MO irnifllflflN ll^^. E . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00005 6675 STATE OF ILLINOIS HENRY HORNER, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS— NO. 40 THE GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES OF PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES With a Discussion of the Central Portion of the Illinois Basin J. MARVIN W] AND ALFRED H. BELL : *S£JSjS?ssfe 5; PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1936 STATE OP ILLINOIS Hon. Henry Horner, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Hon. John J. Hallihan, Director Springfield BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION Hon. John J. Hallihan. Chairman Edson S. Bastin, Ph.D., Geology Henry C. Cowles. Ph.D., D.Sc, William A. Notes, Ph.D., LL.D., Forestry Arthur Cutis Willard, D. Engr., LL.D., President of the University Chem. D., D.Sc, Chemistry John W. Alvord, C.E., Engineering William Trelease, D.Sc, LL.D., Biology of Illinois STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION Urbana M. M. Leighton, Ph.D., Chief GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Coal, G. H. Cady, Ph.D. Oil and Gas, A. H. Bell, Ph.D. Non-Fuels, J. E. Lamar. B.S. Areal and Engineering Geology, G. E. Ekblaw, Ph.D. Sultsurface Geology, L. E. Workman. M.S. Stratigraphy and Paleontology, J. M. Weller, Ph.D. Petrography, R. E. Grim, Ph.D. Physics, R. J. Piersol, Ph.D. GEOCHEMISTRY F. H. Reed. Ph.D., Chief Chemist Fuels, Gilbert Thiessen. Ph.D. Non-Fuels, C. F. Fryling. Ph.D. Analytical Division, O. W. Rees, Ph.D. MINERAL ECONOMICS W. H. VOSKUIL, Ph.D., Mineral Economist TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING (In cooperation with the United States Geological Survey) PUBLICATIONS AND RECORDS 2 ^ I Contents PAGE Chapter I — Summary of conclusions 5 Chapter II — Introduction 7 Chapter III — -Structure and oil possibilities, by Alfred H. Bell 9 Subsurface structure 9 Contour map on pre-Pennsylvanian unconformity 9 Cross-section 15 Causes of local highs and lows in pre-Pennsylvanian unconformity 15 Surface structure 17 Introduction 17 Louisville anticline 17 Omega anticline 19 Xenia and Iola domes 20 Oil and gas prospects 20 Development 21 Possible oil producing horizons 21 Recommendations 23 Chapter IV — -Description of outcropping beds, by J. Marvin Weller 25 Key beds 25 Stratigraphic intervals 25 Beds below Omega limestone 27 Omega limestone 29 Beds overlying Omega limestone 32 Fresh-water limestones 34 Beds overlying fresh-water limestones 37 Black slaty shale 39 Beds overlying black slaty shale 40 Massive friable sandstone 40 General observations 41 Appendix I — Well Logs 43 T3] Illustrations FIGURE PAGE 1. Index map showing location of areas mapped in figures 2 and 4 6 2. Central portion of the Illinois Basin 14 3. East-west cross-section A- A' across Illinois Basin. For location of wells, see figure 2. 16 4. Structure contour map of parts of Clay and Marion counties, Illinois; key horizon. top of the Omega limestone, datum sea-level facing 20 5. Correlation of outcropping beds with the general stratigraphic section of the Mc- Leansboro strata in Illinois 26 6. Ferruginous limestone in the bed of the west fork of Bee Branch 28 7. Solution-pitted upper surface of the Omega limestone 30 8. Calcareous sandstone that lies between the platy fresh-water limestone and the Omega limestone 33 9. Platy fresh-water limestone 35 10. Black slaty shale and underlying beds 37 14] THE GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES OF PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES With a Discussion of the Central Portion of the Illinois Basin J. MARVIN WELLER AND ALFRED H. BELL CHAPTER I SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS Stratigraphic and structural studies of outcropping Pennsylvanian strata have revealed the presence of closed structures in eastern Marion and western Clay counties, Illinois. It seems probable that at least two of four closed structures described herein extend into the deeper strata and that they may have caused accumulation of oil and gas in some of these strata. Available data indicate that the following territory is located on the higher parts of these structures : (1) Louisville anticline: Sees. 23 and 24, N. y 2 sec. 25, T. 4 N., R. 5 E.; S. V 2 sec. 19, N. y 2 sec. 30, T. 4 N., R. 6 E., Clay County. (2) Omega anticline: SW. part of sec. 5, sees. 6 and 7, W. y 2 sec. 8, W. M> sec. 18, T. 3 N., R. 4 E.; E. part sec. 1, sees. 12, 13, and 24, E. y 2 sec. 23, T. 3 N., R. 3 E., Marion County. (3) Xenia dome: sec. 23, E. y 2 sec. 22, W. y 2 sec. 24, T. 3 N., R. 5 E., Clay County. (4) Iola dome: S. part sec. 6, NW. part sec. 7, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., Clay County; E. part sec. 12, T. 4 N., R. 4 E., Marion County. Sandstones in the Lower Chester strata are productive in the Sandoval and Carlyle fields 10 miles west of the area mapped in figure 4, and in the Lawrence County field 50 miles east of this area. These and deeper strata have not been tested in the area described. A favorable indication is the showing of oil found in the Benedum-Trees Oil Company Harrell well, sec. 27, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., Clay County (datum point No. 30) in a sandstone in the middle part of the Chester series (Fig. 4). This test was located high on the Louisville anticline. Because of lack of outcrops the structure in parts of the area mapped is not known in detail, and for this reason it is recommended that the known information be supplemented by shallow test drilling or by geophysical surveys, or both, prior to the location of deep tests for oil and gas. T5j GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES rm — it UcHENRY )| LAKE tM-T" r" \|oU PAGE I PUTNAM | STAPK^ /^ |- m *r 7 M . I P E O R I A/ WOODFORD I 1 /-I L_J T" \ |MeOONOUGH| J~^ / MASON I I ~/ ""I SCHUYLER ~^ZT _r*-J ° E W !H / / \ J I MBflARD I 1 / f ^MOROaJ ^^MON^T^ J f OOUGLAS J VSCOTTS \ f L-^OULTR^—^ L T Tl WM LEGEND AREA OF FIG.2 AREA OF FIG.4 [RICHLAND LAWRENCE ~h-i- Seals 10 10 20 30 <30 50MileS Fig. 1. — Index map showing location of areas mapped in figures 2 and 4. CHAPTER II INTRODUCTION GENERAL STATEMENT For several years the Illinois State Geological Survey has been carrying on a state wide investigation of Pennsylvanian stratigraphy. This study has revealed the presence of structures that appear favorable for the accumulation of oil and gas. Although the investigation is not yet completed, it seems desirable to publish the available data regarding the most promising of the favorable structures found so far, especially in view of the recent revival in interest in the search for new oil and gas fields. The discovery of oil in 1927 in the Mt. Pleasant district in Michigan, located centrally in a structural basin that is comparable in extent to the structural basin of Illinois, and the subsequent development there of the most important oil field in Michigan, has led to a new interest in the oil prospects of the Illinois Basin. The structural features herein described in eastern Marion County and western Clay County are located not far from the deepest part of the Illinois Basin (Figs. 1 and 2). The central part of the Illinois Basin and the La Salle anticline which delimits it to the east are structural features which have long been known as a result of deep drilling. However, recent stratigraphical studies of the Penn- sylvanian system in Illinois, by J. Marvin Weller, have revealed that the structure of the surface beds does not correspond to the structure of the pre- Pennsylvanian formations. Throughout about a dozen counties lying south of Clark County and east of the Third Principal Meridian an extremely limited stratigraphic section of upper Pennsylvanian beds outcrops. The surface beds of this region are, therefore, if viewed broadly, practically hori- zontal although in this same area the underlying Mississippian rocks possess a structural relief of over 2500 feet. As shown by elevations on the base of the Pennsylvanian system, some- what less than half of this structure was produced by post-Mississippian pre- Pennsylvanian folding and the remainder probably resulted from numerous comparatively small warpings distributed at intervals throughout early Penn- sylvanian time. Although subsidence of the Illinois Basin as a whole prob- ably continued to some extent throughout later Pennsylvanian time no im- portant accentuation of the La Salle anticline south of the Martinsville dome in Clark County was accomplished nor has post-Pennsylvanian movement, [7] 8 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES which raised the Ozark region to the westward and the Cincinnati arch to the eastward, affected the southern portion of the La Salle anticline. Although the surface beds in the central part of the Illinois Basin are practically horizontal in a regional sense, gentle dips, variously directed, are the rule. Because of irregular depositional conditions during Pennsylvanian time, many of the beds, particularly the clastic ones, thicken and thin irregu- larly and more or less rapidly, and contours drawn upon any two horizons will not correspond. Therefore, it should not be assumed that the common gentle dips of any one bed are the result of diastrophic structure or that they might be expected to persist beneath the surface; they are more likely to have been produced by original inequalities of deposition or by subsequent differentia] compaction. There are, however, areas within the basin where steeper, more or less local dips, or gentle dips of more than usual constancy suggest that actual structural conditions may be reflected. If so, it is possible that the magnitude of these surface structures will increase considerably with depth. The region considered in this report is one of the most noteworthy of these areas. The mapping of structures in the central part of the Illinois Basin is dependent upon the identification and correlation of Pennsylvanian rocks. Because there is no publication adequately describing the Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of the central part of the Illinois Basin and because the strata outcropping in Marion and Clay counties are also exposed at many places in adjoining counties, the stratigraphy of this area is considered in some detail in the following pages. The more important beds are informally referred to by tentative names, mainly lilhologic. and present conclusions regarding their correlation are stated (Fig. 5). Field work has not yet been completed in this part of the State, however, and it must be emphasized that future field studies may necessitate changes in these correlations. LEASING BY OIL COMPANIES During the time of preparation of this report geological field work in portions of the Illinois Basin has been carried on independently by certain oil companies, and on the basis of such information independently gained, some of the territory discussed herein is now under lease. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mr. W. A. Newton of the State Geological Survey assisted in the strati- graphic studies, and Messrs. P. S. McClure and W. C. Imbt of the Survey staff, carried on the instrumental leveling and mapping, by plane-table and alidade, of outcrops and wells in the area shown in figure 4. CHAPTER III STRUCTURE AND OIL POSSIBILITIES Alfred H. Bell SUBSURFACE STRUCTURE Prospecting for petroleum in the Illinois Basin are? is hampered by lack of knowledge of the subsurface stratigraphy and structure. The coal strata which are used elsewhere in the State as structural key horizons, especially Herrin (No. 6) coal which is used in most of southwestern Illinois, cannot be definitely traced at present into the deeper parts of the basin. Even less is known of the lower Pennsylvanian and of the pre-Pennsylvanian rocks. There is at present no known structural key horizon within the Pennsylvanian system which can be used throughout the basin area. However, the position of the pre-Pennsylvanian unconformity can be recognized in some well logs, especially where sets of sample cuttings are available, and by correlation this horizon can be recognized with some degree of assurance in most driller's logs of wells from which no samples are available. Contour map on pre-Pennsylvanian unconformity. — By plotting the elevation of the base of the Pennsylvanian strata wherever the data were available, it has been possible to construct a very generalized contour map of the base of the Pennsylvanian (Fig. 2). Although not strictly a structure map because it depicts a surface of unconformity, this map does present a generalized picture of the form of the basin. It is subject to correction in detail when additional subsurface data become available. All of the wells shown in figure 2 provide data on the base of the Penn- sylvanian system. All but three of them actually reach that horizon; in the remaining three the depth to it is estimated by correlation with other logs. (Table 1.) Wells which were too shallow or too poorly logged to provide data on the base of the Pennsylvanian system are not included on the map, which is therefore not a complete dry-hole map. Those interested in obtaining all available data on drilling in specific areas may do so by communicating with the Chief, Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois. T9I 10 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES Table 1. — Well Data to Accompany Contour Map on Base Map No. 1 2 3 4 00 5 6 7 8 (b)9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Location County Clay. SE Clinton. . Crawford. Cumberland Edwards. . Effingham . Fayette. . . Gallatin . Hamilton Jasper. . , Jefferson , Location in section SW.SE.NE.... NE. corner NE.SW.SE.... XJT. corner. . . . NE. SW NE.SE.NE.... SE.NW cen.SE.NW.. SE.SW.NE.... Near center. . . . S. r cen.NE.SW.. SE.SW.SE NW.SE.SE. ... X.cen.XW.XW SW.NE SE.SW.NE.... XE.XE.XE.... SW.NE. SW.... NW.SE.SW.... SW.NW.NW... sw.sw.xw. . . . NW.SW.SW... NE.NW... t '/^ ? V\ to Sec. S\>-> SW.SW.SW NE.NE.SE, sw.sw. . XW.XW.SE. NE.NE.NE. •> XE.XW.SW. XE.SE.XE. . NE. SE.NW., SW.SW. NW. NE.SW.NW. NE.SW.SE.. SW.SW. NW. xw.sw SW. SE.NW. SE.NW. NW. XW.XW.SE. XE.NW.NE. 21 15 8 36 23 12 25 22 24 12 26 13 23 3 13 16 11 14 31 3 16 20 22 iZA 13 36 28 32 31 4 4 15 6 5N. 4N. 3N. 2N. 2N. 8N. 7N. 7N. 7N. 7N. 6N. 6N. 5X. 5N. 5N. ION. 10X. 9N. 9N. IN. 2S. 8N. 7N. 9X. 7X. 6X. 6N. 5X. 7S. 7S. 9S. 6S. 8N. 8X. 6X. 6N. 6N. IS. IS. IS. IS. 2S. 3S. 4S. 4S. 6E. 5E. 5E. 7E. 1W. 14W. 14W. 13W. 12W. 11W. 13W. 13W. 13W. 12 W. 11W. 10E. 8E. 10E. 10E. HE. 10E. 7E. 4E. 1W. 3E. 2E. 1W. IE. 8E. 8E. 9E. 6E. 14W. 14W. 10E. 9E. 9E. 3E. 2E. IE. IE. 2E. 4E. 2E. 3E. Company Clay Oil Corporation Benedum Trees and Grayson . Benedum Trees U {. Amber Oil Company Ohio Oil Company - O.C.Sutherland Associated Producers . . . ?H W Ellison etal D.C.Jones 0.5. 2 *• Stevens, Karnes °. (rA^. Zahnizer Fred Patchel Silurian Oil Jessup et al IU2 W. C. McBride Ohio Oil Company Central Illinois Petroleum Company Pure Oil Company Petroleum Exploration Ohio Oil Company. ....... Leach Brothers QkQ3 W. C. Kremer Stockholders Oil and Gas. .' ; ; ? ? Ohio Oil Company Vandalia Oil and Gas Com- pany Big 4 Oil and Gas Com- pany Omaha Oil and Gas Com- pany P.3k1 ? C. T. Pierce 0Z3f C. A. Morrison Pure Oil Company. ...P.I.P ? : nS Federal Royalty Company and Bayou-Teche Oil Com- pany .OCp Richard Eke '. Newton Oil Company. . J. 1X3 Pure Oil Company Busch-Everett. . Ohio Oil Company Roleum Shiloh Oil Company. .6J*$ X Opdvke Oil Company. . .0 O I o 12 a Ul x > •t lil a W2 en - w 2 o z a$ a 2 5 z -1 o. 5 5 •1 i sec. 13, T. 4 N., E. 5 E., but in the NE. y_i sec. 9 (map Nos. 9 and 10, Fig. 4) of the same township, this interval has increased to about 30 feet. BEDS BELOW OMEGA LIMESTONE Beds below the Omega limestone are exposed in Clay County principally along Crooked Creek in sees. 10, 11, and 12, T. 4 N., E. 5 E. Throughout these sections the limestone is generally immediately underlain by a coal bed which attains a maximum thickness of nearly one foot but appears to be locally absent as in the SE. V 4 , SW. 14 sec. 11 (map No. 15, Fig. 4) and the SW. 14, SAY. 14 sec. 12 (map No. 18, Fig. 4). Underclay below the coal is comparatively thin and poorly developed and grades downward into irregu- larly laminated greenish-gray shale. This in turn grades downward into sandy beds which attain a maximum observed thickness of about 15 feet. They may consist of very sandy shale or shaly to thin-bedded fine-grained micaceous sandstone. In the SE. 14 SE. 14 sec. 11, several feet of gray silty shale with large oval ironstone concretions outcrops beneath the level of the sandstone. These are the oldest beds exposed in Clay County. A similar section consisting of coal, underclay, thin-bedded sandstone and gray shale underlies the Omega limestone in Marion County in the NW. 14 sec. 9, T. 3 N., E. 4 E. (near map No. 08, Fig. 4). Sandstone apparently belonging be- low the Omega limestone is well exposed and rises nearly to prairie level in the NE. 14 of the adjoining sec. 8. Southwest of Omega in Marion County the strata below the Omega lime- stone arc exposed along the west fork of Bee Branch in sees. 13 and 24, T. 3 N., E. 3 E., and sees. 18 and 19, T. 3 N., R. 4 E. Here the coal is very thin or absent and the Omega limestone closely overlies a medium light gray, soft underclay. The ferruginous limestone is well exposed in the SW. 14 sec. 18 (map No. 69, Fig. 4), where it is very fossil iferous (Fig. 6). The 28 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES strata between this member and the Omega limestone, however, are not com- pletely exposed in this vicinity. The lack of outcrops of this part of the sec- tion suggests that it consists mainly of shale, The ferruginous limestone may occur below drainage along Crooked Creek and is probably present below the strata mentioned as occurring in the NW. % sec. 9, one mile northeast of *3fe*" Fig. 6. — Ferruginous limestone in the bed of the west fork of Bee Branch, NW. y± SW. 14 sec. 18, T. 3 N., R. 4 E. (map No. 69, Fig. 4). Omega. Evidence indicates that the interval between the Omega and ferru- ginous limestones increases in those areas where sandstone forms an im- portant part of the intervening strata. Where best developed along the west fork of Bee Branch, the ferruginous limestone consists of less than one foot of dark gray, very impure, fine-grained limestone which weathers to a deep brownish-red color. It is locally very fossiliferous and contains numerous large pelecypods and gastropods. The PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 29 isolated outcrop on Dums Branch in the SW. Vi sec, 26, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. (map No. 59, Fig. 4), resembles this bed as exposed on Bee Branch but is somewhat more impure. In the NW. V 4 SE. *4 sec. 9, T. 3 N., R. 4 E., the ferruginous limestone is only 2 to 4 inches thick, very conglomeratic and only sparingly fossiliferous, and it shows a similar development at several outcrops (map Nos. 64 and 65, Fig. 4) on the southwest side of the creek which flows through sec. 5 of this same township. The ferruginous limestone is correlated with the Collinsville limestone of the Illinois general stratigraphic section (Fig. 5). On the west fork of Bee Branch the ferruginous limestone is underlain by 10 feet or more of gray silty shale, the lower part of which contains Estheria. Below this occurs a questionable, poorly developed underclay and very sandy, gray to brownish shale, with impure flattened ironstone concretions. m In the SE^. i/ 4 sec. 5, T. 3 N., R. 4 E. (map No. 64, Fig. 4), the ferru- ginous limestone is underlain by about a foot of sandy shale, below which occurs a small thickness of thin-bedded, fine-grained, more or less calcarous sandstone. Up-stream to the west the ferruginous limestone rises in the banks which are composed of greenish-gray to gray sandy shale and it may be traced nearly to the road lying near the west line of this section. West of this road and mainly in sec. 6 are more or less continuous outcrops of sandy shale and shaly sandstone which continue upward nearly to the level of the prairie. Near the upper part of this sequence in NW. 14 NE. 14 sec. 6 (map No. 66, Fig. 4) occurs a poor exposure of coaly shale with associated cal- careous siltstone containing Spirorbis and wide flattened stem impressions which somewhat resembles the platy limestone described below, although it does not exhibit the characteristic platy structure of this latter bed. The relations of the beds exposed in sec. 6 to those observed in sec. 5 are uncertain. The lower part of this stratigraphic section seems to occur definitely below the ferruginous limestone but this stratum has not been recognized higher in the section and the coaly shale is unlike any bed known in this area below the Omega limestone. There is a possibility that the Omega and ferruginous limestones have been cut out along an unconformity and that the coaly shale represents a horizon younger than the Omega lime- stone. Evidence bearing on the existence of such an unconformity is presented below. OMEGA LIMESTONE The Omega limestone is a light gray, hard, dense, generally fine-grained, pure limestone, which is commonly 4 to 9 feet thick. It outcrops along Crooked Creek from the NW. corner of sec. 10, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. (map No. 13, Fig. 4) to the SW. 14 sec. 7, T. 4 N., R. 6 E. (map No. 32, Fig. 4), attaining a thickness of 4 to 5 feet except locally where it may disappear 30 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES entirely as in part of the SW. 14 SW. % sec. 12, T. 4 N., K. 5 E., or thicken to as much as 13 feet as in the SW. y± SE. 14 sec. 11 (map No. 15, Fig. 4) of the same township where it becomes quite silty and contains fairly abundant, well preserved fossils. On Dismal Creek in the SW. 14 sec. 25, T. 5 N., K. 5 E. (map No. 1, Fig. 4), this bed attains a thickness of nearly 10 feet of light gray, fairly pure, quite fossiliferous limestone. In the NW. 14 sec. 9, T. 3 N., E. 4 E. (map No. 68, Fig. 4) (Marion County), it is 5 to 6 feet thick. The main upper part is hard, gray, massive limestone but the basal bed, less than one foot thick, is dull bluish-gray and impure and contains many small fossil fragments, mainly crinoid stems, which gives it a granular Fig. 7. — Solution-pitted upper surface of the Omega limestone above the 4) and crystalline structure. In the NW. Vj. sec. 30 (map Nos. 73 and 74, Fig. 4) of the same township where it has been extensively quarried for local uses, the Omega consists of 6 to 7 feet of light gray, hard, massive limestone, the upper part of which contains abundant fusulinids (Fig. 7). Limestone conglomerate which may contain marine fossils is closely asso- ciated with the Omega limestone near the NW. corner sec. 13, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. (map No. 23, Fig. 4) and in the SW. 1/4 sec. 19, T. 3 N., R. 4 E. (map No. 58, Fig. 4). The conglomerate consists mainly of gray limestone pebbles up to 3 or 4 inches in diameter, although most of them are much smaller. The pebbles appear to have been derived from the Omega limestone and some of them are brownish on the outside as though they had been weathered before reconsolidation. The matrix of the conglomerate is also limestone but appears PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 31 to be less pure than the pebbles and may be quite sandy. It is developed to a maxim inn observed thickness of about 10 feet. At the first locality men- tioned above both conglomerate and Omega limestone occur at the same eleva- tion separated by only 6 feet of covered slope. At the second locality con- glomerate overlies Omega limestone in the road south of the creek. On the north side of the creek and also in the road only conglomerate is present at about the same elevation, and down stream to the east, conglomerate occurs at lower levels. It is believed that this conglomerate marks an unconformity and is much younger than the Omega limestone which it appears to cut out locally. Similar material has been observed much higher than the Omega limestone and is described in a later paragraph. The outcrops of Omega limestone that extend eastward along the hill- sides from the quarries in the NW. 14 sec. 30, T. 3 N"., K. 4 E. (map Nos. 73 and 74, Fig. 4), end abruptly in the NW. 14 NE. 14 of this section, and a short distance farther massive sandstone occurs on the hill slopes at about the same level. Likewise the outcrops of Omega limestone which occur along the east fork of Bee Branch in the SE. 14 of sec. 19 of the same township, cease abruptly near the south line of this section and no outcrops of the Omega limestone are known to occur farther south or east in Marion County. It is believed that the Omega limestone has been cut out here by an un- conformity. In the NW. 14 sec. 9 and the S. i/ 2 sec. 4, T. 3 N., R. 4 E., the Omega limestone is dipping to the northeast. In the NW. 14 sec. 4, (map No. 61, Fig. 4) an outcrop of limestone irregularly overlain by massive sandstone is present just above water level in the east bank of Lost Fork. This limestone occurs at about the proper elevation if the dip previously mentioned continues this far north. The limestone, however, although massive, does not otherwise resemble the Omega; it is much more impure, contains very abundant small crinoid stem segments as well as some larger fossils, and its brownish-gray color is altered to deep brownish-red by weathering. If this is the Omega limestone, the outcrops occurring farther up Lost Fork must overlie this latter member. If it is not the Omega limestone, which appears possible, it may be the ferruginous limestone, although it resembles this only in its weathered color. In the latter case the massive sandstone occurring in this vicinity overlies an unconformity that has cut out the Omega limestone and the outcrops in the SW. i/ 4 sec. 29, SE. % sec. 30 and NAY. % sec. 32, T. 4 N.. R. 4 E., which resemble no others observed in this vicinity, probably be- long beneath the ferruginous limestone and would therefore be the oldest beds exposed within this area, perhaps extending down to coal No. 8 of the Illinois general stratigraphic section. The occurrence of an Estheria-be&rmg horizon seen near the NW. and SE. corners of sec. 32, the center of the N. % sec. 28 and the center of the E. V2 sec - 21, somewhat similar to that 32 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES occurring beneath the ferruginous limestone on the west fork of Bee Branch, suggest that this interpretation may be correct. However, in the interpreta- tion of structure given in figure 4, the outcropping strata in sees. 28, 29, 30. and 31, T. 4 N., E. 4 E., are all assumed to be above the Omega. Abundant large blocks of Omega limestone occur in the glacial drift in the breaks of the prairie east and southeast of Kinmundy and are evidence that this bed is present immediately below the drift not far to the north. No actual exposures of the Omega are known in Marion County, however, north of T. 3 N - ., R. 4 E. The Omega limestone is believed to be equivalent to the Shoal Creek lime- stone of the Illinois general stratigraphic section (Fig. 5). BEDS OVERLYING OMEGA LIMESTONE Although beds younger than the Omega limestone occur in northeastern Marion County, the sequence is known only from the exposures in the vicinity of Crooked Creek in northwestern Clay County. In the south bank of Dismal Creek in the SE. % NW. V4 sec - 5 > T. 4 N., R. 6 E., a coal horizon consisting of 14 i ncn °^ smutty material and overhung a poorly developed underclay about 6 inches thick occurs about 10 or more feet above the Omega limestone, from which it is separated by finely sandy shale with impure ironstone con- cretions (Fig. 5). Blocks of massive, fine-grained, hard sandstone 4 feet thick have tumbled down the slope from a position 6 feet or more above the coal horizon. In the NE. 14 sec. 20 of the same township 15 feet of gray shale, sandy above and silty below, with large ironstone concretions overlies the Omega limestone and similar shale occurs in the NE. 14 of the adjoining sec. 19 (map No. 35, Fig. 4), although the limestone is not exposed. Sandstone probably equivalent to that mentioned above outcrops at sev- eral places on the south side of Crooked Creek and the southwest side of Little Wabash River between the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Louisville in sees. 14, 15, 16, and 23, T. 4 N., R. 6 E. It varies from 2 to 4 feet in thick- ness and is massive, fine-grained, hard, and very calcareous. At the mouth of Crooked Creek, a thin smutty coal horizon, probably identical with that ob- served on Dismal Creek in sec. 5, occurs in a silty to sandy shale succession 10 feet below this bed. Shale and underclay, in part mottled reddish, over- lie the calcareous sandstone in sees. 15 and 16. The same calcareous sandstone outcrops in the bed of a small ravine at the road crossing in the N. center of sec. 19, T. 4 N., R. 6 E., and descends to the north at a rate about equal to the gradient of the hollow. In the road a locally developed coal horizon above 4 feet of mottled reddish under- clay occurs some 6 feet above the sandstone. The coal horizon is succeeded above by drab to gray or brownish-gray silty shale containing an irregular discontinuous limestone bed in its lower part. This limestone is hard, crystal- PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 33 line, brownish-gray to medium dark gray, somewhat impure and ferruginous and contains marine fossils. Near the center of the W. y 2 SE. 14 sec. 18 to the north this limestone has been observed about 20 feet below the black slaty shale described below. It is possible that the 6-inch coal exposed in the west bank of the Little Wabash River south of the bridge at Louisville is equivalent to the coal horizon mentioned above. A composite stratigraphic section built up from the outcrops described above indicates that the interval between the top of the black slaty shale and the top of the Omega limestone is about 55 feet in this vicinity. Fig. 8. — Calcareous sandstone that lies between the platy fresh-water and Omega limestones, NW. corner sec. 10, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. The thicker sand- stone ledge in the middle grades locally into impure limestone with Spirorbis and small thin shelled non-marine pelecypods (near map No. 9, Fig. 4). Because the fresh-water and platy limestones are absent from the section described above, it is difficult if not impossible to correlate these beds with those which occur to the west. Near the NW. corner of sec. 10 7 T. 4 N. ? E. 5 E. (map No. 9, Fig. 4), a calcareous sandstone occurs at about this same position in the sequence. This bed is described later in connection with its possible equivalence to the fresh-water limestone. A thin coal horizon is exposed in the NE. 14 NW. 14 sec. 4, T. 4 N v R. 5 E., some distance below the fresh-water limestone and may be the con- tinuation of that occurring beneath the calcareous sandstone on Dismal Creek and at the mouth of Crooked Creek. A somewhat similar coal horizon is exposed at several places along the creek which flows east across the S. % sec. 13, T. 3 N., E. 5 E. It probably underlies platy limestone outcropping in the creek bed near the west line of this section. A fairly good coal horizon 34 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES is present 5 feet or more below the fresh-water limestone in a tributary on the north side of Crooked Creek in the NE. 14 see. 4, T. 4 N., E. 5 W. (map No. 3, Fig. 4). A thin eoal smut is also exposed in the road cut on the line between sections 22 and 23, T. 5 X.. E. 5 E. just south of Dismal Creek (north of the edge of the area shown in Fig. 4) and may represent the same horizon but other outcrops which might substantiate this conclusion are lacking. There are few, if any, exposures of the beds intervening between the platy and fresh-water limestones and the Omega limestone in sections 10, 11, 12, and 13, T. 4. N., E. 5 E., and it is probable, therefore, that this part of the stratigraphic section consists almost wholly of shale. In sections 31 and 32, T. 5 N., E. 5 E., and sec. 6 to the south there are extensive exposures of more or less sandy shale and shaly to thin-bedded sand- stone that underlie the platy limestone and it is probable that this part of the section has thickened considerably. No strata equivalent to those described above have been definitely recog- nized in northeastern Marion County. FRESH-WATER LIMESTONES Fresh-water limestone occurring in the midst of the sequence between the Omega limestone below and the black slaty shale above outcrops at num- erous places along the small tributaries of Crooked Creek in sees. 4, 6, 9, 13, 14, and 15, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., and in sec. 14, T. 3 N., E. 5 E. Similar rock is exposed a short distance west of the area shown in figure 4 in the south bank of the East Fork of Kaskaskia River in the SE. Vi N"E. 14 sec. 6, T. 3 N., E. 2 E. The fresh-water limestone occurs in one to several, thin, more or less lenticular beds and varies greatly in lithology. The most persistent type is quite silty and impure and consists of thin and even laminae that weather to platy fragments. It attains a maximum thickness of about 15 inches and is of medium gray color where fresh but upon exposure bleaches nearly white. Marine fossils are absent from this bed although Spirorlis, ostracods, small thin shelled pelecypods and more or less carbonized plant stem impressions are more or less abundant locally. This platy limestone is the uppermost bed of the fresh-water sequence and may be observed in the center W. i/ 2 sec. 6 (map Nos. 6 and 7, Fig. 4). NE. % NW. 14 sec. 4 (map No. 4, Fig. 4), NE.% NE. 14 sec. 9 (near map No. 9, Fig. 4), central part of sec. 15, NE. i/ 4 SW. 14 sec. 13, all in T. 4 N., E. 5 E., and SW. 14 sec. 13, T. 3 N., E. 5 E. In the NE. 14 sec. 4, T. 4 N., E. 5 E. (map No. 3, Fig. 4). the typical platy type of limestone is absent and the fresh-watei limestone is light gray, lithographic in texture, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. In the NE. 14 SW. 14 sec. 13 of the same township hard, dense, fine-grained, somewhat PARTS OF MARION AMD CLAY COUNTIES 35 earthy fresh-water limestone that is medium light gray when fresh but weathers to yellowish-brown, appears to occur a short distance beneath a bed of the typical platy limestone (Fig. 9). Similar material without the overlying platy bed is exposed just north of the road near the northwest corner of this same section (map No. 22, Fig. 4) and also in another small ravine a short distance to the west. In the northeast corner of section 9 of the same township (map No. 9, Fig. 4) more or less calcareous sandstone in two beds separated by 2y 2 feet of clay or shale and attaining a total thick- ness of about 17 feet occurs three or four feet below platy fresh-water lime- stone. The shale or clay separating the two beds of sandstone contains many small calcareous nodules, particularly concentrated in the lower part where Fig. 9.— Platy, fresh-water limestone, NE. 14 SW. % sec. 13, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. they attain maximum diameters of 3 to 4 inches. The upper part of the underlying sandstone is very calcareous, locally contains limestone nodules similar to those occurring in the softer beds above, and at a few places im- perceptibly grades into what appears to be fairly pure limestone with SpirorMs and small thin shelled pelecypods. This association suggests that the cal- careous sandstone may be equivalent to the yellowish-brown weathering lime- stone in sec. 13 described above. It is also possible that very calcareous sand- stone without fossils or limestone nodules occurring one foot below platy limestone near the center W. V2 sec - 6 of the same township may be equivalent to this bed. If there actually is such a sandy calcareous member more or less persistent throughout this area, it is likewise possible that the calcareous sandstone previously described in sec. 19, T. 4 N., E. 6 E., and at various places on Crooked Creek and Little Wabash River as far southeast as Louis- 36 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES ville may be the continuation of this same bed as it occurs at approximately the same position in the stratigraphic section even though the platy lime- stone is undeveloped there. Conglomerate consisting of gray limestone pebbles or nodules in a cal- careous, more or less sandy and ferruginous matrix occurs at numerous places in northeastern Marion and northwestern Clay counties. In the SW. y± NE. !/4 sec. 4, T. 4 N. ? E. 5 E., a thin bed of such material occurs 4 feet above fresh-water limestone. In south central sec. 18 and north central sec. 19, T. 4 N., E. 6 E., thin beds of conglomerate occur at one or more horizons between the thin lenticular marine limestone which overlies a coal horizon, and the thick black slaty shale. Near the NW. corner of sec. 13, T. 4 N., E. 5 E., and the SW. corner of sec. 19, T. 3 N., E. 4 E., limestone conglom- erate is closely associated with the Omega limestone as previously mentioned. In the SE. y 4 SE. 14 sec. 18 of the latter township, it overlies thin-bedded sandstone which might be at a lower elevation than the Omega limestone were it present here. Well cemented conglomerate occurs by the roadside near the center W. line NW. % sec. 27, T. 4 N., E. 4 E., not far below the level of the prairie. Three and one-half feet of limestone conglomerate out- crops in the N. y 2 NW. 14 sec. 5, T. 3 N., E. 4 E., unassociated with other exposures, and similar material occurs neaT the center sec. 15, T. 4 N., E. 5E. The significance of the limestone conglomerate is not known. It cer- tainly occurs at different places at various intervals between the Omega lime- stone and the black slaty shale and may even be present locally below the level of the Omega limestone. At some places it strongly suggests an uncon- formable deposit occurring locally on an irregular surface of erosion and pos- sibly wherever found may be of approximately contemporaneous age but at some places it appears to be an integral part of a perfectly conformable sequence. At those localities where the conglomerate is closely associated with the Omega limestone it is likely to include marine fossils and may be composed largely of pebbles derived from the Omega, but elsewhere it may consist of more or less reworked calcareous nodules similar to those present between the two sandstones near the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 4 N., E. 5 E. Although very erratically developed, fresh-water limestones appear to be sporadically present at a comparable horizon throughout a Avide area in cen- tral and southeastern Illinois. Besides in Clay and Marion counties they have also been observed in Jasper, Eichland, Edwards, White, and Jefferson counties. PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 37 BEDS OVERLYING THE FRESH WATER LIMESTONES The beds intervening between the fresh-water limestones and the black slaty shale are exposed with a fair degree of completeness only in the NE. 14 sec. 9 (Fig. 10) and the SW. % sec. 13, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. At the latter locality this interval is much reduced and consists mainly of shale that in- cludes a dark Estheria-heaTmg layer in the lower part, and a thin nodular limestone layer with marine fossils less than one foot below the black shale. Fig. 10. — Black slaty shale and underlying beds in SE. % NE. % sec. 9, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. The following section is exposed here: 8. Black slaty shale 1'6' 7. Softer black shale 1' 6. Black slaty shale 1' 5. Dark gray, fine grained limestone lens 6' 4. Dark gray calcareous shale 3. Shaly coal 2. Poorly developed under- clay 1. Fine grained sandstone.. 3" 1'6" No. 1 contains root impressions and Nos. 4 and 5 contain marine fossils. A large oval concretion of limestone similar to No. 5 has fallen from the cavity above the hammer to the water's edge. At the SW. corner of sec. 10 of this same township, a thin, dark gray earthy limestone with marine fossils closely underlies the thick black slaty shale. Two and one-half feet lower occurs another bed of black slaty shale more than one foot thick and coaly in its lower part with brackish-water fossils. Downstream to the northeast there appears below the limestone a lens of fine- grained calcareous sandstone that thickens to the northeast and cuts out the lower black shale. These beds appear to be equivalent to those exposed in sec. 13 but below them occurs gray, silty to sandy shale with large oval, 38 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES more or less septarian limestone concretions which may reach a thickness of nearly 20 feet. This shale is unrepresented at the other locality. In the NE. 1/4 sec. 9, T. 4 N., E. 5 E. (map No. 10, Fig. 4), a thin coaly streak and poorly developed underclay a few inches thick underlies the thick slaty shale. Locally an inch of dark argillaceous limestone intervenes between the shale and coal horizon. Beneath the underclay is 3 to 4 feet of thin-bedded calcareous sandstone overlying about 20 feet of shale, sandy above with oval septarian concretions, and silty below with a few rather con- tinuous thin bands of clay-ironstone. A small covered interval separates the lower part of this shale from the platy limestone that has previously been mentioned as occurring at this locality. The sandstone of the last section, although thin, is probably the basal sandstone of the Macoupin cyclothem that is widespread throughout this part of the State and locally attains a considerable thickness and may become very massive. The sandstone extensively exposed north and northeast of Xenia is believed to be this same member in thicker development. Likewise the sandstone outcropping at many places in sees. 21, 30, 32, 33, and 34, T. 4 N., E. 4 E., and which becomes very massive in part of this area is also con- sidered to be the continuation of this bed to the west. Sandstone present in sec. 29, T. 4 N., R. 3 E., is probably this same bed; it here contains a few marine fossils in a restricted very calcareous zone near the top. Elsewhere in this part of the State the Macoupin sandstone is known to rest unconformablv upon and locally to cut out a considerable thickness of underlying beds. It is probable that similar unconformable relations also exist in northwestern Clay and northeastern Marion counties although the evidence here is not conclusive. It is possible that the sandy shale overly- ing the Omega limestone in the N"\V. 14 sec. 30, T. 3 N., E. 4 E. (map No. 74, Fig. 4), is a representation of the lower part of this member and it is probable that much of the sandstone that outcrops extensively, to the almost complete exclusion of other types of rock, south and east of this locality in Marion County is this same bed. The limestone, coal, and underclay that normally intervene between the black slaty shale of the Macoupin cyclothem and the sandstone described above are very erratically developed in this area. Two to three inches of coal over 21/2 feet of underclay occurs in the SE. 14 sec. 18, T. 4 N., E. 6 E. Both of these members are absent in sec. 13, T. 4 N., E. 5 E. A thin zone of very shaly coal without underclay is present at the SW. corner of sec. 10, T. 4 N., E. 5 E., and several thin bands of coal totalling not more than 3 inches occur without underclay in the SE. 14 sec - 5 in the same township (map No. 5, Fig. 4). A discontinuous smut streak without underclay is exposed in the NE. 14 NE. 14 sec. 32, T. 3 N., E. 5 E. (map No. 44, Fig. 4). Underclay outcropping in SE. 14 SW. % sec. 19, T. 4 N., E. 4 E. (map PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 39 No. 45, Fig. 4), probably belongs at this horizon. Coal 8 inches thick above 6 inches or more of underclay occurs near center W. line sec. 10, T. 3 N v , R. 3 E. (map No. 54, Fig". 4). The coal has thickened to 14 inches in sec. 29, T. 4 N., R. 3 E. (map No. 50, Fig. 4) and overlies a foot or more of underclay. The coal apparently continues thickening westward and has been mined in a very small way near the SE. corner SW. y± sec. 31 of the same township and near the center of sec. 1, T. 3 N., R. 2 E. Limestone, largely dark colored and very argillaceous occurs irregularly in thin lenses between the coal or its horizon and the overlying thick black slaty shale. It is best developed locally in the SW. 14 of sec. 29, T. 4 N., R. 3 E., where it reaches a maximum thickness of 9 inches but pinches out entirely within 10 feet and in the W. i/ 2 sec. 26, T. 4 N., R, 4 E. (map Nos. 46 and 47, Fig. 4), where it is one foot thick. Similar limestone lenses of less thickness have been observed in the SW. corner sec. 10, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., in the NE. 14 sec. 32, T. 3 N., R. 5 E., the SE. 14 sec. 36, T. 4 N., R. 4 E. (map No. 60, Fig. 4), SW. % sec. 31. T. 4 N., R. 3 E. (map No. 52, Fig. 4). and near the center W. line sec. 26, T. 4 N., R. 2 E. (map No. 53, Fig. 4). This limestone was apparently encountered in the cut of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad on the N. line sec. 7, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. (map No. 8, Fig. 4), as loose fragments occur upon the bank and it is reported to have been seen in the NW. 14 sec. 10, T. 3 N., R. 3 E., and in the SW. 14 sec. 23, T. 3 N.. R. 5 E. (map No. 42, Fig. 4), at which latter locality it is said to overlie 6 inches of coal. 1 BLACK SLATY SHALE The black slaty shale of the Macoupin cyclothem is one of the most wide- spread and persistent strata of the Pennsylvanian succession exposed in cen- tral Illinois. Its outcrops south of Crooked Creek in Clay County between sec. 21, T. 4 N., R. 6 E., and sec. 5, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., are too numerous to list; the locations of the more important outcrops are indicated as datum points on the accompanying structural contour map (Fig. 4, Table 2). To the north it has been observed in the west bank of Little Wabash River near center E. line NE. 14 sec. 30, T. 5 N., R. 6 E., and is reported to have been encountered in a shallow well some distance to the northwest, probably at a somewhat higher elevation. Throughout this area the black slaty shale reaches the extraordinary thickness of from 4 to 7 feet. It is a black, highly car- bonaceous, well laminated shale that weathers into thin more or less elastic flakes or sheets. It is practically unfossiliferous except for conodonts and at many places contains large oval concretions up to several feet in diameter of very hard, fine-grained, dark gray, argillaceous and carbonaceous limestone. iWorthen, A. H., Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. VI, 1875, p. 92. 40 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES In the NE. i/ 4 sec. 32, T. 3 N., E. 5 E. (near map No. 44, Fig. 4), the slaty shale is 2 feet thick and it attains a similar thickness in the SE. 1/4 sec. 36, T. 4 N., R. 4 E. (map No. 60, Fig. 4). In the W. i/ 2 sec. 26 of the same township (map Nos. 46 and 47, Fig. 4) this bed is about 3 feet thick. The black slaty shale was excavated in the cut on the Illinois Central Railroad on the N. line NE. Vi sec. 7, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. (map No. 8, Fig. 4) and frag- ments occur on the bank but its thickness here is not known. This member is entirely absent above the coal near the center of the W. line sec. 10, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. (map No. 55, Fig. 4). In sec. 29, T. 4 N., R. 3 E. (near map No. 50, Fig. 4), the slaty shale varies in short distances from nothing to iy 2 feet thick and in general is undeveloped where the limestone lenses are present above the coal. One and one-half feet of black slaty shale overlies the coal in SW. 14 sec. 31, of the same township (map No. 51, Fig. 4). There may be some question regarding the correctness of the correlation of the thick slaty shale and associated beds along Crooked Creek with the coal and slaty shale southwest of Kinmundy and the coal without slaty shale northeast of Brubaker. However, the evidence furnished by the outcrops, not only of the area under particular consideration but also of several adjacent counties, makes it appear that this correlation is most probable. BEDS OVERLYING BLACK SLATY SHALE Limestone to a maximum thickness of 5 feet which is rather massive, fine-grained, somewhat argillaceous, gray when fresh but weathering to light buff color, locally overlies the black slaty shale in the SE. 1/4 sec. 29 and NE. *4 sec. 32, T. 3 N., R. 5 E. (map Nos. 43 and 44, Fig. 4), and the W. i/ 2 sec. 26, T. 4 N., R. 4 E. (near map No. 47, Fig. 4). Elsewhere the slaty member is overlain by a considerable thickness of shale which is gray and slightly silty southwest of Kinmundy and south of Crooked Creek in sees. 17 and 18, T. 4 N., R. 6 E. At the latter locality marine fossils are sparingly present to a height of 20 feet above the black slaty shale. Twenty-five feet of shale at this position is exposed in the railroad cuts in sec. 7, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., the upper half becomes increasingly sandy above and similar material is present in another railroad cut in sec. 31 to the south. MASSIVE FRIABLE SANDSTONE The youngest Pennsylvanian rock of Clay and Marion counties is more or less massive, very soft and friable sandstone which is brownish where weathered and is commonly coarser grained than the other sandstones of the region. It is well exposed in the road-cuts near the top of Oak Mound in the SE.14 sec. 23, and NE. 14 sec. 26, T. 3 N., R. 5 E., and by the roadside in NE. 14 sec. 13, T. 4 N., R. 4 E. Possibly the soft massive sandstone in the railroad cut near the N. line of sec. 31, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., occurs at this PARTS OF MARION AXD CLAY COUNTIES 41 same horizon. It is also probable that this sandstone occurs elsewhere in some of the higher portions of this area as for example the SW. *4 sec. 5 and N\Y. 14 sec. 8, T. 4: X., K. 5 E., but because of its softness it is rarely exposed except in road-cuts. This friable sandstone is believed to be equivalent to the Merom sand- stone of the Wabash valley which, so far as known, is the youngest Penn- sylvanian bed present in Illinois. The Merom sandstone is unconformable with the older beds below it. and if the correlation suggested above is correct, several cyclothems normally present above the Macoupin have been entirely removed from this region by pre-Merom erosion. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS The Pennsylvania n section is much thicker in southern Illinois than in the western and eastern parts of the State. This thickening is the result not only of the southward thickening of individual members of the succession but also of the introduction of numerous additional members not present on the other flanks of the basin. In southern Illinois where these additional members are, in general, best developed they commonly form parts of more or less well characterized cyclothems. As they are traced northward these cyclothems, which are not present between the more widespread cyclothems of western and eastern Illinois, gradually lose their identity and pass into more or less complex successions of rudimentary members that are extremely dif- ficult to recognize and correlate. Because the central part of the Illinois Basin was depressed much more during Pennsylvanian time than were its flanks, such successions continue as tongue-like extensions much farther north in the central part of the State than they do either to the west or east. The complex succession of beds, including fresh-water limestones and probably several coal horizons, which intervenes between the Omega limestone and black slaty shale in Clay and Marion counties apparently represents a series of beds, such as those described above, which rapidly expands and in- tegrates to the south. It is likely that other comparable intervals occur in the unexposed lower part of the Pennsylvanian strata of this area which produce thickening of the section eastward from Sandoval and Centralia and make the identification and correlation of fhe members penetrated by the deep wells of the area impossible from the records that are available. APPENDIX I WELL LOGS Logs Nos. 1, 2, and 4 are driller's logs of the deeper wells and Log No. (> is the log of a mine shaft in the area shown in figure 4. Logs Nos. 3 and 5 are sample study logs of wells outside of but near the area shown in figure 4, included however within the area of figure 2. Other logs referred to in this report are in the files of the State Geological Survey, and copies of them may be borrowed upon application to the Chief, State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois. The logs given are as follows: Map No. Map No. Log. No. Company and well (Fig. 2) (Fig. 4) 1 Benedum Trees and Grayson J. H. Harrell well No. 1 2 30 2 Benedum Trees Anderson well No. 1 3 41 3 Amber Oil and Gas Co. Curry well No. 1 4 4 Ohio Oil Co. H. B. Henninger well No. 1 ... , 62 («) 5 Benoist and Finn Finn well No. 1 70 6 Kinmundy shaft 49 (a) On map but unnumbered because it did not furnish a datum point. T43 44 GEOLOGY AXD OIL AXD GAS POSSIBILITIES 1. Benedum Trees and Grayson, J. H. Harrell well No. 1, NE. corner sec. 27, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., Clay County Driller's lot Map. No. 2, Fig. 2 Map No. 30, Fig. 4 Elevation 534" feet JT3^ - Pleistocene system Soil, dark, soft Pennsylvanian system Lime, light, hard (fresh-water limestone?) Shale, light, soft Lime, light, hard (Omega limestone?) Slate, light, soft Sand, broken, soft Slate, dark, medium Sand, broken, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, broken, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, broken, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, broken, light, medium Slate, light, medium; 1 bailer water per hour at 580 Sand, light, medium Lime, light, hard Slate, dark, medium Sand, broken, light, medium; hole full water Sand, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, broken, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, dark, soft Coal, black, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, dark, soft Slate, light, medium Coal, black, soft Slate, light, soft Slate, dark, medium Slate, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Shale, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, light, medium; 1 bailer water at 1535, 2 bailers at 1553, hole full at 1560-1700, 3 bailers at 1735, hole filled up, 500 feet in 30 minutes at 1800 Lime, light, hard Water, sand, light, medium Lime, broken, dark, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, brown, soft Sand, water, light, soft Sand, light, hard Sand, water, light, soft Sand, pebbles, light, hard; and lime, sandy, very nice looking Thickness Depth Feet Feet 24 24 4 28 22 50 3 53 77 130 30 160 5 165 155 320 80 400 10 410 20 430 40 470 30 500 50 550 30 580 10 590 30 620 115 735 15 750 45 795 50 845 30 875 75 950 10 960 40 1000 2 1002 8 1010 12 1022 63 1085 4 1089 96 1185 185 1370 15 1385 65 1450 10 1460 65 1525 175 1700 15 1715 20 1735 40 1775 15 1790 5 1795 10 1805 25 1830 50 1880 20 1900 PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 45 Mississippian system Chester series Lime, gritty, light, hard Slate, dark, soft Lime, sandy, light, hard Slate, and shells, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, firm Slate, light, soft Slate, light, medium Slate, light, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, light, soft Sand, water, light, medium; show of black oil at 2145- 2152. Hole filled up with water at 2152 and started caving. Underreamed 6%, 1945-2202 Sand, light, hard Slate and shells, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Slate and shells, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, red, soft Slate, light, soft Slate, red, light, soft Slate, light, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, medium Abandoned. 16"— 24; 12 y 2 "— 435; 10"— 1022; 8*4" —1707; 6%"— 1942; 6%" underreamed to 2302. Thickness Depth Feet Feet 10 1910 6 1916 24 1940 14 1954 14 1968 7 1975 15 1990 30 2020 5 2025 15 2040 20 2060 6 2066 6 2072 2 2074 36 2110 12 2122 13 2135 17 2152 20 2172 27 2199 10 2209 39 2248 5 2253 1 2254 162 2270 5 2275 7 2282 6 2288 9 2297 5 2302 46 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES /VVY % 2. Benedum Trees, Anderson well No. 1, SE. *4 NW. V A sec. 15, T. 3 N„ R. 5 E. Driller's log Elevation 541 feet Map No. 3, Fig. 2 Map No. 4 1, Fig. 4 Thickness Depth Feet Feet Pleistocene system Soil, yellow, soft; water at 26 feet 27 27 Pennsylvanian system Coal, black soft (a) 3 30 Slate, dark, soft 15 45 Slate, light, medium 95 140 Sand, light, medium 45 185 Slate, light, soft 10 195 Lime, light, hard 15 210 Broken sand, light, soft 60 270 Slate, blue, soft 90 360 Lime, light, hard 3 363 Slate, dark, soft 27 390 Lime, gritty, brown, hard 8 398 Slate, dark, soft 32 430 Lime, dark, hard 12 442 Slate, dark, soft 8 450 Lime, sandy, light, medium 20 470 Slate, dark, soft 68 538 Sand, light, medium 6 544 Slate, light, soft; 10 bailers water at 575 6 550 Slate, dark, soft 10 560 Sandy shale, light, medium 70 630 Slate, dark, medium 30 660 Lime, light, hard 6 666 Slate, dark, soft 10 676 Slate, light, soft 19 795 Sand, light, soft; water : 20 815 Slate, light, soft 23 838 Sand, light, soft 20 858 Lime, light, hard 6 864 Slate, light, soft 136 1000 Lime, dark, hard 15 1015 Slate, light, medium 5 1020 Lime, light, hard 5 1025 Coal, black, soft 4 1029 Slate, dark, soft 3 1032 Lime, light, firm 8 1040 Lime, gritty, light, firm 20 1060 Slate, dark, medium 15 1075 Coal, black, soft 6 1081 Slate, light, soft 5 1086 Slate, dark, soft 14 1100 Sand, light, medium 10 1110 Lime, light, hard 13 1123 Slate, dark, soft 30 1153 Lime, light, medium 7 1160 («) Probably the black slaty shale. Depth to Omega limestone horizon calculated by adding the interval of 57 feet (found at the Dayton school well, map No. 39, Fig. 4, two miles east-northeast) to 27 feet, or a total of 84 feet (Table 2). It is assumed that the Omega limestone either is absent or was not recorded by the driller. PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 47 Slate, dark, soft Sand, broken, medium Slate, light, soft Lime, sandy, light, medium; water at 1263 Sand, light, soft; hole full Slate, dark, soft , Slate, light, soft Lime, sandy, light, hard; water at 1375 Sand, light, medium Slate, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Slate, light, soft Slate, dark, soft Sand, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, broken, light, medium Sand, light, soft Slate, dark, soft Slate, light, soft Lime, light, medium Sand, light, soft; similar to water sand... Sand, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, dark, soft Sand, broken, light, medium Sand, light, soft; water Lime, light, hard Sand, light, medium Lime, sandy, light, hard Coal, black, soft Lime, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Sand, light, soft Lime, gritty, light, hard Sand, light, medium Mississippian system Chester series Slate, light, medium Lime, light, hard Lime, pebbles, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, light, soft Lime, light, hard Slate, light, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, dark, medium Slate, dark, soft Sand, light, medium Slate, dark, soft; water Sand, light, soft Thickness Depth Feet Feet 15 1175 65 1240 3 1243 20 1263 82 1345 10 1355 10 1365 6 1371 29 1400 15 1415 25 1440 10 1450 10 1460 15 1475 10 1485 10 1495 10 1505 15 1520 15 1535 15 1550 25 1575 10 1585 20 1605 8 1613 25 1638 2 1640 4 1644 16 1660 52 1712 30 1742 18 1760 24 1784 16 1800 2 1802 3 1805 60 1865 10 1875 15 1890 15 1905 25 1930 15 1945 20 1965 8 1973 7 1980 25 2005 10 2015 5 2020 i 2027 13 2040 6 2046 10 2056 4 2060 10 2070 6 2076 48 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES 3. Amber Oil and Gas Company, Curry well No. 1, NW. 8 Wri4 sec. m, T. 2 N., R. 7 E., Clay County Compiled from driller's log and sample study by L. E. Workman (a) Elevation 43 1 feet Map No. 4, Fig. 2 Pleistocene system Soil and glacial till Pennsylvanian system "Shale" ' Sandstone, light gray, very fine; "fresh water" Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, very fine, compact "Sandstone ; fresh water" Shale, sandy, gray; "set 12%-inch casing at 150 feet" Coal; fireclay; sandstone, very fine "Shale" Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, very fine, coarse at base, porous; "fresh water to ground level" Shale, black, brittle; "reset 12%-inch casing at 251 feet".. Coal; fireclay; grades down to marl, light gray, sandy at base Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, very fine Sandstone, argillaceous, grading to shale, sandy, gray.... Shale, gray, partly sandy Limestone, light brown, coarse, fossiliferous Shale, silty, gray Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, very fine Shale, silty, light to dark gray , Sandstone, calcareous, light brown, compact; shale, cal- careous, dark gray Shale, silty, dark gray, tough Siltstone, gray, grading to sandstone, very fine Limestone, buff, fossiliferous; shale, black, fossiliferous, at top Bone coal Fireclay; sandstone, carbonaceous, very fine "Shale, light" Sandstone, calcareous, fine, porous; "salt water to about 175 feet from top of casing" Same; with shale, gray and black, at top; "salt water to about top of casing" Limestone, buff and light gray, fossiliferous; "set 10-inch casing at 800 feet" "Shale, light to gray and black" "Limestone" "Sandstone; about four bailers water per hour" "Limestone, dark gray, flinty" Shale, carbonaceous, black, brittle; coal "Shale, gray to black" Shale, silty, gray, containing siderite concretions; grades to siltstone Shale, green and gray, smooth, weak (red rock horizon) . . . Coal Shale, silty, brownish-gray, tough Sandstone, shaly, light gray, fine; "dry" (a) Quotations are from driller's log. Thickness Depth Feet Feet 20 20 25 45 63 108 12 120 25 145 7 152 2 154 17 171 77 248 3 251 19 270 12 282 34 316 68 384 4 388 27 415 5 420 75 495 15 510 45 555 45 600 8 608 2 610 6 616 100 716 57 773 24 797 10 807 183 990 5 995 10 1005 7 1012 7 1019 61 1080 90 1170 34 1204 2 1206 26 1232 4 1236 PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 49 Thickness Depth Feet Feet Shale, silty, dark gray, tough 39 1275 Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, fine, coaly; below 1295 feet struck "heavy flow of salt water to within 175 feet from top" 50 1325 Shale, gray, weak; limestone, buff 5 1330 Shale, dark and light gray; "set S^-inch casing at 1338. feet" 9 1339 Shale, silty, gray, tough, siderite concretions 52 1391 Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, very fine, "dry to 1432 feet, salt water below" 72 1463 Sandstone, as above; and shale, silty, dark gray 37 1500 Sandstone, buff, very fine to medium 58 1558 Same; interbedded with siltstone and shale, dark gray.... 17 1575 Shale, dark gray 11 1586 Sandstone, buff, very fine 12 1598 Coal; shale, dark gray; sandstone, very fine, carbonaceous, compact 5 1603 Sandstone, light gray, very fine 6 1609 Coal; sandstone, light gray, very fine, compact to loose; shale 9 1618 Sandstone, buff, fine, porous; "salt water" 94 1712 "Red shale ; coal band" 2 1714 Sandstone, buff, fine to medium, porous 33 1747 Siltstone, grading to shale, dark gray, tough 44 1791 Sandstone, buff, fine, porous, partly calcareous 134 1925 Shale, dark gray, smooth, tough; siltstone below 48 1973 Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, compact; "set 6%-inch casing at 1978 feet" 14 1987 Sandstone, buff, fine, grading to coarse downward, porous; "salt water" 147 2134 Mississippian system Chester series Clore formation Shale, calcareous, greenish to pinkish-gray 3 2137 Shale, dark bluish-gray; sandstone, calcareous, very fine, compact 23 2160 Palestine sandstone Sandstone, calcareous, light buff, very fine; "dry" 24 2184 Siltstone, calcareous, light gray, tough; shale, dark gray 11 2195 Shale, bluish-gray, tough; siltstone 6 2201 Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, very fine, com- pact 11 2212 Sandstone, as above, grading to siltstone and shale, dark gray 15 2227 Menard formation Limestone, gray; shale, dark gray 8 2235 Shale, dark gray; few limestone beds 58 2293 Shale, dark gray; thin siltstone and limestone beds; "set 5 3/16-inch casing at 2323 feet" 108 2401 50 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES 4. Ohio Oil Company, H. B. Henninger well No. 1, SW. corner SE. \ T. 3 N., R. 4 E., Marion County, Illinois Driller's log Elevation 5 22 feet Map No. 62, Fig. 2 Pleistocene system Clay Pennsylvania!! system Lime Slate Sand rock Shale Lime Slate Sand rock Slate Sand rock Salt water Slate Lime Slate Lime Slate Lime Slate Lime Shale Lime Shale, brown Sandy lime Shale, light Lime Sand rock Shale, black Lime Slate Lime Coal No. 6 Lime Shale Part coal Sandy lime Sand lime Salt sand Lime Slate Slate and lime. . . Salt sand Sand Slate Lime shale Slate Salt sand Slate Shale, black Salt sand Slate Salt sand Hard sand SE. 14 sec. 25, Thickness Depth Feet Feet 19 19 2 21 35 56 84 140 120 260 10 270 180 350 3 353 92 445 2 447 489 26 515 25 540 2 542 65 605 5 610 20 630 18 648 27 675 35 710 15 725 25 750 40 790 6 796 39 835 70 905 8 913 107 1020 30 1050 6 1056 44 1100 45 1145 5 1150 20 1170 70 1240 30 1270 25 1295 10 1305 135 1440 60 1500 40 1540 55 1595 20 1615 15 1630 40 1670 20 1690 10 1700 95 1795 45 1840 61 1901 9 1910 Thickness Depth Feet Feet 10 1920 5 1925 10 1935 17 1952 73 2025 10 2035 59 2094 3 2097 23 2120 93 2213 PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 51 Mississippian system Chester series Shale Lime Shale Slate Sand Lime Slate Sand shale Lime Slate 5. Benoist and Finn, Finn well No. 1, S£ !4JNE. % sec. 16, T. 1 N., R. 3 E., Marion Counry Compiled by L. E. Workman from driller's log and sample studies of Pennsylvanian by G. H. Cady and of Chester by M. A. Blair Elevation 581 feet Map No. 70, Fig. 2 Pleistocene system Loess and clay Sand, yellow, fine Glacial till Sand, yellow, fine, clayey Pennsylvanian system Shale, very silty, gray Sandstone, light gray, fine Siltstone, light gray "Coal" Shale, silty, light gray Sandstone, light gray, fine Shale, silty, light gray Shale, dark gray, hard Shale, light gray, slip-fractured Shale, gray, slaty Sandstone, calcareous, fine; clay, weak, "clod"; coal Shale, light gray Shale, gray, slaty "Sandstone" "Shale" Limestone, light and dark gray Coal and fireclay Fireclay Shale, light gray, ironstone concretions Shale, dark gray, hard "Shale" Limestone, sandy, coarse; bone coal Shale, light gray, hard Sandstone, calcareous, light gray; limestone, light brown coal Shale, light to dark gray, some greenish at 380-395 Limestone, fossiliferous; siltstone, light gray Thickness Depth Feet Feet 10 10 5 15 10 25 4 29 26 55 40 95 25 120 1 121 4 125 37 162 8 170 5 175 10 185 10 195 5 200 15 215 18 233 22 255 9 264 4 268 2 270 5 275 40 315 5 320 6 326 4 330 30 360 5 365 92 457 6 463 52 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES 5. Benoist and Finn, Finn well No. 1 — continued Thickness Depth Feet Feet Shale, light to dark gray 77 540 Limestone, white, fine; shale, dark gray, at base 13 553 "Coal" 2 555 Shale, black, hard 5 560 Shale, light gray 100 660 Sandstone, light gray, fine, calcareous at base 45 705 Sandstone, light gray, medium to coarse 20 725 Shale, dark gray, hard 10 735 Shale, light gray 10 745 Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, fine 10 755 Shale, light gray 125 880 Shale, reddish brown; "red rock" 5 885 Limestone, buff, white, and green; shale, red, green, and gray; little coal 4 889 Shale, dark gray to black; sandstone, calcareous, gray.... 11 900 Shale, gray and green; limestone, sandy 4 904 Coal 5 909 Fireclay 5 914 Limestone, light buff to cream, fine 9 923 Shale, gray 12 935 Shale, sandy, light gray, hard 8 943 Sandstone, light gray, fine, compact 17 960 Shale, black, hard ; little coal 5 965 Fireclay; sandstone, gray, fine, calcareous 12 977 Limestone, gray, white, and brown, Fusilina 3 980 Coal 7 987 Fireclay 3 990 Limestone, white, fine, "sandy" 3 993 Shale, light to dark gray, hard 52 1045 Sandstone, gray, compact, finely laminated, carbonaceous partings 58 1103 "Shale" 12 1115 Sandstone, as above, grading down to loose 31 1146 Siltstone, gray 4 1150 Shale, black; limestone, brown and black, fossiliferous; little coal 5 1155 Siltstone, light gray 5 1160 Sandstone, gray, fine 5 1165 Shale, black 5 1170 Sandstone, gray, fine 40 1210 Shale, dark gray to black, brownish below 15 1225 Shale, light gray, soft, slip-fractured 5 1230 Same ; and bone coal 5 1235 Shale, black, hard, carbonaceous 10 1245 Shale, carbonaceous, slip-fractured 5 1250 Sandstone, gray, fine 5 1255 Shale, black, light gray at top 13 1268 Coal 2 1270 Fireclay, slip-fractured 5 1275 Siltstone, gray and brownish; calcareous below 5 1280 Limestone, gray, white, and greenish, dense fossiliferous.. 3 1283 Sandstone, calcareous, dark gray to black, dense 12 1295 Shale, black; coal 5 1300 Sandstone, fine; fireclay, slip-fractured, at top 10 1310 Sandstone, fine, interbedded with shale, dark, hard 33 1343 Clay, light and dark gray, slip-fractured 12 1355 Sandstone, gray and reddish 5 1360 Siltstone, dark gray to black, grading down to shale 8 1368 Sandstone, white, fine 37 1405 Shale, gray; clay, slip-fractured 5 1410 Clay, slip-fractured; little limestone, brown, coarse 5 1415 PARTS OF MARION AND CLAY COUNTIES 53 5. Benoist and Finn, Finn well No. 1 — concluded Thickness Depth Feet Feet Shale, calcareous, dark gray, micaceous 5 1420 Sandstone, white, fine 25 1445 Siltstone, gray 5 1450 Sandstone, white, fine, clean. 55 1505 Sandstone, white, very fine 30 1535 Sandstone, white, fine 15 1550 "Slate" 5 1555 Sandstone, brownish to white, fine 57 1612 Shale, dark gray, carbonaceous, slip-fractured 13 1625 Shale, silty, dark gray, interbedded with sandstone, grad- ing to sandstone 60 1685 Sandstone, light gray, very fine to fine, "water" 145 1830 Mississippian system Chester series Clore formation Shale, silty, light greenish-gray to red rock at base 18 1848 Palestine formation Shale, dark greenish-gray; interbedded with silt- stone and sandstone, very fine 27 1875 Menard formation Shale, dark gray 10 1885 Limestone, dark gray, very fine to coarse; inter- bedded with shale, dark gray 45 1930 Shale, dark gray to green; thin beds limestone and sandstone 60 1990 Limestone, sandy, gray; shale, sandy, gray 25 2015 Tar Springs sandstone Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, very fine, com- pact ; shale at base 25 2040 Sandstone, greenish-gray, very fine, compact; shale, red and green 10 2050 Sandstone, gray, very fine, "hole full of water, still in sandstone at bottom" 6 2056 Kinmundy shaft, NE. NW. sec. 23, T. 4 N., R. 3 E., Marion County (a) Map No. 49, Fig. 4 Elevation 602 feet Soil and clay , Sandstone Gray "slate" Black "slate" Sand shale "Slate and soapstone' Sand shale Gray "slate" , Sandstone, hard Gray "slate" Sand rock, hard , "Slate" Thickness Depth Feet Inches Feet Inches 12 12 46 \ 58 18 76 10 86 19 105 4 109 9 118 2 120 1 121 7 128 4 132 5 137 (a) This log was compiled from two original logs, both labeled "Kinmundy shaft." One of these logs was published in Illinois State Geological Survey Cooperative Mining Series Bulletin 11, 1922, pp. 128-129. However the other log gives greater detail in the upper- part of the section which is important for correlation with outcropping beds and is therefore substituted down to depth 143 feet in the above compilation. It is possible that one log is for the hoisting shaft and the other for the air shaft. The "limestone conglomerate" from depth 142 feet to 143 feet in one log may be the same bed as the pebbly limestone from 14 6 feet 5 inches to 14 7 feet 9 inches in the other. 54 GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS POSSIBILITIES Kinmundy shaft — continued Sand rock, hard Gray "slate" Limestone conglomerate Limestone, pebbly "Slate," black . . . Coal Fireclay Shale, gray .. "Slate," black Coal Fireclay Shale "Slate," black Limestone, bituminous Coal Limestone and black shale , Coal Clay shale Shale, gray and black with bands of lime "Slate," black Coal Fireclay Limestone Shale, gray "Slate," black Coal Fireclay Shale and sandstone. Coal Fireclay Limestone Shale Limestone , Shale, bituminous, and 2 inches coal Shale, pebbly Sandstone and shale Limestone, pebbly Shale, bituminous, and y 2 inch coal. Fireclay Sandstone and shale Shale, black Coal Fireclay Limestone, sandstone and fireclay Shale, blue Limestone Fireclay Shale, green Limestone, pebbly Sandstone and shale. . Coal No. 7 Fireclay Sandstone and shale Coal Shale, black Hard rock, gray limestone Coal No. 6 Thickness Depth Feet Inches Feet Inches 2 139 3 142 1 143 1 4 147 9 9 7 157 4 1 2 158 6 7 165 6 19 7 185 1 11 196 1 1 6 197 7 2 199 7 37 10 237 5 5 242 5 2 244 5 6 244 11 6 250 11 2 251 1 5 6 256 7 51 307 7 1 5 309 1 1 310 1 6 311 6 3 314 6 15 9 330 3 3 333 3 2 333 5 2 10 336 3 65 6 401 9 4 402 1 4 406 1 3 409 1 71 480 1 9 10 492 2 494 5 499 76 575 1 6 576 2 6 579 5 584 69 653 10 653 1 7 654 5 2 656 5 8 6 664 1 1 14 2 689 1 21 6 710 7 2 712 7 1 6 714 1 6 720 1 84 2 804 3 2 806 3 11 817 3 30 847 3 2 2 849 3 3 852 5 4 856 5 4 2 860 7 Photomount Pamphlet Binder Gaylord Bros., Inc. Makers Syracuse, N. Y. PAT. JAN 21, 1908 . ®m