II I INOIS STATS GEOLOGICAL SI 3 3051 00004 0489 57 176 State of Illinois Adlai E. Stevenson, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION C. Hobart Engle, Director Division of the STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. Leighton, Chief Urbana CIRCULAR NO.T76 SUMMARY OF WATER-FLOODING OPERATIONS IN ILLINOIS OIL POOLS TO 1951 By Frederick Squires, and Members of the Secondary Recovery Study Committee for Illinois, Secondary Recovery Division, Interstate Oil Compact Commission Reprint of the Report Published by the Interstate Oil Compact Commission 1951 Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 1951 ILLINOIS 3EOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY MAR 24 1952 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/summaryofwaterfl176squi The Interstate Oil Compact Commission, through its Secondary Recovery Division with Albert E. Sweeney, Jr., Director, and Paul Torrey, Chairman of the Secondary Recovery Advisory Committee, takes pleasure in presenting this "Summary of Water Flooding Operations in Illinois to 1951," the same being a second report on information regarding secondary recovery in the State of Illinois, the first report being designated "Summary Water Flooding Operations in Illinois, 1950" which was published and distributed by the Compact early in 1951. This publi- cation represents the work of the Illinois Secondary Recovery Study Committee, with Frederick Squires as Chairman, acting in cooperation with the representatives of the Compact. The first report has been in great demand, not only in the State of Illinois, but in most of the other oil and gas producing states, and we believe this report, in connection with the first report, will be of much greater interest and most helpful. The Interstate Oil Compact Commission wishes to express its appreciation to all com- panies, organizations and individuals who have assisted in gathering data for this project. It is published in order that the public in general, and the oil industry in particular, may have factual information regarding secondary recovery operations in Illinois. Earl Foster Executive Secretary FOREWORD The State of Illinois takes pride in submitting its second report on secondary recovery operations to the Interstate Oil Compact Commission. It is indeed encouraging to note that the studies and investigations conducted by the Illinois Secondary Recovery Study Committee have shown how oil recovery is being increased in substantial quantity in various fields. The data that are included in this report indicate im- pressively that there should be many other opportunities in Illinois where these successful re- sults may be duplicated. Recently Illinois has enacted an oil and gas conservation law which will facilitate the application of methods for the improvement of oil recovery to the fields of the State. The State is eager to promote this work in order that the maximum economic recovery may be obtained from every field. In order that these methods may be applied effectively, the State urges each operator to cooperate actively with the Secondary Recovery Study Committee in order that detailed information may be available to serve as a guide for future operations. It is believed confidently that the producers of oil in Illinois will profit from such cooperation just as the State and its people will be benefited by the employment of measures for the conservation of these valuable resources. Adlai E. Stevenson Governor of Illinois FIGURE I INDEX MAP OF WATER-FLOOD OPERATIONS IN ILLINOIS P A.WITHERSPOON AND F TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface i Foreword • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • *. . ^ Introduction , • 1 Summary of Findings on Illinois Controlled Water Floods . 9 . . » <> 2 Descriptions of Three Water Floods Salem Unit 15 Benton Water Flood by C. V. Cameron 19 South Johnson Water Flood by R. J. Cassin and Dale E. Parro 31 Water Supply by David H. Swann 41 Table 1. Data for Illinois Controlled Water Floods to January 1 , 1951 6 Finis • • • • 43 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Index map of water -flood operations in Illinois iii 2. Structure map of the Illinois Basin 3 3. Generalized geologic column for Southern Illinois 4 4. Index map for counties, townships, and ranges 5 5. The Salem Unit, Devonian flood. A. Development map of Devonian lime B. Structure map on Devonian lime 16 6. The Salem Unit, McClosky flood 17 7. The Salem Unit, Benoist flood A. Development map of Benoist sand B. Structure map on Benoist sand 18 8. Structure map of Benton field, contours on Tar Springs formation ••• 21 9. Cross sections of Benton field 22 10. Isopach map of Tar Springs sandstone showing effective pay thickness above 1,695 feet, subsea 23 11. Daily average oil production of entire Benton field ••• 24 12. Water injection system layout •• 25 13. Produced fluid return system layout •• 26 Figur- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page | Flow diagram of water -flood system ...» 27 Average daily production and water injection for Benton flood unit 28 Details of flood performance over 13 months of operation 29 Formation fill -up map as of December 1, 1950 30 | Index map of South Johnson flood 32 Structure on Upper Partlow sand, South Johnson flood 33 ! Permeability contours on Upper Partlow sand, South Johnson flood ••«• 34 Geologic column, South Johnson water-flood area , Flood performance graphs. Siggins-Fir st and Second Siggins Sand, and Bellair- Bellair "500-foot" sand 36 Flood performance graphs, Albion, Aden, Friendsville North, and Patoka Flood performance graphs of Grayville West, Browns East, Johnson South, Maunie South, New Harmony Consolidated 38 Flood performance graph of Patoka field (Benoist sand) . 39 Map of Illinois Basin oil fields showing positions of surface streams relative to oil pools Areas of possible fresh water-bearing sands and gravels and the known areas of Pennsylvanian sandstones that contain fresh water SUMMARY OF WATER-FLOODING OPERATIONS IN ILLINOIS INTRODUCTION Early in 1951, the Secondary Recovery Study Committee for Illinois, set up in 1949, was continued by Earl Foster, Executive Secretary, Interstate Oil Compact Commission, in order to bring up to 1951 the report entitled "Summary of Water -Flooding Operations in Illinois to 1950" already published and distributed. The report that follows is the result of the work done by this committee. THE COMMITTEE Frederick Squires, Chairman Illinois State Geological Survey Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois Hugh S. Barger 304 Locust Street Evansville, Indiana A. H. Bell Illinois State Geological Survey Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois C . V . C ame r on Shell Oil Company Centralia, Illinois W. S. Corwin Tide Water Associated Oil Company Keensburg, Illinois R. J. Cassin, Secretary Forest Oil Corporation Casey, Illinois L. C. Powell The Ohio Oil Company Terre Haute, Indiana Paul J. Shanor Illinois State Geological Sur-v Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois Harry Swaneck Gulf Refining Company Centralia, Illinois Ray Vincent Sohio Petroleum Company Box 352 Centralia, Illinois R. E. Dunn Magnolia Petroleum Company P. O. Box 501 Salem, Illinois Paul Phillippi Forest Oil Corporation Casey, Illinois Mark Plummer The Pure Oil Company Olney, Illinois E. C. Wells Carter Oil Company Mattoon, Illinois 'Bob Wilson Tide Water Associated Oil Company Robinson, Illinois M. R. Wilson The Texas Company Salem, Illinois Paul A. Witherspoon Illinois State Geological Survey Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois As a result of this study, it was found that the number of active controlled water-flood operations had more than doubled (from 31 to 63) since the preceding report (see map Fig. l). Summary data for these 63 floods are given in Table 1, "Data for Illinois Controlled Water- Floods to January 1, 1951." Oil production and water input and output graphs for 12 floods are included. Three floods have been selected for more detailed discussion herein, namely: (1) Salem Unit, (2) Benton, and (3) South Johnson. Descriptions of uncontrolled flooding operations have been omitted from this report because data for these were not available. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ON ILLINOIS CONTROLLED WATER FLOODS On January 1, 1951, Illinois had 63 active controlled floods (Table 1). These, together with the many McClosky dump floods, have produced more than 20,000,000 barrels of flood oil. This oil was obtained from sands having an average thickness of about 18 feet. Porosities aver- aged about 18 per cent and permeabilities approximately 176 millidarcys. The fluid saturations at the start of flooding averaged 45 per cent oil and 31 per cent water. The ratio of water input to. oil produced was about 7 to 1 at the end of 1950. FIGURE 2 STRUCTURE MAP OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN FROM DEVELOPMENTS IN EASTERN INTERIOR BASIN 1939 AND FIRST QUARTER OF 1940" BY ALFRED H. BELL BULL. A. A. P. G. V24.N0. 6, JUNE 1940, P 96 3 FIGURE 3 GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC COLUMN FOR SOUTHERN ILLINOIS SHOWING OIL PRODUCING STRATA(') 5 ¥SS: DEGONIA CLORE PALESTINE MENARD W£ SBURG TAR SPRINGS GLEN DEAN HARDINSBURG GOLCONDA CYPRESS PAINT CREEK BETHEL RENAULT AUX VASES FORMATION OR GROUP STE GENEVIEVE (MCCLOSKY ROSI- CLARE.L.O'HARA) ST. LOUIS OSAGE (CARPER) MAQUOKETA SHAKOPEE NEW RICHMOND ONEOTA JORDAN TREMPEALEAU FRANCONIA GALESVILLE EAU CLAIRE ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 4 INDEX MAP FOR COUNTIES, TOWNSHIPS, AND RANGES 1)ATA FOR ILLINOIS CONTROLLED WATER FLOODS TO JANUARY I, 195/ * Field Aden Consolidated Aden Consolidated Alb ,n Coi wford wford Fr end • ville North Wabash lol i Co nsolidated Clay Iol a Co nsolidated Clay White Jo i»,o n North Clark Jo nso n North Clark Jo nso n South Clark Lawrence Fayette, Effingham Fayette, Effingham Crawford Crawford Bi ehl Unit # 1 Bi ehl Unit #2 So Albion Br dg poi As sumption B eno ist Fc rest - Bell lir Fulton Benton J. W. Lindsay iellair "500" SS Maud North Consolidated Wabash Information obtained by all members of the Bellmont North Bohlander Lease Casey East Centerville Cordes Dix Pressure Maintena Elbridge Friendsville North Iola East Iola North Iron Unit Clark County #1 South Johnson Griggs Bridgeport #1 Robins Bridgeport #2 Louden Cypress Ikemire -Henry Hughes Robinson #3 Wilkin Robinson #2 Mattoon Lease West Maud and arranged by R. J. Cas Upper Partlo' Kirkwood Cypress Pres Devonian Robinson Robinson Robinson Yingling Yingling Superior 2,100 Shell 960 Yingling 3,275 Texas " Superior 2,600 Magnolia 3,150 Phillips 450 Forest 2,530 Sun 1,230 Shell et al - Carter Shell Tidewater McMahon Ohio - Carter Sept. 43 935 T idewater Feb. 48 890 Ohio Sept. 48 950 Ohio May 48 2,000 Phillips Oct. 50 2,750 Skiles Oct. 50 f Wells Well i Production Input Average Input to January 1 , IS Barrels Per Water Day Flood Per Well Per Oil Pro- Water Foot of Pay duction Production Input N 921,594 2,200 4,500 1,007,810 4,277,541 230,928 9,663,381 lone 191,266 15,212 243,288 - 472,855 8,100 117,210 7,306 46,376 35,000 452,475 >Ione 2,372 101,011 586,966 2.9 125,415 - 5,007,028 7 4.0 201,463 1,149,145 8,214,252 8 8.5 None 239,601 10,478,994 9 5.0 None None 191,266 21.4 20,459 28,754 487,741 22.6 - - 3,714,733 9.7 252,613 9,018 352,519 11.6 Noi 46,371 17,400 35,000 452,475 5.3 None None 2,372 8.2 9,937 101,011 586,966 21,400 22,907 57,879 1,721 8,006 68,984 6,463 52,868 65,761 91,789 37,715 159,951 4,444 22,510 131,204 16,794 - 201,932 3,039 35,500 390,750 390,750 24 16,200 5,050 2,204,652 3.5 3,279,315 26 34,320 34,320 34,320 3,700 66,000 66,560 296,500 805,242 1,591,489 one 2,941 2,941 TABLE I (Continued) DATA FOR ILLINOIS CONTROLLED WATER FLOODS TO JANUARY I, 1951 ' Flood Pay At Sta Water t Of Average Flood Number of Old Net Permea- Per C 'nt Of Input Water Wells U Pro- sed As Are Wells Cored Shot Thick- Feet Average Porosity Per Cent bility Milli- Pore S Satura Oil pace Line No. Type Source Chemically Treated ted 1/ 1 Brine Penn. Sand Yes 10 3 Yes Yes 10 22.0 150 " 42.0 2 Brine Penn. Sand Yes 10 3 Yes No 3 6 " - " 3 Brine Penn. Sand Yes 10 1 Yes Yes 17 1 20.2 265 21.0 23.6 4 Brine Penn. Sand Yes 6 1 Yes Yes 22 19.3 303 " 27.7 5 Brine Produced No 14 3 Yes Yes 20 19.7 304 16.0 26.0 6 Brine Penn. Sand No " " Yes Yes 12 " " " " 7 Fresh Gravel Bed No 9 Yes Yes 38 17.1 148 35.5 42.7 8 Fresh Gravel Bed Yes 47 2 Yes Yes 22 18.6 149 35.9 43.4 9 Fresh Lake Yes 119 83 Yes Yes 37 19.0 65 50.6 25.0 10 Brine 1,300 Ft. Sand Yes 9 Yes Yes 31 19.1 135 27.9 37.9 11 Brine Lower Weiler No 12 2 Yes Yes 15 5 19.0 92 - - 12 Brine Produced No 58 o Yes Yes 19 17.5 175 17.5 28.0 13 Brine Cypress No 11 3 Yes Yes 11 o 18.0 144 83.0 15.0 14 Brine Cypress No 11 2 Yes No 10 11.2 68 50.0 20.0 15 Fresh Gravel Bed No 2 Yes Yes 10 17.4 173 32.0 50.0 16 Fresh Gravel Bed Yes 5' 1 No Yes 6 - - - - 17 18 - Pottsville Yes 70 35 Yes Yes 14 20.0 250 - " Fresh 300 Ft. Penn. Sand No 3 1 Brine Produced No 2 1 Brine Produced No 6 1 Yes Yes 7.0 16.0 Yes Yes 7.0 15.7 No Yes 81 76.0 18.0 Fresh Gravel Bed Yes Yes 17.0 20.0 425 41.0 40.0 Brine Produced Yes 9 Yes Yes 48.0 16.6 319 33.6 55.0 Fresh Gravel Bed Yes Yes 52.0 21.6 Brine Penn. Sand Fresh Gravel Bed Fresh Gravel Bed Brine Produced Yes Yes 14.0 Yes Yes 25 to 45 20.1 Yes Yes 22.0 Yes Yes 10.0 18.7 at 77° F. 5 -spot 5 -spot 5 -spot Perimet 5 -spot 1,960 1,500 Perimeter 7.5 at 86° F. 35.6 Approx. 5-spot 500 37.0 Spot 1,200 35.8 Spot 36.0 5-spot 660 32.0 5-spot 4.7 at 77° F. 29.2 5-spot 310 Irregular 5-spot 467 i McClosky completions i McClosky completion! Flowing Flood Flowing Flood Water-flood oil production considered tl decline extrapolated prior to conversior Pilot Flood Based on well cored with oil Pilot Flood , Horton, McBride, Magnolia, Shell Based on well cored with oil Pilot Flood Pilot Flood 440 by 660 5-spot Formerly operated by Pickens Flowing Flood Discontinued October, 1950 Net pay and porosity are 1949 fig 35.0 5-spot 5-spot 5-spot 440 by 660 5-spot 440 and 660 5-spots 440 and 660 5-spots Returning lease water 1950, 470,813 b 1951, 488,979 barrels. 10 TABLE I (Continued) DATA FOR ILLINOIS CONTROLLED WATER FLOODS TO JANUARY I, 1951 Average Date of Depth First Line No. Field County Project Water -Flood Pay to Water- Flood Pay OP»*to> CSl 36 Maunie South White Tar Springs Unit Tar Springs 2,200 Magnolia Aug. 47 37 Mt. Carmel Wabash First Nafl. Pet. Trs t. Biehl 1,350 1st Nafl. Pet. Trst. Jan. 50 38 New Harmony Cons White, Wabash, Edv /ards Evans Uease Aux Vases 2,800 Tidewatc. Oct. 49 39 New Harmony Cons White, Wabash, Edv ards Ford "A" Lease McClosky 2,900 Sun May 48 40 New Harmony Cons Wljite, Wabash, Edv ards Greathouse Bethel 2,750 Sun Jan. 49 41 New Harmony Cons White, Wabash, Edv ards Greathouse McClosky 2,900 Sun Aug. 47 42 New Harmony Cons White, Wabash, Edv ards Helm Lease Waltersburg 2.150 Luboil Dec. 50 43 New Harmony Cons White, Wabash, Edwards Waltersburg Waltersburg 2,220 Superior Aug. 46 44 Odin Marion Odin Cypress 1,700 Ashland Oct. 49 45 Olney Consolidated Richland Olney McClosky 3,060 Texas Nov. 46 46 Omaha Gallatin Omaha Press. ' Maintenance Palestine " Carter Oct. 44 47 Patoka Marion Patoka Benoist Benoist 1,410 Sohio Sep. 43 48 Patoka Marion Patoka Rosiclare Rosiclare 1,550 Sohio - 48 49 Phillipstown Cons. White, Edwards Calvin North Biehl 1,800 Magnolia Sept. 47 50 Phillipstown Cons. White, Edwards North Calvin Penn.Sand " British- Jun. 49 51 Ste. Marie Jasper Ste. Marie McClosky 2,860 Lebow Oct. 48 52 Salem Marion Rosiclare Sand Unit Rosiclare 2,093 Texas Apr. 50 53 Salem Marion Salem Unit Benoist 1,800 Texas Oct. 50 54 Salem Mar ion Salem Unit Renault 1,800 Texas Oct. 50 55 Salem Marion Salem Unit Aux Vases 1,800 Texas Oct. 50 56 Salem (Salem Unit Tot Marion Us) - Salem Unit Devonian 3,400 Texas Oct. 50 57 Siggins Clark, Cumberland Queen Lease Siggins 450 Bell - 58 Siggins Clark, Cumberland Siggins First Siggins 400 Forest - 42 59 Siggins Clark, Cumberland Union Group First Siggins 400 Pure Dec. 46 60 Siggins Clark, Cumberland Union Group Second Siggins 465 Pure Dec. 46 61 Siggins Clark, Cumberland Vevay Park Lower Siggins 600 Partlow - 62 Westfield Clark, Coles Parker Penn. "Gas" Sand 270 Forest Jun. 50 63 York Cumberland York Penn. Sand - Partlow 1/ Based on several differ nt methods of coring and core analysis. Totals - Reported Data Totals - *Jon-reported Data - Es imated Tot. Is Controlled Floods Totals McClosky Dum Totals All Flood p Flooc s Averages of Reported Data Average Water Well Flood Head Oil Water Pressure Production Productioi Barrels Per Water Day Flood Per vVell Per Oil Pro- Foot of Pay duct ion 5.428 9.945 66,816 3,663 56,167 44,286 None 12,037 84,803 8,024 - 37,432 10,426 70,731 541,032 17,765 76,690 367,544 8,000 44,286 None 268,980 37,697 108,723 591,147 254,000 3,493,000 4,124 317,000 108,000 590 1,370 16,247 11,603 43 3,702 40,911 337 185 5,005 1,620 125 5,659,226 12,188,000 19.676,091 512,000 487,000 954,464 56,247 20,909 123,183 19,010 72,280 696,344 5,005 1,620 125,617 3,200 3,200 276 343 669,172 1,800,000 3,765,841 402,436 1,089,699 1,428,807 iee Remarks 3,166,944 7,000,000 18.063,901 58 1,090,870 2,205,032 5,450.761 59 13,128 207,196 1.000 10,000 000,000 5,000,000 812,142 44,053.838 500,000 6,000,0u0 31?., 142 50,053,338 000 8,000,000 957 99,039,684 000 25,000,000 957 124,039,684 12 TABLE I (Continued) DATA FOR ILLINOIS CONTROLLED WATER FLOODS TO JANUARY I, 1951 Flood Pa> Water Flood Per Cent Of Pore Space Saturated \J Tar Springs Produced Tar Springs Penn. Sand 53.0 65.0 69.0 Produced Produced 32. 25.0 36.7 46.7 29. S 52.2 26.7 52.5 f Reported Data Water-Flood 38.0 Spot 38.0 5 -spot 35.0 Spot 5-spot t 69° F. 38.0 Perimeter Perimeter 39.0 5-spot 460 Saturation corrected for invasion 40.0 Perimeter - Saturation corrected for invasion - 3 producing wells abandoned I 78 F - 32 - 2 Spot 550 Saturation corrected for invasion Spot 36.5 Flank Data from other operators unreported Common injection into Renault and Aux Vases 37.0 Spot . - Test Flood of each formation at 60° F. 5-spot 310 8 at 68 F. 36.6 5-spot 310 Production and input shown is that of both first and second Siggin 8 at 68° F. 36.0 5-spot 310 Oat60°F. 28.1 5-spot 233 Producing wells not yet drilled 30.3 DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE WATER FLOODS SALEM UNIT Development drawings for this unitized project are shown to call attention to the great areal extent of territory and the large number of wells which will eventually be subjected to flooding. The Salem Unit is by far the largest unitized field in Illinois and it represents a fine accomplishment in cooperation between a large number of operators and a really vast number of royalty owners. Flooding before January 1, 1951, was confined to three horizons, the Devonian, the Aux Vases, and the Bethel. The McClosky is shown so as to cover the entire eventual floodable area of the field, even though water was not injected until after January 1, 1951. The Devonian is operated with eight injection wells. 200,000 barrels of water per month from the Tar Springs and Pennsylvania^ sands are being injected under gravity pressure. There are two Benoist injection wells with an average monthly injection of 28,000 barrels into an average of 49 feet of pay at an average wellhead pressure of 159 pounds. The total water injected up to January 1, 1951, is 68,000 barrels. The Aux Vases sand is being subjected to water injection through two wells at an aver- age monthly rate of 33,000 barrels, into an average pay thickness of 86 feet under wellhead pressure of 28 pounds, for a total volume of injected water up to January 1, 1951, of 56,000 barrels . 15 * • • 10 ______J2»«2— ~ » • • m m ®' 6 ,/ 15 <§> • ■y^ . . * - 2 _^>^ ( 20 y l(f „t !,'." 2I l 1 * »30 29 .'. 28 \ 7 « ♦ ■ • ' . • • | - ' 31 32 vj^f ' ¥ h . . , . J ( 1 6 A- ( H> ■ ♦ : i ',-; 8 ib J KEY v — *~s- \ \ 1 \ \ V ^ . s \ > v ^ V \ \ l Proc uced Oil - \ -sA \ L 1.0 r Prod iced Voter 7 S "^ / \, ■^s^~ ^ \ I t r \ / \ J OJOJDJOJOJDJOJDJDJOJOJC | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | 1950 | 1951 < a: a. o Ll. o x o - > UJ o u. < 1 a { \ X 7 \ s tt " 1 > f r M | ** T r I ^ jr~ t : | r | ! i J t < V f -I * 1 S_ j' < t \ 1 1 _:1 \ 1 \ 1 t 1 ?, ] 1 ? ; 1 { t H 1 £ | 1 ^>T 1 j> 1 i ::::!} < > ; 1 K s ^"i >S i 1 1 r tf r r & S-I a ?" i i 4- | >jf r 1 T J _r j •^_ ? J i ! I s s 29 ii m3j.vm e Noaooaoad ubivm « iio jniva 30 FIGURE 17 FORMATION FILL-UP MAP AS OF DECEMBER I, 1950 SOUTH JOHNSON WATER FLOOD by Richard J. Cassin' and Dale E. Parro Introduction and History The South Johnson oil field is located in Township 8 N. , Range 14 W., Clark County. The field was discovered in 1907 and was largely drilled up by the end of 1908. Many of the original wells are still pumping. Production is obtained from the Claypool, Casey, and Upper and Lower Partlow sands, all of Pennsylvanian age. Only the Upper Partlow has been water flooded to date, and the following discussion will be confined to this sand. Water-Flood History With few exceptions, old wells have been plugged and new wells drilled in a five-spot pattern with 440 feet between like wells. Oil and water input wells have the same completion from the ground down. In both, 8-inch drive pipe is run through the glacial drift, 5C to 100 feet, and 7 -inch casing set at about 180 feet. The well is then drilled through the sand and shot. A rag packer, run on 1 I-Z inch cement-lined pipe, is set at the top of the pay. Approximately 40 feet of cement is then placed on top of the packer. Each input well is equipped with a water-flow meter . Water Source and Treatment Shallow well, produced, and creek water are all used in the South Johnson flood. The well water, which is used in the original flood area, is produced from shallow river gravels. A closed system with filtration but without chemical treatment is maintained. Produced water from the nearby Bellair field and creek water from the North Fork are used in the remainder of the flood area. This water is pumped to high ground near the pressure plant, aerated, and settled in ponds. From the ponds the water flows by gravity to the chemical mixing tank, then to the settling tanks, through the filters, and into the clear tank. From the clear tank, horizontal duplex pumps distribute the water through cement-lined pipes to the individual water wells, at an average well- head pressure of 250 pounds per square inch. Daily input volume for the entire flood is 6,000 barrels, or 3.5 barrels per well per foot of sand. Results Obtained In slightly less than two years of operation, 150,800 barrels of water-flood oil have been produced from the 120 acres of the South Johnson water flood. Oil production has remained relatively constant throughout this period, although water production has increased to an approxi- mate 90 per cent water cut. Water injected to January 1, 1951, was 3,300,000 barrels and water- flood oil production was 150,800 barrels. This ratio of 24 to 1 is high compared to those of the pumping floods. 'Forest Oil Corporation, Casey, Illinois 32 FIGURE 18 INDEX MAP SOUTH JOHNSON FLOOD ^^ OLD WELL * ABANDONED WELL o LOCATION FLOOD PRODUCER ^ COMPLETION INTAKE WELL ® CORE WELL © WATER SUPPLY WELL FOR FLOOD __„ AREA BEING FLOODED SCALE 1" 400' FIGURE 19 STRUCTURE ON UPPER PARTLOW SAND, SOUTH JOHNSON FLOOD 33 OLD PRODUCER ABANDONED WELL LOCATION FLOOD PROOUCER COMPLETED FLOOD PRODUCER LOCATION INTAKE WELL COMPLETION INTAKE WELL CORE WELL WATER SUPPLY WELL FOR FLOOD CONTOUR INTERVAL 10' DATUM PLANE SEA LEVEL SCALE !"■ 800' 34 FIGURE 20 PERMEABILITY CONTOURS ON UPPER PARTLOW SANO, SOUTH JOHNSON FLOOD OLD PRODUCER * ABANDONED WELL O LOCATION FLOOD PRODUCER • COMPLETION FLOOD PRODUCER ® LOCATION INTAKE WELL V COMPLETION INTAKE WELL 23 CORE WELL Q WATER SUPPLY WELL FOR FLOOD CONTOUR INTERVAL 100 MIL. DAR. SCALE 1" 800 « FIGURE 21 GEOLOGIC COLUMN SOUTH JOHNSON WATER FLOOD AREA FORMATION OR GROUP Eg EEE zc =n SEE STE GENEVIEVE 36 37 U!' ; \ i : ¥ M ■• / \\ l i \ i \\ ! 8 8 8 18 8 8 8 8 18 18 1= 1 \ {'■■ \ k \ l\ \ M \ M \ § V \ M \ i \ • i \ . «£ \ . «S \ : i !/\ i i I \ ; \ ; \ ! \ ; \" \ § § s g § s i 8 I 8 38 FIGURE 24 FLOOD PERFORMANCE GRAPHS GRAYVILLE WEST, BROWNS EAST, JOHNSON SOUTH, MAUNIE SOUTH, NEW HARMONY CONSOLIDATED BROWNS EAST UPPER CYPRESS SAND JOHNSON SOUTH s UPPER PART LOW SAND / / ] / *- / i / )r / 4,500 P \/ |«» / E / 1. S FLOOD OIL PRODUCED NEW HARMONY CONSOLIDATED BETHEL SAND • GREATHOUSE PROJECT / NEW HARMONY CONSOLIDATED MC CLOSKY LIME GREATHOUSE PROJECT \ FLOOD OIL FHOOUCED BY R.J.CASSIN 39 40 FIGURE 26 MAP OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN OIL FIELDS, SHOWING POSITIONS OF SURFACE STREAMS RELATIVE TO OIL POOLS srm ecoLOSicAL sower WATER SUPPLY by David H. Swann* In addition to the fresh water supplies shown in Figs. 26 and 27, brines are available in the following areas. There are few, if any, spots in the oil fields of southern Illinois where brine deposits can be economically developed in quantity sufficient for the water -flooding of projects of the size of Salem or even Benton. On the other hand, brine sufficient for small projects is available in most parts of the oil region. In the area of the old Southeastern Illinois field, there is little brine above the principal oil zones. At the northern end of the Southeastern field the Salem limestone several hundred feet below the major oil zones, is the shallowest brine reservoir, but farther south, basal Pennsylvanian and, in a few tov/nships, Cypress sandstones provide brine in the same range of depths as the major oil zones. In the central part of the basin the Salem is too deep for economical use, but the basal Pennsylvanian, the Tar Springs, and the Cypress provide brine in many spots at the approximate level of or above the local oil zone. Toward the western margin of the basin the Degonia and Aux Vases sandstones, in addition, should be capable of yielding brine in quantity, though neither has yet been used as a source for flood water. ^Geologist, Illinois Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois 41 42 FIGURE 27 AREAS OF POSSIBLE FRESH WATER-BEARING SANDS AND GRAVELS AND THE KNOWN AREAS OF PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONE THAT CONTAIN FRESH WATER n AREA OF PO! \\^WATER-BEARI \VaND GRAVEL: /s KNOWN AREAS OF -^PENNSYLVANIAN SAN[ ^STONES CONTAINING "^POTABLE WATERS ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY -fWVU.