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 Its usefulness is not confined to dnynarticn'ar bcienoo or profess' ,'n, hr; is 
 universal; P is thercfoie by no means unworthy the attention and stuuy of 
 men of genius and erudition .”—Dr Samuel Johnson. 
 
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 Purchased, 1918, 
 
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THE 
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC REPORTER 
 
 REPORTER’S COMPANION; 
 
 AN 
 
 ADAPTATION OF PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 TO 
 
 VERBATIM REPORTING. 
 
 BY ISAAC PITMAN. 
 
 One Hundred and Eighteenth Thousand. 
 
 “ Shorthand, on account of its great and general utility, merits a much 
 higher rank among the arts and sciences than is generally allotted to it. 
 Its usefulness is not confined to any particular science or profession, but is 
 universal: it is therefore by no means unworthy the attention and study of 
 men of genius and erudition .”—Dr Samuel Johnson. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 FRED. PITMAN, PHONETIC DEPOT, 20 PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 BATH: 
 
 ISAAC PITMAN, PHONETIC INSTITUTE. 
 
 1884. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Advice to Students . 
 
 • • • • • • 
 
 PAB. 
 
 1 
 
 Method of Practice .. 
 
 • • • 
 
 6 
 
 Writing Materials . 
 
 • • • • • • 
 
 12 
 
 Qualifications for a Reporter . 
 
 
 17 
 
 Reporting. 
 
 ••• ••• 
 
 18 
 
 Parliamentary Vocabulary. 
 
 • •• 
 
 27 
 
 General Rules for Writing . 
 
 M* ••• 
 
 28 
 
 Omission of the dot for con . 
 
 • • • 
 
 32 
 
 General rule for contractions 
 
 
 33 
 
 Pairs of words distinguished . 
 
 • •• 
 
 34 
 
 Positive and negative words 
 
 ••• ••• 
 
 35 
 
 Significant Marks in Reporting . 
 
 ... 
 
 37 
 
 Signs of approbation, dissent, etc. 
 
 ••• ••• 
 
 46 
 
 Representation of Figures . 
 
 • •• 
 
 47 
 
 Scripture references . 
 
 ••• ••• 
 
 48 
 
 Transcription of Reports . 
 
 • •• 
 
 49 
 
 Secret of rapid Longhand ‘Writing ... 
 
 ... ... 
 
 52 
 
 Words ending in L and R . 
 
 ... 
 
 53 
 
 with L 
 
 „ „ with R . 
 
 Grammalogues arranged Phonetically 
 ,, ,, Alphabetically 
 
 „ to be committed to memory 
 
 List of Contracted Words . 
 
 List of Similar Words. 
 
 Here, there, where, compounds of ... 
 
 Intersected Words . 
 
 Outlines for rm .... 
 
 Phraseography.. 
 
 List of Phraseograms. 
 
 Miscellaneous Phraseograms.. 
 
 Theological Phrases... 
 
 Law Phrases .. 
 
 Reporting Exercises, with Key. 
 
 1. Characteristics of the Age .. 
 
 2. A supposed reply to a requisition 
 
 3. Shorthand writers and reporters ... 
 
 4. Speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer 
 
 5. Reporting as a mental exercise 
 
 6. Sermon on the immortality of the soul... 
 
 7. Chymistry . 
 
 Index ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 5 4i 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 PAG®. 
 
 .. 3 
 
 .. 5 
 
 ,. 8 
 .. 10 
 .. 15 
 .. 20 
 .. 22 
 .. 23 
 .. 23 
 .. 24 
 .. 25 
 . 25 
 . 26 
 . 27 
 . 27 
 . 27 
 . 29 
 . 29 
 . 30 
 . 31 
 . 33 
 . 34 
 . 25 
 . 36 
 . 39 
 . 47 
 . 47, 
 
 . 47 
 . 48 
 . 48 
 . 56 
 , 58 
 
 . 62 
 . 64 
 . 64 
 . 64 
 . 66 
 , 68 
 . 74 
 . 78 
 , 92 
 , 90 . 
 
G 53 
 
 P& 8 jo ho 
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC REPORTER. 
 
 ADVICE TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 ]. Before entering upon the study and practice of the abbreviated 
 system of Phonetic Shorthand developed in this treatise, the reader 
 should become perfectly familiar with the preparatory Style contained 
 m the Manual of Phonography t and should be able to write at least 
 50 words per minute, or at half the pace of a slow public speaker, 
 without any other abbreviations than those there furnished. This 
 speed may be attained, by persons of ordinary capacity, and manual 
 dexterity, in about three months, by practising an hour daily. To 
 write at the rate necessary to report an address, deliberately uttered, 
 will, of course, require a longer period of time, and unremitting 
 attention. The “ coveted art ” is far too valuable to be very easily 
 gamed. When it is considered that the majority of public speakers 
 articulate two or three words every second, it must be at once evident 
 that the hand must be well trained, and the mind well tutored, before 
 the pen can be made to keep pace with the tongue. 
 
 2. The average rate of public speaking is 120 words per minute. 
 Borne very deliberate speakers do not go beyond 80 or 90 words per 
 minute in their slow and measured modes of address; while others 
 articulate 180, or more. There are very few, however slow may be 
 their usual rate of utterance, who do not occasionally speak at the 
 rate of 140 or 150 words per minute, and no Phonographer should 
 consider himself equal to reporting, with certainty, even a moderate 
 speaker, until he can write at this rate. 
 
 3. As to the length of time required to attain this speed, much, 
 very much, will, of course, depend on the natural talent of the writer! 
 and the amount of time he is willing to bestow daily on the task 
 With the ordinary systems of shorthand, a writer is scarcely con^ 
 
 703280 
 
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 O 
 
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4 
 
 ADVICE TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 sidered proficient till he has had from five to ten years’ practice; 
 and many gladly pay a high premium, to serve an apprenticeship of 
 several years, in order to qualify themselves for the profession of 
 shorthand writers. With the Phonetic system, as here developed, 
 much less time is required to accomplish this. The average amount 
 of time necessary to qualify a tolerably expert writer to follow a 
 speaker at the rate of 120 or 130 words per minute, (including the 
 time spent in learning the First Style,) is about twelve months, by 
 practising an hour per day; or six months, with two hours’ daily 
 practice. Some have attained this speed in less time, while others 
 require nearly double this amount of practice. It will generally be 
 found an easy and pleasant task to increase the rate of speed from 
 120 to 140 or 150 words per minute; but to go beyond this, much 
 labor will be required. Two years’ constant practice should enable 
 the Phonographer to write 170 or 180 words per minute; but many 
 persons, we believe, could never attain this speed. 
 
 4. The whole secret of reporting may be said to consist in two 
 words,—Practice and the use of Phraseography. The student must 
 himself give the first requisite, and we have here furnished the most 
 efficient help for the second which our own experience, and that of 
 many phonographic reporters can supply. Of these two essentials 
 the greater is practice, by dint of which alone, in the First Style 
 of Phonography, a person may write 100 words per minute. As the 
 great Grecian orator, when applied to for information as to the most 
 important requisite in elocution, said, “ pronunciation,” (meaning 
 thereby not merely the correct utterance of single words, but also 
 attention to emphasis, tone, inflections, pauses, etc.,) and when asked 
 what was the next essential, replied, “ pronunciation,” and still gave 
 the same answer to the query as to the third essential in the art;— 
 so we may say of “ that much-coveted art by which the orator’s 
 eloquence is caught in its impassioned torrent, and fixed upon paper, 
 as a picture of his rich and glowing mind,” the first, the second, and 
 the last essential is, practice, practice, PRACTICE. 
 
 5. There may be, however, a practice that will hinder the Pho¬ 
 nographer, instead of forwarding him: we allude to a careless forma¬ 
 tion of the letters, which will render his manuseript illegible. The 
 young reporter should never let his desire to write swiftly exceed his 
 
METHOD OF PRACTICE. 
 
 5 
 
 determination to write correctly. The same rule holds in shorthand 
 as in longhand : he that first learns to write well, will, in the course 
 of time, write both well and quickly; whereas he that at the com¬ 
 mencement aims at swiftness , regardless of truth of form, will never 
 write well; and though he may write quickly, he will never read 
 what he has written with any degree of rapidity and certainty; yet 
 if he cannot do this, he might almost as well not write at all. 
 
 METHOD OF PRACTICE. 
 
 6. To those who desire to attain the requisite speed in writing 
 to enable them to follow a speaker, we cannot recommend a better 
 mode of practice than the following. When the writer has become 
 familiar with the First Style, as mentioned above, he should read 
 over carefully the following pages, then write out the List of the 
 principal Grammalogues in the Reporting Style, and endeavor to 
 impress as many as he can upon his memory. The position of the 
 grammalogues being, for the most part, determined by their vowels, 
 (see “Manual of Phonography,” par. 136,) little difficulty will he 
 experienced in mastering the List. It is not necessary that he should 
 write out the other Lists of words and phrases before he commences 
 his practice, but they should all he copied at as early a period as may 
 be convenient. A good method of doing this is to get a few leaves 
 of ruled paper, small 8vo, and write out the several contractions and 
 phrases, one on each line, at the left-hand side of the page. Each 
 phrase and contraction should then be copied over and over again, 
 first in pencil, and then in ink, if economy is an object. By perse¬ 
 vering in this way they will become indelibly fixed in the mind, and 
 facility in writing them will be speedily attained. The Exercises at 
 the end of the book should be copied several times, till they can be 
 written at the rate of 120 or 150 words per minute. 
 
 7. The best practice to commence with is to write from another 
 person’s reading. An hour’s practice in this manner is more 
 beneficial than several hours’ copying from a hook. The reader can 
 read as slowly as the writer requires, and, if a useful book be chosen, 
 the practice may be made beneficial to both parties. Speeches, lec¬ 
 tures, parliamentary debates, and the like, form exoellent practice for 
 
6 
 
 METHOD OF PRACTICE. 
 
 the beginner, and accustom him to the hind of phraseology he may 
 expect when actually engaged in reporting. "Where there are not 
 frequent opportunities for reporting from the speaker’s voice, a reader 
 for private practice is almost indispensable. It is sometimes difficult 
 to find a friend for this purpose, but an intelligent lad can generally 
 be obtained, who for a trifling compensation will gladly read for an 
 hour or two daily. 
 
 8. After the Phonographer can write at the rate of 50 words per 
 minute, mere copying from a book is worth little or nothing as re¬ 
 porting practice. Every opportunity of taking notes of sermons and 
 lectures should be embraced. At the outset the writer will, of course, 
 be unable to keep up with the speaker; many, indeed, in their first 
 attempts, despair of ever being able to accomplish the task. A few 
 trials, however, will render the labor less irksome, and materially 
 increase the speed of the writer. The object, at first, should not be 
 to write as rapidly as possible, but only to take down so much of what 
 is said as can be readily deciphered afterwards. The writer should 
 be cautioned against a method of practice adopted by some,—that of 
 leaving off in the middle of a sentence while reporting, and com¬ 
 mencing another with the speaker. His object should be to secure as 
 many complete phrases and sentences as possible. If necessary, these 
 may be curtailed, in order to enable the writer to keep up with the 
 speaker, and to preserve the drift of his discourse. Where only de¬ 
 tached words and sentences are written, nothing can afterwards be 
 made of the report, but if care be taken to put down as much as 
 possible of the sense of the speaker, the mind will be called into 
 more active exercise, and the art of Verbatim Reporting will be more 
 speedily attained. If there are no other opportunities for practice, 
 the Phonographer may sometimes write down the conversation of 
 those around him, or, at least, as much as he can catch; this, how¬ 
 ever, is the most difficult of all kinds of reporting, as the conversa¬ 
 tional style is excessively rapid, (though it may not appear so,) 
 and the writer is often puzzled by several persons speaking at the 
 same time. In reporting speeches, the writer should accustom himself 
 to be several words behind the speaker. With rapid speakers he will 
 often be necessarily behind, and, if he has not aecustomed himself to 
 be so in his usual reporting, he will find some difficulty in recovering 
 
METHOD OF PRACTICE. 
 
 7 
 
 lost ground. A practised writer should be able, when necessary, to 
 write twelve or fifteen words behind the speaker. 
 
 9. It should always be remembered that facility in reading is as 
 essential as rapidity in writing; the latter, indeed, is worth nothing 
 without the former. Every report should be read after being taken, 
 and all the errors carefully marked, so that they may be avoided in 
 future; if necessary, the words may be more fully vocalized, so "as to 
 render the report easily decipherable at any distance of time. 
 
 10. In order to impress the reporting grammalogues and distin¬ 
 guished words, etc., on the mind, the reader may form sentences in¬ 
 cluding as many of them as he can, and write them down until he 
 becomes thoroughly familiar with them. The following may serve as 
 examples:—“ In spite of all opposition, he now retains permanent 
 possession of his prominent , and indeed pre-eminent position. God is 
 good. I shall prosecute you, but not persecute you. I cannot 
 account for it. I chose that particular opportunity for my purpose. 
 
 . You will immediately notice an important improvement in them.” 
 Two exercises of this description are given on page 64, and the 
 student is recommended to provide himself with “ Reporting Exer¬ 
 cises,” 6 d., as a companion to the present volume. 
 
 11. The phonographic reporter will derive considerable assistance 
 from an extensive and judicious use of Phraseography. A selection 
 ©f the most common phrases that occur in correspondence and in 
 reporting will be found in the following pages. This branch of re¬ 
 porting practice is more fully carried out in the “Phonographic 
 Phrase Book,” which is recommended to the reader’s attention as 
 soon as he has mastered the principles of the art as here explained. 
 Erom the Preface to the “ Phrase Book,” we quote the following re¬ 
 marks on the advantage which a judicious employment of phraseog¬ 
 raphy secures:—“Phraseography may be regarded as an ars in arte, 
 (an art within an art,) and it requires some special attention and 
 practice before it can be judiciously used. It is chiefly useful in re¬ 
 porting, where the least saving of time in writing is often of the 
 greatest importance; it need not, however, be confined to this branch 
 of Phonography ; but may frequently be used in the Corresponding 
 Style; for with very little practice on the part of the reader, the 
 phraseographie combinations are found to be quite as legible as the 
 
8 
 
 WRITING MATERIALS. 
 
 ordinary Phonography. Indeed we think that when combinations 
 are well chosen, and correctly written, the words are more easily read 
 than when written separately. There is something characteristic 
 about a phraseogram, which usually distinguishes it from single words, 
 and the very compactness of its form enables the eye to decipher it 
 in less time than would be required to take in several separate words, 
 which occupy more space. In the one case the eye rests upon a 
 single outline, and in the other it has perhaps to travel over half a 
 line before it can see the whole phrase. The phraseogram will most 
 probably be written more carefully than the separate words, as it re¬ 
 quired less time. More space is saved by phraseography than would be 
 imagined; and if the characters employed are carefully formed, they 
 are as easily read as they are compact and brief.” Ask any experienced 
 phonographer whether he would rather read the following sentence:— 
 
 V ~ J „ f \ *- s w ( . 
 
 / x ^ ° \ VC 
 
 thus, or grouped in a few compact phraseographic forms, thus:— 
 
 r? ^ % vr 
 
 In this as in many other instances which might be given, a marked 
 benefit accrues both to the reader and the writer from the use of the 
 phraseographic outlines, 
 
 WRITING MATERIALS. 
 
 12. The most suitable materials to write with are good steel or 
 gold pens, and ruled paper. Some phonographers use double-line 
 paper, and think that it trains the hand to accuracy in the size, and 
 correctness in the position of the characters. Single-line paper 
 however, is used by most efficient phonographers, and in our opinion' 
 is equally serviceable and more economical. A pencil should be 
 occasionally employed, so that the writer may be able to use it when 
 a pen fails, or a good one cannot be obtained. A good pencil should 
 
WRITING MATERIALS. 
 
 9 
 
 be the constant companion of the reporter. Pencil writing, however, 
 is not quite so legible as writing in ink; and if it has to be transcribed 
 by night, as is often the case with professional reporters, the eyes 
 are liable to be injured by the strain required in deciphering the notes. 
 If gold pens are used, we can recommend none so strongly as those 
 manufactured by Mordan and Co. They are more expensive than 
 others, but they are also more durable and flowing. 
 
 13. When writing on the knee, the most convenient inkstand is 
 an excise bottle ; and a good mode of holding it is to sling it round 
 the first finger of the left hand by means of a piece of tape fastened to 
 the neck of the ink-bottle. The left hand may then be used to turn 
 over the leaves of the reporting book without any risk of the bottle’s 
 falling. The tests of a good excise ink-bottle are these : —1 st, That 
 when filled with ink up to the bottom of the tube, the ink will not 
 escape when the bottle is inverted. 2nd, That when dipping rapidly 
 the lower part of the pen-holder does not get daubed with ink. To 
 possess these properties the tube of the bottle should be wide at the 
 top and gradually taper to the bottom, and the space between the 
 bottom of the tube and the bottom of the bottle should be f of an 
 inch ; that depth of ink will yield a good but not overcharged dip. 
 The ink will not run out if the space below the tube be equal to that 
 above it, and the space around the tube be equidistant from the sides 
 of the bottle. A bottle that is without fault is a reporting treasure 
 indeed, for there is not one bottle in a thousand that is perfect in 
 every respect. The bottom of the bottle should be ground, that it 
 may stand firm when placed upright. 
 
 14. The excise ink-bottle is not suitable when writing on a table; 
 for the writer would have too far to dip. For table or desk report¬ 
 ing, the cubical form of pocket ink-stand, to close with a spring, is 
 the best. The common inkstands of this kind have a spring stopper 
 in the lid which, from the spring getting clogged with ink, soon be¬ 
 comes worthless. The best spring ink-stand is that made by Perry; 
 the spring is under the bottle containing the ink, and the stopper is 
 a piece of solid vulcanized india rubber fastened to the lid and fitting 
 the orifice of the bottle when closed. The best writing inks are 
 manufactured by Morrell, Walkden, Stephens, and Tarland. 
 
 15. A person may write as steadily on the knee as on a table, by 
 
10 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS FOR A REPORTER. 
 
 placing a § neh mahogany board about sixteen inches long and five 
 inches broad, under his reporting book. This portable writing desk, 
 as it may be called, gives much support to the middle of the arm, 
 and enables the reporter to write better and faster than on the knee 
 alone. 
 
 16. Beginners are apt to lose much time in turning over the leaves 
 of their reporting books. The following plan, (which was recom¬ 
 mended by Mr. Reed in the Reporter's Magazine for Dec., 1847,) is 
 perhaps the best that can be adopted when a reporting book is used: 
 —While writing on the upper half of the leaf introduce the second 
 finger of the left hand between it and the next leaf, keeping the leaf 
 on which you are writing steady by the first finger and thumb. While 
 writing on the lower part of the page shift the leaf by degrees, till it 
 is about half way up the book: when it is convenient, lift up the 
 thumb, and the leaf will turn over almost by itself. This is the best 
 plan for writing on a desk or table. When writing on the knee, the 
 first finger should be introduced instead of the second, and the leaf 
 be shifted up only about two inches. The finger should be introduced 
 at the first pause the speaker makes, or at any other convenient op¬ 
 portunity that presents itself. Many reporters prefer a reporting 
 book that opens as this printed book does. In this case there is less 
 difficulty in turning over the leaves with the left hand. Whichever 
 form of book be used, the writer should confine himself to one side 
 of the book till it is filled in this way, and then turn it over, begin at 
 the end, and write in the same manner on the blank pages. 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS FOR A REPORTER. 
 
 17. The following admirable little essay, describing the qualifica¬ 
 tions of a reporter, was written many years ago by Mr Thomas Allen 
 Reed, who was then, and is still/considered the first reporter of the 
 day. It originally appeared in Mr Reed’s shorthand monthly the 
 Phonographic Reporter for February and March, 1854, and has lately 
 been revised and republished in “ The Reporter’s Guide,” in which 
 Mr Reed has given, in an admirably clear style, all the information 
 that a phonographer requires to qualify him for a professional re- 
 
QUALIFICATIONS FOR A REPORTER. 
 
 11 
 
 porter. It embodies the results of Mr Reed’s varied experience in 
 the profession for a quarter of a century. We have pleasure in 
 acknowledging our obligations to the writer for permission to copy the 
 article. The advice which it gives to those young phonographers 
 who aspire to things too high for them will never be unnecessary. 
 
 It has often been observed that if a man fails in every other business or 
 profession, he buys a pair of spectacles and a birch, and turns schoolmaster; 
 and that to such a man, with little or no education himself, and with no 
 training for his task, parents are found willing to commit the care of their 
 children during the most important period of their lives. Not to the same 
 extent, perhaps, but somewhat after the same fashion, many a young man 
 who fiuds himself out of employment invests a few shillings in the purchase 
 of a system of shorthand, and commences its study in the confident expec¬ 
 tation of being able in a few weeks or months to earn a livelihood by 
 reporting. I once heard of a young grocer who, being suddenly seized with 
 a desire to quit the counter at which he had served for some years, and 
 turn newspaper reporter, bought a popular steonographic manual, and ex¬ 
 pressed his intention of “persecuting” the system till his object was 
 attained. He “ persecuted” it indeed with great assiduity, but I believe he 
 has never been heard of in the reporting world. I have been applied to by 
 mechanics in fustian jackets, footmen arrayed in plush, and clerks out at 
 elbow, for aid and counsel in the matter of a similar change of occupation, 
 and have almost invariably recommended the applicants to “ rest and be 
 thankful ” in their familiar employment rather than run the risk of inglo¬ 
 rious failure in an untried sphere of labor. It would be absurd to say that 
 a footman or a mechanic could never become a good reporter; but the 
 chances are obviously against them. 
 
 Properly to fulfil the duties of a reporter requires good natural abilities* 
 and, to say the least, a tolerably good education. Persons not possessed o* 
 these advantages, would, as a rule, be ill prepared to meet the exigencies of 
 a reporter’s life. They might possibly obtain occasional employment in 
 some subordinate department of reporting work, but they would, in all 
 probability, earn less by it than at their own special calling. I do not wish 
 to be understood as disparaging the practice of the art of reporting by 
 young men of all classes. In the course of the following pages I hope to be 
 able to demonstrate the advantages of this practice in the way of mental 
 development. But there is a great difference between amateur and profes¬ 
 sional reporting. The former may be made a pleasing pursuit, and will be 
 found useful to all who practise it with moderate care and industry; the 
 latter can never be followed by an uneducated person without discredit to 
 himself and his employers; for even if, by means of considerable practice,, 
 he should acquire a fair amount of stenographic power, he will always be 
 liable to blunders of the most absurd character in the transcription of his 
 notes for the press. 
 
 The want of education may often, to a great extent, be supplied by un¬ 
 usually good natural abilities, which, under favorable circumstances, will 
 overcome almost any obstacle, but where these are wanting, the chances of 
 success are slender indeed. Imagine a dull, uninformed person taking his 
 seat at a reporter’s table, to take notes of a scientific lecture, rapidly deliv¬ 
 ered, and abounding in difficult words. I have known persons of average 
 attainments fail in such a task, not because of their inability to follow the 
 speaker pretty closely, but from the difficulty of making an accurate, in¬ 
 telligible transcript, which should be fit for the press. How then will our 
 
12 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS FOR A REPORTER. 
 
 not very bright friend succeed ? Or suppose him to report an historical ad¬ 
 dress, full of proper names, of which he knows as much as his note-book; 
 these names are a serious stumbling block, and in the effort to give them 
 stenographic expression, he probably misses considerable portions of the 
 sentences in which they occur, and thus loses the advantage of the context. 
 Hence if he ventures upon a transcript of his notes, it will probably be 
 utterly unfit for publication. It is true that a well-informed reporter will 
 at times be at a loss in such matters; but he will have sense enough to omit 
 what is doubtful or obscure, or will know the books to which to refer to 
 rectify errors or supply omissions. Hot so the other; unaware of the 
 extent of his own ignorance, totally unconscious of his mistakes, he will 
 blunder through his notes, and present his readers with a mass of uncon¬ 
 nected sentences completely bewildering to an ordinary intellect—a 
 caricature rather than a faithful representation of the speaker’s words. 
 Especially will this be the case if the speaker is careless in his style, if his 
 sentences are involved and intricate, or if his utterance is not very distinct. 
 Add to all this a subject involving a variety of technical details ; what kind 
 of report can a dull, uneducated person be expected to supply under cir¬ 
 cumstances so disadvantageous ? And if unable to give a full report, what 
 shall be said of a condensation ? The unfortunate scribe has not thoroughly 
 understood half of what he has heard; how then shall he present an intelli¬ 
 gible resume of it to his readers ? 
 
 I have said enough to show that good natural abilities and a tolerably 
 good education are essential qualifications for a reporter. Without these 
 he will have great difficulty in at once seizing the salient points of an ad¬ 
 dress, and will run the risk, if called upon for a condensed report, of retain¬ 
 ing unimportant, and omitting important parts ; especially if, as will ofteD 
 be the case, the transcript has to be made in haste. A long speech or 
 lecture is reported at night; the paper perhaps goes to press in a few hours, 
 and a report of a couple of columns is required. There is barely time to 
 perform the mechanical operation of writing so much; no time therefore 
 must be lost in poring over the notes and thinking of the various points to 
 be preserved ; the thought must keep pace with the pen. Do not think of 
 leaning back in your chair, shutting your eyes, and composing yourself for 
 deliberation as to what you are to write and what to omit. The familiar 
 imp is at your elbow, and reminds you that “the printers are waiting for 
 copy.” But your notes are indistinct; you could not hear well; you have a 
 bad head-ache, the subject was a difficult one. Unfortunate reporter! The 
 press is imperious ; the public takes no note of these things; take up your 
 pen again, you must not stop even to think, for “ the printers are waiting 
 for copy.” 
 
 It is of course impossible to state the precise amount of education needed 
 by a newspaper reporter; but it is not difficult to indicate the subjects on 
 which he should possess a moderate amount of information. I have seen it 
 gravely stated that nothing less than a university education is required to 
 fit the reporter for the varied duties of his calling. If this were the case, 
 very few reporters could lay claim to competency. Hot one in twenty, even 
 among those employed on first-class journals, has had the benefit of a uni¬ 
 versity training; and comparatively few can boast of a good classical 
 education. It is needless to say that these advantages cannot fail to secure 
 to their possessor a greater measure of success than he could hope to attain 
 without them ; but it is quite a mistake to suppose that they are indispens¬ 
 able to the reporter. I have known excellent classical scholars who have 
 made very indifferent reporters ; and could point to many of the most ex¬ 
 pert and intelligent members of the craft who never construed a line of 
 Virgil, and could not go through a tense of rv-KTcv to save their lives. 
 
 A knowledge of Latin cannot be otherwise than serviceable to the reporter. 
 In almost every kind of public oratory Latin quotations now and then occur, 
 and the ability to write them down as uttered, or so much of them as wiii 
 
QUALIFICATIONS FOB A BEPOBTER. 
 
 13 
 
 afford the means of reference to the source whence they have been taken, 
 will always be a valuable acquisition. The best informed reporter may now 
 and then find himself compelled to seek the assistance of the speaker as to 
 some unfamiliar quotation, or some technical expression ; but to be obliged 
 to ask his aid in the matter of a common-place quotation or phrase which 
 the merest smattering of Latin would suffice to render intelligible,—this is 
 a position in which no intelligent reporter with any amount of self respect 
 would willingly place himself. Still less will he venture on transcribing the 
 words from his notes, however accurately he may appear to have caught 
 them, if he does not know their meaning or is not perfectly assured as to 
 their orthography. It is true that a brother reporter is sometimes at hand 
 who can give the requisite assistance, and there is commonly sufficient 
 esprit de corps amongst the members of the fraternity to lead them to lend 
 a helping hand in case of need ; but even such aid is not always available, 
 and the result is that the uninformed reporter is compelled to omit a quo¬ 
 tation which he would have gladly preserved, or he may be betrayed into 
 some such perversion of the words as an American scribe is said to have 
 perpetrated when a member of Congress said, “ Amicus Plato, Amicus 
 Socrates, sed major veritas,” and which, to the speaker’s utter bewilderment, 
 was rendered in a newspaper on the following day, “I may cuss Plato, I 
 may cuss Socrates, said Major Yeritas ! ” If, however, Latin has not been 
 acquired in youth it is almost hopeless to expect that any great proficiency 
 in the language will be attained at a later period in life. But every reporter, 
 if he does not delay the effort till business or family cares and responsibili¬ 
 ties engross the time not occupied in his professional labors, may and ought 
 to acquire at least the elements of the language, and to familiarize himself 
 with the Latin quotations which are constantly met with in both reading and 
 speaking. This will involve no great labor, and it will well repay whatever 
 mental exertion it may cost. 
 
 The most useful modern language is unquestionably French, and I 
 strongly recommend its acquisition to everyone who desires to qualify him¬ 
 self for the duties of a reporter. I do not mean that he should necessarily 
 aim at speaking and writing the language, but he should at least be able to 
 read it with tolerable ease. Now and then he may find himself face to face 
 with a French speaker, who has asked and obtained permission to address 
 the assembly in his own language; and it will be no little satisfaction to him 
 to be able to give a report, if only a short summary, of such a speech, in¬ 
 stead of dismissing it with the bald announcement that “ M. Prevost then 
 addressed the meeting in French.” 
 
 With regard to Greek, I think every reporter should at any rate learn the 
 alphabet, and a few of the common roots that enter so largely into the 
 composition of scientific terms. These can be acquired with but little labor, 
 and the knowledge will assuredly prove serviceable. 
 
 One of the most important branches of knowledge which the reporter can 
 cultivate is history. Many allusions are made in speeches to historical 
 events and personages, which would greatly embarrass a reporter ignorant 
 of them. Every reporter should of course be familiar with the history of his 
 own country, and not altogether unacquainted with that of foreign countries, 
 ancient and modern. He should also know the names at least of the princi- 
 cipal authors in the various departments of science and literature; and 
 whatever information he may be able to acquire on the subjects of which 
 they treat cannot fail to be serviceable to him in his profession. A reporter 
 should seek to be somewhat informed on a large number of subjects, even 
 at the risk of his knowledge being but superficial, rather than pursue only 
 two or three studies. It is impossible, unless he be an Admirable Crichton, 
 that his knowledge should be at once deep and varied; and for professional 
 purposes he will find even a smattering of many subjects far more useful 
 than a profound acquaintance with a few. 
 
 Especially should a reporter be cognizant of the important events passing 
 
14 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS FOB A REPORTER. 
 
 around him, in his own and other countries. To this end he should bo a 
 diligent reader of the newspapers. In these days of telegraphs and special 
 correspondents, he need be at no loss in regard to current history 
 Allusions to passing events, both at home and abroad, are so frequent in 
 public addresses of all kinds, especially in those of a political character, that 
 a reporter would be continually at fault who should not be familiar with 
 them. Besides, as a contemporary historian himself, as the reporter has 
 rightly been called, it would be positively shameful if he suffered himself to 
 be ignorant of the history of the world beyond his own immediate locality. 
 
 A little legal knowledge is indispensable to most reporters. This, however, 
 they can hardly fail to acquire in the course of their professional practice. 
 They are frequently required to attend law courts ; and in order to be able 
 to furnish accurate and intelligible reports, it is necessary that they should 
 understand somewhat of the forms of legal proceedings, and the principal 
 technical terms employed in connection with them. 
 
 Not the least important qualification for a reporter is a good physical con¬ 
 stitution. The profession of a reporter is in many respects a laborious one, 
 and it should never be adopted by persons who are unable to bear a consid¬ 
 erable amount of bodily fatigue. A reporter has sometimes to take full 
 notes of a meeting or a trial for six or seven hours or more, without inter¬ 
 mission. This is not only a trying exercise of the mental faculties, but it is 
 a severe task for the bodily powers, to which no man would be equal who 
 did not possess the mens sana in corpore sano. In busy seasons many re¬ 
 porters work fourteen or fifteen hours a day, and if this is continued for 
 weeks together, with occasional sitting up through the night, even a robust 
 constitution will have to summon all its power of endurance to its aid. 
 
 The ability to write shorthand must of course be reckoned among the 
 qualifications of a reporter: this, however, is so important that I propose 
 to devote a separate chapter to its consideration. 
 
 Facility of composition, it is obvious, is a necessity to the reporter who 
 hopes to excel in his profession. Not only is it required in the remodeling 
 and condensation of speeches, but in the descriptive accounts which the 
 reporter is often called upon to give of noteworthy events occurring in his 
 locality. One day he is required to describe the opening of a public build¬ 
 ing, the next to give an account of a boat race. Now he attends an agricul¬ 
 tural show, then a volunteer review. Look at the columns of his paper 
 headed “ Local Intelligence,” and observe the titles of the various para¬ 
 graphs which he has had to pen during the week in addition to his ordinary 
 reporting: “Violent snow-storm,” “Railway accident,” “Concert at the 
 Assembly Rooms,” “ Horticultural show,” “Adrunken frolic,” “ Exhibition 
 of pictures,” and the like. It requires an amount of skill and experience 
 little suspected without the walls of a newspaper office to collect information 
 on such a variety of subjects, and to present it to the public in an intel¬ 
 ligible form. 
 
 I must not omit to mention among the requisite qualifications for a re¬ 
 porter, a clear and legible style of longhand writing. This is of greater im¬ 
 portance than is generally imagined. Very many reporters write an ugly 
 and illegible scrawl, and it is very true that a continual, rapid transcription 
 from shorthand notes has a tendency to render the writing slovenly and 
 careless in style; but this tendency should be resisted. Compositors are 
 said to be able to read anything, but that is no reason why their powers 
 should be always kept on the stretch. Printers expect to be paid, and often 
 are paid, more for printing from bad “ copy ” than from clear ; and hence, if 
 for no other reason, everyone engaged in a literary way should seek to ac¬ 
 quire a legible style of writing. Of this we are quite sure, that a reporter 
 who writes a neat and legible hand, will, cceteris pwribus, have a much better 
 chance of procuring an engagement than one who cannot furnish so good a 
 specimen of longhand caligraphy. 
 
REPORTING. 
 
 15 
 
 REPORTING. 
 
 18. The origin and process of Parliamentary Reporting, and the 
 qualifications of those by whom the task is performed, are thus briefly 
 described in the Parliamentary Companion :—“A century ago there 
 was no publication w T hich could properly be said to contain a satisfac¬ 
 tory account of Parliamentary proceedings; and even within the 
 recollection of many persons now alive the debates were but very 
 imperfectly reported. From the commencement of the American war, 
 however, till the year 1814, a gradual improvement took place in 
 the publication of debates, until at length the art of the reporter, and 
 the business of the publisher, were prosecuted with a degree of suc¬ 
 cess the effects of which will continue to exist as long as freedom and 
 civilization exist in England. When the close of the war in 1815 
 diminished at once the supply and the importance of foreign intelli¬ 
 gence; when the public attention became directed with almost 
 exclusive anxiety to domestic affairs, the publication of Parliamentary 
 debates appeared to become an object of national importance, and in 
 the course of a few years assumed its present detailed and accurate 
 character. It is contrary to the standing orders of both Plouses that 
 any strangers should be present, and an individual member can de¬ 
 mand that the order be enforced; the publication, therefore, of debates 
 is held to be theoretically a breach of privilege; but in modern times, 
 if any member were repeatedly to insist upon the exclusion of 
 c strangers,’ (as all are called who are neither members nor officers 
 of the House,) there can be no doubt that this abuse of the privilege 
 must lead to such a modification of the standing order as would de¬ 
 prive individual members of any control over matters so interesting 
 to the nation, whose representatives and servants they are, from whose 
 pleasure their Parliamentary existence and authority are derived, and 
 by whom that authority would doubtless be speedily withdrawn, were 
 any attempt made to carry on the business of the public without 
 publicity. Secret deliberations have been so long renounced, that the 
 right of the public to be present through their agents, the reporters, is 
 as clearly established now as if no theoretical privacy had ever existed. 
 
 19. “Every publication not copying from, or abridging any other, 
 but giving original reports, keeps one of a series of reporters con- 
 
16 
 
 REPORTING. 
 
 stantly in the gallery of the Lords, and another in the Commons. 
 These, like sentinels, are, at stated periods, relieved by their colleagues, 
 when they take advantage of the interval to transcribe their notes in 
 order to he ready again to resume the duty of note-taking, and after¬ 
 wards that of transcription for the press. A succession of reporters 
 from each establishment is thus maintained, and the process of writing 
 from their notes is never interrupted until an account of the whole 
 debates of the evening has been committed to the hands of the 
 printer. There are only seven publications for which a reporter is 
 constantly in attendance; and these include the London morning 
 papers, from which all others that give debates are under the necessity 
 of copying or abridging them. The number of reporters maintained 
 by each varies from ten or eleven to seventeen or eighteen. They 
 are, for the most part, gentlemen of liberal education: many have 
 graduated at the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, 
 Glasgow and Dublin, and they must all possess a competent know¬ 
 ledge of the multifarious subjects which come under the consideration 
 of Parliament. The expedition and ability with which their duties are 
 performed, must be admitted by everyone who attends a debate, and 
 afterwards reads a newspaper, while the correctness and ability with 
 which their manuscript is put in type and printed, has long been a 
 subject of surprise and admiration.” Of the sixteen reporters em¬ 
 ployed by the Times, eight are phonographers. 
 
 20. In the debate on the Income Tax, 1 March, 1845, Mr Sheil 
 strengthened his argument against the injustice of taxing, at the same 
 rate, precarious incomes derived from professions, and fixed incomes 
 derived from property, by the following graceful tribute to the abili¬ 
 ties of the reporters to the House of Commons :—“ What can be 
 more unjust than to impose the same tax upon a man whose income 
 is derived from his intellectual toil—which may be called the sweat 
 of his mind—and upon the man whose income is as stable as the 
 earth on which we tread? Can there be a greater injustice than to 
 tax, in the same proportion, the First Lord of the Treasury and the 
 gentlemen who report his speech on the Income Tax in the gallery 
 of this House ? There are men in that gallery, of liberal education, 
 and with minds embellished with every literary adornment, who, by 
 great labor, by a great wear and tear of body and mind, acquire an 
 
REPORTING. 
 
 17 
 
 income which falls within the range of the tax, although it is far from 
 being commensurate with the ability or the usefulness of a class to 
 which some of the first men in England have belonged.” 
 
 21. Among the many points of superiority which Phonetic shorthand 
 possesses over all other systems, may be mentioned the following, Avhich 
 all stenographers and especially reporters, will at once appreciate. The 
 first is the great concentration of consonant power in the simplest 
 mathematical forms. This is effected by the use of double, treble, and 
 quadruple consonants, as in the words point, strand , plains, con¬ 
 sideration, and a thousand others, where from three to five consonants 
 are definitely expressed by a single stroke, with the addition of a 
 hook, a circle, or both. A second advantage is the variety of out¬ 
 line which the use of compound letters, and the varied forms of some 
 of the single letters, give to different words containing the same 
 consonants. In most systems of shorthand, all words that con¬ 
 tain the same consonants, are written alike; and the context, 
 aided perhaps by the memory, is- alone left to decide which word is 
 intended. In many cases, it is true, this is a sufficient guide; but 
 it is also true that in many instances it entirely fails. In such 
 words as persecute and prosecute, purpose and propose, sermon and 
 ceremony, centre and century, Persia and Prussia, Candy and Canada, 
 pattern and patron, passionate and patient, pretty and upright, 
 press, pierce and peruse, oppression and operation, tenor and tenure, 
 etc., which nearly all shorthand writers write alike, the context is 
 frequently no guide to the meaning. In Phonography, however, 
 such is the variety of forms with which the same clusters of con¬ 
 sonants may be written, that there is rarely any difficulty in providing 
 different outlines for such words as those here mentioned, so that they 
 may be distinguished at once without the insertion of their vowel s> 
 Thus, though no other system has provided for the insertion of vowels, 
 where they may be needed, so fully and definitely as Phonography, yet 
 no other system is so independent of this aid. The reader is requested 
 to refer to the List of Similar Words with different outlines, given 
 in a subsequent part of this volume, for an exemplification of the 
 advantage of Phonography in this particular. The peculiar structure, 
 too, of the Phonetic system, admits of whole phrases being expressed 
 by a few simple strokes, without lifting the pen from the paper. In 
 Pep. 2 
 
18 
 
 REPORTING. 
 
 no other system has this plan of joining words together, or Phrase- 
 ography, been so fully carried out as in Phonography; and few things 
 render more assistance to the writer, when following a rapid speaker. 
 See the “ List of Phraseograms,” where such phrases as there could 
 not have been, I have been told, it is quite certain that you should, 
 etc., are written with as many inflections of the pen as there are 
 words contained in them, and frequently with less. 
 
 22. The great labor of transcribing reports will, in the course of a few 
 years, be, to a considerable extent, obviated by the adoption of Pho¬ 
 nography, which is so legible that compositors who know the system 
 can set up from it with as much ease as from longhand copy. We 
 have known several instances where a verbatim report of a sermon, 
 taken in Phonography and not revised afterwards, has been read by 
 another person who was not present at the delivery. In 1845 the 
 writer of the present work took down a speech delivered by the late 
 R. Cobden, Esq., at Bath, which was set up from his reporting copy 
 by the compositors in the office of the Bath Journal. The following 
 notice of the fact appeared in that paper for the 18th of December, 
 1845, simultaneously with the report of the meeting, and was imme¬ 
 diately transferred to the columns of the Times, the Morning 
 Chronicle, and many provincial papers:— 
 
 23. “ Tn connection with the report of the excellent addresses de¬ 
 livered at the great demonstration on Thursday, of the opinions of a 
 very large majority of the citizens of Bath, which will be found in our 
 columns this week, we would call the attention of our readers to a 
 fact indicative of Reform in other matters as well as in the Corn 
 Laws. By the kindness of Mr. Isaac Pitman of this city, whose 
 systems of writing and printing by sound have made such astonishing 
 progress in all parts of the kingdom, we are enabled to give a nearly 
 verbatim report of the excellent speech of R. Cobden, esq., which 
 our compositors have set up from Mr. Pitman’s Phonographic notes, 
 there being no necessity for their transcription. With all other 
 systems of shorthand writing, not only was there never known such 
 a thing as a reporter passing over to the compositor his notes of a 
 speech an hour and a quarter in delivery, but he is often unable to 
 decipher them himself. All that was necessary in this case, Mr 
 Pitman has assured us, was to give the speech one reading the next 
 
REPORTING. 
 
 19 
 
 morning, and fill in a few vowels. We are convinced that we shall 
 in a few years, by this invaluable system, save all that immense amount 
 of toil which our present reporters have to undergo in deciphering and 
 transcribing their notes for the press.” 
 
 24. At a phonetic meeting held in the Town Hall, Manchester, 
 14th July, 1868, Mr Henry Pitman exhibited two printers’ proofs of 
 speeches set up from phonographic notes. He said he had torn a 
 few leaves from his note-book containing Mr Bright’s speech at Liv¬ 
 erpool, and the contents had been set up by Mr William Barnes of 
 Manchester and Mr Samuel Hall of Derby with remarkable accuracy. 
 He believed that the necessities of the newspaper press would ere long 
 compel the introduction of Phonography into the printing offices of 
 this country. “ I am able,” observes Mr Reed, “ to speak from experi¬ 
 ence, of the saving of time and labor effected by this practice. For 
 the sake of an experiment, I once took some leaves from my reporting 
 book into a printing office where there were several phonographic 
 compositors. A part of a speech was at once set up from them, and 
 on reading the proof afterwards I met with no more errors than are 
 commonly to be found in printing from longhand manuscript. The 
 notes were not vocalized after they were taken, but were handed over 
 to the printers in their original state.” 
 
 25. A reporter could not always hand over his notes to the 
 compositor, to be printed, even if the latter were perfectly acquainted 
 with the shorthand characters. In cases where a mere abstract of the 
 speeches delivered is needed, or where nearly every sentence has to be 
 remodeled before it is fit to appear in print, a transcription will 
 necessarily be required, but much time would be saved if such tran¬ 
 scription were made bold writing, with a quill pen, in ordinary 
 Phonography. 
 
 26. By the phrase “Verbatim Reporting,” used in the title of this 
 work, is meant the writing of the respective shorthand alphabetic 
 signs for every word the speaker utters, and not merely the writing 
 of the principal words in a sentence, and trusting to the memory to 
 supply the rest in deciphering the broken notes. In practice we 
 make one trifling exception,—if exception it can be called—to this 
 definition, by intimating instead of writing the connective phrase 
 the,” as directed in the “Manual,” par. 175. 
 
 2* Rejp. 
 
20 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY VOCABULARY. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY VOCABULARY. 
 
 27. Rod’s “ Parliamentary Companion ” is indispensable to the 
 professional reporter. Por the benefit of embryo and amateur report¬ 
 ers who do not possess the work, we quote from it the following list 
 of some of the technical terms employed in Parliamentary reporting. 
 
 Adjournment. —Adjournment, as the term imports, is a postponement of the 
 sitting or proceedings of either House of Parliament from one time, to another 
 time specified, for the re-assemblage. 
 
 Amendment. —A motion being made and seconded, the terms are handed in 
 writing to the Chairman, who reads them aloud, and objections may then be taken. 
 
 Bill. —A bill is the draft or skeleton of a statute. Any bill which the Lords 
 originate may be introduced and laid on the table by any individual peer without 
 the previous permission of the House ; but in the Commons a motion for leave 
 to bring in the bill must be previously agreed to. Permission having been granted, 
 three or four members are appointed to prepare the bill. It is then brought in and 
 read a first time,without amendment or debate, and a day appointed for the second 
 reading, previously to whichit is printed and a copy furnished to every member. 
 
 Bills (Private).—These are chiefly introduced to enable associations of private 
 individuals to undertake works of public utility at their own risk, and, in a de¬ 
 gree, for their own benefit; but there are other private bills, as those of natu¬ 
 ralization, change of name, or for perfecting titles to estates, etc. 
 
 Budget. —The Chancellor of the Exchequer makes one general statement 
 every year to the House of Commons, which is intended to present a comprehen¬ 
 sive view of the financial condition of the country. Sometimes there are pre¬ 
 liminary, or supplemental, or occasional speeches; but the great general state¬ 
 ment of the year has, for a long time past, been quaintly called the Budget, from 
 the French bougette, (Italian bolgia, from the Latin bursa, whence bourse, purse,) 
 putting, by a common figure of speech, the container for the thing contained. 
 
 Cabinet. —The higher and more immediate functions of the executive power— 
 in popular acceptation, the government of the state, is exercised by the Cabinet, 
 a select body in whom, for the time being, the whole royal authority is vested. 
 Its members all belong to the Privy Council, but do not include a tithe of that 
 body. It is composed of the more eminent portion of the Administration, but it 
 does not constitute more than a fourth part of those whom a change of ministry 
 deprives of office, the persons included in that council being rarely less than ten, 
 or more than fifteen. 
 
 Chiltern Hundreds. —An acceptance of the “ Chiltern Hundreds,” is a form 
 which lias now no other meaning than that the Member accepting resigns his seat. 
 
 Clerk of the House of Commons. —“The Clerk of the Commons House of 
 Parliament ” is appointed by the Crown by letters patent, and, when necessary, 
 can appoint a deputy. The appointment of the other clerks in the service of the 
 House is vested in liim. 
 
 Committees-^- Are, first, those of the whole House, which may be to conside 
 of certain Resolutions, as to the nature of which considerable latitude prevails; 
 or the House resolves itself into such Committee to consider the details of a bill, 
 the principle of which may be discussed at any or all of its other stages; or there 
 may be Committees for financial purposes, as those of “ Supply,” or “Ways and 
 Means.” Secondly, there are Select Committees chosen by ballot or otherwise 
 for some specific purpose—the numbers composing such bodies seldom exceed 
 twenty or thirty members; occasionally these are declared Committees of Se¬ 
 crecy. Thirdly, Committees on private Bills. 
 
 Crown. —The prerogatives and functions of the Crown may be summed up 
 under the following heads :—To give or refuse to bills the “ Eoyal Assent; ” 
 to cause the due administration and execution of the laws: to act on behalf 
 of the whole community in its intercourse with foreign States, and as 
 part of that right, to declare war or conclude peace; to direct the naval and 
 military force of the country; to administer the public revenue; to prorogue or 
 dissolve Parliament; to create peers; and to coin money. 
 
PARLIAMENTARY VOCABULARY. 
 
 21 
 
 Executive. —The following comprise the principal departments of the executive 
 government:—The Treasury, the Admiralty, the War Office, the Ordnance, the 
 Home Office, the India Office, the Colonial Office, the Board of Trade, the 
 Foreign Office, the Board of Works and Public Buildings, the Mint, the Office 
 of the Privy Seal, the Office of the Duchy of Lancaster, and the Irish Office. Those 
 offices which are principally or exclusively occupied with the collection of the 
 public revenue are the Customs, the Excise, the Stamps, the Post Office, the Of¬ 
 fice of Assessed Taxes, the Crown Lands, etc. The public functionaries to whom 
 the conduct in chief of these several departments is entrusted, together with the 
 great officers of the royal household, constitute what is termed the Ministry or 
 Administration. The chief officers of the Customs, Excise, Stamps, and Taxes, 
 are exceptions ; they do not go out of office on changes of the Administration. 
 
 Parliament. —The two Houses convened by royal authority, and acting jointly 
 with the Crown, constitute the Legislature or Parliament; and its acts are 
 called indifferently “ Statutes ” or “ Acts of Parliamentthey have the full 
 force and effect of law. The power of Parliament is held to be transcendent, 
 and subject to no limitation whatever. An Act of Parliament binds every sub¬ 
 ject, and even the Sovereign, when specially named therein; and no authority 
 less than that of Parliament can dispense with or abrogate a statute. 
 
 Privileges of Parliament. —The privileges of the Members of Parliament are 
 freedom of speech and person, including freedom from legal arrests and seizures 
 under process from the courts of law or equity; this, however, does not extend 
 to indictable offences, to actual contempt of the courts of justice, or to pro¬ 
 ceedings in bankruptcy. Members of Parliament are exempt from serving 
 the office of sheriff, from obeying subpoenas, and serving on juries. Every 
 member can introduce one person every day, to the strangers’ gallery. 
 “ Privilege of Parliament ” continues to Peers at all times, and to Commoners for 
 a “ convenient” time after prorogation and dissolution. 
 
 Session.—' The term session, applied to the sittings of any public assembly, 
 would be generally understood to signify the period during which they sat 
 without any intermission or recess; but in Parliamentary language it lias a 
 more extensive signification. Unless Parliament be prorogued, the session is 
 not closed. The House of Commons takes care to limit to one year the duration 
 of certain Acts of Parliament, such as the Mutiny Act, all statutes authorising 
 the levy of taxes, etc., without which the government of the country could not 
 be carried on, and the Crown, therefore, is compelled to resort to an annual 
 assemblage of Parliament, which usually takes place in the beginning of Febru¬ 
 ary, though special circumstances may sometimes lead to the appointment of an 
 earlier period. Fourteen days at least, but generally thirty or forty days pre¬ 
 vious to the intended meeting, a proclamation is issued by the Crown, com¬ 
 manding the attendance of the Lords and Commons, usually at Westminster; 
 but it may be at any place within the United Kingdom. The Houses being 
 assembled, the royal speech is delivered, and the session commences. 
 
 Speaker of the House of Commons (Duties of.) —This great officer must have 
 been anciently the organ or spokesman of the House of Commons, although in 
 modern times he is only occupied in presiding over their deliberations. Among 
 the duties of the Speaker are the following:—to read to the Sovereign petitions 
 or addresses from the Commons, and to deliver, in the Royal presence, whether 
 at the Palace or in the House of Lords, such speeches as are usually made on 
 behalf of the Commons; to manage in the name of the House, where counsel, 
 witnesses, or prisoners, are at the bar ; to reprimand persons who have incurred 
 the displeasure of the House ;-to issue warrants of committal or release for 
 breaches of privilege ; to exercise vigilance in reference to private bills, especially 
 with a view to protect property in general, or the rights of individuals, from un¬ 
 due encroachment or injury ; to express the thanks or approbation of the Com¬ 
 mons to distinguished personages ; to control and regulate subordinate officers; 
 to adjourn the House, and to appoint tellers on divisions. The Speaker must 
 abstain from debating, unless in Committees of the whole House. 
 
 Speaker of the House of Lords. —The Lord Chancellor is the keeper of the 
 great seal, apd by virtue of that offipe becomes Speaker of the House of Lords. 
 
22 
 
 GENERAL RULES EOR WRITING. 
 
 GENERAL RULES EOR WRITING. 
 
 28. In locating words with respect to the line the writer should 
 study convenience in preference to adhering strictly to the rule of 
 vowel-position. If the reporter should commence such words as 
 have outlines of their own , (no other words being written by the same 
 consonant skeleton form,) for instance, such words as derive, dog¬ 
 matic, Trafalgar, etc., in the first position, and discipline, newspaper, 
 Peterborough, etc., in the third position, in accordance with their ac¬ 
 cented vowels, the inconvenience in writing would not be counter¬ 
 balanced by greater ease in reading. It is only in words of one or 
 two strokes, whose outlines are liable to interfere with each other, 
 that we need take advantage of the rule of vowel-position; and this is 
 rarely the case in words containing three or more stroke-consonants. 
 In the case of outlines containing only one or two consonants, which 
 are used for several words,—as lie, lay, loo; par, pare, power ; 
 pile, pail, pool, —the three positions should be used. 
 
 29. In words having a vowel before and after a single consonant, 
 both should be written if possible; if only one can be written, the 
 accented one will afford the best clue to the word; thus, x obey : 
 ^ in the third position (with the vowel joined) is enough for idea. 
 
 30. In words containing two or more consonants and vowels, the 
 
 initial or final vowel, whether accented or not, ustially affords the 
 greatest facility in reading; as, U atom, 'L attack, emollient, 
 '\fZpillow. This rule does not apply to outlines in which the method 
 of writing the first or last consonant indicates a preceding or follow¬ 
 ing vowel; as erect, ) p esculent, argued, folly. 
 
 31. It will be found expedient to adhere somewhat closely to the 
 rule for halving the letters, {Manual, par. 90,) adding t only to the 
 thin consonants when shortened, and d to the thick ones. Bright , 
 plied, should, therefore, be written thus; ^ bright, ^ plied. 
 Exceptions are, of course, allowed in the past tense of verbs ending 
 in t; as j/^ darted. The past tense of a verb that is expressed 
 by a logogram, or by a contracted outline, may usually be written in 
 the same way as the present tense; thus, the phonograph \ br , 
 may represent both remeynber and remembered, / /N \ represent and 
 represented. The d may be added separately, or the word may be written 
 in full, in any such case, for greater clearness; thus, \ or c,— 
 
GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING. 
 
 23 
 
 glorified. Logograms which represent the whole of the consonants 
 
 in a word, should be shortened for the past tense; as, apply, 
 ^ m 1 
 
 applied, caution, cautioned. 
 
 32. The dot for the prefixes con, com, and the adverbial termin¬ 
 ation ly, may sometimes he omitted without danger of illegibility. 
 It will he found more convenient to join the l for ly, whenever it forms 
 an easy angle with the preceding letter, as in the words utterly, 
 Y^~ idly. In the following and a few other words the dot for the 
 prefixes con and com may generally be omitted with safety. 
 
 Combine 
 combined ^ 
 combination 
 commandment n, 
 communicate — 
 company 
 
 comparative V 
 comparatively 
 complete \ 
 compliment Va 
 conceive 
 concern-ing 
 concerned 
 concert ^ 
 conclude <=- 
 conclusion ^ 
 condensation J, 
 
 confidence j 
 
 consonant 
 
 conjecture 
 
 consonantal Q —'f 
 
 conscience 2_s> 
 
 constant ^ 
 
 conscientious <Ly 
 
 constancy J 
 
 conscientiousness^ 
 
 oC_£> 
 
 contain J 
 
 consciousness o<^s> 
 
 contained J 
 
 consequence Q ~v> 
 
 contains J 
 
 consequent 0-3 
 
 contemplate 
 
 conservative 
 
 contemplation 
 
 consider ^ 
 
 continual 
 
 considered 1 
 
 continue 
 
 considerable ^ 
 
 contracted ']_^ 
 
 consideration ^ 
 
 contrariety \/\ 
 
 consist 9 
 
 contrary 
 
 consistence 
 
 convenience V^_p 
 
 consistency 
 
 convenient 
 
 consistent ^ 
 
 conversation ^ 
 
 33. As a general rule for contractions, when a word extends to 
 more than three strokes, (or even two, if the outline is not used for a 
 common word, and the rapidity of the speaker requires it,) the latter 
 part of the word, (and sometimes the commencement, or a medial 
 consonant,) may be omitted ; thus, in writing the names of the months, 
 the reporter may, as in longhand, contract January to ^ February 
 
24 
 
 GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING. 
 
 to^-N^etc. In reporting lectures or speeches on special topics, wherein 
 a term or phrase may be expected to occur frequently, the reporter will 
 find it advisable to prepare contractions for the occasion, (or extemporise 
 them when reporting,) on the principle of those given in pp. 36-38 and 
 58-63. Generally, the plural termination merits may be written mis. 
 
 34. The vowel, or con dot, marked in italic in the first of each pair of 
 the following words (and a few others which the reporter will meet with 
 in his practice), should always be written, in order that the first word 
 may not be read for the second, which may he left unvocalized :— 
 
 abstract-ion, obstruct-ion 
 achromatic, chromatic 
 acorn, corn 
 adamant, diamond 
 adapt, adopt 
 address, dress 
 
 administration, demonstration 
 advance, defence 
 adventures (dvntrs), defenders 
 advocate, defect 
 afore, fore 
 
 aliment 1, element 2. (The 
 vowel of the first word should 
 be inserted, notwithstanding 
 the difference of position, 
 marked by the figures.) 
 anomaly, animal 
 annual, only 
 
 antechristian, antiehristian 
 anterior, interior 
 apathetic, pathetic 
 appurtenant, pertinent 
 apologue 1, epilogue 2 
 apportion, portion 
 apposite, opposite 
 apposition, opposition 
 appraise, praise 
 approbation, probation 
 approximate, proximate 
 Armenian, Arminian 
 army, arm 
 attempt, tempt 
 avocation, vocation 
 clannish, clownish 
 competence, pittance 
 competition, petition 
 composition 3, position 3 
 comprehend, apprehend 
 
 concession, session 
 concord, accord 
 concordance, accordance 
 condescend, descend 
 congregation, aggregation 
 contemporary, temporary 
 continuity, tenuity 
 devotion, division 
 eighteen, ten (figures are safer) 
 else, less (In phr. write else 
 effect, fact [down, less up.) 
 endned (join il), endowed 
 exorcise, exercise 
 expiate, except 
 extricate, extract 
 exaltation, exaltation 
 failings, feelings, 
 farrier, farrier 
 immigration, emigration 
 incautious, noxious 
 inefficacious, infectious 
 innovation, invasion 
 lad y, lad 
 liar, lawyer 
 
 loss, laws 
 
 lost, last 
 Maria, Mary 
 
 monarchy, monarch " \_ 
 
 monkey, monk 
 note, nature (gram, nt) 
 obsolete, absolute 
 pocket, packet 
 snow, sun 
 
 sulphite, sulphate, etc. 
 vesture, visitor 
 voluble, valuable, available 
 voracity, veracity 
 
SIGNIFICANT MARKS. 
 
 25 
 
 35. Positive and negative words that begin with it, im, in, ir, should 
 he distinguished by doubling the lirst consonant; but words in ir are 
 written according to the rule of the upward and downward r ; thus : 
 
 legal 
 
 illegal 
 
 legible ^ illegible 
 
 mortal immortal 
 
 moral 
 
 immoral 
 
 mortal immortal 
 
 noxious innoxious^^ - ^? 
 
 rational irrational'N^r"" - 
 resolute irresolute ’ 
 
 Write both the downward and upward r in the negative when the 
 downward letter does not produce a good joining. 
 
 86. In phrases, unimportant words, such as the, of, or, etc., may 
 be omitted when their expression is inconvenient; thus, (J on (the) 
 
 other hand, _ for (the) sake (of), in (the) way, V) two 
 
 (or) three. See more or less, and other examples, in the Phrase Book. 
 
 SIGNIFICANT MARKS. 
 
 37. When the reporter is uncertain whether he has written the 
 proper word, not having heard it distinctly, he should strike a circle 
 round the word, or place a cross under it. If a word has been lost to 
 the ear a caret should be made under the line to denote the omission. 
 If part of a sentence should be thus lost, the same mark may be 
 made, and a space left proportioned to the number of words omitted. 
 
 38. The letters nh (not heard), in longhand, may mean that, to the ex¬ 
 tent of a sentence or more, the speaker was not audible to the reporter. 
 
 39. An inclined oval, thus ^(nought or nothing), may indicate 
 that the reporter has failed to secure a correct report of the sentence. 
 
 40. The letters ks (continued speaking), in longhand, may be used 
 to signify that at this juncture the reporter ceased to take notes. 
 
 41. The mark )( in the left-hand margin means error on the part 
 of the speaker, on which it may be necessary to comment when tran¬ 
 scribing. 
 
 42. A perpendicular mark in the left-hand margin may be used to 
 point out an important sentence or paragraph, such as the heads, or the 
 principal points, of a speech, lecture, or address. When the mark is 
 
26 
 
 SIGNIFICANT MARKS. 
 
 intended to apply to only one line of writing, tlie perpendicular 
 stroke should be waved. This reference mark is useful when a ver¬ 
 batim report is taken, and only a condensed report will be required. 
 
 43. Two strokes thus mark the end of a speech, or the conclu¬ 
 
 sion of each head in sermons. A quotation from Scripture, etc., known 
 to the reporter, need not be written at length. The commencing and 
 concluding words, with a long dash between, will be sufficient. 
 
 44. When reporting the examination of witnesses, a small space 
 should be left between the question and the answer; and the phono¬ 
 graph for ch, Written twice the usual length thus, may divide the 
 
 answer from the succeeding question. Some reporters write the 
 question at the left-hand edge of the page, and keep the answer within 
 a margin. This plan is very convenient for reference. Let the name 
 of each witness form a fresh heading, and be written in longhand, the 
 distinctive character of which increases the facility of reference to the 
 notes. The name of the examiner placed under that of the witness 
 may be written in Phonography. If the judge or other person in¬ 
 terferes and asks a question, the name of the interrupting party 
 should precede the question. If he asks several questions, his name 
 need not be repeated after the first; but care must be taken to insert 
 the name of the original examiner when he resumes his interrogations. 
 When a document is put in, write ,f document ” between parentheses, 
 
 thus ^1 —When a document is put in and read, write (LA) 
 
 45. A long slanting stroke, as in the last paragraph, may be em¬ 
 ployed to denote the repetition of certain words, instead of writing 
 them every time they occur, such as the well-known “ whatsoever 
 things are ” in Philipjrians 4. 8, which are repeated six times. After 
 the words have been written once, underscore them, and write a long 
 stroke every time they occur. 
 
 46. Signs of Approbation, Dissent, &c. —The following words, 
 
 interjected by the audience, or descriptive of their feelings, should 
 be enclosed between parentheses of a large size. hear, 
 
 hear, hear, no, N — no, no, sensation, 
 
 2^9-- applause, 7 chair, cheers, laughter, uproar, 
 
 ^ hisses. In describing the kind of applause, laughter, etc., the 
 
TRANSCRIPTION OF REPORTS. 
 
 27 
 
 adjective should be written last when reporting. Thus, what the 
 reporter, when writing out his notes, would describe as “ loud and 
 
 continued applause ” should, to save time, be written 
 
 ! - l-^l 
 
 in reporting, for he will not know that the applause is continued till 
 it has lasted for some time. 
 
 REPRESENTATION OF FIGURES. 
 
 47. Figures should generally he represented by the ordinary Arabic 
 
 numerals. Although in some instances they are not quite so brief 
 as the words phonetically written, they are somewhat more legible, 
 and their distinctive character renders them conspicuous amidst the 
 general writing,—a great advantage when notes have often to be 
 referred to. 'When, however, several noughts occur, the number 
 represented by them should be expressed in Phonography, thus: 
 30 44 ^-7° ; rather than 30,000, 44,000,000. “Thousand 
 
 pounds ” should be expressed by words, thus : 150 — £150,000; 
 
 1,500 = £1,SIX),090. This saves the writing of the three 
 
 noughts at the end, and the £ at the beginning. In rapid reporting 
 the following shorthand letters, written close to the figures, will be 
 
 found useful : v_y hundred , ( thousand , /-n million , ( hundred 
 
 thousand , hundred million , \ billioyi; as, 3^ 3,000, 
 
 5^ 500,000, 1^^ 100,000,000, 3/^ 3,000,000, 7 ^—. 
 
 700 , 000 , 000 , 1 \ 1 , 000 , 000 , 000 . 
 
 48. In reporting sermons, indicate the Book or Epistle, Chapter, 
 and Verse, in quotations from the Scriptures, thus :—Place the figure 
 for the Book or Epistle in the first position, for the Chapter in the 
 second position, and for the Verse in the third position. By this 
 method the book, chapter, and verse may be written in any order 
 by means of the figures only, and without danger of ambiguity. 
 
 TRANSCRIPTION OF REPORTS. 
 
 49. Longhand Abbreviations. —Phonographic reporters look 
 forward to the arrival of that happy period when, by the general 
 diffusion of Phonography, compositors will be able to set up from 
 shorthand copy. In the mean time the great labor of transcribing re- 
 
28 
 
 TRANSCRIPTION OF REPORTS. 
 
 ports may, to some extent, be shortened by a judicious use of long- 
 hand abbreviations. Nearly all the contractions given in the following 
 list are known in almost every printing office, and their use will save 
 much time in longhand writing, without impairing the legibility of 
 the “ copy.” In writing out reports frequently for the same com¬ 
 positors, abbreviations may be more freely used, and the reporter may 
 slightly increase the number of contractions on the model here given. 
 He is recommended to be somewhat sparing in their use, for it is an 
 impediment to speed to keep up two habits of writing the same word , 
 in the same character. In all cases the commencement of the word 
 
 abbreviated should be the same as in ordinary writing. The letters that 
 follow the omitted part of a word should be written a little elevated. 
 
 b n , been 
 
 Ch n , Chairman 
 
 Com t , Committee 
 
 c d , could 
 
 df l , defendant 
 
 ev 9 , evening 
 
 f, for 
 
 f m , from 
 
 gr‘ , great 
 
 h , have 
 
 hon, honorable 
 
 how r , however 
 
 m t9 , meeting 
 m* , might 
 m 9 , morning 
 o, of 
 
 pl l , plaintiff 
 pr, prisoner 
 r n , resolution 
 sh, shall 
 sk d , should 
 t, that 
 /, the 
 wh , which 
 
 w, with 
 w t , without 
 w d , would 
 y r , your 
 g raised, termina¬ 
 tion ing 
 
 n raised, termina¬ 
 tion ation, ition, etc. 
 b y , terminat. lility 
 m l , „ ment 
 
 t ee „ tance 
 
 and 
 
 50. An angle, thus | , larger than a phonographic dg, may be used, 
 
 when revising a report for transcription by another person, to signify 
 the commencement of a paragraph. The compositor may be directed 
 not to make a paragraph, when there is one in the copy, by writing “ go 
 on ” in the vacant space of the concluding line of the paragraph. 
 
 51. Words that are to be printed in italic must be underscored with 
 a single line ; for small capitals two lines are drawn underneath, and 
 for large capitals three lines. In revising longhand “ copy ” for the 
 press, to show that the initial letter of a word that is written with a 
 small initial letter is to be printed with an initial' capital, draw two 
 lines under it, thus ^ If a whole word is to be printed in italic 
 capitals draw a single line underneath, and write “ caps ” at the 
 Commencement. A manifold writer, or a copying press, may be used 
 when two or three copies of the same report are required. 
 
29 
 
 WORDS ENDING IN “ L ” AND “ R.” 
 
 SECRET OE RAPID LONGHAND WRITING. 
 
 52. A reporter should be able to write out a verbatim transcript of 
 his notes at the rate of thirty words per minute in longhand; some 
 persons can write forty. The secret of writing longhand rapidly 
 and legibly is to move the whole hand* and not the fingers only, with 
 each stroke of the pen. Nearly all persons use the little finger as a 
 fixed prop, and in forming the letters move only the first two fingers 
 and thumb; when the fingers will stretch no further the hand is 
 shifted over a space of from half an inch to an inch, three or four let¬ 
 ters are written, and the hand is again moved. The hand thus makes 
 a series of jumps, and, unless slowly executed, the writing generally 
 shows great irregularity in the distance and inclination of the letters. 
 To write rapidly, and at the same time well, the arm, hand, and fin¬ 
 gers should move simultaneously. The middle of the forearm should rest 
 lightly on the table or desk, and the hand, resting lightly on the end 
 of the outside edge of the little finger, should glide over the surface of 
 the paper as each letter is formed. The wrist must not touch either 
 the paper or the desk. The pen should not be lifted until each word 
 is finished, and the w r riter should seek to acquire such a command of 
 hand that he could, if needful, write a whole line of words (except 
 the dotting of i,j,) without taking the pen off the paper. 
 
 WORDS ENDING IN L AND R. 
 
 53. The following tables, containing all the w r ords (except proper 
 names, and words commencing with the com and con dots) written 
 with two-stroke outlines, the second stroke being either l or r, will be 
 useful in reading unvocalized reports. The w r ords printed in italic 
 (called outline words) may be left unvocalized. In all others, the 
 vowel of a monosyllable, or the final vowel of a dissyllable, should be 
 inserted, if time permit; if not, the sense or the tables will assist in 
 discovering the word. The downward l may be employed to distin¬ 
 guish those words, in the first column, that are enclosed in' []. They 
 are dissyllables ending in l, and the downward l affords a better op¬ 
 portunity of vocalizing them, in accordance with paragraph 147 
 Manual of Phonography. In reporting, such words will be known 
 by their outlines, without vocalization. 
 
30 
 
 WORDS ENDING WITH L. 
 
 WORDS ENDING WITH L. 
 
 PI, \f' 1. happily, appall, pall, 
 pile 
 
 2. pale, pail, pole, poll, opal 
 
 3 . appeal , peal, peel, pill, pillow, 
 pool, pull, -pule, pulley 
 
 (Write haply with the upward h, to 
 distinguish it from happily.) 
 
 Bi, \r i- ball, bawl, belie, 
 bile, boil, bye-law 
 
 2. below, bail, bale, bell, bel¬ 
 low, belly, bowl 
 
 3. bill, billow, [bowel(s)],bull-y 
 
 Tl, \f^ 1. at law, tall, tallow, 
 
 tally, tile, toil 
 
 2. it will, ’twill, tail, tale, toll 
 
 $. tool, outlaw, outlay, [towel] 
 
 Bl, Ki. dally, [dial], doll, idol, 
 idle (join v in both), oddly 
 
 2. daily, dahlia, dale, delay, 
 dell, dole, dull 
 
 8. duly, deal, ideally, dooly, 
 [dowel, dual, duel, ideal (join 
 the v )] 
 
 ■Chi, 1. much will 
 
 2. which will 
 
 3. each will, chill, chilly 
 
 //, 1. July, jolly, agile 
 
 2. jail, jelly, jowl 
 
 3. gill, [jewel] 
 
 Kl, _ f 1. callow, caul, chyle, 
 
 2. coal, cole, cull, kail, kali [coil 
 
 3. cool, keel, key-hole, kill, 
 coolie, cowl 
 
 Gl, _ r 1. guile, gall, galley 
 
 2. gaily, gala, gale, goal, gull, 
 gully. .3. gill, gillie 
 
 FI, ^ 1. fall, file, foil, phial, 
 
 2. fail, fell, foal [awful 
 
 3. full, feel, fill, fool, fo"l, fuel 
 
 FI, 1. follow, folly, fallow 
 
 2. fellow, folio. 3. fully, filly, 
 n,y 1. vile, v.iol. 2. avail, vale, 
 
 3. vowel, avowal, veal [veil 
 n, \f 1. value, valley, viola, 
 
 2. vale (Lat.) ,3. villa [volley 
 Ml, r-f 1. my lord, mall,mallow, 
 mile, moil, maul [mole, mull 
 
 2. mail, male, melee, mellow, 
 
 3. meal, mealy, mewl, mill, mule 
 Nl, S '~7" 1- annual, annually 
 
 2. only, annul, inlay, knell, 
 nail, null, knoll. 3. anneal, 
 inly, kneel, newly, nil, nilly 
 LI, 1. loyal, loyally, loll 
 
 2. lowly, lull. 3. lily 
 
 Pd, 1. royal. 2- rail, roll 
 
 3. rule, real, reel, rill, rowel 
 
 PI, 1. rely, rally, royally. 
 
 2.railway,relay. 3. hourly, really 
 PI, 2. early, earl, aerial, 
 airily, oral, orally. 3. yearly 
 Wl, (f 1. wall. will,well, wai 
 
 Wl^/f 1.wallow,wily [3.wool-ly 
 2. waylay. 3. willow 
 Whiff X.while. 2. whale. 3. wheel 
 Whl, 1. awhile 
 HI, ^ 1. hall, haul 
 HI, ^ 1. hallow, hallo, hollow, 
 holly. 2. halo. 3. halloo 
 HI, 2. whole, hole, hell, hail, 
 hale,h ull. 3. heal, heel, hi 11-y ,ho w' 
 
WOEDS ENDING WITH R. 
 
 31 
 
 "WORDS ENDING WITH R. 
 
 Pr, 1. happier, par, pyre 
 
 2 . pair, pare, pear, payer, pore, pour 
 3. appear, poor, power, peer, 
 pier 
 
 Pr, N/ 1. parry, opera 
 
 2. perry, apiary. 3. pure (to 
 keep it distinct from poor) 
 Br, 1. ly your, bar, buyer 
 
 2 . hare, bear, boar, bore, burr 
 
 3. beer, bier, boor, bower 
 
 Br, Vi . hy our, barrow, borrow 
 berry, bewray, borough, bu¬ 
 reau, burrow, bury 3. bowery 
 Tr, 1. at your, attire, tar, tire 
 
 2 . tare, tear (to rend), tore 
 
 3 . tear (from the eye), tier, 
 tour, tower, outer [2. tory 
 
 Tr, \y 1. at our, tarry, tyro. 
 
 Br, 1. dire, dyer [dower 
 
 2. adore,dare,door. 3.deer,doer 
 Dr, [/ ] . diary. 2. dairy, dory 
 
 3. diarrhoea, dowry 
 Chr, ^ 1. char (to burn) 
 
 2 . which were,, char {gsr, to 
 work), chore 
 
 Chr, Z.which are, chary,cherry 
 
 Jr, a-jar, gyre. 2. adjure, 
 
 conjure. 3. giaour {jour), jeer 
 Jr, // 3. jury 
 
 Kr, Y .car. 2. core,corps {/cor), 
 cur. 3. cower, cure 
 
 Kr, _/ 1. carry. 2. curry 
 
 Gr, 2. goer, gore 
 
 3. gear 
 
 Gr, _/ 1. augury. 2. gory 
 
 Pr, 1. far, afar, fire 
 
 2 . affair, fair, afore, fare, fir, 
 fore, four, fur. Z. fear, fewer 
 Pr, 1. fiery, farrow, foray 
 
 2 . fairy, ferry, furrow. 3 .fury 
 Pr, 3 a-vower, veer, viewer 
 
 Pr, W 1. ivory 2. aviary, vary 
 
 3. avowry 
 Shr, 1. shire 
 
 2 . share, ashore, shore, shower 
 (one who shows). 3. shear, 
 sheer, shower .(of rain), assure 
 Bhr, 2. sherry. 3. showery 
 Mr, r ^*~\ 1 mar, mir,e 
 
 2 . mare, .mayor, mower, myrrh 
 
 3. amour, immure, moor 
 
 Mr, 1. marrow, marry, 
 
 miry, morrow 
 2 . emery, merry 
 Nr, ^ 1 . in your , nigher, an- 
 noyer, noir 
 
 2. ne’er. 3. inure, newer 
 Nr, narrow 
 
 Pr, 1. lawyer, liar, lier, lyre 
 
 2 . allayer, lair, layer, lore, lower 
 
 3. al-lure, leer, lower (threaten) 
 Pr, y' 1. Lyra. 2. lory 
 
 Br, 2. rare, roar. 3. rear 
 
 Rr, “V 2. error. 3. arrear 
 Br, Y/ 1 • orrery. 2. Aurora 
 
 Hr, S I. hire. 2. her, hair , 
 hare, hoar. 3. hear, here 
 Hr, y' 1. harrow. 2. hurry, 
 hoary. 3. hero, houri 
 
32 
 
 REPORTING GRAMMALOGUES. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 \ 1 happy, 2 up, pay, 3 put 
 \> 2 possession, 3 position 
 \o 1 pass, 2 pays, 3 peace, piece 
 \ ] happen, 2 upon, open 
 ^ 1 happened, point, 2-opened, 
 \ 1 apply, 2 play [pound 
 
 'X 2 pray, 3 principle, principal 
 'x 1 particular, 2 opportunity 
 1 approve, 3 proof, prove 
 
 \ 1 by, 2 be, 3 to he 
 No 2 base, 3 abuse 
 \> 2 above 
 
 \ 1 combine, 2 been, 3 boon 
 \ 2 able, 3 belief, believe-d 
 V 2 able to, build-ing 
 *\ 1 liberty, 2 member, remem- 
 ber-ed, 3 number-ed 
 1 broad, 2 bread, bred 
 
 | 1 at, 2 it, 3 out 
 
 [ 1 at his, 2 it is, its, 3 itself 
 
 P 1 at all, 2 tell, 3 till 
 
 p 2 told, till it 
 
 'j 1 try, 2 truth, 3 true 
 
 1 1 tried, 2 toward 
 
 | 1 had, die, 2 do, day, 3 differ- 
 l 2 did [ent, difference 
 
 [ 2 advantage, 3 difficult 
 J 2 done, 3 down 
 J 1 had not, do not, 2 did not 
 ] 1 Dr, draw, 2 dear, 3 during 
 
 / 1 much, 2 which, 3 each 
 l 2 which is, 3 choose 
 l 2 which have, 3 chief 
 ^ 1 child 
 / 2 chair, 3 cheer 
 
 / 1 large, joy, 2 age 
 / 1 joys, 2 ages, 3 religious 
 J 1 join, 2 general-ly, 3 religion 
 </ 1 gentleman, joined, 2 gentle- 
 ] 1 larger [men 
 
 (j 2 generation 
 
 — 1 can> 2 come 
 _ 1 act, 2 could 
 
 —s 1 coin 
 
 —o 1 cause, because, 2 case 
 1 cannot, kind, 2 account 
 c — 1 call; 1 called 
 
 c— 1 Christian,. Christianity, 2 care 
 <r- 1 according to 
 
 c_. 2'equal-ly 
 
 1 quite 
 c_, 2 queen 
 q, 2 acquaint 
 
 — 1 go, ago, 2 give-n 
 _ 1 God, 2 good 
 
 —3 1 gone, 2 again, gain 
 c__ 2 glory, glorify-ied 
 e_ 1 glad, 2 gold 
 e- 2 great 
 
 1 off, half, 2 if, 3 few 
 
 1 after 
 
 V__2 father, 3 if there 
 Vj 1 often, 2 Phonography 
 ^ 1 find, 2 fund, found 
 'X 1 offer, 2' for 
 X^_3 for their, for there 
 
 2 from, 3 free 
 °^\3 further, from their 
 
 V. 2 have, 3 view 
 Vo 2 heaven, 3 even 
 1 over, 2 ever-y 
 ^ 2 very, 3 however 
 
 ( 1 thank, 2 think, 3 youth 
 
 < 1 thought 
 C 1 author 
 
 ^ 2 throw, 3 three, through 
 9 2 third 
 
 ( 1 though, thy, 2 them, they, 
 
 < 1 that, 2 without [3 thee, thou 
 (o 1 those, thyself, 2 this, 3 thus, 
 
 (q 2 themselves, this is [these 
 ( 1 than, thine, 2 then, 3 within 
 P 1 either, 2 other 
 } 2 there, their, they are 
 
ARRANGED PHONETICALLY. 
 
 33 
 
 1 as, has, 2 is, his 
 ) 1 saw, 2 so, us, 3 see, us e ( nonn ) 
 
 — 1 Scripture; <j- 2 secret 
 
 — 1 signify-ied 
 
 o 2 first; ) 1 sat, sight, 2 set, sit 
 P 2 as it, has it, 3 city, is it (is on 
 
 1 strong, 2 strength [the line) 
 
 2 such 
 
 O 1 as is (his, or has), has his 
 2is as (or his), his is 
 \ 2 special-ly, 3 speak 
 °\ 2 spirit 
 
 \ 2 has (as) to be, 8 is to be 
 2 several, 3 conceive 
 
 ; 
 
 Qs 
 
 1 
 
 as not, has not. 
 
 sent, 2 is not 
 
 
 2 
 
 send, sound 
 
 
 CT' 
 
 2 
 
 some; ^ 2 somewhat 
 
 c 
 
 2 
 
 soul, 3 seal 
 
 
 ) 
 
 2 
 
 was, 3 w r hose, 
 
 use (verb), 
 
 ) 
 
 2 
 
 eased, used 
 
 [ease, easy 
 
 J 
 
 2 
 
 shall, shalt, show, 3 she, wish 
 
 c J 
 
 2 
 
 shown; J) 3 sure; P 1 short 
 
 J 
 
 2 
 
 usual; 2 pl< 
 
 ^asure 
 
 1 me, my, 2 him, may 
 ^ 1 might, met, 2 meet-ing 
 ~ 1 mad, 2 made, mood 
 matter, 2 mother 
 ^Z> 1 myself, 2 himself, Miss 
 ^ 1 most, 2 must 
 
 1 important-ance, 2 improve, 
 improved, improvement 
 r-fr 1 impossible, 2 improvements 
 ^ 1 man, mine, 2 men, mean 
 o 1 mind, 2 may not, amount 
 1 more, 2 Mr, mere 
 
 ] 
 
 ~ 1 
 ^ 1 
 
 v_>l 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 v_9 1 
 2 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 in, any, 2 no, know, own 
 not, night, 2 nature 
 hand, 2 under, end [enter 
 neither, in their, 2 another, 
 information, 2 nation 
 influence, in his, 2 knows 
 opinion, none, known 
 nor, honor, 2 near 
 
 3 Rep. 
 
 ^ 1 language, owing, 2 thing, 
 young _ 
 
 C 1 law, 2 Lord, 3 allow 
 r 1 light, 2 let 
 2 latter, letter 
 /° 1 laws, 2 less, 3 allows 
 / 1 line, 2 loan, 3 lean 
 
 ^ 2 are, 3 onr, hour 
 ^ 1 or, 2 your, 3 year; “\ 1 art 
 ~^\2 order, or their 
 ^ 1 yard, 2 word 
 S 1 rise, 2 rose, 3 ours, hours 
 ^ 2 yours, 3 years 
 ''N 1 arch, 2 urge 
 
 2 we, way, away 
 2 weight, wait 
 1 wine, 2 one, 3 win 
 1 wines, 2 one’s, 3 wins 
 ^ 1 want, 2 went, won’t 
 C 2 will (verb), well, 3 will (noun) 
 
 c/i 
 
 why, 2 
 
 whether, 3 whither 
 
 0° 2 
 
 whence 
 
 ; C 1 while 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 ye; ^ 
 
 2 yet; 2 yes 
 
 / 1 
 
 high, 2 
 
 he; 2 holy 
 
 S 2 
 
 house 
 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 • • 
 
 Dots, a,an, . the, ah! . aye,eh? 
 
 Dashes. of, on, 
 
 ✓ 
 
 and 
 
 \ I ✓ 
 
 all, O, oh! owe, awe, ought 
 
 \ to, l but, ✓ should 
 \ two, too, s who 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 V A <"> 
 
 I, ay, a how, beyond, n you, 
 
 c _ 3 
 
 with, c when, what, 3 would 
 
 In Phraseography on, and (written up¬ 
 ward), but, are used only initially; and, an, 
 or a, medial or final, is — or |; I maybe 
 contracted to \ before k,l, m, kl kr, 61 , etc. 
 
34 
 
 ALPHABETIC 
 
 A or an, * 1 
 able, bl 2 
 able to, bit 2 
 above, bv 2 
 abuse, bs 3 
 according to, krd 1 
 account, lent 2 
 acquaint, kwnt 2 
 act, let 1 
 advantage, dv 2 
 after, ft 1 
 again, gn 2 
 
 age. j 2 
 
 ages, js 2 
 ago. 9 1 
 ah! * 1 
 all ' 1 
 allow, l 3 
 allows, Is 3 
 amount, mnt 2 
 an, • 1 
 and ' (up) 1 
 another, ndr 2 
 any, n 1 
 apply, pi 1 
 approve, prf 1 
 arch, rg 1 
 are, r (up) 2 
 art, r£(down)l 
 
 as, s (circle) 1 
 as his, ss 1 
 
 as has, ss 1 
 as is, ss 1 
 as it, st 2 
 as not, snt 1 
 as to be, sb 2 
 
 at, 1 1 
 
 at all, tl 1 
 at his, ts 1 
 author, 6r 1 
 away, w 2 
 awe y 1 p 
 ay (at,yes), 1 
 aye (e, ever) • 2 
 Base, bs 2 
 be, b 2 
 because, les 1 
 been, bn 2 
 belief, bl 3 
 believe, bl 3 
 beyond n 1 
 boon, bn 3 
 bread, brd 2 
 bred, brd 2 
 broad, brd 1 
 build, bid 2 
 building, bid 2 
 but | 2 
 
 REPORTING GRAMMALOGUES 
 
 LIST OE REPORTING GRAMMALOGUES. 
 
 by, b 1 
 
 Call-ed, kl}, kid 1 
 can, k 1 
 cannot, knt 1 
 care, kr 2 
 case, ks 2 
 cause, ks 1 
 chair, gr 2 
 cheer, gr 3 
 child, gld 1 
 chief, gf3 
 choose, gs 3 
 Christian (ad;'.)Arl 
 Christianity, 1 
 city, st 3 
 coin, kn 1 
 combine, bn 1 
 come, k 2 
 conceive, sv 3 
 could, led 2 
 Day, d 2 
 dear, dr 2 
 
 did, dd 2 
 did not, dnt 2 
 
 die, d 1 
 difference, d 3 
 different, d 3 
 difficult, df3 
 do, d 2 
 Doctor, dr 1 
 do not, dnt 1 
 done, dn 2 
 down, dn 3 
 draw, dr 1 
 during, dr 3 
 Each, g 3 
 ease, z 3 
 eased, zd 2 
 easy ,z 3 
 eh ? . 2 
 either, dr 1 
 end, nd2 
 enter, ntr 2 
 equal-ly, lew 2 
 even, vn 3 
 ever, vr 2 
 every, vr 2 
 Father, y<2r 2 
 few,/3 
 find,/?* <21 
 first, s£(loop)2 
 for, fr 2 
 for their,/r(?r3 
 for there, frdr3 
 found, fnd 2 
 free, fr 3 
 from, fr 2 
 fromtheir,fr<2/3 
 
 fund ,fnd 2 
 further, ixdr 3 
 Gain, gn 2 
 general, jn 2 
 generallj r ,jn 2 
 generation, jfn 2 
 gentleman/wtl 
 gentlemen jnt2 
 give, g 2 
 given, g 2 
 glad, gld 1 
 glory, gl 2 
 glorify, gl 2 
 glorified, gl 2 
 go,gl 
 God, gd 1 
 gold, gld 2 
 gone, gn 1 
 good, gd2 
 great, grt 2 
 Had, d 1 
 had not, dnt 1 
 half,/I 
 hand, nd 1 
 happen, pn 1 
 happened, pndl 
 happy, p 1 
 has, s (circle) 1 
 has his, ss 1 
 has it, st 2 
 has not, snt 1 
 has to be, sb 2 
 have, v 2 
 he, h (down) 2 
 heaven, vn 2 
 high,A(down)l 
 him, m 2 
 himself, ms 2 
 his, s (circle) 2 
 his is, ss 2 
 holy, h (up) 2 
 honor, nr 1 
 hour, r (up) 3 
 hours,rs (up) 3 
 house,As (up) 2 
 how a 2 
 however, vr 3 
 I V 1; if, y* 2 ’ 
 if there, fdr 3 
 important, mp 1 
 importance, mp 1 
 impossible, mps\ 
 improve, mp 2 
 improved, mp 2 
 
 improvement, mp2 
 
 improvements, 
 in, n 1 [mps 2 
 in his, ns 1 
 in their, ndr 1 
 
 influence, ns 1 
 information, n/nl 
 
 is, s (circle) 2 
 is as, ss (cir.) 2 
 ishis,ss (cir.)2 
 is it, st 3 
 
 is not, snt 2 
 is to be, sb 3 
 
 it, t 2 
 
 it is, ts 2 
 its, ts 2 
 itself, ts 3 
 Join, in 1 
 joined, jnd 
 jo J,j 1 
 3 °ys, js l 
 Find, knd 1 
 know, n 2 
 known, nn 2 
 knows, ns 2 
 Language, $ 1 
 large,.; 1 
 larger, jr 1 
 latter, Itr 
 law, 1 1 
 laws, Is 1 
 lean. In 3 
 less, Is 2 
 let, It 2 
 letter, Itr 2 
 liberty, br 1 
 light, It 1 
 line, In 1 
 loan, In 2 
 Lord, l2 
 Mad, md 1 
 made, md 2 
 man, mn 1 
 matter, mtr 1 
 may, m 2 
 may not, mnt 2 
 me, m 1 
 mean, mn 2 
 meet, mt 2 
 meeting, mt 2 
 member, br 2 
 men, mn 2 
 mere, mr 2 
 met, mt 1 
 might, mt 1 
 
 mind, mnd 1 
 
 mine, mn 1 
 Miss, ms 2 
 mood, md 2 
 more, mr 1 
 most, mst 1 
 mother, mdr 2 
 Mr, mr 2 
 
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY. 
 
 35 
 
 much, ch 1 
 must, mst 2 
 my, m 1 
 myself, ms 1 
 Nation, nfn 2 
 nature, nt 2 
 near, nr 2 
 neither, ndr 1 
 night, nt 1 
 no, n 2 
 none, nn 2 
 nor, nr 1 
 not, nt 1 
 number, br 3 
 O 1 1 
 
 of ' 1; off,/1 
 offer,/V 1 
 often, fn 1 
 oh ' 1 on 1 1 
 one, wn 2 
 one’s, tens 2 
 open, pn 2 
 opened, pnt 2 
 opinion, nn 2 
 opport unity ,prt'2 
 or, r (down) 1 
 order, rdr 2 
 or their, rdr 2 
 other, dr 2 
 ought * 1 
 our, r (up) 3 
 ours, rs (up) 3 
 out, 1 3 
 over, vr 1 
 owe 1 1 
 owing, y 1 
 own, n 2 
 Particular prt 1 
 pass, ps 1 
 pay, p 2 
 pays, ps 2 
 peace, ps 3 
 Phonography ,/n2 
 piece, ps 3 
 play, pi 2 
 pleasure, $r 2 
 point, pnt 1 
 position, ps-Jn3 
 
 possession, ps-fn2 
 pound, pnd2 
 pray, pr 2 
 principal, pr 3 
 principle, pr 3 
 proof, prf 3 
 prove, pro 3 
 put, p 3 
 Queen, kwn 2 
 quite, kwt 1 
 Religion, yh 3 
 religious, js 3 
 rememberer 2 
 remembered, br 2 
 rise, rs- (up) 1 
 rose, rs (up) 2 
 Sat, st (stroke 
 s, half length.) 1 
 saw, s 1 
 Scripture, skr 1 
 seal, si 3 
 secret, skrt 2 
 see, s 3 
 send, snd 2 
 sent, snt 1 
 several, so 2 
 set, st (stroke 
 8, half length) 2 
 shall, / 2 
 shalt,/2 
 she,/* 3 
 short, frt 1 
 should, / (up) 2 
 show,/2 
 shown, fn 2 
 sight, st (stroke 
 s, half length) 1 
 signify, sg 1 
 sit, st (stroke 
 s, half length) 2 
 so, 8 2 
 some, sm 2 
 somewhat, smt 2 
 soul, si 2 
 sound, snd2 
 speak, sp 3 
 special, sp 2 
 spirit, sprt 2 
 strength, str2 
 strong, str 1 
 
 such, sg 2 
 sur e,fr 3 
 Tell, tl 2 
 than, dn 1 
 thank, 6 1 
 that, dt 1 
 the . 2 
 thee, d 3 
 their, dr 2 
 
 them, d 2 
 themselves, dss 2 
 
 then, dn 2 
 there, dr 2 
 these, ds 3 
 they, d 2 
 thine, dn 1 
 thing, y 2 
 think, 6 2 
 third, dr d 2 
 this, ds 2 
 this is, dss 2 
 those, ds 1 
 thou, d 3 
 though, d 1 
 thought, dt 1 
 three, dr 3 
 through,dr 3 
 throw, dr 2 
 thus, ds 3 
 thy, d 1 
 thyself, ds 1 
 till, tl 3 
 
 till it, tit 2 
 to N 2 
 to be, b 3 
 told, tld 2 
 too N 2 
 toward, trd 2 
 tried, trd 1 
 true, tr 3 
 truth, tr 2 
 try, tr 1 
 two \ 2 
 Under, nd 2 
 up, p 2 
 upon, pn 2 
 urge, rj 2 
 us, s 2 
 
 use (noun), 2 
 use (verb), z 3 
 usual, 3 2 
 Very, vr 2 
 view, v 3 
 Wait, wt 2 
 want, wilt 1 
 was, z 2 
 way, w 2 
 we, w 2 
 well, wl 2 
 went, wnt 2 
 what 3 1 
 when c 2 
 whence, whns 2 
 whether, wh 2 
 which, g 2 
 which liave,<?c 2 
 which is, gs 2 
 while, whl 1 
 whither, wh 3 
 who, r 2 
 whose, z 3 
 why, wh 1 
 will (verb), wl 2 
 will (noun), wl 3 
 win, wn 3 
 wine, wn 1 
 wines, wns 1 
 wins, wns 3 
 wish, f 3 
 with c 1 
 within, thn 3 
 without, dt 2 
 won’t, wnt 2 
 word, rd 2 
 would 3 2 
 Yard, rd 1 
 
 y e > y 2 ,, . „ 
 
 year, r (dn.) 3 
 years, rs (dn.)3 
 
 yes, ys 2 
 
 yet, yt 2 
 you n 2 
 young, y 2 
 your, r (dn.) 2 
 yours, rs(dn .)2 
 youth, 0 3 
 
 54. This list of words may at first sight appear a formidable task to 
 commit to memory. If the young reporter will take it in hand in 
 the following manner, all difficulty will disappear. With the. 150 
 grammalogues in the “ Manual ” which are included in the above 
 list, he is already acquainted; this list contains only 25 other gram¬ 
 malogues that need be committed to memory ; 18 which are contracted, 
 belief-ve, Christian-ity, generation, glory-ify-ified, holy, itself,larger, 
 liberty, ought, religion, religious, Scripture, signify , speak , special, 
 strength, strong , whither; and 7 which are exceptional as to position, 
 
 3 * Rep. 
 
36 
 
 LIST OF CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 approve, house, met, most, owing, sent, ye. All the other words in the 
 above list, such as able, bl in the second position, chief, c d f in the 
 third position, thy, d in the first position, etc., are single-stroke out¬ 
 lines that express all the consonants of the word, placed in position in 
 accordance with the rules given in the “ Manualand phrases formed 
 out of grammalogues. Five of the words in the second list, approve, 
 met , most, owing, and sent, are placed out of position to prevent their 
 clashing with prove, meet, must,young, send; and house,ye, are writ¬ 
 ten on the line for convenience. Instead of attempting to commit the 
 list to memory, the reader should write out the shorthand sign for each 
 grammalogue, in columns, as above, placing the longhand word after 
 it, and he will find that, except the 25 words already spoken of, and 
 the grammalogues given in the “ Manual,” (and indeed with respect 
 to most of the latter,) he will only have to write the consonants of each 
 word, and place the shorthand stroke in the first, second, or third 
 position, according to its vowel. Let the above table be written out 
 thus three or four times, and it will be sufficiently known to be used 
 in reporting. __ 
 
 LIST OF CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 IN ADDITION TO THOSE GIVEN IN THE “ MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY,” PAR. 179 
 (Words marked ( *) are written above the line.) 
 
 Administrate 
 administrator Us 
 administratrix [-n_d 
 advertise-d-ment ^ 
 agriculture-al r ~ r -— 
 anniversary Y 
 
 antagonist-ic-ism* 
 
 applicable Y_ 
 arbitration 
 archbishop X 
 assembly 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 astonish-ed-meat’ 
 
 a Cin ment 
 
 u 
 
 Aurora borealis 
 
 Bankruptcy 
 i .-ze-d 
 
 WVsm 
 
 benevolen 
 
 benign^ 
 
 Cabinet 
 Calvinism 
 capable \ 
 Captain* 
 
 celestial 
 chapter 
 characteristic * c 
 circumstance j”* 
 
 circumstantial 
 commercial * c ' 
 constitution-al (J 
 
 construction ^ 0) 
 contentment 
 
 contingency 
 
 controversy-sial ^ 
 covenant 
 
 CTOss-examine-d Q — 
 
 cross-examination 
 
 December K 
 defendant i 
 deficiency \^J 
 degeneration J 
 democrat UX- 
 
 1. In words ending in *action -ection etc., omit Jc when the outline thus 
 obtained is a convenient form, and does not interfere with any other outline. 
 
LIST OF CONTRACTED WORDS 
 
 37 
 
 demonstrate 
 description 
 deveiope-d-ment ^ 
 
 digui^-fied |_ 
 disadvantage ^ 
 disappointment 
 discharge Jb 
 disinterestedness 
 dissimilar J A 
 distinguish-ed 
 Ecclesiastic-&1 
 efficient-cy V_y 
 entertainment 
 episcopal-ian \— 
 
 esquire )_ 
 
 evangelical A 
 example* —6'~' N 
 exchequer 
 
 exchequer bill ^ 
 
 executor _ ^ 
 
 executrix — q -p 
 expenditure 
 expensive ^ 
 extemporaneous 
 extinguish 
 
 extraordinary ^ 
 extravagant ^ 
 Familiar 
 
 February 
 financial 
 friendship 
 
 generalization </ 
 Henceforth 
 
 holiness 
 
 Imperfect-ion ^N. 
 impracticable* 
 
 impregnable 
 imperturbable 
 improbable 
 incapable 
 inconsiderate 't 
 inconsistency 
 
 indenture* 
 independent-ce* ^ 
 
 indescribable 
 
 indefatigable 
 indigna^ ~— 
 indiscriminate'''”^_ 
 
 indispensable 
 individual* v '^- 
 inefficient -ly- cy 
 
 inform V '"" A '— 
 
 inscribe* 
 inscription* 
 insignificant* v —^— 
 insignificance* 
 
 inspect-ed-tion ' *\ 
 institute ' £ 
 insubordinate-tion A 
 insufficient •cy VJ ^y 
 intelligent ^ 
 intelligence a? 
 intelligible 
 intemperance^ - ]^ 
 investment 
 irrespective 
 
 Isaiah ]) 
 
 January 
 
 J nrisprudence o<^ 
 Lieutenant-Col 
 lieutenancy 
 Magazine — 
 magnet 1 ^,,* 
 majesty 
 
 manufacture 
 manufacturer 
 
 mathematic-s-al 
 
 mechanic-al — 3 
 
 melancholy 
 
 Methodism* '^ 7rx 
 
 metropolitan 
 
 misdemeanor A 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 mortgage* 
 
38 
 
 LIST OF CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 Non-commis 
 sioned offiec: 
 
 .sO 
 :;r j 
 
 nonconformist 
 nonconformity v —^ 
 November "A 
 Objective ^ 
 
 obscurity \_ 
 
 observation N y / 
 
 omnipotent-ee 
 omniprescnt-ce 
 omniscient-ce 
 organize-d ~\_j 
 original 
 
 orthodox-y \ 
 
 \ * 
 
 passenger / 
 
 Perforate NsA *> 
 
 perpendicular \/\ 
 perpetual-ly 
 
 perspective \/\ 
 philanthropy-ic v/* 7 
 plaintiff % 
 plenipotentiary 
 post-office 
 
 prejudice-cial ^ 
 preliminary °V^~ N 
 prerogative 
 
 Presbyterianism CN ^ 
 
 preservation Cx v y 
 professional 
 
 proficiency ^ 
 proportion-ed 
 proportionate 
 prospect-ive 
 
 Recognizance 
 regeneration ^ 
 relinquish 
 
 repugnant-ce •"'n— 
 resignation / 
 respective 
 respectively 
 responsible 
 resurrection, ^ 
 revenue /V 
 Savior 
 
 selfish-ness J) 
 sensibjljty. q \ 
 September 
 signification* Q “D 
 
 } 
 
 signify-ed ( * 
 significant-ce 
 
 
 singular l 2_/“ 
 somnambulism* 
 
 subscribe V 
 subservient 
 substantial 
 substitute ^sp 
 
 substituted ^ 
 
 sufficient ^_^ 
 
 superscribe ^— 
 superscription ° \ -i 
 
 superstructure 
 
 suspect "> j 
 
 suspicious 5 °\ 
 
 Tabernacle 
 temperance U 
 testimonial 
 thanksgiving O— 
 transcribe K 
 transcription <J~\^ 
 transmission 
 transubstautiatmn 
 tribunal 
 
 Unconstitutional ' s j]f 
 unexampled 
 unexpected-ly' " \ 
 unfavorable 
 uninfluenced*' 
 
 uninfiuential* 
 uninteresting 
 
 uninterrupted' 
 unquestionable-y'^'^T 
 
 unsatisfactory 
 
 unsubstantial 
 
 wonderful 
 
LIST OF SIMILAR WORDS. 
 
 39 
 
 LIST OF SIMILAR WORDS, DISTINGUISHED BY A 
 DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE. 
 
 hen tvjo or three words appear under one outline, they are distinguished by 
 position, marked by figures. Vowels marked in Italic should be inserted, 
 even in Reporting. 
 
 Ppl 2 papal; 3 people, pupil; X^- papillae 
 
 ■ptbl 1 compatible; 2 potable; 3 computable ; ^ pitiable 
 ptt ^ 1 patted, potted, appetite ; 2 petted; 3 pitted, pitied; ''j potato 
 ptfc N — optic ; X poetic 
 
 pins ^ 1 appeteuce, competence ; 3 pittance; 'Xp 1 aptness ; 
 
 ptrf petrify; putrefy [2 pettiness ; 'y competency 
 
 ptrffcfn petrifaction; putrefaction 
 
 pirn ^ patron; pattern 
 
 pier X—I packer; 2 pecker, pucker, poker ; 3 picker; X—^epicure 
 pslr X 1 pastor ; 2 poster; Xj 1 compositor, 2 pastry ; pasture, 
 
 pfti X 1 passion, compassion ; 2 potion ; \} 1 option [posture 
 
 pfnt pi passionate; XX^ patient 
 pfns X passions; XX" -9 patience 
 
 pn \ 1 pan, pawn, pine, opine; 2 pen, pain, pun, open ; 3 pin; 
 
 1 company, piano; 2 penny, pony ; 3 peony, puny 
 pur 2 opener; 3 oppugner; pioneer; penury 
 
 pltn 1 platen ; 3 platoon ; ^ platina; X^J palatine 
 
 pltr X| 1 platter, plotter; XX" pelter;\X] 1 paltry, 2 poultry 
 
 plj pledge; X// 1 apology, 3 pillage 
 
 pljr pledger; plagiary ; X^? pillager 
 
 pis \f° 1 palace ; 3 police, appeals ; XX) policy [sade; 3 pellucid 
 p/st X placed; Xp 1 placid ; 3 pleased; X^ I palsied ; 2 palli- 
 plsmn placeman; policeman [sade 
 
 plfn X completion; X^- 5 compulsion, compilation 
 
40 
 
 LIST 07 SIMILAR WORDS. 
 
 pr/r 
 
 p 
 
 pint \ 1 plant, pliant; 2 plaint; ^^ planet, plenty; X° opulent 
 
 prps XXo 1 porpoise; 2 purpose; C \ perhaps, propose 
 prprt X\ appropriate; X^/j P ro P ei X5 propriety; 
 
 \/\/ purport 
 
 prprfn appropriation ; preparation 
 
 pretty; \y 1 part, Apart; 2 port, upright; X/j 1 party, 
 
 prtlc e ' s —- partake ; X/—• 1 operatic; 2 portico [3 purity 
 
 prtv comparative ; X/jj operative 
 prlnd X pretend ; X/'-' portend 
 
 prtns ^ pretence ; prettiness; X^pertness, uprightness 
 
 Aperture; *X| portray; 'XX] operator; X-^ porter; 
 parterre 
 
 fd ^ prude; X^ paired ; X/J 1 parody; 2 parade; 3 period 
 prdkfn X predication; X 2 production ; 3 prediction 
 prg 2 approach ; 3 preach ; X-^ 1 parch ; 2 perch, porch 
 prf/cfn Xtd perfection ; Xr 3 provocation 
 prfr X\^ proffer; XX prefer; X/X porphyry, periphery 
 prvs previous; X prophecy ; \y\o pervious 
 prs X 1 price ; 2 praise ; X_^ pierce ; XX peruse ; X/) 1 piracy ; 
 prsptv preceptive; X/X^ perceptive [2 pursue 
 
 prspr X prosper; perspire 
 
 prst X 2 pressed : 3 priest; presto poorest; \Xpurest; 
 prskt X- prosecute; X^“ persecute [X/j 5 pursuit 
 
 prskfn X— 5 prosecution ; XX^ 3 persecution 
 prsr Xr^ oppressor; piercer; \peruser ; XX)^ pursuer 
 
 prsmn Xr~^ pressman ; ^ press-money ; parsimony 
 
 prsn prison; \X~^ 1 parson,comparison ; 2 person ; 3 Parisian 
 
 prsnt Xnv present presentee; XX' personate; XX^ pursuant 
 
LIST OE SIMILAR WORDS. 
 
 41 
 
 prsl X/" parcel, parsley; parasol, perusal 
 
 prf ' S \J Prussia ; X/) Persia [ XX portion, apportion, Persian 
 
 prfn X^ oppression, Prussian ; \JP 1 apparition ; 2 operation ; 
 
 vrns X 1 prance, 2 prince ; N/ 0 3 appearance ; poorness ; 
 
 vrnss X princes ; ^ princess [X/^ -9 3 pureness 
 
 prls XX) prelacy ; XX pearls 1 paralyze; 2 perilous 
 
 Btf beautify; '^'^beatify [peerless, powerless 
 
 bglr 1 boggier; 3 bugler; X—-X”X beguiler 
 
 bs \) 1 bias; 2 abase; 3 abuse 
 
 bst X 1 biased; 2 best, boast; 3 beast; ^ beset, bestow 
 bndr 1 bindery ; 2 boundary ; X binder 
 blbr 1 blabber ; 2 blubber ; v\ belabor 
 blsm blossom; X/°~^ balsam 
 brb X bribe; \X\ barb 
 
 brbr X briber; X^^ bribery ; \/\X Barbary 
 
 brtn ^ 1 Brighton; 3 Britain ; 1 Britannia; 3 Brittany 
 
 brie X__ 2 break, broke ; 3 brick, brook ; bark, barrack 
 
 brkr X— breaker, broker ; \x barker 
 
 brd 1 broth; 2 breath ; X/^ birth 
 
 brfn X abrasion; X/? abortion ;\X aberration 
 
 brn X 1 bran 5 2 brain ; 3 brown; V, brawny, briny; 
 
 V 9 ! born,barren,baron ; 2 burn; 3 burin jX/^^ barony 
 brn d 1 brand; 2 brunt; \/> burnt; brunette; 
 
 \/~ baronet; brandy 
 
 brl XX barley ; barrel, burial; X^^- barely ; \j 'barilla 
 
 brlns X/ 9 brilliance ; X^ brilliancy ; X^""" 9 burliness 
 
 brr X^ l briar; 3 brewer; XX 1 briary; 3 brewery; 
 
 V' 1 barrier, borrower ; 2 bearer, borer 
 Tkt L 1 tact, attacked, talked; 3 ticket; ^—j etiquette 
 t&t 1 tossed ; 2 test, taste, toast; j> 1 tacit ; 2 testy, tasty; 3 outset 
 
42 
 
 LIST OF SIMILAR WORDS. 
 
 tnt J ] taunt; 2 tent, tend, attend, tint; 1 to-night; 2 tenet, 
 
 twenty ; 3 tenuity, continuity 
 
 tnr 1 tanner; 2 tenor, container ; 3 tuner ; tenure 
 
 trtr n 2 traitor; 3 treater'; [^/j Tartar; ^ torture; 
 
 * \/\/ territory, Tartary [terrify 
 
 trf 1 trough, contrive; \ trophy ; l/ 7 1 tarif; 2 turf; 1/V. 
 
 trst [ 1 contrast; 2 traced, trust; 3 triste; :> 1 atrocity; 
 
 2 trusty, trustee; ^ truest; tourist; tarriest 
 
 trjn Ij attrition, contrition; \/y contortion, tertian ; \? iteration 
 
 trn H train; _ / attorney; \/> 1 tarn; 2 torn, turn; 3 Tyrian, 
 
 tureen; tea-urn ; tyranny [3 truant; turnout 
 
 trnt 3 Trent; p Trinity ; j/> torrent, tyrant; \_>| 2 eternity, 
 
 Dtr l-j 1 daughter, auditor; 2 debtor; 3 doubter; ^ editor; 
 
 | ^ 1 auditory, dietary; 2 deter; 3 detour 
 dtrmn\ detriment; determined 
 
 dfns defence, deafness ; l defiance, diaphanous 
 
 
 dfr 1 2 defray ; 3 differ; V' 2 defer; 3 devour; I defier 
 dvrs ^ divers, adverse ; Is diverse, divorce 
 
 dstn 
 
 ^ destine; |o destiny; destination; (s^ distinction 
 
 dskvr J—discover; discovery 
 
 k 
 
 disease, disuse ( v .) ; 
 
 disuse (n.) ; ^ 1 diocess ; 3 decease 
 
 dsst diseased; ^ deceased [3 diminution 
 
 dmnfn |^-o 1 admonition; 2 damnation, dimension; domination; 
 
 dins \ /a dalliance; \^ s> dulness, idleness (join v ) 
 
 dlir |./ adultery; y\ idolatry; v- idolater, adulator, diluter 
 
 drns \s 1 dryness; 3 dearness; 1 adorns; 3 durance; 
 
 Grt l chart; charfot; //j charity [ direness 
 
 Jnt giant; agent; Jnts giants ; ^^giantess 
 
 jntl ^ gent<?<?l, gently, gentle; Gentile 
 
 jns J 1 joins; 2 Janus 3 genws,genius; ^agency; ^Genesis 
 
LIST OF SIMILAR WORDS. 
 
 43 
 
 Kpr \ 1 copper ; 2 caper; 3 keeper; ^ copier, occupier 
 
 ktr ^ 1 actor, cotter; 2 cutter; 3 accoutre; 1 actuary 
 
 cautery, 2 coterie ; catarrh 
 
 ktrs ^ actors, actress; ' ^ catcress; \? cauterise 
 
 kf —^ ] calf, cough, coif; 2 cuff; ^ cafe, coffee 
 
 kvlr 1 caviler; 3 cavah'or ; cavalry 
 
 ksprfn ^ expression; expiration 
 
 kstmr £~^customer; S/ customary 
 
 ks/crt —execrate ; —o—/ excoriate 
 
 -N # # ' O 
 
 kskrfn —s— excursion, execration; -— o —/ excoriation 
 lent —3 1 cant; 2 count, account; — w keynote; county 
 
 knts -o 1 cants; 2 counts, accounts; countess ; V ^ 1 0 counties 
 
 kntr —S country; ”1 canter; 2 counter 
 
 knd —o 1 kind; “7 Candy; Canada 
 
 kips °~\o eclipse; __ri”\o collapse 
 
 collator; .— S/ Caltura 
 colic, calico' 
 
 kltr C clatter; *^”1 culture ; 
 
 1 clock ; 2 cloak, click ; 
 
 1 climb ; 2 claim, acclaim; (S column, culm 
 climate; ^calumet; calamity 
 
 klk c - 
 lclm c. 
 klmt ( 
 
 claimant, clement; c —culminate; ri—calumniate 
 
 1 clan ; 2 clean, clown; _ri 3 colon; colony 
 
 corporal ; ' r— corporeal [_/] charta 
 
 1 accord ; 2 court; _/ 1 cart, carat; 2 accurate, 3 curate ; 
 
 krtr ^ carter; - S\ curator; c ^ Creator, crater; ^T^ereature 
 
 krdns J credence; accordance [courtier; C criteria 
 
 7 courage ; _ /J carriage 
 
 c-o crowned; c —1 cornet; —2 current; 3 courant; 
 
 coronet 
 
 krj 
 
 krnt 
 
 kwtns C ~^ quittance, acquittance; C ~\^ p quietness [. 
 knr ~\ gainer, gunner ; —ignore; — y / gunnery 
 yltn 2 glutton; 3 gluten; gluttony ; S] guillotine 
 
44 
 
 LIST OF SIMILAR WORDS. 
 
 grdn er^j> 1 garden; 2 guerdon ; 1 guardian, Gordian 
 
 grnt cr> ] grant ; 2 ground ; c—^ 1 granite ; — garnet ; 
 
 Fktr V rj factor; ^^ factory [__/^J guarantee 
 
 fvrd favored ; favorite 
 
 fns Vo, 1 fines ; 2 feigns; 1 affiance, finis ; 2 fence, offence 
 
 fnrl funereal; funeral 
 
 Jin flown ; fallen ; felon ; Ky^—' felony 
 
 fir 1 flier; 2 floor; 3 flower; flowery; \f ^ 1 follow¬ 
 er ; 2 failure ; Vy ^ foolery ; feeler, fuller 
 frtn Vy—' fortune; frighten ; Vy^f fourteen 
 frs ^ 1 offers; 2 phrase; 3 freeze; 1 farce; 2 force; 
 
 3 fierce; Vy^ furious ; Pharisee 
 frm c '\ r> frame; 1 farm, form, conform; 2 firm, confirm, 
 
 affirm; V/^ forum 
 
 frns furnace; C \_p freeness; V/ 0 conference; 
 
 frl CN y^’ 2 frail, furl ough\ 3 freely, free-will; 
 frwrd forward; froward [fairly, 
 
 Vdns evidence; voidance, avoidance 
 vnt Vi 1 vaunt; 2 vent,event,coravent; vignette ; 
 
 vtfn 1^0 1 violation ; 3 volition, evolution ; v^> valuation; 
 
 vlntr voluntary; volunteer [ convulsion 
 
 vlns violence,valance,; villanies, villainous; V-^viLeness 
 
 vrt CL convert; avert; virtue; Vy'j 1 variety ; 2 verity 
 
 fairness 
 
 farewell, 
 ferula 
 
 vanity 
 
 Sprt °\ spirit; ^\/ support, suppurate ; ^ separate; 
 
 as¬ 
 
 pirate ; 
 
 sprs 
 
 asperity [racy ; asperse 
 
 °\> suppress; sparse ; spurious ; \/) conspi- 
 
 sprjn °\> separation, suppression ; suppuration ; asper¬ 
 sion; aspiration, aspiration 
 
 si f 2 stay; 3 city ; ) 1 sight, sought, sat; 2 east, set, seat, sit, suit 
 
LIST OF SIMILAR WORDS. 
 
 45 
 
 stbl stable; ^ suitable 
 
 std P 2 stead,staid; 3 steed,stood; ^ steady,study ; j) seated,suited 
 
 stfn J* station; situation; ^ citation 
 
 stm stem, steam; 1 asthma; 2 esteem 
 
 sin 1 satin; 2 Satan ; 3 seton ; stone, stain 
 
 stlns 2 staleness ; 3 stillness; (^p subtleness , sightliness 
 
 str ^ stray ; 1 star; 2 stare, store; ^ story; satire; 
 
 ^ oyster, Easter ; austere, astir; ^ astray, Austria, 
 
 sea-water ; )/ history, estuary 
 
 stm strain; ^ stern ; Saturn; ^ eastern ; ^ Austrian 
 
 sds £ seeds, seduce; ^ Sadducee; ^ acids; ^ assiduous 
 
 sdrt ^ considerate; ^ considered 
 s st ^ assist; °) consist; ^ essayist; ^ society, siesta 
 smtr 6 "s ] smatter; 2 scymeter; 2 cemetery; 3 symmetry 
 
 snt 1 sent (to distinguish it from the present tense send ); 2 saint 
 j 1 sanity; 2 senate; ^ assent, ascent, ascend 
 sntr centre, senator; sentry; century [signees 
 
 sns q _9 1 signs, 2 sense ; assigns ; ^_9 1 science; 2essence; 3 as- 
 snr sinner scenery ; 2 snare; 3 sneer ; assigner 
 
 sltr £ psalter, slaughter ; solitary, salutary; ^ | sultry 
 
 srv serve, conserve, surf, seraph; survey 
 
 srmn “V-s 2 sermon, 3 cerumen; 
 
 ceremony 
 
 Erdl shrewdly; assuredly 
 
 Mpshnt(d) o impassioned; s~\) impatient 
 mfn motion, motion, mission, mission ; machine 
 mfnr r’y' missionary; machinery 
 
 mn 1 man; 2 men, mean ; 1 many; 2 money 
 
 mntrr —^ mentor ; mounter ; monitor; monetary 
 
 mnstr ,—^?1 monster; 2 minister; ministry ;^^/monastery 
 
 mrdr c —N murder; marauder 
 
 mrdrs g —p murders ; murderous; tr ^ murderess 
 
46 
 
 LIST OF SIMILAR WORDS. 
 
 inevitable 
 
 NdJcshn v_/— 3 indication ; induction, induction 
 
 ndfnt n- indefinite; 'Aj undefined 
 ndls ^ endless; needless 
 
 njns ingenious; h 
 
 nvd(t)bl S: unavoidable; 
 
 « ^ 
 
 nst 1 honest; 2 next {abbr.), nest; nasty 
 
 Lbrt laboured (adj.J; /'X/ elaborate 
 
 Ur latter, letter, lighter; lottery; / X] ultra 
 
 llcl /^-— local; z'" 1 likely; 2 luckily 
 
 Irnd learned {verb) ; learned ( adj .); learner 
 
 Rprfn repression ; /\? reparation 
 
 rtsns y/ \_p 1 righteousness, riotousness; 2 reticence 
 
 rbr robber; 2 rubber; robbery ; arbor 
 
 rtr S\ writer, rioter; Xj orator; retire; "x/ artery 
 
 oratory, oratorio ; rotary 
 
 rectory ; \_erector 
 
 rktr ^ 
 
 rector; 
 
 rv rave, rove; /X review; 
 
 reveille 
 
 arrive 
 
 rvl X 1 rival, revile; 2 revel; arrival; 
 
 rsm y^ resume; XK reassume 
 rsrs racers, rfesource; racehorse 
 
 rn y* 2 reign; iron; 2 rainy; 3 ruin; 
 
 ms y° rinse ; 1 rawness ; 3 ruinous; erroneous 
 
 rim rea l m ; relume; heirloom 
 
 rlr raillery ; 2 railer, roller; 3 ruler ; 
 
 rr 2 rare, roar, rower; 3 rear ; 'V'l orrery; 
 
 Wnd <s> wind, weaned ; c/^j window 
 Illnd (5 ^ / ° Holland, (the) Holy Land; ^ Highland 
 hmn /-^ 1 Hymen, human ; 2 humane; hominy 
 
 hrn ^ 1 horn ; 3 hereon; 1 horny; 3 herein ; heron; 
 
 heroine 
 
 [3 arena 
 1 irony; 
 
 earlier 
 2 error; 
 [3 arrear 
 
INTERSECTED WORDS. 
 
 47 
 
 Write the compound words here, there, where, joined to 
 
 
 at. 
 
 to, 
 
 of. 
 
 with. 
 
 in, 
 
 on, thus: 
 
 Here 
 
 
 
 
 -v 
 
 
 -V 
 
 There 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 l 
 
 l 
 
 L 
 
 3 
 
 Where 
 
 c/1 
 
 
 
 cA 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 INTERSECTED WORDS. 
 
 55. Official titles, names of public companies, and any words or 
 phrases that do not otherwise admit of easily written forms, may be 
 abbreviated on the principle of intersection, that is, by writing some 
 one prominent letter across another, as in the following examples. 
 When the positions of the letters do not admit of intersection, the 
 second letter is written under the first. 
 
 Capital punishment 
 
 Capt. Caxton j 3 
 Capt. Reynolds 
 Capt. Vivian 
 
 General Omnibus Company ^ 
 Great Western Railway 
 Gr. W. R. Company r-^f- 
 
 Professor Morgan 
 
 Professor Thomson 
 
 Col. Dixon cr {_ 
 
 Col. Johnson ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Eastern Counties Railway 'y <L f L ~ Saloon Omnibus (f? 
 
 East India Company Saloon Omnibus Company ^y 3 
 
 56. Until 1869, the outline rm was generally avoided by 
 
 phonographers, as liable to be mistaken for Itr, and all words 
 
 containing rm were written thus but it has been found, after 
 
 considerable practice, that it is safe to write the upward r before m. 
 Distinct outlines are thus provided for such words as arm, room ; 
 ermine, Roman; armada, remedy; Armenian, Roumanian, etc., by 
 writing the first word of each pair with the downward r, and the 
 second word with the upward r. No angle need be written between 
 the upward r and m in room., ream, etc.; but there should be 
 
 an angle between r and the half-length or double-length m; as in 
 
 remit, remained, remainder. 
 
48 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 57. The shorthand signs for phrases and sentences, are called, 
 Phraseograms. Phraseograms should never go too far helow the line 
 present difficult joinings, be too long, difficult to decipher, or liable to 
 be mistaken. In these cases, time will be saved by lifting the pen and 
 commencing afresh. The following List, though extensive enough 
 for ordinary reporting, is merely suggestive, not exhaustive. Addi¬ 
 tional phrases,—the List being extended to above two thousand,—are 
 given in the “Phonographic Phrase Book.” 
 
 LIST OF PHRASEOGRAMS, 
 
 IN ADDITION TO THOSE GIVEN IN THE “MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY,” 
 
 PAR. 180 . 
 
 ABOVE the, 
 ALL its 
 
 ABLE to make 
 
 and have done 
 
 all its bearings 
 all men V ^ > 
 
 and in 
 
 \ 
 
 and is not 
 
 and need not 
 
 and never 
 and that ^ 
 and the ^ 
 
 all that you can ^_ 
 
 all the * 
 all these r 
 
 and the contrary 
 and the present 
 AS far as 
 as good as o-o 
 
 all times 
 
 all your own 
 AND all ^ 
 
 and believe 
 
 and complained ^ 
 
 as many as possible 
 
PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 49 
 
 possible 
 
 1 
 
 as much as 
 as soon as Q3> 
 as soon as 
 as the ^ 
 as to ^ 
 
 ^riast V* (In at least insert 
 - the vowel.) 
 
 at their 
 
 at the present day 
 at some time 
 BY means of 
 by them ^ 
 by which they are ^ 
 COMMON-PLACE 
 BAY by day || 
 day after day 11 
 
 from day to day 11 (and so with 
 
 other similar phrases that admit o: 
 being thus written.) 
 
 FOR ever 
 for his 
 
 for his own sake — 
 
 for instance 
 for my own part 
 for the ^ 
 for the most part 
 for the purpose of 
 
 for the sake of Vn 
 
 4 Rep. 
 
 for this reason 
 
 V- 
 
 FROM me or my (In 
 
 from him insert the vowel of him.) 
 
 from the C 'V 
 HAVE had 
 have not 
 
 having regard to the 
 
 HE has been 
 
 he is (or has) not ^ 
 
 he would no doubt (Always 
 
 join the vowel in no doubt, to keep 
 it distinct from indeed. 
 
 HOW are a/' 
 how could you /a^ 
 how many of such 
 how must /v^ 
 how will they 
 I admit 
 
 I am glad ..^1 
 „ certain that you are 
 I am inclined to think 
 I am very glad „ 
 
 I believe V 
 I can V 
 I cannot do V J 
 I dare say V) 
 
 X did not ^ 
 
50 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 I expect N ^ 
 
 I fear you will liave A 
 
 \J K. 
 
 „ you will think me V a 
 I go N 
 Iliad 1 
 I had not ^ 
 
 I have been 
 I have been told 
 I have done 
 I have had many 
 I have indeed V, 
 
 I have said 
 
 I have suggested 
 I hope V \ 
 
 v\ / 
 
 I hope you are w 
 
 I hope you are satisfied 
 I hope you will V \/^ 
 
 1 know that you may 
 I know they will 
 
 I may (or am) _ 
 
 I may as well .. 
 
 I may be told that 
 I may not be ..JS 
 I may perhaps be v 
 I must be 
 I must see v ”^) 
 
 I need not v> ’~ 
 
 I need not point out 
 I never ^ 
 
 I shall J 
 I shall be ^ 
 
 I shall esteem 
 I shall not £ 
 
 I think ^ 
 
 I think it is impossible 
 I think so ^ 
 
 I think there is 1^ 
 
 I think there will 
 I w ill 
 
 I will not be A. 
 
 I will say 
 I will try 
 I wish it 
 
 o- 
 
 A 
 
 x_ 
 
 1 wish there 
 IF ever ^ 
 if it is said 
 if it be not ^ 
 if such 
 if that ^ 
 it the 
 
 if those who can 
 if there is A, 
 
PHRA.SEOGRAPHY. 
 
 51 
 
 if there is to he 
 
 TKT ''—4 
 
 IN a 
 
 '-aA 0 
 
 in all 
 
 in all respects 
 in all their 
 inasmuch as 
 in comparison with 
 in consequence 
 in fact 
 
 in its n 
 
 in like manner ~T 
 in my 
 
 in my opinion 
 
 in order to 
 in proportion 
 
 in reference to ^“^Vb 
 in regard to 
 in relation to 
 in respect to 
 in so many 
 insomuch as ^~2 
 
 in such y 
 
 in such a manner as 
 
 in support of 
 
 in the first 
 
 in the first instance 
 
 in the first place^^No 
 4 * Rep. 
 
 
 in the main 
 
 in the next place 
 
 in the second place '''~ a_Xv © 
 
 in the third place 
 
 in the last place 
 
 in the same '-g 
 
 in their -^ 
 
 n this country V 
 n this instance 
 
 n this neighbourhood 
 into the "^J, 
 in which it has appeared 
 IS to 
 is the /O 
 
 IT can |_ 
 
 it could not he 
 it has been o[^ 
 it has been suggested ^ 
 it is impossible 
 it is many 
 
 it is most certainly OTV' 
 it is most important that 
 it is my opinion 
 it is necessary that kp A 
 it is no 
 it is not so 
 
52 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 it is quite certain that you should 
 it is surely 
 
 
 it is said that ^ 
 
 it is well known 
 it may 
 
 it seems impossible J— 
 it seems to me 
 it would not be [ 
 
 \ 
 
 MY brother 
 my beloved friends 
 
 my Christian friends 
 my dear brethren 
 my dear friends 
 my dear sir 
 
 my dear sister a 
 my fellow citizens 
 
 my own opinion 
 / 
 
 mv Lord ^ 
 
 m 
 
 my text 
 OF Christ 
 
 of Christianity _ 
 of course it is v— £ 
 
 ,, „ it is not expected (L—^ 
 
 of course they will 
 
 of course it will not be 
 
 
 of his 
 
 of importance. 
 
 of it 'j 
 
 of its own '\^ 
 of life 
 
 of many of them 
 
 of such as have 
 of them ^ 
 of this (^, 
 of this subject ^ 
 of which ^ 
 of which it has been 
 of which it is to be said 
 of which it must be 
 of which you will 
 ON account of their ^ 
 
 v ^ 
 
 on his own 
 
 on my part 
 
 on the ^ 
 
 on the Committee A \ 
 
 on the contrary 
 
 on the course f—° 
 
 on the mode ^ 
 
 on the other hand d 
 
 on the present 
 
 on the part of K 
 
PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 53 
 
 -tr 
 
 I 
 
 'Y 
 
 '"Sr 
 
 T 
 
 on their own J) 
 on this account 
 on this point 
 SHALL be ^ 
 shall have ^ 
 
 SHOULD be able to 
 should have 
 should not do 
 should not have been 
 should not think that 
 should the -/ 
 should think, 
 
 SO as to ") 
 so as to be ^ 
 so as to receive 
 so many as 
 so that ^ 
 
 so that it is impossible ( 
 so the \ ^ 
 
 so there is 
 THAT have ^ 
 that is 
 
 that it may as well ( ^^~. 
 that such 
 that the 
 that they 
 
 that which has been 
 that you will have no 
 
 4 
 
 THE, as a short downstroke, 
 may be joined to 
 
 After 
 
 believe 
 
 neither 
 
 thus, to 
 
 all 
 
 b y 
 
 nor 
 
 towards 
 
 among 
 
 either 
 
 not 
 
 under 
 
 are 
 
 for 
 
 of 
 
 upon 
 
 as 
 
 have 
 
 send 
 
 were 
 
 be 
 
 if 
 
 should 
 
 when 
 
 because 
 
 in 
 
 that 
 
 where 
 
 been 
 
 is 
 
 think 
 
 with 
 
 being 
 
 make 
 
 this is 
 
 without 
 
 and, 
 
 as a short upstroke, to 
 
 Above 
 
 even 
 
 see 
 
 was 
 
 at 
 
 from 
 
 so 
 
 what 
 
 before 
 
 had 
 
 than 
 
 which 
 
 between 
 
 how 
 
 there 
 
 would 
 
 but 
 
 into 
 
 through 
 
 
 during 
 
 sa7 
 
 unto 
 
 
 The tick the ( / ) is not used be¬ 
 fore another word, but only when 
 medial or final. 
 
 THERE are V 
 there can 
 
 there could not be 
 there is ^ 
 
 „ could not have been 
 there is another point 
 there is another subject 
 
 
 there is no more 
 there seems to be 
 there were 3^ 
 there were some 
 there would be 
 
 "hf—* 
 
 
 THOSE who can L 
 
54 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 THOUGH there is 
 TIME to time 
 
 TO a great extent v-p (7k may 
 
 be joined to verbs beginning with 
 m, the upward l or r, the circle s, 
 or a letter of the kl, kr series.) 
 
 to as many as 
 
 to be able to • 
 
 to be able to make 
 
 to become >^.- 
 to be saved 
 to church 
 to do 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 to do something 
 
 to have 
 to it v 
 
 V 
 
 ) 
 
 to love 
 
 to many of those who 
 to me 
 
 to some v~\ 
 to the > 
 to them ^ 
 to think that 
 to those that 
 
 £ 
 
 to which 
 
 to which you are indebted 2/^\ 
 to you 
 
 UPON it ^ 
 upon its own 
 upon the ^ 
 
 WAS it 
 was not ^ 
 was the \ 
 
 WE are 
 we have 
 
 we may S' 
 we will 
 
 WHAT csnhe the reason^ \y^ 
 what could be \ 
 what could they \ 
 what may not, ^ 
 what the * 
 what were ^ 
 what were their 
 what were their reasons 
 WHEN the 5 : 
 when we 
 WHICH are 
 which are necessary 
 which are sufficient 
 which cannot 
 which has been 
 which has not been 
 
PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 55 
 
 which have not ,/, 
 which is (or has) ^ 
 which is (or has) not ^ 
 which is now 
 „ must not be considered 
 which receive 
 which was ^ 
 which were ^ 
 which were certainly 
 which were likely 
 which were not 4 
 which the / 
 which we, 
 
 which would be ^ 
 which you can 
 which you are ^ 
 which you are not 
 WHO are ^ 
 
 who can Z_ 
 
 who has been °<S 
 w r ho have been 
 who is £ 
 who is not 
 who may be '“N 
 who will r 
 who will not be 
 
 or 
 
 /£> 
 
 who were ^ 
 who would / 
 who would no doubt 
 who would not have ^ 
 
 who would not say 
 
 WILL these a, 
 will they ^ 
 
 WITH it ’ 1 ' 
 with its 
 
 with reference to 
 with regard to 
 
 <3 
 
 with respect to-- 
 
 with respect to the cS S -. 
 with such 
 with them C 
 with them that 
 with this 
 with which f 
 with which it has been "“S 
 with which it is not ^ 
 with which it must be 
 with which you may be ^ 
 
 WOULD be ^ 
 
 would come a _ 
 
 would do j 5 
 
 ( 
 
56 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 would have been X 
 would have to he 
 would it 
 
 r 
 
 would it be ^ 
 would make them 
 would no doubt 
 would not he satisfied 
 would not have said < 'V| 
 would see ? 
 
 would the 
 
 v 
 
 YOU are ^ 
 you are not n/> 
 you mention 
 
 you must recollect that ^^ l 
 
 you should ^ 
 
 you were 
 
 you will be certain 
 
 <"X\r, 
 
 you will' be sure to 
 you will have been 
 you will think it ^ 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PHRASEOGRAMS. 
 
 great extent r? 
 great many 
 hon. gentlemen 
 honourable member 
 hon. and lear. member 
 
 Absolutely necessary 
 
 because it is ^ 
 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer cry° 
 
 city of London [/^ J (and so with 
 
 other places.) 
 
 commercial freedom — 
 commercial speculation cr ~ £ \ 
 Corn Law 
 East Indies 
 
 Financial reform V/V. 
 free trade ^ 
 
 free trader "X 
 freedom of trade CN ^ / ] 
 
 V 
 
 °\ 
 
 great deal 
 
 
 hon. member for Bristol 
 House of Commons ^ 
 
 House of Lords 
 House of Parliament 
 
 hither and thither \ 
 income-tax V 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen 
 member of Parliament C ^ t \/ 
 
PHltASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 57 
 
 more and more 
 national expenditure ' v - > ^ 
 national reform 
 necessary consequences 
 
 Parliamentary Committee *\z / j 
 peculiar circumstances \—p 
 
 „ „ of the case 
 
 per annum 
 per cent \y^ 
 point of view 
 political economy 
 present circumstances 
 
 
 present state Xj p 
 prime minister 
 
 Reporter’s Companion 
 reporter’s notes /X^- 9 
 right hon. hart. 7 
 Secretary of State 
 till it has been 
 towards them ^ 
 
 United Kingdom — 
 universal happiness 
 
 vice versa 
 
 
 The following examples of words written without lifting the pen, 
 will show that phraseography may be employed in other than common 
 phrases, when the rapidity of the speaker requires it. 
 
 Cease to do evil 
 
 ;1 X Learn to do well r Give us this 
 
 <L -f 
 
 day our daily bread V/f^A Where is he that is born King 
 of the Jews ? And when they were come into the 
 
 (The) voice of one crying in the wilderness 
 
 Verily, verily I say unto you 
 
 c v J V v ! 
 
 
 Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, 
 neither do they spin, and yet I say unto you that even Sol¬ 
 omon in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these 
 
 
 Nature is not a mechanism, but a creation 
 
58 
 
 THEOLOGICAL PHKASES. 
 
 THEOLOGICAL PHRASES. 
 
 Almighty and Everlasting God Christian faith C ^ 
 
 Almighty God 
 
 Apostle Paul 
 ark of the covenant 
 articles of religiou 
 
 at the last day 
 
 at the right hand of God 
 
 Begotten son of God \_o 
 
 blessed Lord 
 blessing of God 
 blood of Christ 
 blood of Jesus ^ 
 body and blood of Christ 
 body and mind 
 Catholic Church 
 Catholic faith 
 Catholic Priest 
 
 Catholic worship 
 ceremonial law 
 child of God ^ 
 children of God 
 children of Israel 
 Christ Jesus 7* 
 
 Christ Jesus our Lord 
 Christian brethren 
 Christian brother 
 Christian character 
 Christian charity 
 Christiau church 
 
 V 
 
 { 
 
 
 Church and State 
 Church of Christ 
 
 Church of England ^ 
 Church of Ireland / 
 
 o N* 
 
 Church of Rome /y~^ 
 Church principles ^ 
 cross of Christ <=—‘ r 
 Daily bread V* 
 day of redemption 
 Divine being 
 
 
 Divine glory 
 Divine government 
 Divine love ^ 
 
 Divine Man ^ 
 
 Divine Providence h 
 Divine things ^ _^_p 
 Divine wisdom Ly 
 Elder of the Church 
 Episcopal Church / 
 
 Epistle of Paul 
 
 Epistle to the Corinthiansf^fTI! 
 Epistle to the Romans 
 eternal bliss \_A Vo 
 eternal condemnation 
 eternal damnation Vlo 
 everlasting covenant 
 everlasting day 
 
 everlasting God 
 
THEOLOGICAL PHRASES. 
 
 59 
 
 everlasting life 
 everlasting misery 
 Face of the earth 
 family prayer 
 fast day 
 
 Feast of Tabernacles 
 fellow-creature 
 for Christ’s sake V—^— 
 for ever 
 
 for ever and ever 
 forgiveness of sins 
 fruits of the Spirit 
 future state 
 
 A 
 
 future world 
 Glad tidings *1 
 
 glorious gospel of the Lord Jesus 
 
 Christ c- 
 
 God and Savior 
 God in his goodness 
 God is faithful 
 God is good 
 God is great 
 God of grace — c ~~° 
 
 God of heaven 
 God of love 
 
 God’s character and government 
 God’s glory — 
 
 God’s justice ^ 
 
 God’s law 
 God’s providence 
 
 goodness of God -v_ 
 gospel of peace 
 grace of God <—cl- 
 grow in grace 
 growing in grace 
 
 Head of the Church 
 heart of man 
 hearts of men 
 heaven and earih 
 heavenly Father 
 holy land <5^* 
 holy of holies ^6^ 
 holy place < 5^0 
 Holy Spirit of God 
 Holy Word ^ 
 house of Israel 
 I am God V ^ N — 
 
 I observe lastly v N^ / ~ l5 
 image of God 
 in Christ ^- sr ^ = ’ 
 in Church 
 in faith''"^ 
 in Jesus Christ "X- 
 in the Church 
 iu the city of God 
 in the heart 
 iu the midst of life 
 in the presence of God 
 
 ia the providence of God 
 in the sight of God V ~~£. 
 
60 
 
 THEOLOGICAL PHRASES. 
 
 in the word of God 
 in the words of my text 
 in the words of our text 
 in the words of the text ° 
 inspiration of Scripture ° < \9— 
 inspiration of the Bible 
 
 
 Jehovah Jesus // 
 
 Jesus Christ Christ may 
 
 be written c— when it follows 
 Jesus; in other cases write ^ 
 Jesus Christ’s sake / -€>— 
 
 Jewish dispensation ^ 
 
 Jewish persuasion 
 just and the unjust 
 
 j ust for the unj ust / 
 justice, mercy, and truth 
 justification by faith ^ 
 justification by the works of the 
 law 
 
 Kingdom of Christ L ^ 
 Kingdom of darkness 1 
 kingdom of God “ 
 kingdom of grace —^ 
 kingdom of Heaven ~ 
 kingdom of the world 
 
 T 
 
 
 kingdom of this world 
 
 kingdoms of the world 
 kingdoms of this world 
 knowledge of Christ 
 knowledge of Christianity 
 
 
 knowledge of God ^ 
 knowledge of the truth 
 Lamb of God 
 language of Scripture 
 language of the text 
 language of my text 
 Lord and Savior 
 Lord and Savior Jesus Christ 
 Lord Jesus Cj 
 Lord Jesus Christ 
 Lord’s kingdom 
 Lord’s Prayer 
 
 Lord’s Supper /^\ 
 love of self 
 
 Minister of the Gospel 
 Mosaic.Law 
 my beloved brethren 
 my brethren 
 my dear fellow-sinners 
 
 <3 
 
 my dear friends ' 
 
 'ey 
 
 my fellow-sinners 
 my friends 
 my reverend brother 
 my text 
 
 Nations of the earth 
 New Church 'y (n on the line) 
 New Testament Scriptures^ lr __o 
 Of Christ \{n on the line) 
 
 of Christianity s< “ 
 of God ^ 
 
THEOLOGICAL PHRASES. 
 
 61 
 
 of my text v ^ = * 
 of Scripture ^ 
 
 Old Testament 
 
 Old Testament Scriptures o 
 omnipotence of God 
 omnipresence of God 
 omniscience of God ^ 
 our blessed Lord 
 
 our Lord 
 our Lord’s 
 
 our Lord Jesus Christ 
 our Savior 
 
 Part of Scripture — 
 passage of Scripture 
 penitent sinner 
 portion of Scripture \y^~~ 
 Protestant Church 
 Protestant faith 
 Protestant religion 
 providence of God 
 Quick and the dead C —1 
 Reformed Church 
 
 resurrection glory 
 resurrection of Christ 
 resurrection of the body 
 resurrection of the dead 
 resurrection of the just 
 right hand of God 
 right hand of God the Father 
 
 right hand of the Father 
 Right Reverend 
 Right Reverend Bishop 
 rise again '^~ r> 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 Roman Catholic Church 
 Sabbath day 
 Sabbath school V 
 Savior of the world S 
 Scripture promises cr VQ 
 Second coming of Christ 
 Second Epistle 
 
 Sermon on the mount cr V-'^ 
 
 Son of God o_^- 
 
 Sons of God 
 
 Son of Man 
 
 Spirit of Christ 
 
 Spirit of God ° s — 
 
 spiritual life °V / ^V_ 
 
 spiritual meaning c>v '~^ , ‘ 
 
 spiritual sense 
 
 St James 
 
 St John y 
 
 St Paul’s epistle Q ^\/ 0 V ,T * 
 
 St. Peter Q - / \^ 
 
 Sunday school 
 Sun of Righteousness 
 Things of God 
 things of men 
 through Christ 
 
62 
 
 LAW PHRASES. 
 
 tree of life 
 
 Trinity in unity 
 
 Under an influence which 
 
 under the influence of which 
 
 •ander the necessity of 
 
 unsearchable riches of Christ 
 
 Virgin Mary 
 
 Water of life "VV 
 w r ays of the world 
 way of salvation <^6 ^ 
 wisdom of God 
 Word of God A— 
 works of the law 
 world without end 
 
 LAW PHRASES. 
 
 Act of Parliament ~ SK 'f 
 Acts of Parliament 
 Assessment Act 
 
 Bankruptcy Bar 
 Bankruptcy Court Ny^- 
 Beneficial interest 
 beneficial estate 
 
 bill of lading 
 
 bill of sale .\^mT 
 breach of promise of marriage 
 Central Criminal Court 
 Chamber of Commerce 
 Chancery Division [^/\ 
 
 Chief Justice lj 
 Church rate £ 
 circumstantial evidence 
 Common jury 
 Common law N '^ 
 
 County Court w j_ 
 
 Counsel for the defence j^p 
 
 .< 
 
 Counsel for the defendant [, 
 Counsel for the plaintiff ‘ ^ 
 
 Counsel for the prisoner — 
 Counsel for the prosecution 
 Court of Bankruptcy 
 Court of Justice ^ 
 
 Deed of settlement ^ 
 
 Deed of trust ^ 
 documentary evidence 
 Ecclesiastical Court j) 
 equity of redemption C— j /J^ 
 Examination in chief 
 Exchequer Division / 
 
 Gentlemen of the jury ^ 
 grand jury 
 
 Habeas Corpus —x 
 
 heirs, executors, administrators, 
 and assigns 
 
 heirs, executors, administrators, 
 or assigns 
 
 High Court of Justice 'ly 
 
LAW PHRASES. 
 
 63 
 
 insolvent debtor ^-^Tj 
 Joint stock ^ 
 
 Joint stock company 
 Justice of the peace 
 Law of the land 
 
 learned counsel for the defence 
 
 learned counsel for the def. 
 learned counsel for the plaintiff 
 
 learned counsel for the prisoner 
 
 learned counsel for the prisoner 
 at the bar 
 
 learned counsel for the prosecution 
 1 earned judge 
 legal estate 
 
 legal personal representative 
 Lord Chancellor ^7 
 Lord Chief Baron 7^ 
 
 Lord Chief Justice ^ 
 
 May it please your (add 
 
 f^ f° r Honor 
 
 Lordship, Worship) 
 my learned friend 
 new Poor Law 
 no, my Lord 
 notary public 
 Parish Clerk 
 
 Parochial Assessment Act 
 personal estate 
 
 plaintiff’s attorney 
 police court X/* 5 ’ 
 power of attorney \/l 
 prisoner at the bar 
 Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty 
 Division \f_yl 
 provisional assignee 
 
 Queen’s Bench 
 
 Queen’s Bench Division 
 Queen’s Counsel 
 Specialjury ^ 
 special license 
 
 Supreme Court V-y- 
 Trust funds ^ 
 
 Verdict for the defendant 
 verdict for the plaintiff c >—^ 
 Verdict of the Jury 
 
 Vice-Chancellor (The name 
 
 may be added.) 
 
 Warrant of attorney 
 
 will and testament 
 Yes, my Lord 
 Yes, Sir 
 your Honor 
 your Lordship ~V^) 
 your W r orship 
 
REPORTING- EXERCISES. 
 
 .- 0-0 
 •/ * 
 
 ' P 
 
 -fl.-O 
 
 ^ A ^* 
 w ^ .£l "Vr m JZ w 
 
 ^ ^( x * ^J 3 ^ 
 
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HE PORTING EXERCISES. 
 
 65 
 
 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AGE. 
 
 The peculiar and distinguishing characteristics of the present age 
 are in every respect remarkable. Unquestionably an extraordinary 
 and universal change has commenced in the internal as well as the 
 external world,—in the mind of man as well as in the habits of society, 
 the one indeed being the necessary consequence of the other. A 
 rational consideration of the circumstances in which mankind are at 
 present placed, must show us that influences of the most important 
 and wonderful character have been and are operating in such a man¬ 
 ner as to bring about if not a reformation, a thorough revolution in 
 the organization of society. Never in the history of the world have 
 benevolent and philanthropic institutions for the relief of domestic 
 and public affliction ; societies for the promotion of manufacturing, 
 commercial and agricultural interests; associations for the instruc¬ 
 tion of the masses, the advancement of literature and science, the de¬ 
 velopment of true political principles ; for the extension, in short, of 
 every description of knowledge, and the bringing about of every kind 
 of reform, been so numerous, so efficient, and so indefatigable in 
 their operation as at the present day. "We do not say that many of 
 the objects sought by these associations are not extravagant and im¬ 
 practicable, but we do say that it is impossible that such influences 
 can exist without advancing, in some degree, the interests of humanity. 
 It would be idle to deny that notwithstanding all these beneficial 
 influences, a great amount of misery exists ; but this is only the natu¬ 
 ral consequence of great and sudden changes. Let us hope that in 
 this instance at least, it may be but the indispensable preliminary 
 stage in the cure of a deep-seated disease. 
 
 2. A SUPPOSED REPLY TO A REQUISITION. 
 
 I am very grateful for the disinterested and uninterrupted kind¬ 
 ness you have shown towards me, and the especial services you have 
 rendered me on all occasions; without which it would have been 
 impossible for me to have accomplished a single object I had in view. 
 Nothing could be more gratifying to me, or give me greater satisfac¬ 
 tion, than the proposition you have made. I shall accede to it with 
 the greatest pleasure; and shall endeavor, as far as possible, to carry 
 out your plan. The fact of its applicability to the purposes for which 
 it is intended, and the slight expenditure it involves, must bring it 
 before the attention of the public, and as it is admirably subservient 
 to the general objects contemplated by government, no doubt Parlia¬ 
 ment will be induced to further the undertaking. We have already 
 sufficient funds to commence operations, and several distinguished 
 individuals have promised us testimonials in favor of the scheme, as 
 well as subscriptions to help it forward. As far as I have been able 
 to observe, I think there is no chance of success without individual 
 exertion on our part; but, with this, I have every reason to believe 
 that our object will be attained. 
 
 5 Rep 
 
66 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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SHORTHAND WRITERS AND REPORTERS. 
 
 67 
 
 8 . SHORTHAND WRITERS AND REPORTERS. 
 
 By many persons shorthand writers and reporters are presumed to 
 fee one and the same. De jure they are, as they both write short¬ 
 hand ; but de facto they are not: the one is merely a word-taker: 
 while the other, if he understands his business properly, is not only 
 an efficient shorthand writer, and, consequently, able to take down 
 the words of a speaker when his importance renders it necessary;—but 
 whether reporting every word, or simply preparing condensed reports 
 of long wordy harangues containing but few principles, he is invari¬ 
 ably called upon to exert his mental powers to a far greater extent 
 than the other. For instance, a man may make an indifferent speech 
 so far as language is concerned, (and that is a most important element,) 
 but replete with excellent matter, which it is the province of the re¬ 
 porter to judiciously condense, to improve, and, m fact, to render 
 intelligible. In short, it is the province of the reporter to make good 
 speeches for bad speakers. 
 
 An amusing instance of the inability of shorthand writers to grasp 
 the essence of a body of shorthand notes—to condense them without 
 -destroying the meaning of the speaker, and without omitting a single 
 point, may be here mentioned. Many years ago, when the late Mr 
 Barnes was the editor of the Times, a gentleman, who considered that 
 to accomplish the task of taking every word was to obtain the very 
 acme of perfection as a reporter, was engaged to take a trial turn in 
 Parliament for that influential Journal. He did so, he strained his 
 every nerve; and although the speaker was an unimportant one, every 
 syllable of his address was recorded in his note-book; and, feeling 
 satisfied that he had accomplished his task in a satisfactory manner, 
 he lost no time, as may be imagined, in finding his way to the re¬ 
 porters’ room of the Times office. Some important foreign intelli¬ 
 gence had just arrived, and in order to make room for it, Mr Barnes 
 hurried into the room, and desired the reporters to condense the par¬ 
 liamentary intelligence. Of course, they felt no disposition to quarrel 
 
 with the instructions they had received. Turning to Mr-, Mr 
 
 Barnes inquired the nature of his “ turn,” and the length to which 
 his notes would extend. “Three columns at the least,” replied the 
 shorthand writer. “ Good heavens ! that will never do. You must 
 not go beyond a column or a column and a quarter. You must cer¬ 
 tainly not write more than one half of that.” The gentleman looked 
 up at the face of the able editor of the most powerful journal in the 
 world, to assure himself that he was really to destroy one half of his 
 turn. He could not understand it. Surely the editor had gone mad, 
 or become wholly insensible of the value of the great machine placed 
 under his control. The thing was impossible without completely 
 destroying the task, in the unabridged condition of which he took so 
 much pride. “ Cut it down to one half,” retorted the editor rather 
 testily. The shorthand writer counted the leaves of his book, over 
 which his turn extended ; he then divided them, and, looking again 
 into the face of Mr Barnes, inquired with the utmost simplicity, 
 “ which half he should write.” We heard that the turn was his first 
 and last. So much simplicity would not do on the Times. 
 
 5* Rep. 
 
68 
 
 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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SPEECH OF THE CHANCEILOR OF THE EXCHEQUER. 68 
 
 A reporter from the north, not many years ago, was engaged 
 by the managing reporter of the Times, Mr Neilson, to take a trial 
 turn. He did so ; and went off to the Times office to write it out. 
 His courage however failed him at the sight of the establishment. 
 He became excessively terrified; but his terror increased ten-fold as 
 he neared the reporters’ room. He stood at the door for a few mo¬ 
 ments, as if the well-known line, “All hope abandon ye who enter 
 here ” was emblazoned on the portal. He however ventured to look 
 in. The sight of the reporters, whose fingers were flying across the 
 paper like an express train down an incline, pinned him to the thresh¬ 
 old. He simply articulated, “ What awfu’ work this reporting is! ” 
 and vanished. He was never seen again, and it is to be hoped that 
 he lost no time in retracing his steps to his native hills.— J. I. Scott . 
 
 4. SPEECH OF THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER, 
 OX THE HOUSE OF COMMONS RESOLVING ITSELF 
 
 INTO A COMMITTEE OF SUPPLY. (Abridged.) 
 
 Delivered 21 st Feb., 1848, in the 'House of Commons. 
 
 In rising to move the order of the day for the House resolving it¬ 
 self into a Committee of Supply, I think it advisable to state the 
 course which Her Majesty’s ministers consider it fit to pursue with 
 regard to some estimates which have already been laid on the table of 
 the House. I find on the notice-paper a notice given by the hon. 
 member for Montrose, of a motion for postponing altogether a com¬ 
 mittee of supply on the navy and army estimates until the House 
 shall have decided on the proposal made by my noble friend the First 
 Lord of the Treasury, on Friday night. To that motion of the hon. 
 member, it is impossible that Her Majesty’s ministers can accede, for 
 it reverses entirely the constitutional mode of proceeding, which 
 always requires that a vote of supply should precede a committee of 
 ways and means. If a committee of ways and means should consider 
 any vote passed in a committee of supply not justifiable, it would, ac¬ 
 cording to the principle and practice of parliamentary proceedings, be 
 in the power of the committee of ways and means to stop the vote. The 
 present course of imposing a tax, first by a vote in a committee 
 of supply, and next by a vote in a committee of ways and means, is 
 fully justified by reason and common sense, because it is the duty of 
 the House in the first place to pass a vote for the purpose of paying 
 the dividends on the national debt, and to maintain all those establish¬ 
 ments which are indispensably necessary for upholding the honor and 
 interests of the country. This vote is passed in a committee of supply. 
 Then comes next the consideration of the means by which this vote 
 is to be made. On Monday next it will be my duty to state the 
 reason why Her Majesty’s ministers propose that mode of taxa¬ 
 tion which my noble friend stated on Friday night. On that sub¬ 
 ject therefore, I shall, on this occasion, make no observation. I am 
 now merely stating the order in which our proceedings must take 
 
70 EEPOETING EXEECISES. 
 
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SPEECH OF THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER. ?1 
 
 place, namely that a vote of supply must necessarily precede a vote 
 of ways and means. In determining what the amount of supply 
 ought to be, Her Majesty’s government, after taking into considera¬ 
 tion the circumstances of the country, have felt it their duty to pro¬ 
 pose not a very great increase in the estimates of the previous year. 
 There appeared to prevail an impression among some honorable 
 members on a former evening, and which impression seems to have 
 in some degree operated out of doors, that the increased taxation now 
 proposed is solely owing to the proposed estimates, and that those 
 estimates were entirely of a military and warlike character. It seemed 
 to be the opinion that increased taxation was rendered necessary by 
 some enormous scheme of military defence; in fact, that Her Majesty’s 
 ministers were proposing additional taxation for the purpose of war. 
 Now I do hope that both this House and the country have since 
 given a little further consideration to what actually fell from my 
 noble friend on Friday night, and that having duly attended to the 
 figures stated by my noble friend, they are now convinced that such 
 an impression is entirely mistaken and unfounded. Referring to the 
 statement made by my noble friend, it must be obvious to all that 
 the figures put forth by him, as founded upon estimates sanctioned 
 by the last Parliament, and upon an expenditure over which we had 
 no control, which was passed and gone, showed a deficiency of ho less 
 than £2,500,000, which must be provided out of the taxation for the 
 next year. That, therefore, is a cause, without any increase in the 
 estimates for the present year, why there should be a demand made 
 for further taxation. But in addition to that, the increased demand 
 for taxation has been made for purposes as specific and entire as it is 
 possible to conceive. Whoever -will take the trouble to go through 
 the statement made by my noble friend will see that there is a great 
 increase in the miscellaneous estimates, arising chiefly from additional 
 expenses consequent on the maintenance of convicts thrown upon the 
 general taxation of the country, instead of being, as heretofore, borne 
 bv local taxation. This indeed is rather a transfer than an increase 
 of charge on the nation. Then there are charges relating to the fit¬ 
 ting up of the new Houses of Parliament, and likewise charges con¬ 
 nected with the British Museum. Now surely these have not the 
 slightest connection with either the military or naval estimates. But 
 these are not all. There are other expenses which swell the bulk of 
 the deficiency for the present year. Among these may be mentioned 
 the cost for sending out ships in search of Sir John Franklin and 
 the expedition under his care on a voyage of discovery to the North 
 Pole; and also a charge which cannot strictly be considered to be of 
 a military character, but even if so, was nevertheless sanctioned, or 
 rather I might say suggested by this House—I mean the in¬ 
 creased pay given to certain petty officers, and the expenses incurred 
 by giving up the bounty hitherto deducted on paying off seamen and 
 marines. All these expenses, the House will see, were in no degree 
 for military purposes, not for purposes even of defence, still less of 
 aggression. 
 
 The view which Her Majesty’s government take in respect to any 
 deficiency in the navy or army estimates is, that whenever any such 
 
72 
 
 l .r-O 
 
 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
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SPEECH OF THE CHA.NCELLOE OF THE EXCHEQUER. 
 
 deficiency occurs, the subject should, from time to time, be brought 
 under the consideration of Parliament. That is the course which has 
 been pursued by all previous governments. Whenever a deficiency 
 occurred, the matter was brought before Parliament and the deficiency 
 was duly supplied. What is now proposed to be done is to make up 
 the small deficiency which has occurred in one branch of the arma¬ 
 ments of the country, and that is proposed to be done in accordance 
 with the course which has hitherto been pursued, and which is con¬ 
 sidered to be the most expedient course, and least liable to objection. 
 Of this the House and the people may be well assured, that Her 
 Majesty’s ministers will do nothing that is not considered essentially 
 necessary and at the same time conducive to the preservation of the 
 peace and honor of the country. Sir, that so much apprehension 
 should have prevailed on this subject, is to me not more a matter of 
 astonishment than regret. There is, I can venture to affirm, no 
 object which Her Majesty’s ministers have so much at heart, as that 
 the House of Commons should be satisfied on this subject. 
 
 But it must be obvious that many explanations which it is desir¬ 
 able to afford, are of such a nature that they cannot very conveniently 
 be made in this House. Under all the circumstances, I am of 
 opinion that it would afford much more complete information to 
 the House on the expenditure which may be deemed necessary for 
 the public service, if all the information bearing upon the various 
 causes for that expenditure should be laid before a select committee, 
 than could be obtained by any partial, and therefore necessarily im¬ 
 perfect information that could be given in a committee of the whole 
 House. As to the mode in which the committee should be consti¬ 
 tuted, I beg to assure the House Her Majesty’s government have not 
 the slightest wish to influence in any way its construction. With regard 
 to the vote of this evening, I find, on referring to the course pursued 
 in 1845, that when it was proposed to renew the income tax, no dis¬ 
 cussion of the estimates occurred during the interval of the proposal 
 being made by the right hon. gentleman (Sir Bobert Peel), and the 
 time that the House came to a decision upon the question. We now 
 propose to follow that example, so far as any full discussion of the 
 estimates is concerned, but it is necessary for the public service that 
 a vote of the House of Commons should immediately be taken. 1 
 hope the House will allow my hon. friend the Secretary of War, 
 and the Secretary for the Navy, to propose those great heads of expen¬ 
 diture which are required for this period of the year, and will abstain 
 from entering upon any partial discussion. On Monday next it will 
 be my duty to submit to you a general view of the taxation of the 
 country, and any discussion therefore on that subject will be far 
 better deferred till that occasion. If you were now to enter upon a 
 debate, it would be impossible for the opinion of the House to be 
 taken upon any one proposition that could be submitted to it. It 
 therefore would, in my opinion, on all accounts be far better to 
 reserve whatever observations hon. members may wish to make, until 
 the subject is brought fully and fairly before the House. With these 
 observations, I beg to move that the order of the day for the House 
 going into a committee of supply be now read. 
 
REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
 74 
 
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REPORTING AS A MENTAL EXERCISE. 
 
 75 
 
 5. REPORTING AS A MENTAL EXERCISE. 
 
 If we trace the operations of the mind which are carried on during 
 the act of taking down the words of a speaker as they are uttered by 
 him, we shall not be surprised that a considerable amount of practice 
 is needed before the art of verbatim reporting can be acquired; the 
 cause of our astonishment will rather be that still greater labor and 
 skill are not necessary to the carrying on of a process so rapid and yet 
 so complicated. 
 
 Let us suppose a speaker commencing his address. He utters two 
 or three w’ords, perhaps, in a deliberate manner; they fall on the re¬ 
 porter’s ear, and are thence communicated to the brain as the organ 
 of the mind; the writer must then recall to his memory the sign for 
 each word he has heard ; the proper sign having suggested itself to 
 his mind, a communication is made from the brain to the fingers, 
 which, obedient to the will, and trained perhaps to the nicest accuracy 
 of form, rapidly trace the mystic lines on the paper. Some portion of 
 time is of course required for each of these operations to be performed 
 after the words have been spoken ; yet see ! the writer appears to stop 
 precisely at the same time with the speaker! The orator still con¬ 
 tinues in his deliberate style, and the reporter is able to write each 
 word he hears before the next is uttered. Now, however, the speaker 
 warms with his subject, and changes his measured pace to one more 
 rapid; the writer increases his speed accordingly, and, notwithstand¬ 
 ing the many operations at work in his mind, scarcely is the last word 
 of a sentence uttered before he lifts his pen from the paper, as if for 
 an instant’s pause, not a syllable having escaped his ear or pen. This 
 surely is a laborious task ; much more so that which follows. The 
 speaker has finished his exordium, is in the midst of his topics of dis¬ 
 course, and has begun his flights of oratory. Listen to his next sentence. 
 He begins in a low, measured tone; after a few words makes a sudden 
 pause; then, as if startled with the brilliancy of his ideas, and fear¬ 
 ful lest they should escape before he can give them utterance, he 
 dashes along at an impetuous rate which he never slackens till he is 
 out of breath with exertion. In this rapid delivery he has gained 
 ground to the extent of five or six or more words on the writer, whom 
 probably he has taken by surprise. The latter, nevertheless, has had to 
 listen to the words which were, so to speak, in advance of him, recall 
 the proper sign for each, send it from the brain to the fingers, and trace 
 it on his note-hook ; while, at the same time, he has had to attend to 
 the words which follow, so as to he able to dispose of them in the same 
 way when then’ turn arrives: and in this manner are his mental and 
 bodily powers occupied for an hour, or, it may be, several hours together. 
 
 It would naturally be supposed that, with all this to attend to, it 
 would be impossible for the writer to think at all of the sense conveyed 
 by the words which he is at such pains to record; hut, to perform his 
 work efficiently, he must bring his mind to hear on this also, and not 
 only endeavor to understand the general drift of what he is reporting, 
 but to catch the meaning of every expression ; for where this is neg¬ 
 lected literal accuracy cannot he attained. The probability is that we 
 do not distinctly hear—hear, that is, so as to be able separately to 
 identify them—half the sounds that compose the words to which wo 
 
76 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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REPORTING AS A MENTAL EXERCISE. 
 
 77 
 
 listen; and it is only, therefore, by our close attention to the context 
 that we are enabled to supply imperceptibly—for few people are con¬ 
 scious of this mental act—the sounds that the ear has failed to convey 
 definitely to us. Hence the necessity for listening to the sense, as well 
 as to the sounds of words, as they flow from a speaker’s lips. A min¬ 
 ister once told us that in a report of a sermon delivered by him the 
 phrase “ the siege of Abimelech ” was written and actually printed 
 “ the siege of Limerick ! ” This could not have arisen from a mistake 
 in the written characters, for the forms of Abimelech and Limerick 
 would, in any system of shorthand, be palpably distinct: the ear must, 
 in such a case, have been in error, and the sense should have been 
 sufficient to correct it. Every experienced reporter must occasionally 
 have discovered errors of this description while transcribing his notes; 
 his inattention to the sense, while following the speaker, not having led 
 him to correct the false impression which has been made on the ear. 
 
 As a mental exercise, then, reporting may be regarded as of the 
 greatest utility. It is true that after a long course of practice the art 
 becomes apparently a mechanical one, as far as the taking down is 
 concerned : yet at first all the powers of the mind must be brought to 
 bear on its attainment, and they can hardly fail to be materially 
 strengthened by the training they must undergo. A word, however, 
 as to reporting being a mechanical operation, as some have termed it. 
 ISTo effort put forth by us can be purely mechanical, since the mind is 
 necessary to it. Walking and reading (reading aloud without attend¬ 
 ing to the sense) seem mechanical acts, but the mind is indispensable 
 to them. After long practice indeed, a comparatively external region 
 of the mind is concerned in them, for we are enabled to think and plan 
 —operations of more interior faculties—while these outward acts are 
 being attended to ; but at first both walking and reading require, in or¬ 
 der to their attainment, a strong exercise, in one case, of all the powers 
 of the body, and, in the other, of all the powers of the mind; both 
 having been, of necessity, improved and strengthened by the training. 
 It is the same with reporting, but in this case the exercise is more se¬ 
 vere ; and if even the act of writing should, by practice, become little 
 more than a mechanical performance, the constant employment of the 
 mind in catching the meaning of different speakers, and the bringing 
 before the writer all the varied styles of diction in use among them, 
 together with the exercise in composition afforded by the transcribing 
 of what has been written, cannot fail to commend the art to all who 
 are interested in education, and in the development of the powers of 
 the human mind. Even where the student of shorthand has been 
 unable to acquire sufficient manual dexterity to follow a speaker verba¬ 
 tim, the practice of reporting will still be beneficial; since increased 
 attention to the sense will be required, in order that, when abridging 
 a report, nothing material may be omitted. A habit is thus cultivated 
 of separating mere verbiage from the solid material, winnowing the 
 chaff from the wheat; and though this is not the particular benefit on 
 account of which the cultivation of shorthand is recommended in this 
 article, it is one whose importance ought not to be overlooked in re¬ 
 garding reporting as a mental exercise.— T. A. Heed, in the “Pho¬ 
 nographic Reporter ” for October, 1853. 
 
78 
 
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 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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SERMON BY DR BLAIR. 
 
 7 © 
 
 6. SEEMON OK THE IMMOETALITY OP THE SOUL. 
 
 For we Icnoiv that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dis° 
 solved, we have a building of God, a house not made with hands i 
 eternal in the heavens. —2 Corinthians, 5. 1. 
 
 This passage presents to us, in one view, the nature of our present 
 earthly state, and the future object of the Christian’s hope. The 
 style is figurative; but the figures employed are both obvious and ex¬ 
 pressive. The body is represented as a house inhabited by the soul, 
 or the thinking part of man. But it is an “earthly house,” a 
 “tabernacle” erected only for passing accommodation, and “to be 
 dissolved ; ” to which is to succeed the future dwelling of the just in 
 “ a building of God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the 
 heavens.” Here then are three great objects presented to our con¬ 
 sideration. First, the nature of our present condition. Secondly, 
 that succeeding state which is the object of good men’s hope. Thirdly, 
 the certain foundation of their hope; “ we know, that if our earthiy 
 house be dissolved, we have a building of God.” 
 
 First. The text gives a full description of our present embodied 
 state, as an “earthly house,” an “earthly house of this tabernacle,” 
 and a tabernacle which is to be “ dissolved.” 
 
 We dwell in an “earthly house.” Within this cottage of earth 
 is lodged that spiritual, immortal substance, into which God breathed 
 the breath of life. So we are elsewhere said in Scripture to have 
 “ our foundation in the dust,” and to “ dwell in houses of clay.” 
 During its continuance in this humble abode, the soul may be justly 
 considered as confined and imprisoned. It is restrained from the full 
 exertion of its powers by many obstructions. It can perceive and 
 act only by very imperfect organs. It looks abroad as through the 
 windows of the senses; and beholds truth as “through a glass, 
 darkly.” It is beset with a numerous train of temptations to evil, 
 which arise from bodily appetites. It is obliged to sympathize with 
 the body in its wants ; and it is depressed with infirmities not its own. 
 Eor it suffers from the frailty of those materials of which its earthly 
 house is compacted. It languishes and droops along with the body ; 
 is wounded by its pains; and the slightest discomposure of bodily or¬ 
 gans is sufficient to derange some of the highest operations of the soul. 
 
 All these circumstances bear the marks of a fallen and degraded 
 state of human nature. The mansion in which the soul is lodged 
 corresponds so little with the powers and capacities of a rational im¬ 
 mortal spirit, as gives us reason to think that the souls of good men 
 were not designed to remain always thus confined. Such a state was 
 calculated for answering the ends proposed by our condition of trial 
 and probation in this life, but was not intended to be lasting and 
 final. Accordingly, the Apostle, in his description, calls it the earthly 
 house “of this tabernacle;” alluding to a wayfaring or sojourning 
 state, where tabernacles or tents are occasionally erected for the 
 accommodation of passengers. The same metaphor is here made use 
 of, which is employed in several other passages of Scripture, where we 
 are said to be “ strangers and sojourners on earth before God, as were 
 all our fathers.” This earth may be compared to a wide field spread 
 with tents, where troops of pilgrims appear in succession and pass 
 
REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
 80 
 
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SERMON BY DR BLAIR. 
 
 81 
 
 away. They enter for a little while into the tents prepared for them; 
 and remain there to undergo their appointed probation. When that 
 is finished, their tents are taken down, and they retire to make way 
 for others who come forward in their allotted order. Thus “ one 
 generation passeth away, and another generation comethand the 
 “ earthly house” is to all no other than the “house of their pilgrimage.” 
 
 The “earthly house of this tabernacle,” the Apostle, proceeding in 
 his description, tells us, is “ to be dissolved.” Close as the union 
 between the soul and the body now appears to be, it is no more than 
 a temporary union. It subsists only during the continuance of a 
 tabernacle of dust, which, by its nature, is tending towards ruin. The 
 “ dust ” must soon “return to the dust, and the spirit to God who 
 gave it.” The dissolution of the “ earthly house of this tabernacle,” 
 is an event full of dismay to wicked men. Beyond that period they 
 see nothing but a dark unknown, which, as far as they can discern, 
 is peopled with objects full of terror ; even to the just this dissolution 
 is a serious and awful event. Providence has wisely appointed 
 that, burdened as our present state is with various ills and frailties, 
 we should, however, be naturally attached to it. Its final close is 
 always attended with several melancholy ideas.—Thou who now 
 flourishest most in health and strength, must then have thy head laid 
 low. Prom thy closing eyes the light of the sun shall disappear for 
 ever. That light shall continue to shine, the seasons to return, and 
 the earth to flourish; but to thee no more: separated from the 
 dwellings of men, and cut off from all thou wast accustomed to love, 
 as though thou hadst never been.—Such is the fate of man con¬ 
 sidered merely as mortal; as dwelling in an earthly house which is 
 about to be dissolved. The consolatory corrective of those humbling 
 ideas, the ray that is to dissipate this gloom, we behold in the subse¬ 
 quent part of the text; that when this earthly house is dissolved, 
 there is prepared for the righteous “ a building of God, a house not 
 made with hands.” But before proceeding to this part of the subject, 
 let us pause and make some reflections on what has been already said. 
 
 Let the distinction between the soul and the body, which is so 
 clearly marked in the text, be deeply imprinted on our minds. Few 
 things in religion or morals are entitled to make a stronger impres¬ 
 sion than this distinction ; and yet, with the bulk of men, the im¬ 
 pression it makes, appears to be slight. They seem to think and act 
 as if they consisted of no more than mere flesh and blood, and had 
 no other concerns than what respect their embodied state. If their 
 health be firm, if their senses be gratified, and their appetites in¬ 
 dulged, all is well with them. Is not this to forget that the body is 
 no more than an “earthly house” or “tabernacle” of the soul ? The 
 soul, that thinking part which they feel within them, and which it is 
 impossible for them to confound with their flesh or their bones, is 
 certainly far nobler than the tenement of clay which it inhabits. 
 The soul is the principle of all life, and knowledge, and action. The 
 body is no more than its instrument or organ ; and as much nobler 
 as is the part which belongs to him who employs an instrument, than 
 to the instrument which is employed, so much is the soul of greater 
 dignity than the body. The one is only a frail and perishable 
 
 Rep. 6 
 
REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
 82 
 
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SERMON BY DR BLAIR. 
 
 83 
 
 machine; the other survives its ruin, and lives for ever. During the ’ 
 time that the union continues between those two very different parts 
 of our frame, I by no means say that it is incumbent upon us to disre¬ 
 gard all that relates to the body. It is not possible, nor, though it were 
 possible, would it be requisite or fit for man to act as if he were pure 
 immaterial spirit. This is what the condition and laws of our nature 
 permit not. But must not the greatest sensualist admit that, if the 
 soul be the chief part of man, it must have interests of its own, which 
 require to be carefully attended to ? Can he imagine that he truly 
 consults either his interest or his pleasure, if he employs the thinking 
 part of his nature only to serve, and to minister to the bodily part ? 
 Must not this infer, not merely a degradation of the superior part, but 
 an entire perversion of that whole constitution of nature which our 
 Maker has given us ? Be assured, my brethren, that the soul has a 
 health and a sickness, has pleasures and pains of its own, quite dis¬ 
 tinct from those of the body, and which have a powerful influence on 
 the happiness or misery of man. He who pays no attention to these, 
 and neglects all care of preserving the health and soundness of his soul, 
 is not only preparing final misery for himself when he shall enter 
 into a disembodied estate, but is laying, even for his present state, the 
 foundation of many a bitter distress. By folly and guilt he is wound - 
 ing his spirit. Its wounds will often bleed when his body appears 
 sound, and will give rise to inward pangs which no animal comforts 
 shall he able to assuage or heal. 
 
 When we impress our minds with the sense of this important dis¬ 
 tinction between the body and the soul, let us not forget, that 
 closely united as they now are in our frame, their union is soon to 
 terminate. “ The earthly house of this tabernacle is to be dis¬ 
 solved but the soul which inhabits it, remains. Let us therefore 
 dwell in our earthly house with the sentiments of those who know 
 they are about to dislodge. The endowments and improvements of 
 the soul are the only possessions on which we can reckon as con¬ 
 tinuing to be our own. On every possession which belongs to our 
 bodily estate, we ought to view this inscription as written by God: 
 “This is an earthly house which is tottering to its fall; this is a 
 tabernacle which is about to be taken down.” Let us with pleasure 
 turn our thoughts towards those higher prospects that are set before 
 us, when this change shall have taken place in the human condition; 
 which naturally brings us to the 
 
 Second head of discourse,—the great object of the hope of good 
 men in a succeeding state. The “ earthly house” is contrasted by the 
 Apostle with a “building of God; a house not made with hands;” 
 and the “ tabernacle which is to be dissolved,” with a “ house eternal 
 in the heavens.” 
 
 The expressions here employed to signify what is promised to the 
 righteous, a building of God, a house not made with hands, are ex¬ 
 pressions of a mysterious import. They suggest to us things which 
 we cannot now conceive, far less describe.- A sacred veil conceals the 
 mansions of glory. But, in general, these expressions of the text 
 plainly import that the spirits of good men shall, upon death, be 
 translated from an imperfect to a glorious state. This earth, on which 
 
 6 * Rep. 
 
84 
 
 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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SERMON BY DR BLAIR. 
 
 85 
 
 we dwell is no more than an exterior region of the great kingdom of 
 God. It is but an entrance through which, after suitable prepara¬ 
 tion, we pass into the palace of an Almighty Sovereign. Admitted 
 there, we may hope to behold far greater objects than we can now be¬ 
 hold ; and to enjoy in perfection those pleasures which we here view 
 from afar, and pursue in vain. Such degrees of pleasure are allowed 
 us at present as our state admits. But a state of trial required that 
 pains should be intermixed with our pleasures, and that infirmity and 
 distress should often be felt. The remains of our fall appear every¬ 
 where in our condition. The ruins of human nature present them¬ 
 selves on all hands. But when that which is perfect is come, that 
 which is in part shall be done away. Into that house not made with 
 hands, that building of God, we have every reason to believe that there 
 will be no room for such guests to intrude as care or sorrow. Nothing 
 can be admitted to enter there, but what contributes to the felicity of 
 those whom the Almighty has allowed to dwell in his presence, and 
 to behold his face in righteousness. 
 
 Besides the glory and perfection of this future state, the text sug¬ 
 gests its permanency. This “ house not made with hands,” is “ a 
 house eternal in the heavens.” The tabernacle which we now inhabit, 
 is every moment liable to fall: above is the fixed mansion, the seat of 
 perpetual rest. Beyond doubt, the certain prospect of death renders 
 everything inconsiderable which we here possess. Every enjoyment 
 is saddened when we think of its end approaching. We become 
 sensible that we are always building on sand, never on a rock. 
 Fluctuation and change characterize all that is around us; and at 
 the moment when our attachment to any persons or objects is become 
 the strongest, they are beginning to slide away from our hold. But 
 in the mansions above, alteration and decay are unknown. Every¬ 
 thing there continues in a steady course. No schemes are there begun 
 and left unfinished; no pleasing connections just formed, and then 
 broken off. The treasures possessed there shall never be diminished; 
 the friends we enjoy there shall never die and leave us to mourn. In 
 those celestial regions shines the sun that never sets ; a calm reigns 
 which is never disturbed ; the river of life flows with a stream which 
 is always unruffled in its course. 
 
 Such are the prospects, imperfectly as we can now conceive them, 
 which are set forth to good men in a future world. But how, it 
 may be asked, shall we be satisfied that such prospects are not mere 
 illusions with which our fancy flatters us? Upon what foundation 
 rests this mighty edifice of hope, which the Apostle here rears up for 
 the consolation of Christians, and of which he speaks so confidently 
 as to say, “We know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were 
 dissolved, we have a building of God ? ” To inquire into this was the 
 
 Third proposed head of discourse, to which we now proceed. And 
 as the subject is in itself so important, and so pleasing to all good men, 
 I shall take a view of the different kinds of evidence upon which our 
 faith of a happy immortality is grounded. 
 
 We must observe in the first place, that the dissolution of the 
 earthly tabernacle at death, affords no ground for thinking that the 
 soul at the same time perishes, or is extinguished. I begin with 
 
86 
 
 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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SERMON BY DR BLAIR. 
 
 87 
 
 this observation, because the strongest prejudices against the soul’s 
 immortality, arise from what is sometimes found to happen at that 
 period. The soul and the body are at present united by the closest 
 sympathy. When one suffers, the other is affected. Both seem to 
 grow up together to the maturity of their powers; and together 
 both seem often to decay. Such a shock is apparently suffered by 
 the soul at death, as at first view might lead us to suspect that it 
 was sharing the same fate with the body. Notwithstanding this, 
 there are clear proofs that the body and the soul, though at present 
 closely connected by Divine appointment with one another, are, how¬ 
 ever, substances of different and dissimilar natures. Matter, of which 
 the body is composed, is a substance altogether dead and passive, and 
 cannot be put in motion without some external impulse. Whereas 
 the soul has within itself a principle of motion, activity, and life. 
 Between the laws of matter, and the action of thought, there is so little 
 resemblance, or rather so much opposition, that mankind in general 
 have agreed in holding the soul to be an immaterial substance ; that 
 is, a substance the nature of which we cannot explain or define far¬ 
 ther than that it is a substance quite distinct from matter. This 
 being once admitted, it clearly follows, that since thought depends 
 not on matter, from the dissolution of the material part we have no 
 ground to infer the destruction of the thinking part of man. As long 
 as by the ordination of the Creator these different substances remain 
 united, there is no wonder that the one should suffer from the dis¬ 
 order or indisposition of the other. 
 
 It is so far from following, that the soul must cease to act on the 
 dissolution of the body, that it seems rather to follow, that it will 
 then act in a more perfect manner. In its present habitation it is 
 plainly limited and confined in its operations. When it is let loose 
 from that earthly house, it is brought forth into greater liberty. To 
 illustrate this by an instance which may be conceived as analogous; 
 let us suppose a person shut up in an apartment, where he saw light 
 only through some small windows. If these windows were foul or 
 dimmed, he would see less; if they were altogether darkened, he could 
 see none at all. But were he let out from this confinement into 
 the open air, he would be so far from being deprived of sight, that 
 though at first overpowered by a sudden glare, he would soon see 
 around him more completely than before. The senses are as 
 so many windows or apertures, through which the soul at present 
 exercises its powers of perception. If the senses are disordered, the 
 powers of the soul will be obstructed. But once separated from its 
 earthly tenement, the soul will then exercise its powers without ob¬ 
 struction ; will act with greater liberty and in a wider sphere. I 
 admit this argument only goes so far as to show, that although the 
 body perish, there remains with the soul a capacity for separate 
 existence. Whether that existence shall be actually continued to it 
 after death, must depend on the will of Him w T ho gave it life, and 
 who certainly, at his pleasure, can take that life aw T ay. It is necessary, 
 therefore, to inquire into w’hat we have any reason to believe, may 
 be the intention of our Creator concerning a future life. 
 
88 
 
 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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SERMON BY DR BLAIR. 
 
 89 
 
 I argue then, in the next place, that if the soul were to perish 
 when the body dies, the state of man would be altogether unsuitable 
 to the wisdom and perfection of the Author of his being. Man would 
 be the only creature that would seem to have been made in vain. 
 All the other works of God are contrived to answer exactly the pur¬ 
 poses for which they were made. They are either incapable of 
 knowledge at all; or they know nothing higher than the state in 
 which they are placed. Their powers are perfectly suited and adjusted 
 to their condition. But it is not so with man. He has every appear¬ 
 ance of being framed for something higher and greater than what 
 he here attains. He sees the narrow bounds within which he is here 
 confined; knows and laments all the imperfections of his present 
 state. His thirst for knowledge, his desires of happiness, all stretch 
 beyond his earthly station. He searches in vain for adequate ob¬ 
 jects to gratify him. His nature is perpetually tending and aspir¬ 
 ing towards the enjoyment of some more complete felicity than this 
 world can afford. In the midst of all his searches and aspirations he 
 is suddenly cut off. He is but of yesterday, and to-morrow is gone. 
 Often in the entrance, often in the bloom of life, when he had just 
 begun to act his part, and to expand his powers, darkness is made to 
 cover him. Can we believe that, when this period is come, all is 
 finally over with the best and worthiest of mankind P Endowed 
 with so noble an apparatus of rational powers, taught to form high 
 views and enlarged desires, were they brought forth for no other 
 purpose than to breathe this gross and impure air for a short space, 
 and then to be cut off from all existence P All his other works 
 God had made in “ weight, number and measure; ” the hand of the 
 Almighty artificer everywhere appears. But on man, his chief work 
 here below, he would, upon this supposition, appear to have bestowed 
 no attention ; and after having erected a stately palace in this 
 universe, framed with so much magnificence, and decorated with so 
 much beauty, to have introduced man, in the guise of a neglected 
 wanderer, to become its inhabitant. 
 
 Let us farther consider the confused and promiscuous distribution 
 of good and evil in this life. The enjoyments of the world, such as 
 they are, are far from being always bestowed on the virtuous and 
 the worthy. On the contrary the bitterest portion is often their 
 lot. In the midst of infirmities, diseases and sorrows, they are left 
 to drag their life, while ease and affluence are allowed to the un¬ 
 godly. I must ask if such an arrangement of things, owing to the 
 ordination, or at least to the permission of Providence, be consonant 
 to any ideas we can form of the wisdom and goodness of a Supreme 
 Buler, on the supposition of there being no future state. But as 
 soon as the immortality of the soul and a state of future retribution 
 are established, all difficulties vanish; the mystery is unraveled; 
 supreme wisdom, justice and goodness are discovered to be only con¬ 
 cealed for a little while behind the curtain. If that curtain were never 
 to be withdrawn, and immortality never to appear, the ways of God 
 would be utterly inexplicable to man. We should be obliged to con¬ 
 clude that either a God did not exist; or though he existed, that ho 
 was not possessed of such perfections as we now ascribe to him, if, when 
 
£0 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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SERMON BY DR BLAIR. 
 
 91 
 
 a worthy and pious man had spent his whole life in virtuous deeds, and 
 perhaps had died a martyr to the cause of religion and truth, he 
 should, after long and severe sufferings, perish finally, unrewarded 
 and forgotten; no attention shown to him by the Almighty; no 
 building of God erected for him; no house eternal prepared in 
 the Heavens! 
 
 These reasons are much strengthened by the belief that has ever 
 prevailed among mankind, of the soul’s immortality. It is not an 
 opinion that took its rise from the thin-spun speculations of some 
 abstract philosophers. Never has any nation been discovered on the 
 face of the earth, so rude and barbarous,that in the midst of their wildest 
 superstitions there was not cherished among them some expectations 
 of a state after death, in which the virtuous were to enjoy happiness. 
 So universal a consent in this belief, affords just grounds to ascribe it 
 to some innate principle implanted by God in the human breast. 
 Had it no foundation in truth, we must suppose that the Creator 
 found it necessary, for the purposes of his government, to carry on a 
 principle of universal deception among his rational subjects. Many 
 of the strongest passions of our nature are made to have a clear refer¬ 
 ence to the future existence of the soul. The love of fame, the ardent 
 concern which so often prevails about futurity, all allude to somewhat 
 in which men suppose themselves to be personally concerned after 
 death. The consciences, both of the good and the bad, bear witness 
 to a world that is to come. Seldom do men leave this world without 
 some fears or hopes respecting it; some secret anticipations and pre¬ 
 sages of what is hereafter to befall them. 
 
 But though the reasonings which have been adduced to prove the 
 immortality of the soul in a future state, are certainly of great weight, 
 yet reasonings still they are, and no more ; and in every human 
 reasoning suspicions may arise of some fallacy or error. In a point 
 go momentous to us as our existence after death we never could with 
 absolute certainty and full satisfaction have rested on any evidence 
 except what was confirmed by the declaration of God himself. For 
 many and high blessings we are indebted to the Christian revelation; 
 for none more than for its having “ brought life and immortality to 
 light.” The revelations made by God to the w r orld in early ages, 
 gave the first openings to this great article of faith and hope. In 
 after periods the light dawned more and more; but it was not until 
 the Sun of Righteousness arose, by the appearance of Christ on 
 earth, that the great discovery was completed. Then, indeed, were 
 made known the “ city of the living God, the new Jerusalem ’’ above, 
 the “ mansions ” prepared for the “ spirits of just men made perfect.” 
 
 The first and most natural improvement of all that has been said, 
 is to produce in our hearts the most lasting gratitude, love and 
 reverence, towards that great Benefactor of mankind, who not only 
 has made known and published the blessings of a future state to the 
 righteous, but by his great undertaking for their redemption has 
 erected in their behalf the “ house eternal in the heavens.” The next 
 improvement we should make, is to conduct our own life and be¬ 
 havior as becomes those who have an interest in this happiness and 
 this hope. From such persons, assuredly, i8 to be expected a pur®, 
 
92 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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SERMON BY DR BLAIR. 
 
 93 
 
 correct, and dignified behavior in every situation; not a contempt 
 of the employments, nor a renunciation of all the comforts of their 
 present life. Opinions that produce such effects are connected only 
 with the spirit of superstition and false religion. But to them it 
 belongs, in the midst of the affairs, enticements and temptations of 
 the world, to regulate their conduct as becomes the heirs of a divine 
 inheritance; never debasing themselves among what is mean, nor 
 defiling themselves with what is corrupt, in the present state; but 
 serving God with that fidelity, and behaving to men with that steady 
 magnanimity of virtue, that generous beneficence and humanity, 
 which suits immortal beings who are aspiring to rise in a future 
 state to the perfection of their nature in the presence of God.— Blair. 
 
 7. CHYMISTEY. 
 
 Chymistry is the science which investigates the nature of bodies, 
 and teaches the composition and properties of material substances, 
 together with the changes they undergo. There is no science more 
 extensive, and it is scarcely possible for one person to embrace it in 
 its whole extent. To chymistry, more or less scientifically pursued, 
 numerous arts owe their birth and progress, and to chymistry the 
 naturalist must resort for the explanation of phenomena that with¬ 
 out its aid can only be spoken of by conjecture, and on a true know¬ 
 ledge of which our happiness as thinking beings eminently depends. 
 To facilitate the study of this important science, it is considered in 
 different points of view, and thrown into divisions and subdivisions, 
 so that a person may devote himself to one department of it, although 
 the method of observing, analyzing and combining is the same in 
 all, and although all the phenomena must be explained by the general 
 theory, and refer to certain laws of which a previous knowledge is 
 requisite. These laws constitute what is called philosophical chy¬ 
 mistry, which explains what is meant by the affinity of aggregation 
 or cohesion, and by the affinity of composition or chymical affinity. 
 It also considers the effects of light, heat, and electricity; the nature 
 of the simple and compound inflammable bodies; of air and water; 
 the composition and decomposition of acids ; the nature and proper¬ 
 ties of the salts; their relations to the acids; the calcination, solu¬ 
 tion and alloying of metals ; the composition and nature of plants ; 
 the characteristics of the immediate elements of vegetable substances; 
 the phenomena of animalization; the properties of animal com¬ 
 pounds, and the decay of organic substances. These are its general 
 views, but, as we have before observed, in order to facilitate the study 
 of chymistry, it is divided into several separate branches. There is 
 a meteorological chymistry, by which the great phenomena observed 
 in the atmosphere are explained; and a geological chymistry, 
 which seeks to account for the various combinations of nature beneath 
 the earth’s surface, which produce volcanoes, veins of metal, coals, 
 basalt, etc. There is also a chymistry of the mineral kingdom, com¬ 
 prising the examination of all inorganic substances; a chymistry of 
 

 94 
 
 REPORTING EXERCISES. 
 
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CHYMISTKY. 
 
 95 
 
 the vegetable kingdom, which analyzes plants and their immediate 
 products; a chymistry of the animal kingdom, which studies all 
 substances derived from living or dead animals ; a pathological and 
 pharmaceutical chymistry, which traces the changes produced by dis¬ 
 ease, with the nature and preparation of medicines; an agricultural 
 chymistry, which treats of the nature of plants and soils, and the 
 laws of production. The practical chymist distinguishes bodies into 
 simple and compound substances. Simple substances comprehend 
 such as have hitherto not been decompounded. Of these some are 
 denominated combustibles, because they can undergo combustion, or 
 in other words can burn, as hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus and 
 borax, besides the alkalies, earths and metals. Some are supporters 
 of combustion, which, though not of themselves capable of undergoing 
 combustion, are necessary to produce this effect in other bodies; of 
 which there are three, namely, the three gaseous bodies, oxygen, 
 chlorine and iodine. Compound substances are formed by the union 
 of simple substances with each other, or by that of compound sub¬ 
 stances with others. They result, first, from the combination of 
 oxygen, or one of the other simple supporters of combustion, with 
 one of the simple combustibles; such are the acids: second, from 
 that of a simple body combined with oxygen, with another similar 
 compound; such are the salts: third, from that of two or three 
 simple combustibles with one another; fourth, from that of oxygen 
 with hydrogen and carbon, forming vegetable matter: fifth, from that 
 of oxygen with hydrogen, carbon, and azote, forming animal matter. 
 When the constituent parts of bodies are separated from each other, 
 the bodies are said to be decomposed, and the act of separating them 
 is called decomposition : on the other hand, when bodies are so inti¬ 
 mately united as to form new and distinct substances, this chymical 
 union is distinguished by the name of combination. The chymical 
 investigation of bodies therefore proceeds in two ways; namely, by 
 analysis, that is, the separation of bodies by a series of decompositions 
 and combinations, to come at the knowledge of the constituent 
 parts; and synthesis, by a series of processes to form new compounds; 
 and these two forms of investigation may accompany and assist each 
 other. The commencement of the 19th century forms a brilliant era 
 in the progress of chymistry; but great as have been the discoveries, 
 and persevering as are the researches of the most profound inquirers, 
 every step that is taken, confirms more strongly the fact, that 
 chymistry is a progressive science, and that the discoveries of to-day 
 may be eclipsed by the discoveries of to-morrow. And therefore 
 truly has it been said, that “its analysis is indefinite.” Its termina¬ 
 tion will have been attained only when the real elements of bodies 
 shall have been detected, and all their modifications traced: but how 
 remote this may be from its present state we cannot judge. Nor 
 can we, from our present knowledge, form any just conception of the 
 stages of discovery through which it has yet to pass.— Maunder s 
 “ Scientific and Literary Treasury .” 
 
INDEX. 
 
 The reference is to the Paragraph, except when the Page is given. A hyphen 
 after the figures shows that the subject is continued in the following pages 
 or paragraphs. 
 
 Abbreviations, longband, 49 
 Advice to students, page 3- 
 Approbation and dissent, signs of, 46 
 Average rate of public speaking, 2 
 Characteristics of the age, page 64 
 Chymistry, page 92- 
 Com and con dot, omission of, 32 
 Contracted words, list of, page 36- 
 Contractions, general rule for, 33; 
 
 Longhand, used in transcribing 
 Dissent, signs of, 46 [notes, 49 
 
 Distinguished words, or words con¬ 
 taining the same consonants, but 
 written by different outlines, page 
 Excise ink-bottles, 13 [39- 
 
 Exercises, reporting, page 64- 
 Figures, representation of, 47 
 Grammalogues arranged alphabetical¬ 
 ly, page 34-; phonetically, page 32- 
 Grammalogues, reporting, necessary 
 to be committed to memory, 54 
 Sere, there, were, compounds of, page 
 Income-tax, debate on, 20 [47 
 
 Inks, best writing, 14 
 Ink bottle, 13 ; ink-stand, 14 
 Intersected words, page 47 
 L and r, words ending in, 53 ; list of 
 words ending in l, page 30; ending 
 in r, page 31 
 
 List of contracted words, page 36-; 
 similar words, page 39-; inter¬ 
 sected words, 47; pairs of words 
 (distinguished),34; phraseograms 
 page 48-; miscellaneous ditto, 
 page 56 ; words in which com or 
 con may be omitted, 32 
 Longhand abbreviations, 49 
 Longhand writing, secret of rapid, 52 
 Marks, significant, used by the re- 
 Materials for writing, 12- [porter, 37- 
 Method of practice, 6- 
 Miscellaneous phraseograms, page 56- 
 Negative and positive words, 35 
 Omission of com and con, 32; of unim¬ 
 portant words in phrases, 36 
 Outlines,dissimilar, for words contain¬ 
 ing the same consonants, list of, 
 page 39- 
 
 Pairs of words, distinguished by writ¬ 
 ing a vowel in one of them, 34 
 Paragraph, new, how marked, 29 
 Parliamentary reporting, page 18 
 Parliamentary vocabulary, 27 
 Pen, method of holding, resting on 
 Pens for reporting, 12 [fore-arm, 52 
 
 Phraseography, 11, page 48-, 58- 
 Phonographic notes used in the print¬ 
 ing office without transcription, 22- 
 Phraseograms, list of, page 48-; law, 
 page 62-; miscellaneous, page 56-; 
 theological, page 58- 
 Phrases, law, page 62-; omission of 
 unimportant words in, 36 ; theo¬ 
 logical, page 58- 
 Positive and negative words, 35 
 Portable writing desk, 15 
 Practice, method of, 6-; the secret of 
 reporting, 4 
 
 Public speaking, average rate of, 2 
 Qualifications for a reporter, 17 
 Quotations from Scripture, 48 
 It and l, words ending in, page 30, 31 
 Reporting, 18- ; exercises, page 64; 
 grammalogues, page 32-35 ; as a 
 mental exercise, page 75-; turn¬ 
 ing the leaves in, 16 
 Reporters and shorthand writers, 
 Reports,transcription of,49- Sjpage 67- 
 Representation of figures, 47 
 Requisition, a supposed reply to,page 
 Rules for outlines, 29- [64 
 
 Scripture references, how to mark 
 book, chapter, and verse, 48 
 Secret of rapid longhand writing, 52 
 Secret of reporting, 4 
 Sermon on the immortality of the 
 soul, page 79- 
 
 Shorthand writers and reporters, page 
 Significant marks, 37- [67- 
 
 Signs of approbation, etc., 46 
 Similar words, distinguished by out¬ 
 line, 21; list of, page 39- 
 Speech of the Chancellor of the Ex¬ 
 chequer, page 68- 
 
 Speed in writing, how to attain, 7,52 
 Theological phrases, page 58- 
 There, where, here, compounds of, 
 page 47 
 
 Transcription of reports, 49- 
 Turning the leaves in reporting, 16 
 Vocabulary, parliamentary, 27 
 Where, there, here, compounds of, 
 page 45 
 
 Words, contracted, page 36; similar, 
 page 39-; ending in l and r, 53, 
 list ending with l, page 30; list 
 ending with r, page 31 ; pairs of, 
 34; positive and negative, 35 
 Writing, general rules for, 28- 
 Writing materials, 12- 
 
July , 1884.] 
 
 ISAAC PITMAN’S CATALOGUE OF BOOKS 
 
 IN AID OF THE 
 
 2&eatimg anti TOrttmg Ifteform* 
 
 London : Fred. Pitman, Phonetic Depot, 20 Paternoster row, E.C . 
 Bath: Isaac Pitman, Phonetic Institute. 
 
 Books of the value ofis. and upwards are sent post-paid: on hooks under Is. 
 postage is charged at the rate of \d.for 2 oz. On four or more copies of the same 
 work a reduction of one-fourth is made ; postagebeing paid by the purchaser. 
 The postage of 4 “ Teachers,” or “Readers” is l\d., and of 3 “ Manuals,” or 2 
 “ Reporters,” 2d. By this arrangement it is hoped to engage the services of 
 Phonographers in securing a wide circulation for the phonetic shorthand and 
 phonotypic publications. 
 
 In every case, where possible. Postal Orders should be sent instead of stamps, 
 and should be made payable to Isaac Pitman, Bath. Sums under Is. can be 
 sent in stamps, %d. ones preferred. 
 
 A\lb parcel of Phonetic Tracts, assorted, with a specimen number of the Pho• 
 netic Journal, will be forwarded for 6d,post-paid. Address Isaac Pitman, Bath . 
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION BOOKS. 
 
 The Books recommended to the Student on commencing the study of Pho¬ 
 netic Shorthand are the “Phonographic Teacher,” “Key,” and “Manual.” 
 The Art may be learned from these books without the aid of a personal Teacher. 
 
 The Phonographic TEACHER; containing a series of progressive Lessons 
 to be read, and written out by the student, 904tli thousand, 6d. 
 
 The Phonographic COPY BOOK, made of ruled paper, single lines only,3rf.; 
 post-free, 4 d. 
 
 iESOP’S FABLES, in the Learner’s Style, 6d. 
 
 A COMPEND of PHONOGRAPHY', containing the Alphabet, Grammalogues, 
 and principal Rules for Writing. Price Id. 
 
 EXERCISES in PHONOGRAPHY: a series of Graduated Writing Exercises, 
 illustrative of the Principles of the Art, as developed in the “ Manual of Phono¬ 
 graphy,” Id. 
 
 KEY to the Phonographic Teacher and to the Exercises in Phonography, 6d. 
 
 The “Compend” and “Exercises,” with the assistance of the Teacher of the 
 school, will be sufficient for pupils in National and British Schools. 
 
 A MANUAL of Phonography, containing a complete exposition of the Sys¬ 
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 cises in reading. 425th thousand, Is. 6 d. ; cloth, 2s.; roan, gilt, 2s. 6 d. 
 
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 recommended to young persons who are learning to express their thoughts in 
 writing.) 
 
 TEACHER and MANUAL in one volume; roan gilt, 3s. 
 
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 The Phonographic PHRASE BOOK, containing above two thousand usefu 
 
 ni)T '^sps T^nppl o • plntVi 1 9 
 
 MANUAL, REPORTER, & PHRASE BOOK, in one vol., half-bound, 6s. 
 
 REPORTING EXERCISES: a Praxis on the “Phonographic Reporter, or 
 Reporter’s Companion,” 6 d. 
 
2 
 
 KEY to “ Reporting Exercises,” in which all the Exercises are presented in 
 Shorthand, Reporting Style. Price Is.; cloth, Is. 6d. 
 
 A PHONOGRAPHIC and PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY of the English 
 language; containing 50,000 Words, and 5,000 Proper Names. Price 4s. cloth. 
 
 The REPORTER’S ASSISTANT and Learner’s Guide to a knowledge of 
 Phonography. By Isaac Pitman. Price Is.; cloth Is. 64, 
 
 The Phonographic RAILWAY PHRASE BOOK, 6 d. 
 
 The Phonographic LEGAL PHRASE BOOK, 6d. 
 
 The LEGAL SHORTHAND WRITER & Phrase Book, Is,; cloth, Is. 6d. 
 
 FRENCH PHONOGRAPHY, an Adaptation of Pitman’s Phonetic Shorthand 
 to the French language; by Thomas Allen Reed. Price Is. 
 
 Reed’s REPORTER’S GUIDE, cloth, Is. 6 d. 
 
 PHONOGRAPIIIA sefLLAWFER ynoltrefn Mr Isaac Pitman. Gan R. 
 H. Morgan, M.A., Abermaw, Is. 6 d.; cloth, 2s. 
 
 A PERSUASIVE to the Study and Practice of Phonography, \d .; 4 d. per 
 dozen ; Ss. per gross. (In the common spelling.) 
 
 A RECOMMENDATION of Phonetic Shorthand. By the Rev. D. L. Whe- 
 don, United States. Price \d., 4 d. per dozen, 3s. per gross. 
 
 The Phouetic ALPH ABET,containing the Shorthand, Longhand, and Printing 
 Letters; Price Li. per dozen, Is. per gross. 
 
 VIEW of the Phonetic ALPHABET in various Styles of Writing and 
 Printing, 2 d. per dozen. 
 
 LIST of the Phonetic Society for the current year, post-free 2| d. 
 
 The Members of this Society kindly offer to correct the lessons of phonographic 
 students, through the post, gratuitously. learners are cautioned against persons 
 who advertise themselves as Teachers of Phonography through the post for a fee. 
 
 PRINTED IN PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 EXTRACTS No. 1, in the Corresponding Style. Price 6d. 
 
 EXTRACTS No. 2, in the Corresponding Style. Price 64. 
 
 EXTRACTS No. 3, in the Corresponding Style. Price 6 d. 
 
 SELECTIONS No. 1, in the Reporting Style : Character of Washington, 
 Speech of George Canning at Plymouth, etc., with printed Key. Price 6d. 
 
 SELECTIONS No. 2, in the Reporting Style : Address of the Earl of Derby 
 on being installed Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh, etc. Price 6i. 
 
 SELECTIONS No. 3, in the Reporting Style; Max Muller on National Edu¬ 
 cation, etc. Price 6 d. 
 
 LEAVES Irom the Note-book of Thomas Allen Reed, in the Reporting Style 
 of Phonography, with printed key, and portrait of Mr Reed. Volume 1, price 
 2s., cloth 2s. 6 d. 
 
 The LEGEND of SLEEPY HOLLOW. By Washington Irving. In the 
 Reporting Style of Phonography, with printed Key. Price 6d. 
 
 TALES and SKETCHES, by Washington Irving, in the Corresponding 
 Style, with printed key. Price Is., cloth Is. 6d. 
 
 GULLIVER’S VOYAGE to LILLI PUT, by Dean Swift, in the Corresponding 
 Style; Is., cloth Is. 6d. 
 
 SELECT POETRY, in the Corresponding Style. Price 6 d. 
 
 SELF-CULTURE, by Prof. Blackie; in the Corresponding Style of Phonogra¬ 
 phy. Price Is.; cloth, Is. 6d. 
 
 The NEW TESTAMENT, in the easy Reporting Style, roan, gilt edges, 4s. 6 d.\ 
 morocco, 8s. 
 
 The Book of PSALMS, in the Corresponding Style. A new edition, printed 
 from clearly engraved shorthand characters; Is., cloth, Is. 6d. 
 
 The Narrative of the PILGRIM’S PROGRESS, in the Corresponding Style. 
 Price Is. 6 d.; cloth, 2s. 6 d. 
 
 VICAR OF WAKEFIELD, easy Reporting Style, cloth, 2s. 
 
 LITTLE THINGS OF NATURE, easy Repoiting Style, cloth, Is. 
 
 The Book of COMMON PRAYER, in the Reporting Style, roan, gilt, 4 s.; mo- 
 rocco, gilt, 8s. 
 
 The PICKWICK PAPERS. In the easy Reporting Style of Phonograpliy, 
 two vols., handsomely bound, price 3s. 6d. each, post-free. 
 
3 
 
 PHONETIC PRINTING. 
 
 The following works are printed phonetically , unless the contrary is expressed. 
 
 The Phonetic JOURNAL: published every Saturday, price, Id. ; postpaid 
 l£d. Monthly, in a wrapper, 5 d., post-paid, 6d. More than one copy of the 
 same No. will be sent post-paid. Each No. contains six columns of short¬ 
 hand, in the Learner’s, Corresponding and Reporting Styles, Intelligence of the 
 progress of the Phonetic Reform printed in the common spelling, and articles of 
 general interest printed phonetically. Volumes for 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 
 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 6s. each. 
 
 CHART of the Phonetic Alphabet,containing the Shorthand and Printing 
 Letters, 30 inches by 20, 2d. 
 
 SHEET LESSONS, (16) for use in classes, Is. 
 
 FIRST BOOK in Phonetic Reading, with “Directions to Teachers” how to 
 use it, Id. Printed in a very large and beautiful type. 
 
 SECOND BOOK in Phonetic Reading, 2 d. Large type. 
 
 THIRD BOOK in Phonetic Reading, 3d. 
 
 FOURTH BOOK in Phonetic Reading, 4^. 
 
 FIFTH or Transition Book, 3 d. 
 
 The GOSPEL EPIC. A Harmony of the Gospels, Versified. By Francis 
 Barham and Isaac Pitman. Printed in Semiphonotypy. In 3 Parts, Id. each ; 
 or, the three Parts bound together in cloth, 9d. 
 
 PARABLES, MIRACLES, and DISCOURSES of our Lord and Saviour Jesus 
 Christ. Royal 32mo, 32 pages, each 1 d. 
 
 Max Miiller on SPELLING, reprinted from the Fortnightly , 48 pages, 2d. 
 
 LIFE and CORRESPONDENCE of the Rev. John CLOWES, M.A. By 
 Theodore Compton. Printed mainly in Reformed Spelling. Crown 8vo, 1$.; 
 cloth, 2^.; gilt edges, 2s. 6d. 
 
 A MEMORIAL of FRANCIS BARHAM, 576 pages, handsome cloth, 4s. 
 
 EMANUELS WEDENBORG, the Spiritual Columbus. Printed in graduated 
 Phonotvpy. Price Is.; handsome cloth binding, 2s.; gilt edges, 2s. 6d. “A 
 fascinating book.” 
 
 SKEPTICISM : Three Lectures by the Rev. T. Child. Printed in semi¬ 
 phonotypy : 32 pages, Id. 
 
 GLADYS, or the Story-of Penbirth. By Julia M. Bengougli. Printed in 
 the First Stage of the Spelling Reform. Cloth, Is. 6d. 
 
 In the Common Spelling. 
 
 A PLEA for SPELLING REFORM, by Isaac Pitman. 328 pages, 8 d., cloth. 
 
 A PRIZE ESSAY on the Best Method of Teaching Pitman’s Phonography. 
 Fifth edition. Price 6d. 
 
 A DEFENCE of Phonetic Spelling; drawn from a History of the English 
 Alphabet and Orthography; with a Remedy for their Defects. By R. O. 
 Latham, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. Price ls.; cloth, ls. 6d. 
 
 The HISTORY OF PHONOGRAPHY—how it came about—Report of a 
 Phonetic Meeting at Manchester, 14 July, 1868. Price Id. 
 
 Report of a PHONETIC MEETING held at Manchester, 26 Oct., 1876, Id. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY IN EARNEST; or Greek and Latin derived from English, a 
 satire by Dean Swift. \d., 4d. per dozen, 3s. per gross. 
 
 ENGLISH SPELLING. By George G. Chisholm, M.A. 32 pp., id.; 4d. 
 per dozen. 
 
 A CIRCULAR for Phonographic Teachers, with name, address, and terms for 
 Private Tuition and Classes, on the first page; and a statement of the advanta¬ 
 ges of Phonography on the three other pages; 100 for 3s., and 3 d. postage; 250 
 for 4s. 6d. and 6 d. postage; 500 for 7s. 6 d. and ls. postage. 
 
 Ditto, with First Page partly blank, for the insertion with the pen of name 
 and address, ls. per 100. 
 
 BILLS for similar purpose, with specimen of shorthand, and space for terms, 
 50 for ls. 6d., post-free ls. 9d. ; and 100 for 2s. 6d., post-free 3s. 
 
 The Circular is used by Phonographersfor the purpose of raising classes 
 for teaching the system. Orders to be sent to Isaac Pitman , Path , of whom 
 a specimen Circular or Pill may be obtained for a postage stamp. 
 
4 
 
 TRACTS (chiefly in the common spelling;) explanatory and recommenda¬ 
 tory of the principles and practice of Phonetic Shorthand and Phonetic Printing; 
 Single leaf, fcp. 8vo., Is. per gross; 4 pages, 2s. per gross. 
 
 The friends of the Reform will render it essential service by the distribution 
 Cf Phonetic Tracts and Circulars. A lib parcel, assorted, with a back number 
 tfthe Phonetic Journal, will be forwarded, post-paid, for 3d. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC STATIONERY, &c. 
 
 TABLETS, or the letters of the Phonetic Alphabet, printed on stiff cardboard 
 to be used in teaching the alphabet, and explaining it at Lectures: in two 
 sizes :— Small, 3d.; Large, Is. 6 d. 
 
 The Small Tablets serve for a single pupil, or a class of about 12 ; and the 
 Large ones for a public lecture. 
 
 Phonographic WRITING PAPER, of various sizes, ruled with faint lines, 
 done up in packets of five quires; viz., Note Paper, Is. post-free ; Letter 
 Paper, Is. post-free; Extra, cream laid, with ornamental border, 2s. post-free; 
 Reporting Paper, with single lines, Is. and Is. 6 d. ; with double lines, Is. 6d. 
 post-free. 
 
 When the extra Letter paper, or the double line Reporting paper is not ordered, 
 the Is. Letter paper, and the single line Reporting paper will be sent. 
 
 Phonographic PENCILS, price per dozen Is.; superior lead, 2s., post free. 
 (SLx pencils is the lowest number sent by post.) 
 
 REPORTING COVERS, to hold the reporting paper, when taking sermons 
 &c., cloth, 6 d.; cloth, extra, Is.; leather, Is. 3d. Ditto, with loop at side for 
 pencil, Is. 6 d. Extra, in morocco, lined with leather, elastic bands, 3s. Ditto, 
 with loop at side for pencil, 3s. 3d. 
 
 Reporter’s NOTE BOOK, single or double lines, stiff covers, Is. 3d., post free. 
 Ditto, with elastic back, to open flat on the desk, Is. 6 d. post free; double size, 2s. 
 
 Pitman’s REPORTING BOOK, 200 pages, 6d .; post-free, 8 d. 
 
 Pitman’s SHORTHAND PENS. Box of two dozen, 9d., post free, lOrf, ; 
 fitted with a slide to regulate the degree of hardness of the point, 10d., post 
 free, Hi. Reporting Pens in boxes containing eight, price 6 d., post-free. 
 
 Reporter’s PENCIL CASES, prepared with divisions for 4 or 6 pencils ; flat, 
 for the pocket; with four divisions, Is.; with 6 divisions, Is. 3d. 
 
 Pencils to fill the Case should be ordered at the same time, to prevent its 
 being crushed in the Post Office. 
 
 REPORTER’S REST, or Desk for the Knee, to fold up for the pocket. 2s.; 
 post free, 2s. 3d. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC WAEERS, containing a moral maxim, written in Phonetic 
 Shorthand. Sheet of 56, Id. 
 
 CARTE DE VISITE of Mr Isaac Pitman, Inventor of Phonography, ®d. 
 
 Photograph of the PHONETIC INSTITUTE, Bath, 6 d. 
 
 Printed by Isaac Pitman, Phonetic Institute, Bath. 
 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 
 I 
 
 Circu 
 
 . ublished every Satu7 v . 
 
 ONE FENNY, 
 
 THE 
 
 Phonetic Journal 
 
 The Organ of the Phonetic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 ISAAC PITMAN 
 
 (^YVET.TOE OF FHONOGEAPHY.) 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 SIX COLUMNS of SI-IORTIIAND, 
 
 In, the Learner’s, Corresponding, and Brief Reporting Styles, 
 with KEY in common print. 
 
 Intelligence of the progress of Phonography and the Spelling Reform 
 in Great Britain, tne United States, Australia, etc., and 
 A list of the names of New Members of the Phonetic Society. 
 
 Crr- The Members of this Society, correct the Exercises of Learners 
 through the post free of charge. 
 
 Articles in phonetic and common print on interesting subjects. 
 
 Persons who find it inconvenient to get the JoTraNAL, by order, through a 
 bookseller, may obtain jt lireot from Bath, on the following terms :— 
 ^Subscription tor one copy per quarter, sent weekly... Is. Sd. 
 
 „ „ fortnightly. Is. Id. 
 
 „ two copies ,, weekly . 2s. 2d. 
 
 „ ore copy pfr annum, „ . 6s. 6 d. 
 
 Two copies and up wards sent post free; per dozen 8d., post-paid lii. 
 
 Monthly P tars, each, 5 d .; post free, 6 d. 
 
 The Journal is sent in month.v parts to subscribers in Europe, Egypt, 
 the United States, & f>an\ a, for 6/ a year) to India, 7/6j to 8. America i 
 and West Africa, 9/; A .sfcv.lia, 10/6. 
 
 subscript ions must be paid in advance , and may commence with any TTo. 
 
 A number sent ns a specimen, for 1 \d. in stamps to Isaac Pitman Bath. 
 
 * ,* The Phonetic Journai+iipcul&ten among an intelligent and too gntful 
 < i- • dors. It may therefore be regarded as on** of the b’st medi¬ 
 um-, f • 1 kinds of educational advertisements. Prepayment is required 
 
 accord ; o the following scale:— 
 
 Tho P r ■ ' oel re words and under, frontpage V 6b; other pages, Is. 
 Add'd t fr >r.t page, |d. per word; ether pa,. >s, §d. per word. 
 
 Dirplu; d ,t lise-u.ent i, frontpage, 8s. per hich;* other ps,<R r , 5s. per 
 inch. Advert! "‘hire its for 12 or mere weeks consecutively without alteration, 
 hall-priao. Prepayment required in t.li cases. 
 
 XONPON: PEED. PITM AN, 20 PATEBNC STEP SOW-, E C, 
 
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