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A BC^ND-BOOK 
 
 TO THE 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 GEOUNDS AND MUSEUM 
 
 OF THE 
 
 YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 EIGHTH EDITION. 
 
 YORK: 
 
 JOHN SAMPSON, PUBLISHER, CONEY-STREET. 
 
 1891. 
 
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PREFACE. 
 
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 Sixty-seven years have passed away since the Yorkshire 
 Philosophical Society was founded, and the Curator considers 
 that the eighth edition of the Catalogue of Antiquities may very 
 properly be prefaced with a short account of the origin and 
 growth of the collection. 
 
 The soil of York is so rich a mine, that curiosities from it must 
 have been collected and preserved in almost every century. Sir 
 Thomas Herbert, the friend and attendant of Charles I., did what 
 he could to conserve every remnant of the past greatness of his 
 birth-place ; and Dr. Martin Lister gathered together curiosities 
 in the same 17th century, and some of his things found their way 
 to Sir Thomas Bodley’s library at Oxford. Ralph Thoresby, of 
 Leeds, had many Roman remains from York in his verv miscella- 
 neous museum, and visited the city every now and then in quest 
 of additions. At that time the chief foraging ground for 
 antiquities was the brick field between Bootham and the river 
 Ouse, where a large Roman Cemetery was discovered. In the 
 beginning of the last century Alderman Elcock and Sir James 
 Brooke had cabinets of coins, on which Thoresby, who was an 
 audacious beggar, would gaze with longing eyes. Dr. Langwith 
 had also a collection of coins from York, which his father, one 
 of the vergers in the Minster, helped him to gather together. The 
 Eboracum of Francis Drake was published in 1737, and in it are 
 several plates of antiquities and coins, some of which had been 
 acquired by himself. The collection made by John Burton, M.D.^ 
 the author of the Monasticon Eboracense, is known to have been 
 dispersed and lost. Towards the end of the century Alexander 
 Hunter, M.D., gathered together some antiques which descended 
 to his grandson. Colonel Hunter ; and Francis Smyth, of New- 
 building, a very distinguished antiquary, had others which have 
 long ago disappeared. John Croft, of York, followed in the steps 
 of his two friends, and much of what he amassed was fortunately 
 given to the Museum by the Rev. R. Croft, in the year 1824. In 
 short, just as no person of taste or learning is ever without a few 
 ancient coins, so every inhabitant of York who had any literary 
 feeling had some of the relics of the past greatness of the city in 
 which he dwelt, which were being continually discovered. 
 
 203363 
 
IV. 
 
 Private collections are but migratory, and are practically useless 
 for the general requirements of history or science. This was first 
 realized in York in 1823, when through the energy and the 
 enlightened principles of the late Rev. William Vernon Harcourt, 
 to whom this city owes so much, the Yorkshire Philosophical 
 Society was founded. An Antiquarian Department formed a 
 part of the new Institution from the very first, and it had the 
 good fortune to begin under the fostering care of the Rev. Chaides 
 Wellbeloved, a man of generous and kindly sympathies, and a 
 scholar in the best sense of the word. To the progress of the 
 Department of which he had the charge, I intend to restrict 
 myself. 
 
 The Society secured for the purposes of a Museum five rooms 
 in the house in Low Ousegate, next to the river, which is now 
 occupied by Messrs. Raper & Pulleyn. In one of these rooms the 
 Antiquities were exhibited. The first gift was that of a small 
 number of Saxon cinerary urns, from a cemetery on the Wolds, 
 presented by the Rev. Chr. Sykes. They are called ‘ Roman or 
 British ’ in the Catalogue of Antiquities, so inexact was the 
 knowledge of such matters at that time. The progress of the 
 Collection was slow. In 1829 the Society removed from Low 
 Ousegate to the present Museum, which had been erected by 
 public subscription, and the Antiquities were exhibited in a part 
 of the long room (then divided into two) in which the Ethnological 
 specimens are now placed. Additions came in exceedingly slowly, 
 and no money seems to have been laid out systematically upon 
 the purchase of the curiosities which must have been frequently 
 discovered. But in the year 1837 a splendid opportunity occurred. 
 The extensive excavations in connection with the North-Eastern 
 Railway, its station and depots, began, and were spread over 
 several years, whilst at the same time the authorities of the City 
 commenced the building of Parliament Street. The Railway 
 works exposed the remains of extensive Roman baths and build- 
 ings, and revealed part of a large cemetery ; whilst the changes 
 in the City itself disclosed other antiquities of different ages and 
 in great variety. The Railway authorities, as well as those of 
 the City, agreed to hand over to the Museum all the curiosities 
 that were found, but this privilege was practically useless, except 
 in a few instances. The area of the excavations going on at one 
 time was far too extensive for any one person to watch oji behalf 
 of the Society, which by no means needed everything that was 
 discovered, and the Society learned the impossibility of acquiring 
 
V. 
 
 as gifts various objects which the finders soon discovered to be of 
 monetary value. The result was that private collectors sprang 
 up in addition to the agent of the Museum. The chief of these 
 were Mr. William Hargrove, the Proprietor of the York Herald ; 
 Mr. Robert Cook, who collected in behalf of Mr. Thomas Bateman, 
 the well-known Derbyshire antiquary ; and Mr. J ames Cook, his 
 brother. The agent on behalf of the Society was Henry Baines, 
 who was sub-curator of the Museum, and had the charge of the 
 G-ardens, In 1846 an event took place which gave a great im- 
 pulse to antiquarian study in the City. The Archaeological 
 Institute held its Congress in York. It was then that the writer 
 paid his first visit to the place. He well remembers the exhibition 
 of antiquities in the Art School, in the Minster Yard, where a 
 number of curiosities from the Museum were exhibited, and the 
 meeting of the Historical Section of the Institute in the upper 
 room of the Hospitium. One happy result of the visit of the 
 Institute was the purchase, for the large sum of £379, of the 
 Hargrove collection of antiquities, in which Mr. Charles Roach 
 Smith acted as Mr. Hargrove’s agent. Prior to its arrival the 
 Roman and Mediaeval remains in the Museum were comparatively 
 inferior and scanty. More space was now necessary, and the 
 enlarged Collection was transferred to the upper room in the 
 Hospitium which it occupies at the present time ; the lower room 
 having been utilized some years before for the reception of the 
 sculptured stones, especially the Mediaeval remains which were 
 found in St. Mary’s Abbey, in 1827-9. A Catalogue was now 
 requisite, and this was prepared and published by Mr. Well- 
 beloved, in 1852. Mr. Wellbeloved had already shown his calibre 
 by his ‘ Eburacum or York under the Romans ’ which is still a 
 standard book on the history of Roman Britain. The Catalogue 
 of Antiquities exhibited the author’s power in dealing with 
 minute details as well as general history, and is an admirable 
 piece of literary work. Mr. Wellbeloved continued to act as 
 Curator until his death in 1858, and was succeeded by his son-in- 
 law, Rev. John Kenrick, who had assisted him for some years in 
 his labours. Mr. Kenrick was a great scholar, and his numerous 
 and able papers on historical and antiquarian subjects were 
 always welcome to the members of the Society. In 1872 Mr. 
 Kenrick purchased for the sum of £150, and presented to the 
 Museum, the collection of Antiquities which had been formed by 
 Mr. J ames Cook, another proof of the assertion that private col- 
 lections always gravitate, sooner or later, to some large and 
 
VI. 
 
 general repository. With these curiosities came two volumes of 
 sketches by Mr. Cook of the objects he had acquired, in which the 
 places and dates of their discovery were faithfully recorded. In 
 the year 1870 the present Curator became associated with Mr. 
 Kenrick in the care of the Antiquities, and, since Mr. Kenrick’s 
 death, in 1877, at the great age of 89, he has had the sole charge 
 of that large and increasing department. His chief reason for 
 takiiig upon himself that responsibility was his desire to be of 
 service to the Society in the acquisition of the antiquities dis- 
 covered in the Roman cemetery, which was cut through for the 
 building of the Station Hotel, and other works in connection with 
 the N.E.R., between 1872 and 1876. The Directors, as before, 
 reserved for the Museum all the curiosities that should he found 
 
 » 
 
 hut this was not observed, and nearly everything that the Society 
 acquired was bought from the finders. In spite of many diffi- 
 culties thrown in his way, the present Curator was happily able 
 to secure a very large collection of Roman remains of every 
 possible kind, which, when blended with what the Society already 
 possessed, made the Roman antiquities in the York Museum by 
 far the finest collection from any one site in the country. 
 
 In 1875 the Society purchased, for the sum of £150, the anti- 
 quities, chiefly flint and stone implements from the Yorkshire 
 Wolds, that had been collected by Mr. Charles Monkman, of 
 Malton, and this was practically the beginning of the pre-historic 
 series. The collection also included a number of Roman urns 
 which had been recently discovered at York. Another re-arrange- 
 ment of the collections was now necessary. The Council therefore 
 re-roofed the two parts of the Ethnological room, threw them 
 into one, and transferred to it all the English antiquities except 
 the pottery. The pre-historic and Anglian collections were now 
 placed in new cases and carefully arranged. The chief part of 
 this work was done by the late Dr. Gibson. In 1882 Mr. Edward 
 Hailstone presented the contents of his small antiquarian 
 museum. Mr. Hailstone was in early life for some time a resident 
 in York. He was a member of the Council in 1848, and Mr. 
 Wellbeloved endeavoured to secure his assistance as joint-curator 
 with himself, hut that was not to he. Mr. Hailstone’s gift was a 
 mark of his love for the place, which has been manifested in 
 other ways since. It included a number of bronze implements of 
 pre-historic and Roman date, pottery, and many matrices and 
 impressions of mediseval seats. This gift was soon followed by 
 another of a still greater magnitude. The Society acquired in 
 
Vll. 
 
 1882 the large collection of antiquities formed by Mr. George 
 Alderson Robinson, of Reeth, which consisted of all the curiosities 
 collected by Mr. Edward Wood, of Richmond, with many addi- 
 tions, and a large gathering of Irish stone and bronze implements. 
 This was offered for sale in Edinburgh in 1867 as the Ballimoney 
 collection and was purchased by Mr. Robinson in its entirety. 
 It had been Mr. Robinson’s intention to bequeath his Museum to 
 the Society, but he died very suddenly and intestate, and his 
 widow and son, knowing what his intentions had been, very 
 generously carried them out. This is the last gift of any 
 considerable magnitude that the Antiquarian Department has 
 received. Others, no doubt, will follow. It is to be hoped that 
 collectors generally will regard this Museum as the proper home 
 for any relics of the past discovered in York or Yorkshire. There 
 are many at the present time in private hands. In their present 
 position, they are little better than waifs or strays. In a great 
 central Museum like that of York every addition falls at once into 
 its proper place, and gains a meaning and an importance which 
 it did not possess previously. 
 
 J. R. 
 
I. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES IN THE GEOUNDS OF THE 
 YOEKSHIEE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 The grounds in which the Museum of the Yorkshire 
 Philosophical Society stands occupy above one-half of 
 the ancient Close of the Benedictine Abbey of St. 
 Mary ; with a small portion of the moat of the city 
 wall, and of the enclosure within which the Hospital 
 of St. Leonard formerly stood. 
 
 The Visitor, upon his first entrance into these grounds, 
 will observe, on his right hand, the remains of the 
 ancient Hospital of St. Leonard ; but he is advised to 
 pass over these for the present, and to direct his 
 attention, first of all, to the remains of a much older 
 date immediately adjoining those of the Hospital, a 
 portion of the eortieications of the Eoman Station" 
 OF Ebhracum, the capital of Eoman Britain ; erected, 
 it is probable, in the second or third century of 
 the Christian era. These remains, consisting of a part 
 of the wall and an angle-tower, are in a remarkably 
 good state of preservation, considering their great age, 
 and the dangers to which they have been exposed 
 amidst the various vicissitudes which the city of York 
 has experienced, during the long and often much 
 troubled period that has elapsed since Britain was 
 abandoned by the Eomans. The exterior of the angle- 
 tower has suffered most, but the original work, which 
 remains unchanged, may at once be distinguished from 
 the rude repairs it has received in later times, and from 
 the portion raised upon it, when it was made a part of 
 
 B 
 
the wall of York in mediaeval times. It may be 
 questioned whether at the lower part of the tower 
 in the north side these are not the remains of a Roman 
 tower earlier than the present. 
 
 The masonry of the exterior surface of the Roman 
 wall, and of the whole breadth of the wall of the tower, 
 consists of regular courses of small ashlar stones, with 
 a string of large Roman tiles or bricks, five in depth, 
 inserted between the nineteenth and twentieth courses 
 of the stones from the foundation. In an engraving 
 made for Sir Martin Lister towards the close of the 
 seventeenth century, two strings of these tiles or bricks 
 are clearly shown. Turning by the tower to the right 
 hand, and passing through a doorway in the present 
 city wall joining the tower, the visitor will come upon 
 another portion of the Roman wall connected with the 
 angle-tower and proceeding from it in a north-easterly 
 direction, at nearly a right angle. This has been 
 traced as far as the city gate called Bootham Bar, 
 where the foundations, and some interesting fragments 
 of the old Roman gate were discovered. Several of 
 these are in the Museum. In 1876, some further 
 remains of the gate were found, with a large portion 
 of a pillar, showing that the structure was somewhat 
 similar to the arch of Serverus at Rome. Between the 
 angle-tower and this gate, portions of two wall towers, 
 and one entire small chamber, have been found buried 
 with the wall in the modern rampart.^' These towers 
 and the wall immediately connected with them were 
 removed, with the exception of a small portion in the 
 garden of the last house in St. Leonard’s Place, when 
 that entrance to the city was formed. 
 
 The masonry of the interior of the angle-tower, 
 I’eaching very nearly, it is probable, to its original 
 
 * See “ Eburacum, or York under the Romans,” p. 52. 
 
5 
 
 height, is remarkably fresh and perfect, owing to its 
 having been concealed during many ages by an 
 accumulation of soil which was removed soon after the 
 building came into the possession of the Society, in 
 1831. The tower has been divided by a wall, a small 
 part of which is still remaining, into two equal portions. 
 At the height of about five feet there seems to have 
 been originally a timber fioor ; and above this, at the 
 height of about nine feet, another floor. The lower 
 compartments had a mortar floor laid upon sand ; and 
 having no light but from the entrances, may have been 
 used as depositories for stores or arms. The two 
 apartments above these were probably guard -rooms ; 
 each of them having a narrow window or aperture, 
 so placed as to enable those within to observe what was 
 passing without, along the line of each wall. The 
 opening of these apertures externally was not more 
 than six inches in width ; but within, it expanded to 
 about five feet ; their height, owing to the change 
 that has been made in the upper part of the tower, 
 cannot be exactly ascertained. The annexed wood-cut 
 will exhibit a clear view of the arrangement of this 
 part of the ancient fortification. The diameter of the 
 interior at the base or floor, is about 33 feet 6 inches : 
 the plan consists of ten sides of a nearly regular 
 thirteen-sided figure, forming nine very obtuse angles : 
 whence it has obtained the name of The Multangular 
 Tower. 
 
 a. a, a. The multangular wall of the tower. 
 
 h. The wall of the Roman station proceeding fi-om the 
 tower in the direction of Lendal and Coney Street. 
 
 c. The wall proceeding in the direction of Bootham 
 Bar. 
 
 d. The wall dividing the tower into two portions. 
 
6 
 
 e. e. The wall at the entrance into the tower. Traces 
 of another similar wall have been seen at 
 /. /. Walls built for the purpose of supporting the 
 interior ramparts. 
 
 g. g. The apertures in the upper rooms of the tower, 
 which commanded a view of the exterior of the walls. 
 li. The modern city wall. 
 
 a 
 
 The stone coffins deposited in the tower were found 
 in different Roman burial places in the immediate 
 neighbourhood of York. They are rudely formed of a 
 coarse grit stone, and are without inscriptions. In 
 that which is marked by the letters H. F., discovered 
 in 1831 in Heslington Field, about a mile from York, 
 
7 
 
 were some few remains of a female wliicL. had been 
 covered with plaster (gypsum) in a liquid state. This 
 plaster, exhibiting a cast of the body, together with 
 some trinkets imbedded in it, may be seen in the upper 
 room of the Hospitium, in the case marked I. 
 
 The multangular tower with the wall adjoining it is 
 the chief portion of the fortifications of Eburacum or 
 Eoman York, existing above ground. But in ex- 
 cavating for sewers and other purposes, various portions 
 of tlie foundations of such fortifications have been 
 found ; by means of which the exact extent of one side, 
 and the direction of the other sides of the Homan 
 Station have been ascertained with tolerable accuracy. 
 The East side runs from Market Street to the Mult- 
 angular Tower in the Museum Gardens ; the North 
 from this tower, along the line of the City Wall, to 
 the corner of Gillygate and Lord Mayor’s Walk ; the 
 West follows the City Wall through Mr. Gray’s garden 
 (where it was discovered in 1861) past Monk Bar, 
 (where a considerable portion of it may be seen in the 
 inner rampart,) to a point not very far distant, near the 
 site of the old Church of St. Helen on the Walls. As 
 to the shape of the south side there is some doubt. 
 By drawing a straight line from the site of St. Helen’s 
 Church to Market Street, the wall would pass through 
 Church Street and Parliament Street ; but a portion of 
 the wall recently discovered in Aldwark crossed that 
 street at so sharp an angle that if the line were carried 
 out the greater part of the Shambles and Parliament 
 Street would be brought within the limits of the camp. 
 It may be that want of space obliged the Homans to 
 break up the earlier arrangement of the walls, and to 
 take in more room, thus destroying the original square. 
 It appears, however, that Homan York occupied a 
 comparatively small portion of the site of modern York, 
 
8 
 
 and that it was entirely on the North side of the Biver 
 Ouse ; the South side being occupied, as recent 
 discoveries have shewn, by extensive baths, temples, 
 villas, and places of burial, on the road leading from 
 Eburacum to Calcaria (Tadcaster), the next station 
 towards the South. It has been hitherto conjectured 
 that the Boman Station of Eburacum was of a 
 rectangular form, of about 536 yards by about 470; 
 having four principal gates or entrances ; four principal 
 angle-towers ; and a series of ^linor towers or turrets, 
 from twenty-five to thirty in number. It is more 
 probable, I think, that the camp was five-sided, and 
 had a larger area. 
 
 The first of the plates facing the title-page represents 
 what was considered to be the position and extent of 
 Eburacum, and the situation and extent of the modern 
 city, within the limits of its walls. 
 
 From the interior of the Multangular Tower, the 
 visitor may pass to the remains of a religious establish- 
 ment, next in point of antiquity to those of the Boman 
 Station ; and forming a part of the Hospital of St. 
 Leoxaud. The foundation of this religious house is 
 ascribed to the Anglo-Saxon King Athelstan; who, 
 returning from a successful expedition against the 
 Scots in the year 936, and finding in the Cathedral 
 church of York some poor religious persons, called 
 Colidei or Culdees, devoting themselves to works of 
 charity and piety, granted them a piece of ground near 
 the Cathedral, on which they might erect a Hospital ; 
 adding, for the support of it, one thrave of corn out of 
 every carucate of land in the bishoprick of York. 
 William the Conqueror confirmed this grant. William 
 Bufus enlarged the site of their Hospital, and built for 
 them a Church, which was dedicated, as the Hospital 
 
9 
 
 had been, to St. Peter. Henry I. still farther enlarged 
 the Close of the establishment, extending it to the 
 banks of the river ; confirming their privileges, and 
 granting them additional lands. Stephen re-built the 
 Hospital, and dedicated it to St. Leonard, and hence- 
 forth it was, probablj^, independent of the Minster. 
 All its privileges and possessions were confirmed and 
 enlarged by successive kings, and additional grants 
 were made from time to time by the wealthy and 
 devout, so that it became one of the largest and best 
 endowed foundations of the kind in the North of 
 England. There is in existence a survey of the 
 Hospital taken in the year 1280, which affords a 
 perfect picture of its condition at the time. The staff 
 consisted of a master with two servants ; eight brethren, 
 chaplains, with six servants ; eleven lay brethren in 
 the Hospital, and eight on the manors in the country 
 with eight servants ; a chaplain-receiver and his page ; 
 three secular chaplains and one sub-deacon ; a school- 
 master for the boys ; a master for the song-school ; 
 nineteen choir boys ; fourteen sisters wearing the 
 habit, and three who did not ; the servants were sixty- 
 seven in number. In the Infirmary there w^re 229 
 men and women, with two washerwomen and seven 
 servants. There was also an Orphanage containing 
 23 boys and a woman to look after them. The income 
 of the Hospital in that year amounted to £1,062 7s. 2Jd., 
 and the expenditure to £1,035 5s. 3^d. The balance 
 constituted the stipend of the Master. St. Leonards 
 Hospital was, therefore, a most important establishment, 
 and consisted of a hospital and an orphanage, with 
 large distributions of alms at the gate, and a dinner 
 every Sunday for each prisoner in York Castle. It 
 was very cruelly and needlessly broken up when the 
 Monasteries came to an end, and was surrendered in 
 
10 
 
 the year 1539. The lands would certainly produce 
 £10,000 a year at the present time. 
 
 Of the first portion of the remains of this large 
 establishment which presents itself to the notice of the 
 visitor, immediately upon leaving the Multangular 
 Tower, no satisfactory account can be given. It consists 
 merely of the bases of four pillars, small portions of 
 two shafts, and one capital, evidently parts of two rows 
 of pillars of very unequal dimensions, ranged parallel 
 to the Eoman wall. It is highly probable that there 
 are the remains of corresponding pillars in the ground 
 not occupied by the Society ; and that the ground plan 
 of the structure to which they belonged may be truly 
 represented by the annexed wood-cut : a. a. a, a, 
 denoting the bases now seen. 
 
 (B ■ 
 
 a 
 
 ■ 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 [S 
 
 If this be correct, this part of the building consisted 
 of three compartments, separated by rows of pillars. 
 But of the character of the superstructure, and the 
 purpose of the building, it is in vain to form any 
 conj ecture. 
 
 Leaving these, the visitor will proceed to the more 
 interesting remains of what in all probability were the 
 Ambulatory and Chapel of the Infirmary of St. Leonard’s 
 Hospital, which was leased to the Society by the 
 
11 
 
 Corporation in 1841. The covered cloister or Ambu- 
 latory appears to have consisted of five, or perhaps six 
 aisles, in two of which was a large fire-place ; for the 
 benefit, no doubt, of the infirm and sickly, for whose 
 use the Ambulatory was designed. The back of this 
 fire-place is made of thin square bricks, arranged in the 
 herring-bone pattern The exterior aisle, on the side 
 towards the Multangular Tower, was most probably 
 inclosed by a wall. Above the Ambulatory were the 
 chambers or wards of the infirmary ; adjoining to which 
 is the beautiful, small chapel, opening to the chamber, 
 so that the sick persons who were confined to their 
 beds, might have the comfort of hearing the celebration 
 of the divine offices. The eastern end of the chapel 
 indicates the period of its erection ; the style of the 
 architecture being that of the early part of the 13th 
 century, and it is no doubt the work of John. Itomanus, 
 Treasurer of the Minster, and the builder of the North 
 Transept, who is said to have restored the Hospital of 
 St. Leonard. The Ambulatory belongs to rather an 
 earlier age. How access was obtained to the chamber 
 and the chapel, does not clearly appear ; there being 
 no remains of a staircase. Adjoining the Ambulatory 
 is the ancient entrance into the Hospital from the river ; 
 on the banks of which was a staith or wharf, appropri- 
 ated to the Hospital, called St. Leonard’s landing. 
 
 On the left hand, as you go beneath the arch, is a 
 large stone coffin, boldly cut, with a label for an 
 inscription which has never been put on it. The label 
 ends peltce^ resembling the letter E. This coffin 
 was found in 1874, near the Scarbro’ Hailway Bridge, 
 lying north and south, and immediately in front of it, 
 a skeleton (probably that of some servant of the 
 
 * There is a similar fire-place at Kirkstall Abbey, which is engraved in 
 Old Yorkshire^ ii. 28. 
 
12 
 
 deceased) was discovered, buried ‘ bolt upright/ The 
 two sarcophagi next to this are a pair, and were found 
 in the year 1813, in Clifton, at a place called One Tree 
 Hill, in the grounds of Mr. David Russell (now the 
 property of Mr. Thomlinson- Walker). There are some 
 slight traces on these 'coffins of effaced inscriptions, 
 showing that they have been used at least twice. These 
 were deposited here by the Dean and Chapter in 1862.^'^ 
 The fourth sarcophagus on the same side is carefully 
 finished for an inscription, but one of the corners has 
 been damaged, and on that account the tomb was 
 probably bought cheap out of a Roman stonemason^ s 
 yard. On the right side is another large coffin which 
 has probably been used more than once, as there are 
 some traces of a defaced label and inscription. The 
 only letters remaining are the usual D. M. upon the 
 lid. This was found in the New Railway Station in 
 1873. Near this coffin are two side stones of a Roman 
 well, discovered in Tanner Row, at the end of Barker 
 Lane, and the base of a large Roman pillar, found in 
 1883, at the depth of eleven feet, in the garden in front 
 of Castlegate House, and presented by Miss Goodricke, 
 the tenant. A large British coffin is near, hollowed 
 out of a single oak tree, and containing, when dis- 
 covered, several skeletons. It was found near Sunder- 
 landwick, in the East Riding, and was presented by 
 Mr. E. H. Reynard in 1856. Appended to the wall as 
 you enter the archway, on the right hand, is an 
 inscription recording the building of the Market Cross 
 in Pavement in 1671-2, by Marmaduke Rawdon. f 
 
 * These are figured in Mr. Wellbeloved’s Eboracum, p. 104, and Wright’s 
 Celt, Eoman, and Saxon, and are a good sample of these ponderous sarcophagi 
 which have been found in great numbers around York. There are between 
 thirty and forty of them in the grounds of the Society. 
 
 t The inscription may be found in Drake’s Eboracum ; and in the preface 
 to Mr. Davies’ Life of Marmaduke Rawdon, p. 38. 
 
13 
 
 The cross was removed in 1813, and this inscription 
 was presented to the Museum in 1835 by Mr. J. Smith. 
 On the stone is the following additional record, placed 
 immediately below the arms of the city : — ‘‘ The above 
 inscription, part of the Market Cross taken down in 1813, 
 was"^ restored and placed here with the sanction of the 
 Yorkshire Philosophical Society by W, F. Paw don, M.DP 
 The hand of the restorer is again needed. 
 
 Outside, with their heads towards the street, are six 
 stone coffins, very coarsely wrought, discovered during 
 the excavation in 1872-3, with the exception of the first 
 which meets you, with which more pains have been 
 taken. This was found in the railway excavation of 
 1840, and was recently presented by Mr. W. Bell. 
 
 Adjoining to this entrance, on the site of the present 
 street, there was another aisle, the use of which is 
 unknown. The staircase leading to the Infirmary and 
 the Chapel may have been at the northern end of it. 
 Of the use to which the room under the Chapel was 
 applied, no satisfactory account can be given. 
 
 The huge Roman tomb, composed of ten large slabs 
 of grit stone, deposited in this room, marked I., was 
 discovered in the year 1848, not far from the entrance 
 to the North Eastern Railway Station, through the 
 ramparts of the city wall. It contained the remains of 
 a body which had been placed in a coffin of cedar, and 
 covered with gypsum. The coffin had entirely perished, 
 with the exception of a few very small fragments : but 
 the gypsum remained, exhibiting a cast of the body 
 over which it had been poured. This cast is deposited 
 in the upper room of the Hospitium, in the case 
 marked Q. b. 
 
 The Roman coffin marked II., was discovered in July, 
 1851, about three feet below the surface, near Skelder- 
 gate Postern, by the side of the road leading to 
 
14 
 
 Bishoptliorpe: It contained a cast of the bodies of a 
 female and a child, deposited in the upper room of the 
 Hospitium, in the case marked E. 
 
 The Roman coffin marked III., was found in the 
 garden of the late Mr. John Prest, without Micklegate 
 Bar. It contained a few bones, and a jet armlet. — 
 Mr, J. W. Graves^ 1852. 
 
 The coffin marked IV., was found at the Mount. — 
 Mr, W, Driffield. 
 
 In the Larger Vaulted Room are some Mediaeval 
 remains. [a) A portion of the stone figure of St. 
 Leonard, the patron of the Hospital. (h) Many of 
 the stones of an arch found in the excavation for St. 
 Leonard’s Place, and a part, no doubt, of the ancient 
 Hospital, {c) Part of a sepulchral slab removed from 
 Christ-Church when it was restored. It probably 
 commemorates John Towthorp, butcher, and Margery 
 his wife, who were buried there in the 15th century. 
 {d) A portion of a monument taken out of the Cemetery 
 of the Carmelite Priary in Possgate, commemorating a 
 Priar, and inscribed [_Ricar~]dus de Her, , , Below 
 
 is a cross above a shield on which are the letters B. L. 
 — 3Ir, J, T, Biscomhe^ 1889. 
 
 Returning by the Multangular Tower, the visitor 
 passes again over what was formerly the moat of the 
 city wall, and enters on the precincts of the Abbey of 
 St. Mary. 
 
 The original foundation of this once large and opu- 
 lent establishment ascends to a period prior to the 
 Norman Conquest. About the year 1050, Siward, a 
 noble Dane, and Earl of Northumberland, began to 
 erect a minster or church here, which he dedicated to 
 St. Olave, and in which he is said to have been buried. 
 Six years after the Conquest, three zealous monks, 
 Aldwine, Elfwine, and Reinfrid, from the Abbey of 
 
15 
 
 Evesliam, came into the North with the view of re- 
 viving monastic life there, almost extinct through the 
 long continued violence of the Danish invaders. Hav- 
 ing been very successful in their mission on the banks 
 of the Tyne, Heinfrid came soutliwards to Streaneshalch 
 (Whitby), where still remained the ruins of a Saxon 
 convent founded by St. Hilda. Here he was allowed 
 by Earl Perci, to whom this fee belonged, to build a 
 Priory and was soon joined by several who had devoted 
 themselves to a monastic life. Among these was a 
 person named Stephen, to whom the government of the 
 priory was committed. But having made himself ob- 
 noxious to the Earl, he was driven from the priory, 
 and retired to Lastingham on the moors, where a 
 religious house had been established in the Saxon 
 times. This he refounded, but was shortly driven 
 thence also by his powerful adversary. Under the 
 protection of Alan of Brittan}^, Earl of Pichmond, to 
 whom the Church of St. Clave, founded by Siward be- 
 longed, Stephen, in the year 1087, came to York; and 
 having received from his new patron the grant of the 
 Church, and four acres of land adjoining it, he pro- 
 ceeded, with the approbation and aid of the king, to 
 convert it into a monastery. Eleven years afterwards, 
 William Pufus enlarged the grant of Alan, and laid 
 the foundation of a new and larger church which he 
 dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. There is evid- 
 ence in what yet remains of the entrance to the Chapter 
 House, and in many of the carved fragments which 
 have been disinterred, that the buildings of the monas- 
 tery were not completed prior to the reign of Stephen, 
 perhaps not so early. Gervase of Canterbury records 
 the burning of the Minster and Abbey during that 
 reign ; but if either of these buildings suffered from 
 fire at that time, the injury, it is probable, was of no 
 
 c 
 
16 
 
 great extent. Nearly 200 years after its first foundation 
 by the second William, the celebrated Abbot, Simon de 
 Warwick, who governed the Abbey between the years 
 1259 and 1299, laid the foundation of a new large choir 
 in 1271, and lived to see it completed. The rebuilding 
 of the other portions of the Church followed, no doubt ; 
 but few records remain to inform us by whom the work 
 was carried on. In 1278 Archbishop Giffard granted 
 an indulgence to those who contributed to the building 
 of the tower. This was struck by lightning in 1376 
 and was burned to the ground. It was surmounted, 
 probably, by a spire of wood, covered with lead. Simon 
 de Warwick is said also to have built, in 1266, the wall 
 and towers surrounding the Close of the Abbey ; the 
 rampart of earth, by which it had been previously en- 
 closed, not being sufficient to protect it from the hostile 
 attacks of the citizens, between whom and the monks 
 frequent quarrels are recorded to have arisen. It may 
 also have been found necessary to have a better defence 
 against the incursions of the Scots. In the year 1540, 
 the Monastery of St. Mary shared the fate of other 
 religious houses, and was surrendered to the King by 
 William Dent, the last Abbot ; the clear annual rental 
 at that time being £1650 • 0 • 7-|-. At the Dissolution 
 there were 50 Monks in the establishment, including 
 the Abbot, the Prior, and Sub-Prior ; to whom may be 
 added 150 servants ; supposing them to bear the same 
 proportion to the number of Monks and the dignity of 
 the Abbot as we find in other religious houses. 
 
 The Abbot of St. Mary’s enjoyed the dignity of the 
 mitre, and was summoned to parliament. The Mitred 
 Abbeys, at the Dissolution, were for the most part 
 granted by the king to noble or wealthy families, in 
 consideration of past services, of exchange of lands, or 
 
17 
 
 of the payment of a sum of money. The Monastery of 
 St. Mary was retained by the Crown. 
 
 The Churches of some of the greater Monasteries were 
 at the Dissolution converted into Episcopal Churches ; 
 but York had its Cathedral long before the foundation 
 of the Abbey of St. Mary ; and the neighbouring parish 
 of St. Clave possessed a church fully adequate to its 
 wants, adjoining the Abbey, on the site, it is probable, 
 of Earl Siward’s church. The Abbey church therefore 
 was doomed to destruction : and the monastic buildings 
 were partially destroyed, to provide a site and materials 
 for a royal palace. The site chosen adjoined the south 
 transept of the church, the buildings of the Monastery 
 extending from the transept nearly to the wall of the 
 Abbey Close ; including the Chapter house with its 
 vestibule, the Library, the Scriptorium, and several 
 other rooms. 
 
 About the close of the year 1822, the Yorkshire Philo- 
 sophical Society was founded; and in the year 1827 it 
 obtained a grant from the Crown of nearly three acres 
 of ground within the ancient precincts of the Monastery, 
 including the remains of the Abbey church, with the 
 exception of the choir, as a site for buildings appro- 
 priated to the purposes of science."^' The spot selected 
 by the society happened to be that on which a Poyal 
 Palace appears to have been erected after the Dis- 
 solution ; a small portion of which, a wall with a large 
 fire-place, was still remaining; forming the boundary, 
 in that part, of the ground granted to the society. f 
 From the appearance of the surface it was conjectured 
 
 * In 1836, the Society was enabled, by the liberal bequest of Dr Beckwith, 
 to purchase from the Crown all that part of the Manor Shore which lay be- 
 tween the Waterworks and Marygate, and between the Museum garden and 
 the Ouse. 
 
 tSee the plate at page 574 of Drake’s Eboracum, and the Eeport of Com- 
 munications to the Monthly Meetings for 1858 p. 21. 
 
18 
 
 that the ground would be found full of the ruins of the 
 later, if not of the more ancient structure, perhaps of 
 both edifices ; but the first opening of the ground dis- 
 covered, not mere heaps of mutilated stones, but con- 
 siderable portions of the lower apartments of the Monas- 
 tery, of spacious and elegant door-ways, of octagonal 
 columns rising to the height of five or six feet, standing 
 as they had stood before the dissolution of the Abbey, 
 intersected by the foundations of the Palace ; while in 
 the intervening spaces were scattered numerous frag- 
 ments consisting of richly carved capitals, mouldings, 
 and elegant tracery work. Of similar remains, much 
 of which appeared to have belonged to the once large 
 and magnificent chapter-house, the foundation walls of 
 the palace, when broken up, were found to consist. 
 The octagonal pillars, removed only a few inches from 
 their original position, may be seen in one of the lower 
 rooms of the Museum, under the Zoological Boom ; the 
 most interesting of the sculptured remains are deposited 
 in the Hospitium. These discoveries led to farther ex- 
 cavations ; nearly every part of the ground granted to 
 the Society was explored ; and although the result was 
 not so satisfactory as could have been desired, nothing 
 more than the bases or the rough foundations of pillars, 
 and the mere rudiments of walls in many places being 
 traced, yet the situation and extent of the principal, 
 portions of this splendid monastic establishment were 
 ascertained ; and thus the ichnography of another great 
 Abbey was obtained, for the gratification and instruc- 
 tion of those to whom the economy of monastic structures 
 is an interesting subject of inquiry. 
 
 By means of the plate already given, the visitor, it 
 is hoped, will be enabled to form some idea of the 
 arrangement and situation of the buildings which form- 
 
19 
 
 ed the Abbey. The shaded part shows the position of 
 the Museum. 
 
 AA. The Church of the Monastery, remarkable for 
 the great length of the choir, the site of which was not 
 included in the government grant to the society.^' About 
 half way from the western entrance to the central tower, 
 between the fifth and sixth windows of the nave, the 
 fioor of the church appear to have been raised by one 
 step, about seven inches in height : the floor of the 
 tower and the transepts appears also to have had a 
 further elevation of about seventeen inches, to which 
 there must have been an ascent of three steps between 
 the western pillars of the tower and the last inter- 
 columniations of the nave. 
 
 a a. The Transepts, h. A vestry ; or a side chapel. 
 
 The nave and choir had two side-aisles ; the transepts 
 had only one aisle, on the eastern side. 
 
 There was only one entrance to the nave at the west- 
 ern end ; on the northern side was another doorway, 
 the beautiful mouldings of which can be seen only 
 from the adjoining church yard : on the southern side, 
 near the transept, was an entrance from the quad- 
 rangle, and probably there was another near the west- 
 ern end, from the dormitory. 
 
 The remains of semicircular processes or apses, to- 
 wards the east, appear in the north transept ; and similar 
 remains were discovered, when the eastern side of the 
 north transept was excavated. In these, no doubt, 
 were the windows of the transepts on that side. An 
 apsis of much larger dimensions, a few feet within the 
 site of the choir, has since been observed, which appears 
 
 * By an arrangement with the Governors of the Wilberforce School for the 
 Blind, it is now included in the gronnds of the Society. The Society also 
 acquired in 1879 an acre of ground to the north of the chancel of the Abbey, 
 a portion of the old Bowling-green of the King’s Manor. 
 
20 
 
 to have been the eastern termination of the church 
 built by the Abbot Stephen. 
 
 It appears that in the rebuilding of the church by 
 Abbot Simon, many portions of the old fabric of coarse 
 grit stone were suffered to remain, being encased by 
 the new work of limestone. This may be seen in the 
 remaining pier or buttress, in the north-east corner of 
 the north transept ; and yet more extensively in the 
 south transept. 
 
 B. The great Quadrangle ; in its usual situation, on 
 the south side of the nave. It had, probably, a pent- 
 house cloister, on every side. The level of the quad- 
 rangle near the transept was 3 feet 9 inches below the 
 level of the church, the entrance to which, by the door 
 before mentioned, was consequently by steps, one of 
 which may now be seen. 
 
 c. A narrow passage from the quadrangle leading 
 to the space between the Choir and the Chapter House : 
 perhaps to the vestry and the Abbot’s residence. 
 
 c. The Chapter House. Of this important part of 
 the monastery nothing remains but the lowest portions 
 of the foundations of grit stone. All above this seems 
 to have been removed to make room for the Palace, and 
 the spacious cellars, the walls of which, still remaining 
 entire in the grounds belonging to the School for the 
 Blind, contain many of the finely sculptured stones that 
 once adorned the entrance and the interior of this large 
 and magnificent apartment. The approach to the 
 Chapter House from the quadrangle was through a 
 beautiful vestibule (d), supported by two rows of pillars 
 forming three aisles. The richly sculptured piers, part 
 of the portal of the Chapter House, one of which, near- 
 ly perfect, remains, are said to have been crowned by 
 the beautiful arch which is preserved in the Hospitium, 
 but this is a matter of doubt. 
 
21 
 
 D. An apartment divided into three parts by three 
 octagonal pillars, from which the vaulting sprung. 
 These pillars are still standing in the lower apartments 
 of the Museum ; but not exactly in their original situa- 
 tion. To what use this room in the monastery was 
 appropriated cannot be ascertained. If there were no 
 apartments above it (which however, is not very prob- 
 able), it may have been the Library or Scriptorium, or 
 both. The principal entrance was from the passage 
 (e). It had also an entrance from the Abbot’s Court. 
 
 E. Another apartment of a similar character, 78 feet 
 in length ; the use of which is also unknown. The en- 
 trance was from the passage. It was connected also 
 with another of the monastic buildings at its south-east 
 corner, which was, probably, the Infirmary. 
 
 F. An apartment which, if all the finely worked 
 bosses found buried in it had originally adorned its 
 vaultings, must have been a splendid room. It had a 
 large ornamented fire-place, guarded by a stone fender. 
 The level of the fioor was from two to three feet below 
 that of the quadrangle to which it adjoined, and the 
 entrance was at ffjy from a court on the south side. 
 The room was divided into three equal parts by elegant 
 moulded pillars, and furnished with a stone seat on 
 every side. This is thought to have been the parlour ; 
 or perhaps the “common house,” which is described 
 as being usually on the right hand on going out of the 
 cloisters to the Infirmary, and as “ having a fire con- 
 stantly by day in winter for the use of the monks who 
 were allowed no other fire."^' The fire-place is still re- 
 maining as it was found, in the lower part of the 
 Museum, beneath the Hall. The beautiful bosses or 
 ceiling knots found in this room, seem to have been 
 most carefully preserved by the builders of the palace, 
 
 * See Fosbroke’s British Monachism, p. 69. 
 
22 
 
 as if they liad foreseen their fature exhumation by 
 those who would appreciate them more justly than they 
 did, who doomed this once splendid apartment to de- 
 struction. Several of these bosses may now be seen, 
 among other beautiful remains of the monastery, in the 
 lower room of the Hospitium. 
 
 G. The site of the Refectory, 82 feet long, and 37 
 feet wide. This room was longitudinally divided into 
 three parts by two rows of octangular pillars, five in 
 each row, and separated from the apartment F by a 
 wall only 12 in. thick. The entrance was not, as usual, 
 from the quadrangle, but from the western end, by a 
 large double doorway. On the left of the entrance at 
 (A), were found the lower steps of a spacious stone 
 staircase, leading perhaps to the dormitory. A recess 
 at (/), just within the apartment, had a pavement of 
 plain glazed tiles, 9 in. square, purple and yellow alter- 
 nately. 
 
 H. The great Kitchen of the Abbey. 
 
 I. A room adjoining to the kitchen, but not con- 
 nected with it : perhaps the office of the Cellarer. 
 
 K. A passage from the quadrangle leading to the 
 court in which was the entrance to the Refectory. 
 
 L. The Ambulatory or Cloister under the dormitory ; 
 very small when compared with that of Jervaux, or 
 Kirkstall, and, especially, of Fountains. The dormitory 
 may have extended over a part of the refectory. This 
 cloister was on a lower level than that of the quad- 
 rangle, ihe access to which was by steps at (m). In 
 this part of the quadrangle the monks held their school 
 for the instruction of children sent to them from the 
 neighbourhood ; and two glazed tiles, on which was 
 painted the alphabet in capital letters of the 15th 
 century, to be read, with the exception of one line, from 
 right to left, were found in the excavation of that part. 
 
23 
 
 The Lavatory at which the monks washed themselves, 
 was probably on that side of the quadrangle ; if not, it 
 ma}^ have been, as at Worcester, on the western side of 
 the ambulatory. 
 
 ' M. Apparently a passage between the ambulatory 
 and the church : connecting, it is probable, a staircase 
 from the dormitory with an entrance into the church 
 near the western end of the nave. A passage of this 
 kind may be observed at Fountains, Kirkstall, and 
 other abbeys ; and it was judiciously contrived, in order 
 that the monks might pass to their late or early de- 
 votions with the least possible exposure to the outer 
 air.” 
 
 X. The pnssage from the apartment r, from the In- 
 firmary and other buildings of the monastery, and also 
 from the abbot’s residence, to the quadrangle, and thus 
 to the Chapter House and the Church. Doors appear 
 to have been placed at the entrance to the quadrangle, 
 and at the end {e) of the passage from the abbot’s 
 court. 
 
 0. The site of the Abbot’s House, which was called 
 the King’s Manor, and made the residence of the Lord 
 Presidents of the North, the Poyal Palace, built after 
 the Dissolution, having been speedily dismantled. It 
 appears to have undergone much alteration in the be- 
 ginning of the reign of James I., who intended to make 
 it his occasional residence ; and afterwards in the reign 
 of Charles I., under the direction of the Earl of Straf- 
 ford. Nearly the whole of the King’s Manor is now 
 occupied by the Wilberforce School for the Blind. 
 
 Of other parts of the domestic buildings of the 
 monastery the foundations were traced ; but the re- 
 mains were too small and imperfect to afford any in- 
 dication of the purposes to which they hed been ap- 
 propriated. 
 
24 
 
 Before the visitor leaves the church he should not 
 fail to notice a striking peculiarity in the structure of 
 the windows, the lights and tracery of which varied 
 alternately in a very remarkable manner. The window 
 nearest to the western front was divided by one mullion 
 into two trefoil-headed lights, above which, in the head 
 of the arch, was a six -foil light. The next window was 
 divided by two mullions into three trefoil-headed lights, 
 above which were placed three quatre-foil lights ; and 
 thus alternately along the whole of the nave. 
 
 Contemplating the Western front of the church, on 
 his way to the Hospitium, which stands in the lower 
 part of the grounds, and in which some of the most 
 interesting fragments of the sculptured decorations of 
 the abbey are deposited, the visitor will easily imagine 
 how beautiful it must have been in its perfect state, 
 crowned with turrets or spires, and crocheted pinnacles. 
 The ornaments about the doorway must have been 
 singularly elegant. In a deep hollow moulding between 
 every column was figured the shoot of a vine, rising from 
 the bottom, and at the top leaving its retreat to pass in 
 front of the head of the nearest column, so as to form 
 a foliated capital. Nothing can be conceived more 
 chaste or graceful. 
 
 On the right of the path leading to the Hospitium 
 may be seen the arch of the gateway, which formed 
 the principal entrance to the monastery. The arch and 
 arcade belong to the Norman period ; but the building 
 attached to them, a part only of the gatehouse, the 
 portion above the archway on the other side of it being 
 destroyed, is evidently of a later date. The porter 
 resided in the gatehouse. The lower part of the 
 portion still standing appears to have been the prison 
 of the abbey, in which debtors to the abbot, in the 
 extensive liberty of St. Mary, and perhaps others 
 
25 
 
 subject to his power, were confined The upper part 
 was probably the room in which the abbot held courts. 
 This building, and that which corresponded to it on the 
 other side of the archway, in which was a chapel 
 dedicated to the Virgin, called “The chapel of our 
 Lady at the gate,” must have been added to the 
 ancient gate.f 
 
 By the side of the walk at the north end of the 
 Hospitium, are two stones, one of which was discovered 
 near the gateway, at a considerable depth. They are 
 probably which often marked Roman graves. 
 
 During the railway excavations of 1872-3, some stones 
 which no doubt served this purpose, resembling these 
 somewhat in shape, were discovered. They are now 
 laid against the south wall of the Hospitium within the 
 archway. 
 
 Opposite to these cippi are two stone coffins, placed 
 in the position in which they were found under the 
 new Station Hotel in 1874. One contained the bones 
 of a lady, under whose head a single jet hair-pin was 
 found. By the side of this coffin, with the head resting 
 against the foot, was a skeleton, under the back of 
 which were the remains of a wooden box, containing 
 six glass vessels and several ornaments. These, which 
 were unhappily much broken, may be seen in Case C, 
 upstairs. It is very probable that the lady^s 'servant 
 was buried by her side, with her medicine chest in 
 readiness whenever she should call for it. In the other 
 coffin were the bones of two young girls. At the head 
 of this coffin, two food dishes of coarse pottery, and 
 two drinking vessels of glass were found, intended, no 
 
 * The abbot of St. Mary had a gallows, not far from the site of the 
 mill in Burton-stone Lane. 
 
 + There is an account of this chapel in the Transactions for 1879. 
 
26 
 
 doubt, for the use of the departed. These are also 
 preserved in Case N, upstairs. 
 
 Beneath the staircase to the upper room was pre- 
 served for a long time the portcullis, which formerly 
 did service at Micklegate Bar. This has been removed 
 to the Museum for protection. The portcullis at 
 Booth am Bar is still in its old position. 
 
 There is no documentary or traditionary evidence 
 respecting either the age of the building now called the 
 Hospitium or the uses to which it was applied, but 
 it is late in date. It is conjectured that it had been 
 erected for the entertainment of those strangers who 
 were not admitted into the principal apartments of 
 the monastery ; the lower room having been the refec- 
 tory, and the upper, originally of the same extent, 
 the dormitory. The position of this building, near 
 one of the entrances to the monastery, and the cor- 
 respondence of the plan of the lower room with that 
 of the refectory for the monks, tend to confirm that 
 conjecture. This appropriation of the building is 
 exceedingly doubtful, but if strangers were entertained 
 here at all, they must only have been those of the 
 lowest rank. The portion of the lower apartment 
 on the left of the doorway, lighted by five narrow 
 windows, was originally separated by a cross wall from 
 the other portion, forming perhaps a store-room or 
 buttery. 
 
 If this building was originally constructed partly of 
 stone and partly of timber and plaster, it must have 
 been one of the later structures belonging to the monas- 
 tery. Yet it cannot have been the latest ; for the 
 manner in which the adjoining archway is attached to 
 it, indicated that this archway was subsequently erected. 
 And this is evidently of the same age as the building 
 adjoining the ancient abbey-gate. This archway ap- 
 
27 
 
 pears to have been the entrance into the interior of the 
 abbey-close from the river, and may be termed the 
 Water-gate. Between it and the river was a wall, 
 built by abbot Thomas de Malton, in 1334, which was 
 standing in a dilapidated condition when Drake pub- 
 lished his Eboracum, as may be seen in the plate, at 
 page 331 of that work. The apartments attached to 
 this gateway may have been the residence not only of 
 the gate-keeper, but also of those whose duty it was to 
 attend to the strangers who were received into the 
 Hospitium. 
 
 On the sides of the door as you enter the Hospitium 
 are the base of a Homan well, and a squared gritstone 
 found in Micklegate in 1853, near St. Martin’s Church. 
 This is probably one of the basement stones of a Temple 
 or public building on which a column has rested. 
 
 D 
 
28 
 
 Seal of the Abbey of St. Mary’s, York, from a cast taken from a seal among* 
 the Records of the Duchy of Lancaster.* 
 
 II. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES, CHIEFLY IN THE 
 LOWEE APAETMENT OE THE HOSPITIUM. 
 
 The Antiquities in this apartment belong to the 
 Eoman, the Anglo-Saxon, the Anglo-Norman, and the 
 Mediaeval periods. With very few exceptions, they 
 have all been found in York, or the immediate neigh- 
 bourhood : the Mediaeval are chiefly remains of the 
 Abbey. 
 
 1. Eomax. 
 
 The first object of attention in this apartment is a 
 Eomax Tesselated Pavement, fourteen feet three 
 
 * See Procedings of Y. P. S., May 4, 1858, for notioe of an alleged seal of 
 St. Mary’s Abbey. A better impression of the seal represented above is pre- 
 served among the deeds of the Company of Merchant Adventurers, York. 
 
29 
 
 inches square. When perfect, the pattern was com- 
 posed chiefly of the common labyrinthine fret, and five 
 heads ; one in the centre, representing the head of 
 Medusa, which has been too much injured to admit of 
 reparation ; and four symbolical representations of the 
 Seasons. The head nearest the entrance, representing 
 Autumn with a bunch of grapes, having been much 
 injured, partly in the removal and partly by two inun- 
 dations of the river, has been repaired with modern 
 materials ; the next head nearer to the window, with a 
 bird on the shoulder, represents Spring ; the third, with 
 a dead branch, Winter ; and the fourth, with a rake, 
 Summer. The whole pavement was taken up and. re- 
 laid at a higher level in the year 1868. 
 
 This pavement was discovered in the year of 1853, in 
 Toft Green, near Micklegate Bar, about fourteen feet 
 below the present surface, with portions of another, and 
 the border of a third, now in the possession of the 
 Society. Immediately beneath it were found an empty 
 urn, covered with a square tile ; a coin, first-brass, of 
 Hadrian ; and a third-brass coin of Claudius Gothicus, 
 with the legend Bivo Claudio on the obverse ; proving 
 that this pavement was not laid down before A.D. 270, 
 the year in which Claudius died. About twelve or 
 fourteen inches below this pavement, a floor composed 
 of cement was found on which were scattered many 
 tessellcB^ finished and unfinished, and a piece of iron 
 conjectured to be a tool used in shaping them.— 
 Corporation of Yorh^ 1853. 
 
 The raised Platform, at the upper end of the room, 
 is formed chiefly of red sandstone, which is seen in 
 abundance at Aldborough, and out of which the floor 
 of one of the Poman baths, which were discovered in 
 1839, was composed. On this many of the inscribed 
 stones are placed. 
 
30 
 
 The order pursued in this list is much the same as 
 that adopted by Dr. Hiibner in his Eoman Inscriptions 
 of Britain. A classification of the sculptured stones 
 has been attempted, precedence being given to the 
 divinities. It has been thought advisable also to give 
 notices of the Eoman sculptures found in York, which 
 are either in other museums, or are known to be lost. 
 The inscriptions are given in ordinary type, and no 
 notice is taken of peculiar lettering, owing to the 
 difficulty in representing it. 
 
 No. 1. The greater part of a figure with a frag- 
 mentary inscription beneath its feet, 24 in. high, by 
 13 in width. 
 
 The inscription is as follows : — 
 
 D VOL. lEE .... 
 
 ARIMANIV .... 
 
 the remainder of the label having been broken off. 
 Professor Hiibner proposes to restore this, by reading 
 Deo ^vo, Volusii, Irenceus et Arimanius, posuerunt. Thus 
 the name Volusius is common to two brothers, Irenseus 
 and Arimanius. 
 
 The figure, which is probably connected with the 
 worship of Mithras, is supposed to represent Time, 
 H^on or H^vum. The head, which is missing, is be- 
 lieved to have been that of a lion, as symbolizing 
 strength. The so-called belt around the waist is pro- 
 bably a snake representing eternity. The right hand 
 holds a rod, with which time was measured ; the left a 
 bunch of keys reminding us of the opening and closing 
 of all things. There is in the Museum at Bonn the 
 upper part of a figure showing the lion’s head and the 
 measuring rod.^' This remarkable sculpture was found 
 under the City Wall, near the New Eailway Station, in 
 
 * cf. Dr. Hubner’s Paper in the Transactions of the Archseological Society 
 at Bonn, pp. 148—154, where the York stone is engraved, cf. also the Tran- 
 sactions of the York Philosophical Society for 1877. 
 
31 
 
 June, 1874, and is placed in tlie Entrance Hall of tlie 
 Museum. — The Directors N.E. Railway Company^ 1874. 
 
 No. 2. A small altar, 2 feet by 1, with letters ele- 
 gantly cut and tied together, found in 1846 in the rubble 
 foundation under one of the pillars of the church of St. 
 Denis, in York. It is inscribed : — 
 
 DEO 
 
 ARCIACON 
 ET N. AYGSI 
 MAT. YITALIS 
 
 ORD. Y. S.L.M. 
 
 This inscription, which can be properly represented 
 only by an engraYing,^' may be thus interpreted : — Deo 
 Arciacon] et Numini Augusti Maternius f? ) Yitalis. Ordo 
 votum solvit Lilens Merito. The word Ordo is Dr. Hiib- 
 ner’s suggestion, and he makes it equivalent to Centuria. 
 — Fur chased^ 1848. 
 
 base or pedestal of grit stone, 2 feet high, 10 
 inches broad, on which a small statue had stood. It 
 bore the following inscription : — 
 
 BRITANNIA 
 SANCTtE 
 P. NIKOMED 
 AYGG. TO. 
 
 LIBERTYS. 
 
 Showing that it was a YotiYe statue to the genius of 
 Britain, set up by Publius Nicomedes, a freedman of 
 the Emperors, probably Severus and Caracalla. This 
 stone, which is now lost, was found on April 4th, 1740, 
 whilst a cellar was being dug just within Micklegate 
 Bar. A rough sketch of it is given among the Letters 
 
 * Engraved in Journal Arch. Association, ii. 248, and in the Gloucester vol- 
 ume, p. 151. 
 
 t It has been suggested that the name Arciacon may have been derived 
 from Artiaca (Arcis-sur-Aube) in Gaul. 
 
 *1 
 
 ‘I 
 
 V A ? 
 
32 
 
 of Dr. Stukeley.^ On the top of the pedestal were two 
 small feet showing that it had been surmounted by a 
 figure of the goddess to whom it was dedicated. 
 
 No. 3. An altar, 2ft. 3|in. by 1ft. 3Jin., found in 
 the Roman Baths, when excavating the site of the old 
 Railway Station, and inscribed : 
 
 DEAE 
 FORTVXAE 
 SOSIA 
 lYNCINA 
 Q. ANTONI 
 ISAVRICI 
 LEG. AYG. 
 
 From which it appears that it was dedicated to the god- 
 dess Fortune,! by Sosia Juncina, the wife of Quintus 
 Antonius Isauricus, legate of the Emperor. Isauricus 
 may have been legate of the-province of Britain, or of the 
 Sixth Legion. Dr. McOaul and Dr. Hiibner prefer the 
 latter. — The Directors of the North Eastern Railway, 1839. 
 
 No. 4. A portion of a base or pedestal on which a 
 figure of Fortune has stood, the feet of which still re- 
 main. It is 7in. high and 3|in. broad. Part of the 
 statue itself, 7in. high, was found with it, but is not 
 in the museum. The letters are rudely cut, and are as 
 follows, the right side of the stone being wanting. 
 This stone is in the Entrance Hall of the Museum : 
 
 DAii. e(ortvnae) 
 
 PRO. SA. P. . . 
 
 AVSPICA . . . 
 
 MAIIS IM . . . 
 
 I.D.D. LI . . . 
 
 METROS . . . 
 
 M.I. M . . . . 
 
 * Ed. for Surtees Soc. iii. 233. 
 
 t This goddess was specially worshipped in connection with baths, and in- 
 scriptions have been found to her under the title of Fortuna Balnearis. — 
 See Orelli Inscrr, 5796 — 7. This altar is figured in Mr. Wellbeloved’s Ebura- 
 cum, p. 87. 
 
33 
 
 This is probably part of a votive inscription to Fortune, 
 for the safety of some one whose name has perished. 
 Dae Fortunae is found on an altar at Bowes, and ii for 
 ^ is a common substitution. Found near the Multangu- 
 lar Tower, which was cleared out in 1831. 
 
 No. 5. A small altar, 19 in. high by 12 in. wide, 
 found under the new Railway Station, bearing the 
 following inscription : 
 
 D. E. 0. 
 
 G E N I o 
 LO. Cl 
 
 V. S. E. M. 
 
 The meaning is obvious. It is very rarely however 
 that the words Genio loci have been found preceded by 
 Deo. The Genius was a protecting spirit, or guardian 
 angel, of a person or place. — The Directors of the North 
 Eastern Railway., 1875. 
 
 No. 6. A votive tablet, 21 in. long by 10 in. in 
 height, ascribed by Dr. Hiibner to the first century. 
 It was found in Coney Street, in 1702. 
 
 GENIO LOCI 
 
 EELICITER 
 
 Like the inscription which immediately follows, this 
 stone was probably affixed to a Roman house, and ex- 
 presses the wish that the Genius of the place may take 
 charge of it. — The Corporation of York, 1838. 
 
 stone, 13 in. long by 8 in. high, found in 1814, 
 when excavating for the new church at Norton, near 
 Malton. The inscription is within a tablet or label, 
 and is roughly cut : 
 
 EELICITER SIT 
 GENIO LOCI 
 SER WLE. VTERE 
 FELIX TABERN 
 AM AVRIEI 
 CINAM. 
 
 * Wellbeloved, Eburacum, p. 96. The name of the dedicator may have 
 been Metrobianus, which occurs in Gruter ; or Metrobalus, a Dacian name. 
 
34 
 
 It is a votive inscription to the Genius of the place, and 
 was probably affixed to the goldsmith’s house to which 
 it alludes. There is a hint also to the slave, who had 
 so much in his charge, to take due care of his master’s 
 property. — Deposited ly Mr, W. Waller, of Malton, 1875. 
 
 No. 7. A marble tablet, 12^ in. high by in., repre- 
 senting a figure offering a libation to the local Genius, 
 under the form of a serpent coiled around an altar. It 
 is said, but very improbably, to have been found near 
 the Boman wall in Northumberland. (In case J up- 
 stairs.). — Dev. John Graham, of York, 1823. 
 
 No. 8. A portion of a tablet, 21 in. by 16 J in., which 
 records the restoration of a temple dedicated to Hercu- 
 les. It was found at the corner of Ousegate and Ness- 
 gate in 1843, under the present Yorkshire Bank. The 
 inscription runs : 
 
 HERCVL . . . 
 
 T. PERPET . . 
 
 AETER . . . 
 
 EBVR .... 
 
 RES 
 
 Dr. Hiibner extends this, exempli gratia merely : 
 Herculi Terentii Perpetuus et Aeternus (^) JEhuracenses 
 restituerunt. It might also be Titus Perpetuus ^ternus 
 Ehuracensis restituit, or the letter T. might stand for 
 Tarenti, one of the titles of Hercules.^' — The Hargrove 
 Collection, 1847. 
 
 No. 9. A fragment of a small, nearly nude figure, 
 4 in. high, without head or feet, wearing a rough cloak. 
 It probably represented Hercules. Bound near Mickle- 
 gate Bar in 1854. (In case J upstairs.) — The Cool 
 Collection, 1872. 
 
 ^'"^'An altar found on Bishophill in 1638, and present- 
 ed in the following year to Charles I. It was after- 
 wards in the house of the Fairfaxes, on Bishophill, and 
 
 '* See Eburacum, Pref p. vi.; and the Gloucester vol. Arch. Ass. p. 149. 
 
35 
 
 was given by the Duke of Buckingham, who married 
 the heiress of that family, to the University of Oxford, 
 where it now is.^' The inscription, however, has dis- 
 appeared, with the exception of the first three lines. It 
 ran thus : 
 
 I. 0. M. 
 
 DIS. DEABVSQYE 
 HOSPITALIBVS . PE 
 NATIBVSQ. OB OON 
 SEBVATAM SALVTEM 
 SVAM. SVORVMQ 
 P. AEL. M AROIAN 
 VS . PRAEE. COH. 
 
 ARAM. SAC . F. NO. D 
 
 It is a thank offering to Jupiter, and all the friendly 
 and household gods and goddesses, by Publius iElius 
 Marcianus, a prefect, for the preservation of the health 
 of himself and his family. As to the interpretation of 
 the last line there is considerable doubt. 
 
 No. 10. A small altar, 19 in. by 10 in., found in Mr. 
 Bearpark’s garden, the site of the present Pine Art 
 Exhibition Building. There is a wreath on one side. 
 Traces of letters in a bold character have been recently 
 detected on it,f and the first line seems to contain the 
 name 
 
 MARTI 
 
 Beyond this, and this is doubtful, it is impossible to 
 go. 
 
 No. 11. An Altar, 13 in. high by 8 in., of coarse 
 sandstone, found in the garden of St. Mary’s Convent, 
 October, 1880. It is inscribed : 
 
 DEO MARTI. C 
 A G R I V S . 
 
 A R V S P E X . 
 
 * All the York Antiquaries believed that this altar was lost. It is en- 
 graved in the Marmora Oxoniensia. 
 t By Mr. W. T. Watkin. 
 
36 
 
 The names of the dedicator are found in inscriptions 
 abroad. This is the first time that the word Aruspex 
 has occurred in Britain. The two first letters in the 
 word are ligulate and indistinct, and it is possible that 
 Aruspex should be Auspex . — The Superioress of St. 
 Mar\fs Convent, York, 1881. 
 
 No. 12. A fine statue, probably representing the 
 youthful Mars, and placed in a conspicuous position in 
 the Entrance Hall of the Museum. It is carved in light 
 coloured grit, probabl}^ by a local artist who has chosen 
 as his model a bronze statue. The figure, defective un- 
 fortunately in the feet and right arm, is 5 ft. 10 in. 
 high, and represents a martial personage in helmet, 
 breastplate, and greaves, with the left hand resting up- 
 on a large oval shield. In the right hand, which has 
 been in two parts, was, no doubt, a lofty spear of wood 
 or metal. The hair is arranged in fillets and the face 
 is beautifully cut. 
 
 The discovery of this statue has excited much interest, 
 and has produced an excellent paper from the late Eev. 
 C. W. King, M.A., Trin. Coll. Cambridge. He begins 
 by calling the statue incomparably the finest example 
 of Eomano-British workmanship that we possess, from 
 its excellent style, exceptional magnitude, and wonder- 
 ful preservation, and goes on to discuss three theories 
 as to the personage whom it represents, all of which he 
 negatives. 1. He says that it cannot be a youthful 
 Cmsar, as imperator, as he is not attired in the dress 
 which Cmsar always wore when marching at the head 
 of his army. 2. That it can scarcely be Mars, inas- 
 much as the statues of that god of Eoman origin which 
 represent him standing at ease, pourtray a sterner 
 deity. 3. Neither can it be Britannia, as suggested by 
 Mr. Thompson Watkin, seeing that it lacks the usual 
 attributive adjuncts of that goddess, as they appear 
 
37 
 
 upon Roman coins. Mr. King points out that the body 
 armour, especially the greaves and helmet, are of the 
 heroic Greek tj^pe, whilst the sword and oval shield are 
 essentially Gallic, and leaves the question of appropri- 
 ation practically as he finds its. My own idea is that, 
 after all. Ares, or Mars, is rej)resented, and that the 
 sculptor had before him a fine Greek bronze as his 
 model, to which he made additions of his own, in the 
 way of sword or shield, as suited his purpose. Mr. 
 Thompson Watkin thought that the statue belonged to 
 the base bearing the inscription to Britannia (p. 31) and 
 that the feet upon it were the missing feet of this statue. 
 Had he known the measurements of the base he would 
 have at once recognised the impossibility of placing a 
 statue nearly six feet in height upon a base only ten 
 inches in width. 
 
 This noble statue, with the altars, Nos. 11, 15, and 
 24, were found lying together, about five feet under 
 the surface, in the garden of St. Mary’s Convent, in 
 Blossom Street, when an infirmary was being added to 
 that building. They were, no doubt, placed there for 
 concealment when their owner left Eburacum '^‘' — The 
 Superioress of St. Maryh Convent^ 1881. 
 
 No. 13. An altar, 24 in. high and 16 in. in breadth, 
 found in excavating for the North Eastern Railway, 
 near the bridge in Holgate Lane. It has no inscrip- 
 tion, but was probably dedicated to the Bern Matres^ or 
 Matronce^ female deities, three in number, and supposed 
 to have been introduced into Britain by the German 
 auxiliaries. They are represented on the front of the 
 altar, sitting in a recess. On the right side of the altar 
 is a single male figure, and on the left two male 
 
 * The figure may be compared with a much smaller one found at House- 
 steads, on the Roman wall, and figured in the Lapidarium Septentrionale, 
 p. 121. It is probable that this too represents Mars to whom there are many 
 altars inscribed in the same district. 
 
38 
 
 figures."^' On the fourth side, which is much defaced, 
 there seems to have been the representation of an altar, 
 and an animal, apparently a swine, standing before it. 
 — The Directors of the North Eastern Railway^ 1837. 
 
 No, 14. An altar, 2ft 5 in. high by 14 in. wide, 
 found at Doncaster (Danum) in 1781. It bears the 
 following inscription : 
 
 MATRIBYS 
 M. NAN 
 TONIYS 
 ORBIOTAL. 
 
 Y. S. L. M. 
 
 On one side is cut a vase filled with fiowers, on the 
 other a pitcher. The inscription states that the altar 
 was dedicated to the Dese Matres by M. Nantonius 
 Orbiotalis.f — Mr. G. J. Jarratt, 1856. 
 
 No. 15. A very pretty altar, 17 in. high, which can 
 only be represented by an engraving. The sides are 
 fiuted, as if made of reeds, and retain traces of colour, 
 and the whole altar is richly ornamented. 
 
 C. IVLIVS 
 CBESCENS 
 MATRI 
 BVS DO 
 MESTICIS 
 Y. S. M. L. 
 
 The name of the divinity is placed after that of the 
 dedicator of the altar. He is styled Caius Julius 
 Crescens, and may be perhaps identified with the Julius 
 Crescens who dedicated an altar to Mercury at Birrens 
 in Scotland. The Matres Domesticce were the goddesses 
 
 * Such figures are of usual occurrence on these altars. See Mr. C . R. Smith’s 
 Roman London, p. 36. This altar is figured in Mr. Wellbeloved’s Eburacum, 
 p. 87. 
 
 + There is an account of this altar in the Archseologia. vii. pp. 409 and 420^ 
 where the inscription is correctly read with the exception of the word Orbio- 
 talis. It is engraved in Hunter’s South Yorkshire, and C. R. Smith’s Collec- 
 tanea, iv. 53 — 4. 
 
 ■Rfe\2. 
 
39 
 
 of the house and home and are commemorated in Britain 
 by two altars, discovered in the neighbourhood of Car- 
 lisle. This altar was found in the garden of the Con- 
 vent in Oct., 1880. — The Superioress of St. Mar if s Con- 
 vent, 1881. 
 
 No. 16. A very small altar, 10 in. by 3J^in., found 
 in Micklegate in 1752, with several others which were 
 uninscribed, and presented in 1785 to the Dean and 
 Chapter of York.^^ It is now in the Entrance Hall of 
 the Museum. 
 
 MAT. AT. ITA. GA. 
 
 M. MINY. MYDE 
 
 MIL. LEG. YI. YIC 
 
 GYBER. LEG. YI 
 
 Y. S. L. L. M. 
 
 The inscription has been thus extended. Matrihus Afri- 
 canis, Ttalicis, Gallicis, Marcus Minucius Mudenus, miles 
 legionis vi. victricis, guhernator legionis sextce, votum solvit 
 lihens, Icetus, merito. According to this reading Mudenus 
 is regarded as the pilot of the Sixth Legion. Dr. 
 Hiibner conjectures that guber. is intended for guler- 
 natricihus, assigning to the Deae Matres the charge of 
 the Sixth Legion. The only objection to this is the 
 interpolation of the two preceding lines. On the other 
 hand it must be said that it is extremely unlikely that 
 the sculptor would mention the legion in two contiguous 
 lines in connection with the same person. — Deposited ly 
 the Dean and Chapter, 1862. 
 
 No. 17. An imperfect altar, 8^ in. by 7 in., with 
 Yery rude letters, found in 1850, in Park Place, Monk- 
 gate. The two first letters are missing : 
 
 MATRIBYS 
 SYIS. MARCYS 
 RYSTIYS.Y. S. L. 
 
 MASSA. L. M. 
 
 * cf. Smith’s Collectanea, iv, 43 — 4. 
 
 E 
 
40 
 
 The name of the dedicator is Marcus Eustius Massa, 
 but, instead of placing these names in a continuous 
 line, the engraver breaks off after Rustius, Ilassa^ in the 
 line below, filling up the vacant space with the votive 
 formula. Ilatrihus suis, means the Dece Matres of the 
 dedicator’s own country. — Jir. Wm. Thompson, 1871. 
 
 No. 18. The upper part of a rudely sculptured 
 stone, 2 ft. by 15 in., discovered many years ago in the 
 wall of the churchyard of St. Lawrence, facing the 
 street, and since fastened to the wall of the nave. It 
 is similar to the figures of Mercury at Aldborough and 
 on the Wall of Hadrian, and probably represents that 
 god. — Rev, George Wade, Vicar of St, Lawrence, York, 
 1881. 
 
 No. 19. A sculptured tablet, 2 ft. 3 in. high by 22 in. 
 wide, in the Entrance Hall of the Museum, represent- 
 ing the sacrifice and mysteries of Mithras ; found in 
 1747, in digging for a cellar in a house in Micklegate, 
 opposite to St. Martin’s church. Mithras is a Greek 
 form of the Persian word signifying the sun, the chief 
 object of worship among the Persians. But long before 
 Mithraic rites were adopted by the Pomans, the ancient 
 religious principles and practices of the Persians had 
 been greatly changed by the theological doctrines of 
 Zoroaster, and the introduction of the psychological 
 opinions, and the ascetic usages of the Indians. In 
 simple inscriptions, Mithras is identified with the sun, 
 and acknowledged as the invincible god. But in the 
 sculptured tablets he appears in a different character, 
 as the first of the celestial beings, called Izeds, or good 
 genii, the source of light, and the dispenser of fertility. 
 
 In this tablet, Mithras is the principal figure. He is 
 represented as a young man, clothed with a tunic, a 
 mantle, and trousers, having on his head a Phrygian 
 bonnet. He is kneeling firmly on a prostrate bull, 
 
41 
 
 which he holds with his left hand by the nostrils, while 
 with his right hand, he plunges a short sword or dagger 
 into its neck. A dog and some other animals are gener- 
 ally introduced, either licking up the blood that flows 
 from the wound, or attacking the belly of the bull, but 
 they are wanting in this tablet. Above these principal 
 flgures are three busts ; one on the left wearing a 
 radiated crown, the symbol of the sun ; two on the 
 right, much mutilated, but one of them evidently 
 adorned with a crescent, the symbol of the moon. 
 These luminaries being thus represented in this tablet, 
 Mithras is not here the sun, nor the bull the moon, of 
 which it is sometimes the emblem ; but the bull is to 
 be considered as symbolical of the generative and 
 renovating principle, and Mithras as the powerful and 
 beneficent Ized, by whose agency (symbolized by his 
 seizing the bull and shedding its blood) that principle 
 is diffused through all the kingdoms of nature. On 
 each side of the principal group is an attendant bearing 
 a torch, the torch of one being inverted, having the 
 flame downwards, the torch of the other (not seen in 
 this tablet, in consequence of its mutilated condition) 
 erect, with the flame upwards : the former denoting 
 the descent of the souls of men from the lunar region 
 to the earth ; the other their ascent, when regenerated 
 and purified, to their celestial and eternal abode. This 
 course of purification is briefly indicated by the group 
 in the lower part of the tablet ; where we see first, the 
 mystagogue or spiritual director, wearing a mantle, 
 initiating the aspirant by pouring water on his head. 
 The aspirant next appears, standing in a vessel sup- 
 posed to be filled with snow or cinders, attended by his 
 guide. This was one of several painful austerities to 
 which the aspirant submitted ; but there being no room 
 in the tablet for the representation of all of them, this 
 
42 
 
 is to be considered as representing the whole series. 
 Having, as it must be supposed, passed through all the 
 trials bj^ means of which the soul was to be regenerated, 
 the aspirant is seen in the last portion of the group, 
 conducted by the mystagogue to the chariot, in which 
 he is to ascend, by way of the moon, to a state of im- 
 mortal felicity. 
 
 The sacrifice of Mithras is represented as being per- 
 formed in a cave ; and such, either natural or artificial, 
 was the scene in which the Mithraic rites were cele- 
 brated. It is probable that an artificial cave or crypt 
 had been formed, for the worship of Mithras, where 
 this tablet was discovered ; but no appearance of such 
 a structure is recorded.'" — Deposited in the Museum hy the 
 Dean and Chapter of Yorh^ 1844. 
 
 No. 20. A headless figure f in white marble, finely 
 cut, representing, probably, the Muse of Tragedy, Sin. 
 high, holding a mask in her right hand. Found in 
 1845, near the entrance through the City Wall into the 
 old Goods Station. (In case J upstairs.) — The Cook 
 Collection^ 1872. 
 
 No. 21. A fragment of a dedicatory tablet, 3 ft. 
 broad by 15 in. high. The building to which it was 
 afiixed appears to have been dedicated to the deities of 
 a reigning emperor, and a goddess, whose name or title 
 is lost. The inscription is late in date ; and of the 
 name of the person by whom it was dedicated, the 
 termination sius only remains. Perhaps we have in it 
 the cognomen Numisius ? The words dirutam restituit 
 may be safely added to the inscription. The tablet com- 
 
 * This is figured in Wellbeloved’s Eburacum, p. 75. 
 
 t In the Catalogue of the Bateman Collection, p. 261, is “ A mutilated figure 
 of a female, covered with drapery, resting against a Cippus ; 18 in. high ; of 
 Roman work, well cut in sandstone. Found in excavating for the Railway 
 Station, York, 1841.” 
 
43 
 
 memorates tlie restoration of a partly ruined building. 
 
 NYMINIB AYG ET DEAE lOY. . . 
 
 SIYS AEDEM PBO PARTE D. . . 
 
 This fragment was found in 1843 with No. 9, under 
 the Yorkshire Bank in High Ousegate . — The Sar grove 
 Collection, 1847. 
 
 No. 22. A dedicatory tablet, 3 ft. 1 in. wide, by 
 2 ft. 1 in. high, found in digging a cellar in Tanner- 
 How, in 1770, bearing the following inscription : 
 
 DEO SANCTO 
 SERAPI 
 
 TEMPLYM. A SO 
 LO EECIT 
 
 CL. HIERONY 
 MIANYS. LEG. 
 
 LEG. YI. YIC 
 
 On each side of the inscription are two caducei, a moon- 
 sha]3ed shield and a star.^' The temple of Serapis is 
 supposed to have stood near the old North Eastern 
 Hailway Hotel. A portion of a pavement from that 
 site is in the Upper Hoorn of the Hospitium. The 
 name Hieronymianus occurs on an inscription found 
 some years ago at Northallerton . — The Corporation of 
 York, 1833. 
 
 No. 22a . — The greater part of an altar of limestone, 
 3ft. high by 13in., finely cut, with leaf stops. It was 
 found in March, 1884, on the Mount, close to the place 
 where the inscription to Corellia Optata (No. 49) was 
 found in 1861. It is inscribed : 
 
 D[EO SANCTO] 
 
 SILVA[NO]! 
 
 L CELERINIYS 
 YITALIS CORNI 
 LEG. Vini HIS 
 V.S. L.L. M. 
 
 FIDO NYMTNI HOC DONYM 
 
 ADPHRTINEAT. CAYTYM ATTIGGAM. 
 
 * Figured in Wellbeloved’s Eburacum, p. 75, where there is an interesting 
 account of the fortunes of this tablet. 
 
44 
 
 Several altars to Silvanus, tlie god of hunting, have 
 been found in the north of England. The dedicator, 
 Lucius Celerinius Yitalis, was a comicularius^ or cornet,, 
 of the ninth or Spanish legion. 
 
 The two most interesting lines come at the foot in 
 attenuated letters. The meaning seems to be this. Let 
 this gift belong (adpertineat) to the faithful deity. It 
 is forbidden me to touch it, or, I must not touch it. 
 Cautum attigam may be compared with the cave vestem 
 attigas of Accius. The words allude to the sanctity of 
 the altar and the shrine in which it was placed. The 
 word fido refers to the favourable response which Silva- 
 nus had made to the hunter’s vows by bringing the 
 wild game of the forests within his reach. Some one 
 has endeavoured to deepen the first three letters in the 
 word Fido, making the first two letters resemble et, but 
 the proper reading of the inscription is, I think, beyond 
 doubt. — Fur chased, 1884. 
 
 No. 23. A small, badly-wrought, altar, 11 in. by 
 6 in., found at the station of Magna (Caervoran) on the 
 Eoman Wall in Northumberland. It is inscribed : 
 
 DEO YETE 
 RINEO 
 ALA MiL 
 
 V. S. L. M. 
 
 Dr. McCaul is of opinion that Veierineo is equivalent to 
 Veter aneo, an adjective of the same meaning as Veteri, 
 The third line, which has not yet been correctly read, 
 must contain the name of the dedicator. A rude figure 
 of an animal is cut on the side, a horse or an ox. 
 
 In the Arch. Uliana for 1887 (pp. 292-4) is a paper 
 by Mr. W. Thompson Watkin upon the inscriptions to 
 the ancient god in Britain. Thirty-three had been 
 found, and all in the North, save one at York, which 
 may have been brought from Northumberland. Mr. 
 
45 
 
 Watkin says that, with one or two exceptions, all the 
 altars were made for persons with only one name, and 
 that a barbarous one. At Netherby there is an inscrip- 
 tion Beo Mogonti Vitiri. The ancient god, or gods, 
 seems to be a protest by the auxiliary troops or native 
 Britons against new-fangled deities. — Mr. Edwin Smithy 
 of Acomh, 1846. 
 
 No. 24. A small altar, 11 in. high by 4iin., found 
 in the garden of St. Mary’s Convent, Oct., 1880. It is 
 thus inscribed : 
 
 DEO VE 
 TERI 
 PRIMVL 
 VS VOL. 
 
 This is dedicated to the same deity as No. 23, by a 
 person of the name of Primulus Volusianus, or Volusius. 
 At the end is the letter M, which seems to be an ad- 
 dition of a later date. This altar is placed in the Hall 
 of the Museum. — The Superioress of St. Marges Convent., 
 York, 1881. 
 
 No. 25. A large altar, 2 ft. 3 Jin. high by 1ft. 4 in. 
 wide, found in Jan. 1874, under the archway leading 
 from the Old to the New Station. It has no inscription 
 but bears a garland on one side and a sacrificial axe on 
 the other. — The Directors, N. E. Railway Company, 1874. 
 
 No. 26. A plain but finely cut altar of limestone, 
 found in 1840, on the line of Bailway near Holgate 
 Bridge. It is 20 in. high by about 12 in. wide. — The 
 Hargrove Collection, 1847. 
 
 No. 27. An altar, 19 in. high by 12^ in. wide, found 
 at Wyke near Harewood. It has an ornament like a 
 wheel on one side, and a sacrificial knife on the other. 
 — Edward Hailstone, F.S.A., 1864. 
 
 No. 28. A small altar, 16 in. by 9Jin., found under 
 the donor’s house in Bootham. — J. H. Gibson, M.B., 
 1875. 
 
46 
 
 No. 2^ a, A part of a very small altar, 10 in. high by 
 S in., found in the Mount, in 1884, near the inscription 
 to Silvanus (No. 22a). On the base are the letters 
 S.P.R. — Purchased, 1889. 
 
 No. 29. A part of a small but highly-ornamented 
 altar, 10 in. by 11 in. in height, found in 1872, near 
 the City Wall on the road towards the new Coal Depot. 
 On one side is a stmpulum, on the other what seems to 
 have been a vase. The inscription has perished through 
 the decay of the stone.— 77^^ Birectors, N. E. Railway, 
 1872. 
 
 No. 30. A plain altar, 18 in. high by 1 1 in. in width, 
 found at Temple Hill, near Bishopthorpe. — Mr. Calvert, 
 Bishop thorpe, 1865. 
 
 No. 31. A small altar,^' 14^ in. high by 8 in. in 
 breadth, found in 1851 by a person digging for sand 
 on the south side of Dunnington Common, near York, 
 about half a mile from Grimston toll bar, on the right- 
 hand side of the road. On one side are cut an axe and 
 a knife. Another small altar, plain and broken, was 
 found at the same place and time. — W. Procter, M.B., 
 1851. 
 
 No. 31<^. The heads or bases of two altars found 
 circa 1883 in Micklegate and Stonegate, showing how 
 the middle part has been cut out to make a building- 
 stone. — Purchased. 
 
 No. 32. The greater part of a large inscribed 
 tablet of limestone, 3 ft. 9 in. by 3 ft. 4 in., discovered 
 in 1854 by some workmen whilst digging a drain in 
 King’s Square (the old Curia Eegis) at a depth of about 
 28 ft. The inscription is arranged in six lines : the 
 letters, beautifully cut, vary in height, from 6 in. to 
 3 J in. In its perfect state the inscription was probably 
 
 * Engraved in Bowman’s Eeliquise Eboracenses, p. 86. 
 
47 
 
 as follows, the missing letters being supplied in italics : 
 
 IMP CAESAR DIVI 
 AERVAE. EIL. NERVA TEA 
 J^NVS. AVG. GERM. DAC. 
 
 PONTIFEX MAXIMVS TEIBVN. 
 
 POTESTATIS XII. IMP. FI. COS V. P.P, 
 
 PER. LEG. VIIII. HISP. 
 
 Which may be thus rendered : 
 
 “The Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajan, son of the 
 deified Nerva, Augustus, Grermanicus, Dacicus, Chief 
 Pontiff, invested the twelfth time with the Tribunitian 
 Powers, Consul the fifth time, Father of his country, 
 caused this to be performed by the Ninth Legion (called) 
 the Spanish.” 
 
 What the work was that the Ninth Legion performed 
 by order of the Emperor cannot be ascertained ; but 
 from the character of the tablet it may be inferred that 
 it was of magnitude and importance. As it was found 
 in the old Curia Pegis, it is quite possible that it re- 
 corded the erection of the Imperial Palace. 
 
 This is one of the most ancient of Poinan inscriptions 
 in Britain ; the circumstances in the history of Trajan 
 mentioned on the tablet synchronizing with the years 
 108 — 109 of the Christian era. At that time the Ninth 
 Legion came to York and immediately set to work at 
 the Emperor’s bidding. This tablet assures to Eburacum 
 an earlier foundation than used to be ascribed to it. It 
 is evident that in A.D. 108 — 109 it was a walled city 
 and a place of importance in the empire, probably even 
 then the capital of Britain. It may be assumed, there- 
 fore, that it owed its origin, some forty years before the 
 date of this tablet, to the genius of Agricola .^‘' — The 
 Corporation of York^ 1854. 
 
 No. 33. A fragment of an inscription on limestone, 
 10 in. by 6 in., in beautiful characters, found in 1879, 
 
 * cf. Dr. Hubner’s valuable note in his Inscrr. Brit. p. 64 ; Proc. of 
 T.P.S., i. 282, etc. ; where this inscription is figured. 
 
48 
 
 at the North end of the building for the Fine Art Ex- 
 hibition : 
 
 TRAI 
 YG. P 
 
 These few letters seem to be a part of the usual formula 
 observable in the inscriptions of Hadrian, which pro- 
 bably, when complete, ran as follows in an extended 
 form : Imperatori Ccesari divi Traiani Parthici filio, divi 
 Nervce nepoti^ TraianOy Sadriano AiigustOy pontifici maximOy 
 tribumtia potestate . . consule . . , patri patriot — then 
 came, probably, the title of the dedicator, a person, or 
 a military body. It is much to be desired that some 
 other portions of this inscription may be discovered. — 
 The Committee of the Fine Art Exhibition ^ 1879. 
 
 No. 33a. A fragment of the upper part of a large 
 dedicatory slab of freestone, 11 in. by 9 in., found in 
 1883 under the Mechanic’s Institute in Clifford Street. 
 It was among some Danish remains and had been used 
 as a whetstone. It is inscribed : 
 
 c^s M 
 
 It is possible that the Caesar mentioned was Marcus- 
 Aurelius. — Purchased y 1883. 
 
 No. 34. A stone, 9 in. long by 4 in. high, with the 
 letter A upon it, in relief ; from the Homan Wall near 
 the Multangular Tower on the N.W. 
 
 When this Tower was cleared out in 1831, nine other 
 inscriptions were found, but they were, for the most 
 part, rude scratchings, indicating the presence of the 
 soldiers of the Sixth Legion. In one instance, a 
 centurion of the name of Antonins was mentioned. 
 These inscriptions are recorded in Mr. Wellbeloved’s 
 Eboracum, from which work Dr. Hiibner has taken 
 them. They have long since disappeared through ex- 
 posure to the weather. It is impossible to represent 
 them in this Catalogue except by an engraving. 
 
49 
 
 No. 35. A large monumental stone, 6ft. 2in. liigli 
 "by 2ft. 2in. wide, on which, is the figure of a Standard- 
 bearer, in an arched recess. In his right hand he 
 holds the Standard or Signum of the cohort, ending in 
 an open hand, in his left an object about which there 
 has been some doubt. It has been considered by 
 Horsley and others that it represents the vessel used in 
 measuring the corn, which was part of the Homan 
 soldiers’ pay ; but Dr. Hiibner and Mr. Price have 
 shown satisfactorily that it is a collection of tablets or 
 the wooden box which contained them.f The following 
 is the inscription : 
 
 L. DVCCIVS 
 L. YOLTRVFI 
 NVS. YIEN 
 SIGXIE. LEG. VIIII 
 AN. XXIIX 
 H. S. E. 
 
 which may be read : Lucius Duccius, Lucii ffilius J, 
 Voltinia {Trihu)^ Rufinus^ Viennensis, signifer legionis 
 nonce ^ annorum viginti octo, hie situs est : i.e, Lucius 
 Buccius RufinuSy son of Lucius^ of the Voltinian tribe, of 
 Vienna, (in Gaul,) standard-bearer of the Ninth Legion^ 
 aged tiventy -eight, is buried here. 
 
 The stone was found about the year 1686, probably 
 where it had been originally placed, in Trinity Gardens, 
 Michlegate, and was foi* a long time inserted in the 
 church yard walDJ afterwards it was removed to 
 
 * See Mr. Price’s Excavations in Camomile Street, Bishopsgate, pp. 45 — 7. 
 
 t A similar monument, on wMcli a Standard-bearer is represented with 
 the same object in his left hand, was found in Camomile Street, London, and 
 has been described and illustrated by Mr. Price in the Transactions of the 
 London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. The York monument has been 
 engraved as an illustration, and a copy of it is hung in the Upper Room of 
 the Hospitium. 
 
 t ef. MS. Drake, xvi. 1. 2. in the York Minster Library. See also 
 Thoresby’s Ducatus Leodiensis, 2nd ed., App. iii. Dr. Hubner (inserr. Brit. 
 64) shows that this monument is known throughout Europe. 
 
50 
 
 Hibston Hall, the residence of the Goodrickes, where it 
 continued in the garden wall, exposed to the weather, 
 until 1847. Dr. Hiibner thinks that this is a monument 
 of the first century. — Mr, Joseph Dent, of Rihston Rail, 
 1847. 
 
 portion of a monumental tablet, 1ft. lOin. wide 
 by about 1ft., found without Micklegate Bar, circa 
 1840, and now lost. It represented the middle portion 
 of the figure of a man holding an object similar to that 
 in the hand of the Standard-bearer. Mr. John Browne, 
 very fortunately, took a sketch of the fragment of 
 which there is a lithograph in Mr. Wellbeloved’s 
 Eburacum, p. 115. 
 
 No. 38. A portion of a monumental tablet, 2ft. 8in. 
 high by 2ft. 5m. wide, found on the Mount, in 1852, 
 and thus inscribed. Some letters are added in italics. 
 
 o-c-riL 
 
 VOYARIA 
 
 MIL-LEG IX HISP-HERE 
 DBS ET LLB ‘ PATRONO 
 BENE MEEENTl FECERVNT. 
 
 In the second line Dr. Hiibner suggests the reading 
 Claud. No c aria, as Novara was assigned to the Claud ian 
 Tribe. On the other hand the missing word may be a 
 name, as in a similar inscription at Home : C. Livius, 
 
 C. F. ; Justus Novaria, Mil. Coh. ////, etc. Novare or 
 Novara is a town near Milan. — The Driffield Collection, 
 1860. 
 
 No. 37. The upper part of a large sepulchral monu- 
 ment, representing a full-length figure in a recess, in 
 high relief and finely carved, 4 ft. high by 2 ft. 7 in. 
 On the rim above the head of the figure, is the head of 
 an ox. Dr. Hiibner considers that it is the represent- 
 ation of a centurion, and that he holds in his right hand 
 some vine twigs, and a book or roll in his left. It is 
 much to be regretted that the inscription is missing 
 
51 
 
 wliich would give an account of the names and office 
 of the deceased. This stone was found on the Mount 
 in 1852. — The Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 38. A funereal stone, of which two parts only 
 out of four are preserved, 30 in. long by 26 in. wide. 
 They were probably a part of the Driffield collection 
 and were found, therefore, on the Mount. The in- 
 scription runs thus : 
 
 M. 
 
 LIVS 
 
 .... CRESCES 
 .... A. VET 
 LEG. {VI.) VIC. 
 
 CA 
 
 PRI 
 
 ETM. ..... 
 
 It is evident that the monument is to Manlius . . . 
 Julius or Cresce(n)s, a veteran of the Sixth Legion, and 
 that it was set up by his heirs, to one of whom Dr. 
 Hiibner tentatively gives the names of Csecilius Primi- 
 tivus. In the missing part of the third and fourth 
 lines the name of the father of the deceased may have 
 been given with his tribe. — The Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 39. A large tablet, 5ft. 8in. high and 3ft. 
 broad, found in use as a cover to the sarcophagus of 
 JElia Severn (No. 47). The upper part of the slab 
 shows the figures of a father and mother and two 
 children. The inscription is faint, and, as far as it 
 can be read, is as follows : 
 
 D.M. FLAVIJE AVGVSTIN^ 
 
 VIXIT. AN. XXXVIIII. M. VII. D. XI. FILIVS 
 ...VS .AVGSTINVS. VIXIT. AN. I. D III 
 
 VIXIT. AN. I. M VIIII. D V.C. JERESIVS 
 
 .... MIL. LEG. VI. VIC. CONIVGI. CAR 
 FILIIS. ET. SIBI. F. C. 
 
 It appears that C. .^resius"^' , a soldier of the 
 
 Sixth Legion victorious, raised this memorial to his 
 
 * cf. Dr. Me Caul’s Britanno-Roman Inscriptions, pp. 217 — 19. 
 
 F 
 
52 
 
 wife, Mavia Augustina, wlio lived thirty-nine years, 
 
 seven months, and eleven days ; to his son 
 
 Augustinus, who lived one year and three days ; and 
 to a daughter, who lived one year, nine months, and 
 five days ; providing at the same time a memorial for 
 himself. It is probable that the missing name of the 
 son was Elavius. The stone was found on the Mount. 
 — Mr. John Jones^ 1859. 
 
 No. 40. A finely-wrought coffin, 4ft. by 2ft., found 
 in the excavation for the N.E. Railway, near Holgate 
 Bridge. It bears the following beautifully simple 
 inscription : 
 
 D.M. SIMPLICIAE FLORENTINE 
 ANIME INNOCENTISSIME 
 QYE VIXIT MENSES DECEM 
 FELICIYS. SIMPLEX. PATER. FECIT 
 LEG. VI. Y. 
 
 ' To the GodSj the Manes. To Simplicia Florentina a 
 most innocent being, who lived ten months, Felicius Simplex 
 her father, of the Sixth Legion Victorious, dedicated this.''^ 
 No mother’s name appears ; a circumstance which 
 suggests the probability of the birth of this darling 
 child having been marked by a lamentable event that 
 gives still greater interest to this tribute of paternal 
 
 ( affection. It is remarkable also that the words anime 
 innocentissime ” are found on the Christian tombs in the 
 Catacombs, a fact which opens out a most interesting^ 
 field of thought. — The Directors of the N.E. Railway, 1837. 
 
 No. 41. A large coffin of coarse grit, 7^ ft. long by 
 2ft. 11 in., found whilst excavating the Castle Yard, in. 
 1835, and thus inscribed in a panel : 
 
 D. M. 
 
 AYR. SYPERO. CENT 
 LEG. YI. aYIYIXITANIS 
 XXXYIII. Mini. DXIII. AYRE 
 LIA. CENSORINA. CONIYNX 
 MEMORIAM. POSSYIT. 
 
53 
 
 To the Gods, the Manes. To Aurelius Superus, a 
 Centurion of the Sixth Legion, who lived thirty-eight years, 
 four months, and thirteen days, Aurelia Censor ina, his wife, 
 set up this memorial. 
 
 Another coffin, found by the side of this, is in the 
 the Multangular Tower. Two skulls found in them 
 are in the possession of the Society. — The Magistrates of 
 the North Riding of Yorkshire, 1839. 
 
 No. 42. A fragment of a sepulchral tablet, 12in. 
 high by 16in., found on the Mount and thus inscribed : 
 
 VL. SECVN 
 
 L. voco 
 
 The name of the deceased may have been Julius 
 Secundus, who occurs in an inscription found at 
 Chester. Mr. Thompson Watkin thinks that in the 
 second line we have a mention of the Ala Augusta 
 Vocontiorum, which is known from an inscription! 
 found in Holland to have been attached to the army in 
 Britain. This conjecture is probable enough, and 
 Secundus may have been an eques in the Ala. The 
 Vocontii were a Gallic tribe, the chief city of which 
 was Vasio, now Vaison, in the Department of Yaucluse. 
 Above the inscription are two beasts seated, with a 
 cub — probably a family of lions or leopards. — The 
 Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 43. The sarcophagus of a Decurion of the 
 Colony of Eburacum, 7ft. long by 3ft. Gin. high, 
 discovered in 1872, near the Scarborough Railway 
 
 * The word Manes denotes the souls of the departed ; “ but as it is a natural 
 tendency to consider the souls of departed friends as blessed spirits, they were 
 called by the Romans Dii Manes, and were worshipped with divine honors.” 
 
 The shull found in this coffin is preserved in the Museum. 
 
 t Deae Vagdaverse Custius Simplicius Superus Decurio Alae Vocontiorum 
 Exercitus Britannici. 
 
 This Ala is mentioned in an inscription found in Scotland, cf. Hubner > 
 No. 1080. It is there styled Ala Augusta Vocontiorum. cf. Coll. Ant., VI. 
 p. 23, etc. 
 
54 
 
 Bridge, on a site where other inscribed stones have 
 been found, and more may be looked for. The co£B.n, 
 which by an unfortunate accident was greatly injured 
 in the course of removal, bears an inscription in very 
 faint and late characters : 
 
 D. M. 
 
 FLAVI BELLATOEIS DEC. COL. EBOEACENS 
 
 VIXIT ANNIS XXVnn. MENS . . . 
 
 A third line is wholly illegible. This inscription is of 
 great importance, as it establishes the fact that 
 Eburacum was a municipium^ which was not previously 
 known. The Decurions constituted a civic council or 
 senate, to which the title of splendidissimus ordo was 
 applied.^' A gold ring set with a ruby was found upon 
 the finger of the Decurion, who was a person of small 
 stature. t — The Directors of the Railway Company y 
 
 1872. 
 
 stone cofiin, found in February, 1579-80, about 
 a quarter of a mile to the West of the Walls of 
 York. In the following century it was carried to Hull 
 and was used as a horse-trough at an inn called the 
 Coach and Horses, in Beverley gate. i^Lll traces of the 
 cofiin have disappeared. It seems to have borne the 
 following inscription : 
 
 M. VEEEC. DIOGENES. IIIHIVIE COL. 
 
 EBOE. IBIDEMQ. MOET. CIVES BITVEIX 
 CVBVS. HAEC SIBI. VIVVS FECIT. 
 
 In the inscription the word ilidem seems to have 
 appeared in a contracted form. Professor Hiibner;]: 
 suggests the reading itemq{ue) m(unicipii) Orit ( ) 
 
 * See a paper by Mr. Kenrick in Proceedings of the Y.P.S.j 8vo, 1855, pp. 
 52—65 ; Gruter. DCIX. 3; Smithes Coll. Ant., V. p. 19. 
 
 t The skull found in the coffin is in the possession of the Society and the 
 ring has been recently given to it. 
 t Inscrr. Brit. p. 65. 
 
55 
 
 as if Diogenes had been the Sevir of another munici- 
 pality in addition to York. Mr. Kenrick"^' follows 
 Horsley in preferring the reading ibidemque mortuus, as 
 if the coffin had been prepared by Diogenes during 
 his life, and the inscription cut by his heir after his 
 decease. I do not see, however, why the inscription 
 should not have been cut during the life of Diogenes, 
 notwithstanding the fact that the stone records the 
 place of his death ; especially as the presumption 
 is that he prepared a coffin for his wife while 
 she was alive. The word Jim may mean the two 
 coffins. An heir would have put upon each coffin the 
 age of the person interred in it. The health of M. 
 Diogenes, when he prepared the stone, may have been 
 such that he would know of a certainty that he never 
 could leave Eburacum alive. The Bituriges Cubi, of 
 which people M. Verec. Diogenes was a citizen, lived 
 in Celtic Graul. Their chief town, Avaricum, or 
 Bourges, was stormed by Caesar, who regarded it as 
 one of the fairest cities in the country. Diogenes was 
 a Sevir, or Sextumvir, of York. The Seviri formed a 
 college or legal corporation, the duties of which are 
 still very imperfectly known. They seem to have been 
 taken from the more wealthy tradesmen, and to have 
 had much to do with public works of various kinds. 
 In rank they were inferior to the Decurions. 
 
 This was the first inscription from which it became 
 known that Eburacum was a Colonia, This fact and 
 the correctness in the main of the reading of this 
 inscription, have been placed beyond dispute by recent 
 discoveries. There is an engraving of this monument 
 among the Stukeley Letters published by the Surtees’ 
 Society, vol. iii., p. 300. 
 
 Selection from Papers of the Y.P.S., pp. 52 — 65. 
 
56 
 
 No. 44. A large stone coffin, 7ft. long by 2ft. 4in. 
 in depth, with an inscription well and deeply cut 
 discovered in March, 1877, about a quarter-of-a-mile 
 from the City Walls, in the course of the excavations 
 for the North-Eastern Eailway. It was within a few 
 yards of Bellator the Decurion. The inscription is as 
 follows : 
 
 rVL. FORTVNATE . DOMO 
 SARDINIA . VEREC . DIO 
 GENI FIDA CONIVNCTA 
 MARITO. 
 
 There can be no doubt that we have here the tomb of 
 the wife of the Sevir of York, who has just been 
 mentioned. Julia Fortunata was, it appears, a native 
 of Sardinia, and it is extremely probable, from the 
 inscription itself, that this memorial was prepared for 
 her by her husband during her life. The tomb con- 
 tained the perfect skeleton of a somewhat tall person. 
 This is the finest, and in some respects the most 
 interesting sepulchral memorial that the Museum 
 possesses ."^' — The Directors of the North-Eastern Railway ^ 
 1877. 
 
 No. 45. — The greater part of a striking monument, 
 3ft. high by 2ft. Sin. wide, to commemorate a child. 
 The father and mother are represented sitting in an 
 alcove. A young girl stands at one end of the 'couch, 
 and a tripod table, with a cake or loaf of bread upon 
 it, is in front. The right arm of the husband is passed 
 around the neck of the wife. She holds a wine cup in 
 her hand, and a small hooped wine-cask lies on the 
 floor. The husband holds something in his hand 
 resembling a roll. Below is this inscription : 
 
 AELL^ JELIANJE 
 VIX. ANN. 
 
 * The skull found in this coffin is preserved in the Museum. For a good 
 engraving of this fine tomb see Stukeley’s Letters, iii, 300. 
 
57 
 
 The fracture of the stone has destroyed the rest of the 
 inscription. The monument has been supposed to 
 represent a simple meal, as typical of domestic affection. 
 It is remarkable that the bronze shield of a soldier 
 called -zElius JElianus was found some time ago in a 
 moss near Thorsbjerg in Schleswig. It is described in 
 Engelhardt’s Denmark in the Early Iron Age, p. 49, 
 plate 8.^' This stone was found in the old Cricket 
 Field whilst excavating for the new Fail way Station. — 
 The Directors of the N.TJ. Railway^ 1872. 
 
 No 46. A fragment of a monumental stone, 2ft. 
 wide by 1ft. 8in., on which a female is represented as 
 reclining on a couch, and holding a small cup in her 
 left hand. This is evidently a portion of a monument 
 similar to that of ^lia Uliana. 
 
 No. 47. A large sarcophagus, found on the Monnt, 
 7ft. 4in. long by 2ft. 4in. wide, and inscribed : 
 
 D. ^L. SEVERE. HONESTE. EEMIjXE M 
 CONIVGI. C^r. RVFI. QVOND 
 Y.AN. XXVII. C^C 
 MYSICVS. LIB. EIVS. P. 
 
 It is dedicated to the Manes of ^Elia Severn, who died, 
 aged twenty-seven years, eight months, and four days, 
 and had once been the wife of Csecilius Eufus. 
 Csecilius Musicus, her freedman (her husband being 
 dead) erected this monument to her memory. It was 
 common for slaves on their emancipation to take the 
 prcenomen of their masters. When found the letters 
 were still filled with minium or red paint, and the sarco- 
 phagus was covered by No. 39. The skeleton in it, 
 which was laid in gypsum, appeared to be that of a 
 male, so that it is probable that coffin as well as cover 
 had been appropriated to some later interment. — Mr, 
 John Jones ^ 1859. 
 
 * It is figured in Stephens’ Runic Monuments, 288 . 
 
58 
 
 No. 48. Tlie larger portion of a small monumental 
 stone, 8in. by 13in. wide, found in the road in front of 
 the New Eailway Station. It bears the following 
 inscription, the letters within brackets being supplied : 
 
 MEMOUIAE. 
 
 BASSAEI. IVLI. 
 
 [ET. EE.] LTCIS. EILI. SVI. 
 
 [D]VLCISSI[MI] 
 
 The names on this monument are common in epigraphy. 
 — The Directors of the N.E. Railway^ 1874. 
 
 No. 49. A sepulchral monument, 4ft. high by 2ft. 
 wide, discovered in 1861, on the Mount, on the left 
 hand side of the road to Tadcaster. It was erected by 
 Q. Corellius Fortis to the memory of his daughter 
 Corellia Optata, who died at the age of thirteen. 
 When perfect, it had at the top a sculptured figure, of 
 which only the feet remain. The inscription, extended, 
 reads as follows : 
 
 (D.) M. 
 
 CORELLIA. OPTATA. ANN. XIII. 
 
 SECRETI. MANES. OVI. REGNA ACHERVSIA. DITIS 
 
 INCOLITIS. QVOS. PARVA. PETVNT POST LVMINA. VITE. 
 
 EXIGVVS. CINIS ET. SIMVLACRVM. CORPO[R]IS. VMBRA. 
 
 INSONTIS GNATE. GENITOR. SPE. CAPTVS. INIOVA 
 
 SVPREMVM. HVNC. NATE MISERANDYS. DEFLEO FINEM 
 Q. CORE. FORTIS. PAT. F.C. 
 
 A large glass vessel, hermetically sealed with lead, 
 containing the ashes of the young girl, and some 
 pottery were found with this stone."^' Is the father the 
 person whose name occurs on so many lamps ? They 
 certainly appear to be of local manufacture. — Mr, John 
 Rushy 1863. 
 
 No. 50. The upper part of a monument, 1ft. 9in. 
 wide by 1ft. lOin. high, found when deepening a 
 cellar at St. Mary’s Convent. The top is ornamented 
 
 These are in the Museum. 
 
59 
 
 with a small bust of the deceased, with a basket filled 
 with fruit on one side, and a chaplet of laurel on the 
 other : 
 
 D. M. 
 
 DECIMINAE. DE 
 
 CIMI EILIAE. 
 
 The lower part of the stone probably contained the 
 age of Decimina, with an expression of parental 
 affection and regret . — The Superioress of St, Marfs 
 Convent^ Toric^ 1860. 
 
 No. 51. Two small portions of a monument, 21 in. 
 broad by 17in. high, which fit together, but do little 
 more than reveal one of the probable names of the 
 deceased person, Gabinia : 
 
 M. 
 
 .... ABINIA. 
 
 Above the inscription, in a sunk panel, was some 
 sculpture, of which a fish is the sole remnant. Found 
 on the Mount . — The Driffield Collection^ 1860. 
 
 No. 52. A cippus, or monumental pillar, 4 ft. 6 in. 
 in height by 16 in. in width, of a circular form, the 
 upper part in front having been cut away to give a 
 smooth face for an inscription, which was, unhappily, 
 almost obliterated by the carelessness of the finders. 
 The only words that are legible are : 
 
 HYLLO 
 
 ALVMNO 
 
 CARISSIMO 
 
 It is remarkable that this monument corresponds in a 
 very singular manner, both in inscription and form, 
 with another discovered at Plumpton, in Cumberland, 
 which is figured in Dr. Bruce’s Lapidarium Septen- 
 trionale, p. 409.^' It is probable that the two com- 
 
 * Dr. Hubner gives the inscription D. M. Yla alumni karissimi. Vixit 
 annis XIII Claudius Severus (pp. 79 and 113.) 
 
60 
 
 memorate two foster-children, Hyllus and Hylas, of 
 some officer or soldier quartered at York, one of whom 
 died at head-c|uarters, and the other at a distant camp. 
 The York monument was found in one of the docks in 
 the New Railway Station. — The Directors N.E, Railway^ 
 1875. 
 
 On a stone, now lost, formerly in a wall on the 
 Mount, was the following fragmentary inscription : 
 
 D. M. 
 
 MINNE 
 
 The name occurs in inscriptions. This stone is men- 
 tioned by Dean Gale and others, and there is a 
 drawing of it among Dr. Stukeley’s correspondence. 
 
 No. 53. The remains of a coffin, 6 ft. 10 in. long, 
 by 2 ft. 3 in. found about the beginning of the present 
 century, in the garden of Mr. Robert Driffield, on the 
 Mount, bearing the following inscription : 
 
 MEM. • AL. THEODORI 
 ANI. AOMENT. VIXIT. ANN 
 XXXV. .M. VI. EMI. THEO 
 DORA. MATER. E. C. 
 
 The interpretation of Dr. Hiibner is the best that has 
 been given : Memorice Valeriayii Theodor iani Nomentani, 
 Vixit annos XXXV menses VL Emi Theodora mater ejus 
 causa. Theodorianus was a native of Nomentum, in 
 Italy, and the coffin which held his remains was 
 purchased^' by his mother, Theodora. The skull 
 discovered in this coffin, which is of noble proportions, 
 was given to the Museum in 1880 b}'' Mr. W. Driffield, 
 of Huntington. 
 
 Under the coffin, helping to support it, is a fragment 
 of another coffin, on which parts of three lines of 
 letters can be traced. The middle line begins with the 
 letters civi. — The Driffield Collection^ 1860. 
 
 * cf. McCaul’s Britanno -Roman Inscriptions, pp. 213 — 15. 
 
61 
 
 No. 54. A fragment (about one third) of a sepul- 
 chral inscription, 25 in. high by 17 in., much decayed, 
 removed in 1867 from the south wall of the Parish 
 Church of All Saints, North Street, where it was 
 observed in 1682. It appears to have been a memorial 
 of affection by a Poman of the name of Antonins to 
 his wife. The following are all the letters that can be 
 made out : 
 
 . . . M. 
 
 . . . AE. AN 
 
 . . . S. SEC. 
 
 . . . ENTE M 
 
 ... I. ANTO 
 . . . CONIVGI 
 
 An Antonius, a prefect of the soldiers, was mentioned 
 in a rude inscription in the Multangular Tower. On 
 each side of the inscription there has been a winged 
 figure. — Rev. G. W. Guest, Rector of All Saints, North 
 Street, 1867. 
 
 No. 55. Apart of a small monument, 10 in. high 
 by 16 in. broad, found in a hgap of stones at Clemen- 
 thorpe by Mr. P. H. Skaife, where it had been some 
 time in use as a building-stone. The first line of the 
 inscription has been squared off by some medieval 
 mason : 
 
 riL. V. AN. XIII. 
 
 VITELLIA PEO 
 CVLA MATEE 
 
 P. P. F. 
 
 The three letters at the end were read b}' Mr. Kenrick, 
 P.P.E., i.e., 'propria peeunia, or pro pietate, fecit. Dr. 
 Hiibner thinks they may have been f.p.e., filico 
 piissimce fecit. In a corner of the stone are two 
 mediseval letters, A(ve) M(aria), designed, no doubt to 
 take away any evil infiuences, which might result 
 from the heathen inscription. — Mr. John Braddoclc,. 
 1865. 
 
62 
 
 No. 56. A fragment of a monumental inscription 
 found on the Mount, 21 in. broad by 15 in. : 
 
 M. 
 
 . . .YIVS FE 
 
 . . . . YS 
 
 The M. is imperfect. The person may haYe been 
 called Servius, or Salvius Felix, or some such names. — 
 The Driffield Collection^ 1860. 
 
 No. 57. Two fragments of what must haYe been an 
 important inscription. They fit together and are 20 in. 
 broad by 1 1 in. high, and are cut on smooth limestone 
 in beautiful letters, not later in date than the end of 
 the second century. They were found in 1843, at the 
 corner of High Ousegate and Nessgate, under the 
 present Yorkshire Bank : 
 
 o 
 
 I. P.P. SYB. . . 
 
 .... PI. ET. M. GOSS 
 
 The two last lines would have given some valuable 
 information, including, most probably, the names of a 
 Eoman legate. The last words may have been after 
 this fashion, Sub cura Julii Severi et Marci Cossutii . . . 
 — The Hargrove Collection^ 1847. 
 
 No. 58. A fragment of a monument found in the 
 new road from the Mount to Clementhorpe in 1877. 
 It is well cut in limestone, 9 in. square, and is of the 
 time of Trajan or Hadrian. The portion preserved 
 gives the end of the last two lines : 
 
 CYR 
 
 D.S.P. 
 
 In an extended form, perhaps, the letters may be read 
 (fieri) curavit de sua pecunia. The d howeYer may be 
 an o. — The Corporation of York, 1877. 
 
 No. 59. The upper part of a sepulchral monument, 
 2 ft. 6 in. wide by 3 ft. 1 in. high, found in 1839 under 
 
63 
 
 the City Wall in making the entrance to the Eailway 
 Station. It represents, probably, a father and a son. 
 The man holds a staff in his right hand, and a book (?) 
 in his left. The child has hold of his father’s dress 
 with one hand and has a basket in the other."^' In one 
 corner the letter M, for Manihus^ remains, and nothing 
 more. — The Directors of the N.E. Bailway ^ 1839. 
 
 No. 60. A very peculiar stone, 2 ft. high, repre- 
 senting a head with long hair. Below, on a double 
 face, angle-wise, are the letters : 
 
 DM CE. 
 
 The stone perhaps stood at one of the corners of a 
 large square tomb, the principal inscription being in 
 the centre below. It is to be presumed that d.m. may 
 be expanded into Diis Manihus. Do c.e. refer to the 
 names of the defunct, or can they represent Gives Ehura- 
 censes^ or, Colonia Ehuracensis ? The head is probably 
 that of one of the Deities or Genii of the lower world. 
 This curious stone was found at the bottom of an old 
 wall in Castlegate in 1879. — Bur chased^ 1879. 
 
 No. 61. A number of fragments of a large in- 
 scription found in the garden in front of the New 
 Station Hotel, in 1878. The inscription seems to have 
 been on the sides of a square block, above which was a 
 figure, of which all that remains is a hand resting on a 
 cushion. On one fragment is the word avg. On 
 another, at the end of the uppermost line, are the 
 letters isiv., which may be compared with No. 21. 
 We perhaps have in these letters the cognomen^ 
 Numisius. — The Directors of the N.E, Railway, 1878. 
 
 * In the base of the tower of the church of St. Martin in Micklegate, on the 
 west side, is a portion of a sepulchral memorial, representing the lower part 
 of three figures, two adults and a child. Other Koman sculptured stones are 
 near it. 
 
 G 
 
64 
 
 No. 62. A large, coarse boulder stone, 3^ ft. by 2ft. 
 broad, found circa 1810, in the foundation of a wall at 
 Hazlehead near Whitby. On the side of it is an in- 
 scription in rough, tall letters, the upper part of which 
 has shaled off, rendering the letters illegible. There 
 is an engraving of the stone in Young’s History of 
 Whitby, p. 703, who connects it with the Sixth Legion. 
 — Messrs. Foster of Egton, through Mr. J. J. Gutch, of 
 York, 1876. 
 
 No. 63. A sculptured stone, representing a smith, 
 holding in his right hand a hammer, and in his left a 
 pair of tongs, with which he lays a piece of iron on an 
 anvil. It was found at Dringhouses, near the Boman 
 road to Calcaria (Tadcaster), and probably was the 
 memorial of an armourer of one of the legions quartered 
 at York. — JDr. Eason Wilkinson.^ 1860. 
 
 No. 64. Three small stone cists or coffins, for 
 children, found whilst excavating for the New Bail way 
 Station. They average about 3 ft. in length. An 
 impression in gypsum of the body of one of the 
 children is preserved in the upper room. — The Directors 
 of the ME Railway^ 1873, etc. 
 
 No. 65. A very large and ponderous stone coffin, 
 nearly 8 ft. long by 3 ft. in height, found in 1877, in 
 one of the docks in the New Bailway Station. A glass 
 lid has been placed on the coffin to show the skeleton, 
 which is laid in gypsum. Some portions of the linen 
 in which the corpse was wrapped were found adhering 
 to the gypsum, and are exhibited in the upper room of 
 the Hospitium. The coffin has been wrought by a 
 left-handed mason, a fact which was discovered by a 
 brother in the same craft labouring under a similar 
 infirmity, when he was fastening the wooden frame to 
 the stone. — The Directors of the N,E, Railway^ 1877. 
 

 65 
 
 No. 66. A stone coffin, 7 ft. 2 in. long, found in 
 1875 under tlie Booking Office of the New Bailway 
 Station. It contains a coffin of lead, 6 ft. long, with 
 a corded pattern impressed upon i". Inside this, 
 imbedded in gypsum, were the remains of a lady, 
 whose hair, containing two jet pins, was most fortunately 
 preserved.'^' This is exhibited in the upper room. — 
 The Directors of the N,E. Railway^ 1875. 
 
 No. 67. A large coffin of lead, 6 ft. 7 in. long, with 
 the skeleton in it, discovered during the excavations 
 for the Old Railway Station, 1840. The end of the 
 coffin is rolled in over the skull. — The Directors of the 
 N.E. Railioay. 
 
 No. 68'. A large lead coffin, 6ft. 4 in. long, enclosed 
 originally in a shell of wood, found on the site of the 
 New Railway Station. Portions of the iron tire which 
 bound the wood and lead together are preserved in the 
 Museum. — The Directors of the North-Eastern Railway^ 
 1873. 
 
 No. 69. The remains of a coffin, 6 ft. 2 in. long, 
 and 21 in. wide, originally of wood lined with thin 
 sheets of lead, bound together with strong clasps and 
 bars of iron. The wooden coffin has been restored, 
 but with a glass lid to show the skeleton and the 
 leaden lining, and over all have been placed the iron 
 bands in the position in which they were found. The 
 coffin was found in 1875 under the New Railway 
 Station, and is figured in Mr. C. R. Smith’s Collectanea, 
 vii. pt. iii. p. 179. — The Directors of the North-Eastern 
 Railway, 1875. 
 
 * For an account of this remarkable discovery, cf. the Transactions of the 
 Y.P.S. for 1875. The ornamented lid of the lead coffin is figured in Mr. C. E. 
 Smith’s Collectanea, vii., pt, hi., p. 178. cf. Journal Arch. Assn, ii., 297, and 
 xiv. 337. Smith’s Collectanea, iii. 48 — 62. A valuable paper by Dr. Procter 
 on the Metallurgy of Lead is in the Transacitons of the Society. 
 
66 
 
 No. 70. A Eoman tomb, made of bricks and 
 covered with tiles, found under the New Eailway 
 Station in 1875 The dimensions are 7 ft. 4 in. in length, 
 3 ft. 1 in. in breadth, and 1 ft 6 in. in height. In the 
 interior were some remains of a coffin of wood, con- 
 taining the bones of an aged person. The tomb is 
 very carefully set up with the old materials, the mortar 
 alone being new, but it is made of the same material 
 as the old, and is of the same thickness. The covering 
 tiles bear the mark of their maker, and have been 
 impressed by the feet of a dog and its puppies which 
 had run over the tiles when they were wet.^ — The 
 Directors of the North-Eastern Railway^ 1875. 
 
 No 71. The greater part of a tomb, 5 ft. long, 
 composed of twelve tiles, found in 1840, when ex- 
 cavating for the Eailway, outside the City Wails. 
 The tiles are stamped leg. ix. Hisp.,f so that it is 
 probable that the tomb covered a soldier of the Ninth 
 or Spanish Legion. — The Hargrove Collection^ 1847. 
 
 No. 72. A tomb, composed of 18 tiles, 7 ft. 6 in. 
 long, discovered in 1833, near Dringhouses, on the 
 road to Tadcaster, formed of roof-tiles (tegulce) and 
 
 Under the houses on the Mount now occupied by Messrs. Flower and 
 Milner, is a large domed vault of brick, 8 ft. long, 5ft. broad, and 6 ft, high, 
 containing a beautifully wrought coffin of limeetone. This was discovered in 
 1807, and has often been visited by the curious. A great portion of the vault 
 must have been originally above the surface of the ground, cf. Archaeologia, 
 xvi, 340, and Wellbeloved’s Eburacum, p. 107. 
 
 A brick tomb, somewhat similar to that now preserved in the Museum, was 
 found in 1840, during the excavations for the Eailway. It was 8 ft. 6 in. long 
 and 4 ft. 6 in. wide, with a domed roof. It contained the skeleton of a female 
 laid in gypsum, with her hair preserved. The tomb was transferred to the 
 garden of Mr. Hargrove’s house in Blossom Street, and was set up as it was 
 found, but all traces of it have disappeared. 
 
 t In the Archaeologia, vol. ii., there is an account by Dr. White, of York, 
 of the discovery of the tomb of some one connected with the same legion 
 which contained several urns. An engraving of the tomb is appended to the 
 wall of the Upper room. 
 
67 
 
 ridge-tiles (imbrices), which bear the impress of the 
 Sixth Legion,"^' 
 
 LEG. VI. VI. 
 
 erected, it is probable, over the ashes of a soldier of 
 that legion. Nothing was found in it but a layer of 
 the remains of a funeral pile, consisting of charcoal 
 and bones, about six inches in thickness, with several 
 iron nails. — Mr. JEshelhy, 1833. 
 
 No. 73. A portion of another tomb made of ten 
 tiles, 5 ft. 8 in. long, found during the Railway Ex- 
 cavations in 1874. It is remarkable for having some- 
 thing like a cupola or turret at the head. Two plain 
 urns were found at one end . — The Directors of the North- 
 Eastern Railway, 1874. 
 
 No. IZa. A tomb for a child, 3 feet long, composed 
 of four large tiles stamped in bold characters leg. vi.v., 
 with two half -tiles for the ends, found in April, 1882, 
 on Bishophill, near the site of the Old City Glaol. It 
 contained a lamp, some fragments of a very fine urn 
 with some hand-painting upon it, and a small bracelet 
 made of a gold and silver wire intertwined . — Fur chased, 
 1882. 
 
 No. 735. Another child’s tomb, 2ft. Gin. long, 
 formed of three large tiles, found near the same place. 
 The tiles are stamped leg. vi. v. — Purchased, 1882. 
 
 * Another tomb, bearing* the stamp, LEG. VI. VIT. P. F, and composed of 
 twenty-one tiles, was found during the Railway excavations at York, in 
 September, 1845, and is now with the Bateman Collection, in the Shej0Q.eld 
 Museum (Catalogue, p. 128) “ The tiles were placed, as is usual, with the 
 upper ends inclining together so as to leave a drain-like space, within which 
 the skeleton was deposited with the head resting upon a semi-circular tile, in- 
 scribed like the others. When found, it was full of water which had percolated 
 from the surface, a depth of about three feet.” cf. Journal Archseological 
 Association, i. 191-2. 
 
 A similar tomb was discovered during the Excavations for the New Rail- 
 way Station, in 1873. The tiles, all of which were broken, bore the stamp of 
 the Sixth Legion. In the tomb were found eight or ten glass vessels, two of 
 which are in the Museum. 
 
68 
 
 No. 73^?. Another tomb, 6 ft. long, found in May, 
 1 883, near Baile Hill, not far from the City Wall. It is 
 much mutilated. Originally it seems to have been com- 
 posed of four tiles (doubled) on each side, with one at 
 each end, and ridge tiles. The skeleton, that of a woman, 
 was laid flat, at full length, with a second-brass coin of 
 Trajan in her mouth. At the feet, outside, was a small 
 black urn with an iron lamp-stand much corroded, 
 and on either side of the urn, close to the tiles, was a 
 leaden ossuarium with bones, very small, and too much 
 decayed to be preserved. They exactly resembled 
 wasps’ nests. The burial was, no doubt, that of a 
 mother and two infant children. The tiles are stamped 
 LEG. VI. V. p. F. — Purchased^ 1883. 
 
 No. 73^1?. A flne tomb of tiles 5^ feet long, found 
 near the last, in July, 1883. It consists of four tiles 
 set on end on either side, flanked by broken ones, and 
 covered by others of a large size. They all bear the 
 stamp of the Sixth Legion, leg. yi. y. p. f, the last 
 two being intertwined. This Legion seems to have 
 had an early cemetery at this place. — Purchased, 1883. 
 
 No. 74. A laureated head, 18 in. high, found in 
 excavating for a drain in Stonegate. The flrst Homan 
 sculpture that the Society acquired. — Mr, James 
 Athinson, 1823. 
 
 No. 75. The head of a large statue, and a portion 
 of a second, from the Driffield Collection. A third, the 
 largest of the three and very rude, was found near the 
 New Hailway Station Hotel, 1874. A fourth, that of 
 
 fk- There were two Eoman figures set in the wall on either side of the gate 
 as you went into the court of Buckingham House in York, which were placed 
 there by Lord Fairfax, its builder. Dr. Lister took these figures away, and 
 sent them to Oxford, cf. Letter from Noah Hodgson to Dr. Gale in Stuke- 
 ley’s Letters, iii. 283-4. 
 
69 
 
 a woman with a peculiar head-dress, was found in 
 Fishergate, in 1882. 
 
 No. 76. A small head of a marble figure, discovered 
 on Toft Green in 1875. A foot was found at the same 
 time. (In case L upstairs.) — Purchased, 1878. 
 
 No. 77. A fragment of a sculptured slab, represent- 
 ing part of a man’s leg, and a foot with a sandal. — The 
 Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 78. Several Phallic sculptures discovered during 
 the late Pailway Excavations, and at other times. 
 
 No. 79. Four Cones of the Pine. The pine was 
 sacred to the Phrygian goddess Cybele. The cone 
 represented on funeral monuments is supposed to 
 be emblematic of the resuscitating powers of nature. 
 The Italian fir-cone is especially useful in kindling 
 a fire, from the resinous matter which it contains. 
 The cone marked a is from the Driffield Collection ; 
 another marked d was found in 1873, near the new 
 Coal Depot of the North-Eastern Pailway Company ; 
 the largest of the five was found at Driiighouses, in 
 1878, and was acquired by purchase in 1881. 
 
 No. 80. A mutilated figure of a lion, 2ft. 8 in. long, 
 in act to spring, found in 1873, on the site of the new 
 Pailway Station. Such figures are considered to be 
 Mithraic emblems.^' — The Directors of the North-Eastern 
 Railway, 1873. 
 
 No. 81. The head of a similar animal, 1ft. 4 in. 
 long. 
 
 No. 82. A large stone, 3 ft. long by 1 ft. wide, with 
 the head of a dog in rude relief, found under the City 
 AVall in 1839 in making the entrance to the old 
 Pailway Station. — The Directors of the North-Eastern 
 Railway, 1839. 
 
 * cf. Mr. Price’s Account of the Excavations in Camomile Street, pp. 60 — 65. 
 
70 
 
 No. 83. Part of the tail of the figure of a sea-horse, 
 or of some other imaginary marine monster, 2 ft. 5 in. 
 long. — From the Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 84. Figure of a Harpy, nearly entire, found on 
 the Mount, in 1852, and 2ft. Gin. high. — From the 
 Driffield Collection, 1860. 
 
 No. 85. A Grorgon’s head, 21 in. square, vigorously 
 but coarsely cut. 
 
 No. 85^. A stone with the figure of a boy holding 
 a horse, found in the City Wall near Mr. E. Gray’s 
 garden. — Purchased, 1884. 
 
 No. 86. Large fragments of sculptures, which 
 probably formed part of the pediment of the Poman 
 gateway, on the N.W. side of Eburacum ; or of some 
 public building near it. They were found near 
 Bootham Bar, where the foundations of the Eoman 
 gateway were discovered. One is a rude representation 
 of a quadriga or chariot drawn by four horses ; another 
 of a Triton blowing his concha or shell trumpet ; a 
 third, a portion of an ornamented frieze ; and a fourth, 
 the figure of a sphinx or some imaginary animal. The 
 base of a pier, found at the same place, probably 
 belonged to the gateway.^' —Jir. Tilney^ 1835. 
 
 No. 87. A portion of a frieze 18 in. by 12 in., 
 showing a Cupid. Found near Micklegate Bar, in 
 1860. — The Cooh Collection, 1872. 
 
 No. 88. A fragment found with many other Eoman 
 remains below one of the piers at the south end of the 
 old bridge over the Ouse, 1818. When perfect, it 
 represented an eagle, with a wreath about the neck, 
 within a wreath of laurel. It was obtained by Mr. B. 
 Brooksbank, and placed in the hall of his mansion at 
 
 * Some fragments of pillars were discovered here in 1877. There is some 
 reason to believe that Bootham Bar is in its core a Eoman gate. 
 
71 
 
 Healaugh ; after his death it was presented to the 
 Yorkshire Philosophical Society by his son, Mr. Stamp 
 Brooksbank, in 1852. 
 
 No. 89. Fragment of a slab, 2 ft. 10 in. long, on 
 which is the figure of an eagle. 
 
 No. 90. A portion of the architrave of a Poman 
 doorway, 3 ft. long, found below one of the piers of the 
 old bridge, with many similar remains, which it was 
 thought not desirable to remove. — Mr, George Todd, 
 1823. 
 
 No. 9Qa. Two Corinthian capitals, found in High 
 Ousegate whilst excavating for the new Gazette Office. 
 The bases of several pillars were found in situ. — 
 Purchased, 1884. 
 
 No. 91. Fragments of pillars, one of which is 4 ft. 
 high, found in excavating for a drain in Micklegate, 
 belonging probably, to a Poman temple, or some other 
 public building. Several other sculptured stones are 
 preserved in the basement of the tower of the neigh- 
 bouring Church of St. Martin. — The Corporation of York, 
 1853. 
 
 No. 92. A fragment of a pillar, 2 ft. 8 in. high, 
 ornamented with human heads, and basket work, over 
 which a man is climbing. Found on the hill near the 
 New Goods Station. — The Directors of the North-Pastern 
 Railway, 1876. 
 
 No. 93. A small capital of a pillar representing 
 a man attacked by two lions. Found near the New 
 Pail way Station, in 1874. — The Directors of the North- 
 Eastern Railway, 1874. 
 
 No. 94. A small pillar-shaped stone, 1ft. 4in.high, 
 found in 1843, under the Yorkshire Bank. It is a 
 prop for a hypocaust. — The Hargrove Collection, 1847. 
 
 No. 94^?. The leg of a stone chair, 25 in. long, and 
 richly ornamented. The leg is made to slip into a 
 
72 
 
 socket, and seems to have been a part of the official 
 seat of some Homan magistrate. It was found on the 
 Mount, near the inscription to Silvanus, in 1884. — 
 Purchased^ 1884. 
 
 No. 95. The front part of the fire-place of a hypo- 
 caust, as it was found amidst the foundations of the 
 Homan baths, 3 ft. 7 in. high, and 4 ft. 4 in. wide at 
 the top. — The Directors of the North-Eastern Railway^ 
 1839. 
 
 No. 96. Leaden pipes, found in the same place. — 
 The Directors of the North-Eastern Railway^ 1839. 
 
 No. 97. Two large pipes of lead, one of which is 
 9 ft. long, found in Church Street, opposite Patrick 
 Pool, in 1854. — The Corporation of York, 1854. 
 
 No. 98. Short pillars {pilce)^ used in supporting the 
 floors of the hot or vapour baths, with fragments of 
 the plaster floor, discovered in excavating for the Old 
 Hailway Station. — The Directors of the North-Eastern 
 Railway^ 1839. 
 
 No. 99. A piece of flooring from the Homan baths. 
 — The Directors of the North-Eastern Railway^ 1839. 
 
 No. 100. A large piece of flooring, probably from 
 the same source, found in December, 1873, under the 
 City Wall, when the road was being made from the 
 Old to the New Hail way Station. — The Directors of the 
 North-Eastern Railway^ 1873. 
 
 No. 101. A thick slab of concrete, 7ft. long by 2ft. 
 broad, with raised edges, and a groove in one corner. 
 It is the bottom of a bath found in a Homan villa, at 
 Dalton Parlours, near Collingham, which was excavated 
 by the Society in 1854.^' The pillars of the hypocaust 
 are beside it in one of the lower rooms m the Museum. 
 A tessellated pavement from the same place is shown 
 
 * For an account of these Excavations, cf. a Selection of Papers of Y.P S., 
 
 270 . 
 
73 
 
 in the upper room in the Hospitiuin . — The Trustees of 
 Lady Betty Hasting s'^ Charity^ 1854. 
 
 No. 102. Part of a drain, 18 in. square, found on 
 the site of the Yorkshire Insurance Company, amongst 
 the foundations of buildings supposed to have been 
 attached to the gateway near the river, in the south- 
 western wall of the Pom an Station. This fragment is 
 an interesting specimen of Poman sewerage, and at the 
 same time illustrates the Poman method of constructing 
 walls by alternate courses of brick and stone . — The 
 Yorhshire Insurance Company, 1847. 
 
 II. Anglo-Saxon and Danish. 
 
 Although the Angles, or Anglo-Saxons, had possses- 
 sion of York for more than four hundred years, 
 comparatively few remains of their work have been 
 discovered. They occupied, it is presumed, the build- 
 ings which the Pomans and their immediate successors 
 had used, and these, from various causes, have entirely 
 disappeared. The principal edifice erected during the 
 Anglian period in the city was the Minster, which was 
 begun in the seventh century, and rebuilt and enlarged 
 by Archbishop Albert in the eighth. Some remains of 
 this may be seen in the crypts beneath the choir of the 
 present Cathedral. In four only of the York churches 
 have any remains of Anglo-Saxon work been discovered, 
 although there is much, no doubt, beneath the soil, 
 and built up in the walls. We know from undoubted 
 authority that Eoferwic was one of the greatest cities 
 in the country, and for a long time the capital of the 
 island. Within the last few years a cemetery of 
 the Anglian period has been discovered in the vicinity 
 of the city, and many further traces of the Anglo-Saxon 
 lords of Eoferwic will, no doubt, be found. There is a 
 still greater paucity of memorials of the Danish occu- 
 
74 
 
 pation of York, which extended from the ninth century 
 to the eleventh. The Danish carving, however, cannot 
 easily be distinguished from the Anglo-Saxon, and 
 among the sculptured stones which we are about to 
 describe, there are some, no doubt, which belong to 
 this period. 
 
 No. 1. Fragment of a pillar or cross, found in St. 
 Leonard’s Place, near the site of the ancient Hospital 
 of St. Peter, having the following imperfect inscription : 
 
 ADM. 
 
 MOUI 
 
 AM 
 
 RVM 
 
 which may be read thus, ad memouiam sanctorum. 
 The Pev. G. F. Browne suggests that the initial words 
 of the inscription were hjeg crvx conditur. 
 
 No. 2. A curiously ornamented stone, found in the 
 excavations preparatory to the building of St. Leonard’s 
 Place, near the site of the Hospital of St. Peter. It is 
 a fragment of a Saxon cross or pillar, having the 
 figures of two grotesque animals implicated in the 
 slender spirally-disposed branches of a tree or a shrub 
 on one side, and common Saxon ornaments on the 
 other sides. 
 
 No. 3. A fragment exhibiting a kind of fretted work, 
 and an animal supposed to represent a dragon. It is 
 1 ft. long by 8^ in. 
 
 No. 4. A portion of a Saxon Cross or pillar, found 
 with several rude wooden coffins^' and some other Saxon 
 remains, in excavating for the New Market, or Parlia- 
 ment Street. It is 2 ft. 4^ in. high by 12.^ in. It is 
 
 * Some of these coffins were discovered in 1878, under Messrs. Matins and 
 Bean’s shop. The place marks the site of an ancient cemetery, apart from, 
 any existing Church. 
 
75 
 
 ornamented on three sides with the usual Sa-xon inter- 
 laced ribbon, with a bead-moulding. The fourth side 
 being plain, appears to indicate that it had been placed 
 against a wall. 
 
 No. 5. Two sepulchral stones, each bearing a rude 
 cross, found in the excavations preparatory to the 
 building of Parliament Street. One of them is 3 ft. 
 1 in. long, the other 2 ft. 9 in. 
 
 No. 6. A coped and curiously ornamented lid of a 
 Saxon coffin, found buried close to the south wall of 
 what had been the nave of the church of St. Denis, 
 Walmgate. It is 3 ft. 7 in. long by 1 ft. 8 in. The 
 sculpture is so much defaced, as to render it difficult to 
 trace the whole of the original design. On one side of 
 the coping, near the centre, in the midst of much inter- 
 lacing, the figure of a bird may be perceived, with the 
 body of a reptile, or a part of the interlacing, in its 
 beak ; and on the left of it, the head of some animal 
 biting a sword. On the other side, two animals, re- 
 sembling bears, standing on their hind legs ; two 
 groups of monsters ; a representation of the wolf and 
 twins (the reverse of some of the late coins of the 
 Pomans, found also on Saxon coins), and a human 
 figure standing near them. A spiral, cord-like mould- 
 ing, runs along the ridge and the sides, forming the 
 angle of the coping at each end.f — Purchased, 1848. 
 
 No. 7. An imperfect lid of a Saxon coffin, exhibit- 
 ing in two compartments, extending along its whole 
 length, the common interlacing ornament, formed of the 
 convolutions of the bodies of two, or probably of four 
 winged serpents. This also was found buried in the 
 church -yard of St. Denis. J It is 3ft. 5in. long by 14^in. 
 
 * Ending, i., 101, 115. Haigh, Coins of E. Anglia, p. 4. 
 
 t Engraved in Boutell’s Christian Monuments, p. 14. 
 
 t Engraved in Boutell’s Christian Monuments, p. 14. 
 
 H 
 
76 
 
 No. 8. One half of a large tombstone of the full 
 length of the grave, ornamented with rude scrolls and 
 battlemented work. It is 2 ft. 3 in. long by 19|^in. 
 Found in the wall of the church of St. Mary, Bishop- 
 hill, Junior . — The Rev. C. J. Buncomhe^ Vtcar, 1861. 
 
 No. 9. A portion of the shaft of a cross, ornamented 
 with scroll-work and figures in high relief, 2 ft. long by 
 12| in. Found during the restoration of the church of 
 St. Mary, Bishophill, Junior.^' — Purchased, 1877. 
 
 No. 10. A portion of the head of a fine cross of late 
 Saxon work, 15 in. high, probably of the eleventh cent- 
 ury, discovered whilst rebuilding the church of St. 
 Mary, Castlegate.f — The Rector and Churchwardens, 1871. 
 
 No. 1 1 . The base of a cross, rudely and curiously 
 ornamented ; also the head of another cross (perhaps 
 the same) found under the city wall, in the archway 
 leading from the Old Station to the New . — The Directors, 
 N.E. Railway, 1874. 
 
 No. 12. The centre of a cross-head, 6^ in. in diame- 
 ter, which has been painted red. On one side is an 
 ornamental fiower ; on the other, the following inscrip- 
 tion in very early characters, the whole forming a 
 pentameter line, applicable, probably, to our Blessed 
 Lord : 
 
 SALVE P 
 RO MERITIS 
 ALME 
 TVIS. 
 
 i.e., Salve pro meritis, presbyter alme, tuis . — Probably 
 found at York. 
 
 No. 13. A very interesting fragment of an early 
 Saxon cross, 13 in. high by 5 Jin., found some years ago 
 
 • A coffin-lid of the Saxon period is built into the wall of the porch of the 
 neighbouring Church of St. Mary, Bishophill, Senior. 
 
 t The dedication stone was found at the same time and is carefully pre- 
 served. See Report for 1870, p. 53, where a photograph of this curious stone 
 is given. 
 
77 
 
 at Ripon, near the site of the old Monastery. It is 
 inscribed : 
 
 + ADHYSE 
 PRB 
 
 i.e.^ Adhuse presbyter, a name which occurs in the Liber 
 Vitse of Durham Cathedral. — Purchased of Mr, Sharpin, 
 of Ripon, 1872. 
 
 No. 14. The shaft and a portion of the head of a 
 large cross, 5 ft. high, richly ornamented with scroll- 
 work on three sides. It was discovered at Wakefield, 
 constituting the step to a barber’s shop, by the feet of 
 whose customers the sculpture on the fourth side has 
 been completely worn down. It was some time at 
 Walton Hall, in the possession of Mr. Edmund 
 Waterton. — Obtained for the Society in 1870 by Mr, 
 Fairless Barber, 
 
 No. 15. A small coped tombstone of a child, 2 ft. 
 6 in. long, with a cross under the end or gable ; also a 
 part of one of the arms of a small cross, with interlacing 
 work. Found at Ingleby Arncliffe. — Rev, R, J, Steele, 
 Vicar of Ingleby, 1879. , 
 
 No. 16. An early sculptured stone found under the 
 Mechanics’ Institute in Clifford Street, in July, 1883. 
 There are on it two small panels, in each of which 
 there is a coiled dragon biting his tail. Two similar 
 panels have probably been broken off, and the whole 
 has probably made a grave cover. — Purchased, 1883. 
 
 No. 17. The head and part of the shaft of a cross, 
 with rude and peculiar interlaced work upon it, found 
 at Cheadle, in Cheshire,^ in 1875. — Mrs, Brown, of West 
 Bank, York, 1884. 
 
 No. 18. The head of a small and early Maltese 
 
 * There is an account of the discovery and an engraving of the cross in 
 Earwakei ’s History of Cheshire. 
 
78 
 
 cross, found in’the north wall of the nave of St. Crux 
 Church. It may possibly have surmounted the dedi- 
 cation stone. — The Rector and Churchwardens of St. Crux^ 
 1887. 
 
 No. 19. A cast of a remarkable sculptured stone, 
 found inside the basement of the tower of Skipwith 
 Church, near York. — Rev. G. F. Browne^ 1885. 
 
 No. 20. The original font of the Church of Hutton 
 Cranswick, E.H.Y., discarded at the recent restoration, 
 and recovered from a rockery and reconstructed. It is 
 2ft. 2 in. in diameter, and 2ft. 1 in. high. It seems to be 
 of early eleventh century work, and bears a strong 
 likeness to the font at Belton, in Lincolnshire. Around 
 the font, in a series of panels, are rudely cut, the tree 
 of life, a rampant animal, a winged dragon, a man 
 ringing bells, two men wrestling, an archer shooting, 
 the Agnus Dei, two male figures, and a man holding a 
 human head by a rope. Several of these panels are 
 figured, and all of them are described by Mr. J. 
 Eomilly Allen in a paper on Early Christian Symbolism 
 in the Proceedings of the Soc. Ant. Scotland for 
 1883-4, and in his Early Christian Symbolism, pp. 
 256, 324. — Rev. C. D. Pudsey, Vicar of Hutton Cransivich^ 
 1880. 
 
 III. Anglo-Noeman and Transitional. 
 
 Under this head are comprised some specimens of 
 the architecture which prevailed in this country from 
 the Conquest to the latter part of the twelfth century. 
 The most of them are remains of the first Abbey of 
 St. Mary. In the churches of York and its neighbour- 
 hood, as well as in the crypt of the Minster, this style 
 of architecture is richly exemplified. 
 
 No. 1. Capitals, gargoyles, and other remains of 
 
79 
 
 the abbey erected by Stephen, the first abbot, in the 
 reign of William Eufus."^ 
 
 No. 2. Sculptured stones discovered in the founda- 
 tions of a house in Micklegate, and probably belonging 
 to the Priory Church of the Holy Trinity, near which 
 they were found. Among them is a stone representing 
 the flight into Egypt. — Mr, Pulleyn, 
 
 No. 2a . — A small, mutilated figure of our Lord ; on 
 the other side is the Agnus Dei. Found in 1883 under 
 the new Wesleyan Chapel near Bootham Stray. — Pur- 
 chased, 1883. 
 
 No. 21). The figure of a lamb, found in Micklegate, 
 and of early work. — Purchased, circa 1885. 
 
 No. 3. A curious sculpture which must originally 
 have occupied the tympanum of a door, representing 
 the soul leaving the body of a dying man, and being 
 seized by evil spirits. It was found reversed, in 1817, 
 in the dungeon of a building near the N.W. tower of 
 the Minster . — Deposited ly the Dean and Chapter, 1862. 
 
 No. 4. The remains of a fine Norman door from 
 St. Mary’s Abbey, with a double dog-tooth moulding, 
 boldy and finely cut. 
 
 No. 5. A portion of a very fine and lofty arch of 
 Norman work from the same place. 
 
 No. 6. A portion of the arch of the doorway at the 
 entrance to St. William’s Chapel, which stood at the 
 south-west end of the old bridge over the Ouse, and 
 was removed preparatory to the erection of the new 
 bridge, in 1810. There is a fine engraving of this 
 doorway in Halfpenny’s Fragmenta Vetusta. 
 
 No. 7. A single arch of the arcade inside the same 
 chapel, fixed to the wall in a position similar to that 
 
 * It must be understood that the sculptured stones to which no different 
 locality is assigned were found among the ruins of St. Mary’s Abbey. 
 
80 
 
 wMch. it originally occupied ; upon it is laid a single 
 stone of tlie richly-carved string-course which ran 
 above. The arcade is drawn and etched in Cave’s 
 Antiquities of York. 
 
 No. 8. Several fragments taken out of the wall of the 
 old Will Office at the restoration of the South Transept 
 of the Minster, and probably a portion of the Choir 
 which was built by Archbishop Eoger (a.d. 1154 — 
 1181). — Bean and Chapter of YorJc^ 1877. 
 
 No. 9. An imperfect arch of Transitional work, 
 which formed a part of the beautiful chapter-house of 
 St. Mary’s Abbey. It can scarcely have belonged to the 
 pier, which still remains in its original position ; but, 
 wherever it stood, it has the honour of having been 
 regarded by the late Sir Gilbert Scott"^^ as the noblest 
 doorway in England. The remains on the floor, under 
 the arch, are all of similar work, and probably belonged 
 to the chapter-house. They have been found at various 
 times. 
 
 No. 10. Appended to the wall is the west window 
 of the old church of St. Maurice,f York, of Transitional 
 work. It is one of the earliest approaches to tracery, 
 and is of two lights, round-headed, with a plain, small 
 circle over them in the head. It is engraved by Mr. 
 J. H. Parker, in his Architectural Notes on the York 
 Churches. — The Rector and Churchwardens of St. Maurice^ 
 1875. 
 
 No. 11. A portion of an arch of Transitional work 
 found in St. Leonard’s place, and no doubt a part of 
 the buildings of St. Leonard’s Hospital. The remain- 
 ing portion of this arch is alluded to on page 15. — The 
 City Commissioners^ 1835. 
 
 * See a paper, with drawings, by him in the Transactions of the Institute 
 of British Architects. 
 
 t The Norman door of this Church, which bore traces of colour when found, 
 is set up in the gardens of the late Mr. Joseph Buckle, in Monkgate. 
 
81 
 
 No. 12. Capital of a pillar of Transitional work 
 found in Gillygate. — Mr, G. Bell, 1872. 
 
 IV. Early English, Decorated, and 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 Under this head come the remaining specimens of 
 Mediaeval sculpture which the Society possesses. The 
 greater part of them, it will be seen, belonged to St. 
 Mary’s Abbey, and were wrought in the grounds now 
 occupied by these gardens, in which they have always 
 continued, being parts of the Church which was built 
 by Abbot Simon de Warwick, in the latter half of the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 The Visitor will observe an endless variety of Early 
 English and Decorated sculpture in beautiful profusion. 
 There is. so much that it is impossible to give a minute 
 descri23tion of it. We may mention, however : 
 
 No. 1. Several portions of a noble doorway, in 
 which the hollow of the arch has been ornamented by 
 groups of figures in high relief, and exquisitely 
 sculptured. 
 
 No. 2. The greater part of a grand capital of richly 
 clustering foliage, from the entrance to the vestibule of 
 the chapter-house from the cloister. 
 
 No. 3. A number of beautiful bosses, of a very 
 large size, from a room marked F in the ground plan. 
 One of these ia) represents the Holy Lamb surrounded 
 by maple leaves, a staple and ring being still inserted 
 in the stone from which a lamp was originally sus- 
 pended. h. Another large boss represents the Virgin 
 Mary in the midst of vine-branches, c. A third shows 
 a monk playing on an instrument resembling the 
 modern violin. 
 
 No. 4. A fine series of thirteen smaller bosses, some 
 from the room F, others from different parts of the 
 
82 
 
 abbey, as shown by Mr. Wellbeloved in his Account of 
 the Excavations. They consist of representations of 
 leaves and animals. 
 
 No. 5. Fragments of two large figures representing 
 the coronation of the Blessed Virgin. 
 
 No. 6. A specimen of the lower walling and of the 
 buttresses in the cloister, removed from its place on the 
 north-east side of the cloister, near the vestibule of the 
 chapter-house. 
 
 No. 7. A large mutilated figure of the Virgin and 
 Child. 
 
 No. 8. Another imperfect statue of Maria Salome, 
 the wife of Zebedee, and mother of SS. James and 
 John. 
 
 No. 9. A small mutilated efiigy in chain armour, 
 with a surcoat, found near the site of the innermost of 
 the walls of the abbey, between the Hospitium and the 
 river. It has stood, no doubt, on the outside of a 
 gateway, upon the battlement, as may still be seen at 
 Alnwick Castle. 
 
 No. 10. Ten statues, each about oft. Sin. high, 
 fixed against the pillars of the room. These statues 
 are a portion of a series which, it is probable, adorned 
 the triforium of the Abbey Church built by Simon de 
 Warwick. They were discovered in the south aisle of 
 the nave of the church, at the depth of about 8 ft., 
 lying with the faces downward, under a mass of 
 stones composed chiefly of the tracery-work of the 
 windows of the church, cemented together with the 
 mortar used in building the palace of Henry VIII. 
 The drapery of all had been painted and gilded ; but 
 the colours and the gilding soon faded upon being 
 exposed to the light and air. Of these statues, so 
 carefully concealed by some one whose good taste and 
 feeling had not been overpowered by religious zeal. 
 
83 
 
 three are manifestly designed to represent aged Jews; 
 the remaining four, supposing those which are headless 
 to have been similar to those which are perfect, have 
 nothing of a Jewish character, and are youthful in 
 their appearance. Of how many statues the series, 
 when complete, consisted, cannot now be known. Some 
 may have been wantonly destroyed ; some were certainly 
 carried away. One of these having long formed part 
 of the arch of the bridge at Clifton, has been restored,^' 
 in a sadly weather-worn state, to its fellows ; and two 
 others, undoubtedly belonging to the series, after 
 having long served as coping-stones to the wall of the 
 churchyard of St. Lawrence, without Walmgate Bar,f 
 and having been subsequently fixed on each side of 
 the north doorway, have also been placed in the 
 Museum. Such a series must have had some meaning 
 — historical, legendary, or emblematical. Imperfect as 
 the series is, enough, perhaps, is left to indicate what 
 it may have been designed to represent. Of the three 
 Jewish figures, one is evidently the representation of 
 Moses. It bears his usual emblems — the two tables of 
 stone, the rod with the serpent, and the horns on the 
 forehead. The two other Jewish figures have nothing 
 to fix their designation. 1| Of the two figures removed 
 
 * By the Overseers of Clifton, in 1838. 
 
 t Given in 1838 by the Eev. John Eobinson, the Vicar. 
 
 t The sculptor, either following preceding artists, or mislei by understand- 
 ing literally the figurative epithet “ flying,” given to the fiery serpent by the 
 prophet Isaiah, has added to the serpent in the hand of Moses the body and 
 wings of a bird. In making Moses appear horned, he has followed the 
 Vulgate Latin Version of Exod. xxxiv. 30; where, instead of “ the face of 
 Moses shone,” as in our authorised version, the Vulgate has “videntes 
 comutam Moysi faciem,” seeing that the face of Moses was horned. 
 
 II Perhaps the red colour of the drapery of the second of these figures may 
 indicate Elijah, the most eminent of the prophets, and his translation in a 
 chariot of fire, 2 Kings, ii. 16. As the forerunner of the Messiah, this statue 
 would appropriately precede the Baptist and the Christian series. — [J.K.] 
 
84 
 
 from the^cliurcliyard of St. Lawrence, one is that of St. 
 John the Baptist, with his distinguishing emblem, the 
 Holy Lamb, on his arm. Supposing that there were 
 originally no more than three Jewish figures in the 
 series, the introduction of St. John the Baptist appears 
 to offer the clue to the interpretation of the whole. 
 Moses may be supposed to be emblematical of the 
 Law ; the two other Jewish figures may represent 
 *^the Prophets;’’ the more youthful figures, “the 
 Apostles or preachers of the Gospel,” the newer or 
 younger dispensation. The statue of the Baptist being 
 placed between these and the former, the whole series 
 would artistically represent the words of our Lord, as 
 recorded by the evangelist Luke : “ The Law and the 
 Prophets were until John ; since that time the kingdom 
 of God is preached.” — Ch. xvi. 16. 
 
 No. 11. Bases and pillars of Petworth or Purbeck 
 marble, with several other sculptured stones from the 
 South Transept of the Minster, erected by Archbishop 
 Gray, circa 1240. Among them is the only original 
 capital that was found on the south front . — The Dean 
 and Chapter of Yorh, 1876. 
 
 No. 11^. Three stages of a fine Early English door, 
 with the dog-tooth running round it, probably that 
 which formed tiie entrance to the Priory of the Holy 
 Trinity in Micklegate. — Purchased, 1885. 
 
 No. 12. A portion of a fine doorway of Decorated 
 work, formerly part of a screen, and found in Mr. 
 Swineard’s house in Precentor’s Court, in 1835. — Mr, 
 Swineard, 1835. 
 
 No. 13. Other fragments of the same series of 
 sculptures discovered close to Mr. Swineard’s house in 
 the residence of the Perpetual Curate of St. Michael-le- 
 Belfrey, in 1883. Among them are a figure of St. 
 
85 
 
 Peter holding the keys, a figure with the head of a 
 man and the body of a lion, an archer, a winged lion 
 holding a scroll, and an angel also with a scroll. It 
 is impossible to speak too highly of the exquisite 
 beauty of these sculptures. — Rev. E. S. Carter., Incumbent 
 of St Michaelle-Belfrey 1883. 
 
 No. 14. A number of beautiful sculptures in Derby- 
 shire marble, in Perpendicular work, which have 
 originally formed part of a series of stalls. Thej^ niay, 
 perhaps, have been taken from St. Sepulchre’s Chapel, 
 or from some other part of the Minster ; probably from 
 the former place. They have been found on several 
 occasions inclosed between two walls in a private 
 house,” or otherwise concealed, as if there was at least 
 the hope that they might be again utilized if a change 
 in religion should be made. They found their way to 
 various parts of the city, having been, as Thoresby 
 says, sold by parcels to statuaries, and others, for 
 common use.” Many of these sculptures are now col- 
 lected in the Museum, and one or two more may still 
 be seen in gardens and walls in the city. The greater 
 part of these sculptures which the Society posseses were 
 found in Precentor’s Court, in 1835, and were presented 
 to the Museum in 1835 and 1861, by Mr. and Mrs. 
 Swineard, on whose premises they were found. Another 
 portion, removed from the North-east side of Clifford’s 
 Tower, to which it had long been affixed, was given by 
 the High Sheriff and Magistrates of the county ; a 
 third piece, showing the sculpture between the niches 
 and the cornice, from the garden of Mr. Pobert 
 Driffield, on the Mount, was presented by Mr. Wm. 
 Driffield, in 1853. The head of a stall found buried in 
 a cellar in Lawrence Street, and deposited for some 
 time in St. Lawrence churchyard, was given in 1876 by 
 
86 
 
 the Rev. George Wade, Vicar of St. Lawreace, York.^ 
 More of these sculptures were found in Precentor’s 
 Court in 1883, and were presented by the Rev. E. S. 
 Carter. They consist of large pieces of rich stall work, 
 and a lattice window. 
 
 No. 15. A finely-wrought shield, slung in the centre 
 of a quatrefoil, and found near the Guildhall. — Pur- 
 chased^ 1878. 
 
 No. \ba. Two large pieces of pillars from the old 
 church of St. Crux, which was built in the early part 
 of the fifteenth century. One of these shows the inter- 
 enetration of the mouldings, and is figured in Mr. 
 Parker’s paper on the York Churches in the York 
 Volume of the Proceedings of the Archaeological Insti- 
 tute in 1846. The other piece shows a pretty canopy 
 for a figure . — Rector and Churchwardens of St CruXy 
 1888. 
 
 No. 16. A bracket (appended to the wall) supported 
 on the shoulders of an angel, found in a house in Higb 
 Petergate. — Mr. W. D. Lund^ 1879. 
 
 No. 17. A cast from a large cross, 5 ft. 4 in. high, 
 which was found, some years ago, in the ruins of a 
 small chapel dedicated to St. Mary, on the south-east 
 side of Sherburn Church. f On one side are figures of 
 the Saviour, the Virgin, and St. John ; on medallions, 
 at the ends of the transverse limb, are the sword and 
 the lantern, and the purse or bag of money ; and on a 
 shield at the end of the upright limb, the seamless coat 
 and the dice. On the other side are the same figures ; 
 and on the corresponding medallions and shield are the 
 reed and the sponge, the hammer, nails, and pincers ; 
 
 * cf, Thoresby’s Ducatus Leodiensis, 2nd ed., app. 115 ; Hunter^s Account 
 of Henry the Eighth’s progress in Yorkshire ; Browne’s York Minster, i., 
 132-3 ; Cave’s Antiquities of York, plate 36. 
 
 t Engraved in Whitaker’s Loidis and Elmete, p. 150, and in Brayley’s 
 Graphic Illustrator, p. 136. 
 
87 
 
 the heart, the hands, and the feet. On one extremity 
 of the transverse limb is a rude representation of an 
 ear. The date of the orig’inal is supposed to be towards 
 the end of the fifteenth century. The modern history of 
 the original is remarkable. Upon being discovered, it 
 was taken by the churchwarden to adorn the Hall of 
 Steeton, near Sherburn, where he resided. This act 
 was resented by the parishioners ; and, after much con- 
 tention, it was agreed that the stone should be divided 
 between the Hall and the church. Accordingly it was 
 sawn vertically into two equal portions ; one of which 
 was retained at the Hall, and the other — the portion 
 first described above — was restored to the church, where 
 it may now be seen. There is now (1890) a happy 
 probability of the reunion of the severed parts and their 
 restoration to Sherburn church. 
 
 No. 18. A large holy-water stoup, from St. Mary’s 
 Abbey. It is placed close to the entrance door. 
 
 No. 19. A small and prettily-ornamented holy- 
 water stoup, found at Whorlton, in Cleveland. — Rev, 
 J. W, Darnbrough, Vicar of South Ottermgton, 1872. 
 
 No. 20. A stone, with a plain cross in relief, brought 
 from the Castle Mills, destroyed in 1856. These mills 
 originally belonged to the Knights Templar. The 
 chapel, over the doorway of which this stone was 
 placed, belonged to the Guild of St. George . — The 
 Corporation of York, 1856. 
 
 No. 21. Two stones, from the ruins of the Abbey, 
 in which holes, round or otherwise, are cut. Some 
 similar objects have been recently engraved in the 
 Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmerland 
 Antiquarian Society. From the ^‘Eites of Durham,” 
 we learn that ‘ in either end of the Dorter (Dormitory), 
 was a four-square stone, wherein was a dozen cressets 
 wrought, being ever fiUed and supplied by the cook 
 
 I 
 
88 
 
 as they needed, to give light to the monks and novices, 
 when they rose to theire mattins at midnight, and for 
 their other necessarye uses.’ One or two others, found 
 in York, are also in the Museum. 
 
 No. 22. Three fragments of terra-cotta moulding 
 found among the ruins of the Abbey. 
 
 No. 23. Part of a gravestone with de : habpham 
 upon it in early letters. A Pobert de Harpham was 
 abbot between 1184 and 1189, and another member of 
 his family was a benefactor to the house. 
 
 No. A large coffin lid, 6 ft; 2 in. long, and 2 ft. 
 
 4 in. broad at the top, which was found near the east 
 end of St. Mary’s Abbey, in the precinct of the Blind 
 School, in the summer of 1887. It is inscribed in very 
 early characters : 
 
 •f HELIS PERSONA 
 
 The person commemorated was Helias the parson, who 
 had probably been the rector of some Yorkshire church, 
 and had retired to St. Mary’s Abbey to end his days. 
 Perhaps there were two inmates of the name of Elias 
 in the monastery at one time, and 'persona was a title of 
 difference ."^' — The Committee of the Blind School^ 1887. 
 
 No. 24. The greater part of a coffin lid, 4 ft. 9| in. 
 long, charged with a cross, and inscribed : 
 
 HIC JACET EMMA DE BEN .... 
 
 Emma de Benfield, widow of Adam de Benfield of 
 Marton-in-Oleveland, was a benefactress to the Abbey 
 of St. Mary, and, in token of gratitude, was no doubt 
 
 * During’ the clearing out of the site of St. Mary’s Abbey, in 1828-9, it was 
 found that a number of the monks were buried in the transepts or cross- 
 body of the church. Each was laid in a shallow brick grave, domed. Several 
 of these were opened, and the remains of the monks were seen, with the 
 fragments of their black serge dresses. On the breast of each was laid, what 
 the describer called, the back of a book. What was it ? In the Benedictine 
 Priory of Durham, a chalice of wax was laid on the breast of each monk 
 when he was buried. 
 
89 
 
 interred in the church in which her monument was 
 found. The stone is probably of the latter half of the 
 13th century. 
 
 No. 25. A large portion of a marble slab, 4 ft. 2 in. 
 long, bearing the matrix of a brass, which probably 
 commemorated some abbot towards the close of the 
 13th century. 
 
 No. 26. Part of a marble coffin lid, with the begin- 
 ning of an inscription, nic jacet, etc., in noble letters 
 from 7 to 11 in. high. Prom the Abbey. 
 
 No. 27. An imperfect sepulchral slab, 4 ft. 5^ in. 
 long, showing part of an incised cross, and the follow- 
 ing remains of an inscription in letters filled with lead : 
 
 ME • RE : GIST : ici : annais : ev : la eilge : peris . . . 
 This stone was found among the ruins of the Abbey. 
 
 No. 28. A large portion of an early coffin lid, 3 ft. 
 9 in. long, used as a walling-stone in the church of St. 
 Helen, bearing a cross with the following inscription 
 on the edge : + annais : de : grant ham : gist : ici : 
 DEY : — the remainder contained the usual petition for 
 mercy. A William de Grantham founded a chantry in 
 St. Helen’s in 1371. — Mr. Robert IVeatAerley, 1878. 
 
 No. 29. A large and fine monumental effigy in 
 chain-armour, 6 ft. 6 in. long, which served as a 
 boundary mark of the parish of St. Margaret, in Walm- 
 gate ; being half-buried in the ground against a wall 
 on the east side of Newtgate. The arms on the shield 
 are those of the family of Vescy, with a bendlet for 
 difference. This may be the monument of a rather 
 celebrated personage in his day. Sir John de Vescy, 
 illegitimate son of William de Vescy,. lord of Alnwick, 
 who died in the beginning of the fourteenth century, 
 to which period this figure belongs. On the widening 
 of Newtgate (now called St. George’s Street), this 
 effigy was removed. — The City Commissioners. 
 
90 
 
 No. 30. A mutilated effigy, 4 ft. 6 in. long, wliicli 
 during a long period was placed, with the lower half 
 buried in the ground, at the end of the village of 
 Clifton, near York, by the side of the turnpike road 
 leading to Easingwold. It is too much defaced to 
 afford the slightest indication of the knight it was 
 intended to represent. This figure used popularly to 
 be called ^‘Mother Shipton’s stone,” from the tradition 
 that she was burnt to death by its side. — Mr, David 
 Russell, 1851. 
 
 No. 31. Part of a coffin-lid of the fourteenth century, 
 from the floor of the church of St. Mary, Bishophill 
 Junior, bearing the head of a cross flory. — Rev. C. J. 
 Buncombe, 1861. 
 
 No. 32. A sepulchral slab, 3 ft. 8^ in. long, found 
 buried in the churchyard of St. Denis, bearing a cross 
 flory. On one side of the shaft is a three-legged melt- 
 ing-pot or caldron ; on the other a bell, showing that 
 the person commemorated had been a bell-founder."^' — 
 Rut chased, 1848. 
 
 No. 33. The heads of two coffin-lids bearing incised 
 crosses, from the churchyard of St. Denis. f — Purchased, 
 1848. 
 
 No. 34. The greater part of the head of an incised 
 cross, found under the Bonded Warehouse in Skelder- 
 gate. — Purchased, 1880. 
 
 No. 35. A coffin-lid of a child, found in Eossgate, 
 in 1887. There is a buckle in the shaft of the cross 
 just below the head, an allusion, perhaps to the 
 surname of the child. — Purchased, 1887. 
 
 No. 36. This large sepulchral slab, 6 ft. 5 in. long, 
 by 3 ft. 6i in., was found at the western end of the 
 Hospitium, amongst the foundations of some buildings, 
 
 * Figured in Boutell’s Christian Monuments, p. 100. 
 
 + Figured p. 6. 
 
91 
 
 of a date later than the dissolution of the abbey, from 
 the church or cloister of which it had probably been 
 removed. It bears an incised cross flory, and an 
 inscription in the writing characteristic of the beginning 
 of the fifteenth century, which may be read thus : 
 
 Hicjacent fratres WilUelmus magister, et dominus Johannes 
 Sewylc capellanus, quondam filii Johannis et Agnetis 
 Sewyh,^ 
 
 Beneath the inscription appear the incised outlines, 
 now nearly obliterated, of the busts of these brothers, 
 one on each side of the shaft of the cross, with their 
 hands raised on the breast in the attitude of devotion. 
 
 No. 37. Part of the tomb of Archbishop Potherham, 
 who died in the year 1500, erected on the north side of 
 the Lady Chapel, in the Minster, and nearly destroyed 
 in the fire of 1829. — Deposited ly the Dean and Chapter of 
 York, 1862. 
 
 No. 38. Numerous fragments of sepulchral slabs, 
 chiefiy of a late date, found among the ruins of the 
 abbey, too imperfect to indicate the persons of whom 
 they were the memorials. 
 
 No. SSa. Part of a fifteenth century inscription in 
 bold characters taken out of a wall on Bishophill. — 
 Fur chased, 1887. 
 
 No. 385. The greater part of a monument, 3 ft. by 
 2 ft. 10 in., found under the offices of Messrs. Craven’s 
 works in Coppergate, and probably taken some time 
 from the neighbouring church of All Saints, Pavement. 
 It has this inscription : IIic\ jacent WilV Follard, et 
 Eluaheth uxor ejus. Above are two emblematic shields 
 of arms, the first bearing five guttce drops, quarterly, 
 the second an ornamented cross. — Messrs. Craven, 1885. 
 
 * A family of some note of the name of Hewyk was at that time settled in 
 Cleveland. See Test. Ehor. ii. p. 247. 
 
 t The word Hie is so cut as to be read also Jhc or Jesus. 
 
92 
 
 No. 39. Portions of a sculptured monument removed 
 from the City Wall, near Fisher^ate Bar, commem- 
 orating the repair of sixty yards of the wall in the 
 mayoralty of Sir William Tod, knight, in 1847. — Mr. 
 Robert Sunter, 1858. 
 
 No. 40. A tablet which had been built into the wall 
 of the house which formerly stood at the corner of St. 
 Saviourgate and Colliergate. bearing the following 
 inscription : 
 
 Here stood the image of York and removed [removed]"^ 
 in the yere of our Lord God^ a.m.yc.i. (1501), unto ye 
 Common Hall in the time of the mairalty of John Stockdalei^^ 
 
 The image is supposed to have been that of Ebraucus, 
 whom Geoffrey of Monmouth imagined to have been 
 the founder of York. In 1738 a restored figure of 
 Ebraucus was ordered to be fixed in a niche on the 
 outside of Bootham Bar, which can still be traced. — 
 Mr. Oswald Allen ^ 1839. 
 
 No. 41. Fragments of a stone inscribed in large 
 letters, Civitati, which stood in the old entrance to 
 York Castle from Castlegate, and marked the limits of 
 the jurisdiction of the city. Given to the Dean and 
 Chapter by Mr. George Todd. — Deposited by the Dean and 
 Chapter 1862. 
 
 * “ He hath remeved the sottie 
 Of that unwise fantaisie.’* Gower Conf. Am. Lib. 8. 
 
93 
 
 III. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES IN THE UPPER ROOM OF THE 
 HOSPITIUM. 
 
 With the exception of a long case filled with 
 mediaeval and more recent pottery and tiles, this room 
 is now entirely devoted to the smaller Roman remains 
 which have been discovered in York. No other 
 Museum in Great Britain can exhibit such a collection, 
 and no Roman city or camp in the country has yielded 
 so vast a number of articles. The perfect Roman 
 vessels alone shown in this room amount to the large 
 number of seven hundred and fifty, and there are 
 besides a multitude of other objects illustrating the 
 life and manners of the Romans in Eburacum. 
 
 I. Roman. 
 
 A 
 
 No. 1. The centre of the room is occupied by two 
 Roman tessellated pavements. The largest of these 
 was removed in 1857, by permission of Sir George 
 Wombwell, from his estate at Oulston, near Easing- 
 wold. Its present length is 23 ft., but it had originally 
 extended to 36 ft., and had evidently been the fioor of 
 a corridor in a Roman villa. Its most remarkable 
 peculiarity is ;^e semi-circular apse, originally raised 
 between seven and eight inches above the level of the 
 pavement, and containing the figure of a vase within a 
 labyrinthine border. It is not improbable that it 
 supported a statue, or a bust, as it appears to have 
 stood near the entrance. Nothing was discovered by 
 which the age of the pavement could be ascertained. 
 
94 
 
 No. 2. The same enclosed space contains a portion 
 of the Eoman pavement which was discovered in 1854, 
 on an estate at Dalton Parlours, near Collingham, 
 belonging to Lady Betty Hastings’ Charity, and was 
 removed thence by permission of her trustees."^' It is a 
 part of a semicircular termination of an apartment in a 
 Poman villa, occupied, it is probable, by an officer of 
 the Sixth Legion, its stamp having been found on one 
 of the tiles of the hypocaust. The head is a that of 
 Medusa, or a Gorgon. 
 
 No. 3. A portion of a tessellated pavement, 5ft. Gin. 
 square, found in Tanner Eow in 1846, a few yards 
 above the entrance of Barker Lane, in excavating for 
 the York and North Midland Eailway. The remaining 
 portion is probably still buried beneath the street. 
 The figure represented in the design is that of an 
 imaginary sea monster, having the head and forelegs 
 of a bull, and the body and tail of a fish. Above, on 
 the wall, is a coloured sketch of the pavement prepared 
 for the late Mr. Hargrove. — From Mr. Margrove^s 
 Collection^ 1847. 
 
 No. 4. A portion of the border of a large pavement, 
 originally 18 ft. square, found on Toft Green in 1853. 
 Some other pieces of it are in the basement story of 
 the Museum 
 
 No. 5. One of the corners of a third pavement dis- 
 covered at the same time and place. A coloured 
 drawing of this pavement, as it was found, is in the 
 Ethnological room, and some other portions are in the 
 basement story of the Museum. 
 
 No. 6. Another pavement was discovered in 1831, 
 on Cherry Hill, in Clementhorpe, and, for one reason 
 
 * See a paper by Dr. Procter, in the Proceeding's of the Yorkshire Philo- 
 sophical Society, p. 270, PI. 7, where a portion of the Pavement is represented, 
 which it was impossible to remove. 
 
95 
 
 or another, is still in the ground, although promised to 
 the Society. A portion of it only, 1 1 ft. by 8 ft., was 
 uncovered. There is a description of the pavement in 
 the Yorli Herald for the time, and a drawing of it was 
 made by Mr. Plows, which was presented to the Society 
 by his son, the Pev. Wm. Plows, in 1888. In one angle 
 was a heart, in another a tulip or a bell. The pave- 
 ment had been much injured. 
 
 No. 7. Some fragments of a yerj? fine pavement, 
 the remainder of which still lies under the rampart of 
 the city wall, close to Micklegate Bar, are preserved in 
 the basement of the Museum. It was found in 1814. 
 The pavement had been ruined b}^ curiosity-hunters 
 before any attempt was made to take it up. Happily, 
 a beautifully coloured drawing of it ’was made by Mr. 
 Powler, of Winterton, a copy of which is hung on 
 the wall in the Ethnological room. From it the design 
 of the original may be pretty accurately made out. 
 
 The restoration of the church of St. Mary, in Castle- 
 gate, in 1871, showed that the buttress on the left 
 side of the entrance door was resting upon a Poman 
 pavement, the greater part of which must necessarily 
 have been destroyed. A careful rubbing of it was 
 made on which the colours were inserted, and this is in 
 the possession of the Society. 
 
 There is also a fine pavement in the village of Acomb, 
 near York, of which some fragments are in the Museum ; 
 and several others are known to exist. But the Curator 
 prefers to keep this knowledge to himself until due 
 provision can be made for their removal. To disclose 
 the secret would only result in their inevitable des- 
 truction. 
 
 In the Ethnological room is a series of drawings of 
 the already known Yorkshire pavements, which will be 
 mentioned afterwards. 
 
96 
 
 Case B. 
 
 A noble collection of Bomano-British ware, tbe work 
 of Boman potters settled in Britain, and discovered at 
 York. Vestiges of Boman potteries have been traced 
 at Middlethorpe, Castle Howard, and Holme-on-Spald- 
 ing-Moor. There is every reason to believe that much 
 of the pottery in this Museum was made at York itself, 
 and the time has arrived when a new nomenclature for 
 the various wares might be advantageously adopted. 
 Undoubted remains of kilns have been discovered in 
 Staffordshire, in the district to which, in modern times, 
 science and art have given such just celebrity; in 
 Oxfordshire, also, and in various other parts of Britain. 
 But the most extensive and remarkable remains of 
 Boman potteries have been found in Northamptonshire, 
 in the neighbourhood of the ancient Boman station 
 Durobrivae (now Caistor, near Peterborough). On the 
 banks of the Nen and its tributaries, the late Mr. Artis 
 traced, through the extent of twenty miles, the kilns 
 and works of Boman potters, in which he computed 
 that no less than 2000 hands may have been employed. 
 Similar works have been discovered on the banks and 
 along the creeks of the Medway, and in other parts of 
 Kent. On the top of case B are the remains of four 
 large amphorce, two of which are nearly perfect. One 
 of these has been cut in two, and has been used, pro- 
 bably for sepulchral purposes. The smallest of the 
 four was found at Kertch, in the Crimea, and was 
 brought from the Museum there by the Bev. J. J. 
 Harrison, and presented to this Society. Some notice 
 of this curious class of vessels will be given sub- 
 sequently. 
 
 I — II. B. Cinerary urns of various shapes and sizes. 
 When found, they contained fragments of bones and 
 
97 
 
 ashes. The bluish-black colour of these vessels is not 
 the natural colour of the clay, but the effect of their 
 being baked in what Mr. Artis denominated “ smother- 
 kilns,” kilns so constructed that the fire was suffocated 
 by the smoke of vegetable substances, when the con- 
 tents of the kiln had acquired a sufficient degree of 
 heat to insure uniformity of colour. In some instances 
 vessels have been discovered in the York Cemeteries 
 which have been artificially coloured to make them 
 suitable for their melancholy office. 
 
 After the remains of the body were collected out of 
 the funeral pyre they were carefully and orderly 
 deposited in the Cinerary urn, the vacant space in 
 which was generally filled up with some pungent oil, 
 and then a cover, probably of skin, would be put over 
 the mouth of the urn and tied down. Some of these urns 
 have marks of iron upon them indicating, apparently, 
 that they were originally set in an iron stand or frame. 
 A hook could easily be attached to this by means of 
 which the urn could be let down into the hole prepared 
 for it in the ground. 
 
 On the tops of the Cases in the room, a large number 
 of Cinerary and other urns of various sizes and colours 
 are arranged. Lids of pot have been sometimes found 
 with them. Some of these may be seen in Case H. 
 
 Ill — IV — V. B. Smaller vessels of dark clay of 
 various shapes and sizes. The greater part have been 
 found in graves, having been placed there with food or 
 liquid for the use of the deceased. 
 
 In III. B. is a vessel, marked which was found at 
 Boston, on the Wharfe, about three miles from Tad- 
 caster (the Roman station Calcaria), in the year 1848, 
 in digging for the foundation of a house. It contained 
 Roman silver coins, many of them belonging to the 
 Consular or Family series, much worn ; the rest to 
 
98 
 
 the series of Imperial denarii ; the latest being coins of 
 Hadrian, during whose reign, it is probable, the 
 treasure was concealed. The coins of Nerva, Trajan, 
 and Hadrian are in excellent preservation."^' The whole 
 find, consisting of 172 coins, was purchased by the 
 Society in 1880. 
 
 In V. B. are two examples of three cups conjoined, a 
 pattern which has been imitated in recent times. f 
 
 VI. B. A series of jugs of various shapes and 
 colours, including three gutturnia^ and examples of other 
 rare forms. The gutturnium had its mouth compressed, 
 so as to lessen the stream which flowed from the 
 interior. 
 
 VII. B. On this shelf are several double-handled 
 ampull(B^ two or three of which were probably carried 
 by means of a cord slung through the handles. 
 
 a. A fine vessel, found in 1876, when excavating 
 for the New Bailway Station. 
 
 h. A smaller vessel of the same character, found, 
 with numerous fragments of pottery, at Scoreby, near 
 York, on the bank of the Derwent, between Kexby and 
 Stamford Bridge, not far, perhaps, from a Boman post 
 or station. — Mr, John Wood, 1847. 
 
 c. A large vessel, with a cover of red ware, found 
 in 1872 on the site of the depots for the New Bailway 
 Station. It was filled with fragments of bones. When 
 softened with warm water to allow them to be removed, 
 a fragrant smell was perceptible, arising from the 
 pungent oils with which the bones had been originally 
 drenched. Some particles of glutinous matter, like 
 gum, were detached from them. 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Association, v. 89. The Museum possesses a careful 
 catalogue of these coins, drawn up by Mr. Wellbeloved. 
 
 t A similar triplet, found at Wilderspool, is figured in Jewitt’s Ceramic 
 Art, p. 42. 
 
99 
 
 VIII. B. Several vessels of a singular design, 
 called by Mr. Thomas Wright, the “frilled pattern,” 
 supposed to be formed “ by moulding thin laminm of 
 clay on a previously formed vase.” As vessels of this 
 description have not been found at any of the Southern 
 or Northern stations in Britain, or in the extensive 
 kilns of Northamptonshire or Kent, it has been con- 
 jectured that they were exclusively manufactured in the 
 potteries of Eburacum. 
 
 IX. B. Vessels of variously coloured clays, with 
 slightly indented patterns on the sides. Several of 
 them have been coloured black for funereal purposes. 
 This colour can be easily washed off. 
 
 In the centre is a finely shaped vase with arms, made 
 evidently after a Greek model, but in a coarse clay. 
 It was found in 1872, under the Eailway bridge at the 
 entrance into the New Station. Near it are several 
 vessels of pale red ware, ornamented with white. 
 Among them is a vessel of white ware, so delicately 
 thin as to resemble almost the modern egg shell china, 
 but lacking its transparency. It was discovered within 
 a larger urn during the Kail way excavations of 1872. 
 
 X. B. On the shelves are some vessels of dark clay, 
 ornamented with white lines or scrolls. Four of them 
 have the following inscriptions running around them : 
 MiscEMif {Railway Excavations^ 1872); axsasi(7%^ White 
 House ^ 1880); DAMif {Clifton^ 1883) ; yivatis {^Railway 
 Excavations^ 1883). 
 
 Below, in the centre, is a fine two-handled vessel of 
 pale red ware, with a number of vessels of white clay, 
 ornamented with red lines and patterns. There are 
 
 * Eivers, Mountains, and Sea Coasts of Yorkshire, by J. Phillips, F.E.S,, 
 p. 290. Two of these vessels are figured in Meteyard’s Life of Josiah Wedgwood, 
 i. 13. 
 
 c/., also, Jewitt’s Ceramic Art, pp. 35-6. 
 
 t i.e. Mix for me ; Dami is Give me. 
 
 K 
 
100 
 
 also two bowls grained to imitate the markings of wood. 
 
 XI. B. A number of bottles of dark clay. In the 
 centre is a two-handled ampulla found on the Mount, 
 and remarkable for having a double frill running round 
 the neck. 
 
 XII. B. Several handsome vessels of dark clay, 
 with fluted hollows in their sides that the}^ might be 
 more easily held. These hollows were formed when 
 the vessel was in a pliable state, soon after its removal 
 from the lathe. Mr. Artis found a quantity of this 
 pottery in fragments in the course of his excavations in 
 N orthamptonshire. 
 
 XIII. B. A large collection of these fluted vessels, 
 some of great beauty in colour and form. 
 
 XIV. B. A number of fine vessels with ornaments 
 in relief, some representing hunting scenes, another 
 pease stalks and flowers, and others, twisted scroll- 
 work. 
 
 The hunting subjects were laid on, according to Mr. 
 Artis, by means of sharp and blunt skewer-instruments 
 after the vessel had been thrown on the wheel : the 
 vessel was then dipped in the glaze, and placed in the 
 kiln. Vessels of this description appear to have been 
 manufactured very extensively in the potteries of the 
 Durobrivian district. 
 
 XV. B. A quantity of exquisitely shaped vessels with 
 a glaze of shining black or brown. One of these, (a) ^ 
 beautiful ampulla, was found during the recent Bailway 
 excavations. In a portion of a similar vessel, (h) were 
 found in the year 1840, on the site of the house erected 
 for the residence of the secretary of the North Eastern 
 Bailway, upwards of 200 Boman silver coins, now in 
 
 * Anotlier find of about 200 denarii was made near the Foss Islands about 
 1868, but the coins were unhappily dispersed. The number 200 would appear 
 to have been a numerus receptus. 
 
101 
 
 the possession of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. 
 Five of them are of the Consular or Family series, much 
 worn and illegible ; eighteen are denarii of some of the 
 early emperors ; the rest range from Septimius Severus 
 to M. Jul. Philippus. Many belonging to the later 
 emperor appear to have been cast in moulds, and not 
 to have been been in circulation . — The Hargrove Col- 
 lection^ 1847. 
 
 XVI. B. A large collection of small finger cups of 
 various colours and sizes, principally, no doubt, intend- 
 ed for unguents and perfumes, and the usual accompani- 
 ments of a lady’s toilet table. 
 
 The three little red cups were found duiing the Pail- 
 way excavations in 1872, and retained traces of some 
 glutinous substance. They had probably stood upon a 
 lady’s dressing table. 
 
 XVII. B. A number of jugs, red and black. 
 
 Case C. 
 
 This case contains most of the specimens of Poman 
 glass which the Museum possesses.^' 
 
 Few glass vessels in an entire state have been found 
 in York ; but fragments of such vessels have frequently 
 been met with. A collection of these serves to show 
 the state of perfection which the manufacture of glass 
 had attained in ancient times, and the taste and skill of 
 the artists engaged in it. Few vestiges of Poman glass- 
 works have been traced in Britain ; it is probable, 
 therefore, that most of the glass vessels discovered in 
 Poman stations and burial places in this country were 
 imported from Gaul, where, as we learn from Pliny, 
 such vessels were fabricated in his time. 
 
 * In the Catalogue of the Alnwick Museum p. 96 is a cut of a small glass 
 vessel found at York and then in the possession of Mr. Thos. Nelson. 
 
102 
 
 On the Stand in the Centre of the Case. 
 
 a. Several minute bottles about 1 in. in height. 
 
 h. Two small bottles of white glass, and two other 
 vessels of the same material, and nearly of the same 
 size, which were placed, inverted, on the top of the 
 former, found together with a cinerary urn, or ossuarium^ 
 of lead (in case M) in a lead coffin in 1840. They pro- 
 bably contained unguents, balsam, or some other funeral 
 offerings.^' — From Mr. Hargrove^ Collection, 1847. 
 
 c. Two large unguent bottles, out of a number found 
 under a tomb of tiles, which bore the mark of the Sixth 
 Legion, under the new Railway Station in 1873. 
 These vessels used to be called lachrymatories, from the 
 idle fancy that they held the tears of mourners at the 
 funeral. — The Directors, I^.F. Railway, 1873. 
 
 d. A small bottle, slightly imperfect, with miniature 
 handles. — The Directors, N.E. Railway, 1874. 
 
 e. The greater part of a bowl, like a modern finger- 
 glass, with an incised pattern. 
 
 /. Two small vessels, one an unguent bottle, the 
 other a cup with fiuted sides, found in a stone coffin. — 
 The Cook Collection, 1872. 
 
 g. A choice jug of bluish-green glass, found with a 
 black vase in a stone coffin at Clementhorpe. — Mr. J. 
 Braddoclc, 1863. 
 
 h. A very prettily shaped bottle,’ on a stand, found 
 with a bronze lamp. — The Directors, N.E. Railway, 1874. 
 
 i. Several conical pieces of glass, hollowed, one of 
 them ornamented with two small beaded studs of blue 
 glass, which seem to have been appended to the sides 
 of vases. 
 
 * For an account of this find, with engravings of the glass and the ossuarium, 
 cf. Coll. Antiqua, vii., pp. 174—6. 
 
103 
 
 y. The neck of a vessel of white glass ornamented 
 with a spiral cord of fine blue. Found on Toft Green. 
 — Purchased. 
 
 h. A vessel shaped like a modern tumbler, from a 
 stone coffin on the Mount. — The Cook Collection^ 1872. 
 
 1. A number of small unguent bottles. On the base 
 of one of them (from the Cook Collection) is the maker’s 
 name patri. m. 
 
 On the Floor of the Case. 
 
 a. A large jug, 12 in. high, much injured, around 
 which are arranged fragments of other jugs, etc. 
 
 h. A similar vessel found in a barrow near Wharram- 
 le-Street in 1820. — Rev. E. W. Stilling fleet, 1865. 
 
 c. A fine uDguent bottle, 15 in. long, set in a stand. 
 From the Fail way excavations, 1874. 
 
 d. A vessel with a broken rim, with a beautiful 
 patina on it, found in a stone coffin on the site of the 
 New Failway Station, close to the face of a female. — 
 The Directors, N.E. Railway, 1873. 
 
 e. Studs and portions of pins of glass. The head 
 of one of these is in the shape of a white bird, the 
 wings being tipped with blue. This was found under 
 the City Wall in 1872. 
 
 /. Foundlets of coloured glass. From the Failway 
 excavations, 1874 — 5. 
 
 g. A large number of beads of various sizes and 
 colours.! 
 
 h. A small ring or armlet of green glass, ornament- 
 ed with blue and white lines. Found in an urn during 
 the Failway excavations in 1873. A larger one of dark 
 
 * See Journal Arch. Inst., xxii. 386, for a notice of some glass pins found at 
 Dorchester. 
 
 t See Journal Arch. Inst. viii. 351, etc., for a Paper by Prof. Buckman, o 
 the Composition of British and Roman beads. 
 
104 
 
 blue, striped with white and purple, found in Holgate 
 Lane in 1878. Fragments of others.^' 
 
 Fragments of richly coloured vessels. 
 
 j. Pieces of pillared f glass bowls, green and dark 
 blue in colour, found under the Exhibition building in 
 1878. 
 
 h. A number of partially fused unguent bottles, 
 found in an urn under the War Offices in Fishergate, 
 in 1876, having been taken with the ashes from the 
 funeral pyre. 
 
 l. Two bottles, similarly fused, from the recent Pail- 
 way excavations. 
 
 m. The contents of the trinket box of a Poman lady, 
 which was interred with her, found in 1874 by Mr. Geo. 
 Carlell under the new Pailway Station. They consist, 
 with the tire and lock of the box, of four large jet 
 bracelets, three jet pins, and two curious glass vessels, 
 one of which is in the shape of a hollow ring. — Pur- 
 chased from Mrs. Carlell, 1882. 
 
 n. The contents of a similar box, found during the 
 Pailway excavations, in 1873, laid under the back of a 
 skeleton, which was found by the side of a stone coffin 
 (See p. 25). 
 
 In the box were at least six glass vessels and a large 
 silver ring. The bronze tire of the box is remarkably 
 fine. The box was probably to hold medicines. 
 
 0 . A fine unguent bottle, with fiuted sides, from the 
 P.E. of 1872 J — Exhibited by Mr. E. Bean. 
 
 p. Fragments of coarse window glass. 
 
 * In the Journal of the Arch. Inst. xv. 160—1, is a notice of glass armlets 
 by Mr. A. W. Franks. 
 
 t cf. Isca Silurum, ed. 1862, plate xxvii. and C. R. Smith’s London, pp. 
 121—3. 
 
 t It is exactly similar to one found near Bath in 1840, and now at Alnwick. 
 Aquis Solisj pi. xlv. and Cat. of Alnwick Museum p. 96. 
 
105 
 
 q. A number of bandies of vessels, some exceedingly 
 fine. 
 
 r. Bases of vessels, rounded ofi by Boman children 
 to play with. 
 
 s. Fragments of vessels, principally of cut-glass, 
 some of which must have been of great beauty. One 
 of them is a fragment of a small bluish-green glass 
 vase, on the rim of which has been represented a 
 chariot race in the Circus. On this portion of the rim 
 is seen a quadriga with the charioteer, and part of the 
 fore-legs of the horses of another quadriga following ; 
 and between these the column bearing the seven ova^ 
 by means of which the spectators could count the 
 number of rounds in the course which had been run ; 
 one of the ova being taken down at the completion of 
 each course. 
 
 Under Case C, is a small lead coffin with lid, 3 ft. 
 2 in. long and 1 1 in. wide, found during the B.E. circa 
 1840. 
 
 Case D. 
 
 This, and the next Case, contain vessels and numerous 
 fragments of the beautiful fictile ware, usually called 
 Samian, from the Greek island Samos, where a manu- 
 factory of such ware was established at a very early 
 period. It is distinguished by its compact texture, and 
 its red or coral-colour glaze. It was held in great 
 esteem by the Bomans, and extensively used by them 
 at table, and for other domestic purposes. The manu- 
 factory of such ware was not confined to Samos. It 
 extended to Italy, Spain, and Gaul, — whence, it is pro- 
 bable, — and specially from Gaul, — it was imported into 
 Britain. It was made also in the potteries in this 
 
 * See Diet. Gr. and Eom. Antiq. Circus ; C. E. Smith’s London, p. 121 ; 
 and Cat. of his Museum, p. 48. 
 
106 
 
 country, although, probably of an inferior class, A 
 portion of a mould for making Samian vessels has been 
 found in York. There is a ware still made at Tarragona, 
 and other places in Spain, which is very similar to 
 Samian. The old Eoman art has never really died out. 
 
 Vessels of this ware are of two kinds, embossed and 
 plain. The former are commonly in the shape of 
 bowls, or drinking cups, of various sizes. They are 
 generally ornamented with a festoon and tassel-border, 
 and, below that, with elegant scrolls of foliage, flowers, 
 and fruit, or with a variety of designs, representing 
 divinities and their emblems, sacrificial ceremonies, 
 bacchanalian processions, gladiatorial combats, the 
 chase of wild animals — {venatio ^) — which formed part 
 of the sports of the arena ^ — and other subjects con- 
 nected with ancient customs. 
 
 The plain or unembossed vessels of this ware are 
 generally of a smaller size, and of a great variety of 
 form. Some are ornamented with a simple ivy-leaf 
 scroll on the rim ; and others with a pattern, resembling 
 the engine-turned work of modern watch cases. 
 
 I. D. a. The greater part of a bowl, nearly 9 in. 
 in diameter, ornamented with lions, boars, wolves, etc. 
 From the recent Eailway excavations."^' — Mr. F. Leah, 
 1872. 
 
 h. A bowl, nearly perfect, 7 in. in diameter, of coarse 
 ware, showing a mending of lead. It was found at 
 Clifton, and is ornamented with figures and stags’ heads. 
 — Mr. J. F. Walker., 1872. 
 
 c. A small, very coarse, and English-made bowl, 
 7 Jin. in diameter, adorned with deer and dogs. It was 
 found in Priory Street. — Purchased^ 1878. 
 
 * Two embossed bowls from York are in the Bateman Collection, now in 
 the Sheffield Museum. 
 
107 
 
 d, A bowl, 8 in. in diameter, found in Grove Terrace 
 in 1875, and ornamented with game cocks and lions. — 
 Purchased^ 1875. 
 
 II. D. a, A line and perfect bowl, 9 in. in diame- 
 ter, showing a pattern and a hunter shooting at a lion. 
 Found at Malton. — Purchased of Mrs. Sellers^ of York, 
 1888. 
 
 h. Another fine bowl, found in Clifton circa 1840, 
 and formerly in the possession of Mr. Wardell, of Leeds. 
 It is 84 in. in diameter, and exhibits an armed soldier 
 and other figures, with the maker’s name, Divixti, on 
 the outside.^' — Mr. John Holmes^ of Roundhay, 1881. 
 
 c. One half of a fine bowl, 9 in. in diameter, found 
 in York, with the festoon and tassel border, and, below, 
 a scroll of a vine-branch, with birds pecking at the fruit. 
 — Mr. I. Tuke Holmes., 1847. 
 
 d. A beautiful bowl, 9^ in. in diameter, found on the 
 Mount, and covered with animals and birds, human 
 figures and deities, among whom is Diana with her bow 
 and fawn. — Purchased^ circa 1840. 
 
 III. D. This compartment contains specimens of the 
 richly embossed and glazed pottery of the first century, 
 which is so rarely met with. The greater part of it was 
 found in an ancient midden-heap, on the site of the 
 Fine Art Exhibition, and was admirably mended by the 
 late Dr. Gibson. 
 
 a. Part of a bowl with foliage and stags. Found 
 under the donor’s house in Bootham. — J)r. Gihson, 1879. 
 
 h. A noble bowl, 9|-in. in diameter, ornamented 
 with scrolls and leaves and with a brilliant glaze. 
 Found under the Exhibition building. — The Exhibition 
 Committee., 1878. 
 
 c. Parts of two other bowls of a similar character 
 and from the same place. 
 
 * Figured in Bowman’s Beliquiee Eboracenses, p.p. 11 — 12. 
 
108 
 
 d. A great part of another bowl found in Blossom 
 Street. — Purchased^ 1876. 
 
 e. A portion of a low deep bowl ornamented with 
 leaves and borders of great beauty. Found under the 
 new Entrance Lodge, in 1874. 
 
 /. Another large bowl, from the Exhibition grounds, 
 of beautiful glaze and design, 9 in. in diameter. — The 
 Exhibition Committee^ 1878. 
 
 ly. D. a. Part of a large bowl, 10 in. in diameter, 
 with ivy-leaves. — Found near the Mount. — The Cooh 
 Collection^ 1872. 
 
 b. A part of a bowl, ornamented with scrolls of ivy 
 and medallions, with various animals. 
 
 c. The greater part of a bowl, 9^ in. in diameter, 
 decorated with a string of captives chained together by 
 the neck. — From the Railway Excavations^ 1873. 
 
 d. A bowl, 9 in. in diameter, found in East Mount 
 Road, in 1872, and ornamented with figures. — Rev, J, 
 Paine, 1872. 
 
 V. D. a. The greater part of a bowl, found in 
 Grove Terrace in 1878, covered with a hunting scene, 
 boars, lions, etc. 
 
 b. Half of a very fine bowl, with leaves and figures, 
 found in Stonegate in 1879. 
 
 c. Portions of a beautiful bowl, on which Diana with 
 her bow and fawn is a prominent feature. — From the 
 Railway Excavations^ 1873. 
 
 d. Part of a bowl with medallions and gladiators. — 
 Found near Holy ate Bridge, 1876. 
 
 e. Part of a bowl, representing love-scenes. — From 
 Eolgate Bridge, 1876. 
 
 /. Part of a bowl covered with a hunting scene. — 
 Found in Priory Street, 1874. 
 
 VI. D. A large number of bases of Samian vessels, 
 many of which exhibit parts of the pattern. 
 
109 
 
 VII. D, Portions of Samian bowls. 
 
 a. Part of a bowl, found in Bootbam, showing inci- 
 dents in the life of Hercules. — Dr. Gilson^ 1879. 
 
 h. A great part of a bowl, found in East Mount 
 Poad in 1872, ornamented with ivy-leaves and figures. 
 — Rev. J. Raine^ 1872. 
 
 c. Part of a bowl with wild animals on it. 
 
 d. A large fragment of a finely glazed bowl, covered 
 with leaves and figures. Found near the Mount. — The 
 Cook Collection.^ 1872. 
 
 e. Part of a small bowl, with mounted hunters and 
 wild beasts. Found under the City wall, 1874. 
 
 /. A part of a large bowl, with medallions and 
 figures. — Raikvay Excavations.^ 1873. 
 
 g. Part of a large bowl, with a military figure and a 
 single vine-leaf, alternately. 
 
 h. Half of a small bowl, ornamented with rabbits 
 and Hercules strangling the serpents. Found under 
 No. 45, Bootham. — Mr. J. F. Walker^ 1889. 
 
 YIII. D. A series of cups or bowls, plain, with a 
 protecting rim, on which a similar bowl rested, consti- 
 tuting a covered cup. 
 
 IX. D. Jugs, infant’s feeding bottles (tetinoe), cups, 
 and salt-cellars (salinoe). 
 
 X. D. Vessels of graduated sizes, round and fluted, 
 said to have been for vinegar {acetahula) and other uses, 
 and richly glazed. 
 
 XI. D. a. A cup ornamented with ivy -leaves, found 
 in Bootham Terrace, and given by Dr. Gibson, 1878 ; 
 with other examples of the same kind of decoration. 
 
 h. A large and beautiful vessel, 7jin. high, covered 
 with incised patterns of foliage, etc., and the finest 
 known specimen of this kind of ware. It was found 
 some years ago in Bootham under Mr. Toes’ house. 
 
IIG 
 
 c. Two small bowls ornamented, but more rudely, 
 in the same way."^' 
 
 XII. D. Several fine vessels, and a number of frag- 
 ments, the rims of which are ornamented with the leaves 
 and flowers of the lotus. One of these vessels is 1 1 in. 
 in diameter. It was found during the Eailway Excava- 
 tions in 1872. 
 
 XIII. D. Fragments of pottery, embossed with the 
 following subjects, i.e.^ wolf -hunting, game-cocks, 
 ostriches, porpoises, sea-horses, etc. 
 
 XIV. D. A beautiful collection of pieces, orna- 
 mented with branches and leaves. 
 
 XV. and XVI. D. A large collection of scrolls and 
 borders, arranged so as to show the charming designs 
 used by the potters, which cannot easily be surpassed. 
 
 XVII. D. Parts of lofty, upright bowls or cups, 
 some of which are most choice. 
 
 XVIII. D. Numerous fragments of embossed ves- 
 sels. 
 
 Case E. 
 
 This Case contains an example of a peculiar mode of 
 sepulture in very common use at Eburacum. The body 
 was laid in a coffin in which liquified gypsum had been 
 poured, and was then covered with it to a certain height. 
 This practice was probably desirable for sanitary pur- 
 poses. The material, also, as it hardened, retained an 
 impression of the body. The remains in this Case are 
 those of a female and a child ; the body of the latter 
 having been placed, as the impression in the plaster 
 represents it, between the legs of the former, who was 
 most probably its mother. The garments in which they 
 were buried appeared to have been ornamented with 
 
 * cf. Mr. C. E. Smith’s London, p. 93, and Catalogue of the Faussett Col- 
 lection, p. 182. 
 
Ill 
 
 crimson or purple stripes,"^' of a texture of something 
 like velvet or plush ; portions of the coloured fibre being 
 found adhering to the lime. The stone coffin contain- 
 ing these remains was discovered in July, 1851, about 
 three feet below the surface, near Skeldergate Postern, 
 by the side of the road leading to Bishopthorpe. It is 
 deposited in the ruins of St. Leonard’s Hospital (marked 
 II), with the tomb described under Case G. 
 
 The lead coffin below this stand contained the body 
 of a child, and was found in 1872, in the road leading 
 from the City to the new Coal Depots. It is 2 ft. 8 in. 
 long by 14 in. 
 
 Case F. 
 
 I. F. In this Case there is a continuation of the 
 Collection of Samian ware. We have in the first com- 
 partment Cupids and Deities. 
 
 II. F. Hunting scenes. The ibex; deer; wild -boar; 
 bear. 
 
 III. F. Fragments of vessels, which very rarely 
 occur. Among them are pieces of pottery turned on the 
 wheel with raised patterns ; specimens with white slip ;f 
 examples* of handles of vessel ; and pieces with raised 
 figures. Among the latter are 
 
 a. A figure, remarkable for its high relief and 
 superior execution. It is supposed to represent Paris, 
 with his staff in one hand and the apple in the other ; 
 and, instead of being stamped on the vessel, has been 
 separately moulded, and then carefully affixed by a 
 graving tool. Specimens of this mode of ornamentation 
 are very rare.J 
 
 * Isidore Hisp. xi. i. 123. Purpurese vestes mortuis prsebentur. 
 
 t ef. Lee’s Isca Silurum, ed. 1862, plate xlvii. There are several pieces in 
 the Mayer Museum at Liverpool, 
 
 t See Mr. C. E. Smith, Journal of the Archselogical Association, vol. iv, p. 
 11, and the Catalogue of his Museum of London Antiquities, p. 30. 
 
 L 
 
112 
 
 I, A portion of the rim of a mortar decorated with 
 figures in high relief. A figure of a river-god, or 
 Silenus, is laid asleep, with the mouth or vent of the 
 mortar under his left arm. Before him is a bird settling 
 on a basket of fruit, which a Cupid is trying to capture. 
 Bound in Blossom Street. — Mr, E, Swaine^ 1874. 
 
 c. A portion of a red deer in high relief. Found in 
 the Eailway Excavations, 1873. 
 
 d. Fragments of two other vessels, one found at 
 Clifton, the other near the new Eailway Station. 
 
 IV. F. Hunting the lion ; and lioness combats 
 with the urus or wild-bull. 
 
 V. F. Chariot-races; gladiators; hares and rabbits. 
 
 VI. F. Parts of vessels selected to shew their size 
 and thickness. 
 
 VII. F. Parts of two fine vessels, one fluted under- 
 neath, like mortars : a bowl, and parts of other vessels 
 of Samian ware. 
 
 VIII. F. Three perfect mortars (mortarium) used 
 for culinary purposes, with parts of others. The sur- 
 face of the interior is thickly studded with particles of 
 silicious stone or quartz, to aid the process of trituration. 
 The rim is furnished with an ornamental opening 
 through which mixtures in a liquid state were poured. 
 The opening was in the shape of the head of a lion or 
 bat, of which this compartment presents numerous ex- 
 amples. Other portions of mortars more or less com- 
 plete. 
 
 IX. F. A fine series of pater cb and other Samian 
 vessels. 
 
 X. F. Three large Samian paterce, 
 
 XI. F. Bowls and cups of the same ware. 
 
 XII. F. A large number of pieces of paterae^ bowls, 
 cups, etc., of various sizes and shapes. 
 
113 
 
 XIII. and XIV. F. Specimens of black ware cast 
 in Samian moulds. Many fragments with letters and 
 other marks roughly scratched upon them, generally 
 called Graffiti. 
 
 XY. F. A large collection of potters’ marks. Some 
 of a peculiar kind in the form of ornaments, etc. Others 
 occurring on the outsides of the vessels among the 
 foliage and figures. On several there is a double name, 
 as if the master and foreman of the pottery had distinct 
 marks. 
 
 In the drawers of Case K is preserved a collection of 
 the marks of a vast number of potters, all found in 
 York and stamped across the bottoms of Samian vessels. 
 The kilns in which many of these vessels were made 
 are being discovered abroad, especially in Auvergne, 
 with some of the original stamps and moulds used by 
 the potters. We are thus enabled to discover whence 
 the Homans derived much of the pottery w’hich was in 
 use in Britain. It came from the great manufactories 
 in France and Germany. 
 
 XVI. F. A large variety of pieces of base Samian 
 ware, probably manufactured in England in imitation 
 of the genuine pottery. The difference in execution 
 and glaze is very observable. On one patera the maker 
 has forged the name of a well-known potter, Severi- 
 anus. A piece of Severianus’ handiwork is placed 
 beside the forgery to shew the contrast. 
 
 XYII. F. Specimens of the mode of rivetting pieces 
 of fractured Samian vessels with lead. Examples of 
 the mending of ordinary vessels with the same material. 
 
 XYIII. F. a. A cast from a pig of lead, found 
 with another on Hayshaw Moor, near Pateley Bridge, 
 in 1734, and bequeathed by Sir Wm. Ingilby, Bart , to 
 
114 
 
 tlie British Museum, to which it came in 1772. It bears 
 the following inscription : 
 
 IMP’CAES-DOMITIANO*AYG-COS*YII. 
 
 denoting that the original was cast in the seventh con- 
 sulship of the Emperor Domitian ; i.e. a.d. 80 or 81. 
 Another, found at the same time, is preserved in the 
 muniment room at Eipley Castle . — The Archceological 
 Institute^ 1846. 
 
 J. A leaden mortar found in Park Street ; a spoon 
 of lead, and other objects of the same metal. Several 
 crucibles. 
 
 Case Gr. 
 
 This case contains the remains and the impression of 
 the body which had been deposited in the large tomb 
 (marked I.) placed in the room under the Chapel of the 
 Infirmary of St. Leonard’s Hospital (see p. 13). The 
 body appears to have been placed in a coffin of wood, 
 which was then filled with gypsum. The cofiin had 
 perished, so that upon opening the tomb nothing 
 appeared but the hardened gypsum, containing the 
 skull and a few bones, and a distinct impression of the 
 body. Minute portions of the coffin, supposed to be 
 cedar, are imbedded in the gypsum ; and a few small 
 fragments were found in the tomb, in one of which is 
 enclosed an iron nail. 
 
 Below this case is a small coffin of lead for a child, 
 discovered during the excavations for the first Pail way 
 Station. It is 2 ft, 10 in. long by 10^ in. 
 
 * cf, Hubner’s Inscr. Brit., 223. 
 
 In the Journal of the Arch. Inst., xvi. 7, is a paper by Professor 
 Phillips on Ancient Metallurgy and Mining, and a list of the then known 
 Roman pigs of lead by Mr. Albert Way. 
 
 In the Archeeologia, xlviii, pt. 1, are curious notices by Mr. Alfred Tylor of 
 Roman and English lead work, with an engraving of the coffin lid in our 
 Museum, under which the Roman lady’s hair w’as found. 
 
115 
 
 Case H. 
 
 I. H. Three bowls, and other specimens of light 
 brown ware, with minute patterns impressed upon them. 
 
 II. H. Fragments of so-called Durobrivian ware, 
 consisting of a beautiful variety of dogs, and other 
 animals. Also, many specimens of scroll-work. 
 
 III. H. Pieces of bright, black, glazed ware, several 
 of which have letters upon them. A beautiful variety. 
 
 ly. H. Examples of patterns turned upon the 
 wheel ; white colours upon red ; red-painting upon 
 straw-colour. Parts of a noble vessel with handles, 
 and heads and fir-cones alternately. Part of a cup with 
 a double border, with circles and stars. A fragment of 
 a vessel with pink lines over a dark ground. A handle 
 of a vessel in the shape of a ram’s head. An engraving 
 of a perfect vessel of this kind found near Shefford, in 
 Bedfordshire, is in Bradley’s Graphic Illustrator, p.344. 
 
 y. H. Numerous examples of red colouring upon 
 white ware. Necks of jugs ornamented with female 
 heads."^' Heads of cocks. 
 
 yi. H. Fragments of pottery over which sand 
 seems to have been sprinkled when it was soft, with a 
 perfect vessel. Two large black cups with incised 
 patterns, found in Priory Street in 1874. 
 
 yii. H. A series of urns and bowls of red ware. 
 One is fiuted like the pottery in ly. B, and was found 
 on the railway near Heworth. A round vessel from 
 the same place has been used for burial purposes, and 
 contains the undisturbed ashes. Another bowl, from 
 the Mount, has had three handles. 
 
 yill. H. A large number of small vessels of red 
 or white ware, of peculiar shapes. Several lids of 
 vessels. 
 
 * ef. Mr. C. R. Smith’s Catalogue of his Museum, p. 19 ; and his London, 
 p. 86. 
 
116 
 
 IX. H. A series of vessels of red clay, with a frill 
 round the edge. One is of white ware, with a double 
 frill. Possibly they were flower vases. 
 
 X. H. Some elegant vessels of light brown ware, 
 which have been turned on a wheel. The large lid 
 behind them was found near the Yorkshire Bank. 
 
 XI. H. A number of shallow, round bowls, and 
 smaller vessels. 
 
 XII. H. Four vessels in the shape of a human 
 head. One, 9 in. high, was found in Blossom Street, 
 presented by Mr. E. Swaine. h. From Priory Street, 
 nearly 12 in. high, 1874. c. A small specimen, from 
 Fishergate, presented by Mr. Palph Weatherley, 1855. 
 d. Another from the York Cemetery, 12 in. high.— 
 Keeper of the Cemetery^ 1888. 
 
 There are fragments of some twenty other vessels of 
 a like kind. 
 
 XIII. H. Necks of Ampullce^ or jugs, some of them 
 of choice and rare kinds. 
 
 XIV. — XVIII. H. A large collection of culinary 
 vessels in grey and black ware, consisting of pots, 
 colanders, mortars, and dishes of various kinds. 
 
 Case I. 
 
 This Case contains the impression of the body of a 
 female. The texture of the garment in which the body 
 was clothed may be clearly perceived in the impression. 
 The feet, which had been crossed, had sandals on them, 
 as is evident from the marks of the nails of the soles. 
 The nails themselves (No. 1) were found in the coflin. 
 A very small portion of the bones remained ; but all 
 the teeth (No. 2), excepting one, were found with the 
 enamel undecayed. Just above the left shoulder, a 
 small portion of a gold ring appeared ; and the plaster 
 
 * c/. Journal. Arch. Association, xiv., 337 ; C. R. Smith’s London, 83. 
 
117 
 
 surrounding it being carefully removed, various orna- 
 ments were brought to light, consisting of fragments of 
 large jet rings; two ear-rings of fine gold ; two brace- 
 lets ; several bronze rings (Nos. 3, 4) ; three finger- 
 rings (No. 5) ; and two necklaces (No. 6). One of the 
 necklaces is formed of glass, yellow and green ; the 
 other of small beads of coral and blue glass. The 
 beads in both instances had been strung on very fine 
 twisted silver wire, which had almost entirely perished. 
 A fragment is preserved in No. 7. The rude coffin 
 which contained the body was found in Heslington 
 Field. It is placed in the Multangular Tower, and 
 marked H.F. — Mr. N. E. Yarlurgh, 1831. 
 
 In the same Case is the cast of another body, found 
 in the garden of the New Station Hotel, in 1877. 
 
 Against the wall is hung a cast of a portion of 
 a skeleton, found in 1828, in a stone coffin at Arents- 
 burgh,^' in Holland. It represents a Homan, disposed 
 for burial, with fibula and bracelets, and illustrates the 
 system of interment which prevailed at Eburacum. — 
 The Society of Antiquaries.^ London^ 1875. 
 
 Case J. 
 
 In the centre is the impression of the body of an 
 infant in gypsum, found in a small stone coffin during 
 the Hailway Excavations in 1876. 
 
 In the same case are -the following curiosities : 
 
 a. Portions of statuettes of Venus in white clay, 
 found on the Mount and in the Hail way Excavations. 
 These figures are found in great numbers in France. f 
 A bust of a male personage found near Fishergate 
 Postern, in 1890. 
 
 * cf. Archeeologia, xxvii., pp. 399-400. 
 
 t See Mr. C. E. Smith’s London, 109-110; and his Collectanea, vi. 58, etc. 
 
118 
 
 1. One lialf of a finely-polislied tablet of green stone 
 or slate, which seems to have been set in a frame.^ 
 The name candidijs is scratched upon it. Discovered 
 in 1868 near the Scarbro’ Railway Bridge. — Rev. TFm. 
 Greenwell, 1872. 
 
 Another found in Priory Streqt in 1874. 
 
 c. Fragments of pottery. One inscribed mehqvrio, 
 — from Mr. F. Calvert. Another, merc, — from the last 
 Railway Excavations. Two Samian fragments, with 
 names on them, which seem to be in Greek characters,! 
 — both from York. 
 
 d. About one third of a mould for making a Samian 
 bowl, in fine preservation, and the only specimen as 
 yet found in Britain . — Railway Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 e. The greater part of an alabaster vase, used by 
 the Romans for embalming. Found in Priory Street 
 in 1874. 
 
 Roman coin moulds, found at Lingwell-gate, 
 near Wakefield. Such moulds have been discovered in 
 other parts of England, near ancient Roman roads and 
 stations. Mr. Artis found a great number of them, 
 with the apparatus for casting coins, in the extensive 
 potteries of Durobrivse, in Northamptonshire. In 
 France, also, especially near Lyons, they have been 
 met with in great abundance. They are formed of clay, 
 hardened by fire to the consistency of. brick. Each 
 tablet, with the exception of those intended to be placed 
 at the ends of the pile in the process of casting, has 
 two impressions of a minted coin, taken when the clay 
 was moist, the obverse being on one side, the reverse 
 on the other ; but the tablets placed at the end of the 
 
 * Similar objects have been found at Wroxeter, and are now in the Shrews- 
 bury Museum, cf. Journal Arch. Association, xv., 326. 
 
 t See a paper by Mr. C. R. Smith, in Journal of Arch. Association, iv., 
 19-20, with an eng-raving* ; also his London, p. 108. 
 
119 
 
 pile have only one impression. A small notch is cut on 
 the edge of each tablet, by which, when the piles were 
 made, and arranged either two or three together, the 
 melted metal passed into the mould. It has been 
 supposed that these moulds were used by the Eoman 
 armies for the purpose of paying the soldiers when 
 they were at a distance from home, and when there 
 was a deficiency in the military chest.” But another 
 opinion is, that they were the tools of counterfeiters of 
 the lawful currency. All the moulds discovered bear 
 the heads of Sept. Severus and his successors, down to 
 Posthumus."^' The obverses of the moulds here ex- 
 hibited are those of the family of Severus. — Rev. W. V, 
 Harcourt^ 1823; Mrs. Davies, 1825; Mr. Pett, of Hud- 
 dersfield, 1846. 
 
 /. Seven lead roundlets, found at Brough in West- 
 moreland, six of which were given by the Pev. Dr. 
 Simpson, of Kirkby Stephen, in 1880. Very large 
 quantities of them have been found there. They are 
 stamped on both sides with letters, and are supposed to 
 have been given to recruits. 
 
 g. A large cinerary urn, found in front of the New 
 Station Hotel in 1878. The ashes are preserved, with 
 a stone with which the urn was covered. 
 
 h. Another cinerary urn, exhibited as it was found 
 on the Mount in 1877. It is laid, in a reversed position, 
 on a fiat stone, and surrounded, for protection, by three 
 others. The mouth of the urn was hermetically sealed 
 up with lead, which is still preserved. — Mr. W. Driffield, 
 1877. 
 
 i. A series of nine vessels found in 1863 in a family 
 burial place on the Mount. On one of them, a cinerary 
 
 * See Numism. Journal, ii., p. 567 ; Numism. Chron., i., p. 47, et seq^ 
 Archseologia, xxiv., 349 ; Bowman’s Eeliquim Ebor., 41-44 ; Thoresby’s Cata- 
 logue of his Museum, ed. Whitaker, 107-8. 
 
120 
 
 urn, are some rude characters cut with a sharp tool or 
 knife. With them is a large and fine glass vessel, 
 hermetically sealed with lead when found, which con- 
 tained the ashes of Corellia Optata, whose monumental 
 inscription is given on p. 58. — Mr. Alfred Procter., 1884. 
 
 j. Some of the bones of a domestic fowl found in an 
 urn on the Mount in 1877. The urn was connected 
 with an interment, and the fowl was for the use of the 
 deceased person in the regions below. Other instances 
 have occurred. — Mr. W. Driffield^ 1877. 
 
 Under this Case are placed a number of querns for 
 grinding corn, several of which are probably of the 
 Eoman era. There are others under Case L. 
 
 Case K. 
 
 This is a large Case, constructed in 1872-3, to hold 
 the specimens of Eoman Metal Work, Implements, 
 and Ornaments of Bone, Jet, etc. 
 
 I. K. a. i. A cock in bronze, found in the Mult- 
 angular Tower. This was the badge of the Fourth 
 Cohort of Gauls, which was stationed at Little Chesters 
 on the Eoman Wall.^' ii. An eagle within a double 
 circle in which has been an inscription in excised letters, 
 of which one letter only remains. It seems to have 
 been similar to one found at High Eoch ester in 
 Northumberland, f iii. An ostrich, from the Cook 
 Collection, iv. A peacock, from the E. E., 1875, and 
 other birds. 
 
 h. i. A bovine head in bronze, found at AldboroughJ 
 in 1794. A similar relic has been found, with Eoman 
 
 * cf. Lapidarium Septentrionale, 248, 270, 649. 
 
 + cf. Ibid., p. 303, and Catalogue of the Alnwick Museum p. 144. 
 
 t Engraved in Ecroyd Smith’s Isurium, pi. xxv. a. ^ 
 
121 
 
 remains, at North Waltham, Hants. — Dr, Murray^ of 
 Scarhro\ 1828. ii. A toad in bronze."^" 
 
 c, A small tablet of bronze, 3 in. long by 2 in. 
 broad, originally coated with silver, to the back of 
 which another of the same form, but of a smaller size, 
 is adhering : found in the Excavation for the Old Eail- 
 way Station, circa 1840. On each plate is a Greek 
 inscription in punctured uncial letters : 
 
 i. GEOIC 
 TOIC TOY HFE 
 
 MONIKOY nPAI 
 TQPIOY CKPIB. 
 
 H(M)HTPIOC 
 
 ii. QKEANQI 
 KAI THOYI 
 AHMHTPI. . 
 
 That is, 
 
 i. 0€ot9 TOL9 TOO ^fyejuioviKov TTpaiTLOplov '2/KpLp. Arjyyrpt09, 
 
 ii, Q/ceaifU) Kai TrjOvt Arjpi7jTpio9. 
 
 The tablets are votive offerings appended to shrines 
 by a person called Demetrius the Scribe. The first is 
 dedicated to the Gods of the General’s Prcetorium which 
 contained altars or inscriptions to the heathen deities ;f 
 the second, to Oceanus and Tethys, marine divinities 
 whom a voyager would be anxious to propitiate. The 
 late Eev. C. W. King, in a deeply interesting paper, 
 has identified Demetrius the Scribe with Demetrius the 
 Grammarian, who is mentioned by Plutarch in his 
 
 * Altars with, toads carved upon them have been found at Chesters and 
 Lanchester. cf. Lapid. Septentr. Nos. 115, 693-6. 
 
 t This, as Mr. Kenrick remarked, explains the unwillingness of the Jews 
 to enter into Pilate’s Prcetorium, especially at Passover-tide, lest they should 
 be defiled by the heathen deities who were represented there. These tablets 
 have been engraved and serve as an illustration to Farrar’s Life of Christ, 
 under S. John xviii. 28. cf. Transactions of Y.P.S., 1876, pp. 106-110. 
 
122 
 
 Treatise on the Cessation of Oracles, as paying him a 
 visit at Delphi on his way home to Tarsus from Britain. 
 The Emperor Domitian had sent him to this country on 
 a diplomatic errand. Plutarch speakes of him as a 
 holy man, and says that he had made enquiries into 
 the religious belief of the Britons. Agricola, it is well 
 known, did his uttermost to civilize the natives by 
 teaching them useful arts and learning, and it is quite 
 probable that Demetrius may have given the great 
 soldier his active assistance. — The Directors of the North 
 Eastern Railway. 
 
 d. A small gold earring, out of which the stone has 
 dropped. Found in a stone coffin on the Mount . — The 
 Cooh Collection, 1872. 
 
 d'^' An armlet for a child formed of a gold and 
 silver wire, twisted together, found in a tomb of tiles 
 bearing the stamp of the Sixth Legion on Bishophill in 
 1882. — Purchased, 1882. 
 
 e. A thin plate of pure gold, measuring about 1 in. 
 by f in., bearing an inscription in two lines, rudely and 
 slightly formed. To what system of writing the 
 characters in the upper line belong, or what is their 
 meaning, is altogether uncertain ; but the lower line 
 being in Greek characters, is sufficiently legible : 
 <1)NEBENNOY0. Though expressed in Greek char- 
 acters, the word is probably Coptic ; and the inter- 
 pretation of it, ‘‘Lord of the Gods;’’ but to whom 
 this title was meant to be applied it is not easy to 
 decide."^' It was found in the excavations for the Old 
 Bailway Station, and was probably an amulet or spell, 
 belonging to a disciple of one of the Egyptian sects of 
 Gnostics which prevailed during the second and third 
 centuries of the Christian era. This relic of ancient 
 superstition may have been brought to York from 
 
 * See Proceedings of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, vol. i., p. 100. 
 
123 
 
 Egypt in the reign of Septimius Severus, who was 
 much devoted to Egyptian superstition."^ — Mr. Thomas 
 Allis, 1848. 
 
 /. On a small stand, a series of finger-rings of 
 various metals, and engraved stones. Among which 
 are : i. A large, hollow gold ring, found near the 
 White House, in 1880, and set with a carnelian, hear- 
 ing a bird. — Purchased, ii. Another gold ring, found 
 on the Mount, set with a Niccolo, on which a stork is 
 engraved, which was adopted by the gens Cmilia as a 
 symbol of piety. — Bequeathed hy Miss Widdowson, 1877. 
 iii. A small hexagonal gold ring,f found whilst making 
 the Old Eailway Station. — Mr. Thos. Allis, 1848. iv. 
 A gold ring set with a ruby of an oval shape, said to 
 have been found in the coffin of Bellator, the Decurion, 
 in 1872 (see p. 53-4). — Mrs. R. Smith, of Scarl)ro\ 1890. 
 V. A gold ring set with a white stone or onyx on which 
 is engraved a seated figure holding two ears of corn. 
 On either side of the stone there is a double wreath of 
 gold. Eound in the Moat near Barker Hill in 1875. — 
 The same Donor, 1890. vi. A piece of ornamental work 
 in gold, with a bead of green glass, probably part of a 
 bracelet, or ear-ring. vii. A large silver ring, found 
 in 1875 on Barker Hill, and inscribed Deo Sucelo, a 
 Deity hitherto unknown. — Purchased, viii. Another 
 ring of silver, from the Bailway Excavations, found 
 in 1875, and inscribed tot. ix. A carnelian, with 
 
 * Spartian, c. 17. 
 
 t A ring", similar to this, has been found in Northumberland, cf. Lapidarium 
 Septentr.: and at Barton in Oxfordshire, cf. Arch. Journal, vi. 290. 
 
 A gold ring, set with an intaglio on ribbon onyx, and found in a stone coffin 
 at York, is in the Museum at Audley End. cf. Journal Arch. Inst. vii. 195. 
 
 A Roman gold ring, found in Tanner Row, was exhibited in 1846, by Rev. 
 D. R. Currer, at the meeting of the Arch. Inst, at York. 
 
 A magnificent cameo, upon true Indian sardonyx, representing the head of 
 a youthful Fawn, of the finest period of art, was found in 1828, in the garden 
 of Mr. R. Davies, in St. Leonard’s Place, and is now in the possession of his 
 nephew. Rev. A. S. Porter, cf. Proc. Arch. Institute, xxxviii. p. 431. 
 
 M 
 
124 
 
 a Victory on it driving a liga^ found in Cliurcli 
 Street in 1878. — Purchased, x. The rape of Cassandra, 
 on a similar stone, found in a garden in Blossom Street 
 in 1878. — Mr. A. Valentine. xi. An onyx bearing a 
 marriage type, i.e. two doves, a cornucopice, two wheat 
 ears, and a poppy head. — Bought of Mr. J. Broivne^s 
 Pxors., 1877. xii. Jupiter Serapis in blue paste, 
 helmeted and throned, with a lance in left hand and an 
 eagle in his right, from the Bailway Excavations of 
 1873. — The Directors of the N.E. Railway. xiii. A 
 small, oval cornelian ring-stone found in Fishergate in 
 1888, representing a female figure standing, and hold- 
 ing in her hands what is somewhat doubtful. — Pur- 
 chased. xiv. A very fine female head of white onyx 
 upon a pink coloured stone. It was found near the 
 Goods Station of the N.E.B. in 1882. — Purchased., 1890. 
 XV. Another female head of white onyx, slightly 
 damaged, found in the Bailway Excavations of 1874. — 
 Purchased^ 1890. 
 
 g. A thin plate of gold, about 2 in. long by l|in. 
 broad, with a small hole at each end, found close to a 
 skull in the Boman cemetery. A similar plate was 
 discovered a few years since in a marble tomb at Athens, 
 which had been fixed in a head-dress as an ornament. 
 In the mouth of the lady, to whom our gold plate be- 
 longed, was a denarius of Severus with the reverse, 
 FonTUXA ATJG. — The Directors of the M.E. Railway.^ 1872. 
 
 A. On a large stand, a very fine collection of fibulce 
 and specimens of enamelling. 
 
 i. A great number of fibulce. The most frequent 
 use of the fibula was to fasten together parts of the 
 loose dress called the amictus^ or shawl, over the right 
 shoulder. Among these there are as many as eight of 
 silver, one of which has been finely enamelled. Two 
 are in the shape of serpents. A very fine fibula ^ found 
 
125 
 
 on Langton Wold, was given by Mr. Norclifle in 1890. 
 
 ii. A large collection of enamelled ornaments, some 
 of great beauty in colour and design, consisting of 
 fibulcBy scent boxes, studs, clasps, &c. One fibula is in 
 the shape of a horse, another of a cock, others of 
 dolphins, and an eagle. Among them is the finest 
 boutton that has been discovered in England. It was 
 found in front of the Station Hotel in 1878. 
 
 i. An ear-drop of garnet, found under the City Wall 
 in 1874. Part of an amber ring, from Malton. An 
 ear-ring of amber, exhibited by Mr. E. Bean. Two 
 amber beads. Three small jet bracelets, from the Pail- 
 way Excavations, 1875. 
 
 j. A series of jet ornaments, unexampled in number 
 and beauty. The Pomans soon utilised the jet which 
 they found at Whitby. All of these ornaments are ^ 
 from York, and have been chiefly discovered during 
 
 the Pail way Excavations. 
 
 i. A series of bangles, or armlets of jet or Kim- 
 meridge coal, — one of large size, 4 in. in diameter. It 
 has been suggested that these may have formed part of 
 the head-gear. 
 
 ii. Two armlets found on the arms of a skeleton, on 
 the Mount, in 1824 . — The Hargrove Collection, 1846. 
 
 iii. A beautifully carved head of Medusa in jet, 
 which may have been worn as a bulla or drop to a neck- 
 lace, or as a magical amulet. f Found in York. — Hr, 
 
 M. Carr, 1841. 
 
 iv. A bulla or drop, pierced for a string, with two 
 heads on it, a man and a woman. Another, smaller, 
 with a man’s head. A third, found in the Pailway 
 
 * cf. Isca Silurutn, ed. 1862, p. 28 ; see also Cat. of Museum of Arch. Inst, 
 at York, in 1846 ; several of these ornaments are engraved in Wellbeloved’s 
 Eburacum. 
 
 t cf. Collect. Antiqua, i., 174. 
 
126 
 
 Excavations in 1874, representing a large, coiled snake. 
 A fourth, of coarse material, with heads of man, woman, 
 and child. 
 
 V. A large plain bangle, with a beautiful polish, 
 from the Eailway Excavations, 1876. A workman 
 brought it out of the ground on the point of his pick- 
 axe. 
 
 vi. A bracelet, composed of many pieces put to- 
 gether, 4 in. in diameter, of great beauty and fine 
 workmanship. Found in a stone coffin in Mr. John 
 Prest’s garden in Blossom Street, 1852. 
 
 vii. Another bracelet from the Mount, worked in 
 grooves . — Miss Atkinson. 
 
 viii. A number of miscellaneous fragments, a scara- 
 boeus^ beads, etc., etc. 
 
 ix. A set of twelve beads, a beautifully cut bangle 
 (from the Hargrove Collection), and a seal-ring with a 
 curious Eastern device upon it. All these were found 
 together in a stone coffin, in 1840. With them were 
 found the extraordinary number of fourteen jet pins 
 with plain round heads, and two broken implements of 
 bone, which had probably been used for netting. 
 
 X. Finger rings and a fibula. 
 
 xi. A very fine series of pins, more than thirty in 
 number, some of them with beautifully carved heads. 
 
 k. i. Three jet hair pins found in the E. E. 1874, in 
 a stone coffin under the head of a lady. One is more 
 than 7 in. long and has run through the back hair. It 
 is perforated at the lower end, and a piece of wood or 
 metal must have been inserted, fastened on to a nut or 
 roundlet of jet (which lies by the pins) to prevent the 
 pin from slipping, ii. The greater part of a similar 
 pin, dim. long, of a cable pattern, used, no doubt, for 
 the same purpose. — Mr. F. Nelson ^ 1877. 
 
127 
 
 l, i. Two fine hair pins of jet, from a lady’s grave 
 — Railway Excavations^ 1877. ii. Four jet bracelets 
 with beads, etc., from another grave . — Railway Excava- 
 tions , 1876. iii. Four pins of jet and two of bone, taken, 
 from below the feet of a corpse in a stone coffin. One 
 of the pins is cut for the admission of a stone on each 
 face . — Railway Excavations, 1876. 
 
 m, A very finely cut bangle, a fine finger ring, parts 
 of chain necklace, all of jet, and a grand pin and needle 
 of ivory, 9 and 6^ in. long. All from one grave. — 
 Railway Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 n, A suite of ornaments taken from a stone coffin 
 found at the corner of the garden of the new Station 
 Hotel, in which a lady was interred, consisting of a 
 small glass bottle, placed at the top of the coffin, above 
 the head ; two bangles from below the feet of the 
 corpse, one on either side ; parts of another bangle, 
 carved, and of some bone armlets from the right wrist. 
 These bone armlets were not cut out of one solid piece, 
 but out of several, which were united by bindings of 
 lead or copper . — Railway Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 0 . Fragments of pins, bangles, and other ornaments, 
 of jet and Kimmeridge coal. A roundlet of coarse jet, 
 ornamented with circles, 3|- inches in diameter. 
 
 jy. Three pieces of Kimmeridge coal, from which 
 rings or bangles have been cast, and bearing the holes 
 by which they have been fixed to the lathe. This coal, 
 or very coarse jet, takes its name from a place called 
 Kimmeridge on the coast of Dorsetshire, where it has 
 been worked in very large quantities."^' — Dr, Smarts of 
 Northiam, 1859. 
 
 q. Several blocks of jet in the rough, and some 
 pieces partially prepared for pins, found in the Eailway 
 
 cf. Journal Arch. Ass., i. 325. 
 
128 
 
 Excavations, 1873, &c. Jet was highly esteemed by 
 the ancients on account of the medicinal and super- 
 natural powers it was supposed to possess.^ 
 
 II. K. A large and very fine series of implements 
 and ornaments in bone and ivory, found in York. 
 
 a, hy c. Three stands of combs of various shapes ; 
 one of them was found adhering to the head of a lady, 
 with a large hair-pin. 
 
 d, A tablet of bone,. in. long by fin. broad, with 
 with the following incised inscription : 
 
 DOMINE VICTOR. 
 
 VINCAS FELIX. 
 
 It was found in the Railway Excavations in 1873, at 
 the breast of a skeleton, and probably belonged to a 
 gladiator. The letters are probably of the third or 
 fourth century. f 
 
 e. Two remarkable instruments of ivory, 12 in. long, 
 shaped like half a boat with a long spike or handle at 
 the end. They were found in a stone coffin during 
 the Railway Excavations, in 1874, on the left side of a 
 Roman lady, and were perhaps the handles of fans. 
 The cavity may have held the quills of the feathers of 
 peacocks or some other bird, and they have been padded 
 or quilted over. 
 
 /. A portion of what seems to have been a circus 
 ticket, with an inscription. It has been split, and a 
 little more than a third of it remains. 
 
 g, A large stand covered with implements in bone 
 and ivory, consisting of needles and skewers ; counters 
 
 * other ornaments in jet, &c., were found during the two Railway Excava- 
 tions, which, although they were assigned with the other products of the 
 diggings to the Museum, have been withheld, in some instances by persons 
 who ought to have known better. Among these objects the Curator may men- 
 tion a necklace of large beads with a central drop in the form of a rose. 
 
 t Felix potest gladiator fnisse, cui tessera victoriam auguratur in Victoris 
 nomine ludens. Domini appellatio eo tempore communis jam facta erat. — 
 (Hubner, Inscriptiones Britannise Christlanse, 85.) 
 
129 
 
 or buttons ; instruments for netting or knitting ; imple- 
 ments used by potters; and many other objects which 
 it is impossible to describe. Those marked C. are from 
 the Cook Collection which was bought and presented to 
 the Museum in 1872 by the Eev. J. Kenrick, Curator 
 of Antiquities. 
 
 h. A collection of large hair-pins on a stand, with 
 ornamented ends. Two of them terminate with a cross. 
 
 i. On another stand is a small collection of choice 
 pins and needles, exhibited by Mr. E. Bean. On the 
 same stand is a very curious instrument, of which 
 examples have been found among British as well as 
 among Boman remains. It is perforated horizontally 
 as well as diagonally, and, when cleaning it, several little 
 pins or wedges of bone were discovered inside. Its use 
 is as yet conjectural. It is supposed to have been used 
 as a brooch at the neck, and that the strings or tags of 
 the cloak passed through it, and were held by it. 
 Another example was found under the Exhibition in 
 1878, and is exhibited. Another occurred in the 
 Borness Cave in Scotland.^' 
 
 j. On the floor of the Case are several miscellaneous 
 objects. A boar’s tusk which (with another) has made 
 a torque for the neck ;f parts of bangles of ivory ; 
 handles of bone for whips ; and lengths of ivory 
 fastened together with lead, and resembling the frame 
 or bands of a modern parasol. Two large instruments 
 made out of the tine of deer’s horns, and highly -polished 
 at the ends. 
 
 h. i. Several curious spoons : the bowl of one is 
 dyed dark-green, ii. Several spoon-shaped fihulm by 
 which the two sides of the toga have been fastened 
 together in front. 
 
 * c/. Proceedings of S. Ant., Scotland, for 1878, p. 674. 
 t C. E. Smith’s Eichborough, p. 110. 
 
130 
 
 l. A small collection of pins and needles from Col- 
 cliester, for comparison. One of them has a gold head. 
 — Mr, W, Whincupp^ 1847. 
 
 m, A large stand covered with some hundreds of 
 pins of bones and ivory, of every shape and variety. 
 Among them is one with a silver head, and five with 
 heads of agate or jet. 
 
 71. A stand covered with handles of knives, one 
 retaining the blade. One in the shape of a sphinx is 
 beautifully carved. A groove for the handle of a 
 knife. 
 
 0 . On a stand, the pommel of a sword ; several 
 spindle-whorls, and an ornamented counter. f 
 
 p. One-half of a hollowed instrument of ivory for 
 shaping pins. The pin near it fits the groove, and was 
 found with it . — Railway Excavations^ 1873. On the 
 same stand is a large hair-pin, only partially wrought. 
 
 y. Deers’ horn cut into lengths for the use of the 
 maker of pins ; and a pin found with them. We are 
 thus able to illustrate the manufacture of these objects. 
 — Railway Excavations^ 1873. 
 
 An instrument made out of the broad part of the 
 bone in a shoulder of mutton, smoothed, and making a 
 kind of scoop, found in York in 1880. 
 
 III. K. This side of the case is occupied chiefiy by 
 objects in bronze. 
 
 a. A bronze bas-relief, of fine workmanship, repre- 
 senting Victory rewarding a conqueror. It is said, on 
 the back, to have been found at Aldborough (Isurium), 
 but it is more probably of Cinque-Cento work. From 
 
 * In Arch. Uliana, n.%. x., 115, is a paper by Mr. J. D. Leader, of Sheffield, 
 on Roman Blnives, illustrated with cuts, and these specimens are described. 
 
 t cf. Lee’s Isca Silurum, p, 30; Catalogue of the Edinburgh Museum; and 
 Journal of Arch. Institute, xiv., 278, for a very similar object foimdat Lincoln. 
 
131 
 
 the collection of John Croft, F.S.A. — Rev. R. Croft, 
 1824. 
 
 h. Several curious objects of bronze discovered in 
 the Eoman Cemetery in 1872, by the side of a skeleton. 
 They consist of a small bust of a deity ; a beautifully 
 modelled vase which several coriander seeds ; a rough 
 piece of copper, and fragments of handles. Chains 
 were also discovered, but they fell into pieces. It is 
 conjectured that these remarkable objects were votive 
 offerings for a child. 
 
 Eight small bronze rings, graduated in size, 
 found, adhering together, in Clifton, in 1882. 
 
 c. A pair of compasses, the branches of which have 
 been broken ; remarkable for the construction of the 
 joint. 
 
 Also a rejgula, or foot-rule of bronze. The graduations 
 have almost entirely disappeared ; but when extended 
 it corresponds with the Eoman foot 11*604 inches. The 
 stay at the back, turning upon a pivot, is imperfect ; 
 but the studs on the opposite limb, which it was 
 designed to receive in corresponding notches, for the 
 purpose of keeping the rule straight when fully opened, 
 still remain. A similar instrument has been discovered 
 at Caerleon.^*' 
 
 With these are two or three fragments of other rules, 
 discovered in the excavations of 1872, with the gradua- 
 tions marked upon them. One of them bears the 
 Christian monogram. f 
 
 d. A statuette of a female having a patera (or per- 
 haps a cymbal) in her right hand ; found near the 
 Multangular Tower. — Mr. O. Thorp. A small bronze 
 figure of Hercules with his club on his shoulder . — The 
 CooJc Collection. A statuette of Cupid, holding a bird 
 
 * Isca Silurum, by J. E. Lee, p. 69. Arch. Journal, viii., 160. 
 t cf. Hubner’s Inscr. Brit. Christianee, p.80. 
 
132 
 
 in one hand, and apparently a bunch of grapes in the 
 other. A small head found under the City wall at the 
 entrance to the Old Railway Station. A small foot of 
 bronze. 
 
 e. Scale-beams, entire or fragmentary. The arms 
 of one of them have been formed to move on joints 
 near the axis, A single scale with its chains, found on 
 Bishophill in 1881. On the same stand is a weight be- 
 longing to a statera^ or Roman steel-yard, representing 
 a head covered with a cap or casque. Other weights. 
 
 /. On a stand. A large collection of bronze articles 
 found on Fremington Hagg, near Reeth, in Swaledale. 
 They have probably formed the stock-in-trade of some 
 travelling artizan. They* consist of horse-harness, 
 plated with silver, and ornamented with engraved 
 patterns. The other articles on the stand, of which 
 there is a great variety, are such as are usually found 
 in Roman Stations. — Captain Harland. 
 
 g. Several Roman locks, found in 1874-5 ; also an 
 iron key found in 1867 in a lead coffin, on the breast of 
 a young man. 
 
 A part of a hinge of a door in iron in the shape 
 of a large leaf, found in Priory Street, with a quantity 
 of Roman pottery, in 1874. — Purchased^ 1882. 
 
 %. Several pieces of bronze from the recent Railway 
 Excavations, of doubtful use. 
 
 i. The point of a scabbard of a sword ; a vessel for 
 filling lamps with oil ; and several other things. 
 
 j. Several handles in bronze, one terminating in the 
 head of a swan. 
 
 h, A large stand covered with objects of a most 
 miscellaneous character, such as bosses, keys, ring-keys, 
 &c., &c. A ring-key served the purpose, not only of a 
 key, but also of a signet ring, an impression of the 
 wards being made on the wax, placed on the mouth of 
 
133 
 
 vessels containing honseliold stores to secure them from 
 being pillaged by slaves. 
 
 l. Two boxes of lead and bronze ; a lead nail ; a 
 small square of pot, found in a lead coffin, in 1873. 
 
 m. A foot and two legs in bronze and iron. They 
 are probably votive offerings, a custom adopted after- 
 wards by the Christian Church. One leg was dis- 
 covered near Micklegate Bar, in 1868 ; the other in the 
 [Railway Excavations, 1872. 
 
 n. Cochlearia, or spoons, having one end pointed for 
 the purpose of taking snails [cochleoe) out of their shells 
 and eating them. With the other end, which is 
 generally broad and hollow, eggs, &c., were eaten. The 
 large snail, now called Helix Pomatia^ is yet used as 
 food in several parts of Europe. It was reckoned a 
 great delicacy by the ancient Romans,^' and was fattened 
 by them for the table. A snail-shell, from the recent 
 Railway Excavations, is laid near the spoons. 
 
 0 . A number of ligulcB, or smaller spoons, with long 
 stems, supposed to have been used ^‘for taking ointment 
 and prepared oils from long-necked bottles.’^ f It is 
 possible that some of the spoons on this stand may have 
 been used for surgical purposes. 
 
 ly. K. a. Several bells upon a stand ; one is of ii- 
 silver, and another retains its clapper. 
 
 h. Parts of a glass bottle ; bone and bronze armlets 
 and chains ; a coin of Crispus ; and a fragment of 
 ornamented bone with a shell attached to it, — all from 
 a woman’s grave . — Railway Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 c, A suite of ornaments found in the grave of a 
 Roman lady in 1890 on the north side of the Railway 
 
 * See Da Costa’s Brit. Conchol. p. 67. The pointed end may have served 
 another purpose. The Romans were accustomed, when they had eaten an 
 egg, a snail, or a shell-fish, to pierce or break the shell. — Plin., N. H- 
 xxviii., 4. 
 
 t C. R. Smith’s Richborough, p. 103. 
 
134 
 
 Station. They consist of a wreathed pair of bronze 
 armlets found on the right arm, and two plain 
 penannular armlets on the left. A lulla or drop of jet 
 with a head on it somewhat worn by use and pierced 
 for a wire or string, with three bead-like pieces of jet 
 used for ornaments, found at the neck. There was a 
 glass vessel with the interment, but it was destroyed. 
 Purchased^ 1890. 
 
 d. On a large stand, a collection of bronze orna- 
 ments. 
 
 i. Pins. Two are of silver, and two have glass heads, 
 ii. Keepers or holdfasts, hi. Cocks of vessels, iv. The 
 handle of a knife in bronze, representing a leopard 
 issuing from foliage, spotted with inlaid studs of silver."^' 
 V. Part of a silver mirror, and several ear-rings, vi. 
 Styli or gravers. The stylus was an instrument used 
 for writing upon waxed tablets ; one end being pointed 
 for marking the letters ; the other, flat for the purpose 
 of making the wax smooth, and of effacing what has 
 been written. vii. Bronze needles and bodkins of 
 various kinds. 
 
 e. On a stand. A pair of bracelets from the arm- 
 bones of a skeleton. Two other pairs from the Pail- 
 way Excavations, 1874, 1876. 
 
 An iron arrow-head found under the New Gas 
 Works at Malt on in 1878. — Purchased^ 1888. 
 
 e.j A small chain-bracelet from Colchester. 
 
 /. A silver necklet. Prom the Pailway Excavations, 
 1874. 
 
 y,' Fragments of bronze chains. A chain of beads, 
 that in the centre taking the form of a shell of a crab. 
 
 h. A number of what are believed to be surgical 
 instruments. They consist of a pair of ^nippers with a 
 
 cf. Isca Silurum, ed. 1862, p. 33. 
 
135 
 
 sliding ring, called a tenaculum ; a knife, resembling the 
 modern scalpel. The others are probes, &c. 
 
 A beautiful and perfect chain of bronze, with a 
 smaller one of beads of amber and blue glass. With 
 these were found a number of fragments of ivory brace- 
 lets, &c . — Railway Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 y. On a large stand. A great number of bronze 
 armlets, of various patterns and sizes. 
 
 h. Four bronze armlets, prettily engraved, found in 
 one grave in the Eoman Cemetery in 1872. 
 
 l, A pair of fine bracelets, found together on the 
 Mount in^l874. 
 
 m, Another pair, one of the two being of jet. — 
 Railway Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 n, A chain of bronze, beads, bracelets, &c., belong- 
 ing to a child. All found together in the Eailway 
 Excavations, 1875. 
 
 0 , The contents of a small box buried with a child, 
 found on the Mount in 1874, consisting of chains, ear- 
 rings, bracelets, &c., of bronze and jet. 
 
 p. q. Two pairs of children’s bracelets, one of them 
 with a coin of Constantine . — Railway Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 r. A large number of bronze rings of various sizes. 
 It is not known to what purpose they were applied, but 
 they were certainly not worn on the fingers. 
 
 Below, in the drawers of this Case, is — i. a miscel- 
 laneous collection of Eoman ornaments and implements 
 of iron for domestic and military use. ii. A number of 
 fragments of deers’ horn, tusks of boars, &c. iii. A 
 number of heads and bones of animals of the Eoman 
 era are preserved in the Museum, with many other 
 objects illustrating the domestic life of that period. 
 
 N 
 
136 
 
 Case L. 
 
 In this Case is a model of the remains of the Roman 
 baths which were discovered in excavating for the Old 
 Railway Station, executed by Mr. Baines, sometime 
 sub-curator of the Museum. There are also specimens 
 of the flooring of the baths ; two of them composed of 
 lime and shreds of tiles ; the third of red sand-stone. 
 A leaden pipe belonging to the baths is placed in the 
 lower room of the Hospitium. — Presented hy Mr, Baines^ 
 in 1841. 
 
 In this Case are several inscribed and sculptured 
 stones, which, although described among the contents 
 of the lower room, are deposited here for security. 
 They consist of three portions of flgures (Nos. 9, 20, 
 76), a tablet representing a sacrifice to the Local Genius 
 (No. 7) ; and some fragments of an inscription found 
 in the garden of the New Station Hotel, (No. 61.) 
 
 The case holds besides : — Eight tablets from the 
 Campana Collection, found in a burial-place at Rome, 
 thus inscribed : 
 
 i. fyria . a . 0 . l * • 
 
 THAIS. 
 
 ii. OGHKOAOI 
 MOAGCTOC 
 
 iii. CALPYRNIA *1. 0. L. HILA. 
 
 YIX. AN. XXXII. 
 
 A,A. PETRONIYS. A.L. ALEXANDER. 
 
 ANATIARIYS. SIBI. ET. CONIYGI 
 
 SYAE. FECIT. CYM. QYA. CONCORDITER YIXIT. 
 
 iY. MATYTINYS 
 
 ITALIAE 
 
 CONTYBERNALI SYAE. 
 
 * For a long account of these Baths see Wellbeloved’s Ehuracum. 
 
137 
 
 V. DM. 
 
 EDONES 
 
 NICOMAS 
 
 CONIYGl 
 
 EECIT. 
 
 vi. D . M . 
 
 PRIMITIVO 
 CAES • N • YEKN 
 YIX. A. II. M III. D YIIII 
 PRIMA MATER 
 FIL. P.E. 
 
 Yii. EYNDANIA. O : L ^ - 
 
 AYCTA. Y. A."xL. 
 
 Yiii. D . M . 
 
 C . YALERIO. 
 
 APOLLONIO. MIL. 
 
 CLASS. PR. MISENAT. 
 
 >.MESSI . PROCULI. 
 
 M. TURRANIYS. RYFYS 
 AMICO. B, M. FECIT. 
 
 These stones, small in size and neatly cut, are Yery 
 common at Rome, and show the character of funereal 
 inscriptions in a catacomb or columhare. They were 
 fixed in a frame underneath an orifice which contained 
 in an urn the bones, or the ashes of the deceased. — 
 Purchased^ 1881 and 1890. 
 
 The Case also contains the following pieces of 
 sculpture in white marble. 
 
 a, A head supposed to be that of Bacchus. — H, Y. 
 TFhytehead, M.D., of Easingwold, 1838. 
 
 3. A fine head of some unknown person. — Mr, C, 
 Raw son ^ 1833. 
 
 c, A fragment of a hand and part of a bow. Found 
 at Rome.f — From the Croft Collection^ 1824. 
 
 * Nos. V., vi., vii., were presented by Mr. R. Smith, of Scarbro*, in 1890. 
 The others, which are from the same collection, were purchased from him. 
 t See the Catalogue of the Alnwick Museum, p. 110. 
 
 Under this Case, upon the floor, are several Roman querns. 
 
138 
 
 At one end of the Case is a stand or rack, holding six 
 cadi^ or stone bottles, with portions of two amphorce. 
 
 At the other end is a most interesting object, in a 
 glass case especially made for it — the back hair of a 
 Eoman lady, taken out of a lead coffin, enclosed in one 
 of stone. (See p. 65.) The hair, which still retains its 
 auburn colour, is in a beautiful coil, and has two fine 
 jet pins in it. Some pieces of the rest of the hair and 
 of the skull itself are preserved. The head of the lady 
 had evidently been laid upon a pillow, by which it was 
 preserved from contact with the gypsum with which 
 the coffin was filled. During the Dailway Excavations 
 circa 1840 some curls were taken from another Eoman 
 coffin, and came with Mr. Hargrove’s Collection to the 
 Museum, but they must have mouldered away, as they 
 have not been seen for many years. 
 
 By the side of the hair are some sections of a cast of 
 gypsum, taken out of a stone coffin, showing portions 
 of the cloth and fine linen in which the corpse was 
 dressed. (See p. 64.) 
 
 Case M. 
 
 Some playthings of Eoman children : — 
 
 a, A photograph of the contents of a child’s grave 
 found at Cologne, and now in the Mayer Collection at 
 Liverpool, showing its doll, and little pots and pans, 
 &c., for messing and cooking. — Mr. John Holmes, of 
 Roundhay. 
 
 h. A child’s wffiistle . — Exhibited by Mr. E. Bean. 
 
 d. A die of jet, unevenly cut, so that it would only 
 be used by a child. Found in Market Street, 1873. 
 
 * In the National Museum at Edinburgh, is a piece of cloth, presented by 
 Dr. Hibbert Ware, and taken out of a stone coffin found near Micklegate 
 Bar, in 1838 Mr. Anderson, the curator, thus describes the cloth. — “ It is 
 about two feet in length and looks as if it were part of a sleeve or stocking. 
 In colour it is a dark brown and the material is woollen.” 
 
e. The base of a Samian vessel which a child has 
 used as a paint pot. It still has in it some minium^ or 
 red paint.— Railway Excavation^ 1873. 
 
 /. Bases of glass and Samian vessels rounded ofi by 
 children, to play with at a game resembling our hop- 
 scotch. Their colour enabled them to be easily seen in 
 the grass. They are found in great numbers, and we 
 are indebted to these children for preserving so many 
 potters’ marks. 
 
 g. Several shells brought to Eburacum from the 
 sea-side by Boman children. — Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 h. Some fragments of an egg-shell, preserved in the 
 bottom of a small vessel. Bound near Micklegate Bar, 
 1881. 
 
 A piece of red chalk found in an urn at Ilkley, 
 and, no doubt intended to give the tinge of beauty 
 to the cheeks of some Boman dame. — Mr, John Holmes, 
 1889. 
 
 i. Several feeding-bottles of children. They were 
 buried with them, and were probably filled with milk 
 intended for their use. 
 
 j. A large bronze bowl 14 in. in diameter, found 
 under the Gas W^orks at Malton in 1878 .^ — Rur chased 
 from Mrs. Sellers, 1888. 
 
 Jc. Three bronze lamps from York. The largest 
 was found during the Bailway Excavations in 1876. 
 Another was found on the Foss Islands in 1882. 
 
 l. A small, elegantly-shaped, bronze vase, much 
 corroded. 
 
 m. A pair of fine bronze bowls one 12 Jin. in 
 diameter and 5f in. in depth, and the other 11 in. by 
 4| in. Inside of each is a thinner bowl with a jimped 
 edging, apparently to protect the other. They were 
 found in Finningley, near Doncaster, early in this 
 century. — Mr. E. Hailstone, 1882. 
 
■ 
 
 140 
 
 n. Two charms against the evil eye in the form of 
 eyes of red clay which the timid Roman carried about 
 with him. From Trier. — Mr, E. Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 0 . A bronze holder for a flambeau or portable torch, 
 with a bronze vessel, both from Trier. — Mr, E, Hail- 
 stone, 1882. 
 
 p, i. The sole of a Roman shoe . — Railway Excava- 
 tions, 1875. ii. Sandal nails found in a stone coflin. — 
 Railway Excavations, 1873. 
 
 y, A flne sandal, and a part of the stocking (?) of a 
 Roman, of woollen, found among peat on a ‘Moor near 
 Ripon. It is a pity that more attention was not paid 
 to this discovery, as the whole body, with its dress, must 
 have been found . — Purchased at the sale of Mr, Stubbs^ 
 of Ripon, 1877. 
 
 Under this case is a large lead coflin, very much 
 injured, but with a perfect lid 6 ft. long by 16 in. wide. 
 It was found in some Railway Excavations in 1867, 
 and contained a skeleton, on the breast of which there 
 was an iron key, very like a latch-key. See p. 137. — 
 The N,E.R, Company, 1867. 
 
 Case N. 
 
 a. The boss of a Roman shield dredged up near the 
 mouth of the river Tyne, 12 in. long by 10 in. broad, 
 with a circular knob in the centre. The material is 
 bronze coated with tin, and the figures, &c., have been 
 made by scraping off the tin. On the central knob is 
 carved the Roman eagle with a branch in its mouth. 
 
 In the corners we have representations of the four 
 seasons. Spring, in the upper left hand corner, is 
 figured as a youth vainly striving, despite the winds of 
 March, to gather his garments around him. A snake 
 is seen at his feet, emerging from the ground, to 
 indicate a renewal of vital energy in the lower creatures. 
 
 
141 
 
 Summer is represented in the opposite angle by a 
 husbandman who grasps a scythe. Beneath the emblem 
 of Spring we have the legend Leg. yiii., and beneath 
 that of Summer, Ayg., the eighth legion having the 
 name of Augusta. Below, we have Autumn, as a winged 
 genius holding a huge bunch of grapes in the right 
 hand, and a basket of corn or other fruits in the left. 
 Winter, in the remaining corner, is clad in fur ; the 
 robe which hangs upon his arm is, as in the case of 
 the Spring, made the sport of the winds.” 
 
 ‘‘In the upper central compartment of the boss is a 
 warrior in the attitude of attack, probably intended to 
 represent Mars. In the corresponding compartment 
 below, is a bull very spiritedly drawn. Above the bull 
 is a crescent. The bull seems to have been the badge 
 of the eighth legion.” 
 
 “ On the left hand margin of the plate is an in- 
 scription in punctured characters : which seems to be 
 0. IVL MAGNi iVNi DVBiTATi ; the owners of the shield 
 being in this case, Junius Dubitatus, of the century of 
 Julius Magnus.” 
 
 The Eighth Legion was never in Britain, but 
 Dubitatus, for some cause or other, seems to have 
 visited this country, and probably lost his life in the 
 T} ne. A portion of a helmet was found near the shield. 
 
 This is one of the choicest specimens of Britanno- 
 Boman work in the country. — Rev. Wm. Grecnwell^ 1876. 
 
 h. A fine series of bronze vessels found in 1864 by 
 some drainers between Knaresborough and Aldborough. 
 The farmer on whose land they were found brought 
 them into Knaresborough and sold them to Mr. Thomas 
 Gott, ironmonger and founder, who presented some of 
 them to this Society soon after he purchased them. In 
 
 * Dr. Bruce’s Lapidariutn Septentrionale, 58-9, where there is a fine plate 
 of the shield, of which a copy is exhibited by its side. 
 
142 
 
 1876 the Curator, hearing that Mr. Gott had several 
 other vessels, went over to see him and was permitted 
 to bring away to the Museum what he still had. The 
 Curator was told by Mr. Gott that the vessels which 
 came to him in the first instance would almost have 
 filled a cart ; of these he sent some to York and took 
 others to his own residence, whilst the rest were laid in 
 a corner of his warehouse. In an unhappy hour the 
 foreman, falling short of some metal for the foundry, 
 carried off these vessels, which he considered to be use- 
 less, and they went into the melting-caldron. The find 
 must have been one of unexampled importance and the 
 fate of the greater part of the vessds was a very sad 
 one. A bronze cup, Mr. Gott told the Curator, was 
 still in the possession of the farmer, whose name, as 
 well as the exact site of the find, he was unwilling to 
 disclose. 
 
 These vessels are far too thin to be placed upon a 
 fire. It has been conjectured that they were used for 
 mixing and cooling wines with ice and snow, which is 
 possible enough. 
 
 There have been several finds of Roman bronze 
 vessels which may be mentioned for comparison. 
 
 i. A series of five jpatella found at Stittenham near 
 York and now preserved at Castle Howard, by the gift 
 of the Duchess Dowager of Sutherland, on whose 
 estate they were found. They are described in the 
 Archaeologia, xli, 325, etc. 
 
 ii. A set of seven found in 1868 at Helmsdale, 
 Sutherlandshire, and described in the Proc. of S.A.S. 
 for 1885-6, pp. 214-18, with a plate representing them. 
 They are more substantial than those found at York 
 and Irchester, and are of different shapes. 
 
 iii. A set of nine found in 1872 at Irchester, 
 Northants, consisting of bowls, colanders, and shallow 
 
143 
 
 pans, greatly resembling those in the York Museum. 
 Described by E-ev. E. T. Baker in the Transactions of 
 the United Architectural Societies. 
 
 iv. A set of twelve found in 1890 at Prestwick Carr 
 near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and described in the Trans- 
 actions of the S.A.N. They consist of a large caldron, 
 basins, dishes, bowls, and saucepans, several of which 
 resemble those at York. Eight of these vessels are 
 now in the Museum at Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 It will be seen that each of these finds contains 
 vessels which do not occur in the others. The vessels 
 in the York Museum are as follows : — 
 
 1. A large, finely-shaped, urn, which has been 
 patched, 12 in. high and 10^ in. broad at the widest 
 part. 
 
 2. A capacious dish 19 in. in diameter and 5 in. in 
 depth, and worked in grooves on both sides. It has a 
 hole in the centre for a pivot or screw. 
 
 3 — 8. A series of six thin bowls. One 12 in. in 
 diameter and 4^ in. deep ; it has had a handle or bow 
 of which the rivet marks remain. One Ilf in. in 
 diameter and 4f in. in depth ; it has had a handle on 
 each side about 3 in. broad, soldered on. One 10 in. 
 in diameter by 3f in. One 9f in. in diameter by 4 in. 
 One 8f in. in diameter by 3J in. One 8 in. in diameter 
 by 3^ in. 
 
 9. A bowl lOfin. in diameter by 2|- in., with a 
 jimped edge like the inner parts of the two bowls from 
 Einningley in the last Case. 
 
 10. A plate or dish 9 in. in diameter to which a 
 handle has been attached. Mr. Gott said that there 
 were others of this shape and that one at least had the 
 handle, which was 5 or 6 inches long. 
 
 11 — 15. Portions of five colanders, about 7^ or 8 m. 
 
144 
 
 in diameter and perforated in patterns in the sides and 
 base, and with handles, several of which remain. 
 
 16. A round plate 11 Jin. in diameter with the 
 marks of a handle. 
 
 17. A strainer with small holes in the bottom, 7 Jin. 
 in diameter and 2f in. deep ; it has had a handle. 
 
 18. One of the bowls of a pair of scales 4J in. in 
 diameter with three rings attached for the chains. 
 
 19 — 23. Five bronze rings, the largest 3f in. in 
 diameter. 
 
 24. Part of an iron spur. 
 
 25 — 26.- Two iron axe heads of different shapes. 
 The smaller of the two was so perfect when the Curator 
 visited Mr. Gott, that it was hafted and in use ! 
 
 27. An iron hammer-head, ending on the other 
 side in a small pick. — Mr, Thomas Gott^ of Knareshro\ 
 1864 and 1876. 
 
 c. A small pan or skillet, the bowl of which is 4 in. 
 in diameter and 2 J in. in depth, with a handle 6 in. 
 long. Examples of this kind of vessel have been found 
 at Stittenham and elsewhere. — From the Croft Collection^ 
 1824. 
 
 d. Part of a similar vessel found under the Fine Art 
 Exhibition in 1878. The handle is ornamented, with 
 a crossbar beneath, and is 8 in. long. — The Committee of 
 the Exhibition,, 1878. 
 
 e. A perforated strainer 8J- in. in diameter by 2 J in. 
 deep, found on Marston Moor. — Mr. F. Bell,, 1860. 
 
 Case 0. 
 
 The contents of this Case consist chiefly of fragments 
 of white stone-ware mortaria and amphorce. The entire 
 vessels of the first are bason or pan-shaped, of various 
 capacity, from one pint to a gallon, having the surface 
 
 * Under this Case is a lead coffin, much decayed, found during the Railway 
 Excavations, 4 ft. 6 in. long by 14 in. in width. 
 
145 
 
 of the interior studded, like those of Samian ware, with 
 small particles of flint or quartz. One part of the rim 
 is formed into a spout, near which is generally stamped 
 the name of the potter. Two of these vessels are placed 
 against the wall, which were found in 1878 under the 
 Exhibition. In each case the pestle has at last found 
 its way through. One of these mortars was found on 
 a Boman midden, and is stained by leaves and grass. 
 There is also part of the rim of a mortar of very large 
 size which must have been at least 3 ft. 6 in. in 
 diameter. 
 
 I. 0. Handles, and curious fragments of vessels ; 
 part of an urn with the head of a Fawn on the side, 
 similar to one in the British Museum. 
 
 II. 0. Fragments of vessels of white clay ; frilled 
 edges of bowls ; bases of vessels showing how they 
 were fitted on the body ; handles. 
 
 III. 0. Parts of marble mortars. Pottery impressed 
 with wooden stamps. Several vessels like diminutive 
 amphorcB. A finely modelled head of Jupiter Ammon 
 found in Clifford Street in 1882. It has been appended 
 to the side of some large vessel in stone ware. 
 
 TV. — yi. 0. Parts of mortaria, of white or red ware, 
 many of them showing the maker’s name upon the 
 edge. 
 
 Various parts of amphorce. Amphorce were vessels 
 used for holding olives, oil, honey, but especially wine, 
 varying in size from six inches to three or four feet in 
 height ; sometimes of a round shape, but generally 
 tapering to a point or knob, so that it was necessary to 
 place the bottom in a circular stand, or in sand, or some 
 other yielding substance. They are furnished with a 
 short neck with two handles, whence their name is 
 derived, on which, or on the rim of the neck, the makers 
 name was usually stamped. 
 
146 
 
 VII. — XI. 0. Portions of the necks of large ampTiorce, 
 one of marble, and two from Lincoln with inscriptions 
 upon them in ink. 
 
 XII. — XVII. 0. Portions of amphorm arranged to 
 shew rims, handles, potters’ marks and necks. On 
 the rim is frequently scratched the number of lagencB^ 
 or gallons, which the vessel contained. An in- 
 scription, Nigrini, in a cursive character upon the body 
 of a vessel ; part of another inscription in deeply incised 
 letters. 
 
 Case P. 
 
 a. K Toxmdi ossuarium'^' of lead, 104 in. broad and 
 (> in. high, with a little cupola with a handle on the 
 top. It is filled with burnt bones, and was found near 
 the Holgate Pail way Bridge. — The Cook Collection^ 1872. 
 
 h. The cupola and part of the body of another 
 ossuarium^ shaped like a Stilton cheese, 5 in. high and 
 6 in. wide. It was found during the Pailway Excava- 
 tions of 1846 outside the Bar Walls, filled with ashes 
 and bones, in a large lead coffin filled with gypsum, 
 and containing a skeleton. We may assume that the 
 child had died first, and that its burnt bones were laid 
 in its parent’s coffin. With it were four fine vessels of 
 glass. See p. 102. — The Hargrove Collection, 1846. 
 
 c. A large round ossuarium, 15 in. high by 10 in., 
 with a round cupola, found in 1875 under the New 
 Pailway Station. It is unique in having the following 
 inscription cut on it by a sharp-pointed tool — 
 
 D. M. 
 
 V(LP)IAE EELICISSIMAE 
 QVAE • VIXIT • AXNIS. 
 
 • III • MENSES • XI DIES. 
 
 EEC&’i27NT . VLPIVS . FELIX. 
 
 . . . ANDKONICA. 
 
 P^7?ENTES. 
 
 * Engraved with, the two following Ossuaria in C. R. Smith’s Collect, 
 Antiq. vii., pp. 172—6. 
 
147 
 
 The following are the contents of various Homan 
 graves, kept apart by themselves. 
 
 d. A red, barrel-shaped cinerary urn, a small 
 Samian cup with the lotus leaf on the rim, and a child’s 
 feeding bottle. — Railway Excavations^ 1875. 
 
 e, A large Samian patera, with the lotus on the 
 edge, and a dark fluted vessel. — Railway Excavations, 
 1872. 
 
 /. Two bowl-shaped vessels, a perfect one of glass, 
 and another broken. Found at the head (outside) of a 
 stone coffin, which contained the skeletons of two young 
 girls. — Railway Excavations, 1873. 
 
 g. Two jugs and a large red lamp, out of which the 
 wick^'^ fell when it was being cleaned. It is of linen, 
 and is exhibited. — RaAlway Excavations, 1875. 
 
 h. A black cinerary urn, with a small cup from the 
 inside. Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 i. A large red cinerary urn, with a lamp from the 
 inside. — Railway Excavations, 1874. 
 
 y. A black cinerary urn, fractured, preserved to 
 show the collocation of the bones and ashes inside. — 
 The Mount, 1874. 
 
 h. A large red jug and a black cinerary urn. — Rail- 
 way Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 l, A black cinerary urn. Inside it was a small 
 black cup, a middle brass coin of Trajan, two enamelled 
 Jihulw in the shape of ducks, and a fragment of a chain, 
 which are exhibited. — Railway Excavations, 1874, 
 
 m. A Samian bowl, and a black vessel with a cover, 
 containing some bones of an animal. f — Railway Ex- 
 cavations, 1873. 
 
 • A bronze lamp with a wick in it was found at the Bartlow Hills, in 1840. 
 cf. Arch. xxix. 4. 
 
 t The bones of a bird have been several times found in a food vessel at 
 York. 
 
 O 
 
148 
 
 n. A fine black cinerary urn, and two beautiful 
 vessels ; a small glass jug, and a little black glazed 
 cup with DAMi (i.e. Da mihi) on it in white slip. — Rail- 
 way Excavations^ 1874. 
 
 0 . A small food vessel and a feeding bottle, from a 
 child’s grave . — Railway Excavations, 1872. 
 
 p, A little brown cup found with three others, in a 
 stone coffin near Severus’ Place, on the Acomb Eoad. — 
 The Coolc Collection, 1872.^' 
 
 y. A two-handled urn with two jet bangles and 
 fragments of others and of two glass vessels, found in 
 1887 in a lane on the south side of St. Mary’s, York — 
 the point nearest to the City at which an interment has 
 been observed. 
 
 Case Q. 
 
 1. Q. a. E small piece of stucco from Tusculum. 
 1. Stucco from Pompeii. — Mr, Meynell, 1823 ; Mrs. 
 Nor cliff e. c. Stucco from Aldborough. 
 
 II. — V. Q. Fragments of stucco, or wall plaster^ 
 found in 1831, near the interior of the Multangular 
 Tower, and in 1873-6, during the Pailway Excavations. 
 In one portion of the Poman cemetery a great quantity 
 of plaster was found. It had evidently been carted 
 thither out of the city. 
 
 VI. Q. Fragments of tessellated pavements found 
 in York, chiefly from Toft Green. One or two pieces 
 are from Acomb. 
 
 VII. Q. Portions of fioor grouting, found under the 
 City Wall, and in Aldwark. 
 
 VIII. Q. A stone ball, and the lid of a pot of red 
 stone-ware. 
 
 * Under this Case is a small lead coffin of a child from the Railway Excav- 
 ations in 1875. The lid seems to have been a wooden board. The coffin is. 
 2 ft. 7 in. long and 10 in. wide. 
 
149 
 
 IX. Q. Perforated stones and pottery, and spindle 
 whorls. 
 
 X. Q. Eoundlets or discs of stone, probably chil- 
 dren’s playthings ; whet-stones. 
 
 XI. — XII. Q. Stone weights of various sizes, 
 which have been slung on a cord or halter. Many of 
 these have been found opposite St. Martin’s Church, 
 in Micklegate. Two very large perforated stones are 
 on the floor outside. — Mr» JE. Swaine^ in 1870. The 
 Cook Collection^ ^c. 
 
 XIII. — XIX. Q. A large series of bricks and tiles 
 of the Ninth Legion, inscribed leg ix hisp. {Legio nona 
 Sispa7ia.) This Legion came into Britian with the 
 Emperor Claudius, a.d. 44. In the beginning of the 
 reign of Nero, it was nearly destroyed at Camulodunum 
 (Colchester) by the forces of the British Queen Boadicea. 
 It accompanied Agricola into the North, and there 
 suffered greatly from the Caledonians. Eeturning 
 southwards, it was stationed at York, where, in the 
 reign of the Emperor Trajan, it was employed in the 
 work commemorated by the tablet in the lower room of 
 the Hospitium (pp. 46-7). On the arrival of the Sixth 
 Legion, being reduced to the state of a weak legion, it is 
 said to have been incorporated with it. This is more 
 than doubtful, as the majority of the tiles exhibited here 
 are long subsequent to the reign of Hadrian. 
 
 In XIV. Q. are the following stamped tiles — 
 
 a. Inscribed opvs loliare ex pred. domini avg. 
 denoting that the brick was made on a farm of the 
 Emperor. In the centre is the brickmaker’s mark, 
 apparently a wolf. 
 
 1. Inscribed exprdpflvcillae odol pec mapr lael 
 
 CAES II P COEL BALBN COS ; i.e. EX PE^DIO DOMITLE PUBLII 
 EILIiE LUCILLE OPUS DOLTARE FECIT M. APER LUCIO ^L. 
 c^s. II p. COEL. BALBiN. coxsuLiBUs, denoting that the 
 
150 
 
 brick was made by Marcus Aper, on the farm of 
 Domitia Lucilla, daughter of Publius, in the second 
 consulship of Lucius Aelius (Verus) and the first 
 consulship of Publius Coelius Balbinus, corresponding 
 with A.D. 137. Domitia Lucilla was the daughter of 
 Publius Calvisius Tullus. She was the wife of Annius 
 Yerus, and mother of the Emperor M, Aurelius.^' The 
 letters cos are in the centre, and above them a small 
 palm branch, the maker’s mark. These tiles are from 
 Italy — Mr. Arthur Strickland, 1843. 
 
 c. A fragment of a tile found at Slack, near 
 Huddersfield, being a portion of a tile tomb, inscribed 
 coH nil BEE. The last word is variously intrepreted, 
 Professor Hiibner considering it to be an abbreviation 
 of Bretonum, i.e, Britons. — Mr. Fairless Barler, 1869. 
 Another specimen of this stamp, also from Slack. — Mr, 
 T. W. JJ. Robinson, 1879. 
 
 d. A tile found at Chester, bearing the stamp of the 
 Twentieth Legion. leg xxvv. — The Chester Natural 
 History Society, 1884. 
 
 Case E. 
 
 A glass case filled with lamps, candlesticks, &c., 
 found in York, and probably made there. No relics of 
 ancient art are more numerous than lamps. They were 
 used not only for domestic purposes, but in funeral 
 solemnities. They were buried with the dead, and some- 
 times placed by relatives and friends in their tombs. 
 From the situation in which the greater part of this 
 collection was found, it is evident that they are sepul- 
 chral lamps. Lamps of terra-cotta are generally plain ; 
 but they have occasionally figures on the top in bas- 
 relief ; and the names of the makers are often stamped 
 on the bottom. They are usually of an oval or of a 
 
 Borghesi O. Epigr. i. 35. 
 
151 
 
 round form, and those intended for domestic use are 
 furnished with one or more nostrils, according to the 
 number of wicks burned in them. 
 
 Among these may be specially mentioned — 
 
 a. Two large lamps of brown ware, said to have 
 been found at Lincoln. — Mrs. Hutton, 1848. 
 
 h. Two lamps, one with a female figure bearing a 
 chaplet in her hand, near a column ; and another with 
 a figure of a crocodile, on which Typhon (it is probable) 
 the evil genius of the Egyptian mythology, is repre- 
 sented as standing. These two were found at Colchester. 
 Mr. W. Whincupp, 1847. 
 
 c. A lamp with three nostrils, found in the Eoman 
 baths at York. — Mr. H. P. Cholmeley, 1840. 
 
 d^\ Three large and highly-ornamented lamps from 
 Carthage, bearing the Christian monogram. — Mr. JE. 
 Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 d. Fragments of candelabra, made of white clay, 
 and elegant in shape. 
 
 e. A number of candlesticks of earthenware, of 
 various shapes. In one of them some grease still re- 
 mains. 
 
 /. Several stands of lead and pot for holding lamps. 
 Those of lead were generally suspended from the wall. 
 
 Under this case is a lead coffin, 4 ft. 10 in. long and 
 11 in. broad. It was found in 1855 in Layerthorpe 
 Brickyard. — Mr. Thomas, 1855. 
 
 Case S. 
 
 I. — VII. S. Bricks and tiles of the Sixth Legion ; 
 inscribed leg vi v. leg yi ye. leg yi v p e (Legio sexta 
 victrix. Legio sexta victrix fidelis. Legio sexta victrix 
 pia fidelis. There are a few other unusual forms of 
 inscription, which are probably instances of carelessness. 
 
152 
 
 The Sixth Legion came from Germany into Britain with 
 the Emperor Hadrian, and after having been employed 
 on his wall and that of Antoninus in Scotland, was 
 stationed at York, which continued to be its head- 
 quarters as long as the Homans remained in Britain. 
 
 In I. S. are a number of small pipes of red clay, 
 discovered in the Homan baths circa 1840, and connected 
 no doubt, with flues. Two or three round vessels of 
 pot, with a small hole in them, probably intended to be 
 fllled with hot water, to warm the hands. 
 
 VIII. — XII. S. In these compartments are a few 
 specimens of flgured tiles called AnteUxa^ used in 
 ornamenting the exterior of dwelling-houses. They 
 are of rude workmanship, and of very rare occurrence. 
 Here are also two caps of flues, perforated as it were 
 with windows; and several objects of baked clay, the 
 use of which it is not easy to conjecture. They are of 
 a cubical shape, and vary in size. Some of them were 
 found at Tetton, in Cheshire, in 1838.^' There are 
 specimens in the Museums at Chester and Liverpool. 
 
 XIII. — XVIII. S. These shelves exhibit a number 
 of Homan bricks, f two of which are inscribed yr. svs, 
 the two flrst letters being ligulate and reversed ; others 
 have patterns roughly scored on them ; flue-tiles, used 
 in conveying heated air to baths and other rooms ; 
 draining-tiles, which flt into one another in a very 
 eflective way. Against the wall are numerous other 
 tiles and bricks, scored with dogs’ feet, &c. One has 
 the impressions produced by a heavy shower of hail 
 which fell upon it when it was wet and unbaked. 
 
 * cf. Watkin’s Roman Cheshire, p. 313. 
 
 t In 1737 F. Drake wrote to Dr. Stukeley, describing the discovery at York 
 of a Roman tile, on which were the letters, Polio Colegio Felicter. Engraved 
 in Stukeley’ s Letters, iii., 328. 
 
153 
 
 Case T. 
 
 English Tiles and Pottery. 
 
 Now follows a large and fine series of what are 
 generally called encaustic tiles. I mean fioor-tiles, on 
 which patterns and devices have been painted and then 
 burnt in. These are generally of one size, viz., four to 
 five inches square. The largest and best known of 
 manufactories of these tiles were at Pepton in Derby- 
 shire, and Malvern in Worcestershire. It was, I 
 believe, from Pepton that many of the tiles now found 
 in York used to be sent in the fourteenth century, 
 unless the Northern tile-makers were able to borrow 
 the patterns. Mr. Jewitt has given us in the Peliquary 
 an interesting account of the Pepton kiln and its 
 products. 
 
 In the fifteenth century, if not earlier, Yorhshire 
 possessed kilns of its own, as I shall have the oppor- 
 tunity of mentioning shortly. The plain tiles which 
 were used, especially in the Cistercian Monasteries, in 
 the first century or two after their foundation, must 
 have been made at home,^' and it is probable that every 
 monastery sooner or later had a kiln of its own for tiles. 
 In the Northern Parish Churches, so far as we know, 
 they were seldom used, and there are few traces of 
 them even in York Minster. The list of freemen of the 
 City of York does not help us much. There are, of 
 course, many tilers on the catalogue, and from a very 
 early date. In the 21st of Pichard II., Wm. Heron, 
 tile-maker at the Friars Carmelites, was free ; and, 
 in the second of Henry lY., Grodfrey Goldying, ‘‘formour 
 tegularum,” and John Hardy, tieghel - fourmer,’’ 
 were also free. But there is nothing distinctive here. 
 
 * There is an article on the tiles in the Museum by the Rev. G. Rowe in the 
 Transactions of the Architectural Societies for 1879. 
 
154 
 
 I. T. a. Several Moorish tiles from Sidi Ben 
 Medin, and Mansourah, near Tlemen, in Algeria. — 
 Rev, C. B. Norcliffe,^ 1878. 
 
 h. A small tile from the Alhambra, with an inscrip- 
 tion in Arabic.-^^^;. W, J. Waddilove^ Dean of Ripon^ 1824. 
 
 c. Under the window in the corner of the room is a 
 large and richly-ornamented tile from the Alhambra, 
 brought thence in 1880 by Mr. Wm. Atkinson, and 
 presented to the Society. 
 
 d. Also four large and richly-coloured wall-tiles, 
 brought from Damascus by Dr. Tristram, and purchased 
 from him in 1882. One of them bears part of an 
 inscription in Arabic, which may be rendered, 0 God,, 
 Compassionate, 
 
 II. T. a. Two tiles from Worms Cathedral, and 
 one from S. Wandrille, Caudebac. — The same donor,, 1881. 
 
 I, Two tiles from Wells Cathedral. — Rev, Greville 
 Chester,, 1858. 
 
 c. A framed square of four tiles, representing oak- 
 leaves and acorns, bought in York, but probably of 
 French or German work. — Purchased, 1874. 
 
 d. A tile with a head on it, from Keymer Church, 
 Sussex."^' — Rev. J, T. Fowler, 1887. 
 
 e. Two plain, glazed tiles from the Priory of the 
 Holy Trinity, Micklegate. — The Cooh Collection, 1874. 
 
 III. T. a. Several small and early tiles from 
 Newminster Abbey, near Morpeth. — The Excavation 
 Committee, 1878. 
 
 h. Two early tiles from Meaux Abbey, in Holder- 
 ness, one bearing a fleur-de-lis. 
 
 c. Ten tiles from Salley Abbe}^ in Craven. On one 
 of them the words Johe^s Sallay alias xps ihu have 
 been written with a sharp-pointed instrument when the 
 clay was soft. On another is a large W enflled by a 
 
 * cf. Sussex Arch. Transactions, xvi. 126. 
 
155 
 
 crozier, commemorating another abbot."^' — From the 
 Walhran Collection^ 1870. 
 
 IV. T. Twenty-two tiles from Fountains Abbey, 
 comprising, among others, many of those figured by 
 Mr. Walbran in his Account of the Excavations there. 
 
 Among these are : a. Six ornamented tiles set in a 
 frame, taken from a kiln discovered not far from the 
 Abbey, h. The device of Marmaduke Huby, abbot, 
 ssec. xvi., consisting of a mitre pieced by a crozier, with 
 the letters m. h. on the dexter side. Huby’s motto, 
 Soli Deo Honor et Gloria runs around the shield. — From 
 the Walbran Collection^ 1870. 
 
 c, A framed compartment of plain tiles from the 
 high-altar, of thirteenth century work, if not earlier. — 
 From the Sale of Mr. Stubbs, of Ripon, 1877. 
 
 V. T. a. Two tiles from a pavement which used to 
 lie before the altar of St. Nicholas, in York Minster. 
 A small part of this pavement is now preserved in the 
 vestry of the Minster, but most of the tiles found their 
 way into Lincolnshire. An engraving of this pavement 
 by Mr. W. Fowler, of Winterton, and presented in 
 1881 by his grandson, Eev. J. T. Fowler, of Durham, 
 is in the Library of the Museum. 
 
 b. A tile from Gisborough Priory, bearing the arms 
 of Kyme. This tile was made at Pepton. — Admiral 
 Chaloner, 1878. 
 
 c. Two pieces of tile, with a coat of arms which is 
 difiicult to describe. Around it is the word redlington. 
 
 d. Two late tiles from Watton Priory, E.E.Y. — 
 Fur chased, 1878. 
 
 e. Four large tiles said to have come from the 
 plateau of the high altar at By land Abbey. — The Har^ 
 grove Collection, 1846. 
 
 * See the acct. by Mr. Walbran of the Excavations at Salley in the Trans- 
 actions of the Architectural Societies. 
 
156 
 
 VI. T. A number of tiles and fragments of a late 
 date, found in York, and ornamented with blue and 
 yellow. Two, from St. William’s College, bear a 
 unicorn and a fox, and were purchased in 1881. 
 
 VII. T. Four ridge-tiles from St. Mary’s Abbey. 
 
 VIII. T. Tiles from St. Mary’s Abbey, among 
 which is a pattern of four tiles, each inscribed Ave 
 Maria. The visitor will also observe a bell with a sword 
 and key ; a crowned king ; a butterfly ; a monkey play- 
 ing on a pipe to another tumbling ; a monkey in central 
 compartment of ovals ; a rabbit and bird in separate 
 ovals. All these tiles were made in the kiln at Fepton 
 in Derbyshire, which is described in the Eeliquarj’ for 
 1867-8. It is, clear, therefore, that the monks of St. 
 Mary’s went thither for many of the tiles which they 
 used, or, at all events, had the use of the patterns in 
 their own kilns at home. 
 
 IX. T. a. Other tiles from St. Mary’s chiefly of 
 the 14th century, with several beautiful patterns. 
 
 1. A number of armorial tiles from St. Mary’s 
 Abbey. Among them are : a. A lion rampant crowned, 
 with bells at the sides and ends, Segrave or Bareli, h. 
 France and England quarterly. c. or a plain cross 
 sable, Aton. d. Chequy, Warren. e. Seven mascles, 
 3, 3, and 1, conjoined, Quincy, f. Two bars in chief 
 three plates. Cohill. g. A fess between six cross cross- 
 lets, Beauchamp, h. A cross between four quatrefoils. 
 
 X. T. Some choice tiles from St. Mary’s, many of 
 which bear letters of the name of the patroness. There 
 are also — 
 
 a. A tile found in the cloister of St. Mary’s Abbey, 
 having the alphabet in old English capitals inscribed 
 upon it, and, with the exception of the second line, so 
 arranged as to be read from right to left. Two frag- 
 ments of similar tiles. These and the tile next in the 
 
157 
 
 No. were made at Eepton, and specimens were found 
 in the kiln at that place. 
 
 J. A tile of remarkable character, most probably 
 one of a series representing the signs of the zodiac. It 
 exhibits the figure of a ram, with the inscription, 
 
 SOL IN AEIETE (The sim in Aries). 
 
 From a more perfect specimen of one with the same 
 device, and evidently formed by the same stamp, found 
 in the ruins of Ulverscroft Priory in Charnwood Forest, 
 it appears that the letters MAP were in the angles, 
 denoting the month of March, in which the sun enters 
 into that sign. It is supposed to have been made in 
 the fourteenth century."^' 
 
 c. A tile bearing the following inscription in small 
 Old English letters : — 
 
 mai-not-xfr- (ever) unbare 
 
 of-ll^at-ll^0fa-art-sare 
 bat-fiiat-i]^0fa-k£pist 
 tmt0-t]^i-se£;tar-(executor’s) tare 
 ank-(an i. e. if) ek-^it-akail-t^e (thee) 
 ^it-xs-kat-akeatare 
 
 This remarkable tile is supposed to be one of the 
 varieties of the tiles fabricated at Malvern. An 
 engraved representation of it, but not a perfect fac- 
 smile, was given by Dr. Nash, in his History of 
 Worcestershire.! 
 
 d. Several fine tiles found at Possington, near 
 
 * cf. Arch. Journal ii. 89 ; and a paper by Mr. James Fowler, in the Arch- 
 seologia, where this tile is eng-raved. 
 t See also Gent’s. Mag. for October, 1833, p. 301. 
 
 There is one in the Mayer Museum at Liverpool, which was found at 
 Bebington. cf. Gent’s. Mag., July, 1844, vol. xxii., a.s. p. 25. 
 
158 
 
 Doncaster, in a place supposed to have been a domestic 
 chapel of the Lords de Mauley, who are said to have 
 resided there. Their date is probably the fourteenth 
 century. Among them are these heraldic bearings. 
 On a bend sinister, three eagles displayed. — Mauley, 
 A fess dancette between ten billets. — Deincourt. A fess 
 vaire between three fleurs de lis. — Cantilupe. Seven 
 mascles, 3. 3, and 1, conjoined. — Quincy. Lozengy. — 
 Fitzwilliam. — Mr. Henry Bower., of Doncaster^ 1839.^' 
 
 XI. T. A number of wasters, or spoiled tiles, found 
 in North Street in 1888 ‘under the great chimney of 
 Messrs. Eowntree’s Cocoa Works. There was, there- 
 fore, a tilery on the spot. Several of the tiles found 
 there have been discovered in duplicate, etc., at Foun- 
 tains and Salley. Among these is the well-known 
 device of Abbot Huby. I have reason to believe that 
 this spot of ground in North Street belonged to Foun- 
 tains Abbey, and the Monks must therefore have 
 patronized their tenant. But there are among these 
 tiles fragments of others still more interesting. There 
 are several (parts of sets of four) which have represented 
 heraldic devices, which are surrounded by the ribbon 
 of the Garter with the usual motto of that order ; whilst 
 in the corners is the well-known Percy device — a 
 crescent enclosing a locket. We have here, no doubt, 
 the badge of Henry Percy, K.G., Earl of Northumber- 
 land in the reign of Henry VIII. There are other tiles 
 which have belonged to the same pavement which are 
 too imperfect to be properly explained. The whole 
 series is a very remarkable one. In the corner of the 
 room are three draining tiles, with green and yellow 
 glaze, which were found close to the same place in 
 North Street in 1882, and were evidently intended to 
 
 cf. Journal Arch. Ass., iv., 203. 
 
159 
 
 carry off the waste water from the tilery into the river 
 Purchased 1882 and 1888. 
 
 XII. T. a. Four large wall tiles ornamented with 
 geometrical figures and foliage, found during the 
 building of Parliament Street. Two of them have been 
 originally filled with a white composition . — The Hargrove 
 Collection^ 1846. 
 
 h, A large green tile, and a great number of others, 
 of various sizes and styles of decoration, all found in 
 York. 
 
 Hung in frames on the wall above are three sets of 
 tiles which were found during the Pailway Excavations 
 in 1874, constituting, with many others, the floor of an 
 old house, in what were then the Bishops’ Fields. 
 These were probably made originally at Pepton, and 
 taken out of St. Mary’s Abbey. They consist of 
 
 a. A set of eight tiles, making up a pretty pattern 
 of leaves and fiowers in the shape of a vesica piscis. 
 
 h. A set of four, leaves and birds, with a centre in 
 the shape of a quatrefoil. 
 
 c. A set of eight armorial tiles, much worn, all from 
 the Pepton kiln, i.e.^ Heincourt, Quincy, Cantilupe, 
 and Colvill. 
 
 Hung also in frames on the wall are a number of 
 sets of Dutch tiles, used largely in England for fire- 
 places, etc., between 1690 and 1740. The Society 
 possesses a number of other tiles of the same kind, 
 which are not yet exhibited. 
 
 * The houses in York were originally supplied with water from public and 
 private wells, and from the river. In the 17th century waterworks were first 
 established, and water was conveyed through the city in hollowed trees, 
 morticed into each other. These are occasionally discovered under ground. 
 Two of them were presented to the Museum by the Waterworks Company; 
 and a brass plate affixed to one of the trees bears this inscription : — “ Wooden 
 Water Main (period IQS'i to \S00). found in Walmgate, York, November 21si, 
 1888. Presented by the York New Waterworks^ Company.” The trees are 
 15 ft. 8 in. long. 
 
 These are in the Vaults of the Museum, where they can be best preserved. 
 
 P 
 
160 
 
 Eistglish Pottery. 
 
 XIII. T. With the next compartment begins the 
 largest collection in existence of English pottery of the 
 earliest periods. These vessels vary considerably in 
 size and shape, and as nearly all of them have been 
 found in York, there is every reason to believe that they 
 were made in the city. The register of freemen for 
 York gives us the names of many persons who practised 
 the art of potting from the year 1272 downwards, and, 
 as clay of every kind is abundant in the neighbourhood, 
 they would have excellent materials to work in, ready 
 to their hands. Fragments of the pottery which they 
 made are exceedingly common in the city, but whole 
 vessels are seldom met with. They have been found at 
 Scarborough with traces of a kiln in which they were 
 made, but north of York they very rarely occur. In 
 Scotland they are almost unknown. Cups and platters 
 of wood, or tree, as they were called, with pots and jugs 
 of metal, took their place ; the latter are frequently 
 discovered, and many examples of them may be seen in 
 the Museums at Newcastle-on-Tyne and Edinburgh. 
 
 Early English pottery is very much inferior to the 
 fictile vessels made by the Pomans, and bears no 
 similarity to them. The pots are formed of thick, light- 
 coloured, and coarse clay, and are often partially or 
 entirely covered with a green or yellow glaze. Mr. 
 Wellbeloved was inclined to believe that some of these 
 were of Poman origin, but I am unable to agree with 
 him. Still the use of this colouring can be traced back 
 in York, as I shall be able to show, to the tenth 
 century. The York pottery is materially different from 
 that which is found in London, especially in the colour. 
 The green has always been the most popular, and in 
 our Museum there is a succession of vessels which bring 
 
161 
 
 the use of it down to the beginning of the present 
 century. They were then made at Yearsley, Kirkby 
 Moorside, and other places near York. In the l7th 
 and 18th centuries there were several generations of 
 Wedgwoods making pots at Yearsley. The old ballad 
 says 
 
 At Yearsley there are pancheons made 
 By Willie Wedgwood, that young blade. 
 
 A John Wedgwood made pots in Walmgate in York in 
 the beginning of the last century, and there is an 
 interesting pancheon of his making in the Museum at 
 Ampleforth, and a jug at London. In the old farmhouses 
 in the country specimens of green-glazed ware of this 
 date may occasionally be seen, in the shape of tap- 
 vessels, pancheons, butter firkins, pickling pots, etc., 
 many of them of a large size. 
 
 A close examination of our early vessels, with the aid 
 of Mediaeval Drawings, Inventories, and Household 
 Books, may perhaps ascertain in time the names which 
 were ascribed to them. This work, however, has still 
 to be done,"^' and too little attention has been hitherto 
 given to this very interesting subject. In this catalogue 
 the editor has attempted a classification of these vessels, 
 which may tend to assist further enquiry. Each vessel 
 in this collection, as far as is possible, has a label 
 attached to it showing when and where it was found. 
 The vast majority are from York. 
 
 a. Several pitchers of great antiquity, covered with 
 a light green or yellowish glaze, from 11 to 13 inches 
 high, and all of them found in York. 
 
 h. A small cup of very coarse, unglazed pottery, 
 slightly marked on the side with a graving tool. Found 
 in Skeldergate in 1880 with a St. Peter’s penny. It is 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Inst., iii., 62, etc.; Lincoln Volume of Arch, Institute, 
 xliii.; Journal Arch. Association, v. 22, etc.; C. R. Smith’s Catalogue of his 
 Museum. 
 
162 
 
 4 inches high, with a width at the top of inches. — 
 
 Purchased 1880. 
 
 c, A wide-mouthed jug 8^ inches high, with a dark 
 green glaze, with three lines impressed around it, found 
 near the City Wall in a garden outside Micklegate Bar. 
 Several silver pennies of Ethelred 11, which are now in 
 the Museum, were found near it . — Purchased 1886. 
 
 d, A very remarkable cup with a curiously curving 
 mouth, 4 inches high. It was found on Bishophill in 
 1882 and contained some hundreds of silver pennies of 
 Edward the Confessor, all of them, with the exception 
 of a dozen, struck at the York Mint. The best of these 
 coins are in the Museum. Upon the lip of this curious 
 vessel is a drop of light yellow glaze . — Purchased 1882. 
 
 e, A small jug, 7 inches high, of yellowish green 
 ware, with a curved mouth, found in St. Leonard’s 
 Place. — Mr. R. Davies^ 1858. 
 
 XIV. T. Three fine and very early pitchers, not 
 later, probably, than the beginning of the thirteenth 
 century. All have had a long spout emerging from 
 the middle of the vessel and attached to the lip by a 
 kind of crossbar. The first is richly glazed, and is 
 ornamented with medallions representing a knight 
 struggling with a lion, as on the seal of Poger de 
 Quincy. It is 13 inches high. The second is ornamented 
 with little knobs divided into a cross and is 13 inches 
 high. These two choice vessels were found when 
 Parliament Street was built. The third pitcher was 
 found more recently in Micklegate, and seems to be 
 marked with the impression of a willow-branch. It is 
 a noble vessel, 14 inches high, although imperfect, and 
 was purchased in 1888. 
 
 Below these are several stamps from the sides of 
 vessels in the shape of seals, the rude figure of a stag, 
 etc. 
 
163 
 
 XV. T. A large number, nearly thirty, of plain, 
 unglazed jugs, of reddish ware, very coarse in fabric, 
 but early in date, and common in and around York. 
 They run from 6 to 10 inches in height. A similar 
 vessel is among them, found some years ago in Malton, 
 which contained a number of silver pennies of Edward 
 I.— III. 
 
 XYI. T. Several very curious jugs of light yellow 
 ware, ornamented in patterns with lead -coloured drops 
 of metallic glaze. The jugs are from 12 to 14 inches 
 high. There is with them a large pitcher similarly 
 ornamented, 10 inches high. Some fragments of this 
 ware were found some years ago whilst clearing out 
 the well in the South Transept of York Minster which 
 was completed about the year 1250-4. 
 
 XVII. T. Cups, jugs, &c., of the fourteenth and 
 fifteenth centuries. Among them is, a mutilated 
 figure of St. Anthony and his pig, made of brick earth, 
 with a black glaze on it, 1 3 inches high, found in St. 
 Mary’s in 1858. 5. Two water-bottles, without bases 
 
 to stand on, the smaller of which was found in Lincoln- 
 shire some years ago, the other is from York, c, A 
 pipkin with its handle found at Nottingham in 1889. 
 
 XVIII. T. Several jugs and pots made in the four- 
 teenth and fifteenth centuries, if not earlier. Among 
 them is (a) a costrel in red clay with a yellow leaf on 
 each side, (h j The mouths of some vessels in the shape 
 of the heads of grotesque animals ; (c ) the handle of a 
 vessel formed by two uncouth figures fastened to the 
 rim, found under the Bank, in Market Street, in 1873 ; 
 (d) parts of vessels in the shape of animals, one of 
 them (e) has been a horse, of which there are two ex- 
 amples found at Scarbro’ in the Museum of that town 
 and another at Lewes ; ffj A. piece of pottery with the 
 
164 
 
 figure of a Saint upon it, brought from Treves by Miss 
 H. Crompton, and presented in 1874. 
 
 XIX. T. a. Several large and thin water jugs 
 from York, one of them 18 inches high. h. A jug, 
 nearly 14 inches high, with a light yellow glaze, caught 
 up from the bed of the Ouse off Bishopthorpe at a depth 
 of twenty feet, by a man who was creeping for eels. — 
 Purchased^ 1880. c. On the ledge above are three 
 pitchers, one of which is nearly round and has had a 
 cork in the bottom. It was found in Church Street in 
 1878. 
 
 XX. T. A number of pots and jugs not later than 
 the 17th century. Three of the jugs were found near 
 the Friars’ Walls in 1884. 
 
 XXI. T. Two jugs with a green glaze, ornamented 
 with a series of little handles and medallions or stamps, 
 some of which resemble Mediaeval seals. The more 
 perfect of the two, is 12 inches high, {a) was found in 
 Goodramgate and was presented by the Rev. Thos. 
 Stephens in 1878; the imperfect one (^) was found in 
 Church Street in 1878. c, A jug, in the centre, 
 was found at the bottom of a well at Thorpe-Rudston, 
 and was presented by Lady Macdonald in 1833. d. 
 Three drinking vessels, 8 in., 7^ in., and Gin. in 
 diameter, found in the Multangular Tower, and of a 
 peculiar character. In the centre of one there is a 
 pillar on which there is a dog’s head ; in another a 
 stag’s head ; in another a sharp point or prick of clay. 
 These were drinking vessels, and the circumference of 
 each is divided into separate compartments, so that when 
 the cups were passed round the table each person might 
 have a distinct place to drink from. On the head in 
 the centre was the crab or toast. One or two speci- 
 mens of this kind of vessel in silver are preserved in the 
 University of Oxford. 
 
165 
 
 e. A brazier for cbarcoal, about 7 in. higb and in. 
 in diameter, found at Lincoln and presented by Mrs. 
 Hutton in 1848. 
 
 /. A larger brazier, of later date, found at Eske, 
 near Beverley, and purchased in 1888. It is 8 in. high 
 and 9 in. in diameter. Fragments of similar vessels 
 from York. 
 
 On the small ledge are some very curious pieces of 
 handles of vessels, etc., chiefly dredged from the Ouse. 
 
 XXII. T. On a ledge (aj several saltcellars probably 
 made in the 16th century, h. Portions of stands for 
 vessels, late in date, but prettily ornamented. <?. 
 Candlesticks of rough stoneware, generally used by 
 tailors and called tailors geese. 
 
 d. Two large jugs found in Church Street, in 1878, 
 and 16 and 14 inches high. 
 
 e. A flne two-handled pot with frills and other 
 patterns around it, found, with many fragments of 
 vessels, at the bottom of a boarded well in Davygate, 
 under the New Gas Offices, in 1882. It is 11 J inches 
 high. 
 
 /. Another two-handled pot frilled around the edge, 
 lOJ inches high, found in Blossom Street. — Mr, E. 
 Swaine, 1874. 
 
 g. A fine single-handled jug, frilled, 11 in. high by 
 8^ in. broad. Found in Spen Lane. — Purchased^ 1878. 
 
 On the top of the case is arranged a large series of 
 vessels with green or brown glaze, some of which were 
 made so late as the middle of the last century. Many 
 of them are of a considerable size. Three vessels in the 
 centre are very conspicuous. One, with a ribbon 
 pattern in front, in the centre, was found in the Beddern 
 in 1 873 ; another, with a dark green glaze and three han- 
 dles, a noble vessel, was found in the drain at Cawood, 
 and was presented by the Cawood Commissioners in 
 
166 
 
 1886 ; the third, of a more recent date, was purchased 
 in 1879. It is impossible to describe singly, for want 
 of space, the large number of English vessels in com- 
 partments xiii-xxii T., and on the top of the case. 
 They number at least one hundred and fifty, to say 
 nothing of imperfect vessels and fragments. 
 
 XXIII. T. A collection of jugs of various sizes, 
 often called Bellarmines, in derision of the Cardinal of 
 that name. Thej? are covered with a mottled glaze ; 
 on the necks is a rudely bearded face ; below this, very 
 frequently, the arms of some town in Germany or 
 Holland, where they were usually made. They were 
 much used in England in the seventeenth century. 
 Three of these were found in the Minster Yard in 1881, 
 with the corks still in them. 
 
 A large yellow jug of Flemish or German work, saec. 
 xvi., with figures of Venus and Cupid embossed on it. 
 Purchased at Harrogate. — Mr, J, F, Walker^ 1872. 
 
 A brown German pitcher, dated 1581, and found in 
 Clifton. The story of Susanna and the Elders is repre- 
 sented on it. — Mr, V, KitcJiingman, 1832. 
 
 The greater part of a fine jug, saec. 16th, ornamented 
 with medallions, and with this inscription surrounding 
 it : Wein Got wil, so eist mein sil. 
 
 On the top of the case are some smooth, unorna- 
 mented vessels of the same class, which were in use in 
 England after the Bellarmines ; of various sizes. 
 
 XXIV. T. Dutch or Fulham ware used largely in 
 England inter 1660-1740. The ornamentation is in blue 
 or purple upon a dark grey ground. Several of the 
 pots bear the initials of Charles II, William III, Anne 
 and George I and II. 
 
 On the ledge below are pieces of English chargers in 
 yellow ware, mottled or combed, and showing various 
 
167 
 
 patterns. When whole they must have been between 
 8 and 15 inches in diameter. 
 
 XXy. T. On the upper ledge are a large number 
 of specimens of English yellow ware from the 18th 
 century downwards, chiefly small in size, but of great 
 variety. 
 
 On a stand is a very flne tyg, of brown and yellow 
 ware, 7 in. high and 7 in. in diameter. It has six 
 handles, and in the intervals between the handles alter- 
 nate a pomegranate and the head of Charles II. On a 
 label below the rim are the words Thomas Toft and 
 Elisabeth Toot, From N. E.. Yorkshire. — Purchased in 
 1884. 
 
 On a similar stand is an owl made up of a jug and a 
 cup of mottled and combed ware, brown and yellow. 
 It is 8 J inches high. — Bought in York, 1886. 
 
 Below, and on the floor of the case, are many curious 
 vessels, among which are : — 
 
 a, A pipkin of Beauvais ware with the French arms 
 on it. — Dr, Sykes, of Doncaster, 1874. 
 
 b, A vessel of yellow, ornamented with brown, in the 
 shape of a cock with a man standing on either side. — 
 Bought at Nottingham, 1883. 
 
 c, A round charger of combed ware 14 inches in 
 diameter, brown and yellow. — Bought out of the West 
 Riding, 1889. 
 
 d, Two large punch-bowls of what is called Knot- 
 tin gley ware, brown with purple ornamentation. One 
 is inscribed Thomas and Elizabeth Witehead, 1747. — 
 Bought in York, 1884 and 1888. 
 
 e, A jug of Criche ware, light brown, with incised 
 pattern, and A]gril ye 8, 1703, upon the side. It is 
 about 11 inches high. — Bought out of Derbyshire, 1889. 
 
168 
 
 /. A round ball of light, brown ware with perfora- 
 tions and scrolls, like the old vessels for warming the 
 hands, inscribed m.h. 1763. — Bought from Nottingham, 
 1885. 
 
 g. A bear-pot, showing a bear strangling a dog, in 
 light grey ware. — Bought, 1889. 
 
 XXYI. T. A number of costrels with a brown or 
 black glaze, found under the pavement in George Street, 
 in 1878, part of a large hoard laid three deep in a wooden 
 rack or bin, with their mouths downward. With them 
 were three small jugs of grey (Fulham) ware and one 
 or two others, with a portion of a plate. The date of 
 these vessels must be between 1580 and 1610. The 
 specimens from this find, which the Museum has 
 retained, are kept together. — Purchased, 1878. 
 
 XXVII. T. A large and very interesting collection 
 of vessels found in 1885 in an old dunghill behind the 
 house of Messrs. Simpson, in Parliament Street. They 
 are evidently part of the stock of some apothecary be- 
 tween 1680 and 1710. They consist of a number of 
 small vessels in brown ware of two kinds. One kind 
 may be called finger pots, and probably held ointments. 
 They must have been covered over with skin or paper, 
 and there is a groove below the top in which the cover- 
 ing could be tied down. The other kind are called, 
 costrels, and each has two loops on the shoulders, 
 through which a string would be run, and a number of 
 these vessels could be in this way carried by the boy 
 who was taking out the medicines. These vessels would 
 contain liquids and would be secured by a cork. There 
 is also the greater part of an apothecary’s jar made 
 of a kind of Majolica, and of Italian work, with one or 
 two pieces of coloured England ware, a small yellow 
 pot, and a cup, like a tea-cup covered with greyish- 
 white glaze. The contents of this find are kept to- 
 
169 
 
 gether as they illustrate the history of old English 
 pottery.^ — Messrs, Simpson, 1885. 
 
 XXyill. T. A number of vessels of light and dark 
 brown ware, cups, jugs, and costrels. 
 
 XXIX. T. Cruses and tygs of black and brown 
 ware used in York in the 16th and 17th centuries. 
 They average from 3 to 5 in. in height and most of 
 them have two handles and a wide mouth. One fine, 
 black cruse, ten inches high, was found in High Peter- 
 gate and was presented by the Pev. C. B. Norcliffe, in 
 1882. Another, which has had three handles, and was 
 about the same size, was found in Precentor’s Court. 
 Vessels of the smaller kind are often found in York in 
 a fractured state. It is presumed that these are the 
 vessels which in the reign of Elizabeth are called black 
 cruses, in the accompts of the Churchwardens of All 
 Saints, Pavement. 
 
 XXX. T. Cruses and Pottle-pots of black and 
 brown ware ornamented with yellow slip, used in York 
 in the 16th and 17th centuries. The tallest of these 
 vessels are about 7 in. high ; they have two handles, 
 and the sides are ornamented with daisies, stags, 
 goats’ heads, etc. The two pots in the corner, decor- 
 
 * There are preserved in the vaults of the Museum two other finds of 
 vessels, viz., 
 
 A number of coarse vessels of brown ware, round or square, about 5 in. 
 high by 4 in. in diameter. They were found in 1890, buried in the ground in 
 remains of what seemed to be stores, under the debris of what used to be 
 Messrs. Close, Ayre, & Moholson’s, Foundry, near Fishergate Postern.— Pi^r- 
 chased. 
 
 A large number of fragments of apothecary’s pots, round in shape and 
 from 4 to 7 in. high, covered with a white glaze, and ornamented with dots 
 or scrolls or lines in blue. Three or four perfect vessels from other sources are 
 preserved in the Museum. These fragments, which must have represented 
 not fewer than 300 vessels, were found whilst digging a drain in Castlegate in 
 1890, in a garden in which a National School is being erected. They were found 
 in a great mass, having been broken and covered over with earth. They are 
 evidently not wasters and it is not easy to conjecture why so many should be 
 found together. 
 
170 
 
 ated with a lion and a bird in slip, are from Derby- 
 shire. 
 
 XXXI. T. Dishes and vessels of brown ware orna- 
 mented with yellow slip, made in the 18th and 19th 
 centuries. Among these are two large dishes 13 in. in 
 diameter and a tray about 14 in. square, bought in 
 Nottingham ; a cradle, puzzle jugs, etc. 
 
 XXXII. T. Old Dutch and English plates and 
 chargers made in the 17th century. Among these are 
 {a) two dishes 8^ in. in diameter, one with half-length 
 figures of William and Mary, in blue, marked w R m, 
 bought at Leeds, 1888 ; the other with figure of 
 William, in purple and yellow, and the letters K.w. — 
 Bought at Stillington^ near Yorh^ 1883. 
 
 h. A small, hollow charger, about 8 in. across, richly 
 ornamented with grapes and pomegranates in blue, 
 green, and yellow. — Bought at Keswick^ 1881. 
 
 c. Two early plates, blue and yellow. 
 
 d, Hound chargers, about 8 in. in diameter, in blue 
 and white, with j imped edges. — Bought in York, 
 
 XXXIII. T. Specimens of Delft-ware plates, pots, 
 a caudle-pot, and a puzzle jug in rich colors, red, blue, 
 and yellow. — All ho^ight in York, 
 
 XXXIV. T. Plates, table-vessels, etc., of similar 
 ware. — From York. 
 
 XXXV. T. Old English vessels. A triplet of white 
 cups conjoined, probably of the time* of Charles I., 
 bought in York, 1875 ; a small cup, bearing the head 
 of Charles II., bought in Eipon, in 1873 ; a mustard 
 pot of white glaze with a French inscription on it, 
 bought in 1890 ; two small jugs of white ware, inscribed 
 Brand,, Grocer^ Malton ; several apothecarys’ pots, white, 
 with blue lines and patterns ; a punch-bowl inscribed 
 To the glorious memory of the great King William ; plates, 
 etc. 
 
171 
 
 XXXVI. T. A white jug, marked F.S. clauet, 1644, 
 bought at Kendal, in 1876; another, marked sack, 
 1650, given by Mr. Holmes, in 1882 ; two white plates, 
 bought in York, marked with the cross-keys in yellow ; 
 a double handled pot for distilling, bought at York and 
 given by Mr. J. F. Walker, in 1875 ; another, the 
 largest, from Kendal, bought in 1876; a third, the 
 smallest, bought at Murton, 1881. 
 
 The Walls. — On the wall above Case T and at the 
 sides are hung a large number of plates and chargers. 
 The chargers are especially interesting. They are in 
 strong colours and were placed on the upper stages of 
 the dark oaken presses to lighten the furniture and the 
 room. They average 14 inches in diameter. Among 
 these we may note one ornamented with an equestrian 
 figure of William III., bought in York ; another with 
 the Duke of Ormond on it, bought in Derbyshire, in 
 1881 ; another with Prince Eugene on it, given by Mr. 
 John Holmes, of Leeds, in 1882; another with Queen 
 Anne, given by Mr. J. W. Barnes, of Durham, in 
 1881. There are also four ornamented with tulips, in- 
 dicative of the reign of William III. 
 
 There are four fine chargers of yellow ware with 
 brown slip i. e. One ornamented with pomegranates 
 and fieurs-de-lis in compartments, bought in Derby- 
 shire, in 1882; another, bearing St. George and the 
 Dragon, also bought in Derbyshire, in 1881 ; a third 
 showing four leaves, crosswise, bought in the Pow, 
 Chester, in 1886 ; and a fourth, bought out of the West 
 Hiding, in 1890, ornamented with fiowers and devices. 
 
 There are also many other fine plates, etc., upon each 
 of which is marked the time and place of its acquisition. 
 Enumeration would occupj^ too much space. Among 
 the plates there is what is called a pill-plate, in the 
 shape of a heart bearing the apothecaries’ arms (Apollo 
 
 Q 
 
172 
 
 with his bow) and the motto from Ovid, opiferque per 
 orlem dicor. — Bought in York, 1886. 
 
 Eecent English Pottery. — In the Council-room at 
 the Museum there is a case pretty nearly filled with ex- 
 amples of English, and especially Northern, potters of 
 a more recent date. With a little outlay and exertion 
 the collection of English pottery, possessed by the 
 Society, may, in the course of a few years, become a 
 very remarkable one. 
 
 Glass. — In the Council -room there are also preserved 
 many specimens of English glass from the 16th 
 century downwards. There is a remarkable gathering 
 of old bottles, tankards, jugs, etc., with examples of 
 Bristol and German glass. 
 
 Stone Vessels, etc. — Under the centre of Case T is 
 a large collection of vessels in stone, or stone ware, con- 
 sisting chiefiy of mortars and creeing troughs from the 
 fourteenth century downward, several of which are 
 dated. There are also crucibles of stone and pots of 
 various shapes and sizes. Also two stone weights with 
 handles. One has on it h.s. 1686, and was given by 
 Mr. H. Christie, in 1881 ; the other, earlier in date, 
 was bought at Malton, in 1880, and is inscribed around 
 one of the upper ledges : A man that whant monne an 
 non can hora smal. This will tax the ingenuity of the 
 reader. 
 
 Brass and Iron Vessels — On the top of Case T, in 
 the left-hand corner, are a number of vessels, etc., made 
 of brass, or iron, and used chiefly for culinary and 
 domestic purposes. The three-legged caldron or camp- 
 kettle, was often called a yetling^' in the North, and 
 has generally two lugs, or ears. The fire was kindled 
 underneath, and a handle or bow was afiixed to 
 
 * cf. Catalogue of the Museum at Alnwick Castle, p. 202. 
 
173 
 
 the lugs on which the pot hung over the fire. 
 When the Scots invaded England early in the 14th 
 century and hastily deserted their camp in the western 
 part of the county of Durham, it was found that each 
 soldier had brought with him his cooking-pot, which 
 became the prey of the English. Such pots are found 
 frequently in Scotland and Northumberland, but they 
 were less common in Yorkshire where earthenware took 
 their place. We possess the following specimens : 
 
 a, A fine and early camp-kettle or yetling, IGJin. 
 high by 12 in. diameter, with three tall legs ending in 
 claws. There is a band round the centre. It was found 
 in Byram Park, near Pontefract, and, when found, there 
 were under it the remains of the last fire which had 
 been kindled beneath it ; and the pot was left behind, 
 no doubt an account of a hole in its side. Purchased 
 in 1890. h. Another fine yetling, 15 in. by 14^ in., 
 bought in York, in 1877. It has two lugs and three 
 legs, but the claws have been broken ofi, otherwise it 
 would have been at least two inches higher. It is prob- 
 ably of 15th century work and has a maker’s stamp on 
 the side, viz., a St. Andrew’s cross, within a square, 
 with a pellet in each division, c, A beautiful, little 
 three-legged yetling, with two ears, 9 Jin. by 8 Jin., 
 found at Heslington, near York, and bought in 1888. 
 d, A brass pot, in the shape of a jug, having the 
 spout attached to the body by a band of metal, 8f in. 
 high by 3J in. It was found at Hexham-on-the-Tyne, 
 and others have occurred in the neighbourhood. It is 
 probably of the 13th century. Bought in 1881. e, 
 A low brass pot with two ears, three legs, and a bow, 
 7 in. high by 10 in. Bought at Leeds, in 1889. /. A 
 similar pot, 6 in. by 6 in., with three feet, ears, and an 
 iron bow. Bought at Leeds, in 1890. g. An ancient 
 iron pot, from Heslington, near York, 13i in. by 14 in., 
 
174 
 
 with bow, three legs and ears, and bands round the 
 middle. It has been in recent use. Bought in 1889. 
 There are two others, like it, but smaller, in the 
 Museum, from the same place, and bought at the same 
 time. h. An ancient bell of thin, hammered iron, 
 bronzed, with its swivel, said to have come from the 
 neighbourhood of Oxford, but of old Irish or Scotch 
 work. It measures 94 in. by 7jin. Bought at Leeds, 
 in 1888. i. A three-legged, low, brass pot 7 in. high, 
 with a start or handle 8J in. long, on which is the in- 
 scription : lOHNE ATHERs. It comes from Bakewell, in 
 Derbyshire, and was bought in 1882. j. A brass mor- 
 tar, 6in. by 9^ in., with the inscription Anno Domini 1588 
 round the rim. Around the middle are the letters E.s. — 
 L.s. and two shields of arms, viz., a lion rampant, and 
 a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed. From 
 Goole. Bought at Leeds, 1890. !<,. Another mortar 
 
 5fin. by 7:^ in., bought at Bipon, in 1885. The maker’s 
 mark is a fleur-de-lys with i.R. below it, and there are 
 also the letters, on the other side, h.l.b. 1. A Mortar 
 6f in. by 8 J in. with four handles and two iron rings. 
 There are some ornaments around the middle with l.w, 
 and a six-pointed star. Bought in York, 1888. m. 
 Another mortar. 5 in, by in., with an iron pestle and 
 two handles. On the sides are shields bearing St. 
 George’s cross, and the harp, within wreaths, four 
 times repeated. Bought in York, 1888. n. Another 
 mortar, 7 in. by 8 in., with Amor Vincit omnia. 1703 
 around the rim. The middle is ornamented with birds 
 and leaves. Bought at Leeds, 1889. 
 
 Some other specimens of old iron and metal work are 
 in the Entrance Hall, in the Museum, and will be des- 
 cribed afterwards. 
 
 Pewter. — There is also in the Council Eoom the 
 beginning of a collection of old English pewter vessels, 
 
175 
 
 of wliicli tlie Society already possesses some interesting 
 specimens. The pewterers appear as a distinct trading- 
 company in York in the 15 th century, and their ancient 
 Ordinances are still in existence. 
 
 Stained Glass. 
 
 Since the last edition of this Catalogue was printed 
 the Society has been able to supply a want in its Col- 
 lections — a representative series of specimens, on a 
 small scale, of the painted glass with which the windows 
 of the Churches used to be filled. York was especially 
 famous for the beauty and variety of the coloured glass, 
 much of which still ornaments its ecclesiastical build- 
 ings. Through the kindness of Mr. James Fowler, 
 M.D., in 1887, the Society was enabled to acquire and 
 exhibit many interesting specimens of ancient glass. 
 They had previously been in the collections of Mr. 
 Ward and Dr. Merry wether. Dean of Hereford. The 
 Fowler Collection, which is only partly exhibited, is a 
 large one, and contains all the pieces which illustrate 
 its Collector’s valuable paper on the Decay in Glass, 
 which was printed in the Archseologia vol. xlvi. Several 
 other specimens have been subsequently added. 
 
 The stained glass has been hung in the windows of 
 the upper room in the Hospitium and in the Ethnological 
 room in the Museum. We shall begin with the first, 
 commencing with the windows on the left hand as the 
 visitor enters the room. 
 
 No. I. — a, A fragment of very early canopy former- 
 ly in the Church at Wilton, Wilts. It is figured by 
 Mr. Winston in his History of Stained Glass, vol. i., 
 p. 41 ; vol. ii., plate 1, figure 2 . — From the Ward and 
 Fowler Collections, 1887. 
 
 l.c.d.e. Four early pieces of border of the 13th 
 century, showing conventional foliage and fillets in 
 
176 
 
 dark and rich, colours, very like the early windows at 
 Canterbury and some pieces at York. — The Ward and 
 Fowler Collections^ 1887. 
 
 /. A roundlet showing a six-rayed star. — The Merry- 
 wether and Fowler Collections^ 1887. 
 
 gJi. Two circular panels from early tracery, on a 
 ruby ground yellow and blue foliage. — As before. 
 
 i. A quatrefoil from tracery ; foliage within a white, 
 ornamented border, etc. — As before. 
 
 j. Maple leaf and blue star of four-rays, etc. — As 
 before. 
 
 h. Maple leaves on pale green (white) with two 
 deep green oak leaves and ruby fruit between. See 
 Winston, i., p. 100, cut 13. Of 14th century work. From 
 a window on the north side of the Chancel of Sandal 
 Church, near Wakefield. — The Fowler Collection^ 1887. 
 
 1. Fragment of border ; white maple leaves on ruby 
 ground. Fourteenth century work. — The Ward and 
 Fowler Collections, 1887. 
 
 No. II. — a.b. Two figures, formerly in the upper 
 part of the East Window of the Church of St. Crux, 
 York, representing two doctors of the Church, seated 
 at desks. The glass has been damaged and is some- 
 what worn. Of the 15th century. — Deposited by the 
 Rector and Churchwardens of St. Crux, 1887. 
 
 c.d.e.f. A figure of St. Mary of Egypt, a head of 
 the Saviour, and two small capitals, from the south 
 aisle of St. Crux. — The same, 1887. 
 
 g. Head of king, probably of 14th cent, work, 
 crowned, with ruby background, and green border. 
 Hesembles glass in the Nave of York Minster and in 
 the East Window at Selby. — The Fowler Collection, 
 1887. 
 
177 
 
 No. III. — a,l. Two pieces of glass, probably of 
 foreign work, of the 15tb century. One represents St. 
 Cecilia (?) playing on an instrument of music, sur- 
 rounded by a border. It was purchased in York about 
 1875. The other shows St. George’s cross with a 
 similar border, and was given by Mr. E.. Smith, of 
 Scarbro’, in 1890. 
 
 c. A grotesque beast with feet of an ox, tail of 
 branch of oak, and two human heads. — Fowler ColL, 
 1887. 
 
 d. A group of twelve heads. — The same^ 1887. 
 
 e. A shield of arms. Gules a bezant between three 
 crowns or. — Merrywether and Fowler Coll.^ 1887. 
 
 /. Another shield. Argent, a chief azure. From 
 the East Window of Bristol Cathedral. — Fowler Coll., 
 1887. 
 
 g. Four quarries from Wakefield and Sandal 
 Churches. — The same^ 1887. 
 
 No. lY. — a. A shield bearing, or, five chevronels 
 azure, all richly diapered, for the Deanery of Hereford. 
 — The Merrywether and Fowler Colins,^ 1887. 
 
 h. Another shield of arms, richly diapered, bearing, 
 or, a crow sable. Corbet? — The same^ 1887. 
 
 c, A shield with six quarterings of 17th century 
 work. The first is sa. a chevron between three trefoils 
 slipped, or, and is the bearing of Sir John Lewis, of 
 Ledsham, the grandfather of Lady Betty Hastings. 
 From Ledston Church, W.E.Y. — The Fowler Coll., 1887. 
 
 d. e. Two shields from Eipon Minster, the first is 
 that of Sir John Lewis, as above, with Baronet’s hand ; 
 the second the bearing of his wife Sarah dau. of Sir 
 Thomas Foot, viz., argent a chevron sable, in the dexter 
 point a trefoil of the first. — From the Walhran Collection, 
 1870 
 
178 
 
 /. A shield from Ripon Minster, viz., argent a 
 chevron sable between three bells gules — ? Bellerby. — 
 The same Collection^ 1870. 
 
 g.h. A crowned deur-de-lys. Two specimens. From 
 John Evans, F.S.A. — The Fowler Collection , 1887. 
 
 i. A shield (17th century) bearing argent a key 
 azure, surrounded by strap-work. — The same. 
 
 No. V. — a.l. Two large panels of fragments of 
 glass from Wakefield Church, of the latter part of the 
 15th century. — The same^ 1887. 
 
 c. A shield bearing Ermine on a chief gules two 
 stars of eight points, or. Fourteenth century glass. 
 The arms of St. John. — The Merry wether and Fowler 
 Colins.^ 1887. 
 
 d. Another shield with gules a cross or. — The same, 
 1887. 
 
 No. VI. — a.h. Two more panels containing frag- 
 
 ments from Wakefield Church. 
 
 c. A shield bearing argent a cross gules. — The 
 Merry wether and Fowler Collection, 1887. 
 
 d. Another shield. Ermine two bars gules for 
 Waterton Old, before the crescents were added. This 
 shield was in the Waterton Chapel in the south aisle 
 of Sandal Church, near Wakefield. It was at the top 
 of the window and around it was a border of pieces of 
 alternate ermine and gules. — Fowler Coll., 1887. 
 
 No. VII. — a.l. Two more panels with fragments 
 
 from Wakefield Church. 
 
 c. A fine domestic shield of arms, purchased some 
 time ago in Leeds, bearing the following coats, viz. : 
 
 Percy (old) or Plumpton, but wrongly blazoned, 2 , 
 
 3 Darrell; 3, Aton. — The Dean of York, 1890. 
 
179 
 
 d, A shield bearing the arms of England, three 
 leopards. Formerly in Chesterfield Chureh, Derby- 
 shire . — Purchased^ 1888. 
 
 In the Ethnological Boom in the Museum. — No. 
 I. — a-e. The heads of five 15th century windows for- 
 merly in Bolton Percy Church, near York, and re- 
 moved by a late rector to give place to some memorial 
 glass. They consist of fine canopy work. The Church 
 was built about the year 1420 and the glass is of 
 that date. — Purchased^ 1884. 
 
 f.g.h. Three heads, one from Bolton Percy, and two 
 from the Walbran Collection, bought in 1870. 
 
 i.j.h. Three roundlets of Grerman glass. The woman 
 taken in adultery before our Lord. Our Lord before 
 Pilate. St. Anne teaching the child Jesus on the lap 
 of His mother. — The Fowler Collection^ 1887. 
 
 No. 11. — a, h. Parts of two of the five windows from 
 Bolton Percy of which the heads are in No. 1. They 
 represent heraldic quarterings which are so injured and 
 confused that it is impossible to make them out. One 
 of them is the coat of Cholmeley. — Purchased^ 1884. 
 
 c. The head of a female saint, of German work, with 
 thick flowing hair, and jewelled coronet. — Foivler Collec- 
 tion, 1887. 
 
 d. Head of a king, of coarse work, in a roundlet. — 
 The same, 1887. 
 
 e. A crowned head of our Lord, with cruciform 
 nimbus and head of cross, etc, from Durham Cathe- 
 dral. — Fowler Collection, 1887. 
 
 /. Square piece of glass representing William III. 
 landing in Torbay. — Bought in York, 1887. 
 
 The Society also possesses specimens of the work of 
 Edmund Giles and William Peckitt, both of them glass- 
 stainers of repute in York in the 17th and 18th centur- 
 
180 
 
 ies. Giles executed a great number of heraldic windows 
 and coats of arms, some of which may still be seen in 
 the neighbourhood of York. Peckitt took a wider 
 sweep and made a great quantity of glass for churches 
 and college-chapels. Much of his work, of one kind 
 or another, is in York Minster. In the Council Boom 
 in the Museum are some most interesting specimens (the 
 only ones known) of his attempt to adapt colours to 
 drinking glasses and plates. They were purchased on 
 the death of his daughter, or grand-daughter, and were 
 given to the Society by the Curator of Antiquities. 
 
181 
 
 IV. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES IN THE HALL AND THEATEE 
 OF THE MUSEUM. 
 
 The Hall contains, besides antiquities, two modern 
 busts ; one, by Chantrey, of the Eev. Wm. V. Harcourt^ 
 the first President of the Society ; the other, by Leyland, 
 of Halifax, of the late Stephen Beckwith, M.D., to 
 whom the Society is indebted for a munificent legacy of 
 ten thousand pounds."^' 
 
 No. I. On the left hand side. This Case con 
 tains two pieces of Egyptian sculpture. The upper 
 most is a stele, or funeral tablet, of the sandstone of 
 Upper Egypt. It represents ‘‘Petamon, a distributor 
 of libations,” performing Oi pro scynema, or act of adora- 
 tion, to Osiris Pethempamenthes, Lord of Abydos. 
 Osiris, wearing the royal cap of Upper Egypt, is stand- 
 ing on a square base, and holding his usual emblems, 
 the hook and fiail or scourge. Before him is an altar, 
 on which stands a water-vase and the flower of a water- 
 plant. Petamon is in an attitude of adoration ; on his 
 arm hangs a bag, supposed to be a seed-bag, and, like 
 the hoe and flail, to have reference to the employment 
 of the deceased in the Elysian Fields. The hieroglyphics 
 at the base record a peace-offering made to Osiris, in- 
 cluding flesh of geese and oxen, linen, incense, and wax. 
 Over the heads of the figures is the winged disc of the 
 sun, and below it six columns of hieroglyphics, which 
 are an abridgment of the inscription at the base. 
 
 * Mr. Harcourt’s bust was set up in 1835, and has this inscription : — 
 GuUelmo Vernon Hare our t, S.E.S.,oh assidua in se merita Soc. Phil. Ehor. 
 Pos. A. D. MDCCCXXXin. 
 
 That of Dr. Beckwith is inscribed :—Stephano Beckivith^ M.D., oh egregriam 
 erga se munijicentiam Soc. Phil. Ehor. Pos. A. D. MDCCCXLV. 
 
182 
 
 In the lower part of this case are contained fragments 
 of sandstone, on which the names of the gods Osiris 
 Pethempamenthes, Ea (the solar disc) and Athom or 
 Atmoo are inscribed : but its original purpose cannot 
 be ascertained. — Col. Vernon Harcourt, 1830. 
 
 No. II. A stele of the limestone of Lower Egypt. 
 It consists of three compartments. In the uppermost, 
 the deceased, a royal scribe, performs a proscynema to 
 Osiris, who is seated, Isis and Nephthys standing behind 
 him. The deceased offers incense and pours a libation 
 to the god ; on the table before him are a cake and the 
 flower of a water-plant. 
 
 In the second compartment, the deceased appears 
 seated between his parents ; before them is a conven- 
 tional representation of trees, the emblem of Ammon- 
 Khem. His son and widow are making offerings, the 
 latter has the funeral cone on her head. 
 
 In the third compartment, the deceased and his wife 
 are seated together, receiving the homage of their child- 
 ren, a son and two daughters. A table before them has 
 on it a cake and flowers ; the son offers incense. This 
 sculpture is from Mr. Salt’s collection.^ — Mr. John R. 
 Mills, 1835. 
 
 No. III. On the floor is a cast, made by Mr. Joseph 
 Bonomi, of one of the great obelisks at Karnak, the 
 eastern part of Thebes, erected by Amense, sister to 
 Thothmes II., in the name of her husband Amenen- 
 thituot, whose shield is seen near the bottom. On the 
 apex or pyramidion Ammon Ea seated, places his hand, 
 as a sign of inauguration, on the head of the king. The 
 central line of hieroglyphics records that Amenenthituot 
 had erected two obelisks before the gate of Ammon.^' 
 The sculptures in the eight compartments besides the 
 central line represent the god Ammon Ea receiving 
 
 Bossellini Mon. Stor. 3, 1, 152. 
 
183 
 
 yarious offerings ; in the uppermost he is embracing the 
 sovereign. The other three sides of the obelisk are 
 covered with sculptures and inscriptions similar to this. 
 — George Goldie^ M.D. 
 
 No. IV. A block of granite 2 ft. high and broad, 
 with figures and Egyptian characters upon it, one of 
 the many slabs which lined the great Hall in the 
 Temple of Bast (Bubastis). This slab contains a 
 part of an inscription, together with a part of the 
 royal oval or cartouche of Rameses II., with the king’s 
 name in full. Some of the signs are broken away, but 
 those which remain show an invocation to the statue 
 of the god Set or Sutekh, in which he is invited ‘^to 
 rest upon the noble pedestal” which had been erected 
 in his honour. — Bought hy Suhscription^ through the Egypt- 
 ian Exploration Committee^ 1890. 
 
 No. V. A model of the celebrated obelisk called 
 Cleopatra’s Needle, formerly at Alexandria and removed 
 from thence to the Thames Embankment in London. — 
 Rev. M. A. Athinson^ 1887. 
 
 No. VI. Under glass is an Egyptian Mummy with 
 one of its cases, the other having been abandoned in the 
 Desert whilst it was being brought to Suez. It repre- 
 sents, as is believed, a priest of one of the temples. It 
 was brought from Thebes in 1839 and presented by Mr. 
 William Hatfield, of Thorparch, in 1840. In the same 
 Case are mummy-cloths, and mummies of a cat, an Ibis, 
 (given by Lord Claude Hamilton in 1841) ; and young 
 crocodiles. There are also three balsamaria of oriental 
 alabaster, a vase of the same substance with a cover in 
 the form of a human head, and a vase of serpentine, all 
 presented by Colonel Vernon Harcourt in 1837. 
 
 No. VII. A square Assyrian brick, 12 inches across 
 and 3 inches thick, found at Babylon or Borsippa (the 
 Birs Nimroud). In the centre of the brick is stamped 
 
 R 
 
184 
 
 an inscription in seven lines, of wliicli we give a trans- 
 lation : — Nebuchadnezzar ^ King of Babylon, restorer of E — 
 sagila, and E — zida, eldest son of Nobopolassor, King of 
 Babylon., — Mr. J. W. Barnes, of Durham, 1888. 
 
 No. VIII. A cast of an Assyrian tablet cut upon the 
 face of a rock on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, on 
 the south side of the mount of the Nahr-el-Kelb, near 
 Beyrout. It is one of ten ancient monuments sculptured 
 on the rock at different heights, and at various periods. 
 The most ancient are three Egyptian ; the next in 
 antiquity are five xlssyrian or Chaldaean, the highest 
 and most perfect of which is represented in this cast, 
 taken under the direction of Mr. Joseph Bonomi. It 
 exhi])its the figure of a man in the dress of the Eastern 
 nations, with a large beard curiously plaited, holding 
 in his right hand something like a fan, or, as Mr. Land- 
 seer supposes, a dove ; and in his left hand a stick, or 
 staff-sceptre. Nearly the whole of the background and 
 dress of the figure is covered with an inscription in 
 Assyrian cuneiform characters, in some places well pre- 
 served, but generally very indistinct. This tablet repre- 
 sents Esarhaddon, who invaded Egypt and Ethiopia in 
 B. 0. 673, and inscribed this rock on his return. — Mr. 
 Joseph Bonomi, 1837. 
 
 No. IX. A cast of the famous black obelisk from 
 Nimroud, discovered by Mr. Layard, and now in the 
 British Museum. — Rev. J. Kenrich, 1870. 
 
 No. X. A funereal monument in white marble from 
 North Italy. On the lid is carved a middle-aged woman 
 holding a vase, to which a chain is attached, in her 
 right hand. On the front of the monument, below the 
 figure, is a representation of a horseman spearing a 
 prostrate foe. The monument is 3 ft. 8 in. high, 2 ft. 
 3 in. broad. It was purchased originally at Eome by 
 
185 
 
 Mr. Edward Akroyd, of Bank Field, Halifax. — Mr, 
 William Atkinson ^ 1883. 
 
 No. XI. The mortar of the Infirmary of the Abbey 
 of St. Mary. It is of bell-metal, weighing seventy-six 
 pounds, and bears the following inscription : On the 
 upper rim, — 
 
 The lowers p®. 
 
 j®®|®. |g. 
 
 Of the history of this beautiful specimen of mediaeval 
 art, during nearly two centuries after the dissolution of 
 
 * Mortarium Sancti Johannis Evangelistae de Infirmaria Beatse Mariee 
 Ebor. Frater ‘Willelmus de Toutborp (a village near York) me fecit, A. 
 
 Mcccvin. 
 
186 
 
 the Abbey, nothing is known. The earliest notice we 
 have of it occurs in an anonymous letter to Gent, pub- 
 lished by him in his History of Hull, and dated 1734 ; 
 from which it appears that, after having been long in 
 the possession of the Fairfax family, it had passed into 
 the hands of Mr. Smith, a bell-founder in York, by 
 whom is had been sold to Mr. A. Addington, in the 
 custody of whose son, a confectioner (Drake says — 
 Eboracum, p. 583--a perfumer) in the Minster Yard, 
 it was seen by the writer of the letter. Gough, in the 
 translation of Camden’s Britannia, published in 1789, 
 says, (vol. hi. p. 66,) it was lately in the hands of an 
 apothecary at Selby ; after whose death'^all traces of it 
 were lost.” In the year 1811, it was discovered by Mr. 
 Eudder, a bell -founder at Birmingham, amidst a large 
 quantity of old metal, which he had probably purchased 
 from York or the neighbourhood. Unwilling to commit 
 so beautiful a relic to the furnace, he put it aside year 
 after year, and finally presented it to his antiquarian 
 friend Mr. Blount, an eminent surgeon in Birmingham. 
 After his death it was sold by auction, in the year 1835, 
 and purchased at a considerable price by Mr. S Kenrick, 
 who restored it to its proper place among the remains 
 of the religious establishment to which it originally 
 belonged. 
 
 The stand is formed"^' of oak, taken from the roof of 
 the North Transept of the Minster, when undergoing 
 repair, after a pattern in one of the centre bosses of the 
 vaulting of the Nave, representing the Annunciation, 
 destroyed in the last fire.f The vaulting of the North 
 Transept, and the carving of the boss, were nearly 
 coeval with the casting of the mortar. 
 
 * By the direction and at the expense of the Eev. C. Wellbeloved. 
 
 t See Browne’s History of the Metropolitan Ch. of St. Peter, York, plate 
 xcvi. 
 
187 
 
 No. XII. A large, iron-bound box, 4 ft. 7 in. long 
 and 16 in. bigh, with very curious internal arrange- 
 ments for the lock, and much elaborate ornamentation. 
 From Sheriff-Hutton Park, near York. — Pur chased j 
 1879. 
 
 No. XIII. Another box from the same place, similar 
 in shape to those which are said to have been treasure- 
 chests. It is 28 in. long and 8 in. in depth, and the lid 
 is covered with fine iron scroll work which is not later 
 in date than the 15th century. It was found buried 
 under the litter in the stable. — Purchased^ 1879. 
 
 No. XIV. A small iron box 10 in. high and 17 in. 
 broad, strongly plated with iron and made in the 16th 
 century. — Purchased in York, 1885. 
 
 No. XY. A large bell, 3 ft. 4 in. high^ bearing the 
 following inscriptions in two lines : — Repent least ye 
 perish, w.c. m.h. m.w. — Churchwardens. This bell was 
 hung in the old church of St. Crux, in Pavement. It 
 is cracked and damaged in several places and was 
 probably broken when the tower of the church fell circa 
 1695, since which time it cannot have been rung. — 
 Deposited hy the Rector and Churchwardens of St. Crux, 
 1888. 
 
 No. XYI. A small bell, 12 in. high, with its cross- 
 bar, and the following curious inscription in German : — 
 Ic hin gegoten int iaer ons heeren mcccccxxiii, i.e., I was 
 made in the year of our Lord 1523. Dated bells are of 
 very rare occurrence. This was probably bought by 
 the parish of St. Crux to supply the place of their old, 
 broken bell. — Deposited hy the Rector and Churchwardens 
 of St. Crux, 1888. 
 
 No. XVII. A small bell about 10 in. high, with its 
 wooden cross-beam, from Laxton, near Howden. Made 
 in the 15th or 16th century. — Purchased, 1889. 
 
188 
 
 On the right-hand side are some Roman sculptures 
 which have been already described among the contents 
 of the Lower Room in the Hospitium, to which the 
 visitor must refer. They consist of the fine statue 
 attributed to Mars, but which Mr. W. T. Watkin con- 
 ceives may represent Britannia, (No. 12, in the Cata- 
 logue) ; the sarcophagus of Julia Rortunata (No. 44); 
 the Mithraic sculpture (No. 19) ; the .figure of Eternity 
 (No. 1) ; the monument of JElia JEliana (No. 45) ; and 
 altars to Mars (No. 11); the Matres Domesticse (No. 
 15); and the Deus Vetus (No. 24). On a ledge are 
 small altars dedicated to Fortune (No. 4) ; the Deae 
 Matres (No. 16) ; and another inscription to the Deus 
 Vetus (No. 23). 
 
 In the Theatre. The Case on the right hand con- 
 tains some portions of plate and chain armour, swords, 
 and other weapons, &c. Here also are deposited the 
 singular fetters which were formerly exhibited at York 
 Castle, consisting of those worn by Nevison and Dick 
 Turpin, the famous Highwaymen ; a set found in the 
 Castle Moat on the legs of a skeleton, discovered in 
 1773, and supposed to be a prisoner of the name of 
 William Thompson, who had been missing for twenty 
 years ; also a sample of the fetters which, until the 
 beginning of this century, were placed upon every 
 criminal committed to gaol, the weight of the shackles 
 corresponding to the heinousness of the offence charged 
 against him. The branding iron is also here, and the 
 thumb screw as well. In a corner is one of those 
 murderous weapons, a spring-gun, bought in 1881, 
 from Knaresbrough ; and appended to the side of the 
 Case is a brank, the old punishment for scolding women, 
 given by Lady Mary Thompson, late of Sheriff-Hutton 
 Park, in 1880. 
 
189 
 
 Tlie Case on the left hand of the door is filled with a 
 collection of pottery, &c., from Cyprus and Crete, 
 deposited for exhibition by Mr. T. B. Sandwith, C.B., 
 Her Majesty’s Consul in Crete. 
 
 Fixed upon two shields, and fastened to the wall on 
 each side of the door is a collection of arms formed by 
 Mr. G. A. Eobinson, of Eeeth, and presented by his 
 widow and son, in 1882. 
 
 The three tapestry maps upon the walls of the Theatre, 
 formerly helped to line the Hall at Weston, in War- 
 wickshire, the seat of W. Sheldon, Esq., who introduced 
 tapestry weaving into England, of which these maps, 
 executed in 1579, are the first specimens. They con- 
 tain a section of the centre of the kingdom, including 
 Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcester- 
 shire, Warwickshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and 
 part of Berkshire. They were purchased by the Earl 
 of Orford, (Horace Walpole,) and were given by him to 
 Earl Harcourt."^' On his death they came into the pos- 
 session of Archbishop Vernon Harcourt, by whom they 
 were presented to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, 
 in the year 1827. 
 
 The Coins in the possession of the Society are placed 
 in the Council Eoom. Shortly after the establishment 
 of the Society, a collection of about 1200 Eoman and 
 English coins was bought by subscription from 
 Mr. Henwood, of York, for the sum of £210. A 
 considerable number were added by the purchase of 
 Mr. Hargrove’s collection, and other purchases have 
 been occasionally made of coins found in York or 
 the neighbourhood. The Collection, however, has not 
 been made in a systematic way and has been too 
 dependent upon donations. Of late years it has been 
 
 * See Nichols’s Literary Anecdotes, vol. viii. 2nd Series, p. 686. Several 
 others of the same series are in the Bodleian library. 
 
190 
 
 greatly improved by the addition of many fine and rare 
 coins, and by the substitution of good for inferior 
 specimens. The Roman series is a large one, and in- 
 cludes two fine sets of denarii^ found at York in 1840, 
 and at Boston Spa in 1848 ; together with 1500 copper 
 coins found at Methall, near Wartre, E.R.Y., and pre- 
 sented by Lord Londesborough, in 1856. The most 
 extensive and complete portion of the collection is a 
 series of stycas, the copper coins of the Northumbrian 
 kings in the 8th and 9th centuries, consisting of about 
 4000 of the hoard found in St. Leonard’s Place, York, 
 in 1 842, and of about 2,000 of that which was discovered 
 near Bolton Percy, in 1847,"^' with the whole of a 
 smaller set found under the Fine Art Exhibition, in 
 1879. In the English series there are many fine coins, 
 especially a large number of silver pennies of Edward 
 the Confessor and William the Conqueror, found in 
 York, in 1882, and a number of coins of Ethelred II. 
 and Canute, found in Sweden and acquired in exchange. 
 In the later English series there are many valuable 
 coins, but the collection is very far from being perfect. 
 
 The Society possesses a considerable number of 
 modern foreign coins, in silver and copper ; tradesmen’s 
 tokens; jettons and Nuremberg counters; medals, 
 foreign and English ; and numerous impressions of 
 seals, in plaster, sulphur, and wax. 
 
 This portion of the Museum is necessarily kept under 
 lock and key ; but it may be inspected by any member 
 of the Society, or any visitor introduced by a member, 
 on application to the Curator of the Antiquities. 
 
 The Staircase. 
 
 On the wall, as you pass towards the Ethnological 
 Room, are several portraits, the majority of which have 
 
 * The remainder of the coins in this find was purchased for Mr. Thomas 
 Bateman, the Derbyshire collector, by Mr. Robert Cooke. 
 
191 
 
 been recently removed from the Entrance Hall to escape 
 the damaging effect of the light and dust. At the foot 
 of the staircase are the portraits of three York 
 musicians : those of Dr. Camidge, the organist of the 
 Minster, in crayons, and Samuel Knapton, were placed 
 here on the dissolution of the York Musical Society, in 
 1872 ; whilst that of Philip Knapton (son of Samuel), was 
 given by his daughter in 1877. As you climb the stairs 
 you see a cluster of portraits, all representing men of 
 note in the antiquarian world, or gratefully remembered 
 by the Society. The series begins with a small, indifferent 
 picture of Francis Drake, the historian of York, pre- 
 sented by Mr. Pichard Poundell, in 1830 ; next in 
 sequence comes Thomas Beckwith, F.S.A., painter and 
 antiquary, delineated by himself ; after him is a like- 
 ness of John Phillips, F.P.S., the first keeper of the 
 Museum, presented by Mr. P. Davies, in 1874; next, 
 we have James Atkinson, one of the founders of the 
 Society, painted by Etty, and presented in 1857, by his 
 daughter. Lady Chatterton ; another specimen of Etty’s 
 skill is near, in the faithful likeness of John Brook, 
 attorney-at-law, which belonged to the York Musical 
 Society ; there is also a likeness of one of the earliest 
 members of the Society, Jonah Wass, M.D., of Moat 
 Hall, near York, presented by his widow, in 1889; then 
 follow two distinguished scholars to whom the Society 
 is greatly indebted ; Charles Wellbeloved, curator of 
 antiquities from 1823 to 1858; and John Kenrick, his 
 learned son-in-law, who took up his relative’s post, and 
 died in 1877 at the great age of 89. Mr. Wellbeloved’s 
 likeness is by Lonsdale, and was presented in 1859 ; the 
 painter of Mr. Kenrick’ s portrait was George Patten. 
 It came to the Society in 1880, through the bequest of 
 his widow. After these comes the likeness of Mr. 
 William Peed, whose generosity has made the Geological 
 
192 
 
 Department of the Society famous throughout Europe. 
 The picture was painted in 1882 by Mr. George Walton, 
 of Newcastle-on-Tyne. In the Council room is a fine 
 bust in lead, of Thomas, Lord Fairfax, which was 
 acquired by the Society by purchase in 1879. It had 
 been long preserved in the family of Thompson, at 
 Sheriff-Hutton Park, having probably belonged to the 
 Ingrams, the earlier possessors of that estate, who were 
 connected by marriage with the great^ Parliamentary 
 General. 
 
193 
 
 V. 
 
 THE ETHNOLOGICAL EOOM IN THE 
 MUSEUM. 
 
 The visitor, turning to the left hand out of the 
 Entrance Hall, and ascending the stairs, will find him- 
 self in a large apartment filled with interesting objects. 
 
 This room contains, as the name Ethnological partly 
 betokens, a large and varied gathering of curiosities 
 illustrative of the life and manners of foreign countries, 
 which are not catalogued here, although they are pro- 
 perly labelled and arranged. The room also contains 
 the Palaeolithic, British, and Anglian curiosities which 
 the Society possesses, together with a very large gather- 
 ing of objects connected with English life down to a 
 comparatively recent period. 
 
 The objects in fiint and stone are to a large extent 
 the collection of Mr. Monkman, purchased in 1879, and 
 the George Pobinson Museum, with numerous additions 
 from other sources. 
 
 The periods of time in which the earliest inhabitants 
 of this country lived are known as (i) the Stone, (ii) 
 the Bronze, and (iii) the Iron Age. The Stone age is 
 sub-divided into the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic 
 periods. We shall attempt to describe these in some- 
 thing like a chronological sequence, but it is not exact. 
 
 Case A. 
 
 Palaeolithic. — These are the earliest implements 
 that can be traced to the use of man. They have been 
 found largely in certain parts of France and in several 
 places in England. The Society has a few of them, 
 
194 
 
 chiefly collected by tbe Eev. Wm. Greenwell. They 
 are a part of tbe Monkman Collection. 
 
 I. A. Blank. 
 
 II. A. Implements from tbe drift gravel of Suffolk, 
 found at Sbrub-bill, Mildenball, and Brandon. Collect- 
 ed chiefly by Eev. W. Greenwell. 
 
 III. A. Implements from Icklingbam, Warren Hill, 
 Santon-Downbam, etc., co. Suffolk. Collected by Eev. 
 W. Greenwell. 
 
 IV. A. a. A small set of casts of implements of 
 carved bone discovered in tbe Dordogne caves, repre- 
 senting, inter alia, tbe deer and tbe mammoth. — The 
 Trustees of the Christy Collection, 1867. h. A few flints 
 and bones from tbe same source. 
 
 Y. a. Implements from the Drift gravel in tbe 
 valleys of the Somme and Seine. — M. Boucher de Perthes, 
 1860, and John Means, F.S.A., 1881. 
 
 h. Implements from Elenu, Belgium. — Mr. James 
 Backhouse, 1879. 
 
 VI. A. Numerous cores from Spiennes, etc., Bel- 
 gium. — The Robinson Collection, 1882, and Mr. James 
 Backhouse, 1879. 
 
 VII. A. Cores and flakes of yellow flint from 
 Pressigny, Prance. — Mr. John Evans, 1865, and The 
 Robinson Collection, 1882. 
 
 Neolithic. — VIII., IX. A. A large number of flint 
 and stone implements from America."^' Among these 
 are some exquisitively cut flints from tbe Columbia 
 Eiver, and tbe islands off South California, presented 
 in 1885 and 1887 by Mr. T. W. IJ. Eobinson and 
 Major Barstow. There are also some flne flints from 
 Merian County, Ohio, purchased in 1889 from Mr. John 
 Holmes, of Leeds. 
 
 * Some of these were given by Mr. Joseph Clark, of Cincinnati, in 1851, and 
 others came in the Robinson Collection in 1882. 
 
195 
 
 X. A. Axes from Germany (Robinson Collection^ 
 1882^; Java; ’FvdniGQ (Tempest Anderson^ M.D., 1888^; 
 Australia W. P, Cobh, 1875^; and New Zealand. 
 Among these are some fine instruments in jade, and the 
 official staff of a chief. 
 
 XI. A. A very fine collection of objects from 
 Mexico, chiefly in obsidian and flint : A necklace of 
 beads; objects in pottery, etc. — Mr, James Backhouse j 
 1879, etc. 
 
 XII. — XIV. A. A fair, typical collection of axes, 
 knives, spears, etc., from Sweden and Denmark, includ- 
 ing some very fine specimens. The best of them were 
 given in 1888 by Mr. T. W. U. Eobinson, a kind friend 
 of the Society, shortly before his death. 
 
 Case B. 
 
 Neolithic. — This case contains a very large collec- 
 tion of flint and stone implements and weapons used by 
 the ancient tribes who inhabited these islands, prior to 
 the use of bronze and iron. 
 
 I — XV. B. hold the Irish collection acquired in 1882 
 and called the George Eobinson collection. Enumera- 
 tion or description to any extent is impossible. Addi- 
 tions have been made, especially by Mr. T. W. U. 
 Eobinson, who gave the finest of the arrow heads from 
 Antrim in 1884. 
 
 XVI. — XXX. B. A very large collection of axes, 
 adzes, axe-hammers, pounders, knives, arrow-heads, 
 scrapers, etc., etc., almost entirely from Yorkshire, and 
 chiefly from the Wolds. It is made up of a gift from 
 Mr. Barugh f in 1869, the collection of Mr. Charles 
 Monkman, of Malton, which was purchased in 1875 ; a 
 
 * others were given by the Curator in 1875. The best of the flint spear- 
 heads, etc., came in the George Eobinson Collection in 1882. 
 t They were found near Bridlington. 
 
 S 
 
196 
 
 number of axes and axe-bammers from the Greoro^e 
 Bobinson Collection, and many Hints bought from Mr. 
 S. Chadwick in 1884, in addition to those which have 
 reached the Museum from time to time. With very 
 few exceptions (a few from Sussex and Suffolk) the 
 smaller objects come from the Yorkshire Wolds; the 
 larger have the localities marked on them in which they 
 were found. 
 
 Among these may be observed part of a small hoard 
 of flint and stone axes and knives found in 1868 near 
 the gas works of the N. E. Bailway at York, some of 
 which were given by Mr. E. Allen in 1870."^' A grind- 
 ing stone from an ancient dwelling in the face of 
 Willan’s Leap above Bichmond, 12^ in. long by 6J in.; 
 and a splendid axe from Marrick in Swaledale (G. 
 Bobinson’ s collection), worked to an edge throughout, 
 10 in. long and 3 J in. broad at the cutting edge. The 
 perforated axes are flne, especially one from Lancashire, 
 which is 12 in. long. There is also a very flne round 
 flint knife, with a cutting edge all round, from Catton, 
 nearly 4 in. in diameter. 
 
 In the drawers of Case L in the Hospitium are pre- 
 served some admirable counterfeits of these implements 
 made by a worthy who acquired the name of Elint 
 Jack, given by Mr. Buddock, of Whitby, in 1857, and 
 by Mr. T. M. Kendall, of Pickering. Others came in 
 the Monkman Collection. A still more skilful fabricator 
 of these implements now lives at Hunmanby. 
 
 Coffins and Skulls. — On the floor of the case, below, 
 are four coffins of wood, formed by splitting the trunks 
 of oaks longitudinally, and very rudely shaped. They 
 are of the Anglian, or Anglo-Saxon period, and were 
 used by persons in a humble position of life. 
 
 * cf. Journal of the Yks. Archoeological Assn., i. pp. 47-51. 
 
197 
 
 i. This was found in excavating for the foundation 
 of Salem Chapel, in St. Saviourgate, and seems to have 
 contained the body of a fisherman or boatman, a portion 
 of a paddle having been found in the coffin, where it 
 still remains. The coffin appears to have been fastened 
 together by wooden pegs. The bottom of the coffin was 
 in great decay, and was replaced by another more per- 
 fect found in Parliament Street .^' — The Hargrove Collec- 
 tion, 1846. 
 
 ii. A coffin of a similar character, but more rude, 
 enclosing the skeleton of a female, and found in the 
 Church Hill, Selby, not far from the Ouse, some eight 
 feet below the present surface, with many others. The 
 coloured beads represented in the drawing were dis- 
 covered in it.f On the summit of the skull is a small 
 round hole, apparently drilled, which has not up to this 
 time been satisfactorily explained. The same thing has 
 been observed in a Eoman skull, discovered during the 
 recent Pailway Excavations. — Mr. C. T. Newstead, 1861. 
 
 iii. iv. Two similar coffins found with many others 
 at the same place in 1876. A long account of this find 
 is given in the Peport of the Society for that year. At 
 the head of one of these coffins was found a stout head 
 post of oak, which stands in the Case as it was found. 
 In both of these coffins rods and branches of hazel 
 were discovered, some fragments of whi(3h are exhibited. 
 They were probably intended to serve as charms. The 
 skull taken out of this coffin is on a bracket upon the 
 wall above it. — Messrs. Morrell.^ Atkinson, ayid Woods, 
 1876. 
 
 * In November, 1878, several roughly shaped coffins of oak were found in 
 Parliament Street, under the shop of Messrs. Makins and Bean, some twelve 
 feet below the level of the street. They were broken up by the workmen, and 
 only a single skull was brought to the Museum. There has been no cemetery 
 in this place during historic times. 
 
 t These were unfortunately destroyed. They 'were given to a child who 
 ground them down upon the kitchen floor. 
 
198 
 
 On brackets, appended to the wall, are several skulls. 
 
 i. Two skulls from tumuli at Danes’ Dale — The 
 York Antiquarian Cluh^ 1851. 
 
 ii. A skull taken out of a hollowed tree under 
 Messrs. Makin’s and Bean’s shop in Parliament Street. 
 — Messrs, Mahins and Bean, 1878. 
 
 hi. Five skulls found under the large new gasometer 
 near Monkbridge, in sand, at the depth of twenty feet. 
 — The Directors of the Gas Company, 1881. 
 
 iv. A skull taken out of a wooden cofiS.n at Selby. — 
 Mr. C. T Newstead, 1861. 
 
 V. Two skulls, of a man and a girl, found in 
 Aldwark under Mr. Hunt’s brewery at the depth of 
 about fourteen feet. — Mr. A. Phillips, 1890. 
 
 On the top of the Case is an ancient British canoe, 
 dug up in 1838, from the bed of the Calder, at Stanley 
 Ferry, near Wakefield. It was found at the depth of 
 18ft. Gin. below the present surface of the ground, 
 and about 6 feet below the ordinary bed of the river. 
 Its dimensions were about 1 7 ft. 9 in. in length, and, 
 in its widest part, 3 ft, 10 in., inward measure. It is 
 formed ^entirely out of one tree, and without any 
 appearance^of iron about it."^' Many large oak trees, 
 quite black and sound, were found near it. — Mr. George 
 Bankes, 1840. 
 
 Case C. 
 
 British Pottery. — A small collection of British pot- 
 tery. The British urns are of rude workmanship, being 
 formed by the hand, without the aid of wheel or lathe ; 
 and being merely sun-baked or slightly reddened by 
 fire on the outside, are very fragile. They are chiefiy 
 found in barrows, and are generally divided into ciner- 
 ary urns, food vessels, drinking and incense (?) cups. 
 
 * There is a notice of it, with a cut, in Bowman’s Reliquiae Ebor., p. 40'. c/. 
 Arch, xxvi., 257, &c., for an account of a similar canoe found at North Stoke. 
 
199 
 
 I. C. a. A large cinerary urn, 19 in. higli and 14^ 
 in diameter, ornamented with lines and cord marks in- 
 side as well as outside. No finer urn has been found 
 in Yorkshire. It was found in the centre of a barrow 
 at Bishop-Burton, near Beverley, about two feet below 
 the surface of the adjoining ground, with the mouth 
 upwards, and filled with earth above the ashes. — Dr, 
 Hull^ of Beverley,, 1827.^' 
 
 h. A large cinerary urn, 14|-in. high by 13 in 
 diameter, the upper part of which is ornamented with 
 plain crossed lines. It was found on Acklam Wold in 
 a barrow (^No. 7) excavated by the Yorkshire Anti- 
 quarian Club in 1849. — The Torhshire Antiquarian Club,, 
 1849.t 
 
 c, A cinerary urn, 14 in. high by 13 in. diameter, 
 with overhanging rim, ornamented with perpendicular 
 and horizontal lines alternating, and perpendicular lines 
 below the rim. From Acklam Wold. — The Yorkshire 
 Antiquarian Club, 1849. 
 
 d, A cinerary urn, 131 in. high broad, with 
 
 overhanging rim ornamented with a lozengy pattern 
 and straight lines below. Found at Hutton Cranswick 
 with two small cups and a wolf’s tooth. See under w 
 — The same,, 1849. 
 
 e, f. g. Two cinerary urns, with fragments of a third, 
 found on Egton Moor near Whitby. One is 1 3 J in. 
 high and 11^ wide, with overhanging rim, ornamented 
 with horizontal and perpendicular dotted lines alter- 
 nating. Another is 11 Jin. high by 9J, with a double 
 
 * cf . Poulson’s Beverlac, 475, where the nm is figured. It is very similar to 
 an nm found at Trentham and engraved in Jewitt’s Ceramic Art, p. 3: 
 
 t The works carried out by this Society are described in “a Selection from 
 Papers on the Antiquities of Yorkshire,” published by the Philosophical Society 
 in 1855. The original Minute Book of the Antiquarian Society in the hand- 
 writing of Dr. Proctor, the Secretary, and illustrated with drawings, is pre- 
 served in the Museum, cf. Journal of Arch. Assn., v. 369-70. 
 
200 
 
 groove around it, as if made by an impressed cord. — 
 Mr. T. W. JJ. Robinson^ of Hardwick Hall^ co. Durham ^ 
 1885. 
 
 h. A fine cinerary urn, 9;^ in. high by 7f broad, 
 witb rim ornamented with lines and a lozengy pattern, 
 and with two ribs below. It was found at Darley Dale, 
 CO. Derby, and is figured in Jewitt’s Ceramic Art, p. 4 
 (No. 8). — Purchased at Derby., 1883. 
 
 A plain, very rude cinerary urn found near Lin- 
 coln, 94 in. high by 84 . — Purchased at Derby, 1883. 
 
 j. Part of the rim of an ornamented cinerary urn, 
 found in a barrow at Ampleforth. See v. — Yorkshire 
 Antiquarian Club, 1849. 
 
 k. Part of the rim of a fine cinerary urn, found with 
 six or seven others near the Pailway at Cross-hills, W. 
 P. Y., in 1847. One was saved and is at Eshton Hall. 
 Mr. H. Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 l. Portions of the rims of two cinerary urns, with a 
 flint arrow head, found on Baildon Common,^' where 
 several barrows were opened by Mr. Hailstone. — Mr. 
 E. Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 m. A very handsome drinking cup found during the 
 Pailway Excavations at York in 1840. It is 7 in. high 
 by 5 J in. wide, and is covered with thirteen rows of 
 ornamentation, consisting of short perpendicular lines 
 and chevrons. — The Directors of the N. E. Railway Com- 
 jyany, 1840. 
 
 n. A food-vessel from Acklam Wold ornamented 
 with a series of punctured strokes, perpendicular and 
 horizontal, terminating in a chevrony pattern. With it 
 was found a fine perforated pin of bone, 9 in. long, 
 which is exhibited below. The skull on the floor of the 
 
 * See Archseologia xxxi, 299, and Bo’wman’s Eeliquise Antiquse Ebor., with 
 cuts, p. 89. 
 
201 
 
 case came out of the same barrow (No. 1). — The Yorh- 
 shire Antiquarian Cluh^ 1849. 
 
 0 , A food-vessel from another barrow (No. 4) on 
 Acklam Wold, 3|^in. high by 4 Jin. It is covered all 
 over with a pretty chevrony pattern, which is also on 
 the inner rim. — The same donors^ 1849. 
 
 Another food-vessel, 5 in. high by 6J, with the 
 shoulder prettily ornamented with dots. It was pro- 
 bably discovered by the Yorks. Antiqr. Club, but where 
 I cannot say. 
 
 q. A food-vessel from Aldrow, 6 Jin. high by 7 in., 
 rudely ornamented with punctured dots or holes. — 
 Yorkshire Antiquarian Cluh, 1849. 
 
 r. A food-vessel, in. high by 6 J, ornamented with 
 two rows of chevrons. It was found in a barrow at 
 Higgs near Thixendale. — Mr. G. M. Seymour^ 1844. 
 
 s. A small urn, probably a food vessel, 4 in. high 
 and 4 J in. in diameter, found near Beverley. It is quite 
 plain, with the exception of some rude marks near the 
 edge. — Bought at Beverley, 1881. 
 
 t. A very pretty food-vessel, 3Jin. by 5, with four 
 little miniature handles and a chevrony pattern all over. 
 By the side of it is a stone axe, 4 J in. long, with fine 
 curves, which was found with it in a cist at Welham, 
 near Malton, about 1855. 
 
 u. A very remarkable, cup-shaped vessel with a wide 
 handle, found at Danes Graves, near DrifiB.eld. It is 
 4Jin. high and the bowl is 3 in wide. In the Journal 
 of the S. A. Scotland for 1887-8, p. 81, it is called a 
 clay lamp, but there is no evidence in the vessel itself 
 of its having been used for that purpose. — Mr. Thos. 
 Smith, Huntington Hall, 1825. 
 
 V. Three small vessels, sometimes called incense 
 cups, found in a ban’ow at Ampleforth, all of them very 
 rude. i. A small round cup, IJin. high by 3J. ii. 
 
202 
 
 Another with two small handles, 2^ in. high and 21- 
 wide. iii. A third, 2 in. high by 2^ wide. In this 
 barrow were the fragments of a large urn (y). 
 
 w, A small round cup, 2 in. high by 2|-, found in a 
 barrow at Hutton Oranswick,"^' with (ii) a tiny cup, 
 high by 1:^; and (iii) a wolf’s tooth pierced, which is 
 exhibited. In the same barrow was found the large 
 urn (d). 
 
 X. Two so-called hand-bricks, from Jersey, 4 in. long. 
 — Captain LulciSy 1881. 
 
 Bronze Implements. — The bronze age, in point of 
 sequence, follows the stone, although at what period it 
 is impossible to say. Civilization, which is quick in 
 one district, lingers in another, and the use of stone 
 and bronze must have gone on together in many places 
 for a considerable time. The reader, for further 
 information, must consult Dr. Evans’ learned work on 
 the Bronze Implements of England and Ireland. The 
 Society possesses a small collection of these implements, 
 of which I give a brief description.! 
 
 II. C. English Bronze, etc. — i. A bronze sword 
 21^ in. long, without point or end. It is in three pieces, 
 and seems to be made up of parts of two swords. A 
 leaf-shaped sword 19|-in. long, in three pieces, joined 
 together. It has five rivet-holes. Part of a rapier- 
 shaped sword nearly 1 5 in. long. A leaf-shaped dagger 
 
 * cf. Bowman’s Reliquise Antiquae Ebor. 38. 
 
 t The following extracts from the Liber Donorum show how the advent of 
 these curiosities was recorded. 1823, a celt from the Isle of Axholme, pre- 
 sented by Rev. J. Graham ; 1823, a celt found at Stittenham, presented by 
 Mr. R. Tuke ; 1827, a celt, presented by Lieut. -General Sharpe ; 1830, a celt 
 from Rudgate, presented by R. Brogden, Esq. ; 1838, an antique spear-head, 
 found near Whitstone Cliff, presented by C. H. Elsley, Esq. ; 1844, a celt, 
 presented by Dowager Duchess of Leeds ; 1847, five celts presented by Mr. 
 Whincopp. 
 
203 
 
 blade 13 in. long. These four were found in Holderness. 
 — The Monhman Collection , 1875. 
 
 ii. Part of a bronze sword with a fine patina^ with 
 four rivet-holes and three rivets. It is 12 in. long. — 
 Bev. R, Croft, 1824. 
 
 A spear-head, with loops 12^ in. long. The blade 
 swells out in the middle and runs to a fine point. 
 
 hi. Two spear-heads, each 7^ in. long, both, prob- 
 ably, found in Yorkshire. 
 
 iv. A fine dagger, 7^ in. long, with midrib and 
 double lines on each side of it near the edge. It . has 
 three rivet-holes ^and two rivets in them. Probably 
 from Yorkshire. 
 
 V. A knife or dagger, shaped like a rapier, 6 in. long. 
 
 vi. A looped spear-head, 6 in. long, found at Helms- 
 ley Blackmoor. — Bur chased, 1888. 
 
 vii. A looped spear-head, 8 in. long, with no point, 
 and otherwise damaged, said to have been found in 
 Heslington Field, near York, 1889. — Purchased, 1889. 
 
 viii. A tanged chisel, 7 in. long and 1 in. at the 
 edge. Another, 5^ in. long and l^in. at the cutting 
 edge, with stop, and a round hole perforated above the 
 stop. A gouge, 4 in. long, and very narrow,^ going to 
 a sharp point at the but. It has been hafted. Another 
 gouge, 3:^ in. long, the groove 2f in. in length. A third 
 gouge, 2J^ in. long and If in. wide, with a groove 2 in. 
 long. All these curious instruments are from Lincoln- 
 shire.^ 
 
 ix. A roundlet, 2 in. in diameter, with a small 
 handle on one side, resembling the lid of a pot. Found 
 at Middleton on the Wolds in 1859. — Purchased at 
 Beverley, 1884. 
 
 X. A bronze ring, nearly 3 in. in diameter, found at 
 Baldersby. — Mr, Broadwith, Haxhy Road, 1881. 
 
 • See account of them by Mr. Wellbeloved in Journal Arch. Inst., vi., 408. 
 
204 
 
 Two looped palstaves, each about 7iin. long, each 
 with some metal at the edge which has escaped from 
 the mould. Found at Silsden, near Keighley. — Hr. JE. 
 Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 xi. Two looped palstaves, 6 and 5^ in. long, found 
 near Hunslet with seven others, and a socketed celt, in 
 1881. One of these is in the Collection of John Evans, 
 F.S.A., and the rest are in the Corporation Museum at 
 Leeds. — Mr. John Holmes, 1881. 
 
 xii. Another looped palstave, 5^m. long, found in 
 a quarry at Westercroft, near Halifax. — Mr. JE. Hail- 
 stone, 1882. 
 
 xiii. Another, 5|-in. long, from the North Hiding 
 of Yorkshire. — The Robinson Collection, 1882. 
 
 xiv. A winged celt, 6 in. long, found at Gilberdyke. 
 
 XV. Another, 4 J in. long. 
 
 xvi. Another, 4 in. long and 2 in. across the cutting 
 edge, found at Baldersby. — Mr. Broadwith, Haxby 
 Road, 1881. 
 
 xvii. Another, Gin. long. — Mr. JE. Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 xviii. Another, in very fine condition, 5|^in. long 
 
 and 2 Jin. across the cutting edge, found near Carlisle. 
 — Purchased, 1882. 
 
 xix. A palstave, without loop, GJ-in. long, with a 
 midrib down the blade, 2fin. across edge. From 
 N. H. Yorkshire. — The Robinson Collection, 1882. 
 
 XX. Another, 6 ^ in. long, found under the city wall 
 at Lincoln. — Mr. JE, Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 xxi. Another, GJ- in. long and 2 J- in. across edge, 
 found in York.— Purchased of Mr. R. Smith, 188G. 
 
 xxii. A flat celt, 5J-in. long and 4 in. across cutting 
 edge, found in York. — Purchased of Mr, S. Chadwick, 
 1884. 
 
 xxiii. Twelve socketed celts, and three in pieces, 
 three gouges, and bit of waste metal, from a large 
 
205 
 
 hoard found at Westow, near Malton. The Society 
 also possesses some casts of other implements found at 
 the same time."^' — Purchased in 1845. 
 
 xxiv. — A plain socketed celt, 3 in. long, found on the 
 Mount, York, in 1872. — Purchased, 
 
 xxiv. a. Another, 3 Jin. long, from Pickering Carr. 
 — Purchased^ 1881. 
 
 XXV. Another, 3f in. long, with cable pattern around 
 the edge, found at Baldersby. — Mr. Broadwith, Haxhy 
 Road^ 1881. 
 
 xxvi. Another, 3 Jin. long, with three lines down 
 the face, found with a hoard at Middleton on the Wolds 
 in 1859. — Purchased at Beverley^ 1880. 
 
 xxvii. Another, 3f in. long, found at York. — Pur- 
 chased^ 1884. 
 
 xxviii. A large, very fine celt, 4J in. long, with lines 
 ending in circles, found near Leeds in 1887. — Pur chased y 
 1887. 
 
 xxix. Another, very similar to the last, found at 
 Biggs on the Wolds. — Mr. J. BucMcy 1853. 
 
 XXX. Three small socketed celts, damaged, found at 
 Crowle, in Lincolnshire, in 1822, about 3Jin. long. — 
 Mr. PJ. Hailstone y 1882. 
 
 xxxi. A plain celt, 4 in. long. — The same donor^ 1882. 
 
 xxxii. A celt, 4 in. long, with four lines down the 
 face. 
 
 xxxiii. Five other celts, unknown as to locality. 
 
 xxxiv. A ribbed celt from Portland, given by Mr. 
 T. W. Eobinson in 1879. 
 
 XXXV. Another from Auvergne, 5 in. long. — Pur- 
 chased, 1880. 
 
 * cf. Journal Arch. Inst, vi., 363, 381, 408. Journal Arch. Assn, iii., 58. 
 Mr. Greenwell has several celts from this find which belonged to Dr. Murray, 
 of Scarbro*. 
 
206 
 
 XXX vi. A third, from Brittany, 4fin. long, from 
 Mr. E. Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 xxxvii. A pair of armlets, each 2| in. in diameter. 
 One is plain ; the other has four knobs or shoulders in 
 it. They have probably been found in Yorkshire. 
 
 Irish Broxze. — The whole of the objects in this Case, 
 unless otherwise stated, came to the Society with the 
 Collection of Mr. G. A. Robinson, of Reeth, as men- 
 tioned in the Preface. They were purchased by him at 
 Edinburgh in 1877. A few things of a later date are 
 exhibited with them. The best account of Irish Bronze 
 Implements is to be found in Dr. Evans’ work and in 
 Wilde’s Catalogue of the Museum of the Irish Academy. 
 The chief objects in this Collection are as follows : — 
 
 III. C. a. A fine caldron, 16fin. high, 2 ft. in 
 diameter, and more than 6 ft. in circumference. It is 
 made of thin sheets of hammered bronze fastened 
 together by rivets. The rim is fluted, supported by 
 four buckle-shaped stays or props. It has two ring- 
 handles, 5^ in. in diameter .^' — Exhibited on the top of 
 Case B, 
 
 b. A large bucket-shaped caldron, 18 in. high, 17 in. 
 wide at the top and 9 in. at the bottom. The shoulder 
 is ornamented with twelve rows of dotted lines, of two 
 sizes, ending with a demi-lozenge, or Vandyke, pattern, 
 ornamented with small punched dots. The rim has two 
 stout handles fastened to it, SJ in. in diameter. f — On 
 the top of Case B. 
 
 c. A very fine trumpet, found in the parish of 
 Kelraughts. It is in the form of a curve, with a hole 
 in the side to blow through, with a ring at the end and 
 
 * cf Journal S. A. Scotland for 1884-5, p. 314, for a cut of a caldron found 
 in Scotland somewhat resembling this, but not so fine. 
 
 t cf Journal S. A. Scotland for 1887-8, p. 37, for a bucket-shaped caldron 
 found at Cardross, somewhat iike this. 
 
207 
 
 another on the inner side. The length on the outer 
 curve, including the ring, is 32 in. The widtli across 
 the lip is 2J in. 
 
 d. A leaf-sh aped sword, 19 in. long, showing three 
 rivet-holes, with broken handle. Another, also 19 in. 
 long, with ten rivet-holes. A third, IGJin. long, with 
 four rivet-holes, found at Ologhan- Murray in 1799. A 
 fourth, 16 Jin. long, but the lower part is lost A part 
 of a sword with ribs, SJ^in. long. Four rapier-shaped 
 swords, each 16Jin. long, of various widths. Another, 
 14J in. long, with two rivet-holes and one rivet. 
 
 e. A dagger-blade, 10 Jin. long, leaf-shaped, with 
 five rivet-holes. Another, found at Anticur in 1800, 
 loin, long, with one rivet. Four small daggers or 
 knives, fragments of handles, ferrules, etc. 
 
 /. The head of a sickle, 3 J in. long. 
 
 g. Nineteen spear-heads of various shapes and sizes. 
 One is harpoon-shaped, with large open blade, 10 Jin. 
 long by 3 Jin. across. Another, shafted, found at 
 Lisconan in 1847, is 13 Jin. long. It has a bronze 
 handle, 7J in. long, with a knob at either end. Another 
 fine spear head If in. long. Another, given by Mr. E. 
 Hailstone in 1882, is lOJin. long. 
 
 g a. Several moulds in clay-stone, viz., a, part of one 
 for a looped spear-head ; h, one for rings ; c, one for 
 buttons ; d^ a stone for sharpening knives, etc. 
 
 h. Twenty-two flat celts : one with five lines of dots 
 down it. One 7 Jin. long and 5 in. across the cutting 
 edge. 
 
 i. Thirteen palstaves, flanged, and winged celts of 
 various kinds. 
 
 y. Twenty -six socketed celts and a gouge. One of 
 the celts is hafted to show how it was used. 
 
 h, A necklace formed of twisted wire. 
 
 1. Harness and other rings. 
 
 T 
 
208 
 
 m. A large variety of pins for the hair and dress 
 and several brooches. An armlet. 
 
 n, A number of beads in stone, amber, and glass, 
 some of them very beautiful. 
 
 0 . A very prettily ornamented Irish urn, of the food- 
 vessel type, 3Jin. high and broad. 
 
 p. Small stone cups used probably for lamps. ^ 
 
 c[. Two iron sword-blades. 
 
 r. Two shoes. 
 
 s. Two lumps of bog-butter.f 
 
 t. The head and shoulders of a figure of our Lord 
 from an Irish crucifix, of very early workmanship. 
 
 u. A fine Highland brooch with pattern on it, in. 
 in diameter. From the Dean of St. Patrick’s Collection.:]: 
 — Mr, E. Tlailstojie, 1882. 
 
 V, Seven methers, or wooden vessels, of various 
 sizes and shapes. 
 
 w. On the ledge under this case is a fine quern 
 from Antrim, on three legs or feet, bought in 1878. 
 
 IV. C. Late Celtic Period. — This compartment 
 contains a very remarkable series of articles of the 
 Early Iron and Late Celtic Period, discovered by the 
 Rev. E. W. Stillingfieet, in the barrows at Arras and 
 Hessleskew on the Wolds, consisting of a portion of an 
 urn and jet neck -lace belonging, probably, to the 
 bronze period ; tires of wheels, a bridle-bit, parts of 
 horse-trappings, armlets, fihulce, rings, and other 
 ornaments and implements of iron and bronze, belong- 
 ing to the early iron period ; 1| beads of white and 
 
 * cf Journal S. A. Scotland for 1887-8, p. 82. 
 
 t For an account of this butter cf Journal S. A. Scotland, xiii, 204-23, and 
 Journal for 1884-5, n.s. 
 
 t cf. The Journal of Soc. Ant., Scotland, 1886-7, p. 261, for a cut of a 
 Highland brooch very closely resembling this. 
 
 II In the Archseologia xvi., 348, is a description, with plates, of some 
 antiquities found at Hagbourn Hill, Berks., some of which are very similar to 
 thefi3. 
 
209 
 
 blue, and green and white glass of the same period. 
 Among these is a miniature celt, beautifully wrought, 
 which has been used as an ornament. 
 
 Mr. Stillingfleet and a friend made these explorations, 
 and unfortunately divided the results. They discovered, 
 among other things, two interments, in which a chief 
 had been interred in his war-chariot, of these each 
 discoverer took a wheel. The many interesting objects 
 found were severed in the same ruthless manner. Mr. 
 StillingfLeet ensured the safety of his share by present- 
 ing it to the Museum in 1865. The other half is 
 unhappily dispersed and lost. 
 
 On a tablet in a corner of one of the great boards, 
 which exhibit the curiosities from Arras, etc., is a 
 portion of a coarse woollen garment discovered by Mr. 
 Stillingfleet in a barrow on Skip with Common, near 
 York, in 1817, and presented by him to the Society, 
 with the rest of his antiquities, in 1865. 
 
 V. C. Implements, etc., epvOM Lake Dwellings. 
 — This Compartment contains a typical collection of the 
 objects found in various parts of Switzerland, which 
 either are or have been lakes, such as Wangen, Moer- 
 ingen, Locras, Sutz, and the Lake of Bienne. They are 
 the relics of Celtic tribes which occupied houses of wood 
 built upon large wooden frames, a little above the level 
 of the lake. These peculiar residences were chosen to 
 ensure protection from foes. The floor of the lake below 
 became gradually strewn with various objects which 
 fell from above. Some traces of these remarkable 
 dwellings'^' have been found in Ireland, Scotland, and 
 Wales, and, recently, in the East Eiding of Yorkshire. 
 
 * The best account of them is in ‘ the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and 
 other parts of Europe, by Dr, Ferdinand Keller, translated by John Edward 
 Lee, 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1878 ; ’ and in ‘ Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings, by 
 Eobert Munro, 8vo, Edinburgh, 1882.’ 
 
210 
 
 A collection of these objects was purchased in 1876, and 
 has been added to since. Among these curiosities may 
 be mentioned nine earthen vessels from Moeringen and 
 Bienne, most of which were given by Mr. T. W. U. 
 Bobinson in 1879 and 1885 ; two sickles, two palstaves, 
 a knive with a wooden handle (given by Mr. Bobinson)> 
 knives, fish hooks, needles and pins, armlets, earrings, 
 and buttons. In stone and flint there are many axes 
 (hafted in bone) and other implements of various sizes 
 aud uses. In bone there are remains of red-deer, goat, 
 sheep, boar, bear, and beaver, some of which are made 
 into chisels and prickers. There are portions of cloth, 
 and wheat, barley, hazel-nuts, and pieces of apple. 
 
 Case D. 
 
 I. D. a, A large umho and handle of an Anglian 
 shield, etc., found in a tumulus at Sowerby, near Thirsk, 
 with a quantity of fragments of Eoman pottery (which 
 are preserved in a drawer in the Hospitium), by the 
 York Antiquarian Club .^' — Lady Franlcland Russell^ 1855. 
 
 h, A large collection of Anglian (Anglo-Saxon) 
 objects from a mound near Driffield, opened by Mr. B. 
 Jennings f and the York Antiquarian Club in 1845. 
 They consist of beads, Jihulce, clasps, buckles, etc., and 
 are arranged on eight tablets. A number of other 
 things from the same grave-mound are in the Mortimer 
 Museum at Driffield. 
 
 c, A collection of similar objects, but in a more 
 perfect condition, discovered in Anglian graves at 
 Kilham, E. B. Y., and presented by the Bev. E. W. 
 Stillingfleet, the discoverer, in 1865. They are appended 
 to six tablets. 
 
 ■* cf. Mr. C. E. Smith’s Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. xv. 
 t There is an account of Mr. Jennings’ discoveries in the Journal of the 
 Arch. Assn., ii. 55-6. Many of the objects are figured in Akerman’s Pagan 
 Saxondom. 
 
211 
 
 d. Ornaments discovered in a grave dug in the 
 chalk at Londesbrough, consisting of a fibula, plated 
 with silver, beads, etc., with the skull of the lady to 
 whom they belonged, on a bracket. — Lord Londesborough 
 and il/r. S, Young ^ 1880. 
 
 e. A very fine fibula, a gilt girdle-clasp, a brooch, 
 and a coin of Constantine, found in graves at Londes- 
 borough. — Exhibited by Mrs. Young. 
 
 f. A mass of stycas, or Anglian copper-coins, from 
 the great find near Bolton-Percy in 1847. They are 
 united by oxidation. 
 
 g. A small harp-shaped fibula. 
 
 h. Below. The boss and studs of a shield, spear- 
 heads, knives, shears, and portion of a skull found in 
 the large grave-mound at Driffield, arranged on four 
 tablets. 
 
 i. A boss of a shield, lance-heads, etc., from barrows 
 at Kilham. — Rev. E. W. Stilling fleet, 1865. 
 
 j. A finely-shaped spear-head from an Anglian 
 grave at Londesbrough. — Mr. H. Young, 1882. 
 
 h. Two spear-heads, Anglian or Norman, found on 
 Baile Hill, York, in 1884. 
 
 II. D. a. b. A very remarkable collection of orna- 
 ments, implements, and weapons found in a grave- 
 mound at Uncleby, in the parish of Kirkby-Underdale, 
 E. H. Y. Among them are brooches and flbula of gold 
 and silver, and a lady’s work-box containing the thread, 
 undecayed."^' There is also {b. below) a fine series of 
 iron weapons and implements on eleven tablets. Among 
 them is a noble sword, 2 ft. 9 in. long, and a fine whet- 
 stone, 18 in. long. This was found standing upright in 
 a crevice of the chalk, having been placed there to be 
 easily accessible to the warriors and hunters who were 
 sleeping in the grave-mound, when they wished to 
 
 • Similar objects may be seen in the Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. xiii. 
 
212 
 
 sharpen their swords and knives. — Rev, Wm, Greenwell, 
 1874. 
 
 c, A finely fiuted glass bowl, found on the Mount, 
 where there was an Anglian cemetery.^' 
 
 e, A cup or basin formed of two thin plates of metal, 
 one silver, the other copper, both gilded. The exterior, 
 or silver plate, is ornamented with a pattern, in relief, 
 of foliage and fruit, which birds are devouring, very 
 similar in design to the work upon the ancient crosses 
 found at Hexham in Northumberland. On the rim, 
 which is of curious work, have been four beads of 
 coloured glass or paste, one of which is remaining. 
 The interior, or gilded copper plate, is plain ; but to the 
 bottom an elegant circular piece of work is affixed, of 
 about in thickness and 2^ in. in diameter, in which 
 have been four bosses or studs of coloured glass or paste, 
 which appear to have been surrounded by a circle of 
 sixteen pearls, one of which is remaining. Between 
 the four bosses is an interlaced pattern of gilded wire, 
 delicately marked, so as to resemble rope work. A 
 similar interlaced pattern, in relief and plain, is seen 
 on the outside of the bowl, between four short feet on 
 which it is supported. This noble relic, one of the 
 finest known specimens of Anglo-Saxon workmanship, 
 was found in the churchyard of Ormeside, in West- 
 morland. — Mr. John Bland, of Ormeside Lodge, 1823. 
 
 /. A silver armlet, found in a field at Flaxton,t near 
 
 Another Anglian glass vessel, a baseless cup, of which there are several in 
 the Faussett Collection, was found in York, about fifteen years ago, by a 
 workman whilst digging a drain. He was holding it in his hand near a candle^ 
 whilst I was getting the money to pay for it, when the heat caused it to break 
 into a hundred pieces, with a noise like the report of a pistol. 
 
 t This is very similar in shape and design to some ornaments found at 
 Cuerdale^ which are figured in the Journal Arch. Inst, iii, 116, which are sup- 
 posed to date from the year 900. They are Eastern in character. See also the 
 Catalogue of the National Museum at Edinburgh, pp. 110-11. A number of 
 St. Peter’s pennies, etc., were found at Flaxton at the same time. cf. Q-ent. 
 Mag. for the year. 
 
213 
 
 ILobsterhouse, on the road to Malton. Probably found 
 in 1807. From the Collection of Mr. John Croft. — 
 Rev, R. Croftj 1824. 
 
 g. A silver Jihula^ enclosing within a series of con- 
 centric circles, a cast of a silver coin of the Emperor 
 Valentinian. From the Croft Collection. — Rev, R. Croft, 
 1824. 
 
 gg, A gold ring, twisted and looped at the end, 
 found under the City Wall. — Rev, C, Wellleloved, 1831. 
 A similar ring, in silver, found in the Anglian Cemetery 
 at Londesbro’, and given by Mr. H. Young, 1882. A 
 smaller ring found in York. 
 
 h, A gold coin of the Emperor Arcadius with a loop 
 affixed to it, and used as a pendant. It was found near 
 Newbuilding. — Mr, C, H, Elsley, 1838. 
 
 i, A small Anglian fibula in lead, found in York, 
 and engraved in the Journal of the Arch. Association, 
 ii. 312. — The Hargrove Collection, 1847.^' 
 
 j. An oval seal (?) of copper, engraved like a brac- 
 teate, with horses heads and other ornamentation, but 
 obscured by encrustation. Found in College Street. — 
 Tempest Anderson, M,D,, 1881. A small Danish seal of 
 brass with a head and legend, an imitation of a Saxon 
 coin. — The Hargrove Collection, 1847. 
 
 h, A set of amber heads from Exning, near New- 
 market. — Mr, W, Whincopp, 1847. 
 
 l, A bead, and a piece of bronze plating, found 
 with the coffins of wood at Selby. 
 
 m. Various objects discovered in York, among which 
 are a girdle-hanger, j- and a fine bronze pin. 
 
 * cf. Mr. C. R. Smith’s Catalogue of his Museum, p. 106, for another ex- 
 ample. 
 
 t ef. Smith’s Inventorium Sepulohrale, pref. xiv. and p. 8; Arch. Journal, 
 yi. 20. 
 
214 
 
 mm. Several curious ornaments in lead and bronze, 
 with interlacing patterns, etc., found near Baile Hill on 
 Bishophill, York, in 1884. 
 
 n, A copper dish, with patches, found in digging a 
 drain in St. Saviourgate. — Rev, John Graham^ 1835. 
 
 0 , Another copper dish, of the same period, with 
 interlacing work, found in excavating for the Gaol in 
 the Castle Yard. — Mr, TF, Fenton Scott, 1829.^ 
 
 p. Several small objects ; i., a small pendant cross of 
 bone, ornamented with circles, found in Pavement, 1879 ; 
 ii., an ornament for holding a knitting needle, of deer’s 
 horn, found near Micklegate Bar, 1881 ; iii. and iv., 
 two small, prettily carved brooches, one found in York 
 in 1877, the other at Naburn in the same year and pre- 
 sented by Mr, G. Kidd,] 
 
 p a. An iron bell, overlaid with brass, 4 in. long 
 and 3^ in. broad at the base. It is of the Celtic shape, 
 and was bought at an old store in York in 1887. 
 
 pi, A bronze mould, like a seal of very early date, 
 perhaps for throwing off ornaments for harness. It 
 shows a deeply-cut stamp of a man’s head , — Bought in 
 York, 1887. 
 
 q. On the ledge, A number of objects in bone, 
 found in various parts of York, viz., draughtsmen, pins, 
 a knife, and a handle, etc. 
 
 r. A large and fine series of Anglian or Scandinavian 
 combs, buckles, etc., from York, several having inter- 
 lacing ornamentation upon them, of considerable beauty. 
 Several comb-cases, also, on one of which is the begin- 
 ning of an inscription in Punes ; J two others, in light 
 
 * Similar objects are described and engraved in Mr. C. R. Smith’s Account 
 of the Faussett Collection. 
 
 + In Bowman’s Reliquiae, p. 9, there is a cut of a curiously ornamented 
 pendant in bone from York, now in the Bateman Collection. 
 
 t This is figured and described by Professor Stephens, of Copenhagen, in 
 the Illustreret Tidende, and in the third volume of his Runic Monuments. 
 
215 
 
 coloured bone, were found near Baile Hill in 1884.* 
 There is also a fragment of bone, presented by Mr. H. 
 Davies, and found in his garden in St. Leonard’s Place, 
 which has served as a trial-piece for a workman. He 
 has cut upon it, in reverse, some interlacing sculpture. 
 
 s. Several combs, from various parts of York, with 
 large and coarse teeth, made out of the bones of deer. 
 They are found in the brochs of Scotland, and are still 
 used in Greenland for combing flax.f 
 
 t. Several Anglian or Danish swords and spears. 
 One of them was found in the bed of the Ouse near 
 Kelheld, and was presented by Mr. Wm. Gray. 
 
 u. Six Anglian urns and a small earthen bottle, J 
 found on the Mount, full of burnt bones. In one of 
 them was found a comb, a bead, and a coin of Julia 
 Domna, The comb and bead are exhibited. — Mr, F, 
 Calvert and Mr, F, Roolce^ 1859-60. 
 
 V, Five similar urns, said to have been found at 
 Broughton, near Malton, circa 1802, and to have been 
 bought by Sir Mark Masterman Sykes. With them is 
 a tablet bearing a comb and needle which were found 
 in one of the urns among the burnt bones. This was 
 the first donation made to the Society. — Rev, Chr. Syhes, 
 1823. 
 
 w. An Anglian urn of an oval shape, very finely 
 ornamented, found in 1845 in Stainton Dale, near 
 Scarborough, and originally in the Collection of Mr. 
 Wardell, of Leeds. — Purchased 1885. 
 
 X, A small and plain Anglian urn, found with several 
 others near Lincoln. — Purchased 1886. 
 
 y. On the top of the Case are five fine Danish urns, 
 
 * Compare these with plate xv. in the Inventorium Sepulchrale of the 
 Faussett Collection, and with Akermans’s Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxxi. 
 
 + ef. Arch xlvi., p. 434 ; and Transactions S. A. Scot, for 1884-5, 27-30. 
 t cf. Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. xv., and Journal Arch. Assn, 
 where there is a cut of an exactly similar vessel found in Warwickshire. 
 
216 
 
 and one from Germany. — Mr. T. W. U. Robinson^ 1885. 
 
 III. D. Anglian Urns. — A remarkable series of 
 Anglian urns, discovered in 1878 and 1880, a little to 
 the East of York, near Heworth. They are funereal 
 and contained ashes and burnt bones, and were laid in 
 rows athwart the ridges of ancient ploughed land, some 
 two feet apart. The larger urns were found in the 
 ridge where there was more soil to cover them, the 
 smaller near the furrow, thus proving the antiquity in 
 this instance of the ridge and furrow. Several of the 
 urns contained glass beads fused by heat ; one, a pair 
 of fine bronze tweezers with a rich patina ; another, 
 some buttons. When found, they were in many pieces, 
 but the skill and patience of the late Dr. Gibson made 
 them what they are now. There are forty-two of them, 
 and they constitute the largest series of Anglian urns 
 hitherto found in one cemetery. Unhappily, a large 
 number were destroyed before any notice of their dis- 
 covery came to the Museum. They may probably be 
 ascribed to the 5th or 6th century, and it is curious that 
 several resemble British pottery, and others the Eoman. 
 
 IV. D. Scandinavian Curiosities. — This case con- 
 tains a remarkable collection of antiquities discovered 
 in 1884 in Clifford street whilst rebuilding the place of 
 worship, etc., belonging to the Quakers. On the top of 
 the bank leading to the Castle there must have been at 
 one time some Danish workshops, and the refuse and 
 waste out of these seem to have been thrown down the 
 bank, which sloped towards the river. At the depth of 
 a few feet the labourers came upon this refuse, out of 
 which the present case is filled, and below them there 
 was heather or ling, showing that the ground here- 
 abouts must at one time have been part of an open moor. 
 Doctors Sophus Muller and Sdderberg have examined 
 the relics in this Case and pronounce them to be Scan- 
 
217 
 
 dinavian. The Danes, as we know, formed a large 
 portion of the inhabitants of York between a.d. 867 and 
 the Norman Conquest, and we have here some of their 
 handiwork. The objects were found in combination, 
 and are kept together, with the exception of some curi- 
 osities of a larger size which are carefully preserved 
 elsewhere. The whole collection is so extensive that 
 only a summary of it can be given here. Some of the 
 objects can only be described by means of engravings. 
 They consist of — 
 
 Amber, in the rough, or wrought into rings, beads, 
 and earrings. 
 
 A piece of molten glass, and glass beads, etc , of 
 various kinds, showing that there must have been some 
 glass-foundry close at hand. 
 
 Jet and cannel coal in the shape of rings, etc. 
 
 A number of pieces of roundlets of glass, believed to 
 be for smoothing linen. Several have been found in 
 Denmark and Scotland, and others in different parts of 
 York.^' 
 
 Fragments of dark pottery of pemliar shapes. The 
 handle and part of the body of a large jug of light red 
 ware, ornamented with a yellowish green glaze. The 
 handle is formed of bands of clay beautifully interlaced, 
 the ends being pulled out,., and showing that they were 
 intended to represent worsted, not basket work. This is 
 a specimen of very great interest in the history of ancient 
 English pottery. It carries the uses of glazed ware back 
 to an early period, and this is confirmed by the presence 
 of glaze upon a vessel in the Hospitium, which contained 
 a large number of the coins of Edward the Confessor. 
 
 A loom-weight with a pattern in interlaced work 
 running along it. 
 
 ♦ cf. Transactions S. A. Scotland, 1879-80, pp. 64-5, and afterwards. They 
 are essentially Scandinavian in their origin. 
 
218 
 
 Smoothing stones; hones and whetstones for sharpen- 
 ing knives, with several iron knives and prickers. 
 
 The remains of a large basin of fine thin bronze 
 (probably Roman) with two square and ornamented 
 handles ; the bottom inside has been decorated with a 
 series of concentric circles. 
 
 A small iron cross with the impress of a styca of 
 Ethelred king of Northumbria in the centre. Two other 
 stycas, and a silver penny of William I. 
 
 A large series of combs of every shape and in every 
 stage of manufacture, showing that comb-making was 
 followed on the spot. Some of the specimens are highly 
 interesting. 
 
 Two spoons of wood (well preserved in the peaty 
 soil) one with a rough interlaced pattern and two Runes 
 upon it ; the other with a very choice and highly finished 
 decoration of interlacing work. A finely ornamented 
 pricker sharpened at both ends. 
 
 Two hammers made out of deer’s horns, and two 
 hammer-heads of wood. Horns and tines of deer per- 
 forated and ornamented in many ways. Bone skates, 
 etc. 
 
 Spindle-whorls and a spindle. Draughtsmen. 
 
 Bone-pins and needles in endless variety, ornamented 
 with dragons, heads of fishes, dogs, etc. Girdle-holders 
 and bracers, with a large number of other objects, the 
 use of which cannot be conjectured. Some of them 
 bear a strong resemblance to the objects found in the 
 Lake dwellings. 
 
 In one of the lower rooms in the Museum are the rest 
 of the objects which this Case cannot contain, such as 
 fragments of large clay bowls, weights, pieces of wrought 
 wood, bones, and portions of deers’ horns of an immense 
 
 size. 
 
219 
 
 Case E. 
 
 In a large flat Case with a double front, is arranged 
 an extensive and varied collection of objects illustrative 
 of English life and manners. With very few exceptions, 
 the whole of them have been acquired in York, and 
 most of them have been made and used in this city. 
 
 I. E. a. Ancient skates, formed of the leg-bones 
 of horses, polished on one side. They are frequently 
 found in York, as at London and Lincoln, and were 
 probably introduced into England by the Danes"‘\ 
 They are mentioned in a description of the sports of the 
 citizens of London, by a writer in the time of Henry II. 
 
 h, A pair of skates of a much later date, probably 
 Dutch, found in 1879, in an old house in Coppergate. 
 They are nearer to the skates of the present day, but 
 the steel is much longer. 
 
 c. A number of bone implements sharpened at one 
 end, resembling awls or prickers. Their age and use 
 are unknown. These were found in the Old Malton 
 culvert, others have occurred in York.— The Monkman 
 Collection, 1875. 
 
 (L Some curiously worn and pierced bones, found 
 near Heworth in 1879, which have been used with the 
 stones of a corn mill. Several similar bones may be 
 seen in the Guildhall Museum, London. 
 
 e, A large number of curious objects found under 
 Messrs. Hunter and Smallpage’s house in Goodramgate, 
 in 1878, and probably Danish. They consist of frag- 
 ments of pottery, spindle -whorls, implements in iron, 
 bone, and stone. On a corner of this stand are two 
 linen smoothers of glass, found in York. These objects 
 have been spoken of before. (See page 217). 
 
 * cf. Coll. Antiqua, i. 167 j also the Lincoln Vol.ofthe Arch, Inst, xxviii. 
 xxxii. 
 
 U 
 
220 
 
 /. A series of iron axe-heads of various ages upon 
 a stand. Some of these are Scandinavian. 
 
 g, A large stand covered with articles in iron of 
 various kinds and periods, found in York, such as 
 knives, shears, spears, etc., to which no exact date can 
 he ascribed. 
 
 h. Horse -shoes from Koman times downwards, and 
 a spade-iron. 
 
 2 *. The greater part of a hull in bronze, found on 
 Hob moor, in 1885. It seems to have been used as a 
 cognizance, and may have been that of the Earls of 
 Westmorland. 
 
 j. Two boxes of gold-weights, of German work, 16th 
 century ; a third, presented by Mr. G. Acton, 1881 ; 
 a fourth, presented by Mr. J. F. Walker, 1883. 
 
 k. Small lockers, or money-boxes of brass. One of 
 them was dredged from the river in 1879, and contains 
 a half-penny of Henry Y., which was found in it. 
 
 l. Two larger brass money-boxes. One was found 
 near the City Wall in 1874, and contained a silver 
 penny of Edward IV. and a copper French coin. 
 
 m. A small pendant with the arms of England upon 
 it, and several smaller objects. 
 
 n. An iron marking iron, found at Salley Abbey, 
 with the badge of the borough of Ripon upon it, and 
 KiPON. — Mr, Walbrans Collection^ 1872. 
 
 II. E. a. Knives and forks of various ages. A 
 knife with a curiously carved handle of hone, found at 
 Sheriff- Hutton Castle, 1890. A knife and fork, carried 
 originally in a case and used in travelling, with ivory 
 handles veined with silver, etc. — Mr, Thos, Smith, 
 Huntington Hall, 1825. A handle, heautfully ornamen- 
 ted. — Mr, Danby, 1841. Two pairs of silver-handled 
 knives and forks, bought in York, 1881. A case-knife 
 
221 
 
 and fork ; early paper-knives of ivory and bone, from 
 York. 
 
 h. Cannon balls of various sizes, and musket bullets 
 of lead, found on the site of one of the Parliamentary 
 batteries, during the siege of York, on Clementhorpe 
 Hill, near the Windmill, in 1880. Musket balls and 
 a horse shoe, from Marston Moor. 
 
 c. Iron door hinges, from York and Kipon. A door 
 handle -plate from Kipon. 
 
 d. A number of spoons, from York, of brass or 
 pewter, with deep wide bowls, saecc. xvi., xvii. The 
 end of one is cut obliquely off, or slipped ; others are 
 ornamented with acorns, trefoils, etc. At the end of one 
 is a print, like a wheel, for cutting or crimping pastry. 
 Among them is an Apostle spoon of silver, with St. 
 Andrew on the top. — Rev, R. Croft, 1824. 
 
 da, A set of six spoons, of the 17th century, plated 
 with silver, found together in a field at Clifton, in 1882. 
 
 db, A powder-fiask of horn, carved with a wild- 
 boar hunt . — The Robinson Collection, 1882. 
 
 dc, A number of curious lock-plates, bought in 
 York. 
 
 e. A very large collection of keys, from early times 
 downwards. Some of these are probably Roman, but 
 it is almost impossible to distinguish them from those 
 which are much more recent. With these is a bunch 
 of mediaeval keys upon their chain, as found on Bishop - 
 hill, in 1882. 
 
 /. Several moulds in stone and clay, for casting 
 ornaments, etc., found in Clifford Street and Petergate, 
 1881-3. 
 
 <j. Brass tire from an old chest, and a number of 
 similar specimens. 
 
 h. Brass tobacco boxes of Dutch manufacture, with 
 embossed figures upon them, made in the 17th and 
 
222 
 
 18th centuries. One was presented by Mr. Baker, in 
 1839 ; another was bought in Selby, in 1873 ; three 
 were bought in York, in 1881-3 ; and two came with 
 the Bohinson Collection, in 1882. With these are two 
 heavy tobacco boxes of lead, stamped, bought in York. 
 One of them has the arms of the town of Leeds upon 
 it, — “ The tup in trouble,” — as it is called. 
 
 i. Fragments of tobacco-pipes,'*' many of which have 
 the maker’s initials stamped upon a knob underneath 
 the bowl. Many of these pipes were made in York, 
 and the Eegister of the Freemen of the City gives us 
 the names of the following persons who were the first 
 of their trade to be admitted to their freedom. In June, 
 1646, Abraham Boyes was made free of the city, to use 
 the trade of brick-maker and tobacco-pipe maker, 
 which Gabriel Westaby, whose widow he married, used. 
 1663-4, John Wright, free as tobacco-pipe-maker. 
 1672-3, Isaac Carey, do. 1673-4, John Mabson, do. 
 1677-8, John Dawson, do. 1690-1, Fr. Wilkinson, 
 pipe-maker. 1694-5, Ealph, son of Thomas Holmes, 
 pipe-maker. 1697-8, John, son of John Wright, pipe- 
 maker. 1762-3, Andrew Hall, pipe-maker, and Wm., son 
 of John Dawson, do. 1703-4, Eobert Morley, tobacco - 
 pipe-maker. 1707-8, Geo., son of John Middleton, pipe- 
 maker. 1712-13, John Shafto, pipe-maker. 1718-19. 
 Geo., son of Eic. Shafto, pipe-maker. There are in the 
 Museum pipes stamped with the initials of several of 
 these makers, viz., I. W., I. C., I. M., I. D., and E. S. 
 There is also a fine pipe-head with the York arms on it 
 in raised work, with the inscription. Mason, York, 1688. 
 
 j. Wig-curlers ; little round implements of white, 
 baked clay, used for curling hair and wigs.f They 
 are common in York. 
 
 * of. Journal Arch. Assn., xi., 75. 
 
 t cf. Journal Arch. Inst., vii. 397. 
 
223 
 
 A-. Two snuff- graters of wood, instruments used for 
 making snuff. A wooden snuff-box in the shape of a 
 hook, with a thistle, etc., carved upon it. A snuff- 
 spoon. 
 
 Z. Corkscrews of various shapes, in use in the last 
 century. Bought in York, 1879. 
 
 m. Nutcrackers used in the last century. A brass 
 pepper-box. A sugar or pepper-box of ivory found in 
 York, 1882. 
 
 m a. A curious pair of bellows, bought in York, 
 1882. 
 
 m h. Two old coffee-mills ; one from the Robinson 
 Collection, 1882 ; the other bought in York, 1887. 
 
 in c. Two spice -boxes, bought in York, 1883-4 ; 
 sugar tongs and a sugar-breaker. 
 
 m d. Several pairs of old spectacles. 
 ni e, A large cup of horn, with a silver rim. From 
 Derby, 1882. 
 
 in /. Lock-bolts, &c. 
 
 m g. An old watchman’s rattle, dated 1803. Bought 
 in York, 1883. 
 
 m h. A constable’s staff, inscribed ‘ Beverley, 1824.’ 
 Bought in York, 1883. 
 
 ill i, A lint-skutch of wood, found in Clifford Street, 
 1882. One is figured in the Proc. S. A. Scot., 1880-1, 
 p. 138. 
 
 mg, A shuttle. Two boat-anchors from the river 
 Derwent at Malton, 1879. 
 
 m, k, A small, shallow box of wood which has been 
 used for a purse, with brass tire, and Tho. Pearson wgon 
 it, circa 1700 . — Bought in York, 
 
 in I, An orrery purchased at Leyburn in 1884. 
 m ill, A pair of brass compasses found under the new 
 Municipal Buildings, contiguous to the Mansion House, 
 in 1888. 
 
224 
 
 m n. The framework of an aulmoniere or pouch, 
 which was worn as an appendage to the girdle during 
 the reigns of Henry VII. and YIII. The pouch was 
 of leather, velvet, or ornamental silk, and was fastened 
 to the framework and worn on a girdle, from which it 
 was suspended by a ring. The bar of brass is inscribed 
 Ave Maria grcia pie (sic), on the shield in the centre 
 Ihs, and on the other side, Dominiis tecum, with the 
 letter W, in the centre. — Bev, TF. V, Har court, 1823. ii. 
 Part of a similar framework, quite plain. 
 
 n. Clasps, etc., and other brass work used in bind- 
 ing MSS. and protecting the sides from injury, used in 
 the library of the Prior and Convent of Durham. — 
 Bev, J, Baine, 1881. 
 
 0 . A circular brooch of silver, with a knight in 
 enamel, dimidiated. A penny of Henry III., found 
 with it in 1874, near the New Goods Station. 
 
 p. i. A handle of a spoon, in lead, with a crest, a 
 six-pointed star surmounted by a coronet. ii. A small 
 object in lead like the handle of a spoon, found in the 
 river in 1880, and stamped 
 
 r. Several clasps from boxes or coffers found in York. 
 
 s. Several small baskets on a stand, from the Har- 
 grove Collection. 
 
 t. Several bells, for horses or dogs. 
 
 u. A small cup of cinque cento work, with the pelican 
 in her piety in relief in the centre of the howl . — The 
 Cook Collection, 1872. 
 
 V, Several cock- spurs. 
 
 IV, A large brass horn, 16 inches long and about 
 3|- inches diameter at the mouth, with two loops for 
 suspension. It is probably the horn with which one of 
 the four Serjeants of the Sheriffs of York used to blow 
 the Youle girtlie (Christmas feast) at the four bars of the 
 city, on St. Thomas’s Day. It hears the following 
 
225 
 
 inscription : This ancient Horn used from time immemorial 
 asasymhol by ivhicJi the Sheriffs of the City of York trans- 
 ferred their office to their successors^ teas presented to the 
 Yorkshire Philosophical Society by Ed. Horsfall Poper, 
 Esq. (late Sheriff ), and William North, Esq. (present 
 Sheriff) of the City of York, the ancient custom having been 
 superseded, by Act of Parliament, Novr, A.T). 1889.'’' 
 
 X. A large ivory liorn, 17 in. long, with a hand- 
 somely carved boss in the centre. The history of it is 
 unknown, but it was probably in the Collection of John 
 Croft, F.S.A. It has been mounted and slung, and was 
 probably worn by some forester, or archer, as an emblem 
 of authority. It is inscribed George Wildon, Grand S, 
 and bears the following initials : — V. S., V N X., V. H., 
 W. W.,Y.T.,E.A.,N. E.,T. . . . 
 
 y. A small brass horn, found under the new Muni- 
 cipal Buildings in 1888. 
 
 III. E. a. Several specimens of fine carving in 
 stone or alabaster, deposited here for security. Two 
 heads of a bishop and a queen found in the Bedern in 
 1853. — Purchased, ii. Two figures in alabaster from 
 the river near St. Mary’s Abbey. — The Hargrove Collec- 
 tion, 1816. hi. A figure of an angel found in Coney 
 Street in 1881. — Purchased, iv. A small font, and a 
 curious head. v. Part of an imperfect alabaster figure, 
 found near Ouse Bridge, in the river. — The Hargrove 
 Collection, 1846. — vi. A singularly beautiful figure of 
 the Virgin and Child, seated on a leaf, cut in Derby- 
 shire marble, and found near the Foss in 1879. vii. 
 Part of a curious stone found in Petergate in 1879, 
 which has probably been used by a sculptor to assist 
 him in forming mediabval letters, viii. The top of a 
 fine piece of crest work in Derbyshire marble found in 
 Petergate in 1883. ix. A veiy choice piece of carving 
 
 * Davies’s Walks through York, 30. 
 
226 
 
 from St. Mary’s Abbey, representing grapes and vine- 
 leaves, part of a frieze. — 1887. 
 
 III. E. b. On a large stand are the following 
 specimens of Christian art. i. A very fine enamelled 
 plate of Limoges work, lOJ in. by in., of the 12th or 
 13th century, which has served probably as a cover to 
 a copy of the Four Gospels. It represents the Saviour 
 seated on a rain-bow and surrounded by an aureole. 
 The usual symbols of the Evangelists are at the corners. 
 These figures are in relief and are formed of several 
 pieces of metal, richly gilt and affixed to the plate : the 
 eyes are made of enamel. — Mr. James Atkinson, 1823. 
 
 ii. A similar plate, 8^ in. by 4in., representing the 
 Saviour on the cross, with His Mother and St. John. 
 Below is a prostrate figure in the act of prayer ; above 
 are two angels ; and on the upper limb of the cross the 
 monograms xps. ms. — Uev, Benedict Hay ment, 1826. 
 
 iii. A figure of our Lord in ivory, of 17th century 
 work, found at Sculcoates. — Purchased, 1873. 
 
 iv. An enamelled cross of Byzantine design and 
 covered with inscriptions and monograms. — Mr, J, 
 Barber, 1834. 
 
 V. A small plaque representing the Crucifixion, 
 found near Tang Hall. — Mr. T. S. Noble, 1875. 
 
 vi. A larger plaque, representing the visit of the 
 Angels to Abraham and Sarah. 
 
 vii. Several small and very early figures in bronze ; 
 one is the Virgin and Child. 
 
 viii. A silver brooch found in the church of St. Mary 
 the Less, Durham, and inscribed iesvs nazakenvs hex. 
 Of 14th century work. — pLev. J. Raine. A similar brooch, 
 with a doubtful inscription, from York, is near. — The 
 Browne Collection, 1878. A small, inscribed, gold brooch, 
 found at Fylingdales. — Mr. G. W. J. Farsyde, 1857. 
 
 ix. A leaden ami^idla, one of the various signs or 
 
227 
 
 tokens given or sold to those who in the middle ages 
 made pilgrimages to the shrine of saints, and worn hy 
 them on the hat, or some part of the garments, as tes- 
 timonials of their devotion, and partly perhaps as 
 charms. The pilgrim to whom this belonged had 
 visited the shrine of Thomas a Becket, at Canterbury ; 
 who is represented here as wearing his mitre, holding his 
 pastoral staff, and standing beneath a canopy, or per- 
 haps a representation of his shrine at Canterbury. On 
 a thin band, attached to the ampulla, is inscribed opti- 
 
 MUS EGKORUM MEDICVS FIT THOMA BONORVM. TllOmaS 
 
 is made the best physician of the virtuous sick.” On 
 the other side, of which an etching is exhibited in the 
 case, are represented two priests attending a sick person 
 in bed. On other specimens the murder of Becket by 
 the four knights is represented.'*' The date of this 
 relic is assigned to the first half of the 13th century.! 
 
 X. Besides this curious object is another, bearing 
 the letter T. for Thomas upon it . — The Browne Collec- 
 tion, 1878. 
 
 xi. A flask of St. Menas, in pottery, ]; found in York. 
 The shrine of this Saint was near Alexandria. 
 
 Another pilgrim's bottle, of lead . — From the hlanjrove 
 Collection. 
 
 xii. Several pilgrim’s signs, a. A small silver horn, 
 surrounding a disk, on which is the legend of St. 
 Hubert, h. A tiny equestrian figure of a knight en- 
 amelled. — Rev* R. Croft, 1824. c. A small roundlet of 
 lead, bearing a cross, found in the York Cemetery. 
 
 xii. On the same stand is part of the handle of a 
 
 * Forgeais, Plombs Histories, p. 140. 
 
 t See C. R. Smith’s Collect. Antiq. i. p. 81; ii. 43, etc. Journal of Archael. 
 Assoc., i. 200, and v. 125, etc., with an engraving. 
 
 J cf. Smith’s Christian Antiquities suh voce Pottery. Two of these flasks 
 were found at Shincliife, near Durham, in 1881. See Proc. S. A., Scotland, 
 for 1878, p. 98, etc. 
 
228 
 
 knife carved in ivory, sasc. xv., representing St. John 
 holding the poisoned cup, with the eagle at his feet. — 
 The Cdok Collection, 1872. 
 
 xiv. A small piece of metal work, found in Durham, 
 inscribed Pense Men. 
 
 XV. A shield with three leopards, enamelled, the 
 arms of England, found in Hungate, in 1885. 
 
 c. A ventilator of lead, in the shape of a diamond, 
 with elegant tracery, — inserted sometime in the window 
 of a church, probably the Minster. — Mr. Browne's Col- 
 lection, 1878. Another example from York.'"' 
 
 d. A curious amulet or magical square in silver, 
 with an inscription in Hebrew, found in 1829, on the 
 removal of Layerthorpe Bridge, close to the Jewish 
 cemetery.! — Mr. W. W . Hargrove, 1866. 
 
 e. Some fragments of the vestments of an Ecclesi- 
 astic, in cloth of gold, taken from a tomb in the north 
 wall of the nave of York Minster, close to the door of 
 St. Sepulchre Chapel. This tomb has been traditionally 
 ascribed to Archbishop Koger, who died in 1181, hut is 
 certainly of afar more recent date. — Fi'oin Mr. Browne's 
 Collection, 1878. 
 
 /. A jewelled tag or pendant to a dress soec. xvi., 
 and one or two smaller objects. 
 
 g. A chalice of latten, which has been buried with 
 some Ecclesiastic. An ancient jug of lead found in 
 York. An old double-handled Communion cup of 
 pewter, inscribed ‘ Reeth Chapel.' — The RoMnson Collec- 
 tion, 1882. 
 
 h. A leaden Mdla of Antonins Grimanus, Doge of 
 Venice, found in York in 1858. On the obverse is a 
 
 * One was found during the excavations at Fountains Abbey. There is 
 another in the Scarborough Museum. 
 
 t Engraved and described inMargoliouth’s History of the Jews in Britain, 
 i. 298. See also the Transactions of the Y.P.S., and Notes and Queries, 6th 
 S. i., June 12th, 1880, p. 482. 
 
229 
 
 figui'e of St. Mark, S. M, Venet, and also, the Doge, 
 with Ant, Griinan, Dux, On the reverse, is the Doge’s 
 title, Antonins Grimanus Dei gra Dux Venetiar,, etc. 
 
 i, A number of the hullce or leaden seals appended 
 by the Popes to their most important official documents. 
 On the obverse are the heads of SS. Peter and Paul. 
 The following Popes are represented in the series : 
 Urban III. (1185-7.) Found at Bossall, near York. — 
 Mr, J, W, Belt^ of Bossall, 1890. Gregory YIII. (1187.) 
 Found at Cawood. — Piev, W, V, Harcourt, 1823. Inno- 
 cent III. (1198 — 1216). Mr, J , Broivne's Collection, 
 1877. Honorius III. (1216—1227). Found in a 
 coffin in Market Street, having been, probably, attached 
 to an Indulgence. — The Hargrove Collection, 1846. 
 Gregory XI. (1227—41). Alexander IV. (1254—61). 
 Found at Bishop thorpe. — Rev, W, V, Harcourt, 1823. 
 Gregory X. (1271—6). — Mr, J, Broivnes Collection, 
 1877. Innocent V. (1276).) Found at Helperby. 
 Bought in York, 1878. Nicolas III. (1277 — 81)- — Mr, 
 Flutter, York, 1840. Martin lY. (1281 — 5). — Bought 
 in York, 1885. Nicolas lY. (1288 — 92). — Found in 
 York.— Mr. E, Sivaine, 1876. John XXII. (1316—34). 
 Found in the river Wear at Durham. — Rev, J, Raine, 
 1876. Clement XIY. (1769 — 75). — Rev, C, B, Norcliffe, 
 1881. 
 
 j, A leaden weight dredged up from, the Ouse, 1879, 
 showing a crowned fleur-de-lis. Another like it, found 
 at Langton, near Malton, and presented by Eev. C. B. 
 Norcliffe, 1881. 
 
 k, Knumher oiniatrices of seals, chiefly Ecclesiastical, 
 with impressions in wax. i. A small oval seal bearing 
 two hawks dos a dos, and inscribed s. roberti le veiner. 
 Found in York. — Mr, J, Browne's Collection, 1877. ii. 
 A similar seal, with a lion passant, and s. ioh’is de 
 
230 
 
 cvNiNGiSTv’. Found in York, — From the same Collection, 
 iii. Another, with two birds, and sigillvm secret’, iv. 
 An oval seal, with a hawk and a hand, and s. eic’ fil’ 
 ioh’ potage. V. A small seal found in Micklegate in 
 1876, and inscribed s. hugonis de selbi. A Hugh de 
 Selby was mayor of York in 1280. vi. The seal of the 
 Collegiate Church of Hemingbrough, near Selby, repre- 
 senting a master seated and a scholar sub ferula. The 
 legend is capitvli de hemingbvrgh. — Mr. Joseph 
 Hunter, F.S.A., 1826. vii. A large, round seal, 
 showing the Virgin and Child, and the legend virgo 
 PVDICA, piA, KOSTRi MISERERE, MARIA. Tliis has been 
 ascribed to St. Mary’s abbey, and also to the Meaux abbey 
 in Holderness. This seal was given by Samuel Smith, 
 of York, to Thoresby the antiquary ; out of his museum 
 it went to Dr. Burton, and from him to Francis Smith, 
 F.S.A., of Newbuilding. — Mr. B. Dalton, 1824. viii. 
 An impression iu lead of the conventual seal of Hayles 
 abbey, found at Acaster Malbys. It shows the Virgin 
 and Child, and is inscribed sigillv, fraternitat’ 
 MONA£;TiCE BE ATE MARIE DE HAYLES. — Mr. H etlieriiigton , 
 
 1860. X., xi. Two small oval seals with the pelican in 
 
 her piety, exactly the same. The legend is svm 
 PELLiCANvs DEI. One of these was found in Blossom 
 Street, and was presented by il/r. John Brest in 1847 ; 
 the other is from the Hargrove Collection, 1846. xii. A 
 pretty, oval seal, showing our Saviour bearing the Cross, 
 and inscribed IHESUS maria. — Mr.JosephHunter,F.S.A,^ 
 1826 ? xiii. An impression of an oval, 14th century seal, 
 the matrix of which (now lost) was found in the choir of 
 the Minster, and presented by the Dean of York in 1830. 
 It has a pelican in her piety, and is inscribed s. iohis de 
 BENYNGBURGH. xiv. A large oval, monastic seal, dredged 
 
 *Ia the Hailstone Collection in the Minster Library is a deed by this man, 
 with an impression oi‘ this seal appended, dated 33d, Edward III. 
 
231 
 
 out of the river Foss near Layerthorpe bridge in 1884, 
 and purchased. It is inscribed Sigill. Capituli Sci, 
 Johannis de Mohehi, In the centre is a figure holding a 
 pastoral staff and a book. Molseby, where there was 
 a house of Canons, is near Easingwold. xv. A pretty 
 oval seal, of an early date, found on the sands at Scar- 
 borough in 1884, and purchased. It shows four ears 
 of wheat joined together in the form of a cross and is 
 inscribed /S'. Joannis Augrim. The back is carved to 
 represent a beech leaf. 
 
 I, On a large stand is arranged the following collec- 
 tion of foreign seals, principally the matrices. An 
 original impression of the fine seal of Ferdinand III., 
 Emperor of Grermany. — Hev. J. Raine. The leaden seal 
 of an Abbey in Germaiiy, with a figure holding a crozier 
 and a book, inscribed s. cowentus eccl. sci. martini 
 IN MoxsTAT. — Rev. J. Raine. A seal bearing the emblems 
 of the Trinity, and inscribed s. egg. trinitatis de wal- 
 GVBYNO. Found in Bolton Priory in Craven. — Rev. 
 TF. Carr, Bolton Alley. A seal found at Skelton with 
 figures and canopies and s. gapituli beate marie de 
 SANGTO sPHAio. — Mr. Charles Rolinson, of Rydale, 1823. 
 A small oval seal, found at Fen Ditton in Cambridge- 
 shire in 1853. It bears the Virgin and Child and is 
 inscribed s. berengari ganoi s. satijrni. — Mr. E. Mail- 
 stone, 1882, ly whom the rest of the seals on this stand were 
 given. Pound seal of arms, I7th centmry, with this in- 
 scription, S. MAXI. DE SIRBENBIJRG DIT LE TRANSILVAN, 
 GHLR . BARON .Sr . DE BOTJGHOiJT. Pound Seal of arms, 
 16th century, inscribed s . rigalt . van . der . riveren 
 ALS . HEER. Pound Seal, 16th century, inscribed 
 MIGH^L . WALDEGKER . Y . KEMPT . BURGR . Z . ALTZEY. 
 
 Fine coat of arms, on heater-shaped shield, inscribed s. 
 jOHis . DE . HERSELA . CAN . BONES; 15th Cent. Pound 
 seal, 15th cent., with shield bearing a Maltese cross, s. 
 
 V 
 
232 
 
 PETKi DE NOSSELT ; 15t]i cent. Round seal with shield 
 of arms bearing a bend between two horses heads, and 
 inscribed s. eeancisci medici de rorm’; 15th century. 
 Round seal, with shield and bearings and johan yan 
 dailberen; 15th century. Round seal, 14th century, 
 lion rampant, inscribed, s. amigelli d’ moticlaro. 
 Round seal, 15th century, shield with a chevron between 
 three cross crosslets, inscribed peter . cl . de . yoer- 
 HORCH. Round seal, 15th century, shield with a fork 
 between two stars and s. coent . halich . yleir. Round 
 seal, 14th century, a spread eagle and s. erancisci gdrdi. 
 Round seal, 16th cent, sigill. eratris rainaldi. Round 
 seal, 14th century, with coat of arms and s. gerardi 
 MIDDART PRET. Round Seal of arms, 14th century, in- 
 scribed s. JOHANNis DE SDLPSE. Round Seal, 14th 
 century, two birds, dos a dos, and s. hugonis . d . bro- 
 CEYO CLh. Small seal of arms, 15th centur}^ inscribed 
 s. TEBAUT MONCH. Small Seal of arms, three crosses, 
 inscribed s. KATRINE DE ACOLEEE ; 15th century. Small 
 round seal of arms, 15th century, inscribed s. johannis 
 DE DREGGiN. Round Seal, 15th century, inscribed 
 COLARD DE GOUT. Pretty, round seal, with three Gr’s 
 on a shield, inscribed s. gundol y arc; 14th century. 
 Round seal of arms, a trefoil, and inscribed theoderici 
 DE ANTiQUO EORO ; 1 6th Cent. An oval seal, a knight with 
 a shield bearing a spread eagle and inscribed siegel des 
 GERiCHTs zu ENDiCH, 1584. Pretty oval seal, with the 
 coronation of the Virgin on it, of 14th century work, 
 inscribed s. erm minor i adirnaco («.^., Andernach). 
 Oval, 17th century, seal, with a figure of the Virgin, 
 inscribed sodalitat . b . yirg . concepte . studios . 
 sociET . lEsu . MECHLiNiE. Round, 1 8th century seal, a 
 lion passant crowned and inscribed sigill . coll . sub . 
 IN . po . lond . EXT. A large oval seal, inscribed s. 
 WILTIELMI DE ELICRELEYOR p’POSITI ECCLE S CASSII BOLIRD ; 
 
233 
 
 a knight in armour, standing under a canopy, with two 
 shields of arms below; 14th century. A round seal 
 with device, inscribed sigill. caterine et agnetis mitt- 
 ALEN ; loth century. A round seal with an angel bear- 
 ing a shield charged with three nails. The inscription 
 is doubtful; 15th century. A small signet, with the 
 holy lamb, and an inscription ; 14th century. Two 
 round seals, worn, and difficult to decipher. 
 
 m. A stand covered with matrices of seals. The 
 finest of these is the great, double, round seal of Robert 
 Waldby, Archbishop of York 1397 — 8 , as lord of the 
 regality of Hexham, in Northumberland, and it is one 
 of the noblest specimens of sigillary art. It is rudely 
 engraved in Drake’s Eburacum, and is said to have 
 been found in York Minster. On the one side, on a 
 shield, is the pall of York impaling the arms of Waldby, 
 a lion rampant within the bordure ; and an inscription : 
 on the reverse, on a shield, are the cross-keys sur- 
 mounted by a crown, the shield being richly diapered. 
 — Deposited in the Museum^ 1886. A fine armorial seal 
 of Gorge Eygmayden, showing over the shield of arms 
 a maiden rigged out, as we say."^' This seal was found 
 at Southwell, and was presented by Archbishop 
 Harcourt in 1829. An armorial seal of Thomas Bolde, 
 bought in Durham, and presented by the Rev. J. Raine 
 in 1873; an armorial seal of Thomas Eitz Urian, and 
 another, which is defaced, both from Mr. R. Davies’ 
 Collection. A jet seal of Almond de Bowes, which is 
 probably a forgery."^' A small seal of Richard de 
 Bristou, or Bristol, with a merchant’s mark, found in 
 York, and presented by Mr. T. S. Noble in 1873. A 
 small round seal found on the site of the Old City Gaol 
 in 1882, with St. Martin dividing his cloak with the 
 
 * cf. Arch. Journal, ii., 188. 
 
 t c/. Journal Arch. Assn, xiv., 335, for a notice of forged jet seals. 
 
234 
 
 beggar, and the inscription jehajs" ponport prettre. A 
 small seal with an eagle displayed and aquila johannis, 
 found in Petergate. — Miss Loadman^ 1890. Another, 
 bearing a head and parti yeigi, found in Peaseholme 
 Green, and bought 1885. Several small personal seals. 
 — The Hargrove Collection, 1846.^' A small seal with a 
 hawk capturing a bird and je sus pris. — Mr. Hailstone, 
 1882. 
 
 n. A small collection of finger and signet rings, 
 exhibited on a ring-stand. Betrothal rings. — A thin, 
 gold hoop found in York in 1873, and given by Mr. H. 
 Oakeley, with the posy Ami vostre me lie. A 16th 
 century ring of silver, with two clasped hands and The 
 Na%aren^ rex. — Bought in York, 1884; another, also of 
 silver, inscribed Ihc Na%aren\ 16th century. — Rev. W. 
 Hey, 1849; another, with Friendship inside; another 
 with Let Vertue guide us, found at Fountains Abbey, 
 and purchased 1873. All these are of silver. A brass 
 ring, found in Walmgate in 1876, with Amor in raised 
 panels ; a pretty jet ring, inscribed Now or Never. A 
 fine gold ring, seec. xv., with St. Anne and the Blessed 
 Virgin in Niello, found in St. George’s Fields, 1881. 
 A ring with an incised cross upon it ; a ring found at 
 Knapton, near Malton, with an inscription to the 
 Blessed Virgin, given by Mr. P. Tuke in 1831 ; a ring, 
 with a shield, bearing a St. Andrew’s cross, found and 
 bought at York, 1873. A merchant’s ring of copper, 
 with A. B. and a device upon it, found in Lawrence 
 Street and purchased 1888 ; another with G. K. and a 
 device, found in Selby, and bought 1886 ; another with 
 I. S. upon it, intertwined, found in St. Leonard’s Place 
 in 1834, and presented by Mr. P. Davies ; another with 
 
 * In the Bateman Collection is the oval seal of Roger de Ripon, represent- 
 ing a star issuing from a crescent, found in Feasegate, in 1851. — Bateman 
 Catalogue, p. 272. Another seal, showing a pair of clasped hands and the 
 legend Prive su was found in Walmgate. — Journal Arch. Inst. xiv. 
 
235 
 
 a pelican in her piety and E., W., found in St. George’s 
 Field, 1882, and bought; a ring with a merchant’s 
 mark and W. . . upon it ; another merchant’s mark 
 with a shield surmounted by a star. This was found 
 in Pavement, and was bought in 1884. A ring with 
 D. upon it, from Mr. Davies’ Collection, given by Pev. 
 A. Porter, 1880 ; one with I. upon it, bought in York, 
 1884; one with L. upon it, and a wreathed handle, 
 found in York, and purchased, 1876 ; a fine silver ring, 
 of 15th century work, with E. upon it, found in 
 Fountains Abbey, and perhaps the signet of Abbot 
 John de Eipon, purchased 1873 ; a brass ring with S. 
 upon it ; another with a similar letter and dots around 
 it, dredged from the river Ouse and bought, 1880; 
 three rings with W. upon them, two bought in York in 
 1880 and 1887. A small finger ring with a lion ram- 
 pant upon it, and a brass ring, bought in York in 1891, 
 with three arrows on it. A small purse ring of gold, 
 set with turquoises and rubies, found in the moat of 
 the city walls in 1874, and purchased. 
 
 0 , A small stand with seals of arms, and monograms, 
 etc. Among the coats of arms is that of Sir Hugh 
 Smithson, Duke of Northumberland, from the Collec- 
 tion of Mr. E. Davies. Two steel seals of arms of the 
 families of Haydock of Pheasant Ford, in Lancashire 
 and Cawthorne, presented by Dr. Gibson in 1878. Two 
 silver seals of arms, Carleton and Baildon (?), bought 
 in York, 1879 ; another with the bearing of Goateley, 
 also bought in York, 1876; another with a double- 
 headed eagle, a^d several other seals, some with initials 
 and merchants’ marks. 
 
 p, A mould or cast in copper of the obverse of a 
 large medal of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of 
 England, who married Frederick V, Count Palantine. 
 
236 
 
 The inscription has been Elizahetha fit, Ja. Re. Mag. 
 Brit. Fra. et Mi. ux. 
 
 q. A bronze weight with a handle charged with a 
 shield bearing the arms of England and France quar- 
 terly. Found on the Poppleton road, 1884. Another, 
 found in York, charged with the three leopards of 
 England. 
 
 r. A skippet, or ancient box for deeds, made of 
 leather, softened in hot water and then stamped, called 
 cuir houilli. It is ornamented with animals and foliage, 
 and was supposed by the late Sir S. E. Meyrick to be 
 of the time of Edward II. The dotted ground-work 
 appears to have been filled in with red colour. — The 
 Mar grove Collection, 1846. 
 
 s. A small coffer, also made of leather, prettily 
 stamped, but later in date. Purchased in Beverley at 
 Mr. Brereton’s sale in 1881. 
 
 t. A round box or penner, probably intended to 
 hold the pens of a scribe, ornamented, and inscribed : 
 Edward Mawhe : Love God thy Maher : 1605 ; Luce 
 mori mundo, vivere disce Deo. — Mr. T. S. Noble, 1881. 
 
 u. A mazer-bowl, 4 in. high and 8 in. in diameter, 
 with a silver rim, inscribed — The gift of Mr. Kay to the 
 Company of Inholders, 1679. Renewed 1757, Joseph 
 Priestley, Master. This was in the Collection of Mr. 
 William Hudson, of Ousecliffe. — The Mon. and Rev. 
 Stephen Lawley, 1884. 
 
 V. A curiously carved cocoa nut bearing, among 
 other ornamentations, a shield of arms, ‘‘ ermine a 
 chevron between three wheat sheaves,” and a view of 
 a country-house. — Purchased at Leeds in 1888. 
 
 IV. E. On a large stand are some specimens of old 
 tapestry and needlework. In the centre, in a large 
 oval frame, are the figures of a gentleman and a lady. 
 An embroidered purse with strings and the arms 
 
237 
 
 of Wyvill and Stapleton, circa 1610. — Mr. W. H. 
 Rudston-Read, 1875. Another purse, of open-work, of 
 the same date, and belonging to the same family of 
 Wyvill. — Bought in Richmondshire in 1880. Two small 
 pieces of embroidery in frames, bought at Derby. 
 
 h. Various candlesticks, etc. Among these are : i. 
 Two prick candlesticks, ssec. xiv., finely enamelled with 
 coats of arms, found in 1859, under the fioor of the 
 church of St. Mary, Bishophill Senior."^ — Purchased, ii. 
 A smaller candlestick of the same kind, found under the 
 new Bank Buildings in Market Street. — Purchased., 1873. 
 iii. A bronze candlestick, found whilst draining at 
 Benningbrough. — Hon. Payan Bawnay, 1858. iv. A 
 brass candlestick and snuffers. At the top of the snuff-, 
 ers is a female figure, armed with a sword and shield 
 and bearing a cross ; and above the head two cherubs 
 holding a wreath. This is probably of early 16th 
 century work. — Rev. R. Croft, 1824. v. Various other 
 candlesticks, snuffers, tinder-boxes, f a lantern used in 
 the Minster last century, and a large link bought in 
 York in 1880. An hour-glass bought in York, 1881. 
 
 c. A pewter alms-dish, silvered, inscribed : St. 
 Martin-le- Grand. Ex dono John Yeates gen. 1675. — Pur- 
 chased in York, 1879. 
 
 d. Two staves or maces, borne in state before a 
 sheriff, and richly carved and coloured, i. This has on 
 it the arms of Langley of Wykeham Abbey, and may 
 have been used either by Boynton Langley, who was 
 High-Sheriff in 1763 ; or by his son, Richard Langley, 
 who filled the same office in 1786. This staff belonged 
 to Mr. Davies. — Rev. A. S. Porter, 1880. ii. A similar 
 staff, bearing the arms of Ellis, and probably used by 
 
 * In Journal Arch. Inst, xix., 291, is a notice of a coloured drawing by John 
 Carter of an enamelled candlestick, found in the Chapter House of York Min- 
 ster. See also Journal Arch. Inst.^^viii., 433. 
 
 t There is a paper on tinder-boxes in the Archsel. n. s., vi. 217. 
 
238 
 
 William Ellis, wlio was one of tlie Sheriffs of the city 
 in 1796. 
 
 e, A brass plate, purchased by the late Mr. Charles 
 Monkman at Ganton, near Scar broV bearing the follow- 
 ing inscription: — Here lyeth the hody of Mrs, Eli%. 
 Wharton^ wife to ye Honed, Philip Wharton, Hsq,, daugh- 
 ter and heir esse to Richd, Hutton, PJsq,, who departed this 
 life on ye Z^th day of March, in ye 2^th yeare of her age, 
 Anno Bom, 1684.’’ This is said to have been taken 
 from some church near Malton. It is more probable 
 that it came from Edlington, near Doncaster, where the 
 Whartons lived, and where the husband of the lady thus 
 thus recorded was buried. — TheMonhman Collection, 1875. 
 
 /. Four sheaths for knives of stamped leather, or 
 cuir louilli, two of which were found in 1873 under the 
 new Bank Buildings in Market Street, and the top of a 
 small box, of the same material, from the Croft Collec- 
 tion. 
 
 g. Three ancient domino and card boxes of ivory. 
 Bought in York. 
 
 h. Several pairs of 18th century shoe-buckles. One, 
 of silver, was given by Mr. H. Preston, in 1882. 
 
 i. Combs. One, imbedded in lime, was taken out 
 of a wall adjacent to the King’s Manor, and probably 
 fell into the wet mortar out of the hand or pocket of 
 some early mason. Another comb dredged out of the 
 river in 1879. A large gilt comb bought in 1884, and 
 another of tortoise shell. The handle of a walking- 
 stick, of horn, shaped like a bird. 
 
 j. A work-box made of coloured straw by the 
 French refugees in 1793, etc. Bought 1887. Another 
 work-box of ivory. 
 
 k. On a stand several specimens of wool and needle- 
 work. A sampler made by Mary Field in 1 71 6 ; bought 
 in York, 1871. 
 
239 
 
 l. A small collection of ancient watches, i. An oval 
 watch of copper, gilt, richly chased, of 16th century 
 work. — Bought at Leyhurn, 1882. ii. A large watch of 
 copper gilt, inscribed, Nescis qua hora^ vigila, H. and, 
 inside. A, B. 1640. Michael Narsen, beautifully orna- 
 mented. — Rev. R. Croft, 1824. iii. A silver watch with 
 decorated case, with the maker’s name. Tarts, London. 
 — Bought at Leyhurn, 1884. iv. A small and very 
 beautifully enamelled watch with the maker’s name, F. 
 Luarens, Londini, of the 17th cent. — Mr. TV. H. Rudston- 
 Read, 1875. v. A large and finely- wrought silver watch, 
 made in York, and inscribed John Smeaton, Yorhe. 
 Smeaton was free of the City of York, as a watchmaker, 
 in 1646-7. Mr. Norcliffe has at Langton a charmingly 
 enamelled watch also of his workmanship."^' 
 
 m. On a stand are two etuis of copper gilt, bought 
 in 1883-4, and many other useful and ornamental 
 articles. 
 
 n. Some of the visiting cards of a York lady circa 
 1800 ; note-books and knicknacks of various kinds. 
 
 0 . A silver-gilt scent-bottle with a medal of William 
 and Mary let into the side. — Mr. TV. H. Rudston-Read, 
 1875. Patch-boxes, and boxes of various kinds. 
 
 * The first clockmaker who took up his freedom in York was Eobert Plattes 
 in 1590. In 1607-8 William Wilson, son of Richard W., both clockmakers, 
 did the same. In Jan., 1614-15, the Corporation agreed to give the freedom 
 of the city to Wm. Elidson, clockmaker, “who is commended by diverse 
 knights, and others of good worth, to be verie skilful in that arte or science of 
 making silver clockes and watches, for that there is not any within this cittie 
 that is skilful or perfect in makeing or amending of them.” Kidson offers 
 the Corporation a clock for the use of the Council Chamber. In the same year 
 Lewis Cook, a clockmaker, “ a perfect and skilful workeman in the same arte ” 
 is permitted, twice, to exercise his trade. 1617-18, John Bilclif, clockmaker, 
 is free ; 1623-4, — North, clockmaker, is free. 1627-8, Wm. Seamer and Robt. 
 Bilcliffe, watchmakers, are free. 1634-5, John Gell, watchmaker, free ; 1636-7, 
 James Ellis, do.; Jan., 1638-9, the Corporation order that Nicholas Cozens, 
 maker of hour-glasses, shall be free ; 1639-40, John Bilcliffe, watchmaker, son 
 of JohnB., clockmaker, free. I have a list of twenty-five others who were 
 allowed to exercise their art of watch and clock-making in Yorke before 1700. 
 It is evident, therefore, that the profession was a thriving one. 
 
240 
 
 p. On a stand a number of articles of ladies dress, 
 etc., such as fans, high-heeled shoes, purses, waist- 
 buckles ; and a fine miniature of a gentleman. Among 
 the shoes is one worn by Lady Betty Hastings, who 
 died in 1739, given by Mrs. Carr in 1890. 
 
 q. An old umbrella ; the walking stick of Alexander 
 Hunter, M.D.; and another with a richly ornamented 
 handle, and many other things. 
 
 Case F. 
 
 Egyptian Antiquities. — In a small case on the floor 
 of the room are a number of Egyptian curiosities, small 
 in size, but full of interest. They have been given by 
 Colonel Vernon Harcourt in 1830 and 1837, Mr. G. 
 Boyne, of Leeds, in 1849, Bev. W. L. Palmes, Pev. 
 Greville Chester, Pev. C. B. Norclifie, and the Egyptian 
 Exploration Fund in 1884-5. Descriptions are appended 
 to the objects. 
 
 Case G. 
 
 PoMAN Skulls. — Under the two windows in this 
 room are small cases containing, for ethnological pur- 
 poses, a number of Poman skulls found in the York 
 cemeteries. In addition to these, there are, in one of 
 the lower rooms in the Museum, as well as in the 
 Hospitium, several complete skeletons, unarticulated. 
 
 I. G. This case contains 28 skulls, many of which 
 were found in stone coffins, and may therefore be 
 presumed to belong to people of some distinction. 
 Three of these are figured in Davis and Thurnam’s 
 Crania Britannica^ viz., a skull found in Mr. Brest’s 
 garden in Blossom-street in 1852 ; the skull of a man 
 who was buried in a cedar coffin ; and the skull of 
 Theodorianus of Nomentum, which Dr. Thurnam calls 
 ‘^a noble cranium, the like of which we by no means 
 anticipate meeting with.” This, however, in Professor 
 
241 
 
 Eolleston’s opinion, is surpassed by another found in 
 1872 with a two-bandled vase. Unfortunately the lower 
 jaw is wanting. Among the skulls in this interesting 
 case are those found in the inscribed stone coffins of 
 Flavius Bellator the Decurion, Aurelius Superus the 
 Centurion, and Julia Fortunata the wife of M. V. 
 Diogenes the Sextumvir or Sevir, 
 
 II. G. This case contains 32 Eoman skulls, all 
 found in the York cemeteries. 
 
 IV. G. A large number of Peruvian vessels. Some 
 of these were purchased in 1881 from the Eev. W. Cole, 
 of North Cave ; but four-fifths of the Collection were 
 given by Mr. James Backhouse in 1885. They came 
 from the Museum of Don Pedro Vilchez, and were 
 found in the Inca’s burial ground near the Temple del 
 Sol, Trujillo (Truxillo), Peru, in 1878. 
 
 a. Some very fine specimens of Poman pottery from 
 Treves or Trier.^ — Mr. E. Hailstone^ 1882. 
 
 h. Some pieces of Poman pottery from the Museum 
 at Kertch in the Crimea. — Rev. J. J. Harrison, 1856. 
 
 c. Two Poman jugs and a lamp from Kolea in 
 Algeria. — Mrs. Nor cliff e, 1869. 
 
 d. A number of vessels of Pomano-Greek pottery, 
 most of them the gift of Mr. E. Hailstone, 1882. 
 
 e. A few vessels of the so-called Upchurch ware, 
 made in the Upchurch Marshes near Pochester, and 
 found there. — Mr. C. H. Woodruff, of Chiswich, 1883. 
 
 /. A large number of Egypto-Poman vessels found 
 at San-el-Hagar. — The Egyptian Exploration Committee, 
 1884. 
 
 The large amphora in the corner, at the right of this 
 Case, is from San ; that in the opposite corner is a 
 
 * Two of them are of black ware with the following inscriptions in white 
 slip, Finwm, Pete. 
 
242 
 
 modern imitation of tlie old Eoman amphora, from Tunis, 
 and was given by Mr. E. Hailstone in 1882. 
 
 Wood Cahvin^g, etc. — On the wall of the room is 
 arranged a small collection of wood- work, the spoils of 
 ancient churches, and bought, for the most part, out of 
 narpenter’s shops in York. It is lamentable to think 
 how much wanton mischief has been done in the way 
 of restoration, and it is a happy thing that there are 
 such places as Museums to preserve relics of the past 
 which their proper custodians deem to be without value. 
 Among the specimens are observable three angels from 
 the old roof of St. Martin’s, Coney-street, York, one of 
 whom holds a shield on which is St. George’s cross ; 
 two doors of ambries with their iron-work, and fragments 
 of the stalls of York Minster ; a fine piece of oak with 
 the linen-pattern on it from a house in the Shambles, 
 York ; stall ends from St. Crux, York, Bolton Percy, 
 Swillington, and South Kilvington ; choir stalls from 
 Eakenham, Norfolk ; barge-boards from York ; crest- 
 work from a house in North-street, York, 1883; screen- 
 work from Pudston, St. Michael-le-Belfrey, South 
 Kilvington, Eakenham, and Eichmond (from Easby 
 Abbey) a large figure of David playing on the harp 
 and singing, from Walsoken, Norfolk; iron- work from 
 the font of St. Mary’s, Castlegate, York ; with many 
 other specimens. The bosses on the roof of the room, 
 with one or two exceptions, are from the destroyed 
 church of St. Crux, York. The bench in the Entrance 
 Hall is also from St. Crux. 
 
 Plaster Work. — In the antiquarian room below, in 
 the Museum, are some interesting specimens of plaster- 
 work from the old house of the Methams on Micklegate 
 Hill, now replaced by the dwelling-house of Messrs. 
 Manstead and Wood. They consist of the arms of 
 
 * See Clarkson’s Richmond, 152. 
 
243 
 
 Metham impaling Hamilton, and other devices. There 
 are also some casts in plaster from the panels of a 
 sixteenth century door, formerly in the Bedern. Among 
 them are the arms of George Gale, goldsmith and lord 
 mayor of York. 
 
 Yikginal. — In a Case in this room is a fine example 
 of the musical instrument called the Virginal, which 
 was very popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. It 
 bears the inscription Thomas White me fecit ^ 1651. — Mr. 
 W. Barnly^ 1868. 
 
 Seals and Chaeters. — In the drawers of the cabinet 
 in this room will be arranged a large number of ancient 
 deeds and impressions of seals. 
 
 Maps, Drawings, etc. — Hung upon the wall of the 
 Ethnological Eoom are Tube’s coloured map of York- 
 shire, 1787 ; Skaife’s map of Eburacum ; and Skaife’s 
 plan of Eoman, mediaeval, and modern York. There 
 are also engravings or drawings of all the Eoman 
 Pavements that have been discovered in Yorkshire, of 
 which any illustration exists, viz., five of the Pave- 
 ments at Aldbrough, one of which is an original draw- 
 ing, and shows a Pavement of which little now 
 exists. It is from Mr. Walbran’s Collection, h. One 
 of the Pavements found at Hovingham. c. Three of 
 the York Pavements, consisting of Mr. Fowler’s coloured 
 engraving of the Pavement at Micklegate Bar, Mr. 
 Plows’ drawing of the Pavement found in Cherry-street ; 
 and a coloured drawing made for the late Mr. W. 
 Hargrove of a Pavement, found in Tanner Eow, March 
 26, 1853, six feet below the surface, and near to some 
 others previously discovered. It was 18 feet square, 
 and what remains of it is now in one of the lower rooms 
 in the Museum. There is also a fine photograph of the 
 celebrated inscription in Greek to a young Eoman, 
 found at Brough in Westmoreland, and now deposited 
 
244 
 
 in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge. It was 
 given by the Eev. G. F. Browne, Canon of St. Pauls. 
 
 Foreign or Ethnological Antiquities. — There is in 
 this room a large collection of these objects, which are 
 properly labelled and described, but there is no room 
 for a full list of them in this edition of the catalogue. 
 
245 
 
 Errata et Addenda. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 p.p. 34, 44, 45, 62, 66, 71, for 1847 read 1846. 
 
 p. 38. In two places for Orhiotalis read Orhiotalus. 
 
 p. 44. In No. 23 take the line out of the inscription. 
 
 p. 56. For AELL^ read aelke. 
 
 Case C. p. Add : One of the two glass vessels 
 found in a domed brick tomb on the Mount in 1807. — 
 The Misses Jahells, 1891. 
 
 Case M. p. 140. Add : Two cakes of lead mixed with \ 
 tin (pewter) found in the Thames at Wandsworth in ^ 
 1890. Mr. J. F. Walker has discovered by an analysis 
 that this is the metal with which Eoman brass coins 
 were washed to make them resemble silver. One of 
 these cakes is 10 in. long by 8f ; the other 10;^ in. by 
 6^. Each is marked by a seal or stamp bearing the 
 name syagri, for Syagrius, and, also, by another, 
 which bears the Christian emblem and several doubtful 
 letters around it There are three of these cakes in the 
 British Museum, two of which were found near Battersea 
 bridge,"^ the other, with these, at Wandsworth. — 
 Purchased^ 1891. 
 
 The remains of a large Eoman urn discovered by a 
 ploughman at Langwith, near York, in March, 1891. 
 
 It contained more than 6000 brass coins of Constantine 
 I. and his family. One thousand, or more, of the coins 
 are shown in the urn itself. — Lord Beramore, 1891. 
 
 A bronze bell, 4f in. high by 2^ in diameter, founcTN 
 on Binnington Carr, E.E.Y., with twelve of the silver 
 coins which it contained. One is Consular, the others / 
 are of Nero, Vitellius, Vespasian, and Titus. — Bought I 
 at Malton, 1891. 
 
 * c/. Hubner’s Inscrr. Brit., No. 1221. 
 
246 
 
 Case T. p. 165. On top of Case. Add: A large jug 
 of Eaeren ware, brown in colour, figured, and dated 
 1585, 17^ inches high. — The Hailstone Collection^ 1891. 
 
 XXV. p. 167. Add: A three-handled tyg, 7^ 
 
 inches high by 8 in diameter, with impressed markings 
 and corded patterns. From an old hall near Wirks- 
 worth, Derbyshire. — Bought^ 1891. 
 
 XXX. p. 169. Add: Two small dark-coloured 
 
 tygs and a jug, found together in the town-ditch at 
 Nottingham in December, 1890. — Purchased, 1891. 
 
 p. 191 . The portraits of Messrs. Wellbeloved, Phillips, 
 Atkinson, and Brook have been removed from the 
 staircase, and are now hung in the hall. 
 
 p. 202. Add : A pretty incense cup of baked clay 
 found at Langdale End, near Scarborough. The rim 
 is ornamented with a vandyked pattern and dots, and 
 three holes are perforated on either side. It is Hin. 
 high and If in. in diameter. — Mr. Edson^s sale at Malton, 
 1891. 
 
 p. 214. Add: A curious, oval head of bone, perfor- 
 ated with three holes. Found in Monkgate, near the 
 City Wall. — Mr. Mahalshi, 1891. 
 
 p. 215. Add : A reddish brown cup, 7| in. high and 
 in diameter, found at Severus Junction, near York, 
 in 1890. It has a pattern around the shoulder, and 
 below it some one at a later date has incised with 
 compasses, or a graving tool, a series of semicircular 
 arches. — Tempest Anderson, M.D., 1891. 
 
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