started has continued to the present time with results far beyond the fondest hopes of those who inaugurated it. In 1888 was graduated the first Special Music Teachers' Class, and since then every year has seen one class, and some years two classes of young people go out from the school specially fitted to take charge of the music in the public schools. The work with the children has created so great an interest in music that the piano department, which was formerly managed by the regular music teacher of the school, now requires two teachers for its work alone, and voice culture has also become a department requiring two assistant teachers. The value of the work accomplished through the pupil teachers is attested by every choir in town, where young people, who "learned to read notes" in school, sing a class of music that would be impossible to untrained singers. The homes of the poorest are enlivened and refined by the songs the children learn at school, and the teachers who go out from here take up the good work all over the country. Music for the masses is possible only through the schools of the country, and the schools are impotent until the teachers are trained for the work. On the first day of January, 1896, a circular was issued by the State Superintendent giving full regulations govern- ing the uniform examinations of the State. A music cer- tificate is added to those which have already been granted by the State. In regard to music certificates the Superin- tendent says; "Certificates of this kind may be granted to candidates who establish to the satisfaction of the State 204 Potsdam Normal School. Superintendent that they are qualified to teach vocal music. Such certificates shall entitle the holder to teach music only, and shall not entitle its holder to teach any other subject in the public schools." "These certificates shall be issued for a term of three years." "Upon their expiration, from time to time, these certifi- cates shall be renewable the same as first grade certifi- cates." "A school district employing the holder of a music cer- tificate for the full period for each day for the required number of days (160) shall be entitled to a full district quota." These new certificates bring our music course under the same legal status as the regular Normal courses, as there seems to be no doubt that graduates from these courses will be granted these certificates upon the completion of their work. J. E. C. *m mki F r METHODS AND MATTER IN GEOGRAPHY. — -}t£— €^-» Charles H. Leete, '81; A. M., Ph. D., Headmaster Dr. Sachs' School for Girls, New York City. In speaking on methods and matter in geography it is not my intention to offer plans for a complete course in detail, but rather to suggest some means by which in certain parts of a course the method of procedure or the subject matter may perhaps be changed for the better. In primary work which concerns itself with the most obvions forms of land and water and with those phenomena of weather, crops, occupations, etc., that the neighborhood affords, the chief need is an adequate supply of visible material, true to nature, to round out the out-door home supply. Sooner or later pupils must study representations, and a pretty full series of pictures, including also those of matter known directly, is invaluable. I do not intend however to give a list. The chief obstacle to a large employ- ment of such materials is of course the expense. But after several years experience with a pretty large outfit I am convinced that so much surer results are reached by these means and with such an evident growth of inter- est on the part of both teacher and pupils, that it is a wise policy to be even a little extravagant in this direction. Intermediate work. Land and water forms, as such, having been acquired, the work now in geography concerns itself with the interrelations of individ- ual land and water forms, climatic phenomena, etc., and at first with the more easily comprehended relations and with the larger land and water forms, since the relations to be studied do not obtain between the smaller forms with distinctness enough to make them objects of study. Here is the parting of the ways for the teachers who go in for details of surface, or topo- graphy, and those who consider only those surface features important that preeminently affect the phenomena which determine the distribution of living forms and condition the existence of mankind. I will try to make this dis- tinction clear. The teacher of topography has before him a lengthy list of capes, bays, islands, peninsulas, rivers, lakes, mountain systems, mountain ranges, groups of mountains and single peaks, oceans and seas, straits and isthmuses, coun- ties, states, countries, capitals and other cities. These he endeavors to drill into the memory of the pupils. He assists the process by imaginary journeys, by alphabetic lists and various mnemonic devices, by tagging a bit of history to one or another locality, or showing a picture of some prominent building. The class room exercise is chiefly repetition of lessons learned at home. The favorite examination question is "What and where?" The productions of a country are learned by association. Now all this is the same as to say, after the pupils have come to a comprehension of the various land and water forms home products, occupations, etc.; "Now children there are a great many 206 Potsdam Normal School. rivers in the world, a great many mountains, many countries all with capitals , many places where wheat is grown, many places where shoes are made, and a great many cities; we will now devote the rest of our lives to learning where all these are and by what names they are called." Geography as taught is shunned and avoided because it deals with its sub- ject matter in such a way that memory cram is the chief exercise. The very sameness of procedure deadens the interest, both of pupil and teacher. In physical geography we have a full-fledged revolt in the recommendations for the study of physiography in the report of the conference on geography. As I look at it, the teachers and investigators have tired of the physical aspect of the earth in separated, detached sections, each standing still as it were, to be studied, and have determined to busy themselves with their action one on the other. They recommend studies on the development of a river basin, and on the full life history of a river from the first simple rill on the mountain side to the lazily flowing tidal stream of the level plain. The sculpture of the land, the re-formation of the surface by physical forces, in short, physical geography in motion, in space and time, this is the demand of the physio- grapher. Human interest in cause and effect, in action and interaction, asserts itself and is no longer to be stopped with things. It seizes on their relationships and must know of each "How came this so and what will it be- come?" This illustration may serve to make clear my meaning when I saj r that in intermediate geography the source of greatest interest will be found not in the usual facts, but in the perception of the relations existing between one set of facts and another, or others; and the value as a teaching factor of any set of facts will be great or small as those facts are near or remote in their effect on human life. Instead, therefore, of a multitudinous detail of surface features, it seems a far better plan to study the more prominent features and those most potent in their influence on climate and the various forms of life; and having estab- lished the general relationships to ascertain the importance or the position of any individual fact by finding its place in the larger series of which it forms a part. To do this requires again visible materials for observation, particularly such as have some form or color similarity to the subject matter portrayed. The facts of surface outline and latitude are common to all maps. Tempera- ture is shown in maps by isothermal lines. Rainfall is indicated best by shadings, supplemented by division lines with inches cf annual precipitation. The winds are shown by arrows; barometric minima and maxima by inclos- ing lines and figures; ocean currents by lines or arrows. The chief vegetation regions are represented in colors or rulings, and crop areas find easy repre- sentation by the same means. In many geographies the names of crops and other productions are printed on the maps. Colors are also used to indicate the industrial preeminence of various sections, and shades of one color show density of population. With some such series of maps an intermediate class beginning with North America would be led to notice and record, (1) chief features of outline, of Geography Methods. 207 surface and the great political subdivisions; (2) different temperatures obtain- ing in various parts of the continent, in different countries, at different eleva- tions, over various bodies of water and at different degrees of latitude; (3) zones; (4) distribution of vegetation as conditioned by temperature; (5) distri- bution of rainfall as conditioned by sea temperature*, by winds, by moun- tains, by seasons; (6) effect of rainfall on vegetation; (7) distribution of animal life as conditioned by temperature and vegetation; (8) location of the chief agricultural areas with their crops; (9) location of mines; (10) leading industrial section; (11) areas of greatest lensity of population. I should expect a class to be able to tell me, for example, that the prevail- ing winds on the northwest coast of North America were from the west; that they came laden with moisture from seas made relatively warm by the Kuro Siwo drift, that a very heavy rainfall occurred in southern Alaska, western Canada and northwestern United States by reason of the presence of the mountain ranges there forcing the winds into higher altitudes; that dense forests grew in this rainy area; that east of the Cascade mountains the rain- fall was scanty, the vegetation sparse, agricultural area small, grazing a lead- ing occupation after mining, population scanty, cities small. This is what I mean by a study of the relationships or as it may be otherwise expressed, the arrangement of facts in dependent sequence. After a series of lessons on general features and the most obvious sequences of phenomena, the study of the relation of minor facts to general should be taken up. Take a single crop. The study of its climatic conditions and dis- tribution as determinable from maps, would give as a completed statement something like the following. Wheat is grown in North America, chiefly in Iowa, Illinois. California, Indiana, Ohio, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota and the province Ontario. The July temperature of the wheat belt is about 70 degrees Fahrenheit, the rainfall from 32 to 44 inches in a year. The surface of the wheat area is nearly all relatively level and low. The leading cities in this area are Chicago, 111.; St. Louis, Mo.; Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.; Indianapolis, Ind.; San Francisco, Cal. ; Milwaukee, Wis., and Toronto, Out., of which Chicago is the largest. Wheat can be sent from Chicago to New York by way of the Great lakes, the Erie Canal and Hudson river or by various railways. It can be sent to the Gulf of Mexico from St. Louis on the Mississippi river. Or let a single state form the basis of observation and from the various maps the pupil will compile his facts embracing latitude, boundaries, surface features, January and July temperatures annual rainfall, character of the forests, the crops, animal products, forest products, minerals, manufacturing importance, density of population and the chief cities. Descriptive matter may be read and pictures shown during such a course, if thought desirable, but the greatest value lies in the processes of observation, inference and ex- pression in the active use of which the pupils form habits of search and acquire related knowledge. And when pupils have so studied the various series of phenomena that obtain in North America, including the West Indies and Central America, or 208 Potsdam Normal School. as will be seen, the phenomena of a quadrant of latitude, they are able to deduce from latitude and surface the general climatic conditions of any other quadrant or any continent, and will state with reasonable accuracy the possi- ble vegetation, crops, animal forms and determine the most suitable situa- tions for the large cities. In the study of details that follow, select such countries or surface features as are of importance and let the pupils work out their relations to the general phenomena, thus doubling the probabilities of remembrance. Let them form the habit of using a gazetteer or index for information on points of minor importance. Life is too short to learn every- thing. Be brave enough to leave out a great deal. Teach your pupils how to find the unimportant facts. Don't cram them. There is really nothing that is worth teaching. We merely have pupils worth being taught. In the upper intermediate grades comes the close study of various countries of the world with particular attention to the physical basis of each and its influence. Here a text book is necessary and its statements take the place of maps no longer possible in adequate detail and in fact no longer necessary. So soon as a new land is studied, such of its features as occur in principle else- where should be compared with those previously studied; e. g. the dry inter- ior of the Spanish plateau with that of Mexico, the consequent need of irri- gation in both regions and the building of aqueducts in the latter by the con- quering Spaniards whose model was brought to Spain by the conquering Eomans from Italy, likewise a land of deficient rainfall. Differences too are valuable to notice, for while southern Spain in latitude 37 is so wprm that the cotton plant survives the winter, yet in the American cotton belt which lies south of 36 the absence of a protecting mountain wall allows the cold waves from the north to sweep the region and compels a yearly seeding. Compare the Riviera, the southern Crimea, the south slope of the Caucasus, the sheltered coast of southern Persia, the valley of the Ganges and the southerly counties of New Hampshire and discover the effect of such moun- tain walls. Search North America for five great zones of production like those of Russia. How does the Mohawk Hudson depression compare in com- mercial importance with the Burgundian gate, the Moravian gate or the Cilician gates 1 Why are the rivers of Siberia of much more value than those of northern Canada? How do the Black lands of Russia compare in their principal productions with the American prairies, with the Black lands of Siberia, or those of India or the loess formations of China or of China's red soil, and with which of these does America compete in the market of the world? Take the three great northern continental masses, North America, Europe and Asia and study the effects of differing latitudes on the climatic conditions which are caused by the presence on their southern borders of the three great bodies of water, the Mexican gulf, the Mediterranean sea and the Indian ocean. Geography Methods. 209 Study the effect of the different contours of the three continents on the climate as varied by the differences in latitude and note the resulting habit- ability. Compare Chicago with Odessa, Detroit with Constantinople and explain the relative importance of each. In what way is the situation of Orleans like that of Cincinnati and what advantage does such a situation afford? How have the passes of the Alps affected the growth of Italian cities? Com- pare the function of such a pair of cities as Suez and Cairo with Yakutsk and Okhotsk, Montreal and Portland, Trieste and Vienna. In these last questions I come as near to topography as seems ever neces- sary. When the minor surface features have been of influence in causing a concentration of population at a given spot, have guided the migrations of men or the course of commerce, then topography enters into a proper study of geography, but not before. I can give only hints, but before I close I want to suggest a field for geog- raphy in the high school. Some of the matter of the upper intermediate grades is capable of prolonged and profitable study by older pupils. But there is this field, namely the influence of geographic factors on the character and fate of a people and on historical movement. The Alps offered obstacles to the northward movement of the Roman, but the sea was open, the valley of the Rhone and the Aude beckoned him on, so that it was Gaul that was Romanized and notGermania. The walls of Hadri- an and Antoninus were near the northern limit of the British lowlands and the highlanders are still Keltic like their mountainous neighbors the Welsh, with separate languages and separate churches from the English. The Monte- negrins in their land of Black mountains retained their individuality through long years of the Mongolian deluge. The Pueblos and the Moquis have been saved to us by mesas and the cliffs. Southern Italy is far more illiterate than the Po valley, 80 to 90 per cent as against 60, and the Sardinian uses forms of speech long since swept out of use on the mainland. We can study the influnce of a peninsular home on its Inhabitants, of a cen- tral position on the destinies of a weak and of a strong people. A fringe of islands breeds navigators; a rich soil sustains a wealthy people, but if its area be small that people's history is past when a larger area breeds a people in whose path the smaller lies. There were long wars between the Egyptian and the Assyrian, but Egypt withstood Rome a brief span merely, and Admiral Seymour's cannon took but a few hours to subjugate the land of the Pharaohs. It would be easy to spend many weeks in tracing the development of British empire back to the causes that made that development possible. Kirchhoff lays great stress on the superb physique and high venturesome spirit of the English people and dwells on the climate, the hearty exercise, the strong food and drink and the proximity of all parts of the island to the sea and the influence of maritime spirit on the whole people. Lavisse sees Q. C. H. 14. 2io Potsdam Normal School. particularly their genius for order and traces it to the inevitable discipline of the ship. Consider the aristocracy and we find great estates dating back to the conquest. Who were the conquerers? Normans from France where they had settled by virtue of their prowess. They came by ship and were a race of navigators. We see them scouring the seas to the Shetlands, to Iceland, to America, to the Mediterranean. Why? The fringe of islands on the Norwe- gian coast, the abundance of food in the sea, the inhospitable land of which to-day but two per cent is tillable, these factors pushed them out and led them on till one might say that out of the very bleakness and barrenness of Norway sprang the race of sailors, who to-day own 55 per cent of all the ton- nage of the world. And why did this particular swarm of sea robbers come to possess such rich booty rather than the Illyrian pirates? They found a favorable environment for their development, No Pompey drove them from the seas, nor doge of Venice, and the land of which they possessed themselves yielded the material wealth to aid them and was protected by that silver streak of the channel's waves that made the 18th century and still guards its established institutions. Spirit, discipline, strength, wealth and the institu- tions of an insular independent people, take these factors and study each con- quest and each acquisition to the empire. Now one, now another won the day. To come nearer home let a class consider the gradually changing politics of Alabama and see how much of it is to be explained by that mass of iron ore, those thick layers of coal, those hills of limestone, that are changing the in- dustrial character of the state and with it the opinions of the people, till what was infamy is justice and what was a traditional right becomes a nuis- ance and an object of objurgation. Or, take geographical names, explain their meaning and pertinence and you lay open a gateway into fields where one may wander with delight and find no satiety. The Ebro river recalls the Iberians, first owners of Hispania. Saguntum tells of Greeks from Zakynthos, Cartagena of the Carthagenian conquest of Spain. Saragossa commemorates Caesar Augustus, Andalusia the Vandals, Catalonia the Goths. Gibraltar was Tarik's rock and marks the advent of the Arab and the Moor. Guadiana was the river Anas with the Arabic wady. Castile, Old and New, stand for the castles in Spain that are there. Even the name Spain goes back through Hispania to the word which the Phoenicians used and means the land of conies, and these conies live on the scanty vegetation of the barren rocks of which the causes go back across massive mountains to prohibited winds for whose origin and cause we search the seas and call in the dynamics of a revolving sphere. There is a great plen- ty but I would rather stop than tire you. All of it I havvj found available in teaching geography. Statistical Tables. 211 Numerical Table of Graduates, 1871- 94. Normal. Normal. « S=H i < w o o B o < H < i-i h § £ 3 s < m 8 5 S £ 3 g S < GO J 5 o Hi 9 fi ►j 5 o J 9 n J 9 o W a "* § J ^ s j 3 fc J 3 £ a 3 £ Cfi i-3 o « a o P5 m O Pi w o * H o °3 H W < Cd rt W H A H H A H £ « £ H P3 H H hJ S m > H g > H fc > H fc > H (Q > H < W CO W «j«j H << S «j«j H