THE T HE THE k1 --O 4TIQUITIES ST. AUGUSTINE, JFLGRIIXV A1M D ANIITQUITIES 9-flaWo ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORID. MSTOR WJ ATQUITWI ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA-   THE THE THE HISTORY ANDT ANTIQUITIES ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA As, A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1858 EDITION, INTRODUCTION and INDEX MICHAEL V GANNON. BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES. AUNVERSITY OFFLORIDA BOOK. THE URNIVERSITY PRESSES OF FLORIDA. Gainesville 1975. HISTORY ANDT ANTIQUITIES ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA C BOGE RI. FAIANKS, A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1858 EDITION, INTRODUCTION and INDEX MICHAEL V. GANNON. BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES. A UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA BOOK. THE UNIVERSITY PRESSES OF FLORIDA. Gaiansvll 197. HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES ST. A.UGUSTH{E, FLORIDA CiEOdIE R1. FAANKSI, A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1858 EDITION, INTRODUCTION and INDEX MICHAEL V. GANNON. BICENTENNIAL. FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE. SERIES. A UIESITY OF FLORIDA BOOK THE UIESITY PRESSES OF FLORIDA. Gainesv.ille 1975.  BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES, publhed under the spon~sip c f the BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA, SAULPOTR eea dtr F NEW~1I MAT RIAL CPYRIHT, 1211975 Thy history and antiqiies of the itly of St. Fhotoeintof the ed. published by C. a. Norton, New York. 1. St. Augutin-Hitoy. 2.. Florda-History ]FS19S2F2 1975] 975.9'18 75-15750 BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES, puisheSd unlder the sponsor1ISp If 1the BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA, A NEWI MA17TERIA COYIH © 1971 Library of Congress Catalo~ging in Publication Data Fairbanks, Gorge Risford, 1820-1906. The history and antiquities11 othitly If SL. Augusin, Flordd. (Bicetenil Floidias lFaimhileserie) FhotorpFit ofth ad111. published by C. B. Norton, NewYork. "A Uiverity of Floida boo7k." 1. St. Augstn-Histoy. 2.. Floida-Hitory -To 1821. L. Titl. IL. Series. [F215.52F2 1975] 975.9'18 7515750I ISBN 0-8130-100-9 BICENTENNIAL FLOIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES, BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA, SMUEL FPROCT, GeneralEditr FACILE1, REPRODUCION WTPFATORlY MA~TERA, INTRODCTIO, NEW MATERIAL. COPYRIGH © 1975 BY THE1 BOARD OF REGENTS Library If Con1gress Catalging in Publiio 0Data Farbanks, George Rinsford, 1820-1906. The history and aniquities of he iy of St. (Bic1ntennial Floridjin Faciile~ ser7es) Fhotor7print of1t11 ed. pulblhed by C. B. Norto, New Yor. "A University of Floida book1." Incldes7 bibliographical refe17nce. 1. St. Augutil1-History. 2. FloidaI-Hitoy -TI 1821. I. Til. IL. Serie. [F519.52F2 1971] 975.9'18 75-15750 ISBN 0-8130-0403.-9  BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor J. H. Williams, Chairman Harold W. Stayman, Jr., Vice Chairman Don Pride, Executive Director Dick J. Batchelor, Orlando Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine James J. Gardener, Fort Lauderdale Jim Glisson, Tavares Mattox Hair, Jacksonville Thomas L. Hazouri, Jacksonville Ney C. Landrum, T1lahassee Mrs. Raymond Mason, Jacksonville Carl C. Mertins, Pensacola Charles E. Perry, Miami W. E. Potter, Orlando F. Blair Reeves, Gainesville Richard R. Renick, Coral Gables Jane W. Robinson, Cocoa BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor J. H. Williams, Chairman Harold W. Stayman, Jr., Vice Chairman Don Pride, Executive Director Dick J. Batchelor, Orlando Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine James J. Gardener, Fort Lauderdale Jim Glisson, Tavares Mattox Hair, Jacksonville Thomas L. Hazouri, Jacksonville Ney C. Landrum, Tllahassee Mrs. Raymond Mason, Jacksonville Carl C. Mertins, Pensacola Charles E. Perry, Miami W. E. Potter, Orlando F. Blair Reeves, Gainesville Richard R. Renick, Coral Gables Jane W. Robinson, Cocoa BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor J. H. Williams, Chairman Harold W. Stayman, Jr., Vice Chairman Don Pride, Executive Director Dick J. Batchelor, Orlando Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine James J. Gardener, Fort Lauderdale Jim Glisson, Tavares Mattox Hair, Jacksonville Thomas L. Hazouri, Jacksonville Ney C. Landrum, Tqllahassee Mrs. Raymond Mason, Jacksonville Carl C. Mertins, Pensacola Charles E. Perry, Miami W. E. Potter, Orlando F. Blair Reeves, Gainesville Richard R. Renick, Coral Gables Jane W. Robinson, Cocoa  Vi BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION. Mrs. Robert L. Shevin, Tallahassee Don Shoemaker, Miami Mary L. Singleton, Jacksonville Bruce A. Smathers, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade Edward Trombetta, Tallahassee Ralph D. Turlington, Tallahassee Robert Williams, Tallahassee Lori Wilson, Merritt Island Vi BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION. Mrs. Robert L. Shevin, Tallahassee Don Shoemaker, Miami Mary L. Singleton, Jacksonville Bruce A. Smathers, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade Edward Trombetta, Tallahassee Ralph D. Turlington, Tallahassee Robert Williams, Tallahassee Lori Wilson, Merritt Island Di BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION. Mrs. Robert L. Shevin, Tallahassee Don Shoemaker, Miami Mary L. Singleton, Jacksonville Bruce A. Smathers, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade Edward Trombetta, Tallahassee Ralph D. Turlington, Tallahassee Robert Williams, Tallahassee Lori Wilson, Merritt Island  GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. FLORIDA'S pre-eminent nineteenth-century his- torian was George Rainsford Fairbanks. Born and educated in the North, he moved south to St. Au- gustine to accept a judicial appointment in the territorial government of Florida. For the next sixty-four years of his life, Florida was his home. Most of this time he lived in St. Augustine, the oldest continuous settlement in what is now the United States. He was always intrigued with its rich and varied history and by the variety of peo- ple who made St. Augustine their home. In one of his first letters back to his family in New York, he noted that St. Augustine was "in all respects un- like any American town ... its variety of inhabi- tants and mixture of languages gave it a peculiarly interesting character." Florida's colorful and ro- mantic past excited him, and this was particularly true of St. Augustine. "About the old city," he wrote, "there clings a host of historic associations, which throw around it a charm which few can fail GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. FLORIDA'S pre-eminent nineteenth-century his- torian was George Rainsford Fairbanks. Born and educated in the North, he moved south to St. Au- gustine to accept a judicial appointment in the territorial government of Florida. For the next sixty-four years of his life, Florida was his home. Most of this time he lived in St. Augustine, the oldest continuous settlement in what is now the United States. He was always intrigued with its rich and varied history and by the variety of peo- ple who made St. Augustine their home. In one of his first letters back to his family in New York, he noted that St. Augustine was "in all respects un- like any American town ... its variety of inhabi- tants and mixture of languages gave it a peculiarly interesting character." Florida's colorful and ro- mantic past excited him, and this was particularly true of St. Augustine. "About the old city," he wrote, "there clings a host of historic associations, which throw around it a charm which few can fail GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. FLORIDA's pre-eminent nineteenth-century his- torian was George Rainsford Fairbanks. Born and educated in the North, he moved south to St. Au- gustine to accept a judicial appointment in the territorial government of Florida. For the next sixty-four years of his life, Florida was his home. Most of this time he lived in St. Augustine, the oldest continuous settlement in what is now the United States. He was always intrigued with its rich and varied history and by the variety of peo- ple who made St. Augustine their home. In one of his first letters back to his family in New York, he noted that St. Augustine was "in all respects un- like any American town ... its variety of inhabi- tants and mixture of languages gave it a peculiarly interesting character." Florida's colorful and ro- mantic past excited him, and this was particularly true of St. Augustine. "About the old city," he wrote, "there clings a host of historic associations, which throw around it a charm which few can fail  VIIZ PREFACE. to feel." One of the great contributions to the heri- tage of this state is his history of St. Augustine, the first attempt to chronicle its story in the Eng- lish language. Fairbanks numbered among his Florida friends some of its most prestigious citizens, including Territorial Governor William P. DuVal, Moses Elias Levy and his son David, Florida's first United States senator, Kingsley Beatty Gibbs, who in- herited the great Fort George Island plantation from his uncle, Zephaniah Kingsley, and Thomas Buckingham Smith, the diplomat and Spanish- Florida historian. While practicing law in St. Au- gustine, Smith had developed an interest in histor- ical research, particularly in the area of the Span- ish exploration and settlement. Perhaps it was his enthusiasm that influenced George Fairbanks to pursue similar studies of Florida's past. Fairbanks first developed his interest in Florida history during the early 1850s. His reputation as a researcher and scholar quickly spread, and writers like Theodore Irving wrote seeking information on Spanish explorations in Florida. Fairbanks mas- tered the Spanish language so that he could read the history in the language of the original adven- turers. Early in 1856, Fairbanks and a group of his friends organized the Historical Society of Florida, the forerunner of the Florida Historical Society. Viii PREFACE. to feel." One of the great contributions to the heri- tage of this state is his history of St. Augustine, the first attempt to chronicle its story in the Eng- lish language. Fairbanks numbered among his Florida friends some of its most prestigious citizens, including Territorial Governor William P. DuVal, Moses Elias Levy and his son David, Florida's first United States senator, Kingsley Beatty Gibbs, who in- herited the great Fort George Island plantation from his uncle, Zephaniah Kingsley, and Thomas Buckingham Smith, the diplomat and Spanish- Florida historian. While practicing law in St. Au- gustine, Smith had developed an interest in histor- ical research, particularly in the area of the Span- ish exploration and settlement. Perhaps it was his enthusiasm that influenced George Fairbanks to pursue similar studies of Florida's past. Fairbanks first developed his interest in Florida history during the early 1850s. His reputation as a researcher and scholar quickly spread, and writers like Theodore Irving wrote seeking information on Spanish explorations in Florida. Fairbanks mas- tered the Spanish language so that he could read the history in the language of the original adven- turers. Early in 1856, Fairbanks and a group of his friends organized the Historical Society of Florida, the forerunner of the Florida Historical Society. Vitt PREFACE. to feel." One of the great contributions to the heri- tage of this state is his history of St. Augustine, the first attempt to chronicle its story in the Eng- lish language. Fairbanks numbered among his Florida friends some of its most prestigious citizens, including Territorial Governor William P. DuVal, Moses Elias Levy and his son David, Florida's first United States senator, Kingsley Beatty Gibbs, who in- herited the great Fort George Island plantation from his uncle, Zephaniah Kingsley, and Thomas Buckingham Smith, the diplomat and Spanish- Florida historian. While practicing law in St. Au- gustine, Smith had developed an interest in histor- ical research, particularly in the area of the Span- ish exploration and settlement. Perhaps it was his enthusiasm that influenced George Fairbanks to pursue similar studies of Florida's past. Fairbanks first developed his interest in Florida history during the early 1850s. His reputation as a researcher and scholar quickly spread, and writers like Theodore Irving wrote seeking information on Spanish explorations in Florida. Fairbanks mas- tered the Spanish language so that he could read the history in the language of the original adven- turers. Early in 1856, Fairbanks and a group of his friends organized the Historical Society of Florida, the forerunner of the Florida Historical Society.  PREFACE. ix PREFACE. ix PREFACE. ix Many of the outstanding men in Florida politics joined the organization. At one of its first quarterly meetings, Fairbanks delivered a lecture to the so- ciety. "The Early History of Florida," as he titled the essay, was a survey of exploration and settle- ment from the time of Ponce de Leon to the Eng- lish settlements in Georgia and the Carolinas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. While Fairbanks' lecture was somewhat uneven and con- tained historical inaccuracies, it had both style and historic insight. It was so well-received that Fairbanks committed himself to write a book about St. Augustine. The remarkable result of this endeavor was The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine, Florida. Fairbanks was the first Florida historian to make major use of Spanish records in writing a serious historical account of St. Augustine's past. In addi- tion, Fairbanks used extensively the writings of Barcia, Gonzalo Solis de Meras, Jacques le Moyne, Laudonniare, Gourgues, Carroll, Rivers, Simms, Roberts, Bartram, Stork, Romans, De Brahm, John Lee Williams, and William Cullen Bryant. History and Antiquities had great value for its time; without question it was the best sum- mary of St. Augustine written to that date. The book was and is widely read and widely circulated. Every thorough bibliography of Florida history must include Fairbanks' study. It went through Many of the outstanding men in Florida politics joined the organization. At one of its first quarterly meetings, Fairbanks delivered a lecture to the so- ciety. "The Early History of Florida," as he titled the essay, was a survey of exploration and settle- ment from the time of Ponce de Leon to the Eng- lish settlements in Georgia and the Carolinas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. While Fairbanks' lecture was somewhat uneven and con- tained historical inaccuracies, it had both style and historic insight. It was so well-received that Fairbanks committed himself to write a book about St. Augustine. The remarkable result of this endeavor was The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine, Florida. Fairbanks was the first Florida historian to make major use of Spanish records in writing a serious historical account of St. Augustine's past. In addi- tion, Fairbanks used extensively the writings of Barcia, Gonzalo Soli de Meras, Jacques le Moyne, Laudonniere, Gourgues, Carroll, Rivers, Simms, Roberts, Bartram, Stork, Romans, De Brahm, John Lee Williams, and William Cullen Bryant. History and Antiquities had great value for its time; without question it was the best sum- mary of St. Augustine written to that date. The book was and is widely read and widely circulated. Every thorough bibliography of Florida history must include Fairbanks' study. It went through Many of the outstanding men in Florida politics joined the organization. At one of its first quarterly meetings, Fairbanks delivered a lecture to the so- ciety. "The Early History of Florida," as he titled the essay, was a survey of exploration and settle- ment from the time of Ponce de Leon to the Eng- lish settlements in Georgia and the Carolinas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. While Fairbanks' lecture was somewhat uneven and con- tained historical inaccuracies, it had both style and historic insight. It was so well-received that Fairbanks committed himself to write a book about St. Augustine. The remarkable result of this endeavor was The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine, Florida. Fairbanks was the first Florida historian to make major use of Spanish records in writing a serious historical account of St. Augustine's past. In addi- tion, Fairbanks used extensively the writings of Barcia, Gonzalo Soli de Meris, Jacques le Moyne, Laudonniere, Gourgues, Carroll, Rivers, Simms, Roberts, Bartram, Stork, Romans, De Brahm, John Lee Williams, and William Cullen Bryant. History and Antiquities had great value for its time; without question it was the best sum- mary of St. Augustine written to that date. The book was and is widely read and widely circulated. Every thorough bibliography of Florida history must include Fairbanks' study. It went through  X PREFACE. three editions, the first of which is reproduced here as a facsimile. It deserves its honored place in the annals of Florida historical scholarship. George Fairbanks' reputation as a historian, re- searcher, and writer continues to be recognized to the present. He dedicated himself to exploring Florida's past and to keeping and preserving all that he discovered in trust for scholars and re- searchers who would follow him. This too is the theme for Florida's heritage program as it plans for its role in the nation's bicentennial. The publication of facsimile editions of twenty- five rare, out-of-print volumes covering all periods of Florida's history, a series of pamphlets and monographs, the marking of a heritage trail, ar- chAeological excavations, and historical restoration and preservation are major programs that are being sponsored by the Florida Bicentennial Com- mission. Each of the facsimile volumes includes an introduction written by a well-known authority in Florida history. These books, published for the Bi- centennial Commission by the University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, are available at moderate prices to libraries, scholars, researchers, and all those interested in Florida's rich and colorful past. The Florida Bicentennial Commission, a twenty- seven member agency, was created by the legisla- ture to plan and develop Florida's role in the na- tional bicentennial. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew X PREFACE. three editions, the first of which is reproduced here as a facsimile. It deserves its honored place in the annals of Florida historical scholarship. George Fairbanks' reputation as a historian, re- searcher, and writer continues to be recognized to the present. He dedicated himself to exploring Florida's past and to keeping and preserving all that he discovered in trust for scholars and re- searchers who would follow him. This too is the theme for Florida's heritage program as it plans for its role in the nation's bicentennial. The publication of facsimile editions of twenty- five rare, out-of-print volumes covering all periods of Florida's history, a series of pamphlets and monographs, the marking of a heritage trail, ar- chaeological excavations, and historical restoration and preservation are major programs that are being sponsored by the Florida Bicentennial Com- mission. Each of the facsimile volumes includes an introduction written by a well-known authority in Florida history. These books, published for the Bi- centennial Commission by the University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, are available at moderate prices to libraries, scholars, researchers, and all those interested in Florida's rich and colorful past. The Florida Bicentennial Commission, a twenty- seven member agency, was created by the legisla- ture to plan and develop Florida's role in the na- tional bicentennial. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew X PREFACE. three editions, the first of which is reproduced here as a facsimile. It deserves its honored place in the annals of Florida historical scholarship. George Fairbanks' reputation as a historian, re- searcher, and writer continues to be recognized to the present. He dedicated himself to exploring Florida's past and to keeping and preserving all that he discovered in trust for scholars and re- searchers who would follow him. This too is the theme for Florida's heritage program as it plans for its role in the nation's bicentennial. The publication of facsimile editions of twenty- five rare, out-of-print volumes covering all periods of Florida's history, a series of pamphlets and monographs, the marking of a heritage trail, ar- chaeological excavations, and historical restoration and preservation are major programs that are being sponsored by the Florida Bicentennial Com- mission. Each of the facsimile volumes includes an introduction written by a well-known authority in Florida history. These books, published for the Bi- centennial Commission by the University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, are available at moderate prices to libraries, scholars, researchers, and all those interested in Florida's rich and colorful past. The Florida Bicentennial Commission, a twenty- seven member agency, was created by the legisla- ture to plan and develop Florida's role in the na- tional bicentennial. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew  PREFACE. Xi PREFACE. Xi PREFACE. Xi serves as honorary chairman of the commission. Members of the legislature, the heads of state agencies, and ten public members appointed by the governor constitute the commission. Executive offices are in Tallahassee. Michael V. Gannon, professor of history and re- ligion at the University of Florida, is the editor of the facsimile of The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine. A former Basselin scholar at the Catholic University of America, Dr. Gannon received his bachelor and master degrees there in philosophy. He is a graduate of the University of Louvain in Belgium, and received his doctorate degree in history at the University of Florida. His books include Rebel Bishop: The Life and Era of Augustin Verot and The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513-1870. His articles on the early Spanish period in Florida have appeared in scholarly and professional journals in the United States and Europe. In 1966 he received the Arthur W. Thompson Memorial Prize in Florida History. from the Florida Histori- cal Society for the best article published that year in the Florida Historical Quarterly. Dr. Gannon is a member of the Historic St. Augustine Preserva- tion Board of the State of Florida. The govern- ment of Spain in 1974 awarded him the Knight Cross of the Order of Isabella in recognition of his research and publications in the field of Spanish- serves as honorary chairman of the commission. Members of the legislature, the heads of state agencies, and ten public members appointed by the governor constitute the commission. Executive offices are in Tallahassee. Michael V. Gannon, professor of history and re- ligion at the University of Florida, is the editor of the facsimile of The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine. A former Basselin scholar at the Catholic University of America, Dr. Gannon received his bachelor and master degrees there in philosophy. He is a graduate of the University of Louvain in Belgium, and received his doctorate degree in history at the University of Florida. His books include Rebel Bishop: The Life and Era of Augustin Verot and The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513-1870. His articles on the early Spanish period in Florida have appeared in scholarly and professional journals in the United States and Europe. In 1966 he received the Arthur W. Thompson Memorial Prize in Florida History from the Florida Histori- cal Society for the best article published that year in the Florida Historical Quarterly. Dr. Gannon is a member of the Historic St. Augustine Preserva- tion Board of the State of Florida. The govern- ment of Spain in 1974 awarded him the Knight Cross of the Order of Isabella in recognition of his research and publications in the field of Spanish- serves as honorary chairman of the commission. Members of the legislature, the heads of state agencies, and ten public members appointed by the governor constitute the commission. Executive offices are in Tallahassee. Michael V. Gannon, professor of history and re- ligion at the University of Florida, is the editor of the facsimile of The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine. A former Basselin scholar at the Catholic University of America, Dr. Gannon received his bachelor and master degrees there in philosophy. He is a graduate of the University of Louvain in Belgium, and received his doctorate degree in history at the University of Florida. His books include Rebel Bishop: The Life and Era of Augustin Verot and The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513-1870. His articles on the early Spanish period in Florida have appeared in scholarly and professional journals in the United States and Europe. In 1966 he received the Arthur W. Thompson Memorial Prize in Florida History, from the Florida Histori- cal Society for the best article published that year in the Florida Historical Quarterly. Dr. Gannon is a member of the Historic St. Augustine Preserva- tion Board of the State of Florida. The govern- ment of Spain in 1974 awarded him the Knight Cross of the Order of Isabella in recognition of his research and publications in the field of Spanish-  xl! PREFACE. Florida history. He is presently engaged in compil- ing a documentary history of Florida, covering the years to 1821. xii PREFACE. xii PREFACE. Florida history. He is presently engaged in compil- ing a documentary history of Florida, covering the years to 1821. SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the Florida history. He is presently engaged in compil- ing a documentary history of Florida, covering the years to 1821. SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIEs University of Florida University of Florida University of Florida  INTRODUCTION. ST. AUGUSTINE is the oldest continuous settle- ment of European origin in what is now the United States of America. Founded September 8, 1565, forty years before Jamestown and fifty-five years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, it is the birthplace of western civilization and of Christianity in this country. Spaniards were the first to show the sails of their ships off its shoreline and the first, under Pedro Mendndez de Aviles, to put down roots and stay. But other peoples have contested for the city, and no less than four flags, at various times, have flown over its battlements, its narrow streets, and its balconied houses in the more than four centuries that it has stood. The rich and varied story of St. Augustine has been told many times, but the first attempt to do so in the English language is the present work, pub- lished here in facsimile, written in 1858 by George Rainsford Fairbanks. A resident of St. Augustine at the time, Fairbanks was the first Florida histor- INTRODUCTION. ST. AUGUSTINE is the oldest continuous settle- ment of European origin in what is now the United States of America. Founded September 8, 1565, forty years before Jamestown and fifty-five years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, it is the birthplace of western civilization and of Christianity in this country. Spaniards were the first to show the sails of their ships off its shoreline and the first, under Pedro Menendez de Avilds, to put down roots and stay. But other peoples have contested for the city, and no less than four flags, at various times, have flown over its battlements, its narrow streets, and its balconied houses in the more than four centuries that it has stood. The rich and varied story of St. Augustine has been told many times, but the first attempt to do so in the English language is the present work, pub- lished here in facsimile, written in 1858 by George Rainsford Fairbanks. A resident of St. Augustine at the time, Fairbanks was the first Florida histor- INTRODUCTION. ST. AUGUSTINE is the oldest continuous settle- ment of European origin in what is now the United States of America. Founded September 8, 1565, forty years before Jamestown and fifty-five years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, it is the birthplace of western civilization and of Christianity in this country. Spaniards were the first to show the sails of their ships off its shoreline and the first, under Pedro Menendez de Aviles, to put down roots and stay. But other peoples have contested for the city, and no less than four flags, at various times, have flown over its battlements, its narrow streets, and its balconied houses in the more than four centuries that it has stood. The rich and varied story of St. Augustine has been told many times, but the first attempt to do so in the English language is the present work, pub- lished here in facsimile, written in 1858 by George Rainsford Fairbanks. A resident of St. Augustine at the time, Fairbanks was the first Florida histor-  xiv INTRODUCTION. ian to make major use of Spanish records, and the first to essay a serious historical study of the city's past. Despite its faults, obvious to later historians with the advantage of a century's advance in dis- covery of sources and in development of the his- toriographic art, The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine, Florida is a remarkable accomplishment for its time. In examining the life of its author, his times, his friends, and his histori- cal sources, we learn how this book came to be and what place it deserves to hold in the annals of Florida historical scholarship.' George Rainsford Fairbanks was-born in Water- town, New York, July 5, 1820, one of four sons born to Jason and Mary Massey Fairbanks.' His father, a native of Mendon, Massachusetts, was in the saddle and harness business. Watertown was then a small mill village that drew power from the rapid fall of the Black River. Young George at- tended public school until eight or nine years of age, when he was transferred by his parents to a private school in the village run by a Mr. William Ruger, and at ten years of age he was sent on to Belville Academy in the countryside south of the village. Fairbanks' father had commercial contacts in Montreal, Canada, and had acquired a taste for the French language and culture. Desiring that George and his older brother, Samuel, acquire the Xiv INTRODUCTION. ian to make major use of Spanish records, and the first to essay a serious historical study of the city's past. Despite its faults, obvious to later historians with the advantage of a century's advance in dis- covery of sources and in development of the his- toriographic art, The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine, Florida is a remarkable accomplishment for its time. In examining the life of its author, his times, his friends, and his histori- cal sources, we learn how this book came to be and what place it deserves to hold in the annals of Florida historical scholarship.' George Rainsford Fairbanks wasborn in Water- town, New York, July 5, 1820, one of four sons born to Jason and Mary Massey Fairbanks.2 His father, a native of Mendon, Massachusetts, was in the saddle and harness business. Watertown was then a small mill village that drew power from the rapid fall of the Black River. Young George at- tended public school until eight or nine years of age, when he was transferred by his parents to a private school in the village run by a Mr. William Ruger, and at ten years of age he was sent on to Belville Academy in the countryside south of the village. Fairbanks' father had commercial contacts in Montreal, Canada, and had acquired a taste for the French language and culture. Desiring that George and his older brother, Samuel, acquire the X5 INTRODUCTION. ian to make major use of Spanish records, and the first to essay a serious historical study of the city's past. Despite its faults, obvious to later historians with the advantage of a century's advance in dis- covery of sources and in development of the his- toriographic art, The History and Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine, Florida is a remarkable accomplishment for its time. In examining the life of its author, his times, his friends, and his histori- cal sources, we learn how this book came to be and what place it deserves to hold in the annals of Florida historical scholarship.' George Rainsford Fairbanks was-born in Water- town, New York, July 5, 1820, one of four sons born to Jason and Mary Massey Fairbanks.' His father, a native of Mendon, Massachusetts, was in the saddle and harness business. Watertown was then a small mill village that drew power from the rapid fall of the Black River. Young George at- tended public school until eight or nine years of age, when he was transferred by his parents to a private school in the village run by a Mr. William Ruger, and at ten years of age he was sent on to Belville Academy in the countryside south of the village. Fairbanks' father had commercial contacts in Montreal, Canada, and had acquired a taste for the French language and culture. Desiring that George and his older brother, Samuel, acquire the  INTRODUCTION. xUv INTRODUCTION. xv INTRODUCTION. xv same tastes, their father sent them to the Roman Catholic Petit Seminaire at Montreal, a minor seminary that prepared young men for the priest- hood. George's father had no intention that his two boys become Catholic priests-the family was Protestant Episcopal-but he did want them to have the advantage of the fine education for which the seminary was renowned. George himself re- membered in later life how difficult it was passing from English to French, but after about five or six months he found himself in possession of a con- siderable French vocabulary and at ease in both formal class recitation and conversations with schoolmates. Once a month he had leave to go out- side the school, and he took advantage of those times to eat dinner and speak English with friends at an American hotel. The meals at the seminary were healthy but unimaginative. Lunch at noon consisted of one large piece of bread, and at dinner there was meat, bread, and vegetables. For about half the length of each meal, eaten in common with all the other students and professors, a student read a homily from a high reading desk set against the wall of the refectory. At the end of the reading, permis- sion was given for talk, and a burst of voices would sound forth. The students slept in dormitories, long rooms each containing some thirty beds. As at the meals, one of the boys was appointed to same tastes, their father sent them to the Roman Catholic Petit Seminaire at Montreal, a minor seminary that prepared young men for the priest- hood. George's father had no intention that his two boys become Catholic priests-the family was Protestant Episcopal-but he did want them to have the advantage of the fine education for which the seminary was renowned. George himself re- membered in later life how difficult it was passing from English to French, but after about five or six months he found himself in possession of a con- siderable French vocabulary and at ease in both formal class recitation and conversations with schoolmates. Once a month he had leave to go out- side the school, and he took advantage of those times to eat dinner and speak English with friends at an American hotel. The meals at the seminary were healthy but unimaginative. Lunch at noon consisted of one large piece of bread, and at dinner there was meat, bread, and vegetables. For about half the length of each meal, eaten in common with all the other students and professors, a student read a homily from a high reading desk set against the wall of the refectory. At the end of the reading, permis- sion was given for talk, and a burst of voices would sound forth. The students slept in dormitories, long rooms each containing some thirty beds. As at the meals, one of the boys was appointed to same tastes, their father sent them to the Roman Catholic Petit Seminaire at Montreal, a minor seminary that prepared young men for the priest- hood. George's father had no intention that his two boys become Catholic priests-the family was Protestant Episcopal-but he did want them to have the advantage of the fine education for which the seminary was renowned. George himself re- membered in later life how difficult it was passing from English to French, but after about five or six months he found himself in possession of a con- siderable French vocabulary and at ease in both formal class recitation and conversations with schoolmates. Once a month he had leave to go out- side the school, and he took advantage of those times to eat dinner and speak English with friends at an American hotel. The meals at the seminary were healthy but unimaginative. Lunch at noon consisted of one large piece of bread, and at dinner there was meat, bread, and vegetables. For about half the length of each meal, eaten in common with all the other students and professors, a student read a homily from a high reading desk set against the wall of the refectory. At the end of the reading, permis- sion was given for talk, and a burst of voices would sound forth. The students slept in dormitories, long rooms each containing some thirty beds. As at the meals, one of the boys was appointed to  Xvi INTRODUCTION. read at night from a history tome, and thus the boys were lulled to sleep-not an experience, one presumes, to which one might attribute George's later interest in history. He remembered: "An old Scotch priest slept in a room adjoining and had an eye hole in his door so that he could, at any time, see the whole room and we never knew when that eye was at the eye hole. Sometimes he would come in, and if he found any boy uncovered, give him a smart slap as a reminder to cover himself."a George remained at the Petit Seminaire until July 1832, when a cholera epidemic forced his re- turn to Watertown. Seventy-five to one hundred deaths were occurring daily, and the boys, when they went out, held small camphor bags under their noses as protection, so it was thought, against the disease. Like the other boys, George gave passersby a wide berth. Eventually, school was suspended, and the boys were sent back to their homes. At Watertown, George was entered in a newly established academy built by public subscription and under the charge of a Presbyterian clergyman. Samuel entered Union College at Schenectady in 1835, and in September of the following year, at sixteen years of age, George entered the same in- stitution. He was at the time, so he described him- self, "a slight, slender, grey-eyed, ambitious boy."' With some two hundred other students he pursued Xvi INTRODUCTION. read at night from a history tome, and thus the boys were lulled to sleep-not an experience, one presumes, to which one might attribute George's later interest in history. He remembered: "An old Scotch priest slept in a room adjoining and had an eye hole in his door so that he could, at any time, see the whole room and we never knew when that eye was at the eye hole. Sometimes he would come in, and if he found any boy uncovered, give him a smart slap as a reminder to cover himself."3 George remained at the Petit Seminaire until July 1832, when a cholera epidemic forced his re- turn to Watertown. Seventy-five to one hundred deaths were occurring daily, and the boys, when they went out, held small camphor bags under their noses as protection, so it was thought, against the disease. Like the other boys, George gave passersby a wide berth. Eventually, school was suspended, and the boys were sent back to their homes. At Watertown, George was entered in a newly established academy built by public subscription and under the charge of a Presbyterian clergyman. Samuel entered Union College at Schenectady in 1835, and in September of the following year, at sixteen years of age, George entered the same in- stitution. He was at the time, so he described him- self, "a slight, slender, grey-eyed, ambitious boy."' With some two hundred other students he pursued Xvi INTRODUCTION. read at night from a history tome, and thus the boys were lulled to sleep-not an experience, one presumes, to which one might attribute George's later interest in history. He remembered: "An old Scotch priest slept in a room adjoining and had an eye hole in his door so that he could, at any time, see the whole room and we never knew when that eye was at the eye hole. Sometimes he would come in, and if he found any boy uncovered, give him a smart slap as a reminder to cover himself."3 George remained at the Petit Seminaire until July 1832, when a cholera epidemic forced his re- turn to Watertown. Seventy-five to one hundred deaths were occurring daily, and the boys, when they went out, held small camphor bags under their noses as protection, so it was thought, against the disease. Like the other boys, George gave passersby a wide berth. Eventually, school was suspended, and the boys were sent back to their homes. At Watertown, George was entered in a newly established academy built by public subscription and under the charge of a Presbyterian clergyman. Samuel entered Union College at Schenectady in 1835, and in September of the following year, at sixteen years of age, George entered the same in- stitution. He was at the time, so he described him- self, "a slight, slender, grey-eyed, ambitious boy."' With some two hundred other students he pursued  INTRODUCTION. xvli INTRODUCTION. xuii INTRODUCTION. xvii studies in Latin, Greek, mathematics, chemistry, and moral philosophy. He had entered college as a sophomore but was much younger than the larger portion of his class. Nonetheless, he held a consistently high place on the class list. For a time he studied Hebrew and medicine, though his pref- erence was for the classics, and in those disciplines he achieved his highest grades. His health was not good in those years, and he suffered severely from headaches in the fall of 1838, which required that he return to his home and absent himself from studies for a time. During that interval he worked in his father's store and achieved valuable busi- ness experience which would serve him well in later life. Fairbanks graduated from Union College in 1839 and decided to prepare for the legal profession. To that end he read law in the office of W. A. Shum- way, Esquire, a good lawyer of intemperate habits. George described him as "a man of fine parts but unfortunately at that time indulging in periodical sprees of a quiet, but absorbing character."' After a few months George transferred to the law office of Joseph Mullin, a young Irishman whom he much admired. Mullin would later be appointed to the Supreme Court of the State of New York. George was a diligent student, and in the spring of 1842 he was admitted to the bar of New York fol- lowing a successful examination. He hung up his studies in Latin, Greek, mathematics, chemistry, and moral philosophy. He had entered college as a sophomore but was much younger than the larger portion of his class. Nonetheless, he held a consistently high place on the class list. For a time he studied Hebrew and medicine, though his pref- erence was for the classics, and in those disciplines he achieved his highest grades. His health was not good in those years, and he suffered severely from headaches in the fall of 1838, which required that he return to his home and absent himself from studies for a time. During that interval he worked in his father's store and achieved valuable busi- ness experience which would serve him well in later life. Fairbanks graduated from Union College in 1839 and decided to prepare for the legal profession. To that end he read law in the office of W. A. Shum- way, Esquire, a good lawyer of intemperate habits. George described him as "a man of fine parts but unfortunately at that time indulging in periodical sprees of a quiet, but absorbing character."' After a few months George transferred to the law office of Joseph Mullin, a young Irishman whom he much admired. Mullin would later be appointed to the Supreme Court of the State of New York. George was a diligent student, and in the spring of 1842 he was admitted to the bar of New York fol- lowing a successful examination. He hung up his studies in Latin, Greek, mathematics, chemistry, and moral philosophy. He had entered college as a sophomore but was much younger than the larger portion of his class. Nonetheless, he held a consistently high place on the class list. For a time he studied Hebrew and medicine, though his pref- erence was for the classics, and in those disciplines he achieved his highest grades. His health was not good in those years, and he suffered severely from headaches in the fall of 1838, which required that he return to his home and absent himself from studies for a time. During that interval he worked in his father's store and achieved valuable busi- ness experience which would serve him well in later life. Fairbanks graduated from Union College in 1839 and decided to prepare for the legal profession. To that end he read law in the office of W. A. Shum- way, Esquire, a good lawyer of intemperate habits. George described him as "a man of fine parts but unfortunately at that time indulging in periodical sprees of a quiet, but absorbing character."' After a few months George transferred to the law office of Joseph Mullin, a young Irishman whom he much admired. Mullin would later be appointed to the Supreme Court of the State of New York. George was a diligent student, and in the spring of 1842 he was admitted to the bar of New York fol- lowing a successful examination. He hung up his  xviii INTRODUCTION. shingle, bearing gilt letters, at the foot of the stair- case leading to Mr. Mullin's office. Meantime, he had joined the New York state militia and had risen rapidly in rank from orderly to lieutenant colonel. His responsibility was that of chief quartermaster. At the annual review of troops he took pleasure in appearing in full uni- form, with cocked hat, epaulets, and sword. In later years he recollected when he had "played soldier, after a fashion."' His commission in the militia was signed by New York Governor William H. Seward, later secretary of state under President Lincoln. George had also made the acquaintance of Miss Sarah Catherine Wright, daughter of Judge Ben- jamin Wright of Adams, Massachusetts. The couple had met while decorating the Episcopal church in Watertown for Christmas worship serv- ices. Fairbanks was twenty years old at the time, she some eighteen months older and a student at a select girls' school in Adams. During the winter and spring months of 1841 George went often to Adams to visit with Sarah, and by summertime they were engaged. The occasion of the marriage was provided by the arrival in Watertown during the summer of 1842 of Isaac H. Bronson, his wife, and two daugh- ters. A member for some years of the Watertown law firm of Bronson and Sterling, Bronson had XviiI INTRODUCTION. shingle, bearing gilt letters, at the foot of the stair- case leading to Mr. Mullin's office. Meantime, he had joined the New York state militia and had risen rapidly in rank from orderly to lieutenant colonel. His responsibility was that of chief quartermaster. At the annual review of troops he took pleasure in appearing in full uni- form, with cocked hat, epaulets, and sword. In later years he recollected when he had "played soldier, after a fashion."' His commission in the militia was signed by New York Governor William H. Seward, later secretary of state under President Lincoln. George had also made the acquaintance of Miss Sarah Catherine Wright, daughter of Judge Ben- jamin Wright of Adams, Massachusetts. The couple had met while decorating the Episcopal church in Watertown for Christmas worship serv- ices. Fairbanks was twenty years old at the time, she some eighteen months older and a student at a select girls' school in Adams. During the winter and spring months of 1841 George went often to Adams to visit with Sarah, and by summertime they were engaged. The occasion of the marriage was provided by the arrival in Watertown during the summer of 1842 of Isaac H. Bronson, his wife, and two daugh- ters. A member for some years of the Watertown law firm of Bronson and Sterling, Bronson had xvui INTRODUCTION. shingle, bearing gilt letters, at the foot of the stair- case leading to Mr. Mullin's office. Meantime, he had joined the New York state militia and had risen rapidly in rank from orderly to lieutenant colonel. His responsibility was that of chief quartermaster. At the annual review of troops he took pleasure in appearing in full uni- form, with cocked hat, epaulets, and sword. In later years he recollected when he had "played soldier, after a fashion."' His commission in the militia was signed by New York Governor William H. Seward, later secretary of state under President Lincoln. George had also made the acquaintance of Miss Sarah Catherine Wright, daughter of Judge Ben- jamin Wright of Adams, Massachusetts. The couple had met while decorating the Episcopal church in Watertown for Christmas worship serv- ices. Fairbanks was twenty years old at the time, she some eighteen months older and a student at a select girls' school in Adams. During the winter and spring months of 1841 George went often to Adams to visit with Sarah, and by summertime they were engaged. The occasion of the marriage was provided by the arrival in Watertown during the summer of 1842 of Isaac H. Bronson, his wife, and two daugh- ters. A member for some years of the Watertown law firm of Bronson and Sterling, Bronson had  INTRODUCTION. xix INTRODUCTION. xrx INTRODUCTION. xix served in Congress during the Martin Van Buren administration, but had not been reelected. Ill health compelled him to accept appointment as judge of the United States Superior Court of East Florida, and he and his family made their home in the more congenial climate afforded by St. Augus- tine. In 1842 they were on a visit to Watertown, and Mrs. Bronson took a fancy to George's fian- cee, Sarah Wright. By another coincidence, in September of the same year, Fairbanks' future father-in-law, Major John Beard, who had been clerk of the Superior Court at St. Augustine, was appointed United States Marshal. The clerkship fell vacant at St. Augustine, and Judge Bronson, probably at the urging of his wife, offered Fair- banks the position. The offer was gladly accepted, but George was unwilling to leave for so distant a home without completing his plans for marriage with Sarah. He therefore made arrangements for the wedding to take place before his departure, and her parents consented to the plan with the understanding that she could remain at home in Adams until the following summer, when Fair- banks would return for her. The couple were mar- ried on Saturday afternoon, October 8, 1842 in the Zion Church, Pierrepont Manor, about five miles outside Adams.' A week later Fairbanks joined Judge and Mrs. Bronson, their two daughters, Gertrude and served in Congress during the Martin Van Buren administration, but had not been reelected. Ill health compelled him to accept appointment as judge of the United States Superior Court of East Florida, and he and his family made their home in the more congenial climate afforded by St. Augus- tine. In 1842 they were on a visit to Watertown, and Mrs. Bronson took a fancy to George's fian- cee, Sarah Wright. By another coincidence, in September of the same year, Fairbanks' future father-in-law, Major John Beard, who had been clerk of the Superior Court at St. Augustine, was appointed United States Marshal. The clerkship fell vacant at St. Augustine, and Judge Bronson, probably at the urging of his wife, offered Fair- banks the position. The offer was gladly accepted, but George was unwilling to leave for so distant a home without completing his plans for marriage with Sarah. He therefore made arrangements for the wedding to take place before his departure, and her parents consented to the plan with the understanding that she could remain at home in Adams until the following summer, when Fair- banks would return for her. The couple were mar- ried on Saturday afternoon, October 8, 1842 in the Zion Church, Pierrepont Manor, about five miles outside Adams.' A week later Fairbanks joined Judge and Mrs. Bronson, their two daughters, Gertrude and served in Congress during the Martin Van Buren administration, but had not been reelected. Ill health compelled him to accept appointment as judge of the United States Superior Court of East Florida, and he and his family made their home in the more congenial climate afforded by St. Augus- tine. In 1842 they were on a visit to Watertown, and Mrs. Bronson took a fancy to George's fian- cee, Sarah Wright. By another coincidence, in September of the same year, Fairbanks' future father-in-law, Major John Beard, who had been clerk of the Superior Court at St. Augustine, was appointed United States Marshal. The clerkship fell vacant at St. Augustine, and Judge Bronson, probably at the urging of his wife, offered Fair- banks the position. The offer was gladly accepted, but George was unwilling to leave for so distant a home without completing his plans for marriage with Sarah. He therefore made arrangements for the wedding to take place before his departure, and her parents consented to the plan with the understanding that she could remain at home in Adams until the following summer, when Fair- banks would return for her. The couple were mar- ried on Saturday afternoon, October 8, 1842 in the Zion Church, Pierrepont Manor, about five miles outside Adams.' A week later Fairbanks joined Judge and Mrs. Bronson, their two daughters, Gertrude and  xx INTRODUCTION. Emma, and a party of military and civil officials in New York for a journey by ship to Savannah. One of the military officers aboard was Captain John T. Sprague, of the United States Army, who had fought in the Second Seminole War. In 1848 Sprague would publish The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War, for many years the only booklength account of that conflict .8 Fairbanks and his companions had a pleasant voyage down the coast, lasting, he remembered, some five or six days. After a brief stopover at the Pulaski House in Savannah, the party boarded the Cincinnati, a government-chartered steamboat, for the passage through the Georgia coastal islands and down the St. Johns River to the military post and landing station at Picolata, eighteen miles west of St. Augustine. It was a rough passage. A heavy gale came up en route, and the Cincinnati was forced to seek shelter in the St. Marys River. The captain and crew took the vessel fifteen miles up the river, searching for wood, and had to an- chor overnight for fear the gale would cause the ship to be thrown up on shore. When the weather subsided somewhat, the Cincinnati was able to move past Jacksonville and down the St. Johns to Picolata. There the party spent the night at the home of John Lee Williams, Florida history buff and one of the two commissioners who in 1824 had recommended a site in West Florida for the xx INTRODUCTION. Emma, and a party of military and civil officials in New York for a journey by ship to Savannah. One of the military officers aboard was Captain John T. Sprague, of the United States Army, who had fought in the Second Seminole War. In 1848 Sprague would publish The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War, for many years the only booklength account of that conflict.8 Fairbanks and his companions had a pleasant voyage" down the coast, lasting, he remembered, some five or six days. After a brief stopover at the Pulaski House in Savannah, the party boarded the Cincinnati, a government-chartered steamboat, for the passage through the Georgia coastal islands and down the St. Johns River to the military post and landing station at Picolata, eighteen miles west of St. Augustine. It was a rough passage. A heavy gale came up en route, and the Cincinnati was forced to seek shelter in the St. Marys River. The captain and crew took the vessel fifteen miles up the river, searching for wood, and had to an- chor overnight for fear the gale would cause the ship to be thrown up on shore. When the weather subsided somewhat, the Cincinnati was able to move past Jacksonville and down the St. Johns to Picolata. There the party spent the night at the home of John Lee Williams, Florida history buff and one of the two commissioners who in 1824 had recommended a site in West Florida for the xx INTRODUCTION. Emma, and a party of military and civil officials in New York for a journey by ship to Savannah. One of the military officers aboard was Captain John T. Sprague, of the United States Army, who had fought in the Second Seminole War. In 1848 Sprague would publish The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War, for many years the only booklength account of that confict.' Fairbanks and his companions had a pleasant voyage' down the coast, lasting, he remembered, some five or six days. After a brief stopover at the Pulaski House in Savannah, the party boarded the Cincinnati, a government-chartered steamboat, for the passage through the Georgia coastal islands and down the St. Johns River to the military post and landing station at Picolata, eighteen miles west of St. Augustine. It was a rough passage. A heavy gale came up en route, and the Cincinnati was forced to seek shelter in the St. Marys River. The captain and crew took the vessel fifteen miles up the river, searching for wood, and had to an- chor overnight for fear the gale would cause the ship to be thrown up on shore. When the weather subsided somewhat, the Cincinnati was able to move past Jacksonville and down the St. Johns to Picolata. There the party spent the night at the home of John Lee Williams, Florida history buff and one of the two commissioners who in 1824 had recommended a site in West Florida for the  INTRODUCTION. xxi INTRODUCTION. xxi INTRODUCTION. xxi seat of government for the Territory of Florida. At the recommended site the town of Tallahassee had been founded. From Picolata, Fairbanks and his friends trav- eled in "hacks-a sort of ambulance conveyance" to St. Augustine, which he described shortly after- wards in a letter to his brother, Samuel, as "the oddest looking little old place you can imagine- there is not a thing in it scarcely that looks less than a hundred years old."' With a population of some 1,800 to 2,000 people and compactly built in the European manner, St. Augustine resembled Montreal more than any other place Fairbanks had seen. He took quarters at the Florida House on Treasury Lane, then the principal hotel, and during the four or five days he waited until the Bronsons were ready to receive him into their own pleasant home fronting the entrance to the harbor on the seawall, Fairbanks explored the town. The larger portion of the white population, Fairbanks discovered, were Minorcans (a group name that included some of Greek, Italian, and Turkish, as well as of Minorcan, origin), descend- ants of the colony brought to Florida by Dr. An- drew Turnbull in 1768, five years after the cession of Florida by Spain to England. In later years, Fairbanks remembered, "The northern portion of the city was almost entirely occupied by them [Minorcans]. Some few English families from the seat of government for the Territory of Florida. At the recommended site the town of Tallahassee had been founded. From Picolata, Fairbanks and his friends trav- eled in "hacks-a sort of ambulance conveyance" to St. Augustine, which he described shortly after- wards in a letter to his brother, Samuel, as "the oddest looking little old place you can imagine- there is not a thing in it scarcely that looks less than a hundred years old."' With a population of some 1,800 to 2,000 people and compactly built in the European manner, St. Augustine resembled Montreal more than any other place Fairbanks had seen. He took quarters at the Florida House on Treasury Lane, then the principal hotel, and during the four or five days he waited until the Bronsons were ready to receive him into their own pleasant home fronting the entrance to the harbor on the seawall, Fairbanks explored the town. The larger portion of the white population, Fairbanks discovered, were Minorcans (a group name that included some of Greek, Italian, and Turkish, as well as of Minorcan, origin), descend- ants of the colony brought to Florida by Dr. An- drew Turnbull in 1768, five years after the cession of Florida by Spain to England. In later years, Fairbanks remembered, "The northern portion of the city was almost entirely occupied by them [Minorcans]. Some few English families from the seat of government for the Territory of Florida. At the recommended site the town of Tallahassee had been founded. From Picolata, Fairbanks and his friends trav- eled in "hacks-a sort of ambulance conveyance" to St. Augustine, which he described shortly after- wards in a letter to his brother, Samuel, as "the oddest looking little old place you can imagine- there is not a thing in it scarcely that looks less than a hundred years old."' With a population of some 1,800 to 2,000 people and compactly built in the European manner, St. Augustine resembled Montreal more than any other place Fairbanks had seen. He took quarters at the Florida House on Treasury Lane, then the principal hotel, and during the four or five days he waited until the Bronsons were ready to receive him into their own pleasant home fronting the entrance to the harbor on the seawall, Fairbanks explored the town. The larger portion of the white population, Fairbanks discovered, were Minorcans (a group name that included some of Greek, Italian, and Turkish, as well as of Minorcan, origin), descend- ants of the colony brought to Florida by Dr. An- drew Turnbull in 1768, five years after the cession of Florida by Spain to England. In later years, Fairbanks remembered, "The northern portion of the city was almost entirely occupied by them [Minorcans]. Some few English families from the  xxii INTRODUCTION. West Indies, the Andersons, Dummetts, etc., had left plantations on the coast south of St. Augus- tine at the commencement of the Indian war and settled in St. Augustine. Some Americans, but not many, were living there as merchants or holding public office. There was hardly a private carriage in the place-the streets were narrow without sidewalks, balconies projected from the upper story of the two-story houses, some of the oldest of which were built of concrete with a roof nearly flat of concrete like the houses of Havana. The entrance to these old houses was generally in the yard and the living room upstairs, with no open- ings to the north, and some without chimneys, being heated with brasiers. In the better class [one found] silver candlesticks with wax candles and a glass cylinder, plain or ornamental, about two feet in height and 8 or 10 inches [in] diameter, which was placed over the candlestick and candle to pro- tect it from the wind."" Fairbanks discovered "a kind of aristocracy" among the Minorcans and Spanish-speaking resi- dents of St. Augustine: "One Pedro Benet was a leading citizen of this class. He was a shopkeeper and had a very good residence, on Charlotte St. about a block or two South of the City Gates. He was often spoken of as the Minorcan King and was understood to very largely control his com- patriots socially and politically."" The Minor- xxii INTRODUCTION. West Indies, the Andersons, Dummetts, etc., had left plantations on the coast south of St. Augus- tine at the commencement of the Indian war and settled in St. Augustine. Some Americans, but not many, were living there as merchants or holding public office. There was hardly a private carriage in the place-the streets were narrow without sidewalks, balconies projected from the upper story of the two-story houses, some of the oldest of which were built of concrete with a roof nearly flat of concrete like the houses of Havana. The entrance to these old houses was generally in the yard and the living room upstairs, with no open- ings to the north, and some without chimneys, being heated with brasiers. In the better class [one found] silver candlesticks with wax candles and a glass cylinder, plain or ornamental, about two feet in height and 8 or 10 inches [in] diameter, which was placed over the candlestick and candle to pro- tect it from the wind."" Fairbanks discovered "a kind of aristocracy" among the Minorcans and Spanish-speaking resi- dents of St. Augustine: "One Pedro Benet was a leading citizen of this class. He was a shopkeeper and had a very good residence, on Charlotte St. about a block or two South of the City Gates. He was often spoken of as the Minorcan King and was understood to very largely control his com- patriots socially and politically."" The Minor- xxii INTRODUCTION. West Indies, the Andersons, Dummetts, etc., had left plantations on the coast south of St. Augus- tine at the commencement of the Indian war and settled in St. Augustine. Some Americans, but not many, were living there as merchants or holding public office. There was hardly a private carriage in the place-the streets were narrow without sidewalks, balconies projected from the upper story of the two-story houses, some of the oldest of which were built of concrete with a roof nearly flat of concrete like the houses of Havana. The entrance to these old houses was generally in the yard and the living room upstairs, with no open- ings to the north, and some without chimneys, being heated with brasiers. In the better class [one found] silver candlesticks with wax candles and a glass cylinder, plain or ornamental, about two feet in height and 8 or 10 inches [in] diameter, which was placed over the candlestick and candle to pro- tect it from the wind."" Fairbanks discovered "a kind of aristocracy" among the Minorcans and Spanish-speaking resi- dents of St. Augustine: "One Pedro Benet was a leading citizen of this class. He was a shopkeeper and had a very good residence, on Charlotte St. about a block or two South of the City Gates. He was often spoken of as the Minorcan King and was understood to very largely control his com- patriots socially and politically."" The Minor-  INTRODUCTION. xxiii INTRODUCTION. xxiii INTRODUCTION. xxiii cans and Spanish-speaking people had frequent entertainments and social functions, but there was very little mingling, Fairbanks discovered, between that group and the American population of the city. Among the latter there were also frequent social gatherings, and wine and cakes were served. These were weekly activities, and visitors to St. Augus- tine for their health or for recreation were gener- ally invited. Officers from the two companies of the Third United States Artillery stationed at Saint Francis Barracks in the south section of the city also attended. Occasionally the officers themselves hosted dances at the barracks, where music was furnished by a trio led by Marcellini, a black mu- sician who specialized in dance music. Oyster roasts would sometimes be held by the American residents on Anastasia Island opposite the city. Fairbanks was much struck by the variety of life in St. Augustine. Nearly all nationalities were represented in the city, which was, he averred, "in all respects unlike any American town. . . . Its va- rieties of inhabitants and mixture of languages gave it a peculiarly interesting character."" Fair- banks was particularly struck by two unique char- acters. The first, a Mr. Fencher, was a native of Rhode Island who had engaged in business with various concerns in Mexico and at the time of Fair- banks' arrival owned a residence and plantation cans and Spanish-speaking people had frequent entertainments and social functions, but there was very little mingling, Fairbanks discovered, between that group and the American population of the city. Among the latter there were also frequent social gatherings, and wine and cakes were served. These were weekly activities, and visitors to St. Augus- tine for their health or for recreation were gener- ally invited. Officers from the two companies of the Third United States Artillery stationed at Saint Francis Barracks in the south section of the city also attended. Occasionally the officers themselves hosted dances at the barracks, where music was furnished by a trio led by Marcellini, a black mu- sician who specialized in dance music. Oyster roasts would sometimes be held by the American residents on Anastasia Island opposite the city. Fairbanks was much struck by the variety of life in St. Augustine. Nearly all nationalities were represented in the city, which was, he averred, "in all respects unlike any American town.... Its va- rieties of inhabitants and mixture of languages gave it a peculiarly interesting character."" Fair- banks was particularly struck by two unique char- acters. The first, a Mr. Fencher, was a native of Rhode Island who had engaged in business with various concerns in Mexico and at the time of Fair- banks' arrival owned a residence and plantation cans and Spanish-speaking people had frequent entertainments and social functions, but there was very little mingling, Fairbanks discovered, between that group and the American population of the city. Among the latter there were also frequent social gatherings, and wine and cakes were served. These were weekly activities, and visitors to St. Augus- tine for their health or for recreation were gener- ally invited. Officers from the two companies of the Third United States Artillery stationed at Saint Francis Barracks in the south section of the city also attended. Occasionally the officers themselves hosted dances at the barracks, where music was furnished by a trio led by Marcellini, a black mu- sician who specialized in dance music. Oyster roasts would sometimes be held by the American residents on Anastasia Island opposite the city. Fairbanks was much struck by the variety of life in St. Augustine. Nearly all nationalities were represented in the city, which was, he averred, "in all respects unlike any American town. - . . Its va- rieties of inhabitants and mixture of languages gave it a peculiarly interesting character."" Fair- banks was particularly struck by two unique char- acters. The first, a Mr. Fencher, was a native of Rhode Island who had engaged in business with various concerns in Mexico and at the time of Fair- banks' arrival owned a residence and plantation  Xxiv INTRODUCTION. on North River above St. Augustine. Fairbanks was impressed by Mr. Fencher's size, which he es- timated at being over six hundred pounds in weight. As a contrast he cited Mr. Jarried Barker, who lived not far from Mr. Fencher; Mr. Barker had a fully developed body, but his legs were only a few inches in length. Barker's wife was rather tall, and Fairbanks was amused to learn that when Barker displeased her, she placed him on the mantelpiece. As clerk of the Superior Court, Fairbanks had an office in Government House, which fronted the public square. On one side were the offices of Judge Bronson and the district attorney; on the other side that of the United States marshal. The bar at that time consisted of the Honorable Joseph L. Smith, judge (and father of the famed Confederate General Edmund Kirby-Smith), Major B. A. Put- nam, John Drysdale, and O. M. Dorman, all at- torneys. In a letter to his brother, Samuel, written early in November 1842, shortly after George's arrival in Florida, Fairbanks said, "I am sitting with doors open and as comfortable as in our summer months."" In the summer of 1843 Fairbanks journeyed to Watertown and returned to St. Augustine that fall with his wife, Sarah. They boarded for a while with Mrs. Martha M. Reid, "a very intelligent lady," the widow of Robert Raymond Reid who Xxiv INTRODUCTION. on North River above St. Augustine. Fairbanks was impressed by Mr. Fencher's size, which he es- timated at being over six hundred pounds in weight. As a contrast he cited Mr. Jarried Barker, who lived not far from Mr. Fencher; Mr. Barker had a fully developed body, but his legs were only a few inches in length. Barker's wife was rather tall, and Fairbanks was amused to learn that when Barker displeased her, she placed him on the mantelpiece. As clerk of the Superior Court, Fairbanks had an office in Government House, which fronted the public square. On one side were the offices of Judge Bronson and the district attorney; on the other side that of the United States marshal. The bar at that time consisted of the Honorable Joseph L. Smith, judge (and father of the famed Confederate General Edmund Kirby-Smith), Major B. A. Put- nam, John Drysdale, and O. M. Dorman, all at- torneys. In a letter to his brother, Samuel, written early in November 1842, shortly after George's arrival in Florida, Fairbanks said, "I am sitting with doors open and as comfortable as in our summer months."" In the summer of 1843 Fairbanks journeyed to Watertown and returned to St. Augustine that fall with his wife, Sarah. They boarded for a while with Mrs. Martha M. Reid, "a very intelligent lady," the widow of Robert Raymond Reid who XXU INTRODUCTION. on North River above St. Augustine. Fairbanks was impressed by Mr. Fencher's size, which he es- timated at being over six hundred pounds in weight. As a contrast he cited Mr. Jarried Barker, who lived not far from Mr. Fencher; Mr. Barker had a fully developed body, but his legs were only a few inches in length. Barker's wife was rather tall, and Fairbanks was amused to learn that when Barker displeased her, she placed him on the mantelpiece. As clerk of the Superior Court, Fairbanks had an office in Government House, which fronted the public square. On one side were the offices of Judge Bronson and the district attorney; on the other side that of the United States marshal. The bar at that time consisted of the Honorable Joseph L. Smith, judge (and father of the famed Confederate General Edmund Kirby-Smith), Major B. A. Put- nam, John Drysdale, and O. M. Dorman, all at- torneys. In a letter to his brother, Samuel, written early in November 1842, shortly after George's arrival in Florida, Fairbanks said, "I am sitting with doors open and as comfortable as in our summer months."" In the summer of 1843 Fairbanks journeyed to Watertown and returned to St. Augustine that fall with his wife, Sarah. They boarded for a while with Mrs. Martha M. Reid, "a very intelligent lady," the widow of Robert Raymond Reid who  INTRODUCTION. XXV INTRODUCTION. XXV INTRODUCTION. XXV had been a governor of the Territory of Florida. In June 1844 Fairbanks purchased for $300 property containing 106 acres and known as the Robinson place, one and a half miles north of the city gate, on the San Sebastian River. There was a small house on the property, "in front of which grew an ever-blooming rose which I think attracted me to the place."" The south boundary was popularly called "The Stockade," since it had marked the outer north line of fortifications in Spanish times and ran from the San Sebastian to the North River. That same year the Fairbanks built a cottage, "Vado Real," and it remained the family home until 1859, when Fairbanks, then a widower, left St. Augustine. During the Civil War the cottage and real property were cared for by a female slave, Venus Adams, whom Fairbanks had purchased April 1, 1846. She was then thirty years old. Vado Real was burned during the war, as Fairbanks, who was on service with the Confederate Army in Geor- gia, learned from a captured Union officer at An- dersonville." On this same property-more precisely on a southwestern triangular portion thereof-Fair- banks would bury his wife and third child, both of whom died before his departure from St. Augus- tine. He explained that he did not wish to bury his family in the Roman Catholic cemetery, since it "was probably consecrated to the use of members had been a governor of the Territory of Florida. In June 1844 Fairbanks purchased for $300 property containing 106 acres and known as the Robinson place, one and a half miles north of the city gate, on the San Sebastian River. There was a small house on the property, "in front of which grew an ever-blooming rose which I think attracted me to the place."" The south boundary was popularly called "The Stockade," since it had marked the outer north line of fortifications in Spanish times and ran from the San Sebastian to the North River. That same year the Fairbanks built a cottage, "Vado Real," and it remained the family home until 1859, when Fairbanks, then a widower, left St. Augustine. During the Civil War the cottage and real property were cared for by a female slave, Venus Adams, whom Fairbanks had purchased April 1, 1846. She was then thirty years old. Vado Real was burned during the war, as Fairbanks, who was on service with the Confederate Army in Geor- gia, learned from a captured Union officer at An- dersonville." On this same property-more precisely on a southwestern triangular portion thereof-Fair- banks would bury his wife and third child, both of whom died before his departure from St. Augus- tine. He explained that he did not wish to bury his family in the Roman Catholic cemetery, since it "was probably consecrated to the use of members had been a governor of the Territory of Florida. In June 1844 Fairbanks purchased for $300 property containing 106 acres and known as the Robinson place, one and a half miles north of the city gate, on the San Sebastian River. There was a small house on the property, "in front of which grew an ever-blooming rose which I think attracted me to the place."" The south boundary was popularly called "The Stockade," since it had marked the outer north line of fortifications in Spanish times and ran from the San Sebastian to the North River. That same year the Fairbanks built a cottage, "Vado Real," and it remained the family home until 1859, when Fairbanks, then a widower, left St. Augustine. During the Civil War the cottage and real property were cared for by a female slave, Venus Adams, whom Fairbanks had purchased April 1, 1846. She was then thirty years old. Vado Real was burned during the war, as Fairbanks, who was on service with the Confederate Army in Geor- gia, learned from a captured Union officer at An- dersonville." On this same property-more precisely on a southwestern triangular portion thereof-Fair- banks would bury his wife and third child, both of whom died before his departure from St. Augus- tine. He explained that he did not wish to bury his family in the Roman Catholic cemetery, since it "was probably consecrated to the use of members  Xxvi INTRODUCTION. of that church." Neither did he wish to bury them in the Protestant cemetery immediately north of the city gate (popularly called the Huguenot Cemetery) because "it had no consecration except by its use."" Sometime after Fairbanks left St. Augustine, he conveyed the triangular piece of property to the wardens and vestry of Trinity Par- ish, the Protestant Episcopal Church in the city, for use as a private burial ground. Fairbanks interested himself in the civil and mil- itary affairs of Florida." One of the residents of St. Augustine, well advanced in years, whom Fair- banks met in the course of his early career as clerk of the court, was Moses Elias Levy. Involved at the time in litigation over title to lands that he had purchased from the Arredondo estate, Levy frequently came to Fairbanks' office to examine pa- pers and take notes. The two became friends, "as much so as an old man and young man can be," Fairbanks would relate." After a brief acquaint- ance, Levy proposed that Fairbanks take charge of his lawsuits and land matters. The young at- torney agreed and served Levy ten years as con- fidential advisor and agent. When the relationship ended, Levy was free of all litigation, and he had several large parcels of land, mostly in the Alachua area, and money enough to make him comfortable the balance of his life. Moses Levy had lived a colorful life. "He occa- Xxvi INTRODUCTION. of that church." Neither did he wish to bury them in the Protestant cemetery immediately north of the city gate (popularly called the Huguenot Cemetery) because "it had no consecration except by its use."" Sometime after Fairbanks left St. Augustine, he conveyed the triangular piece of property to the wardens and vestry of Trinity Par- ish, the Protestant Episcopal Church in the city, for use as a private burial ground. Fairbanks interested himself in the civil and mil- itary affairs of Florida." One of the residents of St. Augustine, well advanced in years, whom Fair- banks met in the course of his early career as clerk of the court, was Moses Elias Levy. Involved at the time in litigation over title to lands that he had purchased from the Arredondo estate, Levy frequently came to Fairbanks' office to examine pa- pers and take notes. The two became friends, "as much so as an old man and young man can be," Fairbanks would relate." After a brief acquaint- ance, Levy proposed that Fairbanks take charge of his lawsuits and land matters. The young at- torney agreed and served Levy ten years as con- fidential advisor and agent. When the relationship ended, Levy was free of all litigation, and he had several large parcels of land, mostly in the Alachua area, and money enough to make him comfortable the balance of his life. Moses Levy had lived a colorful life. "He occa- Xxvs INTRODUCTION. of that church." Neither did he wish to bury them in the Protestant cemetery immediately north of the city gate (popularly called the Huguenot Cemetery) because "it had no consecration except by its use."" Sometime after Fairbanks left St. Augustine, he conveyed the triangular piece of property to the wardens and vestry of Trinity Par- ish, the Protestant Episcopal Church in the city, for use as a private burial ground. Fairbanks interested himself in the civil and mil- itary affairs of Florida." One of the residents of St. Augustine, well advanced in years, whom Fair- banks met in the course of his early career as clerk of the court, was Moses Elias Levy. Involved at the time in litigation over title to lands that he had purchased from the Arredondo estate, Levy frequently came to Fairbanks' office to examine pa- pers and take notes. The two became friends, "as much so as an old man and young man can be," Fairbanks would relate." After a brief acquaint- ance, Levy proposed that Fairbanks take charge of his lawsuits and land matters. The young at- torney agreed and served Levy ten years as con- fidential advisor and agent. When the relationship ended, Levy was free of all litigation, and he had several large parcels of land, mostly in the Alachua area, and money enough to make him comfortable the balance of his life. Moses Levy had lived a colorful life. "He occa-  INTRODUCTION. xxvii INTRODUCTION. xxvii INTRODUCTION. xxvii sionally talked with me concerning his previous life, and said his Father was the Grand Vizier of the Emperor of Morocco, and discovered a con- spiracy on the part of the heir apparent to de- throne his father. He caused the imprisonment of the young prince and of course earned his bitter hatred. The Emperor died and the son came to the throne. The Grand Vizier placed his family in safety at Gibraltar, and fled himself to Egypt, where, I understand from Mr. Levy, his Father died."9 Levy's family had been Portuguese Jew- ish refugees in Morocco, and bore the honorary Moorish title name of Yulee. Levy spent his youth in Gibraltar, and sailed as a young man to St. Thomas Island, West Indies, where he accumu- lated a large fortune from the lumber business. It was in St. Thomas that, finding his name too long and cumbersome for business purposes, he dropped the final cognomen of Yulee. His usual signature was simply M. E. Levy. Fairbanks obviously held him in high esteem. Writing in later life from Se- wanee, Tennessee, in 1901, he remembered: "Mr. Moses E. Levy was a man universally respected in Saint Augustine. His probity, large intelligence and benevolence were by all recognized. I held him in the highest regard and veneration. He was very fond of children, who were attracted to him. He was just and generous in his business transactions. I understood, but I do not know that I ever heard sionally talked with me concerning his previous life, and said his Father was the Grand Vizier of the Emperor of Morocco, and discovered a con- spiracy on the part of the heir apparent to de- throne his father. He caused the imprisonment of the young prince and of course earned his bitter hatred. The Emperor died and the son came to the throne. The Grand Vizier placed his family in safety at Gibraltar, and fled himself to Egypt, where, I understand from Mr. Levy, his Father died."1 Levy's family had been Portuguese Jew- ish refugees in Morocco, and bore the honorary Moorish title name of Yulee. Levy spent his youth in Gibraltar, and sailed as a young man to St. Thomas Island, West Indies, where he accumu- lated a large fortune from the lumber business. It was in St. Thomas that, finding his name too long and cumbersome for business purposes, he dropped the final cognomen of Yulee. His usual signature was simply M. E. Levy. Fairbanks obviously held him in high esteem. Writing in later life from Se- wanee, Tennessee, in 1901, he remembered: "Mr. Moses E. Levy was a man universally respected in Saint Augustine. His probity, large intelligence and benevolence were by all recognized. I held him in the highest regard and veneration. He was very fond of children, who were attracted to him. He was just and generous in his business transactions. I understood, but I do not know that I ever heard sionally talked with me concerning his previous life, and said his Father was the Grand Vizier of the Emperor of Morocco, and discovered a con- spiracy on the part of the heir apparent to de- throne his father. He caused the imprisonment of the young prince and of course earned his bitter hatred. The Emperor died and the son came to the throne. The Grand Vizier placed his family in safety at Gibraltar, and fled himself to Egypt, where, I understand from Mr. Levy, his Father died."9 Levy's family had been Portuguese Jew- ish refugees in Morocco, and bore the honorary Moorish title name of Yulee. Levy spent his youth in Gibraltar, and sailed as a young man to St. Thomas Island, West Indies, where he accumu- lated a large fortune from the lumber business. It was in St. Thomas that, finding his name too long and cumbersome for business purposes, he dropped the final cognomen of Yulee. His usual signature was simply M. E. Levy. Fairbanks obviously held him in high esteem. Writing in later life from Se- wanee, Tennessee, in 1901, he remembered: "Mr. Moses E. Levy was a man universally respected in Saint Augustine. His probity, large intelligence and benevolence were by all recognized. I held him in the highest regard and veneration. He was very fond of children, who were attracted to him. He was just and generous in his business transactions. I understood, but I do not know that I ever heard  xxviii INTRODUCTION. him speak of it, that his purpose in buying these large bodies of lands [in Alachua] was to establish a colony of Jewish people as a refuge and religious community."0 Levy had two sons, Elias and David, who also distinguished themselves? After education in Virginia, David returned to St. Augustine and was elected territorial delegate to Congress in 1841. The elder Levy was opposed to David's entering politics, and his opposition was taken advantage of by certain "unscrupulous politicians," in Fair- banks' terms, who sowed dissension between the son and father for political purposes. For some years there was no contact between father and son. "I was a close friend of the son," Fairbanks wrote, "and on one occasion told him the family history as had been told me by his father. He ap- plied to the legislature [in 1846] and by an Act of Legislature took the name of David Levy Yulee- his brother Elias also changed to Yulee."" Soon afterwards, following David's marriage and birth of a child, Fairbanks was instrumental in effecting a reconciliation between the father and his son. In 1845, when Florida was received into the Union, David was elected by the Florida General Assem- bly as United States senator, the first Jew in the country's history to hold that office. The family's name is perpetuated in Florida in Levy County and in the town of Yulee." xxvii INTRODUCTION. him speak of it, that his purpose in buying these large bodies of lands [in Alachua] was to establish a colony of Jewish people as a refuge and religious community.'"20 Levy had two sons, Elias and David, who also distinguished themselves? After education in Virginia, David returned to St. Augustine and was elected territorial delegate to Congress in 1841. The elder Levy was opposed to David's entering politics, and his opposition was taken advantage of by certain "unscrupulous politicians," in Fair- banks' terms, who sowed dissension between the son and father for political purposes. For some years there was no contact between father and son. "I was a close friend of the son," Fairbanks wrote, "and on one occasion told him the family history as had been told me by his father. He ap- plied to the legislature [in 1846] and by an Act of Legislature took the name of David Levy Yulee- his brother Elias also changed to Yulee."" Soon afterwards, following David's marriage and birth of a child, Fairbanks was instrumental in effecting a reconciliation between the father and his son. In 1845, when Florida was received into the Union, David was elected by the Florida General Assem- bly as United States senator, the first Jew in the country's history to hold that office. The family's name is perpetuated in Florida in Levy County and in the town of Yulee." xxUiii INTRODUCTION. him speak of it, that his purpose in buying these large bodies of lands [in Alachua] was to establish a colony of Jewish people as a refuge and religious community."" Levy had two sons, Elias and David, who also distinguished themselves." After education in Virginia, David returned to St. Augustine and was elected territorial delegate to Congress in 1841. The elder Levy was opposed to David's entering politics, and his opposition was taken advantage of by certain "unscrupulous politicians," in Fair- banks' terms, who sowed dissension between the son and father for political purposes. For some years there was no contact between father and son. "I was a close friend of the son," Fairbanks wrote, "and on one occasion told him the family history as had been told me by his father. He ap- plied to the legislature [in 1846] and by an Act of Legislature took the name of David Levy Yulee- his brother Elias also changed to Yulee."" Soon afterwards, following David's marriage and birth of a child, Fairbanks was instrumental in effecting a reconciliation between the father and his son. In 1845, when Florida was received into the Union, David was elected by the Florida General Assem- bly as United States senator, the first Jew in the country's history to hold that office. The family's name is perpetuated in Florida in Levy County and in the town of Yulee.?  INTRODUCTION. xxzx INTRODUCTION. xxix INTRODUCTION. xxx Fairbanks himself entered political life in 1846. A Jeffersonian Democrat, with important political friends, among them former Territorial Governor William P. DuVal,24 Fairbanks ran successfully for state senator. He moved to Tallahassee for the period of his two-year term, 1846-47, and showed considerable skill as one of the fledgling state's young legislators. Only twenty-six years of age at the time, he was put in nomination for presidency of the senate and tied in the voting with the sena- tor from Pensacola. A compromise candidate even- tually won the office. In the legislature Fairbanks engaged actively in the affairs of the judiciary committee and introduced a comprehensive reve- nue bill. An insight into Fairbanks' mind at this period is afforded by an exchange of letters with fellow senator Samuel L. Burritt, in December 1847. The two men had disagreed on the propriety of a floor vote, and Fairbanks thought that Burritt had imputed unworthy motives to him. Writing to the latter on Christmas day, Fairbanks said: "It is a matter of pride with me that I have lived thus far with scarcely a personal disagreement and that I am unconscious at the present time of having a personal enemy in the world, but from what has passed it's necessary that there should be some better understanding between us before the inter- course which has been interrupted can be resumed with pleasure to either party. Politically we may, Fairbanks himself entered political life in 1846. A Jeffersonian Democrat, with important political friends, among them former Territorial Governor William P. DuVal,24 Fairbanks ran successfully for state senator. He moved to Tallahassee for the period of his two-year term, 1846-47, and showed considerable skill as one of the fledgling state's young legislators. Only twenty-six years of age at the time, he was put in nomination for presidency of the senate and tied in the voting with the sena- tor from Pensacola. A compromise candidate even- tually won the office. In the legislature Fairbanks engaged actively in the affairs of the judiciary committee and introduced a comprehensive reve- nue bill. An insight into Fairbanks' mind at this period is afforded by an exchange of letters with fellow senator Samuel L. Burritt, in December 1847. The two men had disagreed on the propriety of a floor vote, and Fairbanks thought that Burritt had imputed unworthy motives to him. Writing to the latter on Christmas day, Fairbanks said: "It is a matter of pride with me that I have lived thus far with scarcely a personal disagreement and that I am unconscious at the present time of having a personal enemy in the world, but from what has passed it's necessary that there should be some better understanding between us before the inter- course which has been interrupted can be resumed with pleasure to either party. Politically we may, Fairbanks himself entered political life in 1846. A Jeffersonian Democrat, with important political friends, among them former Territorial Governor William P. DuVal," Fairbanks ran successfully for state senator. He moved to Tallahassee for the period of his two-year term, 1846-47, and showed considerable skill as one of the fledgling state's young legislators. Only twenty-six years of age at the time, he was put in nomination for presidency of the senate and tied in the voting with the sena- tor from Pensacola. A compromise candidate even- tually won the office. In the legislature Fairbanks engaged actively in the affairs of the judiciary committee and introduced a comprehensive reve- nue bill. An insight into Fairbanks' mind at this period is afforded by an exchange of letters with fellow senator Samuel L. Burritt, in December 1847. The two men had disagreed on the propriety of a floor vote, and Fairbanks thought that Burritt had imputed unworthy motives to him. Writing to the latter on Christmas day, Fairbanks said: "It is a matter of pride with me that I have lived thus far with scarcely a personal disagreement and that I am unconscious at the present time of having a personal enemy in the world, but from what has passed it's necessary that there should be some better understanding between us before the inter- course which has been interrupted can be resumed with pleasure to either party. Politically we may,  XXX INTRODUCTION. and probably shall, differ, but I see no necessity of carrying such differences of opinion into the re- lations of private life."" Burritt replied grace- fully the next morning and apologized for the ap- parent imputation. "The conclusion which I drew from your proposition . . . was a hasty one," he wrote. "You disavow the intention I imputed to you. I am sorry I did impute it and I shall be happy if this mutual explanation shall have the effect to restore our former amicable relations."" Following his brief term of office as senator, Fair- banks returned to St. Augustine and to the prac- tice of law. He would not present himself as a candidate for public office again until 1853, when, with the resignation of Benjamin Putnam, the of- fice of surveyor general of Florida fell vacant. Former Senator James D. Westcott, Jr., attempted to secure that office for his brother John, but he was vigorously opposed by David Yulee, an anti- Westcott partisan, who considered the post of sur- veyor general the most influential federal position in Florida. Initially, Yulee wished to see the post go to John Beard, a close friend of Fairbanks' and later the latter's father-in-law.2' Beard would not accept the office, however, and Yulee turned to his friend Fairbanks, who agreed to run. The anti- Westcott forces gave lively support to Fairbanks and interceded on his behalf with Florida's Demo- cratic congressional delegation, with Secretary of XXX INTRODUCTION. and probably shall, differ, but I see no necessity of carrying such differences of opinion into the re- lations of private life."" Burritt replied grace- fully the next morning and apologized for the ap- parent imputation. "The conclusion which I drew from your proposition . . . was a hasty one," he wrote. "You disavow the intention I imputed to you. I am sorry I did impute it and I shall be happy if this mutual explanation shall have the effect to restore our former amicable relations."" Following his brief term of office as senator, Fair- banks returned to St. Augustine and to the prac- tice of law. He would not present himself as a candidate for public office again until 1853, when, with the resignation of Benjamin Putnam, the of- fice of surveyor general of Florida fell vacant. Former Senator James D. Westcott, Jr., attempted to secure that office for his brother John, but he was vigorously opposed by David Yulee, an anti- Westcott partisan, who considered the post of sur- veyor general the most influential federal position in Florida. Initially, Yulee wished to see the post go to John Beard, a close friend of Fairbanks' and later the latter's father-in-law." Beard would not accept the office, however, and Yulee turned to his friend Fairbanks, who agreed to run. The anti- Westcott forces gave lively support to Fairbanks and interceded on his behalf with Florida's Demo- cratic congressional delegation, with Secretary of XXX INTRODUCTION. and probably shall, differ, but I see no necessity of carrying such differences of opinion into the re- lations of private life."" Burritt replied grace- fully the next morning and apologized for the ap- parent imputation. "The conclusion which I drew from your proposition . . . was a hasty one," he wrote. "You disavow the intention I imputed to you. I am sorry I did impute it and I shall be happy if this mutual explanation shall have the effect to restore our former amicable relations."" Following his brief term of office as senator, Fair- banks returned to St. Augustine and to the prac- tice of law. He would not present himself as a candidate for public office again until 1853, when, with the resignation of Benjamin Putnam, the of- fice of surveyor general of Florida fell vacant. Former Senator James D. Westcott, Jr., attempted to secure that office for his brother John, but he was vigorously opposed by David Yulee, an anti- Westcott partisan, who considered the post of sur- veyor general the most influential federal position in Florida. Initially, Yulee wished to see the post go to John Beard, a close friend of Fairbanks' and later the latter's father-in-law." Beard would not accept the office, however, and Yulee turned to his friend Fairbanks, who agreed to run. The anti- Westcott forces gave lively support to Fairbanks and interceded on his behalf with Florida's Demo- cratic congressional delegation, with Secretary of  INTRODUCTION. XXXI INTRODUCTION. xxxi INTRODUCTION. xxxi the Interior Robert McClelland, and with Presi- dent Franklin Pierce. Senator Yulee, as might be expected, armed Fairbanks with numerous written recommendations from highly placed Florida citi- zens.2 In the end, however, the efforts of Fair- banks and the anti-Westcott forces were blunted by a third candidate, Colonel Gad Humphreys, an Indian agent for Florida, who was active in Demo- cratic politics. Humphreys and Yulee had had a falling out at the National Democratic Convention in 1852, where Humphreys broke the unanimity of a Florida delegation favorable to Stephen Doug- las, apparently at the urging of John Westcott. Unaware of Humphreys' strength, Fairbanks trav- eled to Washington armed with his letters of in- troduction and talked with August Maxwell, a moderate Democrat, from whom he learned that Yulee's successor in the United States Senate, Stephen R. Mallory, was throwing his weight be- hind Humphreys. Fairbanks was greatly disap- pointed to learn this, but preferred Humphreys to Westcott and so-advised Humphreys' son: "All my wishes & feelings as between Dr. Westcott and your Father are in your Father's favor and . . . I hope if there is a question as to whether your Father or Dr. Westcott shall be appointed, that it will be given to your Father."" Fairbanks' next and final candidacy for office in Florida was more successful. In 1857 he was elected the Interior Robert McClelland, and with Presi- dent Franklin Pierce. Senator Yulee, as might be expected, armed Fairbanks with numerous written recommendations from highly placed Florida citi- zens?" In the end, however, the efforts of Fair- banks and the anti-Westcott forces were blunted by a third candidate, Colonel Gad Humphreys, an Indian agent for Florida, who was active in Demo- cratic politics. Humphreys and Yulee had had a falling out at the National Democratic Convention in 1852, where Humphreys broke the unanimity of a Florida delegation favorable to Stephen Doug- las, apparently at the urging of John Westcott. Unaware of Humphreys' strength, Fairbanks trav- eled to Washington armed with his letters of in- troduction and talked with August Maxwell, a moderate Democrat, from whom he learned that Yulee's successor in the United States Senate, Stephen R. Mallory, was throwing his weight be- hind Humphreys. Fairbanks was greatly disap- pointed to learn this, but preferred Humphreys to Westcott and so-advised Humphreys' son: "All my wishes & feelings as between Dr. Westcott and your Father are in your Father's favor and . . . I hope if there is a question as to whether your Father or Dr. Westcott shall be appointed, that it will be given to your Father."" Fairbanks' next and final candidacy for office in Florida was more successful. In 1857 he was elected the Interior Robert McClelland, and with Presi- dent Franklin Pierce. Senator Yulee, as might be expected, armed Fairbanks with numerous written recommendations from highly placed Florida citi- zens." In the end, however, the efforts of Fair- banks and the anti-Westcott forces were blunted by a third candidate, Colonel Gad Humphreys, an Indian agent for Florida, who was active in Demo- cratic politics. Humphreys and Yulee had had a falling out at the National Democratic Convention in 1852, where Humphreys broke the unanimity of a Florida delegation favorable to Stephen Doug- las, apparently at the urging of John Westcott. Unaware of Humphreys' strength, Fairbanks trav- eled to Washington armed with his letters of in- troduction and talked with August Maxwell, a moderate Democrat, from whom he learned that Yulee's successor in the United States Senate, Stephen R. Mallory, was throwing his weight be- hind Humphreys. Fairbanks was greatly disap- pointed to learn this, but preferred Humphreys to Westcott and so-advised Humphreys' son: "All my wishes & feelings as between Dr. Westcott and your Father are in your Father's favor and . . . I hope if there is a question as to whether your Father or Dr. Westcott shall be appointed, that it will be given to your Father."" Fairbanks' next and final candidacy for office in Florida was more successful. In 1857 he was elected  Xxxii INTRODUCTION. mayor of St. Augustine. His inaugural speech to city officials pointed up certain unstable features of the community's life at that time, as well as Fairbanks' own pro-slavery proclivities. As owner of several slaves himself, Fairbanks cautioned his hearers about the unruly behavior of the slave population in the city: "They are allowed greater liberties than they should be, and it is very evi- dently injurious to them. We have a great many idle negroes, we have a great many drunken ne- groes, we have a great many very dishonest ne- groes."0 Many blacks, Fairbanks observed, were daily drunk in the streets and their masters had no information as to where they obtained their al- cohol. He also objected to the fact that blacks were allowed by their masters to have independent homes and a style of living that "begets a desire for something better than rations & makes them get up meetings at each other's houses with cor- responding entertainments which somebody has to pay for." That independent lifestyle of the blacks in the city had, so Fairbanks complained, a bad effect in "lessening that wholesome relation of de- pendence of master and slave which is better for the servant & requisite to the master's proper con- trol." Fairbanks also expressed his concern about the amount of malicious mischief that had been oc- curring in the city, some of which he attributed to xxxii INTRODUCTION. mayor of St. Augustine. His inaugural speech to city officials pointed up certain unstable features of the community's life at that time, as well as Fairbanks' own pro-slavery proclivities. As owner of several slaves himself, Fairbanks cautioned his hearers about the unruly behavior of the slave population in the city: "They are allowed greater liberties than they should be, and it is very evi- dently injurious to them. We have a great many idle negroes, we have a great many drunken ne- groes, we have a great many very dishonest ne- groes."0 Many blacks, Fairbanks observed, were daily drunk in the streets and their masters had no information as to where they obtained their al- cohol. He also objected to the fact that blacks were allowed by their masters to have independent homes and a style of living that "begets a desire for something better than rations & makes them get up meetings at each other's houses with cor- responding entertainments which somebody has to pay for." That independent lifestyle of the blacks in the city had, so Fairbanks complained, a bad effect in "lessening that wholesome relation of de- pendence of master and slave which is better for the servant & requisite to the master's proper con- trol." Fairbanks also expressed his concern about the amount of malicious mischief that had been oc- curring in the city, some of which he attributed to xxxii INTRODUCTION. mayor of St. Augustine. His inaugural speech to city officials pointed up certain unstable features of the community's life at that time, as well as Fairbanks' own pro-slavery proclivities. As owner of several slaves himself, Fairbanks cautioned his hearers about the unruly behavior of the slave population in the city: "They are allowed greater liberties than they should be, and it is very evi- dently injurious to them. We have a great many idle negroes, we have a great many drunken ne- groes, we have a great many very dishonest ne- groes."" Many blacks, Fairbanks observed, were daily drunk in the streets and their masters had no information as to where they obtained their al- cohol. He also objected to the fact that blacks were allowed by their masters to have independent homes and a style of living that "begets a desire for something better than rations & makes them get up meetings at each other's houses with cor- responding entertainments which somebody has to pay for." That independent lifestyle of the blacks in the city had, so Fairbanks complained, a bad effect in "lessening that wholesome relation of de- pendence of master and slave which is better for the servant & requisite to the master's proper con- trol." Fairbanks also expressed his concern about the amount of malicious mischief that had been oc- curring in the city, some of which he attributed to  INTRODUCTION. xxxiii INTRODUCTION. xxxiii INTRODUCTION. xxxiii practical joking that caused injury instead of amusement. He promised to devote his adminis- tration to the resolution of that problem and also to the more important problem occasioned by the mounting number of thefts of hen roosts, garden produce, and fruit trees. "It is a very galling thing when one has fattened his poultry and awaiting the use of it, to find it stolen without excuse and without any greater amount of cunning than pos- sessed by very inferior instincts. So with gardens and fruit. . . . To find our property thus wantonly assailed and carried off creates a bitterness of feel- ing which reacts upon society at large and has & will drive many a family from making their home here so long as it exists-and it most frequently happens that these depredations are made upon defenseless women and old people not capable of protecting themselves. It is shameful that so much of this kind of thing is going on and I hope we may do something toward stopping it. It is not to be expected that people will surround their dwellings with fierce dogs or stand armed all night to keep off thieves from their hen roosts or fruit gar- dens.' In that same year, Fairbanks and other civic leaders had to concern themselves with a growing number of Seminole Indian attacks on American settlements and travelers. He was one of a com- mittee appointed at a meeting of citizens of St. practical joking that caused injury instead of amusement. He promised to devote his adminis- tration to the resolution of that problem and also to the more important problem occasioned by the mounting number of thefts of hen roosts, garden produce, and fruit trees. "It is a very galling thing when one has fattened his poultry and awaiting the use of it, to find it stolen without excuse and without any greater amount of cunning than pos- sessed by very inferior instincts. So with gardens and fruit. . .. To find our property thus wantonly assailed and carried off creates a bitterness of feel- ing which reacts upon society at large and has & will drive many a family from making their home here so long as it exists-and it most frequently happens that these depredations are made upon defenseless women and old people not capable of protecting themselves. It is shameful that so much of this kind of thing is going on and I hope we may do something toward stopping it. It is not to be expected that people will surround their dwellings with fierce dogs or stand armed all night to keep off thieves from their hen roosts or fruit gar- dens."" In that same year, Fairbanks and other civic leaders had to concern themselves with a growing number of Seminole Indian attacks on American settlements and travelers. He was one of a com- mittee appointed at a meeting of citizens of St. practical joking that caused injury instead of amusement. He promised to devote his adminis- tration to the resolution of that problem and also to the more important problem occasioned by the mounting number of thefts of hen roosts, garden produce, and fruit trees. "It is a very galling thing when one has fattened his poultry and awaiting the use of it, to find it stolen without excuse and without any greater amount of cunning than pos- sessed by very inferior instincts. So with gardens and fruit.. . . To find our property thus wantonly assailed and carried off creates a bitterness of feel- ing which reacts upon society at large and has & will drive many a family from making their home here so long as it exists-and it most frequently happens that these depredations are made upon defenseless women and old people not capable of protecting themselves. It is shameful that so much of this kind of thing is going on and I hope we may do something toward stopping it. It is not to be expected that people will surround their dwellings with fierce dogs or stand armed all night to keep off thieves from their hen roosts or fruit gar- dens."" In that same year, Fairbanks and other civic leaders had to concern themselves with a growing number of Seminole Indian attacks on American settlements and travelers. He was one of a com- mittee appointed at a meeting of citizens of St.  Xxxiv INTRODUCTION. Augustine to secure protection." Although the Second Seminole War officially was over, there still were small bands of Indians that attacked out- lying settlements. The St. Augustine committee took cognizance of one recent "massacre" of an entire family at New Smyrna and to the "heap of ashes and the mutilated corpses left behind." The members drew attention to "the practice of the wily Indian foe whenever hard pressed to scatter through the country under cover of the swamps & familiar passes and suddenly commit attacks."03 They urged Brigadier General William S. Harney, commanding the United States forces in Florida, to raise a mounted company of soldiers to scout the country between St. Augustine and the St. Johns River and to assure the safety of the stage and public mail route between St. Augustine and Picolata." It was in the 1850s, apparently, that Fairbanks first developed his interest in history, particularly that of Florida. The first indication of that interest is found in a letter to Fairbanks from Professor Theodore Irving of Free Academy in New York. Irving, then revising his The Conquest of Florida by Hernando de Soto," wrote asking for any in- formation that Fairbanks might have on the early Spanish explorations in Florida, and he expressed the hope that, "thorough search might bring to light something which might remove a great deal of the XxxiV INTRODUCTION. Augustine to secure protection." Although the Second Seminole War officially was over, there still were small bands of Indians that attacked out- lying settlements. The St. Augustine committee took cognizance of one recent "massacre" of an entire family at New Smyrna and to the "heap of ashes and the mutilated corpses left behind." The members drew attention to "the practice of the wily Indian foe whenever hard pressed to scatter through the country under cover of the swamps & familiar passes and suddenly commit attacks."03 They urged Brigadier General William S. Harney, commanding the United States forces in Florida, to raise a mounted company of soldiers to scout the country between St. Augustine and the St. Johns River and to assure the safety of the stage and public mail route between St. Augustine and Picolata." It was in the 1850s, apparently, that Fairbanks first developed his interest in history, particularly that of Florida. The first indication of that interest is found in a letter to Fairbanks from Professor Theodore Irving of Free Academy in New York. Irving, then revising his The Conquest of Florida by Hernando de Soto," wrote asking for any in- formation that Fairbanks might have on the early Spanish explorations in Florida, and he expressed the hope that, "thorough search might bring to light something which might remove a great deal of the xxxiv INTRODUCTION. Augustine to secure protection." Although the Second Seminole War officially was over, there still were small bands of Indians that attacked out- lying settlements. The St. Augustine committee took cognizance of one recent "massacre" of an entire family at New Smyrna and to the "heap of ashes and the mutilated corpses left behind." The members drew attention to "the practice of the wily Indian foe whenever hard pressed to scatter through the country under cover of the swamps & familiar passes and suddenly commit attacks."" They urged Brigadier General William S. Harney, commanding the United States forces in Florida, to raise a mounted company of soldiers to scout the country between St. Augustine and the St. Johns River and to assure the safety of the stage and public mail route between St. Augustine and Picolata." It was in the 1850s, apparently, that Fairbanks first developed his interest in history, particularly that of Florida. The first indication of that interest is found in a letter to Fairbanks from Professor Theodore Irving of Free Academy in New York. Irving, then revising his The Conquest of Florida by Hernando de Soto," wrote asking for any in- formation that Fairbanks might have on the early Spanish explorations in Florida, and he expressed the hope that, "thorough search might bring to light something which might remove a great deal of the  INTRODUCTION. xxxv INTRODUCTION. xxxU INTRODUCTION. xxxv mist that obscures the early history of your state. ..."as One supposes, on the basis of this com- munication, that Fairbanks' name had been given to Irving as one who was interested in the Spanish period of Florida history. Perhaps the general quietude into which St. Au- gustine was settling in the 1850s also contributed to Fairbanks' interest in the past. The long Second Seminole War had endeq and with it St. Augus- tine's bustling activity as a military post. Once the leading city in Florida, by 1855 it had fallen to fifth place in population. An English traveler, Lady Amelia Murray, described the city as "in general appearance . . . bare and dilapidated."3' Writing to his children, John Beard complained about the bleakness surrounding St. Augustine in the 1850s, saying: "This poor old place is so much depressed that it is impossible to describe the change from what it was when we first knew it. You can perceive everywhere, and in everything, both animate and inanimate, the melancholy ves- tiges of adversity. But amid all this ruin I find still much cheerfulness, and among our old friends un- diminished cordiality."" Fairbanks' own description of the community during the same period can be found by the reader in this present volume, pages 9-10: "And yet about the old city there clings a host of historic associa- tions, which throw around it a charm which few mist that obscures the early history of your state- ...."6 One supposes, on the basis of this com- munication, that Fairbanks' name had been given to Irving as one who was interested in the Spanish period of Florida history. Perhaps the general quietude into which St. Au- gustine was settling in the 1850s also contributed to Fairbanks' interest in the past. The long Second Seminole War had ended and with it St. Augus- tine's bustling activity as a military post. Once the leading city in Florida, by 1855 it had fallen to fifth place in population. An English traveler, Lady Amelia Murray, described the city as "in general appearance . . . bare and dilapidated."" Writing to his children, John Beard complained about the bleakness surrounding St. Augustine in the 1850s, saying: "This poor old place is so much depressed that it is impossible to describe the change from what it was when we first knew it. You can perceive everywhere, and in everything, both animate and inanimate, the melancholy ves- tiges of adversity. But amid all this ruin I find still much cheerfulness, and among our old friends un- diminished cordiality." Fairbanks' own description of the community during the same period can be found by the reader in this present volume, pages 9-10: "And yet about the old city there clings a host of historic associa- tions, which throw around it a charm which few mist that obscures the early history of your state.. One supposes, on the basis of this com- munication, that Fairbanks' name had been given to Irving as one who was interested in the Spanish period of Florida history. Perhaps the general quietude into which St. Au- gustine was settling in the 1850s also contributed to Fairbanks' interest in the past. The long Second Seminole War had ende4 and with it St. Augus- tine's bustling activity as a military post. Once the leading city in Florida, by 1855 it had fallen to fifth place in population. An English traveler, Lady Amelia Murray, described the city as "in general appearance . . . bare and dilapidated."" Writing to his children, John Beard complained about the bleakness surrounding St. Augustine in the 1850s, saying: "This poor old place is so much depressed that it is impossible to describe the change from what it was when we first knew it. You can perceive everywhere, and in everything, both animate and inanimate, the melancholy ves- tiges of adversity. But amid all this ruin I find still much cheerfulness, and among our old friends un- diminished cordiality.""8 Fairbanks' own description of the community during the same period can be found by the reader in this present volume, pages 9-10: "And yet about the old city there clings a host of historic associa- tions, which throw around it a charm which few  Xxxvi INTRODUCTION. can fail to feel." It was these things which inter- ested Fairbanks during the 1850s. He mastered the Spanish language, according to his son-in-law, so that he could read the history of the early Flor- ida explorations and settlements in the language of the original adventurers."9 In 1855 Fairbanks and a group of like-minded men gathered in the upstairs hall of George Burt's St. Augustine store, a place often used for public gatherings, and discussed the organization of a so- ciety that would promote historical studies, not only of St. Augustine, but of the entire state. Early in 1856 the planners, together with a number of other leading Florida citizens, met again and for- mally organized "The Historical Society of Flor- ida." A constitution and bylaws were adopted and officers were elected. Major Benjamin A. Putnam was elected president; Fairbanks, McQueen Mc- Intosh, David Levy Yulee, William A. Forward, and the Reverend J. H. Myers, were named vice- presidents; George Burt became corresponding sec- retary and treasurer; K. B. Gibbs, recording sec- retary and librarian; and the Reverend A. A. Miller, C. M. Dorman, and Father Edmond Au- bril were elected to the executive committee." By April 1857 there were 134 members in the so- ciety, including many of the outstanding men in Florida politics. At the quarterly meeting of the society held that same month in Government XxxVi INTRODUCTION. can fail to feel." It was these things which inter- ested Fairbanks during the 1850s. He mastered the Spanish language, according to his son-in-law, so that he could read the history of the early Flor- ida explorations and settlements in the language of the original adventurers.- In 1855 Fairbanks and a group of like-minded men gathered in the upstairs hall of George Burt's St. Augustine store, a place often used for public gatherings, and discussed the organization of a so- ciety that would promote historical studies, not only of St. Augustine, but of the entire state. Early in 1856 the planners, together with a number of other leading Florida citizens, met again and for- mally organized "The Historical Society of Flor- ida." A constitution and bylaws were adopted and officers were elected. Major Benjamin A. Putnam was elected president; Fairbanks, McQueen Mc- Intosh, David Levy Yulee, William A. Forward, and the Reverend J. H. Myers, were named vice- presidents; George Burt became corresponding sec- retary and treasurer; K. B. Gibbs, recording sec- retary and librarian; and the Reverend A. A. Miller, C. M. Dorman, and Father Edmond Au- bril were elected to the executive committee.0 By April 1857 there were 134 members in the so- ciety, including many of the outstanding men in Florida politics. At the quarterly meeting of the society held that same month in Government XxxVi INTRODUCTION. can fail to feel." It was these things which inter- ested Fairbanks during the 1850s. He mastered the Spanish language, according to his son-in-law, so that he could read the history of the early Flor- ida explorations and settlements in the language of the original adventurers." In 1855 Fairbanks and a group of like-minded men gathered in the upstairs hall of George Burt's St. Augustine store, a place often used for public gatherings, and discussed the organization of a so- ciety that would promote historical studies, not only of St. Augustine, but of the entire state. Early in 1856 the planners, together with a number of other leading Florida citizens, met again and for- mally organized "The Historical Society of Flor- ida." A constitution and bylaws were adopted and officers were elected. Major Benjamin A. Putnam was elected president; Fairbanks, McQueen Mc- Intosh, David Levy Yulee, William A. Forward, and the Reverend J. H. Myers, were named vice- presidents; George Burt became corresponding sec- retary and treasurer; K. B. Gibbs, recording sec- retary and librarian; and the Reverend A. A. Miller, C. M. Dorman, and Father Edmond Au- bril were elected to the executive committee." By April 1857 there were 134 members in the so- ciety, including many of the outstanding men in Florida politics. At the quarterly meeting of the society held that same month in Government  INTRODUCTION. xxxai INTRODUCTION. xxxvii INTRODUCTION. xxxvii House at St. Augustine, Fairbanks delivered a lec- ture which is the first known historical essay from his hand. Entitled "The Early History of Florida," the lecture was a survey of exploration and settle- ment in Florida from the time of the first voyage of Ponce de Leon (dated erroneously in 1512 ac- cording to the common understanding of the time) up to the period of the English settlement in Geor- gia and Carolina in the seventeenth and eight- eenth centuries." The lecture in printed form filled twenty-four pages. In it Fairbanks said that he could do no more with so short a space than to glance rapidly at the more prominent points of Florida's early history. "My aim has been rather to indicate that we have a history, replete with interest, extending back to the earliest of American discoveries."" Standing within the walls of what he called "The Palace of the Spanish Governors," Fairbanks said: "This most ancient city of our land, within the shadow of that gray and moss-covered castle, where everything recalls the past, whose very ex- istence is a landmark of history [provokes] an earnest desire to look into that past, to draw out its secrets, and to bring back to our own minds and memories the scenes and actions of the olden time; and when our day shall in its turn be num- bered with the past, and others shall have suc- ceeded us, as we now fill the places of the genera- House at St. Augustine, Fairbanks delivered a lec- ture which is the first known historical essay from his hand. Entitled "The Early History of Florida," the lecture was a survey of exploration and settle- ment in Florida from the time of the first voyage of Ponce de Le6n (dated erroneously in 1512 ac- cording to the common understanding of the time) up to the period of the English settlement in Geor- gia and Carolina in the seventeenth and eight- eenth centuries." The lecture in printed form filled twenty-four pages. In it Fairbanks said that he could do no more with so short a space than to glance rapidly at the more prominent points of Florida's early history. "My aim has been rather to indicate that we have a history, replete with interest, extending back to the earliest of American discoveries."" Standing within the walls of what he called "The Palace of the Spanish Governors," Fairbanks said: "This most ancient city of our land, within the shadow of that gray and moss-covered castle, where everything recalls the past, whose very ex- istence is a landmark of history [provokes] an earnest desire to look into that past, to draw out its secrets, and to bring back to our own minds and memories the scenes and actions of the olden time; and when our day shall in its turn be num- bered with the past, and others shall have suc- ceeded us, as we now fill the places of the genera- House at St. Augustine, Fairbanks delivered a lec- ture which is the first known historical essay from his hand. Entitled "The Early History of Florida," the lecture was a survey of exploration and settle- ment in Florida from the time of the first voyage of Ponce de Leon (dated erroneously in 1512 ac- cording to the common understanding of the time) up to the period of the English settlement in Geor- gia and Carolina in the seventeenth and eight- eenth centuries." The lecture in printed form filled twenty-four pages. In it Fairbanks said that he could do no more with so short a space than to glance rapidly at the more prominent points of Florida's early history. "My aim has been rather to indicate that we have a history, replete with interest, extending back to the earliest of American discoveries."" Standing within the walls of what he called "The Palace of the Spanish Governors," Fairbanks said: "This most ancient city of our land, within the shadow of that gray and moss-covered castle, where everything recalls the past, whose very ex- istence is a landmark of history [provokes] an earnest desire to look into that past, to draw out its secrets, and to bring back to our own minds and memories the scenes and actions of the olden time; and when our day shall in its turn be num- bered with the past, and others shall have suc- ceeded us, as we now fill the places of the genera-  xxxviii INTRODUCTION. tions who on this spot have been born and died, it may well be that a tribute of affectionate respect and reverence may be then bestowed upon us, as the founders and benefactors of this Society."" The society, he said, planned to explore Florida's past, to keep and preserve all that could be dis- covered in trust for those who would follow after- wards, to build a library which would be open for reference to scholars, teachers, and students, to collect all relevant manuscript and published works relating to Florida's history, and by means of lectures and publications to communicate that history to the general population. The historical portion of the lecture is sketchy and uneven, with several misspellings of Spanish names. There are questionable facts and numerous omissions, e.g., the settlement of Tristin de Luna at Pensacola in 1559-62. Still, it is as good a short essay on Spanish exploration and settlement of Florida as could be found at the time, and its fe- licitous style makes for easy reading, as it must, in 1857, have pleased the ears and sensibilities of the society members who heard it. Indeed, it may be said that, except for chapter one of the present book to which these pages are an introduction, there is no part of History and Antiquities that can equal the Introductory Lecture for both style and historic insight. Fully eight pages out of the nineteen given to Florida's early Spanish history XXXuiii INTRODUCTION. xxxuii INTRODUCTION. tions who on this spot have been born and died, it may well be that a tribute of affectionate respect and reverence may be then bestowed upon us, as the founders and benefactors of this Society."" The society, he said, planned to explore Florida's past, to keep and preserve all that could be dis- covered in trust for those who would follow after- wards, to build a library which would be open for reference to scholars, teachers, and students, to collect all relevant manuscript and published works relating to Florida's history, and by means of lectures and publications to communicate that history to the general population. The historical portion of the lecture is sketchy and uneven, with several misspellings of Spanish names. There are questionable facts and numerous omissions, e.g., the settlement of Tristan de Luna at Pensacola in 1559-62. Still, it is as good a short essay on Spanish exploration and settlement of Florida as could be found at the time, and its fe- licitous style makes for easy reading, as it must, in 1857, have pleased the ears and sensibilities of the society members who heard it. Indeed, it may be said that, except for chapter one of the present book to which these pages are an introduction, there is no part of History and Antiquities that can equal the Introductory Lecture for both style and historic insight. Fully eight pages out of the nineteen given to Florida's early Spanish history tions who on this spot have been born and died, it may well be that a tribute of affectionate respect and reverence may be then bestowed upon us, as the founders and benefactors of this Society."" The society, he said, planned to explore Florida's past, to keep and preserve all that could be dis- covered in trust for those who would follow after- wards, to build a library which would be open for reference to scholars, teachers, and students, to collect all relevant manuscript and published works relating to Florida's history, and by means of lectures and publications to communicate that history to the general population. The historical portion of the lecture is sketchy and uneven, with several misspellings of Spanish names. There are questionable facts and numerous omissions, e.g., the settlement of TristAn de Luna at Pensacola in 1559-62. Still, it is as good a short essay on Spanish exploration and settlement of Florida as could be found at the time, and its fe- licitous style makes for easy reading, as it must, in 1857, have pleased the ears and sensibilities of the society members who heard it. Indeed, it may be said that, except for chapter one of the present book to which these pages are an introduction, there is no part of History and Antiquities that can equal the Introductory Lecture for both style and historic insight. Fully eight pages out of the nineteen given to Florida's early Spanish history  INTRODUCTION. xxxix INTRODUCTION. xxxix INTRODUCTION. xxxix Fairbanks devoted to the conflict between the Spaniards and French at Fort Caroline, St. Au- gustine, and Matanzas Inlet in 1565 and 1568. The latter was the year of the avenging assault on Fort Caroline (renamed San Mateo) by Domi- nique de Gourgues. This disproportionate render- ing of the history also characterizes the History and Antiquities, where ninety-five of two hundred pages are devoted to the same subject. Of Fair- banks' attitude toward the Spanish-French strug- gle more will be said later. The good reception of his lecture, in both its oral and published forms, caused Fairbanks to pro- ject a book on the same theme, with a concentra- tion on St. Augustine. To that end he entered upon a correspondence with his St. Augustine friend, Thomas Buckingham Smith, who at that time was secretary of the United States legation in Madrid, Spain. There is no full-length biography of Smith, whose name, like that of Fairbanks, is closely associated with the story of St. Augustine in the nineteenth century; but the essential facts of his life, so far as they relate to the present study, may be set forth as follows." Ten years older than Fairbanks, Smith had been born Oc- tober 31, 1810 on Cumberland Island, Georgia, the son of Josiah Smith and Hannah Smith (cousins) of Watertown, Connecticut. The family established itself in St. Augustine some time shortly after- Fairbanks devoted to the conflict between the Spaniards and French at Fort Caroline, St. Au- gustine, and Matanzas Inlet in 1565 and 1568. The latter was the year of the avenging assault on Fort Caroline (renamed San Mateo) by Domi- nique de Gourgues. This disproportionate render- ing of the history also characterizes the History and Antiquities, where ninety-five of two hundred pages are devoted to the same subject. Of Fair- banks' attitude toward the Spanish-French strug- gle more will be said later. The good reception of his lecture, in both its oral and published forms, caused Fairbanks to pro- ject a book on the same theme, with a concentra- tion on St. Augustine. To that end he entered upon a correspondence with his St. Augustine friend, Thomas Buckingham Smith, who at that time was secretary of the United States legation in Madrid, Spain. There is no full-length biography of Smith, whose name, like that of Fairbanks, is closely associated with the story of St. Augustine in the nineteenth century; but the essential facts of his life, so far as they relate to the present study, may be set forth as follows." Ten years older than Fairbanks, Smith had been born Oc- tober 31, 1810 on Cumberland Island, Georgia, the son of Josiah Smith and Hannah Smith (cousins) of Watertown, Connecticut. The family established itself in St. Augustine some time shortly after- Fairbanks devoted to the conflict between the Spaniards and French at Fort Caroline, St. Au- gustine, and Matanzas Inlet in 1565 and 1568. The latter was the year of the avenging assault on Fort Caroline (renamed San Mateo) by Domi- nique de Gourgues. This disproportionate render- ing of the history also characterizes the History and Antiquities, where ninety-five of two hundred pages are devoted to the same subject. Of Fair- banks' attitude toward the Spanish-French strug- gle more will be said later. The good reception of his lecture, in both its oral and published forms, caused Fairbanks to pro- ject a book on the same theme, with a concentra- tion on St. Augustine. To that end he entered upon a correspondence with his St. Augustine friend, Thomas Buckingham Smith, who at that time was secretary of the United States legation in Madrid, Spain. There is no full-length biography of Smith, whose name, like that of Fairbanks, is closely associated with the story of St. Augustine in the nineteenth century; but the essential facts of his life, so far as they relate to the present study, may be set forth as follows." Ten years older than Fairbanks, Smith had been born Oc- tober 31, 1810 on Cumberland Island, Georgia, the son of Josiah Smith and Hannah Smith (cousins) of Watertown, Connecticut. The family established itself in St. Augustine some time shortly after-  XI INTRODUCTION. wards, and Smith appears to have spent most of his boyhood in the old Florida city. At the age of fourteen he visited Mexico, where his father had been appointed United States consul. The follow- ing year, 1825, his father died, and Smith became the ward of an uncle, Robert Smith, of New Bed- ford, Massachusetts, who sent him to Trinity Col- lege in Hartford, Connecticut, for three years. Af- terwards he attended Harvard Law School, from which he graduated in 1836. After a short time working in a Portland, Maine, law office, Smith re- turned to St. Augustine in 1839, and began a law practice that would last eleven years. During that period, he served as secretary to Governor Reid (1839-40), as a member of the St. Augustine city council, and as a member of the territorial legis- lature (1841). On September 20, 1844 Smith married Julia B. Gardiner of Concord, New Hampshire. While practicing law in St. Augustine, Smith developed an interest in historical research, par- ticularly in the area of Spanish explorations and settlements in North America. Perhaps it was his interest that would later influence his friend Fair- banks to pursue the same studies. The earliest extant record of Smith's research in the Spanish period is found in an unpublished manuscript of twenty-four pages entitled "Annals of Florida," preserved in the Library of Congress. A notation on the manuscript, not in Smith's hand, states: xl INTRODUCTION. xl INTRODUCTION. wards, and Smith appears to have spent most of his boyhood in the old Florida city. At the age of fourteen he visited Mexico, where his father had been appointed United States consul. The follow- ing year, 1825, his father died, and Smith became the ward of an uncle, Robert Smith, of New Bed- ford, Massachusetts, who sent him to Trinity Col- lege in Hartford, Connecticut, for three years. Af- terwards he attended Harvard Law School, from which he graduated in 1836. After a short time working in a Portland, Maine, law office, Smith re- turned to St. Augustine in 1839, and began a law practice that would last eleven years. During that period, he served as secretary to Governor Reid (1839-40), as a member of the St. Augustine city council, and as a member of the territorial legis- lature (1841). On September 20, 1844 Smith married Julia B. Gardiner of Concord, New Hampshire. While practicing law in St. Augustine, Smith developed an interest in historical research, par- ticularly in the area of Spanish explorations and settlements in North America. Perhaps it was his interest that would later influence his friend Fair- banks to pursue the same studies. The earliest extant record of Smith's research in the Spanish period is found in an unpublished manuscript of twenty-four pages entitled "Annals of Florida," preserved in the Library of Congress. A notation on the manuscript, not in Smith's hand, states: wards, and Smith appears to have spent most of his boyhood in the old Florida city. At the age of fourteen he visited Mexico, where his father had been appointed United States consul. The follow- ing year, 1825, his father died, and Smith became the ward of an uncle, Robert Smith, of New Bed- ford, Massachusetts, who sent him to Trinity Col- lege in Hartford, Connecticut, for three years. Af- terwards he attended Harvard Law School, from which he graduated in 1836. After a short time working in a Portland, Maine, law office, Smith re- turned to St. Augustine in 1839, and began a law practice that would last eleven years. During that period, he served as secretary to Governor Reid (1839-40), as a member of the St. Augustine city council, and as a member of the territorial legis- lature (1841). On September 20, 1844 Smith married Julia B. Gardiner of Concord, New Hampshire. While practicing law in St. Augustine, Smith developed an interest in historical research, par- ticularly in the area of Spanish explorations and settlements in North America. Perhaps it was his interest that would later influence his friend Fair- banks to pursue the same studies. The earliest extant record of Smith's research in the Spanish period is found in an unpublished manuscript of twenty-four pages entitled "Annals of Florida," preserved in the Library of Congress. A notation on the manuscript, not in Smith's hand, states:  INTRODUCTION. xli INTRODUCTION. xli INTRODUCTION. xli "Written about 1835-6." That date would coincide with Smith's final year at Harvard. The "Annals" is a highly stylized account, undocumented, of the discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon in 1512 (again the erroneous date) and continuing as far as 1525. Appended to the "Annals" are seven man- uscript pages copied from correspondence of Span- ish Governor Manuel de Montiano (1737-49) from the "Archives of Saint Augustine, Florida," copied by Elias B. Gould of St. Augustine. The descrip- tion of the letters, thirty-six in all and addressed to the Captain-General of Cuba, is given in Smith's own hand." Fairbanks would make use of those letters in the present work, spelling the governor's name "Monteano" (see pp. 142-50 passim). Smith's increasing interest in the Spanish pres- ence in North America, particularly in Florida, led him to seek an appointment as secretary to the United States legation at Mexico City, which, through the influence of Senator Jackson Morton, he secured on September 9, 1850. His sole pur- pose, apparently, in obtaining this assignment was to gain access to the Spanish archives. He spent his time well, copying ancient manuscripts to which Mexican authorities gave him free and full use, and scouring the countryside for books and papers that he might 'bring back to Mexico City on muleback and send to such American historians as Peter Force, Jared Sparks, George Bancroft, "Written about 1835-6." That date would coincide with Smith's final year at Harvard. The "Annals" is a highly stylized account, undocumented, of the discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon in 1512 (again the erroneous date) and continuing as far as 1525. Appended to the "Annals" are seven man- uscript pages copied from correspondence of Span- ish Governor Manuel de Montiano (1737-49) from the "Archives of Saint Augustine, Florida," copied by Elias B. Gould of St. Augustine. The descrip- tion of the letters, thirty-six in all and addressed to the Captain-General of Cuba, is given in Smith's own hand." Fairbanks would make use of those letters in the present work, spelling the governor's name "Monteano" (see pp. 142-50 passim). Smith's increasing interest in the Spanish pres- ence in North America, particularly in Florida, led him to seek an appointment as secretary to the United States legation at Mexico City, which, through the influence of Senator Jackson Morton, he secured on September 9, 1850. His sole pur- pose, apparently, in obtaining this assignment was to gain access to the Spanish archives. He spent his time well, copying ancient manuscripts to which Mexican authorities gave him free and full use, and scouring the countryside for books and papers that he might 'bring back to Mexico City on muleback and send to such American historians as Peter Force, Jared Sparks, George Bancroft, "Written about 1835-6." That date would coincide with Smith's final year at Harvard. The "Annals" is a highly stylized account, undocumented, of the discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon in 1512 (again the erroneous date) and continuing as far as 1525. Appended to the "Annals" are seven man- uscript pages copied from correspondence of Span- ish Governor Manuel de Montiano (1737-49) from the "Archives of Saint Augustine, Florida," copied by Elias B. Gould of St. Augustine. The descrip- tion of the letters, thirty-six in all and addressed to the Captain-General of Cuba, is given in Smith's own hand." Fairbanks would make use of those letters in the present work, spelling the governor's name "Monteano" (see pp. 142-50 passim). Smith's increasing interest in the Spanish pres- ence in North America, particularly in Florida, led him to seek an appointment as secretary to the United States legation at Mexico City, which, through the influence of Senator Jackson Morton, he secured on September 9, 1850. His sole pur- pose, apparently, in obtaining this assignment was to gain access to the Spanish archives. He spent his time well, copying ancient manuscripts to which Mexican authorities gave him free and full use, and scouring the countryside for books and papers that he might 'bring back to Mexico City on muleback and send to such American historians as Peter Force, Jared Sparks, George Bancroft,  xlii INTRODUCTION. Francis Parkman, William Prescott, and Henry R. Schoolcraft. It is not recorded that Fairbanks was favored by Smith in the same manner, and it is improbable that he would be, since Smith's tenure at Mexico City antedated Fairbanks' known inter- est in historical studies. Smith returned to the United States in 1852, and for the next three years spent his time equally between St. Augustine and Washington, writing and publishing historical articles and seeking a new appointment as secretary to the legation at Madrid, where the most abundant store of Span- ish Florida materials could be found. To a friend Smith wrote in 1853: "I tell you plainly I am going to Spain and at my own expense if necessary, should no pleasanter means present itself."" Fi- nally on June 9, 1855 Smith received the desired appointment and departed for Europe the same year, where he researched and copied manuscripts in the archives of Madrid and in the other and more abundant collections of Seville and Siman- cas." This period of Smith's life and work, 1855-58, established him as the first American scholar to collect and copy documentary materials for the history of Florida from archives in Spain. The re- sult of his efforts was a prodigious collection of documents, copied personally or through the agency of others, the greater portion of which is xica INTRODUCTION. Francis Parkman, William Prescott, and Henry R. Schoolcraft. It is not recorded that Fairbanks was favored by Smith in the same manner, and it is improbable that he would be, since Smith's tenure at Mexico City antedated Fairbanks' known inter- est in historical studies. Smith returned to the United States in 1852, and for the next three years spent his time equally between St. Augustine and Washington, writing and publishing historical articles and seeking a new appointment as secretary to the legation at Madrid, where the most abundant store of Span- ish Florida materials could be found. To a friend Smith wrote in 1853: "I tell you plainly I am going to Spain and at my own expense if necessary, should no pleasanter means present itself."" Fi- nally on June 9, 1855 Smith received the desired appointment and departed for Europe the same year, where he researched and copied manuscripts in the archives of Madrid and in the other and more abundant collections of Seville and Siman- cas.' This period of Smith's life and work, 1855-58, established him as the first American scholar to collect and copy documentary materials for the history of Florida from archives in Spain. The re- sult of his efforts was a prodigious collection of documents, copied personally or through the agency of others, the greater portion of which is xlii INTRODUCTION. Francis Parkman, William Prescott, and Henry R. Schoolcraft. It is not recorded that Fairbanks was favored by Smith in the same manner, and it is improbable that he would be, since Smith's tenure at Mexico City antedated Fairbanks' known inter- est in historical studies. Smith returned to the United States in 1852, and for the next three years spent his time equally between St. Augustine and Washington, writing and publishing historical articles and seeking a new appointment as secretary to the legation at Madrid, where the most abundant store of Span- ish Florida materials could be found. To a friend Smith wrote in 1853: "I tell you plainly I am going to Spain and at my own expense if necessary, should no pleasanter means present itself."4" Fi- nally on June 9, 1855 Smith received the desired appointment and departed for Europe the same year, where he researched and copied manuscripts in the archives of Madrid and in the other and more abundant collections of Seville and Siman- cas." This period of Smith's life and work, 1855-58, established him as the first American scholar to collect and copy documentary materials for the history of Florida from archives in Spain. The re- sult of his efforts was a prodigious collection of documents, copied personally or through the agency of others, the greater portion of which is  INTRODUCTION. xliii INTRODUCTION. xliii INTRODUCTION. xliii now in the library of the New York Historical So- ciety, to which Smith bequeathed the collection. Altogether, the materials fill twenty-five volumes, large and small, and consist of full copies of early Spanish contracts, memorials, reports, and corre- spondence, tracings or copies of early Florida maps, and miscellaneous papers relating to lin- guistics, geography, and ethnology, all from the period 1500-1800. While in Spain, Smith made preparations for the publication of his transcripts. However, only one volume of source materials on Florida and ad- jacent areas was issued, and that in 1857.4 This would have been in time for Fairbanks to use had it reached his hands, although it is doubtful that it did so, because there is no trace of these docu- ments in the present book. Certainly, one sup- poses that Fairbanks would have utilized Smith's published transcript of Philip H's grant of the title adelantado of Florida, to Pedro Menendez de Avilds, as presumably he would also have used other of the documents relating to the founding years of St. Augustine and Florida, e.g., the will of Pedro Menendez Marques, nephew and heir to the adelantado, who governed in St. Augustine;"0 a 1758 report of the governor at St. Augustine on the poor conditions prevailing at that time in the Florida colony;" and, perhaps also, a report by Juan de is Vandera on the findings of the expedi- now in the library of the New York Historical So- ciety, to which Smith bequeathed the collection. Altogether, the materials fill twenty-five volumes, large and small, and consist of full copies of early Spanish contracts, memorials, reports, and corre- spondence, tracings or copies of early Florida maps, and miscellaneous papers relating to lin- guistics, geography, and ethnology, all from the period 1500-1800. While in Spain, Smith made preparations for the publication of his transcripts. However, only one volume of source materials on Florida and ad- jacent areas was issued, and that in 1857.4 This would have been in time for Fairbanks to use had it reached his hands, although it is doubtful that it did so, because there is no trace of these docu- ments in the present book. Certainly, one sup- poses that Fairbanks would have utilized Smith's published transcript of Philip II's grant of the title adelantado of Florida, to Pedro Menendez de Avilds, as presumably he would also have used other of the documents relating to the founding years of St. Augustine and Florida, e.g., the will of Pedro Men4ndez Marques, nephew and heir to the adelantado, who governed in St. Augustine;50 a 1758 report of the governor at St. Augustine on the poor conditions prevailing at that time in the Florida colony;" and, perhaps also, a report by Juan de la Vandera on the findings of the expedi- now in the library of the New York Historical So- ciety, to which Smith bequeathed the collection. Altogether, the materials fill twenty-five volumes, large and small, and consist of full copies of early Spanish contracts, memorials, reports, and corre- spondence, tracings or copies of early Florida maps, and miscellaneous papers relating to lin- guistics, geography, and ethnology, all from the period 1500-1800. While in Spain, Smith made preparations for the publication of his transcripts. However, only one volume of source materials on Florida and ad- jacent areas was issued, and that in 1857.0 This would have been in time for Fairbanks to use had it reached his hands, although it is doubtful that it did so, because there is no trace of these docu- ments in the present book. Certainly, one sup- poses that Fairbanks would have utilized Smith's published transcript of Philip II's grant of the title adelantado of Florida, to Pedro Menendez de Aviles, as presumably he would also have used other of the documents relating to the founding years of St. Augustine and Florida, e.g., the will of Pedro Menendez Marques, nephew and heir to the adelantado, who governed in St. Augustine;" a 1758 report of the governor at St. Augustine on the poor conditions prevailing at that time in the Florida colony;" and, perhaps also, a report by Juan de la Vandera on the findings of the expedi-  xliv INTRODUCTION. tion of Juan Pardo into the interior of South Caro- lina during the year immediately following the foundation of St. Augustine.5 In the extant let- ters from Smith to Fairbanks, dated 1858, there is no mention by Smith of this collection." Indeed, it appears that the extent to which Smith contrib- uted to this present volume is represented in the engravings of Fort Caroline (p. 28) and of Pedro Mendndez de Aviles (p. 109). In the publisher's ad- vertisement for History and Antiquities, the Me- nendez engraving is described as coming from a "newly-discovered portrait."" It was for this service, apparently-as well as for reasons of friendship and influence-that Fairbanks graciously dedicated the book to Smith and paid his pub- lished thanks for his "repeated favors" in the course of its preparation." This productive period of Smith's life came to an end in 1858, the year of his correspondence with Fairbanks, owing to personal conflicts with the minister of the legation, Augustus L. Dodge of Iowa." Smith returned to the United States with a treasure-trove of books and transcripts of documents. He was back in St. Augustine by 1860, but after the outbreak of the Civil War he moved to New York City. Although a slaveowner, he sided with the Union during that conflict, and in May 1864 he was a delegate to the Democratic Convention in Baltimore, Maryland. xliV INTRODUCTION. tion of Juan Pardo into the interior of South Caro- lina during the year immediately following the foundation of St. Augustine.52 In the extant let- ters from Smith to Fairbanks, dated 1858, there is no mention by Smith of this collection." Indeed, it appears that the extent to which Smith contrib- uted to this present volume is represented in the engravings of Fort Caroline (p. 28) and of Pedro Mendndez de Aviles (p. 109). In the publisher's ad- vertisement for History and Antiquities, the Me- nendez engraving is described as coming from a "newly-discovered portrait."" It was for this service, apparently-as well as for reasons of friendship and influence-that Fairbanks graciously dedicated the book to Smith and paid his pub- lished thanks for his "repeated favors" in the course of its preparation." This productive period of Smith's life came to an end in 1858, the year of his correspondence with Fairbanks, owing to personal conflicts with the minister of the legation, Augustus L. Dodge of Iowa." Smith returned to the United States with a treasure-trove of books and transcripts of documents. He was back in St. Augustine by 1860, but after the outbreak of the Civil War he moved to New York City. Although a slaveowner, he sided with the Union during that conflict, and in May 1864 he was a delegate to the Democratic Convention in Baltimore, Maryland. xliV INTRODUCTION. tion of Juan Pardo into the interior of South Caro- lina during the year immediately following the foundation of St. Augustine." In the extant let- ters from Smith to Fairbanks, dated 1858, there is no mention by Smith of this collection." Indeed, it appears that the extent to which Smith contrib- uted to this present volume is represented in the engravings of Fort Caroline (p. 28) and of Pedro Menendez de Avilds (p. 109). In the publisher's ad- vertisement for History and Antiquities, the Me- n6ndez engraving is described as coming from a "newly-discovered portrait."" It was for this service, apparently-as well as for reasons of friendship and influence-that Fairbanks graciously dedicated the book to Smith and paid his pub- lished thanks for his "repeated favors" in the course of its preparation." This productive period of Smith's life came to an end in 1858, the year of his correspondence with Fairbanks, owing to personal conflicts with the minister of the legation, Augustus L. Dodge of Iowa." Smith returned to the United States with a treasure-trove of books and transcripts of documents. He was back in St. Augustine by 1860, but after the outbreak of the Civil War he moved to New York City. Although a slaveowner, he sided with the Union during that conflict, and in May 1864 he was a delegate to the Democratic Convention in Baltimore, Maryland.  INTRODUCTION. xlv INTRODUCTION. xlu INTRODUCTION. xlD Following the war, Smith traveled again to Spain, where he continued his investigations in the archives of Seville and Simancas, and selected improved stocks for the orange groves that he maintained in St. Augustine. In 1868 he returned to Florida and was appointed tax commissioner. In 1870-71 he was again in New York City, where on January 4, 1871 he suffered a stroke near his home at 261 West 42nd Street, and collapsed on the sidewalk. Thinking that Smith was intoxicated, a policeman hauled him off to the police station and locked him in a cell overnight. In the morn- ing he was taken to Bellevue Hospital, where he died. His remains were moved to the city morgue, and they were about to be consigned to a pauper's grave when a banker-acquaintance identified them and arranged to have them sent south to St. Au- gustine, where they were placed in the so-called Huguenot Cemetery. Smith's will was later discovered in the safe of a St. Augustine merchant. Dated July 15, 1869, it bequeathed all his historical manuscripts to the New York Historical Society, "with this reserva- tion, that during the lifetime of John Gilmary Shea they be for his consultation & none other & for such use may be withdrawn from the custody of the society any of them."" Shea, noted historian of the Catholic Church in the United States, com- posed a memoir of Smith which included a bibliog- Following the war, Smith traveled again to Spain, where he continued his investigations in the archives of Seville and Simancas, and selected improved stocks for the orange groves that he maintained in St. Augustine. In 1868 he returned to Florida and was appointed tax commissioner. In 1870-71 he was again in New York City, where on January 4, 1871 he suffered a stroke near his home at 261 West 42nd Street, and collapsed on the sidewalk. Thinking that Smith was intoxicated, a policeman hauled him off to the police station and locked him in a cell overnight. In the morn- ing he was taken to Bellevue Hospital, where he died. His remains were moved to the city morgue, and they were about to be consigned to a pauper's grave when a banker-acquaintance identified them and arranged to have them sent south to St. Au- gustine, where they were placed in the so-called Huguenot Cemetery. Smith's will was later discovered in the safe of a St. Augustine merchant. Dated July 15, 1869, it bequeathed all his historical manuscripts to the New York Historical Society, "with this reserva- tion, that during the lifetime of John Gilmary Shea they be for his consultation & none other & for such use may be withdrawn from the custody of the society any of them."" Shea, noted historian of the Catholic Church in the United States, com- posed a memoir of Smith which included a bibliog- Following the war, Smith traveled again to Spain, where he continued his investigations in the archives of Seville and Simancas, and selected improved stocks for the orange groves that he maintained in St. Augustine. In 1868 he returned to Florida and was appointed tax commissioner. In 1870-71 he was again in New York City, where on January 4, 1871 he suffered a stroke near his home at 261 West 42nd Street, and collapsed on the sidewalk. Thinking that Smith was intoxicated, a policeman hauled him off to the police station and locked him in a cell overnight. In the morn- ing he was taken to Bellevue Hospital, where he died. His remains were moved to the city morgue, and they were about to be consigned to a pauper's grave when a banker-acquaintance identified them and arranged to have them sent south to St. Au- gustine, where they were placed in the so-called Huguenot Cemetery. Smith's will was later discovered in the safe of a St. Augustine merchant. Dated July 15, 1869, it bequeathed all his historical manuscripts to the New York Historical Society, "with this reserva- tion, that during the lifetime of John Gilmary Shea they be for his consultation & none other & for such use may be withdrawn from the custody of the society any of them."" Shea, noted historian of the Catholic Church in the United States, com- posed a memoir of Smith which included a bibliog-  xlvi INTRODUCTION. raphy of his published works, both of which ap- peared as an introduction to Smith's translation of Alvar Nunez Cabega de Vaca, published in 1871." Most of his personal wealth Smith left "for the use of the black people of St. Augustine and their successors in all time to come .. . providing first for the aged and invalid of those blacks which have been mine."" As a sign of his concern for his former servants, Smith left his orange grove and residence on the banks of Maria Sanchez Creek to "the negro Jack-once my slave."" In consequence of these bequests, the Buckingham Smith Benevolent Association was founded in 1873 and perdures to this date as an agency of assist- ance to the black people of St. Augustine. Fairbanks described this present work, History and Antiquities, as having "grown out of a lecture delivered by the author," which would have been, of course, the Introductory Lecture to the Histori- cal Society of Florida. In point of fact, however, there is nothing in the present volume of the orig- inal lecture, save names, facts, and dates, and all these are rendered in entirely different language. It may be asked, what were Fairbanks' sources? We have seen above that he did not use Bucking- ham Smith's transcripts. A close reading of the text reveals that the bulk of the work (123 pages out of the total of 200) is a condensed translation of the Ensayo Cronologico para to Historia Ge- xlvi INTRODUCTION. raphy of his published works, both of which ap- peared as an introduction to Smith's translation of Alvar Nunez Cabega de Vaca, published in 1871.1 Most of his personal wealth Smith left "for the use of the black people of St. Augustine and their successors in all time to come .. . providing first for the aged and invalid of those blacks which have been mine.""9 As a sign of his concern for his former servants, Smith left his orange grove and residence on the banks of Maria Sanchez Creek to "the negro Jack-once my slave."" In consequence of these bequests, the Buckingham Smith Benevolent Association was founded in 1873 and perdures to this date as an agency of assist- ance to the black people of St. Augustine. Fairbanks described this present work, History and Antiquities, as having "grown out of a lecture delivered by the author," which would have been, of course, the Introductory Lecture to the Histori- cal Society of Florida. In point of fact, however, there is nothing in the present volume of the orig- inal lecture, save names, facts, and dates, and all these are rendered in entirely different language. It may be asked, what were Fairbanks' sources? We have seen above that he did not use Bucking- ham Smith's transcripts. A close reading of the text reveals that the bulk of the work (123 pages out of the total of 200) is a condensed translation of the Ensayo Cronol6gico para la Historia Ge- xlvi INTRODUCTION. raphy of his published works, both of which ap- peared as an introduction to Smith's translation of Alvar Nunez Cabega de Vaca, published in 1871." Most of his personal wealth Smith left "for the use of the black people of St. Augustine and their successors in all time to come . . . providing first for the aged and invalid of those blacks which have been mine.""9 As a sign of his concern for his former servants, Smith left his orange grove and residence on the banks of Maria Sanchez Creek to "the negro Jack-once my slave."" In consequence of these bequests, the Buckingham Smith Benevolent Association was founded in 1873 and perdures to this date as an agency of assist- ance to the black people of St. Augustine. Fairbanks described this present work, History and Antiquities, as having "grown out of a lecture delivered by the author," which would have been, of course, the Introductory Lecture to the Histori- cal Society of Florida. In point of fact, however, there is nothing in the present volume of the orig- inal lecture, save names, facts, and dates, and all these are rendered in entirely different language. It may be asked, what were Fairbanks' sources? We have seen above that he did not use Bucking- ham Smith's transcripts. A close reading of the text reveals that the bulk of the work (123 pages out of the total of 200) is a condensed translation of the Ensayo Cronolgico para la Historia Ge-  INTRODUCTION. xlii INTRODUCTION. xluii INTRODUCTION. xlvii neral de la Florida, written in the eighteenth cen- tury by Andr4s Gonzalez de Barcia Carballido y Zdniga (under the anagram Don Gabriel de Cardenas z Cano).' Much of the narrative Fair- banks quotes from Barcia in extenso, it being his aim, he states in the preface (p. 5), to preserve the style and quaintness of the writers from whom he drew his information. Barcia was little known in St. Augustine and Florida at that time, and Fair- banks no doubt performed a valuable scholarly service in translating much of its pertinent East Florida material. His account of the foundation of St. Augustine and of the contest between the Spaniards and the French is drawn in the main from two sources: the "Memorial" of Gonzalo Solis de Meris, brother-in-law of Menendez and chronicler of the 1565 expedition, as found in Barcia;" and the "Memorial" of Menendez' fleet chaplain, Fran- cisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales," which Fair- banks had in a published French translation by Henri Ternaux-Compans." He also utilized the correspondence of Governor Manuel de Montiano with the Captain-General of Cuba (1737-41). The same correspondence had been used by Bucking- ham Smith in his short essay, "Annals of Florida," but there is no indication that Fairbanks depended upon Smith for these documents, which were read- ily available to him in the East Florida archives neral de la Florida, written in the eighteenth cen- tury by Andres Gonzalez de Barcia Carballido y Zdiiga (under the anagram Don Gabriel de Cardenas z Cano).6 Much of the narrative Fair- banks quotes from Barcia in extenso, it being his aim, he states in the preface (p. 5), to preserve the style and quaintness of the writers from whom he drew his information. Barcia was little known in St. Augustine and Florida at that time, and Fair- banks no doubt performed a valuable scholarly service in translating much of its pertinent East Florida material. His account of the foundation of St. Augustine and of the contest between the Spaniards and the French is drawn in the main from two sources: the "Memorial" of Gonzalo Solhs de Meras, brother-in-law of Menendez and chronicler of the 1565 expedition, as found in Barcia;2 and the "Memorial" of Mendndez' fleet chaplain, Fran- cisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales," which Fair- banks had in a published French translation by Henri Ternaux-Compans."' He also utilized the correspondence of Governor Manuel de Montiano with the Captain-General of Cuba (1737-41). The same correspondence had been used by Bucking- ham Smith in his short essay, "Annals of Florida," but there is no indication that Fairbanks depended upon Smith for these documents, which were read- ily available to him in the East Florida archives neral de la Florida, written in the eighteenth cen- tury by Andres Gonzalez de Barcia Carballido y Ziniga (under the anagram Don Gabriel de Cardenas z Cano). Much of the narrative Fair- banks quotes from Barcia in extenso, it being his aim, he states in the preface (p. 5), to preserve the style and quaintness of the writers from whom he drew his information. Barcia was little known in St. Augustine and Florida at that time, and Fair- banks no doubt performed a valuable scholarly service in translating much of its pertinent East Florida material. His account of the foundation of St. Augustine and of the contest between the Spaniards and the French is drawn in the main from two sources: the "Memorial" of Gonzalo Solis de Meras, brother-in-law of Menendez and chronicler of the 1565 expedition, as found in Barcia;"2 and the "Memorial" of Menendez' fleet chaplain, Fran- cisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales," which Fair- banks had in a published French translation by Henri Ternaux-Compans." He also utilized the correspondence of Governor Manuel de Montiano with the Captain-General of Cuba (1737-41). The same correspondence had been used by Bucking- ham Smith in his short essay, "Annals of Florida," but there is no indication that Fairbanks depended upon Smith for these documents, which were read- ily available to him in the East Florida archives  xlviii INTRODUCTION. preserved in the governor's house at St. Augus- tine." Fairbanks' other sources for this history, to- gether with the page numbers of the present vol- ume where each can be found either used or re- ferred to, may be listed as follows: Nicolas le Challeux," 36-50; Jacques le Moyne de Morgues," 50, 54; Ren6 Goulaine de Lau- donniere," 52-54; Dominique de Gourgues," 102-7; Bartholomew Rivers Carroll," 127 ff.; William James Rivers," 127 ff.; William Gil- more Simms," 51-52; William Roberts," 159; William Bartram," 159; William Stork," 159; Bernard Romans," 159; William Gerard De Brahm," 164-68; John Lee Williams," 168, 186; the anonymous author of Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main,79 176-82; and Wil- liam Cullen Bryant," 191-200. Some of these source books may have been sent to Fairbanks by Buckingham Smith, since one does not suppose at this time the existence of an extensive Floridians library at St. Augustine, but there is no evidence that he sent them. In any event, Fairbanks can be credited with being the first American historian of Florida to make major use of the Spanish records, particularly of the then little known Barcia his- tory; and his synthesis within a single compact volume of most of the known published works on Florida of Spanish, French, English, and American xlviii INTRODUCTION. preserved in the governor's house at St. Augus- tine." Fairbanks' other sources for this history, to- gether with the page numbers of the present vol- ume where each can be found either used or re- ferred to, may be listed as follows: Nicolas le Challeux,6" 36-50; Jacques le Moyne de Morgues,7 50, 54; Rend Goulaine de Lau- donniere," 52-54; Dominique de Gourgues," 102-7; Bartholomew Rivers Carroll," 127 ff.; William James Rivers," 127 ff.; William Gil- more Simms," 51-52; William Roberts," 159; William Bartram," 159; William Stork," 159; Bernard Romans,76 159; William Gerard De Brahm," 164-68; John Lee Williams," 168, 186; the anonymous author of Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main," 176-82; and Wil- liam Cullen Bryant,x 191-200. Some of these source books may have been sent to Fairbanks by Buckingham Smith, since one does not suppose at this time the existence of an extensive Floridians library at St. Augustine, but there is no evidence that he sent them. In any event, Fairbanks can be credited with being the first American historian of Florida to make major use of the Spanish records, particularly of the then little known Barcia his- tory; and his synthesis within a single compact volume of most of the known published works on Florida of Spanish, French, English, and American xlviii INTRODUCTION. preserved in the governor's house at St. Augus- tine." Fairbanks' other sources for this history, to- gether with the page numbers of the present vol- ume where each can be found either used or re- ferred to, may be listed as follows: Nicolas le Challeux," 36-50; Jacques le Moyne de Morgues," 50, 54; Ren6 Goulaine de Lau- donniere,"6 52-54; Dominique de Gourgues," 102-7; Bartholomew Rivers Carroll," 127 if.; William James Rivers," 127 ff.; William Gil- more Simms," 51-52; William Roberts," 159; William Bartram,7 159; William Stork," 159; Bernard Romans," 159; William Gerard De Brahm," 164-68; John Lee Williams," 168, 186; the anonymous author of Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main," 176-82; and Wil- liam Cullen Bryant," 191-200. Some of these source books may have been sent to Fairbanks by Buckingham Smith, since one does not suppose at this time the existence of an extensive Floridiana library at St. Augustine, but there is no evidence that he sent them. In any event, Fairbanks can be credited with being the first American historian of Florida to make major use of the Spanish records, particularly of the then little known Barcia his- tory; and his synthesis within a single compact volume of most of the known published works on Florida of Spanish, French, English, and American  INTRODUCTION. xlix INTRODUCTION. xlix INTRODUCTION. xlix origin also had a particular value for the time. Al- though his sometimes overly long extracts from the writers impeded the smoothness of the narra- tive, no doubt many readers were more pleased to have original texts in the English language than they would have been to have the writer's narra- tive alone. Despite its sketchy and uneven charac- ter, this history of St. Augustine was without question the best summary of its kind written to that date." As noted earlier, ninety-five of Fairbanks' two hundred pages (pp. 15-110) are devoted to the conflict between the Spaniards and the French in their endeavors to secure hegemony over Florida during the years 1564-68. The unusual emphasis on the events of four years out of the nearly three hundred surveyed in this volume reveals Fair- banks' fascination with the bloody duel of Pedro Menendez de Aviles, that "brave, bigoted, and remorseless soldier," as Fairbanks calls him (p. 17), with the adelantado's French counterparts, Jean Ribault, Rend de Laudonniere, and Dominique de Gourgues. Fairbanks' exaggerated treatment of those events may be said, furthermore, to have contributed one reason why readers of American history have tended to associate Menendez' name with the leyenda negra-the "black legend" image of Spaniards as cruel, deceitful, bigoted, and greedy. In particular, Fairbanks was concerned to origin also had a particular value for the time. Al- though his sometimes overly long extracts from the writers impeded the smoothness of the narra- tive, no doubt many readers were more pleased to have original texts in the English language than they would have been to have the writer's narra- tive alone. Despite its sketchy and uneven charac- ter, this history of St. Augustine was without question the best summary of its kind written to that date.8' As noted earlier, ninety-five of Fairbanks' two hundred pages (pp. 15-110) are devoted to the conflict between the Spaniards and the French in their endeavors to secure hegemony over Florida during the years 1564-68. The unusual emphasis on the events of four years out of the nearly three hundred surveyed in this volume reveals Fair- banks' fascination with the bloody duel of Pedro Mendndez de Aviles, that "brave, bigoted, and remorseless soldier," as Fairbanks calls him (p. 17), with the adelantado's French counterparts, Jean Ribault, Rend de Laudonniere, and Dominique de Gourgues. Fairbanks' exaggerated treatment of those events may be said, furthermore, to have contributed one reason why readers of American history have tended to associate Mendndez' name with the leyenda negra-the "black legend" image of Spaniards as cruel, deceitful, bigoted, and greedy. In particular, Fairbanks was concerned to origin also had a particular value for the time. Al- though his sometimes overly long extracts from the writers impeded the smoothness of the narra- tive, no doubt many readers were more pleased to have original texts in the English language than they would have been to have the writer's narra- tive alone. Despite its sketchy and uneven charac- ter, this history of St. Augustine was without question the best summary of its kind written to that date." As noted earlier, ninety-five of Fairbanks' two hundred pages (pp. 15-110) are devoted to the conflict between the Spaniards and the French in their endeavors to secure hegemony over Florida during the years 1564-68. The unusual emphasis on the events of four years out of the nearly three hundred surveyed in this volume reveals Fair- banks' fascination with the bloody duel of Pedro Menendez de Avilds, that "brave, bigoted, and remorseless soldier," as Fairbanks calls him (p. 17), with the adelantado's French counterparts, Jean Ribault, Rene de Laudonniere, and Dominique de Gourgues. Fairbanks' exaggerated treatment of those events may be said, furthermore, to have contributed one reason why readers of American history have tended to associate Mendndez' name with the leyenda negra-the "black legend" image of Spaniards as cruel, deceitful, bigoted, and greedy. In particular, Fairbanks was concerned to  I INTRODUCTION. show that Menendez acted with inexcusable bar- barity and, what was worse, dishonorable decep- tion in his massacre of Ribault's Frenchmen at Matanzas Inlet (pp. 65-90). Three years after that "monstrous atrocity" (p. 90), the punitive expedi- tionary force of French Captain de Gourgues fell upon the Spanish occupiers of Fort Caroline and put them to the sword with the same sang-froid exhibited by Mendndez. Fairbanks' comparison of the two massacres leaves the reader no doubt that he regarded the Spaniard as villain of the piece, and his faint censure of Gourgues' "viola- tion of the pure spirit of ... Christianity" (p. 107) is plainly outweighed by his sympathetic recital of the Frenchman's understandable, if not, indeed, virtuous motivation. Interestingly, Fairbanks re- sponded to Gourgues' actions with far less forbear- ance in the Introductory Lecture of 1857, where he said: "I know nothing in history more peculiar, more tragic, than this scheme of vengeance for a national wrong, conceived, planned, and carried into effect by Gourgues. Laying aside the ordinary motives which prompt mankind to action, sternly bending his whole life, energy, and being into one sanguinary work, from which he was to derive no benefit, no reward, and perchance punishment and disgrace, we are awed by the sternness of such a character."" No doubt the one isolated and terrible incident t INTRODUCTION. show that Menendez acted with inexcusable bar- barity and, what was worse, dishonorable decep- tion in his massacre of Ribault's Frenchmen at Matanzas Inlet (pp. 65-90). Three years after that "monstrous atrocity" (p. 90), the punitive expedi- tionary force of French Captain de Gourgues fell upon the Spanish occupiers of Fort Caroline and put them to the sword with the same sang-froid exhibited by Menendez. Fairbanks' comparison of the two massacres leaves the reader no doubt that he regarded the Spaniard as villain of the piece, and his faint censure of Gourgues' "viola- tion of the pure spirit of ... Christianity" (p. 107) is plainly outweighed by his sympathetic recital of the Frenchman's understandable, if not, indeed, virtuous motivation. Interestingly, Fairbanks re- sponded to Gourgues' actions with far less forbear- ance in the Introductory Lecture of 1857, where he said: "I know nothing in history more peculiar, more tragic, than this scheme of vengeance for a national wrong, conceived, planned, and carried into effect by Gourgues. Laying aside the ordinary motives which prompt mankind to action, sternly bending his whole life, energy, and being into one sanguinary work, from which he was to derive no benefit, no reward, and perchance punishment and disgrace, we are awed by the sternness of such a character."" No doubt the one isolated and terrible incident INTRODUCTION. show that Menendez acted with inexcusable bar- barity and, what was worse, dishonorable decep- tion in his massacre of Ribault's Frenchmen at Matanzas Inlet (pp. 65-90). Three years after that "monstrous atrocity" (p. 90), the punitive expedi- tionary force of French Captain de Gourgues fell upon the Spanish occupiers of Fort Caroline and put them to the sword with the same sang-froid exhibited by Menendez. Fairbanks' comparison of the two massacres leaves the reader no doubt that he regarded the Spaniard as villain of the piece, and his faint censure of Gourgues' "viola- tion of the pure spirit of ... Christianity" (p. 107) is plainly outweighed by his sympathetic recital of the Frenchman's understandable, if not, indeed, virtuous motivation. Interestingly, Fairbanks re- sponded to Gourgues' actions with far less forbear- ance in the Introductory Lecture of 1857, where he said: "I know nothing in history more peculiar, more tragic, than this scheme of vengeance for a national wrong, conceived, planned, and carried into effect by Gourgues. Laying aside the ordinary motives which prompt mankind to action, sternly bending his whole life, energy, and being into one sanguinary work, from which he was to derive no benefit, no reward, and perchance punishment and disgrace, we are awed by the sternness of such a character."" No doubt the one isolated and terrible incident  INTRODUCTION. li INTRODUCTION. li INTRODUCTION. i at Matanzas will forever stain the otherwise ad- mirable breastplate of Mendndez. Indeed, there were already some at St. Augustine in 1565, Solfs de Merds tells us, who "considered him cruel," while others determined that "he had acted as a very good captain should."83 Most of the serious historical literature on the subject since the time of Fairbanks' book has tended to mix the two judgments reported by Merds, and to find justifi- cation, in one measure or another, for the severity of Menendez' tactics. One should not wish to overdraw the revisionism that has taken place on this point, but it is worth observing that the two most recently published accounts of the Matanzas affair are markedly understanding of Menendez and of the position in which he found himself vis- A-vis the French forces. Whether this shift in view bespeaks a transition from nineteenth-century historiographical idealism to a more pragmatic and situation-ethical approach to human events is problematical, but a sampling of the most re- spected twentieth-century interpreters, presented here in a note, may assist the reader to come to his own balanced judgment of the rightness or wrong- ness of Menendez' actions."' Fairbanks himself says in his preface to the present work that, in the main, he has deliberately followed the Spanish rather than the French accounts of the Matanzas episode, "desiring," he says, "to divest the narra- at Matanzas will forever stain the otherwise ad- mirable breastplate of Menendez. Indeed, there were already some at St. Augustine in 1565, Solfs de Meris tells us, who "considered him cruel," while others determined that "he had acted as a very good captain should."" Most of the serious historical literature on the subject since the time of Fairbanks' book has tended to mix the two judgments reported by Merds, and to find justifi- cation, in one measure or another, for the severity of Menendez' tactics. One should not wish to overdraw the revisionism that has taken place on this point, but it is worth observing that the two most recently published accounts of the Matanzas affair are markedly understanding of Menendez and of the position in which he found himself vis- A-vis the French forces. Whether this shift in view bespeaks a transition from nineteenth-century historiographical idealism to a more pragmatic and situation-ethical approach to human events is problematical, but a sampling of the most re- spected twentieth-century interpreters, presented here in a note, may assist the reader to come to his own balanced judgment of the rightness or wrong- ness of Menendez' actions." Fairbanks himself says in his preface to the present work that, in the main, he has deliberately followed the Spanish rather than the French accounts of the Matanzas episode, "desiring," he says, "to divest the narra- at Matanzas will forever stain the otherwise ad- mirable breastplate of Menendez. Indeed, there were already some at St. Augustine in 1565, Solis de Merds tells us, who "considered him cruel," while others determined that "he had acted as a very good captain should."" Most of the serious historical literature on the subject since the time of Fairbanks' book has tended to mix the two judgments reported by Mers, and to find justifi- cation, in one measure or another, for the severity of Mendndez' tactics. One should not wish to overdraw the revisionism that has taken place on this point, but it is worth observing that the two most recently published accounts of the Matanzas affair are markedly understanding of Menendez and of the position in which he found himself vis- a-vis the French forces. Whether this shift in view bespeaks a transition from nineteenth-century historiographical idealism to a more pragmatic and situation-ethical approach to human events is problematical, but a sampling of the most re- spected twentieth-century interpreters, presented here in a note, may assist the reader to come to his own balanced judgment of the rightness or wrong- ness of Mendndez' actions." Fairbanks himself says in his preface to the present work that, in the main, he has deliberately followed the Spanish rather than the French accounts of the Matanzas episode, "desiring," he says, "to divest the narra-  Ill INTRODUCTION. tive of all suspicion of prejudice or unfairness" (p. 6); but the reader may find, after examination of other opinions, that the divestiture does not succeed quite as well as Fairbanks intended. The only other section of this narrative in which Fairbanks took a special and personal interest was the exact geographical location of Fort Caroline, which he placed at St. Johns Bluff (p. 57) and des- ignated on a map, "Entrance of Saint Johns River" (p. 51). His judgment on the point has since been validated by other historians and by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, which in 1952-53 conducted extensive archeological investigations at that site." In the second edition of History and Antiquities, pub- lished in 1868 (see below), Fairbanks included a letter from Buckingham Smith in Madrid to printer Columbus Drew in Jacksonville, under the date August 15, 1866, in which Smith spoke of three copper coins he discovered near the old site of Fort Caroline and of his difficulty in obtain- ing their identification in London, Paris, and Spain. He wrote: "I have visited the town of Aviles, a league from the Bay of Biscay, whence Pedro Me- ndndez came, and brought his fleet to Florida three centuries ago. I saw his tomb, and not far off the chapel of the family of one of his compan- ions. There is no stranger anywhere to be heard of in all that country; everything is intensely old lii INTRODUCTION. lii INTRODUCTION. tive of all suspicion of prejudice or unfairness" (p. 6); but the reader may find, after examination of other opinions, that the divestiture does not succeed quite as well as Fairbanks intended. The only other section of this narrative in which Fairbanks took a special and personal interest was the exact geographical location of Fort Caroline, which he placed at St. Johns Bluff (p. 57) and des- ignated on a map, "Entrance of Saint Johns River" (p. 51). His judgment on the point has since been validated by other historians and by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, which in 1952-53 conducted extensive archeological investigations at that site." In the second edition of History and Antiquities, pub- lished in 1868 (see below), Fairbanks included a letter from Buckingham Smith in Madrid to printer Columbus Drew in Jacksonville, under the date August 15, 1866, in which Smith spoke of three copper coins he discovered near the old site of Fort Caroline and of his difficulty in obtain- ing their identification in London, Paris, and Spain. He wrote: "I have visited the town of Avilds, a league from the Bay of Biscay, whence Pedro Me- nendez came, and brought his fleet to Florida three centuries ago. I saw his tomb, and not far off the chapel of the family of one of his compan- ions. There is no stranger anywhere to be heard of in all that country; everything is intensely old tive of all suspicion of prejudice or unfairness" (p. 6); but the reader may find, after examination of other opinions, that the divestiture does not succeed quite as well as Fairbanks intended. The only other section of this narrative in which Fairbanks took a special and personal interest was the exact geographical location of Fort Caroline, which he placed at St. Johns Bluff (p. 57) and des- ignated on a map, "Entrance of Saint Johns River" (p. 51). His judgment on the point has since been validated by other historians and by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, which in 1952-53 conducted extensive archeological investigations at that site." In the second edition of History and Antiquities, pub- lished in 1868 (see below), Fairbanks included a letter from Buckingham Smith in Madrid to printer Columbus Drew in Jacksonville, under the date August 15, 1866, in which Smith spoke of three copper coins he discovered near the old site of Fort Caroline and of his difficulty in obtain- ing their identification in London, Paris, and Spain. He wrote: "I have visited the town of Avilds, a league from the Bay of Biscay, whence Pedro Me- nendez came, and brought his fleet to Florida three centuries ago. I saw his tomb, and not far off the chapel of the family of one of his compan- ions. There is no stranger anywhere to be heard of in all that country; everything is intensely old  INTRODUCTION. liii INTRODUCTION. liii INTRODUCTION. liii Spanish in every respect. Going home late one evening, I was accosted by a native in good Eng- lish. He said the town was rarely visited-three or four Englishmen within his memory had passed through, and he supposed me to be the first person from the United States who had ever been there. I told him I came from Florida, and, though rather late, was returning the visit of Menendez to Saint Augustine." Smith went on to describe how, through the courtesy of a lineal descendant of Menendez, the Count of Revilla Gigedo, he was permitted to read and to make copies of orig- inal Menendez papers in the Count's possession. The 1858 edition of History and Antiquities was published in New York City by Charles B. Norton, "Agent for Libraries." The actual printing was done by Baker and Godwin, Dr., Steam Printing Establishment, in the same city, at a cost of $615.55 for 750 copies, including six gift copies bound in antique library style and one copy bound in full calf leather." The engraving entitled "Public Square, St. Augustine" (frontispiece), which shows the Roman Catholic Church (now Cathedral) of St. Augustine, and on the right, Trinity Episcopal Church, was done from a paint- ing by George Harvey of Westchester County, New York, in 1854. The engraving entitled "City Gates, St. Augustine" (p. 190) came from the same hand. All the lithographic stones used for printing the Spanish in every respect. Going home late one evening, I was accosted by a native in good Eng- lish. He said the town was rarely visited-three or four Englishmen within his memory had passed through, and he supposed me to be the first person from the United States who had ever been there. I told him I came from Florida, and, though rather late, was returning the visit of Menendez to Saint Augustine." Smith went on to describe how, through the courtesy of a lineal descendant of Menendez, the Count of Revilla Gigedo, he was permitted to read and to make copies of orig- inal Men4ndez papers in the Count's possession. The 1858 edition of History and Antiquities was published in New York City by Charles B. Norton, "Agent for Libraries." The actual printing was done by Baker and Godwin, Dr., Steam Printing Establishment, in the same city, at a cost of $615.55 for 750 copies, including six gift copies bound in antique library style and one copy bound in full calf leather.0 The engraving entitled "Public Square, St. Augustine" (frontispiece), which shows the Roman Catholic Church (now Cathedral) of St. Augustine, and on the right, Trinity Episcopal Church, was done from a paint- ing by George Harvey of Westchester County, New York, in 1854. The engraving entitled "City Gates, St. Augustine" (p. 190) came from the same hand. All the lithographic stones used for printing the Spanish in every respect. Going home late one evening, I was accosted by a native in good Eng- lish. He said the town was rarely visited-three or four Englishmen within his memory had passed through, and he supposed me to be the first person from the United States who had ever been there. I told him I came from Florida, and, though rather late, was returning the visit of Menendez to Saint Augustine." Smith went on to describe how, through the courtesy of a lineal descendant of Menendez, the Count of Revilla Gigedo, he was permitted to read and to make copies of orig- inal Menendez papers in the Count's possession. The 1858 edition of History and Antiquities was published in New York City by Charles B. Norton, "Agent for Libraries." The actual printing was done by Baker and Godwin, Dr., Steam Printing Establishment, in the same city, at a cost of $615.55 for 750 copies, including six gift copies bound in antique library style and one copy bound in full calf leather." The engraving entitled "Public Square, St. Augustine" (frontispiece), which shows the Roman Catholic Church (now Cathedral) of St. Augustine, and on the right, Trinity Episcopal Church, was done from a paint- ing by George Harvey of Westchester County, New York, in 1854. The engraving entitled "City Gates, St. Augustine" (p. 190) came from the same hand. All the lithographic stones used for printing the  liv INTRODUCTION. illustrations in the 1858 edition were destroyed by fire in New York City some time before 1860.8' The original printing sold out before the onset of the Civil War and, following that conflagration, Fairbanks in 1868 brought out a second edition under the title The Spaniards in Florida: Compris- ing the Notable Settlement of the Huguenots in 1864 and the History and Antiquities of St. Au- gustine, Founded A.D. 1565.0 The new edition differed little from the original, except that it was more appropriately titled, since the events re- counted in the volume concerned more of East Florida than St. Augustine alone. The author was described on the title page as "Honorary Member of the New York Historical Society" and "Lec- turer on American History in the University of the South." The latter institution, at Sewanee, Tennessee, had opened to students that same year, largely through the vision and energy of Fairbanks himself, as noted below. The second edition car- ried a new chapter 19 entitled "St. Augustine in Its Old Age, 1565-1868," in which Fairbanks sur- veyed the general story that he had told in the prior chapters and devoted six short paragraphs to a lamentation over the physical destruction and demoralized citizenry left at St. Augustine in the wake of the recently concluded Civil War. Among the destruction Fairbanks counted Vado Real: "A once pleasant cottage home, near the stockades, liv INTRODUCTION. illustrations in the 1858 edition were destroyed by fire in New York City some time before 1860." The original printing sold out before the onset of the Civil War and, following that conflagration, Fairbanks in 1868 brought out a second edition under the title The Spaniards in Florida: Compris- ing the Notable Settlement of the Huguenots in 1864 and the History and Antiquities of St. Au- gustine, Founded A.D. 1565.08 The new edition differed little from the original, except that it was more appropriately titled, since the events re- counted in the volume concerned more of East Florida than St. Augustine alone. The author was described on the title page as "Honorary Member of the New York Historical Society" and "Lec- turer on American History in the University of the South." The latter institution, at Sewanee, Tennessee, had opened to students that same year, largely through the vision and energy of Fairbanks himself, as noted below. The second edition car- ried a new chapter 19 entitled "St. Augustine in Its Old Age, 1565-1868," in which Fairbanks sur- veyed the general story that he had told in the prior chapters and devoted six short paragraphs to a lamentation over the physical destruction and demoralized citizenry left at St. Augustine in the wake of the recently concluded Civil War. Among the destruction Fairbanks counted Vado Real: "A once pleasant cottage home, near the stockades, liv INTRODUCTION. illustrations in the 1858 edition were destroyed by fire in New York City some time before 1860" The original printing sold out before the onset of the Civil War and, following that conflagration, Fairbanks in 1868 brought out a second edition under the title The Spaniards in Florida: Compris- ing the Notable Settlement of the Huguenots in 1864 and the History and Antiquities of St. Au- gustine, Founded A.D. 1565.0 The new edition differed little from the original, except that it was more appropriately titled, since the events re- counted in the volume concerned more of East Florida than St. Augustine alone. The author was described on the title page as "Honorary Member of the New York Historical Society" and "Lec- turer on American History in the University of the South." The latter institution, at Sewanee, Tennessee, had opened to students that same year, largely through the vision and energy of Fairbanks himself, as noted below. The second edition car- ried a new chapter 19 entitled "St. Augustine in Its Old Age, 1565-1868," in which Fairbanks sur- veyed the general story that he had told in the prior chapters and devoted six short paragraphs to a lamentation over the physical destruction and demoralized citizenry left at St. Augustine in the wake of the recently concluded Civil War. Among the destruction Fairbanks counted Vado Real: "A once pleasant cottage home, near the stockades,  INTRODUCTION. lv dear to the writer, cared for and embellished with many things pleasant to the eye, fragrant with the ever-blooming roses and honeysuckles, has, under the rude hand of war, been utterly de- stroyed, with its library, its furniture, and all its pleasant surroundings." As though handing St. Augustine to the ages, Fairbanks concluded his chapter with the sentiment: "I am sure that no one will feel otherwise than that its old age shall be tranquil and serene, and that its name may ever be associated with pleasant memories."" A third and last edition, in 1881, appeared at a time when the city was gaining great favor as a tourist attraction and health resort. The title was again slightly altered, this time to read: History and Antiquities of St. Augustine, Florida, Founded September 8, 1565.9" The third edition contained no new material. The work's ranking as serious historical litera- ture is attested to by the use made of it in later years in larger and more substantial histories, such as those written by William Whitwell Dewhurst and Charles Bingham Reynolds.' Fairbanks himself made extensive use of his book's material in a more comprehensive study published in 1871 under the title History of Florida from Its Dis- covery by Ponce de Le6n in 1512 to the Close of the Florida War in 1842.92 This work, which Fair- banks projected as the first "connected history" of INTRODUCTION. lv dear to the writer, cared for and embellished with many things pleasant to the eye, fragrant with the ever-blooming roses and honeysuckles, has, under the rude hand of war, been utterly de- stroyed, with its library, its furniture, and all its pleasant surroundings." As though handing St. Augustine to the ages, Fairbanks concluded his chapter with the sentiment: "I am sure that no one will feel otherwise than that its old age shall be tranquil and serene, and that its name may ever be associated with pleasant memories."" A third and last edition, in 1881, appeared at a time when the city was gaining great favor as a tourist attraction and health resort. The title was again slightly altered, this time to read: History and Antiquities of St. Augustine, Florida, Founded September 8, 1565.9 The third edition contained no new material. The work's ranking as serious historical litera- ture is attested to by the use made of it in later years in larger and more substantial histories, such as those written by William Whitwell Dewhurst and Charles Bingham Reynolds."' Fairbanks himself made extensive use of his book's material in a more comprehensive study published in 1871 under the title History of Florida from Its Dis- covery by Ponce de Le6n in 1512 to the Close of the Florida War in 1842.92 This work, which Fair- banks projected as the first "connected history" of INTRODUCTION. lv dear to the writer, cared for and embellished with many things pleasant to the eye, fragrant with the ever-blooming roses and honeysuckles, has, under the rude hand of war, been utterly de- stroyed, with its library, its furniture, and all its pleasant surroundings." As though handing St. Augustine to the ages, Fairbanks concluded his chapter with the sentiment: "I am sure that no one will feel otherwise than that its old age shall be tranquil and serene, and that its name may ever be associated with pleasant memories."" A third and last edition, in 1881, appeared at a time when the city was gaining great favor as a tourist attraction and health resort. The title was again slightly altered, this time to read: History and Antiquities of St. Augustine, Florida, Founded September 8, 1565.90 The third edition contained no new material. The work's ranking as serious historical litera- ture is attested to by the use made of it in later years in larger and more substantial histories, such as those written by William Whitwell Dewhurst and Charles Bingham Reynolds." Fairbanks himself made extensive use of his book's material in a more comprehensive study published in 1871 under the title History of Florida from Its Dis- covery by Ponce de Le6n in 1512 to the Close of the Florida War in 1842.92 This work, which Fair- banks projected as the first "connected history" of  lvi INTRODUCTION. the state, was primarily a factual and descriptive history almost exclusively concerned with military and political events. It was ill balanced chronolog- ically, with marked overemphasis on three epi- sodes: the expedition of Hernando de Soto (1539- 43); the Spanish-French struggle (1564-68), which he described less passionately than he did in his earlier work; and the Second Seminole War (1835- 42). Still, it was the first satisfactory history of Florida; and, just as History and Antiquities had introduced him as the premier historian of St. Au- gustine, so History of Florida established him as the acknowledged authority on Florida history in general. The History of Florida went through two further editions, in 1898 and 1904, the latter of which was issued as a textbook "with questions in appendix" for use in the Florida school system. Fairbanks was eighty-four years old at the time of the last printing.9' This is not the place to introduce or to analyze Fairbanks' general history, which may itself be printed in facsimile at some future date. Nor is it now possible to describe in any detail his life and activities during the Civil War or his years as co- founder, lecturer, and administrator at the Uni- versity of the South. These events, which came after the original publication date of the volume before us, await the treatment of a full-length bi- ography." A brief overview of those events would lri INTRODUCTION. the state, was primarily a factual and descriptive history almost exclusively concerned with military and political events. It was ill balanced chronolog- ically, with marked overemphasis on three epi- sodes: the expedition of Hernando de Soto (1539- 43); the Spanish-French struggle (1564-68), which he described less passionately than he did in his earlier work; and the Second Seminole War (1835- 42). Still, it was the first satisfactory history of Florida; and, just as History and Antiquities had introduced him as the premier historian of St. Au- gustine, so History of Florida established him as the acknowledged authority on Florida history in general. The History of Florida went through two further editions, in 1898 and 1904, the latter of which was issued as a textbook "with questions in appendix" for use in the Florida school system. Fairbanks was eighty-four years old at the time of the last printing." This is not the place to introduce or to analyze Fairbanks' general history, which may itself be printed in facsimile at some future date. Nor is it now possible to describe in any detail his life and activities during the Civil War or his years as co- founder, lecturer, and administrator at the Uni- versity of the South. These events, which came after the original publication date of the volume before us, await the treatment of a full-length bi- ography." A brief overview of those events would lri INTRODUCTION. the state, was primarily a factual and descriptive history almost exclusively concerned with military and political events. It was ill balanced chronolog- ically, with marked overemphasis on three epi- sodes: the expedition of Hernando de Soto (1539- 43); the Spanish-French struggle (1564-68), which he described less passionately than he did in his earlier work; and the Second Seminole War (1835- 42). Still, it was the first satisfactory history of Florida; and, just as History and Antiquities had introduced him as the premier historian of St. Au- gustine, so History of Florida established him as the acknowledged authority on Florida history in general. The History of Florida went through two further editions, in 1898 and 1904, the latter of which was issued as a textbook "with questions in appendix" for use in the Florida school system. Fairbanks was eighty-four years old at the time of the last printing." This is not the place to introduce or to analyze Fairbanks' general history, which may itself be printed in facsimile at some future date. Nor is it now possible to describe in any detail his life and activities during the Civil War or his years as co- founder, lecturer, and administrator at the Uni- versity of the South. These events, which came after the original publication date of the volume before us, await the treatment of a full-length bi- ography." A brief overview of those events would  INTRODUCTION. lUii INTRODUCTION. lvii INTRODUCTION. ivii show that, upon Florida's secession from the Union in 1861, Fairbanks threw in his lot with the Confederacy, and from 1862 until the end of the war he served in the commissary department of the Army of Tennessee with headquarters at Marietta, Atlanta, and Macon, Georgia. He held the rank of major throughout that period, and em- ployed the title afterwards in private life, accord- ing to a custom popular in the South. All through his adult life he was an ardent and participating member of the Protestant Episcopal Church and attended continuously from 1853 the general con- ventions of that body, save during the war years when he was a delegate to the Confederate Church Council. At the convention of 1904, in Boston, he was singled out as the oldest representative at that meeting, never having once failed in attendance during a long, devoted life. It was in connection with his Episcopal Church interests that, on July 4, 1857, Fairbanks gathered with other church leaders, clerical and lay, at Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, to organize the be- ginnings of the University of the South at Se- wanes, projected as a regional institution of higher learning, under Episcopal auspices, for students from ten southern states. He left St. Augustine in 1859 and built a cottage, called "Rainsford Place," at Sewanee in 1860. The opening of the university was delayed by the war, and Fairbanks' cottage show that, upon Florida's secession from the Union in 1861, Fairbanks threw in his lot with the Confederacy, and from 1862 until the end of the war he served in the commissary department of the Army of Tennessee with headquarters at Marietta, Atlanta, and Macon, Georgia. He held the rank of major throughout that period, and em- ployed the title afterwards in private life, accord- ing to a custom popular in the. South. All through his adult life he was an ardent and participating member of the Protestant Episcopal Church and attended continuously from 1853 the general con- ventions of that body, save during the war years when he was a delegate to the Confederate Church Council. At the convention of 1904, in Boston, he was singled out as the oldest representative at that meeting, never having once failed in attendance during a long, devoted life. It was in connection with his Episcopal Church interests that, on July 4, 1857, Fairbanks gathered with other church leaders, clerical and lay, at Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, to organize the be- ginnings of the University of the South at Se- wanee, projected as a regional institution of higher learning, under Episcopal auspices, for students from ten southern states. He left St. Augustine in 1859 and built a cottage, called "Rainsford Place," at Sewanee in 1860. The opening of the university was delayed by the war, and Fairbanks' cottage show that, upon Florida's secession from the Union in 1861, Fairbanks threw in his lot with the Confederacy, and from 1862 until the end of the war he served in the commissary department of the Army of Tennessee with headquarters at Marietta, Atlanta, and Macon, Georgia. He held the rank of major throughout that period, and em- ployed the title afterwards in private life, accord- ing to a custom popular in the South. All through his adult life he was an ardent and participating member of the Protestant Episcopal Church and attended continuously from 1853 the general con- ventions of that body, save during the war years when he was a delegate to the Confederate Church Council. At the convention of 1904, in Boston, he was singled out as the oldest representative at that meeting, never having once failed in attendance during a long, devoted life. It was in connection with his Episcopal Church interests that, on July 4, 1857, Fairbanks gathered with other church leaders, clerical and lay, at Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, to organize the be- ginnings of the University of the South at Se- wanee, projected as a regional institution of higher learning, under Episcopal auspices, for students from ten southern states. He left St. Augustine in 1859 and built a cottage, called "Rainsford Place," at Sewanee in 1860. The opening of the university was delayed by the war, and Fairbanks' cottage  lviii INTRODUCTION. was burned by Federal troops in 1863. He returned to Sewanee in 1866, and he and Charles Todd Quintard, bishop of Tennessee, built log houses side by side as a sign of their determination to give the university a new birth. Both men were of northern birth and education-Quintard from Con- necticut, Fairbanks from New York. Yet Fairbanks named his new home "Rebel's Rest," and it stands to this day. From 1867 until 1880, when the first two stone structures were erected, Fairbanks was University Commissioner of Land and Buildings. In the latter year he returned to Florida, taking up residence at Fernandina, where he built a hand- some house, though he remained on the univer- sity's Board of Trustees. For a time, at David Levy Yulee's persuasion, he edited a weekly newspaper, The Florida Mirror. From Fernandina he also oversaw his extensive properties in Alachua County and helped organize the state's citrus growers. In 1903 he was elected president of the revived Flor- ida Historical Society. His long and distinguished scholarly career was again recognized when the University of Alabama, in June 1906, awarded him the honorary degree, Doctor of Laws. It was two months afterwards, at Sewanee, in the eighty-seventh year of his life, and shortly after exercising his position as counselor and advisor to the university he loved, that Fair- banks went to bed for the last time in his moun- lviii INTRODUCTION. was burned by Federal troops in 1863. He returned to Sewanee in 1866, and he and Charles Todd Quintard, bishop of Tennessee, built log houses side by side as a sign of their determination to give the university a new birth. Both men were of northern birth and education-Quintard from Con- necticut, Fairbanks from New York. Yet Fairbanks named his new home "Rebel's Rest," and it stands to this day. From 1867 until 1880, when the first two stone structures were erected, Fairbanks was University Commissioner of Land and Buildings. In the latter year he returned to Florida, taking up residence at Fernandina, where he built a hand- some house, though he remained on the univer- sity's Board of Trustees. For a time, at David Levy Yulee's persuasion, he edited a weekly newspaper, The Florida Mirror. From Fernandina he also oversaw his extensive properties in Alachua County and helped organize the state's citrus growers. In 1903 he was elected president of the revived Flor- ida Historical Society. His long and distinguished scholarly career was again recognized when the University of Alabama, in June 1906, awarded him the honorary degree, Doctor of Laws. It was two months afterwards, at Sewanee, in the eighty-seventh year of his life, and shortly after exercising his position as counselor and advisor to the university he loved, that Fair- banks went to bed for the last time in his moun- lUiii INTRODUCTION. was burned by Federal troops in 1863. He returned to Sewanee in 1866, and he and Charles Todd Quintard, bishop of Tennessee, built log houses side by side as a sign of their determination to give the university a new birth. Both men were of northern birth and education-Quintard from Con- necticut, Fairbanks from New York. Yet Fairbanks named his new home "Rebel's Rest," and it stands to this day. From 1867 until 1880, when the first two stone structures were erected, Fairbanks was University Commissioner of Land and Buildings. In the latter year he returned to Florida, taking up residence at Fernandina, where he built a hand- some house, though he remained on the univer- sity's Board of Trustees. For a time, at David Levy Yulee's persuasion, he edited a weekly newspaper, The Florida Mirror. From Fernandina he also oversaw his extensive properties in Alachua County and helped organize the state's citrus growers. In 1903 he was elected president of the revived Flor- ida Historical Society. His long and distinguished scholarly career was again recognized when the University of Alabama, in June 1906, awarded him the honorary degree, Doctor of Laws. It was two months afterwards, at Sewanee, in the eighty-seventh year of his life, and shortly after exercising his position as counselor and advisor to the university he loved, that Fair- banks went to bed for the last time in his moun-  INTRODUCTION. lix INTRODUCTION. lix INTRODUCTION. lix tain home, the log house hewn out so many years before from the surrounding forest. The day of his death was August 3, 1906. Of him a colleague wrote shortly afterwards: "He was not always agreed to or listened to; he was not always understood or appreciated; it goes without saying that he was not always right in his opinions or positions"; but he was, withal, his eulogist said, "the patriarch of Sewanee, the conserver of its traditions, the ex- emplar of its undying faith.... He was the builder of it and the author of every change that it has undergone in its eventful history. . . . There is nothing here that does not and will not feel and mourn his loss."5 A later generation in Florida will remember him principally as Florida's first serious historian in the English language, without rival in the nineteenth century, and still deserving of our respectful notice in the twentieth. MICHAEL V. GANNON University of Florida tain home, the log house hewn out so many years before from the surrounding forest. The day of his death was August 3, 1906. Of him a colleague wrote shortly afterwards: "He was not always agreed to or listened to; he was not always understood or appreciated; it goes without saying that he was not always right in his opinions or positions"; but he was, withal,- his eulogist said, "the patriarch of Sewanee, the conserver of its traditions, the ex- emplar of its undying faith.... He was the builder of it and the author of every change that it has undergone in its eventful history. . . . There is nothing here that does not and will not feel and mourn his loss."" A later generation in Florida will remember him principally as Florida's first serious historian in the English language, without rival in the nineteenth century, and still deserving of our respectful notice in the twentieth. tain home, the log house hewn out so many years before from the surrounding forest. The day of his death was August 3, 1906. Of him a colleague wrote shortly afterwards: "He was not always agreed to or listened to; he was not always understood or appreciated; it goes without saying that he was not always right in his opinions or positions"; but he was, withal, his eulogist said, "the patriarch of Sewanee, the conserver of its traditions, the ex- emplar of its undying faith. ... He was the builder of it and the author of every change that it has undergone in its eventful history. . . . There is nothing here that does not and will not feel and mourn his loss.",' A later generation in Florida will remember him principally as Florida's first serious historian in the English language, without rival in the nineteenth century, and still deserving of our respectful notice in the twentieth. MICHAEL V. GANNON MICHAEL V. GANNON University of Florida University of Florida  Ix INOTRODUCTION. NOTES. 1. Theoo it noosaisfactory pobhisohed bioogophy of Georg. Pai- banks. Many short sketches of hi. life exist, asfor example: John Be11 Hooooooo and Williamo Porcher Dollose, "Ge.orge Rainsford Pair- books," Sewaneeo Revieow (Octobor 1906), pp. 493-0; Aodr.ew Van. Vranhen Rayonood, Uono University (No. York: Lewois Puhlisinog Co., 1907), ol. 2, pp. 202-4; ond Franocis P. Plemting, "Major Geor Raiosfoot Fairhbonhs," Florida Hisorical Qoarterly (April 108), pp' 5-7. They too oil short ino length, moany of themo obituary in oharac- ter, and omahe 01111e or nous of Poaohbanks' personal popers. Those papers, o nloh possession of his granddoatghte, Mrs.. Thomas. B, Duodney )liiofod Poairbanks Gitss Dudney) of Sewanee, Tennessee, hoop boen photocopied aod ohe copies ploood hon1the Special Collec- tions Divioion of the Roborl Sooooioo Lihrary, Florida State Uni00.r- sity, Tllahasse. The present write. wishes to express hi deep appre- ciation to Mrs. Dudnely, w.ho provided him. valuable ioformaotiono about Pairhooho' famoily, ts well ts othlif hfact n10ot available in th. sevent1y-three folio, of poper, anod to the. Speciol Collections. B- braians t Florida Soate Uoiveosity, ..ho aordedoio hi.. ever courotesy 114 assistanco dur~ing hi. researoh at that institutiono in Auogust anod Septembhor 1973. Spociol thaoohs are .lso ohio Mro, A.. Carlio, who typedotoh. manuscroipt, and Miss Naooy Mitchell, who asistedl with the. 2. His three bothooo were Samueol (1818-81), Andrew Jackson (1826-98?), 004 Jaoo Massey (0828-94). 3. "Auoiogoraphical Skotoh," 00 il-pp. typescrip, .., oovering events00 inoohink' lif. fho.. hirh ontil 1846, wher.. it ends abrptly; Fairhooho Popors (hereafterocited.as PP.), folio 1. 4. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 7. Ge.orge ond Sooth (Fohroory 19, 1818-March 22, 1908) would hop. five ohildren: Ploi.a (Joly 04, 1848-Nopoth.. 25, 1921); Charles Mass.y (April 4, 1850-Pohooary 22, 1881); Gorge Word (Marcoh 5, 1852-Joanoaoy 15, 1812); Gertruode (April 27, 1854-TMay 27, 1993); and Soroh Catherine (PFhoooory 11, 1858-,Joooaoy 6, 1918). 8. John t. Spoogo., The Origin, Pogrso, aood Coolui.io of tho Florio Wor (No. Yorh: D: Appleton & Co., 0848); same, faooimile e. (Ga1inesvillo: Uoioeosity of Plorida Press, 1984). 10wa supersoeded 107 Joho K. Mahoo, History of the ond ,Seoletoo Woo, 1838-2842 (Gaineoville: University of Piorida Press, 1967). ix INTRODUCTION. LT INTRODUCTION. NOTES. 1. Thooo is 00 satisfatory pohloshed biography of Ge.orge Pai- booko. Maoy ohoro oketohes of hi. life eoist, as foo exoample: John. Bell Hooooooao an4 William Porcher Duoso, "George BRainsford Poi- hanho," Seoooooo Roovioo (Ocobhr 1906), pp. 493-182; Andrew Vao Vranhen Rtyood, Uoion University (No.. Yooh: Loewis Publisohing Co., 1907), vool. 2, pp. 202-4; 004 Praoois P. Plein~g, "Mjoo Gorge Rinoford PFaihoohks," Florida Histioical Quarteroly (April 1908), pp. 5-7. They are oll short in hiogth, manoyof themoituaroy inchara- 000, 004 ootho litlor 000 use of Pairhook' peonaol pop...s Those papers, ow in Ohe possession of hit groaoddaughte, Mrs. Thomaso E. Dudney )Noinofood Pairhaoho G1ass Dudney) of Sewanee, Tonnesse. hovo hoon phoocopied 004 ohe copies plaoed in th. Special Collko- tins Division of tho Rohero Stozioo Lihrory, Ploidai 60.0. Unoie- sity, TPallahassoe. Tho prooent owoiteo owishe. hi express hi. deoeo appre- ciation ooMr. Dudney,owhopovidedhi himiohualeiformation ato Fairban0ks' faoily, 0000 00l a other lif. faot. ot avoilable in the seventy-threoo iot of paper, aod hi ohe Spcial Colletins lB- hrarianooa or hida Sott Univerity, woho occooded him. ever7 .outesy ood assistoooo douring hi. reoearoh t ohat ittuhtion in Auguot and Soptembhor 1973. Spociol thankhs too also duo tMrs. Am Cootin, who typed the manuscr01pt, tod Miss Nancy Mitohel, w.ho assisted with te 2. Hi. three hothers weoro Samooel (1818-81), Andrew Joohson (1826-98?), 104 .Jaoo Massey (1828-94). 3. "Auoiographicl Shototh," to ll-pp. typescip, nod., oove.ing 0000000 PoFirbaok' life fho.. birth uotil 184,whr it.. 6ends ohruptly; Poirhoohi Pop... (heroateroitedo PsFP.), folio 1. 4. Ihid. 6. Ihid. 7. Gorgo and Stoth (Pohbouaoy t9, 18t8-Maooch 22, 1858) wouild hovo fivo ochilodreo: Plorida (July 24, 1848-Nov'oobho 22,1931); Chaoles Masseoy (April 4, 1850-Pehruaoy 22, 1881); George Wood (Maroh 10 1852-Jaonoaoy 15, 1822);. Gerotde (April 27, 1854-Moy 27, 1892); aod Sarah Ctherine (PFhbottoy 11, 1808-Joooooy 8,1918). 8. John fi. Spragte, The Origio, Progress, oaod Concluiono of th. Florido Wor (Noew Yooh: D. Appletoo & Co., 1848); sameo, facsimilo ed. (Gioeoville: Uoivoosity of Florida Preso, 1988). t was superseded by7 Joho K. Mohon, History of te Seonod Soomiole Woo, 1832842 (Gainetoville: Unoiversity of Florida Press, 1987). NOTES. 1. Thoro is 00 sotisfactooy polihed hiogoaphy of Goroge Fai- baok.. Many shoro sketches of hi. life exis, as for examtple: Job. Bell Hooopeoon ond Wiiamt Pooohoo Duos, "Georgo ttoiotfood Polo. haohs," Soowonoo Rovioo (Otobor 1906), pp. 493-503; Andorow Va. V000ke0 Rofooood, Unioo University (No.. Yook: Lowis Pubhishing Co., 1907), vol. 2, pp. 202-4; tod Proooi. P. Plemting, "Major. George Rainofood Poirhoohi," Florida Historical Quarterlfy (Apoil 1908), pp- 5-7. Thoy tr. oll short 00 leogth, manly of thoem obituary in chorop- Opr, tod makep littleor 00 00se of Poirhooho' peonatl pop...s Those papers, ooi. ohe possession of his granddoughteo, Mors Thomaso E. Dodooy )Roioohiod PFaihbaok. Glass Dodnoy) of Sewanee, Tenneose, hop. heen photocopied and tho copieo plaod in 010e Spcial Colkoc- tions D~ivisioo of tho Rob.oo Stooier Lihoary, Plorldo Sta0. Uive.o- sity, Tollooasseo. Ploe pooeseot writer ooish.. to express his doop oppre- 000000n to Moo. Dudooy, woho pooidedt hi.. valoable informaotion ath Fa~irbanks'family, asowlloasotherolife facts otoavailablei oh. seventy-threo folios of popers, and to tho Spocitl Collections li- brorioos t FloridaStat Univorsity, owho aooorded him. 01007 ourotesy and assistanco doring hit ooseooch it th.0 istitution i. Aogust and Septembher 1971. Special thaoks too oh.o do, Mrs. Am. Corlin, who oyped oh. ooaoosoip, ond Miss Noooy Mitoholl, w.ho osoited w.ith tho inde. 2. Hi. thoooo brothoro wer1 Soamuel (1t8891), Andrewo Jackono (1826-98?),oond Jaon Massoy (1828-94). 3. "Auoiographicl Shotch," an 11-pp. typescr'ip, od., overing events00 PFaihoaok' life ho.. hiroh unt 1846, woherooi 60040 obrptly; Pirhoaoks Pop... (hoooafteo cited as P.P.), 00oli. 4. Ihid. 5. Ihid. 6. Ihid. 7. Gorgo tond Sarth (Pebroary 19, 1818-Maooph 22, 1818) wold haoo f6oo ohildren: Plopido (Joly 24, 1848-Noveooher 25,1931); Charles Mosspy (April 4, 1850-Pohruaoy 22, 1081); Gieooge Wood (March 5o 182-Joooaoy 15, 1822); Gootrode (April 27, 1814-Mop 17,192); and Sooth Cothooioe (Pobroory 11, 1028-Jtooooy 8, 1919). 8. Joho TP. Sprague, The Oorigin, Progoos, ood Concluion of oh. Floito Wor (Nooo Yoph: D. Appleoo & Co., 1848); sameo,focsiioetd,. (Gainesville: Univorsity of Flor6da Poeso, 1984). Itwasosupersddhby John K. Mahoo, Hisooy of tho Seond Seminolo Woo, 1835-1842 (Gainesille: Unoiversity of PFloia Press, 1907).  INTRODUCTION. hxi IN8TRODU7CTION8. 1l INTRODUCTION. Ixn 9. P.P., fo1io 73, George R. FairbankstoH Samuel Fairbank, St. Al- gutine, November1 5, 1842. 10. P.P., foldo 1, "AutHbiogrpbhcl SkethS." 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. FP., folio 73, Pairankto Samuel Fairbanks1, St. Augutine6, November 5,1842. 14. P.P., Hoilo 1, "AutobigrapShcl Sketch." TillsteH it knownt tody a till Mc1illan Subdivision, till southert boundary tf which 15. FP., Hoilo 35, Gor1ge Cooper 01551 Ho George Fairbanks, Ander- 11nvil8e,0Ga., Pebruary 7,1865. 16. P.P., Hoilo 23, Pairbanks to Mr. Eli1. Vedder, 51t11t5, Tennt., June~ 30, 1901. On April 26, 1860, in Chicago, Fairbanks married Susan Beard1 Wright (SepHember 8, 1826Janualy 5, 1911), daughter of John IThldren were bort of lt marriage: Susan Rainsford (Ju1y 19, 1861-Octobe 30, 1885) and Eva Lee (March1 29, 1865-September 29, 1952). 17. In till period 1844 though 1859, when1 he departed Florda, Fairbans serve as aid-de-amp t hebgovrrof1Florida4withbthe master in5111 Hhncr i 5n 61811 1 th DsritofEstFord, appointed Novemt- thet Territory of Florida, appoited March 12, 1845; master1 in chan- c1ry HIr tile East Circuit of theH sttIf Plorida, appointed 4January 26; 1846; commissioner11 of111 comonscholo the state o6f Florida, ap- pointed Januarty 7, 1847; c1erk of5 the1 Cour lit Northert Ditrct of Plorida atthe city1o St. Augtine6, appointed November1 23, 1848; commissioner1 of deeds HIr the Cour tof Claims, Wasingt, D.C., ap- pointed July 1, 1855; clerk o851f 111 t lIe Ditrc 81ur 51h United St8651 fo1 the Northern 15111111 of FHor1da, appointed 4111 20, 1816; attor- ney7 an4 counselor o the Supr851me Court of the United Sta1es, ap- pointed Februar173, 1857; cmmissio11r8 deeds HIr till stteH If Ntw Yorkin6the tte oHtFPHrda1,appited Novem1ber17, 1857. PFrbanks also served during this period asH8 state1 sntorad mayor1 of St. Al- gut. 18. FP., Hoil 51, Fairbanks6 to A. 51. Da~ostt, Sewa11.1, Tttnt., July 1, 1901. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. David4 tLy Ytltt twas delegate to 151 Unted 88651s Cotgress from1 Florida (1841-45), 1214864 886511111861or5111mP1lorid (1845-51, 9. FP., Hoil 73, Georlge R. Firbanks to8am111 Fairbank, St. Al- gustit, November 5,1842. 16. FP., folio1, "Atobiographia 8ke115." 13. FP., Hoill 73, Ptirbanks6 to Samuel Fairbk, St. Augustinet, November 5, 1842. 14. FP., Hoil 1, "Autobiographcal Sketchi." Thi is known15 114171 ast McMillan Subdivision, 15111115111 5boundary o8f1which is 1008fet1s15u1th arigStret 15. P.P., Hoil 35, Gor~ge Couper10ibs8to10eorg Pairbank, Antder- s1nvi11e, Ga., Pebruar1y 7, 1885. 16. P.P., 8651o 23, Firbanks Ho Mrs. 011 Vedder, Sewan11, Tten., June130, 18501O April 26, 1586i Chcagt, Fairbanks married Susan B1114 Wrdght (811p86mber18, 1826-Jan1a17 5, 1911), daugihe of8John Beard (see below, n.127) and1widow1of5the Rever1n Benjamin Wrgh. Twot childrn 1151 5111 14 1t marriage: Susan Rainsftrd (Jul~y 19, 1861-0186511 30, 1885) and 011 Lee (March5 29, 1865-Sptember1 29, 1952). 17. 86 the per5od 1844 through 1859, whent het 41parted Pltr1d, Paibastt5 served4as1aid-de-camp8 ti ~th1t gove8or1f1Forid4wit1th mast861861511111786int Distit of80111 Plorda, appointed Novem1- ber 4, 1844; attor117, solici511, 114 1co5186111 15 theseel couts tf tbe TerrHtor8o Flordt, appoited Marchb 12, 1845; 1111861 in chan- 1117 for 151 0111 0ircuit 1415 t518 stat ofFlorid, appointed January 26, 1846; commissioner1 of common1 scholsiof tilt tte of Florida, ap- pinted Januarly 7, 1847; clerk- tf till Cttrt of 1t Nothertt D1111111 tf Florida tth 15118 tf St. Augutinel, appointed November 23, 1848; commissioner1 of deeds 861151e Ctur tof Clailms, Washing8t, D.C.,a- poited6J14y 21, 1851; clerko the Dirit Cour11 o the 151nted 88651s Hor 1t Norther08111 Ditric ofFlord, appite6d June 20, 1856; 11511- pointed Pebruary 3, 1857; commissioner1 of deeds. for t sta86t of61e York in 1t tat8o Fltrida, appited4 November1 7, 1852. Fairbanks also served during this per114 111s861111en1114 11171 taoo St. At- gusin. 18. FP., Hoit 51, Faibastto A. 51. 01101151, Stewantt, Tent., July 1, 1851. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Daid Levy Ytl was delegte to 151 1214864 Sta51 Ctngrets 81111 Florida (1841-45), Unted 851511t111 sento P861m Flrd1845-51, 8. FP., Hoit 73, 0111g12R. Pairbanks to 851111 Fairbank, St. At- gus1tin, November115, 1842. 10. FP., Hoit 1, "Atobiographia S5kc." 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. 8.8., Hoit 72, PFrbtnto Saue 85F1at~irnk, St. Augustin, November115, 1842. 14. 8.8., Hoit 1, "AutHbiographia Sketh."' The 1186 is knownt tdy 11151511518861n Stubdliisio, till souther botundary tf wh5ich is610081feet 1 so tfHarding Srt.t 15. FP., Hoit 35,011org111ope Gibs to 0111ge Fairbank, Att41l- 1111111,0G., February 7,185. 16. FP., Hoit 23, Fairbanks to Mrs. Eliza Vedde, Setttttt, Ten., June130, 191. Ot Apil 26, 1586i Chiag, Fairbanks1 married Susan 81114 Wr1ght (S1586115118, 1826-Janua51 5, 1911), daughter tf John Beard)5 (stblw, n.27)1and wdow1o the 15126111111481141118 Wrght. Two childrn 11111 5111 tf till marriage: 85111 Rainsford (Jtly 19, 1861-0151511 30, 1885) 114 Ett Let (March 29, 1865-September1 29, 1952). 17. Inthe15 perdod 1844 ltroug 1859, whent hI 4148rt14 Fltrid, Pirbanks served as1aid-de-camp 86to t1t 14ero ofForith1111 1t rank 111n88 titltttloel Ht tlso Sld 1t ftoltowing jtdicial positions: 11115186151115186 i the 0Di1111ct o 0111 Fltrd, 1app86nt426No111- ber14, 1844; 111861117, solicito, and counselor6 in t svera ctot. of 151 Terri1tor Pf8Flor4d, appointed 511115 12, 1845; mter6 in chan- 1117 for the 0111 Ciuto th stilte 511 tFlorida, appointed 411151 26, 1846; commissioner11of1tcommontschool fthelta8te8oftlor4d, ap,- pointed4Januar 7, 1847; 11115 of 1t Cttrt of 1t Norther1 08611111 tf Flor141 tth cSty 187 t1. Augutin, 15pointed Novembert 23, 1848; 1comm1s11er tof deeds 511151e Court 14 Claim, Washigt, D.C., ap- pointed July 21, 1855; clerk ofthe 1510861111 Cotf te 151nted 88651s HIr 1t Nothert1 Dis1tit t8 Pltrdt, 115po86ted 4J111 2, 1856; att511- ney and counslor6o the 1Supm Cour11 of1 the 151te 1States51, ap- pointed4Februar13, 1857; 11ommiss811111 of4 511151fo the stt 26111w York 86 151 st518614886orid, appinted November 7, 1857. PFairbanks also serted during this per114 as 1118611186 114to 5171 1485 oS. At- gustine1. 18. FP., Hoit 51, Pairbas8 to A. 51. 0101151, Sewanet, Te.tt., Jtly 1, 1901. 19. Ibi. 2. Ibi. 2t1.11 aitey Yoko 1111 delegate to 1t Unted 85151s Congr'tss fr11m Florida (1841-45), 1214118515111186 sentot frt11m Flrd18451-51,  lxii INTRODUCTION. 1855-61), member of the Confederate Congress (1861-651), and a pio- neer ralod bildeof Florida. 22. F. P., 5folo 51, Fairbanks to6Da0osta, Sewas66, ,July 1, 1901. 23. Not everyone was pease by David's change to Yule. William P. DuVal, wh ha seve asthfat468 c1ivilgovrnrfFor665id(182- 34), 664wa a61 5,124d 1nd frequent1 coepondet1 of Fairban, com pline~d in 1a5,,, lete o hater ,4, nder 4.he dato January 6, 1846: "Tbe application of Mr,. Levy toth LegisItum o, chabn6ge hi. am to EULlEha given offense to 69765 many , of iswamet .4,nd-tb, de- votion of several influential men, who, ha, hiherto ma aie hi. pretenions nd4wo have naed ther[si] os, David Ley areser- ously offended and mor91if6ed that the name, is changed-I do9 not9 se6 F.P., fol6o 47-C, DuVal to Fairbank, Tal1ahasse, January0 6, 1846. my7 memorial to tbe legislature said E. ins.teado Y. i,5 spelling 7,65,, ..Ibhave a ight to pe1i16.lI pas. Itconform btter to y f- ther's speling"; F.P., fol6o 34, Yulee to Pairbankb, Washington, DCl, (1837) and tbeir reconcliation (134)5645) s65, h Davbd Levy Yul6e Papers, P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University7of Florida, Box61, "Administrtion of 34.0E. Levy Estate." 24. Se, the corepondenc1 betwen DuVa and Fairbanks6, F.P., 25. P.P., folio 60, Fairbanks to S. L. Burritt, Tallhasse, Decem- be5, 147. 26. F.P., folio 50, 8urritt 5, Pairbanks, Tallahasse,, Decem.ber 26, 27. Jobn Beard (1797-1876) wa Nortb Caolinian. by birtb, edu.- cate at Yale, who, ha4 served as aFederalit i, the, North Carolina legslature befo movin5g to 81. Augustine i, 1838. 1Fr6.m 6ha1 t5me Fairbanks replaced him6 i, 1342, and Uni1ted State. marshba. 65, 65, admission, of F1lorida5 to,, th5,ini 1845, Beard was elected register 5, pu6blic la6nd61 and ~ moedt Tallahassee. H, a un 666,,,6665,y a Democrat for Congress i, 1816. He was, then elected com6ptrollerof. tbe state, an of81ce that he resigned in 18514 to accept the6 agency of the Apalachicola Land Company. He was, a representative from. Le69n County to the secession convention 26 1861, and suppoted the cause6 of tb, Confederacy during 646 mums, 66146e Civi W.. At war's en he was reppointed to the of8ce of com6ptrol1er i, 1866. Three years later he was1 icapacitated by "vertigo" and "neuralgia," and6wa r66la6- tively inactive until his death in Tallahassee at eighty years o agq,. Zxii INTRODUCTION. 1855-61), member6ofthe Confederte Congress (1861-65), and4 a pio neer5,64 rai 421ad buideo4Forda 22. P. P., 6ol1o,51, Fairbanks,5, DaCost, Sewa.66,,July 1, 1901. 23. Not, everyone was please by David's6,,5 chagetoYuee William. P. DuVal, who5had4se6ed5as6thefast civi governor of6Florida 1822- 34), and4was fren and, fr4equent6 corre.1pondent of Fa5bank, cm plined4 5, a letter to the 1at6er, under Sb, date of Januar07 6 1846: "The appliation of Mr,. Levy to the Legislature to change hi. am to EULIE has, given offense to66many4of1his warmest friend.-the de- votion of sev1161 influenti1l6me '656 have hi6herto mintained hi. pretensions21 and5who1hav named1ther [ic] sons6David Levy areseri- ous.ly offended and mortified that the t16e is changed-I do not see 21y good reason6 why M. Levy should4 not assume, his family og- nomen-but trifles light as16ir2w116621694666 produce strange results"; P.P., fo11, 47-C, DuVal to Fairbanks, Tallahas.ee, Januar.6 65 1846. Davd imel w4 t 16 to65 Pairbank, underthe6samedate "By mistake my6mmoraltth leisatr 0 said5, E.64 instead 667Y 66 splli66g Yul.6 .161 I65 ha1 66rgh11sel it as I pleas. It conforms better6 to my6 fa- 1511's spelin6g"; P.P., fo,4o34, Y616e5 Po.Fairbanks, Washington6, D.C., January76, 1846. David's own1 account of5 hi lienation 6r6m61is6father (1837)2and6thew1reonciliation(1845)6s6foundi5,the.David Ley Yates Papert, P. K. Yonge Liboary of Florida History, Univerity1ofFlori,4 Box61, "Adminitraon of M63.0E.1Lev7Estat." 24. 1666 the corepondenc, betwe66n DuVal 214 1Fai5.46k, FP., 5,11,810. 25. P.P., 5,11, 21, Fairbanks 6o a. L. Burritt, Tallahas66ee, Decem6- bor 5, 1347. 26. P.P., folio 50, Burr6tt to Pairbanks, Tal11hasse, December, 265 1847. 27. John Beard (1797-1876) '66. 6 Nor, Car61linian by birth6, edu- 219461 at25,l,wh '646464 ed as4 a Federalist i6the8North Carolbna legislatur6 before movingk to St. Augusti6e 66 1838 From, th.6 ti.e until 1645 So el 5th4 9ofie of11clerkof6the1Su6per16r Cor, i,66which 16ai5ba646 replaced 546 5, 1842, 214 Un46646 65,t66 mar6h5. 656 the admission of P1or4da6to4he(Union5, 1845,, Beard6waselectedrgister of public 564,s and4moved6to Tallahasse. H,. ran nsucesfuly as66 Democrat1 for Congre..s 5, 1810. Ho '621 1161n elected c166trl866 66 65es5a5,, an,6 6526c that h resined6i 18545 to ccpt the, agency of6the Apalachiola. Land Com6pany. Hea '6. rpresentative fr666 Leo6n County to the1,65, seeso conventiono 1861, and sppoted the cuse of5th Confederacy during the cors o6 6161 Civil War. At war0's e.4 he '621 r1appoi5ted 5, 146 ofice of com6ptroller 5, 1866. Three years later 5e was.incapacitated by "vertigo 664 "neural6gia," and was rela tively i,aive unti his death in Tal1ahassee at eighty yeas f ge Lxii INTRODUCTION. 18551-61), 6616656 of the Confederate6 Con.grss (1861-65), a.d pi- 33. Not ever7one '66. pleased by David's ohange to,7.56. Willa. P. DuV5,, who had ser52ed 5 as 5 th 1frs1cvi gover66or of6Florida 1822- 34), an ws4 '66.6 d 6 and4 freuen correso1den of1616 6 Fairbanks.,cm plained n a ltter otbh ltte, ude eda6b4teofJanuay 6, 1846: "The application of M. Levy 5, the Legislature to change hi...m, 5,ELEha ie offen1se. to16 m06665 of, 6656 warmt fiends-tbe de- pretensions.and who have named6ther [sic] 6666 David Levy ar0sri o6.I7 offendedand mortfied tha the6nam 61is changed-I do6not.see any good r1ason why7 Mr. Levy7 sould not6 as6um1 his fami7 cog- nomen-..but tr19816 light 666air4w11l6so114666 produce 6tr661, results"; P.P., 5,46o 47-C, DuVal 5, Fairbank, Tallahasse, Januar.y 6 1846. David himself wrote,5 to544 Fairanks und1 the, samedate "By m6istake my6memorial to the lgislatue sai E64.5insted4of7. i spelig 7ul4,. .. I ave righttospl it 61 6 .I plane. It onform beter t my5,5 fa66- th5116 spelling" F.P., fol1o134,7Yule65t Fairbanks, Washington., D.C., January 6, 1846. David's own ccount9of5hi al6enation fom hisfathe (1837)66nd65hei ronci.51litio (1845)5 is,~ found i67he avi Levy 746e. Paper, P. K. Yonge ,ibrary of6F1orida Histor, University of6Florid, Box 1,"Administration of3M.0. Levy 65661. 24. S66 the correspondence between, DuVal and Fairbank, P.P., 211. P.P., 5,11, 60, Faibans.5 to S. L. 866611, Tallahass, Decem~- Sor 5, 1847. 26. FP., fo11, 50, Burrit to Fairbanks6, Tallahassee,, December 26 27. John Boaod (1797-1876) '666.6 North Carlinian by birt, edu cated at 7.le, whohaS se4 e ass4 a6 Federalist in the Nort Carolina legislature 65fore moving to St. Augustine i, 1838. Pomth.a5. time unil 1845 he,1 held ,,, theof1ce6o5ce6kofth Superior C6or, i, which Fairbanks rplaced hi46 5, 1642, .n4 Un~ited States marsha. On5 the admission1 o1,Flor6daSto he6Uion5i 1345, 80ar46w6. elected register of pubSlic lands6and6movedt Tallahsseeo. He ran96uns9666ssfully1as6a Democrat6 5,, Congress 5, 1816. H, '66. then elected com6ptroler 66 tho state, an81 off.c tha he6resined6in18514to accept the agency of665e Apalachicola 1,214 Com6pan. Ho '621 6 representat6ve from, Len County to the secession convention6 of 1861, and suppoted the cause6 of theConfederacy during the coure of theCiviW.0.A wars en he '66. reappointed t6 the of81ce o6 com6ptrller 5, 1866. Three years 1611051e '6as icapacitated by "verligo" 664 "neu.algia," and6. wa, el- tively inactive unil his death in Tallahassee at ighty yearn of ag.  INTRODUCTION. 'xiii INTRODUCTION. lxiii INTRODUCTION. Lxiii Beard and Faibnk remaine close 4 friends from the tim otei together variou general conference If that religious body. Se1 J- seph D. CushmanJr.,A Godly Heritage: TheEpicplChurch1in PFlorida, 1821-1892 (Gaine11vi1le: University of Flor>8da Pres, 1965), end Bejamin Wrigh. "Patronage, Factionaism and Sectinalis in 1the Florida Dmo cratic1 Party, 1848-1851" (mas8tr' thesis), San Jose State College, 1869), pp. 22-24. Th> presntwrte is811 indebted to1Mr. Lync~h for>this acoutkidly lelt him1 on requelt. Se1 the recommendations of 29. P.P., folio>60, Fairbanks1 to F. C. Humphreys, Washington, D.C., March 15, 1853. 70. F.., folio 50, "Addres of George R. Fairbanks8 to>St. Augusine1 City Council, 1607." 31. Ibid. Gad Hum1phreys, F1. F. Ferreir, Ped4>t Benet, John C. Canova, Jo11. 1sina, Collti 81. F. Ployd, Geor8ge Ze1.lenba, Barto1o 11811>887 [sic], Sr. and4 Jr., R. D. Fontaine1, Luis Dr71sdale, Witli.> Meyes, Barto1o tee," Dec>1mber 3, 1607. 33. Ibid. 34. F.F., fol1o 50, "Repotl tf Comml8itee," with reso1l111ons and communicalton t Brigadier General Harney, Dec mber 3,1607. 35. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Bill>chlid, 1835. 38, F.F., ftlit 63, Thedr Ivin lto Fairbanks New Ytork, Feb,- 11118,1860. 37. Amelia1 M8. Murray, Letters frothe Unite States20, Cubat, and1 Canda (New> York: 81. Putnam &Ct., 18118), p. 224. 38. F.P., folio 60, Jthn Beard 81 "My dear children" (Sarah and Charlel), St. Augusltine, 4117 29,-1850. 39. F.F., 8-lit 60, Jame1 81. M8. Glass, D.D., 'Br)1f Sketch1 tf the Life tf George Rainsford Fairbanks1, M.A., LL.D.,' typescrpt, 8.4d, society is given in Walt M-11>11>11, "Th> Florida Historical Society, 1856--161,1879, 1902-1940," Fltrida Historical Quatly (July 19401, pp. 6-9. 41. The £81r1718itor7 tf Florida:1 An In3tductory Lec1tur Delic- Beard atnd Fairbanks1 11em1i1ed close friends from the time1 of their fast0aquaintance1. Not only in ptlitics, but inth affa18irs of the Pr.,t- estant Episcopal Church, they made common1 cause, 811111 188114in1 together> various1 gener1l conferences1o tha religious11 body. See J81- seph D1. Cushman88, Jr., A Gotodly Her1)tage: The Episctpa1l Church) in Florida, 1521-1892 (Gainesv)lle: Un1iversity of Fltr8dt Pres, 1160), passi. After the death1 of) his wif, Sarah, in t858, Fairbanks48 in 18M0 marr111d Beard's daughter1, 881sa1 Beard Wright, idow. of1 the1 er 28. An acot ofttFairbanks' canidacy is giveninArthurLynch, "Pa1tronag, Fatiolism1>, an4 Secttoals in the Florida Demo- 1181i Par16y, 1848-1601" (maser' the1is, San Jose 88181 College, 1969), pp. 22-24. mhe present write4is1idebte 1to8M. Lynch for8this 111c81n1, kind417 1181> him o81 110811 . See 811> recommenda4tions of Fairbanks fr>m>Beard et5a., 811.11., fol1o 60. 29. F.P., folio60, FairbankstoF. C. Humtphrys, Wahnt,-., Marc>h 15,1853. 30. F1.P., fol11>50, "Address of George R. Fairbanks 811St Augustine CityCouncil, 1857." 31. Ibid. 32. Tem ber of18> >the commtte, 8181531> Fairbanks18, were Colonel 81.4 Hum1phrey, F. P. Fer>1eira, Pedro Beast, John. C. Canova1, John Usina, Colonel 81. P. Floyd4, George1 211181118, Ba>8olo 118111111 [sic], 8>. 114 J>., R. 81. Fontane1, Luis1 Drysdale, William TMeye>, Bartolo Pone [sic], and James Pe>111 >. Se>11.P., fol1815, "Repor> of Commi11- te>," Dec1>mber13,1857. 33. Ibid. 34. FP., 8181o 50, "Re>por of Committee1l," with1 resolutions and communica1tiont Bigdier8GeneralHarne>y, December13, 187. 31. Philadelphia:1 Carey, Lea1 & BlaIchard, 1835. 38. F1.P., fo11o 63, Theodore Irving81to8Fairbank, New> York, Febr>8- ary 8,160>. Canada (New> York: G1.11Putnam & Co., 186), p. 224. 38. F1.P., fo11> 60, John8 Be1>4 to "Miy 4>.> childrn" (Sarah1 114 Charles), 811 Augustin, Jtly 29,1860. 39. FPr., 8111> 60, 4.1. 0. 58. 81lass, 81.81., "Brief8 Sketch >f 881 Life 818 Geor e Rit.)1.> 1181)11ank, M.A., LL.D.," typescrip, 81.4., 7 p. 60. At 81>1>8181 o81181f thiitalmetig 11481 first 188 ognz tio fthe society is1 g8ven in Watt1 Mart11 .., "The Florida Histor1Ia Society, 1816-161, 1878, 190-1840," P81orida Historical Quterl>y (July 1940), pp.86-9. 41. T81 Early History of Florida: An Intr1>ductor- Lecture Del81. rus acquan181tanc. Nt 81.47 in politic, 1181181 th> affairs ofthe Prot-' es8118 Episctpal Churcth, they made> common8 181811, often attending> together various general 11on811>88>s of 81.8 religious body. See Jo- 8>ph 81. Cushman>t, Jr., A Godly Heritage:1 781 Episcpalt Church) in P81orida, 1821-1892 (Gaine1ville: University of Florida Press1, 1965), passim. After 81> death 5318 hiswif, 8Sarah, 81 1858,1Fairbanks in 1860 married Beard's daughter>, Susan Beard Wr8ght8, widowo >81e 81ve - end Ben>jain88 Wright. 28. At 1>111unt of1Fairbank' candidacy 1153111n in Arthur Ly7886, "Patronag, Factionalism1, 114 Sectionalism 81 81> Florida8 De>..- cratic Party, 1848-1851" (maste's the1i, 8181 Jose 88181 Colleg, 1969), pp. 22-2. The present writer is814>11ed48158>. Lynch11for1this account8, kindly1 8>81> 1181 on reque. See the> recommendations of 29. 11.11., 8>81o60,1Fair1111818111. C. Humphrey, Washingto, D.C., March1 15,1603. 30. 11.11., fol1o350, "Address of8George8. Fairbanks1 toS. Augustine City Co81114, 1817." 31. Ibid. 32. Them>br of.. the11 committee1,8beside Fairbanks1,were Colonel Gad4 Humphre1.ys, P. P. Ferreir, Pedro1 Benet, J8hn C. Canova1, John Usina1, Colonel 81. F. Floyd, Geor > Ze1lenbam., Barto1o Pactty [sic], Sr. 114 411, 81. 81. Fonta8ne, Luis) Drysdale, WiiamII Mey71>, Ba>8olo Pons [sic],1and4Jame>1Pe81i11.8See1.., fol1o.50, 'Report 818 Ct. 81t 81>," December 3,1817. 33. Ibid. 34. 11.11., fo11. 50, "Repor>1 >8 Committe ," with resolutions 114 comncaint Br8gadier Genera Ha. ey, Dec1mber>3, 187. 35. Phildephia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard, 1815. 3. 11.11., folio86, Theodore Irving8to Fairbank, New> Yor,Febm- ary18,185. 37. Ame8>8a5M. Murr17, Letters from8 the United148181s, Cuba1, and8 Canada (New> York: G1.11Pu81>1 & Co., 1856), p. 224. 38. 11.11., 8>11> 60, J>81 Beard to "My 4 >r chil1dren" (Sarah and4 Charles), 811 Augustin, Jul1739,1850. 39. F.11., 8>11o 60, Jam11 81. M. 81lass, 81.81., "B>8e8 881818> of the Life1 88 George Rains8181> 11ai>81nks M.A., LL.D.," typescript, 81.&, 40. An account ofthe>initial eeting1andf4st.orgaization of th soiety 81181188 in Watt Marchman1, "The Flor4da Histor8cal Society, 1868-1861,1879,1902-1940," Florida Historical Quarterly (July1,194), pp. 6-. 41. The E811)y Histor87 of Flor)411 A Introductor18 Lecture Deli>-  lxiv INTRODUCTION. Bred befor. ohe Florida Hfisorical Society Apr'l 15, 1857, wtoih an.Ap- poendix Conotaiing oh. Constitutiono, Or'ganiztio, anodList ofMAfo- boo'. of ohe Society (St. Auogutinte: Flotrida HistoricalISociety, 1857), 31 pp. Curoustly, oh, later til, "Florda isorical Society," is used he.. intooaod of oh. am officially desigated at5. thattim, '1The H15. torical Society of Plorda." The letu.. alonte, withottt appendfiwa loter pttblished under teitle "Romoontic History of Florid" in DeBow's Reviewo 24 (Marc, April, May 1858): 245-50, 274-77, 372- 82. Copieo of both priotiogs of the ltootr. ar'.inoth oolleciono of lb. St. Aogutino Hiotordcal Socioty. 42. Ibid., p.2i2. 42. Ibid., p. 24. 44. The besteisting accoont oflSmith'slfeis giveny Alexanoder J. Wolf, dir.ctor of lb. Newo Tork Histoital Sooitly, in an unopuob- lisheol manuscript "Buckinghamo Smith, 1810-1871," 21 pp.,1 in5th St. Augustine Hisorioal Sooiety Liboaoy. The date of 1te otanuocript 15 probably 2940, lb. date oohen Woll, rpreseoting the New Yotk Ho- torical Sooioty, placod o meootoiol tablet uopon oh. grave of Smith in lhe Huoguenot Cemeteroy io So. Augustine. A copy of lhe manucitoop is fotod to th. P. K. Toogo Librory of Plordo Hiotory, Univerotiy of Plorda. It bob.h batio of tho shot oocoono of Sooith's lift gie in Roy E. Hold, "Spoioh Plordo 15 Amer6can Hisoroiogrophy, 1821- 1921" (Ph.D. disoortotioo, Uoitoroity of Florida, 1955), pp. 149-62. 45. Hold, "Florido Hiotoriogoophy," p. l51n. 46. Sootb to E. G. Sqoie., 1853, qotoo in Wall, "Boolh1go Smth," p. 14. 47. Of ohe Archivo do Loo Iodian at Stoille, Smtith wrote 15 1856: "Ther. ore rches for oooat Seoillo eough too our utot indulgence, ould I be otoet permanetldy-I havoth lborce0 of the governmenot wtith met, hot it can do no moro, I am persuaded. Iti onoly toctoo twice ino atooto liftimeo otoh tot. voos tt 1ca 000 him on0 ood S too now opon it, hot crdppled by tho aowneososoofooyom..os and the requiremtol of oh. government keeps mot on less tan sous siotenoooooddoeo tonotaloow too to hoot 1t oapital." Quoted1inWa.ll, "Bookioghaom Somith," p. 16. 48. Soto, Colootibo do ottto dootototo pot'. 5 hosot')a de I5 Floid yoho'ooodycenoes... vol. 1 (Loodon: Trubner p oopootit, 1817), 208 pp. Tho atuaol printing of 15.s wooth toa. dont 15 Spain, ode- spite oh. Loodon imprint. 49. "Tibofo de ad,)ootodo t lo Plorido, txpedido s faoo d. Pero Meodezode Aviles," ibid., pp. 13-it. 50. "Tetamentoo de Pedoo Menodez 4, Aviles, sobrioo yb.heoIdem vlv INTRODUCTION. eood beort.ohe Florido H~isorical Socit, April 15, 1857, with to Aip- peodixo Cootoioiog the otito, Oo'goozio, and List of Mfeo- be.'. of the Society (So. Auoguotioe: Plorido Historioal Socioty, 1857), 21 pp. Coriouoly, oh. loft.r til., "Florida Hitortical Sooiety," is used het. intoeod of the toot. officially deoignated a1t. thttme, "The Hit- tordcol Soiety of Pltido." Tho leotu. olont, withoot oppetndi, wa. ltor pobliohed uodor tht title "Romatooic History of Florda" in DoBowo'o Review 24 (Maroh, Apil, May5 185): 245-50, 274-77, 372- 02. Copieo of both pritittgo of oh. lotr..ei othe1 coletion of lb. St. Aogustino Hitoodool Sooiety. 42. Ibid., p. 22. 43. Ibid., p. 24. 44. Thbs ex1itingo acootot of Sotith's lifo is gioen by Alexande. J. Wall, diretor of t5. Not Tork Historical Sooietp, 15 tn oopotb- 1ish44 manuoocript "Booinoghoam Smith, 1810-1871," 21 pp., in5the St. Aogostine Hisorioal Socitly Librooy. Tb. doto of 1te manusrot is ptobably 1941, lb. dot, tohto Woll, oepresenting tb. New. Tork His5 tordool Socity, placeda4meooroil tobltoponothe graooof Smoitin theoHuguenot CemeoteryinSt.Agutin. A opy of themo nusoiptis foond to tho P. K. Tooge Library of Plido History, Unioeroity of Plorido. So to tht baois of ohe soot tccot of Smit5's lif giteo 15 Roy E. Htld, "Spooiob Plorido in Amer4ocan Historiogropby, 1821- 1921" (Ph.D. diooseroatio, Utivertity of Plorida, 1900), pp. 149-0. 45. Hld, "Plordo Hisoriography," p. l51n. 46. Smtoh to E. 0. Sqoie, 1853, qooted 15 Wall, "Buckinghamo Smith," p. 14. 47. 0115 thoArcivo d. Lot Iodias at Seoill,, 04415 woto.n 156: "Tber. ar richesor ut, tot Sevilla eoogh tot our otmot indulgnc, couold I be there permanenttly-I havo oh. ftrc. of t5, governmt wth me,hbutotocandoooret, Ioam peruaded. It isonly onc or twict in a toano liftimte thot 1to,.v comtes that ctoake him to and Soat owt opon it, boo crippled by the rownesso of mypomeans and ohe requirementt of 1t governmtot keeps me tonI les tnsua sisotnc and does tot allowo aoo to bao, the capital." Qotedoin Wall, "Buokighamo Smth," p. 16. 48. 44415, Coleccidn do ototo. docuootot poto 15hiostoria de 15 Florida y toierros odyoaoots ... tol. 1 (Lotndot: Trlbo.. y ompoli15, 1857), 208 pp. Tb. atuoal printing of 15.s ork toas done1 inOp.15 de- spoite the Loodon imprint. 49. "Tfto d. odolaotodo d, It Flordo, expedtido ii faot de P... Mendez deoAileo," ibid., pp. 13-15. 85. "Tetaomonto do Podo Motfoodot de Aviles, .obto y bttodo Ixiv INTRODUCTION otr.d beothefb Floridat Hisotoricol Society, April 15, 1857, toith ant Ap- pendix Cootatotog the Constitotio, Orgaoizto, and List of Mem- boot of the Society (St. Aogustine: Ploida Hiotorical Soiety, 1857), 31 pp. Curously, oh. lto. titl, "Plorida Historioal Socitly," it uos h... hosteod of the oooetoffcially deignated a0 that time, 'Tb. His- torical Soctoty of Plord." The leture olon, wiltotoppendix, was ltto published unoder oh, title "Romaooic History of Florda." 15 DeoBow's Revioo. 24 (Maroh, Apti, Moy 1858): 245-50, 274-77, 372- 82. Copiet of toth poitingo of ohe lectteaei o the olection ofte So. Augutinto Hsordcal Soctoty. 42. Ibid., p. 22. 43. Ibid., p. 24. 44. Tho betexootttg oocoott of Smith's lifetisgiven bypAlexander J. Woll, diretoo of ohe Noto TotS Historical Socity, in tn tnpuob- lisbed omantscript "Buckinghamo Smitb, 1810-1871," 21 pp., 15 thS. Augusdtin Historcal Socity Librory. Th. dote of Oh. ttanusoipl t pobaobly 1941, oh. dte tohot Wall, r.presetinfg tSe New Yorb Hit- tooical Society, plated a meoriao4l toblet uo th, gtave of Smoith 15 the HuguenotoCemter.yinSt. Agutin. Aopy ofthe manuscrp is found to lb. P. K. Yonge Libroty of Plordo Histoty, Univeroity of Ptord. Itoisthe boths 'ob thshort aout of Smith'lifetgivenin Roy E. Hold, "Spantish Plorida to Ameicano Historiograph, 1821- 1851" (PhD. dissettion, Uoiverity of Plorid, 1955), pp. 149-63. 45. Hold, "Plorida Histordogrophy," p. l51. 4. Smdob to E. G. Sqtutot, 1853, qoted to Wall, "Buckingh..m Smto," p.214. 47. Of the Arcotootd Lot Indies 00 0.vil., Smith wote 15 1815 "Thero ae rches toor 0000t Sovillo eough tot our otost indultgenco, coold IS b.er permanetly-I havthlb force of ohe goverooment with met, bot t ca do o om, Sootm persuaded. It to onlyoneo ttoe to a tooto litime otoa th. wao ome tthaIt can take Sim ton and Io amtow. upot it, boo crippled by tbe nownessooofo my7 ottot antd lbe requiremet of the governmenot keepometon less thsus sitionoe and do.. nt ollowotme to boo. lb. capital." Qoted 15 WoOl, "Btckinghamt Smthb," p.l1. 4. Smthb, Colecctot do totiot dommtasto pot. 15 htoia d4 15 Floridaoytierrasoodyacenteso... vo. 1 (Londot: TtObneo y ...pOioi, 1857), 208 pp. Tbe atualo printing of 15.s work wast doot in Opain. de- opite tho Londot hitprit. 49. "Totolo do adelontado i.to Is loido, oopedido 4 taot St Pero Metdoz dps Avilio,".ibid., pp. 13-15. 50. "Tettootto do Pedro Menfndez de Avi115, oob.15o y hteool...  INTRODUCTION. lxvl INTRODUCTION. LXV INTRODUCTION. Lxsv d Adeilntado de is Fblor id s iss novnob, vtorgadova Valla- dolid a is Diciivbtsde 1618,' ibid., pp. 19-25. 5i. "Ofiviv de D. Lucas de Palio~i, gvilvsssdvs de 8San Agustins, sl Esssv. Se6.or D.. Julian is Arriaga, enqu maifivstlv maIl vslldv de is gua icils del presidio y site sn stado de hi fisszs, el qual sinsesA conivssi6ns," ibid., pp. 629. 52. "Mssvssiv de Juan1 de is Venlders, anqua s av vvissii de his iugares y tierss id i Florida par donde ei Capitan Juasn Pardo .19-6 A dexubris vvamino pas. Nuva Espana pa Ass vs. i 1566, 1567," ibid., pp. 15-19. 53. F.P., fvllo 63, Smithb to Fsivbanbs, Mvdrid, March 10, 1656; Ma- drid, Apsil 7, 1858. In tbs f-irs comuication Smilb expressd his pieassss that tbs egravins by bad sent Firibans had arrivd safely. He wnt onostate isintenio, "if I eve lstersnobevossse]lto pvvdvcv Philtip] II why a vy mvsch gratified wilb lbs conduct of his Admilv [Menendez] in Florida An his treatmentl of lbs Frencvb. .. hv js ed vistr... about lbs papers of lbs Franiscas spposed to b- As Havana.... We msts get thosppsv, sand havs them in Augustine forlthe Soiety.... I tll yvu vs kvvow5ver1 litls of lbs bistory of Flivrida yet." In thy svvvsd ltve Smithb rvfvrred vgais to thy vngravivgs vvd ssid, I "amv svvs that svsme of themar pur fanscy, vtbvvs uvquevsvosbiy cayly frvm vvigisal paintings." Ap- parevvly, lbs vviy Ivy engvinsgs sest by Smdth wicb Fairbanks used in ibis bvvbskv wbvvv thseo Fori Caroline avd Pedrov Mensddv. 54. Sev FP., folby 69. Thy vsgvavivg of tbv Mvnvddv pvslraita done by Pranco de Paula Marte in 1791 f-vom a drawing by Josef Cvvssvis, which in bvrn, appavsvviy, vsv svve frms pvslvait of Mensddv nvvw in tbv pvssvssivv of bis dvscvsdent, lbs Cvsdv de Rviiis Gigedv, ofiAviles ssd Giidn. 55. SeeFairbvvks' dedicativvvnd p.6, ifr. 56. Smith dvsvribvd is unbappy rlionvship w-ibh Dodge inas lengtby ltvv to 19- histvvisv Petvv Fvvvv, dstvd Valenvia, Spsin, Janusry 12, 1858, vvd quvted in Wall, "Buvkinghsam Smith," fsyom wvbicb lbs follvwing critical pvssagev vigbt 9- exvvvptvd: "Cvssvited, arrogast, igvvrvvt and big-fisted, bis ivdovv behavivv 9-v 9-vs lbs msvvt pitiful. Fvv tsv yvsvs and a hali 9- did his best 9- makev me stikim, or challvnge im, I do svl bsvw wvhicb, snd finslly ivld m thatlhe hd donevisbsttogetsafightsoutvfvss. Thevmn sb been s ilevsbvslvof vrvyvwithbjealvvsyvifvm, andthathssapvared tv be in vervy sotvo ig.Iv beenscssd & chagd withllvsort vfidirty scts, vvd I havv bevv watched vs vs vevrsevv Ivvks sftevv viiss silave.... He is v mvvsvrvs fvvl..My invstigatsl arv del Advlsamadv de Iv Flvridv delvismov vvisbv, vlvsgsdv vs Vaila- dolid A 18 de Dicievvbvv de 1618," ibid., pp. 19-25. 51. "Ofii de D. Lvcas de Pslssiv, iv9-vssdvv de Svy Agvstin, al Evtvs. ISenos D..Jvlian de Avviaga, vs que masnifis el mal estado de is guarniciis del pvesidiv y vemdte vs evsdo de hi f-vvrm, el quai se isertsA cvslbvvssids," ibid., pp. 28-29. 52. "Memovris de Jvvn de iv Vandera, vs qvv se 9-vs svisvid de los Ivgsv.s y tierra de is Flvrids pvr dondv el Cspdtan Juan Pardo vslsi d dexubrv svaminv pvrv Nuvv Espals pvv ivs slyv de 1566, 1567," ibid., pp. 15-19. 531. F.P., folby 63, Svsitb to Fairbanks, Madrid, Marcb 10, 1858; Ma- drid, Apsil 7, 1858. In lbs fit communivionlv 8milb esprssvd his plessrv t9-i lbv engravins by had sest Fsirbans had svrived safely. Heswentlon tosatehisintentions,"if I vervuvtersasvtbesvo[vsv]svo produce Philfip] II who wavs very muchb gratified wilb lbs conduct of his Admiral [Mensdezv] As Florids As his trvvatment of tbe French. ..Ibssvejst rvadsaltver ... aboutlthepapersvoflthe Franiscasv spposed to 9- invana..... We mst get thse pvpes, and 9-vs ibem As Avgustivv ivy lbs Society..I tll you wes 9-vs vvry litle of lbs bistovy of Plorids yet." In tbs secvnd letter 29-lb rsievved againvo heegravingvsd said, I "amsurs thasl mesofithemsar psvs iancy, vthbs unquestionsbly cavse 9-vs vriginsl paintings." Ap- parntly, thevonyltwosegravingssntby SmlithbwhichFibasb sed As thiv9 vs bobve hsesfFr vvlCarvline ssd Pedrv Menesdez. 54. ISv F.P., folby 69. Tbs engraving of lbs Men-ndvz pvvtraita done by Frsvcv de Pasla Marte As 1791 9-vs s dvasisg by Jvsif Csvsssds, whicb As turn, sppsvnly, wvs dvne 9-vs s portssit of Mesendez Ivy. As lbs pvsessivn of his descevndsn, lbs Cvsde de Revsills Gigedv, vi Avisvand Gj~y. 55. ISv Faisbvnks' dedicativn snd p. 6, infrv. 56. 69-tb desribd his vnhappy vrilionship 9-lb Dvdge in lesgtby iltte to lbs hisorian Peter Fvvce, dsved Valencia, Span, Januavry 12, 1659, vsd quvted As Wsll, "Bvckisgbham Svsilb," 9-vs .hisb lbs followi scriia passvges mighb 9-xverpted: "Cvnceited, srrvgsn, igsvssnt vsd big-fisted, his Asdoov b-hasiorshby bvss lbs mstspifl. ForL twolyasssandsabhafihedidhs bstto makevme stikb him, vs cbvllenge him, I do svt 9-vs wbicb, vsd fialy 9-id m thatvbebhd dnevisbvstvtogetsa fgbtlvutvfsm. Tbsvmns bbvn 1169ttl sbvrl of crszy 9-lb jealvusy of sty, vsd ibst bys appesred to 9-Asn very sor of thing. 19v -vs encssed & charged 9-tlb srts ofir9-yash, and I havebev watchds anvrseer looksiafter viciosvv..... He As s mstrs ifoil.... My investigations are dei Adelvntadv de 9- Florida del vsismov svomb, vtosgadv vs Valle- dolid A 18 de Dicisembrvde 1618," ibid., pp.519-25. 51. "Ofisi de D. Lucss de Psissis, gb9-rnador de 8S Agusti, al Evssv. Ssfivs D. Jvlian de Asriag, en qpue vsvsfivstls mavsl estado de hi gvsssivids del psvsidiv y ssvdls vs stado de i 9-vsss, el qual sinvsrs a vvslisvssids," ibid., pp. 28-28. 52. "Maint9is de Janvs di Venders, vs qve se bayv svhaiid de loasisgvvvvyties vde s FlidavparsdondevelCapitan JuanPado vslv6A dexubissvamiopsresNvavEspnasporls avsdes156, 1567," ibid., pp. 15-19. 5. P.P., folio 63, Sisthi ovFisbsnbs, Msdrid, Msvcb 10, 1858; Ms- dsid, April 7, 1658. Is lbefst 9-vmmvunicatsivn Smitb exprssed his plesurvs that lbs sngrvvings by had sest Fsirbasks had arrived safly. He5 went vs to state bis itntio, "ifIisesver tte another vol[umev] to prvducv Phil[ip] II sbv wvs very muchb graified wilb lbs condsvt of his Admsirsl [Menisdez] As Florida As bis trestmenv of lbs Frsncb. ... I havsjstvda lette...boutlthppersofbhe Fraiscsv spposed 9- b- As Hsvavsa.. Wv sst gvt t9-se paps, and 9-Is lbsm As Avgustise ivy lbs Societ.... Iltellyvvuv 9-knv r l51 ttle9 of lbs hilsoy vfloida ye."l lbsth second lettes 8milb reiesrsd again to lbs engravings and vyid, I1"m5u5 that isom of vythem ar pur5 fancy, otbers vnquesivnably camev frvom vriginal paininsg." Ap- parently,lthesonyltwovegavings sestbyvSith whsihsFibash sedis lis bvvk werv lbos. vi Fvr Cassvine vsd PedrsvMesindes. 5. See F.P.. folby 69. Tbe egrsving of lbs Menisdez pvstrsit ws done by Franco de Paula Marts As 1795 fsvom a drawing by Josef Csmssls, whisb As turs, apparnly, wvs dvse f-vs a porlrait of Menindez svw As lbs possesivn of his dscendsn, ibs Cosde de Revilla Gigedv, vi Avilis and Gij~y. 55. ISv Fairbsnki' dsbicsivs and p. 6, 9-fry. 5. 89-lb dscibed bis vnbsppy rehlionship 9-lb Dodge inas lenglby 9-19-v to lbs hivtovdav Pstes Fvss, dsted Valshia, Spas, Jsnuavy 12, 1859, and quvted As Wall, "Bvckisgbvsm 89-lb," 9-,m whisb lbs follvwing srsils pssagvs mvight b excvrpted: "Cosceited, srssgsn, igsvrant vsd big-fasted, his Asdoos bebsvior bas bevs lbs mst pitiful. For two yesrs and a half by did his bst to make m stik im, vs cbsllenge hiss, I do sot 9-vs vwhicb, and fsialy 9-hisse tbtvebhd dv sbst togetsvjigtvoutvfsm. Thesmn s been- alutles short vf crazy wisb jealousy of mev, and that has appeared to bs As vesy sort of thing. I bsvv 9-vs cvssed & vbsrged 9-lb vll svrs ofirt-yas,sandIbhvbeenatchdsanvveryserloossafter vicivvs slav.... Hev is s mstrouvs 9-vt ... My Asvestigsivns are  10171 INTRODUCTION. ooer,priing stopped,theodocument I soghttogttfooo a lowide rl of ourobistor wil oeverbeoot oI hveojctetdon athiforthe tnvy of onepoo fool!" Stoith it described at havtng boon holag. poolly mito, sooewht ooerbeooing in motoo, and ti difficult t. imaogine bit boin0 boullied by tootbe. 17. Boo oopy of "Will of Buckitnghamo Smtith" in Nobk-Burt tollt- diot, Old Spaoisb Tretsuoy, St. Augotioo; and atypescript of it it tbo St. Aogootino Htitooioal Soitty oolleotion. 58. Stho, tooms., liono of Aloor Nonez Coboot de Vora (Al- boany, N.Y.: J. Maosell foo H. C. Muripby, 1871), pp. 256-3 This it tbo meoot rooboblo bibbiogoophy for Smithb tatd oneo ditovers hrotm it thaifSith wastoble oobring outonly oneollctionof tranocripts of Spaoish dooomto durig bit lifetitoo, be wats succesfu to bring- itg out onuoooooo othoo olouoit, motlty bolt ot of coioes, ooltioo, aod meoooooial. Theoro too como t oo Smtth's pulished orksb it Hold, "Florido Hitorogrtpby," pp. 153-64. Mtrofib oits of the Smith toanocripts woilled to the Noto Yook Hittora Society aoo it tto P. K. Yonogo Liboary of Flordo Hittooy, Uoiversity of Plor- ia. 59. "Wilt of Buokioghoam BSmitb." Of. Ibid. 61. Madrid, 0723. A boll trtnslation waot publishedI it 1951: Anthonty Keroigan, tottos., Borcia's Chronoologiotl Hitory of the Contintoot of Florita (Gaitneoville Uoioersity of Plooldo Poest, 1951), 426. 62. Boooia, Ensyo Coolbigoo, pp. 66-14. Like Ptirbtttkt' ex- troots froot Baooia, Btooio hliself qooted Bolit do bMooio at length. Thoto ootoats teot tto host publicatiton of tto Both do bMooht ma- tooial, tohioh was oot poblishod it ito otireoty util 1893, by E. IRui- dizy Cootoit, Lo Flordao: to Conquisto y Cotonotodon potr Pdro Mooedezd Aviles (Modoid), olt 2. Whot appetto to be toe otigi- nal manuscoipoto wsdcooeoed by tho wroiteo of thtis itoduotion it toe possessiot of oh Coodo do Revillo fligodo it tlijitt, Spo, tool mofilomod, oodoo ottooh toot it cam to fouod tooday it toe Misson Nomtbot deo Litoaoy, St. Augustite tod in ohe P. K Yonge Li- booty of Plordo Hitr,Uoivorsity of Florida. 63. "Meooi dot boeo sugetso y bitt Viajo qit ditso Nfort buo servido do dar a Io armaoda que saho det iOdad de caliz paot Is poouingia y costa do to lordo do to qual foo por general ot Ilbittot seotoo pooo otoooodoz do otilot comoeododoo do to oodott do stigo." Tbe host pobltootiot it Spanitsh of thot "Meoroal" wa to toe 42- 00um doletot of Bptnitsh Aomoriotn dooutst published to Ma-o hoid boetweeo 0664 aod 1664, Col cbit do dootnotooo otdtot rela- hioso t oeboittiotoo ootqoit y togooototilt do It. tottoguaspo- krVi INTRODUCTION. ooer, prittong otopped, tto docuomento Itsotght to got fot t ide tock of oit histor till 00000 to wtot I btoo pmojeoted, and athi tfortoe 00v of 000 poor tool!" Bmth it described it htving boot a loope prly mano, soomotoat ovoorbeaoiog it moanoeo, tnd it os difficult to imaogitobe hiteig bullied by aooothoo. 57. hoe copy of "Will of Buookinghato BSmitb" it Peck-Brot olloc' tiot, Old Spaniish Treotuoy, St. Aogotino; tnd a typesoript of it it tto St. Aougottino Histoolctl Bocioty oolloctio. 58. Botith, toaos, Relation of Altot' Nunez Cabega do Voot (At- bany, N.Y.: J. Mototell foo H. C. Murphty, 1871),pp. 20-a3 This -s tmoot reliablo biblbogoophy too Boot and on disovoro foot it otoa, if BSmith tootoblo to brtnf out only tooe coltio of trantcripts of Bpatitsh doeto duoring tot lifotooto, to waot sccessful to bring- ing out nuotooous other voloots, ootly toostionsto of coictooM itlatioont, and meoriaoto. Thooo too commtstt ton Bmt's poblished orksb it Hold, "Flordao Hittoriogrophty,'pp. 153-64. bicofilmo oopie ofte toh tnoiptotillod toteNotYorktHstoricaloocieoty too it the P. K. Yonogo Litoaoy of Floroda Hisoroy, University of Flt.- 59. "Wti of Buokinghamo Soth." 0. Thid. 61. Modoid, 0723. A toll toanslation owit published it 0960: Atonyo Koooigon, tooans., Bomtoo Chonoloia Hitory of toe Conttinett of Flord ( Gainotille: Uoiversity of Plorida Poets, 1951), 426 p. 02. Stooda, Rooty Crootogio. pp. 66-140. Like Fairbatok' ex- toats hroot hood, tooto hiomsolf quotod Bolts do Metods t legth These otrtst toooo toe hort publboatiot of the Bolt do Maoo tot- terial, whioh tas ot pubtlished it its entirey util 1893, by E. Rui- thazy Ctotoit, Lo Florita: to Cotquita y Cotootittoido por Pedfot Moniodez do Avoilos (Modoid), ol. 2. What appetrs to to toe oigi- oal matostodpt tas ditovered by Ohe wteto of toi itroduotion io toe posseoion of tto Coodo do Revillo Gigedo tio Gijdo Spoto, 0nd icoilmed uodeoottoc fomtittnbfondtodytoetMissio Nootbrt do Dios tibrary, St. Augutstio, and in toe P. K Yonge Lt- boary of Flordo Hitory, Uiierity of Plorida. 63. "Meood dot lineo oogoooo y bten Viajo quit s to o N ie fuo seooido do dar a to armada qua salio do it qitdtd do calls pare Is pouingia y cota de to florida do Is qual boo por general el Ilustr. seort peoo menendez do giles omenodador de It tod do stigo." The foot poblicatiot it Bptnish of Ohis "Meoroial" ots it toe 42- volumte collectiot of Spanoish Amerian doototeoto publibhed it Mat- drid btwtten 1064 anod 1884, Colloodtn do dooittootoo itddioot reia- Bioot t detoobrimooto, tootisth y oo'gotoizooio do hos antitgenspo- Ixv INfTRODU7CTION. ove, printing sopped, tto dooutsto I sougt to got foot awide otoolo of too bistooy ooill never to wtot I havo poojecttd, and all thit for toe oovy of oto poor fool!" Smtht it described it having boot lorge portly too' somewhatt overbooring to omante, otod it it diffticult to imaogino bit beingbulled by oootheo. 57. Boo oopy of "Will of Buckinghamo Sotith" it Peck-Burt oltec- tiono, Old Bpanitsh Tooasuoy, Bt. Augutoit; and a typescript of it it toe Bo. Augustino Hittordoal Sooiety collectito. lB. Botit, toraot., Roltono of Alvar Nunoz Cabepo do Vact (Al- bany, N.Y.: J. Maotoll boo H. C. Murphy, 18711, pp. 255-3. This is theot rliable bilography boo Bmitt otod tooe disooo hroot it that, if Soti t o bleo boing out otly one colleotion of transcripts of Bpanish dooutotot duoiog hslftoo e he toot succssfu in boing- tog oot oumotouos otoor voloote, otly trastiooi of chonitcle, itlations and meotooritl. Theoo aro commtsot ont Bmt's plihdW works it Hold, "Plord Hitorogoophy" pp. 153-64. Mioofilm opies of oh Smith tonscipt wile to teNot Yorkt Hitstotca Stocity too it tto P. K. Yoogo ibotoy of Florida Hottory, Univotsity of Flo- ido, 59. "Will ofBucighooo Botit." 0. Ibitt 61. Madoid, 1723. A toll trantlation tas publhed it 1951: Anthony Kerrigao, totnt., Barcio's Choological Hitory of toe Cotnotnett of Florida (Gaiotoillo: Univortity of Florida Nots, 1950), 426 pp. 02. Stood, Enosayo Ctooogico, pp. 66-10. tikeo Fairbankt' ex- tratt hroot Bob, Stood huimsl quotod Bolts do Mott legtohg. Thote etrtt toen toe fsit poblicaionof theolisdeM aosoma- torial, wic wto ot published. it itt otrety utol 1M3, by E. Not- dfa y C oaia Laorida to Conqototo y Cotonoototdo potr Prim Meoond oe Avie ( Madrid), ol. 2. What tppearst o betoe otg- nalomanuscriptto wasdi odby oheowrteoof thisitodtibonoin tepossessioo of tte Cotde do Noilla Gigedlo in Ggtdo, Spottt, tool icofilmeod, unoder thich toot it oto be found today it the isson Nomobi do flits ibroaoy, Bt. Auguttino, aod it toe P. K. Yongo Li- brary of Plorida Hitory, tUtiverosity of Ploid. 6. "Meooot dot bitt sug-t y boot Vije que dims O sabe foe servido de der a It aormada que saobo de It Odad do caliz pare, to poinogia y ota de Is Blorda do Is qual too per general el llutreo senor pero menenodez do otuilt ootoodoi do Is orden do stogo." Th ft publicotioo it Sptanish of this "Meorioatl" toot in toe 42- volumto collection of Spatoitsh Amotoican doocumetts putblished in M- drid betweent 1864 and 1884, Collboot do doootooooo odttot mid- it.s tt detotboieito, ootottto y orgtoooto tn do hos atifgtospo-  INTRODUCTION. Lxvii INTRODUCTION. Lxvii INTRODUCTION. lxvii sesonest tojpaholas do Amtdrica y DOonia, 3: 441-79; see Lyle N. McAlister, whbo was tofot to bring this fact to tho ottention of Pitt- Wde historians, it1 bis introductiont to the faotimtile edition of Jotototte Thotber Contor, toot.., Pedro Meootdedeo4 Aviles, Meortial by Gbotzalo Soli de Merits (Gainooille: Untiversity of Florida Pres, 1964), p. 12 and n. 25. The Spanish tool is moto readily aviloble totity in Eugtetio Ruidfaz y Carrovia, Laorida:4a; Contqitay Colooizacibn par' Pedro Menedezde 4 Aviles (Madrid, 1893), 2: 431-65. Tbo foot fu11 translation into Englih appotred in Benjamin4 F. Freoch, Hisoricaol Collections of Louoisiana antdFlorida (Notw Yook: Albert Maont, 1875), pp. 191-234. French was1 no1to m careful4 inhi translation sa Fairbanks, asoppoors fot a comoparison of their to texto woith tho original Spotish aspublished in Roidfto. In Fair- bankst, p. 23, lines 10-11 (beginootg "ad if our oesselst..tad ending ("to preserve themt") 01e01 faitbful translation of tho toot ts f-od in Rudtao, p. 453, but art ithing etirely fhooth1e Benjamin4 F. Frotcb translation! 64. Recited 44 piece su to Flor'ide, 44fdit. (Foris: A. Vootoootd, 1841), pp. 165-232. Thisoisoolumeo 20 ofta teries of colleotions of voy- agespublished by Ternaux-Comtpany in Faris btweoe 1937 and 1841. 65. The Eat Plordao Poper onstitute the otrohives of 1he Spanish goverttoent of Eoot Flordo betoweet 1783, ooben Entglaod rtoceded the a11144 Spain, aod 1821, when the United Stoat took possessioo. Eaot Flooida was14 the0 nameg10e during most of tbis period 441o theon 144e peninsul. Ntoobering 65,000 documtsl, 144 olltooon watoe moveod to TalIahassee by federal officiols 44 1869, and thtonco to tho Li- booty If Congrest in 1905, wtheot they still oootoin. Tb. poperswer miofilmeod by th. Mission Nombtoo do Dios.44 1960. A descriptiot of their cotts is given in Michael V. Ganon, "isi4on of Nom~boo do Dito Liboory," The Catolioc Hisoricaol Reoviow (Ootoboo 1961), pp. 376-77. Tho Mootiano oorrotpoodoooo is 01e only paol of tho colleo- tioo that dotes froot tbo firot Spanish period. Firbanks' use of the papers anb tftound in this present volumeo, pp. 142-52. 66. Nicolas it Challeux, Dioooo de Phitoio de4445Floride)Dieppe, 1566); the narratfve cant 44 foood in Teootaoo-Cootpott, Lo Flord, pp. 247-300. 67. Jooqoe. to Moytne do Morgueo, "BRooi Nato oootoo qote in Florida Ameroicao provincia Golli oooidooot ..published in Then- dot do Boy, Colleotiono Peoogrinaotionoum in Inodioam Otenooolo t Iondoot Occidentalem (Frankfurt, 1591). 68. The narr0tive0 of Retof Gbouline de Loodontoloo, "L'bitoioo notable deoIs lorid... ootoooot too toit oyaget 4ffi 10 icolle pot oortaios capiltino at pilotot franc044 descrit par 44 capitameo Latu- sesioneso espaholas de Aomdico y Oceania, 3: 441-79; too Lyle N. McAliste, oobo oto the foost to bring tbio toot to tho tttiono of Flor- ita historians, in bio itoducbttion o the1 ftcsiit edition of Jeonnotto Thurber Cono, toooo., Pedro Meofndez de Aodoos, Meooiol by Gonzaolo Solis de ifioob (Gainesville: Utitetsity of Flotido Press, 1964), p. 12 and no. 25. Tbe Sptotish toot is ore readily ovoilable todoy in Eogenio Ridies y Carrooia, Do Floido: to Conquista y Cotoizaodo por Pedoo Menodede4 Aoiles (Modrid, 1893), 2: 431-65. Tb. first foil transltion4444 Etnglish oppeaoot in Bejamin4 F. French, Hisoricaol C7ollections of Louisiaoa ood Floido (Neoo York; Albert Maon, 1875), pp. 191-234. Frenoh ooas ot to oareful in bis trastono as toot Fairbankst, to oppears fom a ompaioo th01ir twoo txtsoithth origina Spooisoboopoblihdi d4Ruifz InFoir. both, p. 23, li41010-11 (beginning "and4ff to vesselt ..andoending ("ltooosrv the.")oareoofaithful transltiotof theotextoasfoudtin Rudto, p. 433, but too otioing enttrely broothe1 Beojamin F. 64. Recueoil depiece s toFloid, inot. (Foot.: A. Vertraod, 1841), pp. 165-232. Thisoisolumeo20 ofaoseriesofo o tosoftvoy- ogoo putblished by Teooaox-Coompanoin Poris btwooen 1657 ood 1641. 65. Tb. Etot Floida Fopert cototitote tho archioes of the Spooioh govertootot of Etot Plordo 44tote 1793, whkot Eogloand rotrooeded the aooa to Spoot, and 1821, oohen the Uniteod Statot took ptoosessiot. Boot Florida wto the noamo gven dturiog 10110 of this period to ft n tire pentnsul. Numoboring 65,000 docuott, the olctiton waso r- ooed to Tllahassee by federal tfficialt in41869, antd thtoce to the Li- brary of Coogreto in 1905, wohero they otill ootmoin. Tbo popers owere moiorofilmed by tho Mision Nomb. de Dot in4196. A descriptionof their conotets is gven in Michael V. Gannon, "Miion of Ntombro de Dios Libraoy," The Cotholic Hisoroicol Revieto (O0ober4 1965), pp. 376-77. Tbo Montiano orreopoodettoe isth 0ontly pool of tho colle- diot thot datos froo the fioot Spanish period. Pairbatk' uoo of tho papers can b4 found in this presenot volume, pp. 142-52. 66. Niolas 44 Cbolleo, Disourso de M'istoire d 444 Florde (Dieppe, 1166); theonarrotive canbofoundhinTtooo.Comtpano,Laoid, pp. 247-300. 67. Jaoqooo 44 Moytto do Moogoe, "Booths Noootho 000100 qoae in Florida Atmericao povinoia Gollio oooidoott ..poblished it Tho- dtor do Boy, Cofllcto Pooogrhtotiooot in Indiamt Orboodotoo t 1Indiam Oooidenoloo (Frantkfurt, 1191). 68. Tbe oaortive of Rood Goolaine do Loodoooffoo, "L'biotoro otable do la Floide ... cotenatot lmo trois oyoget fai t iolle par oettobo topitottos et pilotet frotootit desorit par 44 capitaine too- oootoooo espaolaso de Amtdrloo y Oceonia, 3: 441-79; too Lyle N. McAliste, whbo ooto the foot to bring this toot to the ttenotioo of Filo- ita hiotorians, 44 lot intodtoto 4401 facsitmife edititot of Jeaooette Thurber Cono, troos., Podro Menodezo do Aoiloo, Meoriatl by G~onzalo Solisde Merods (Gaionesviloe: Uoiversity of Plordao Foot., 1964), p. 12 oand n. 2. Tbe Spanish toot is oro readily ovailable ttoday in Etgeoo Roidoko y Carraio, Lo Floda:o to Cooqotlo y Coloizaobo por Pedoo Menodde4 Atiles (Modrid, 1993), 2; 431-65. Tbo toot fult trotolotiot itot Englih appotrod in Benjaotio F. Frootob, Hisoricaol Coltooo of Louisiana and Foida )Nooo Yook Albert Mao, 0871), pp. 191-234. Prooh tos noot to careful in bi toonlation mtooas Fairbank, to appears fom a ooporiotn of thir twotet ith the01 origintot Spanish to poblished i4 Rtidfot. lo Foir- both, p. 23, hotc 10-15 (beginin good if our vessls . 114an ending ("to preserve themo.") too a faithful translton of thelo teosfoond in Ruddies, p. 453, but too mdssiog enttirely froo the1 Benjaooio P. Freooh traotlatiton! 64. Recuoil de pffoos oor 44 lor-ide, 4444)0. (Faois: A. Vootrand, 1841), pp. 165-232. This isolume 20 ofta series of olectdooo of toy- oges poblished by Terotoo-Comtpaor inoPaiohbtooeot 1837oand 0641. 65. The Etot Floido Fopers consti4tt ft ooohivtt of the Spoish goveoonmont of Etot Floido betoween 0783, oohen Entgland rotooeded theae too Spain, and 1821, whboo thb United Statto took postessio. Eoot Florido woote name ott.ven duritg ost of thit pooritd to ohe en. dooe peoinstl. Noumboring 65,000 dooumt, the coleodton tos to- oed to Tallahassee by federol tfficils in41869, and thecto 44he Li- booty If Congress in 1905, ooher. they tilf remaoi. Th. popeot ooooo mioooflmeod by th. Mision Nootbo. do Dito in 1965. A desooipton tf their otts is gfven in Mfiobool V. Gao, "Mission of Ntombo. do Dito Libotry," The Cotholio Hfisorical Revoiew (Ootobr 0965), pp. 376-77. Tbo Montioto orreopontdenc is ft totly port of ft cotlec. titon thot datlom oth fbortot Spaoisb period. Fairbookh' tot of the ppers cano b4 found in tbispresetttolum, pp. 142-52. 6. Nicolas le Chiloot, Disooos de Phisftor 444 PoForid (Diepp, 0500); tbe narratdve ooon b4 found 44 Tootoot-Compano, Do Plorihf., pp. 247-300. 67. Jooquet 44 Moyne do Mtorgoe, "Bootis Noaoodor qu11e 0004 Florido Amertioas povholo Gollio aooidoout...publihed in Tho do. do Boy, Collcto Poogloookoooo in Indiom Otienolloot o Indiatm Ooidetaoloot (Frankfurt, 1591). 68. Tb. narrativoo of Reob Gboulaine do Latdonnti, "L'bitoiro otaoble de 4 Florida . .. otenanott lot toiso voyages fait on itolle par oetaino capitainoo ot pff otot frootoit dototit pot to oopitoioo Lot-  Lxviii INTRODUCTION. don6e. ... k laqellHa'.t6djoo.t6 aqutrie..e.voyage fai par Ie capiain Gourgsg.," wasavihble 6o Fairbaks in En- glish translatio, pu.blihesd by Richard Hakluy1 in TOhe Pincipal Navigaono, Voiageo Toofjqu.o, an.d DiOsouio.f th. English No- tion 3 vol. (London., 1598-1600). 69. "La. .prinse de 1. Florid. p.. le ca.pitaine. ourgue," in Ternau-Com.~ps Laoride.0, pp. 301-65. 70. Bartolomew.' Rivers Carrol, Historical Collections of South Caolina6... . from1ItsFirstDoey toIIndpendence i heYear 1776,2 ls. (New. York: Har.per. &0Brthers, 1836). 71. Wiliam Jameos Rivers A Skottc. of tha Histor.y of South. Cam.- 1na to6.. .1719... (Charlston:, McCarter & Co.., 1856). 72. WOiia Gilm.oro Simms). The Hisory o.f SoutOh Car..lin, fr..m Its Fi.rstEuo.pan Dcoy ... to the PresentTmel(Chreon S.. Babockh& Co.., 1840). 73. Willim oberts1, A.. Acoun..t of the Pirst Disc.oey and Nat0- ural HistoryofPForida . .. (London: T. Jeffreys., 1763). 74. WiOl.a. Ber.ram, Travels thou..gh North & Sou.th Car..lina., Georgia, East5 & West Floida... (Philade.lphia James & J.ohnso, 1791). 75. WilOiam Stork, A.. Acounot of Eaot Florid, wi0th a. Journal. Kept by Jokhn Boo-troo..f Phildelphika ... (Lon.don:; W. Nicol, 1766). 76. Bernar.d Romans., A Concise NaturalO History of East an.d West Florda... (New. Yook: R. Aitken, 1775); same0, facsimil editi.. (Gainesville: Un.ivesity ofOFlorida P....., 1962). 77. Se. Louis De. Vorsey, Jr., ed., Reprint of tha General Surve.y 0.. tha Southern. District of North America., by William Gerard De Brehm.. (Colum.bia: University of out..h Carolina Pres., 1971). 78. Jo.hn Lee Williams., TO.. Territ.ory of Florida ... f5..m tha First Discoey to the Present Time. (New. York: A. T. Goodr.ich, 1837); 0..6,.faciie edlition. (Gainesille: Universiy of Florida Pess 1962). 79. An.on., Narrahtiv of.. Voyageto thek Spanish M... . Sketkbos of theProvince of EatForida (London: Jo.hn Milker, 1819). 80. WOil.... Culle.. Bryant, Leto.r. of a Trav.ller, or, Not.es of Things Soeen in Euopeo and Ameroica (New. Yorh: Oeorge P. Nutnam., 1850). 91. Reliab .0e 6cout inhe En.glish lanogua.ge of Plorida's cloial history, and4 So. Au.gustine s in. particula, were ..onexistent at the time Farbnk wote. The generatlio. imme.ditely precedi16g 1Far- bank 41ad torly .n hasef hisorical sketches that were generaly de.- scr~iptive 6n chrce and r.peated man.y erors .0 faot One ma.y naeinths onnection: Wiiam.. Da.by, TMmoon tha. Geogra.phy Lxviii INTRODUCTION. 4o,,Oil. . . . A laqueslle a 5104 a4)oust6 un q..,t.6..... voyage 560t par 1, ca.pitaine Gourgs,"... was avilable 0. Pairbanks 6n En.- glish transtIatio, published by Richard Hakluyt 6n Thet Princpal Navigation., Voiagts, Traffiques., and4 Diso...ieo of tha English Na- hio.n, 3 voh. (Lo..do., 1598-1600). 69. "La ..prinse 4. 1s Plorida p.r 6s capiltin Gourgues," 6 Te...au-Com.pan, to Floidet, pp. 301-65. Caroolna... from 10. First Disoveroy 0.10. Independenc.. in haeYear 1776,2 ols. (New Yorh: Har.per & Broher., 1836). 71. Will)... Js... River, A Shad.h of tha History of South Cao-. 1ina 0.... 1719... (Cbarlst.on: McCarter & Co., 1816). 72. 0000..am Gil'..re Simm, The History of Sou.th Car..lin, ft...m 10.1First European. Dicovery.. 0. tha Present Time (Charleston:;S. Babockh & Co., 1840). 73. Wiliam Roberts, A.. Account5 of tha First Discovery and Na- uraolHisory of loida. ... (London: T.Jeffreys, 1763). 74. Will)'am Bertram., Trovels through Noath & South. Carolina, Geoorgi, Eoast & West Florida ... (Philadelphia: James. & Johnso, 1791). 75. WOOli.. 00.r., A.. Acoun.ot of East Florida., wi0th a Journal Kept by John. Bootoo. of Pkiladelphia ... (London: W. Nicholl, 1766). 76. Bernardo Romans', A Conc.ise Natural Hisoy of Eas.t and West loidao .. (New Yorb: R. Aitbken, 1770); sames, facsimit e.dit.on (Gainesville University. ofPlorida P..ess, 1962). 77. Se. Louis De Vorsey, Jr., ed., Reprint of tha General. Survey in0th Southern. istritof. North America,, by Will).am Gerar.d De. Brehm. (Columbiha; University of South Carolina Press, 1971). 78. Job. Lee Williams,, TOhe Territoy of Florida ... fom' tha First Disoveroy 0. the Present. ime. (New. York: A. T. Goodrich, 1857); sam, faciile edlition. (Gaine.ville UniversityofFlorid Pres.., 1985). 79. Anon., Narrathve of aVoya.geo 0.06 Stpanish Min... Sktol). of the Province of Eastloidao (Lond4on: Job. Mi08.., 1819). 85. Willi.. Coul. Bryant1, Letters of.a Tra.ller. or, Noteo of Things Seen 6n Euope and America (New. Yook; George P. Pnam.., 1896). 81. Reliable aounts.0 6n tbe English languge of Plorida' colonia hitory, and St. Augustine's 6n particla, wa,. n.oexistet at lb.. time Pairbanks. wot. Tbe generaon. immed4iately precedfng Fair- obank had0 torly on. brief hisorical skets that4.were generally de- scripive in chaacter.and rpeated'many erosof fact Onemy 6am,6.hi connection: Wil.... Darby, Mem.oion e. ae1ogra.phy lxviii INTRODUCTION. 4.....6o . . . A laque10e a.1 e .kdjous.o n quO rsl n vo4..'..~ yage fait p.. 1.. captain Go..go'.," was. avaiable to Faioban.s 6n Bit- gIh translat.ion, published by Rlicbard Haklu.yt 6n Tb. Principa Navigation, Voiages., TraffOo.o, and iscooertes.f ha En.glis Na.- hion., 3 vol. (London., 1598-1600). 69. "La ..pd.... 4e 1, P1o.4d. p.. le capitaine ourgue," in Toonoo..Com.pan, taoride., pp. 301-6. 70. Bartbolomew' Rive,.. Carroll, Hisorical. Collectons. of South Coolna... fomo 1ts First Disover.y 0.10. Indepe.dence in tha Yea.o 1776,2 vol. )N.'. York:; Hrper& Brother, 1836). 71. WOO...m Jame'. Rive.., A Sketch of tha History of Southb Ca,,.. lioat 0...1719... (Cbarleston:; Mc.arter & Co., 1906). 72. Willi.'. Gi4'.... Simms., The H160.r of South Carolin, fom' Is First Eu..opeanoDiscovery... to tha Presnt Time (Charleston:; S. Babcockh& Co., 1840). 73. Willi'. Rloberts A.. Acount. of tha P6.0t Disov..ry and Not- uralist0ory ofFlorid... ( London:. T. Jeffr.y, 1783). 74. Willi.. Bertram., Toovel. through North & South Car.0ona Geor~gi, EastO & Woost Florda ... (Philadelphia: Jame'. & Sohnson., 1791). 75. WOOli'. Storb, A.. Acoun..t of Eost Florid, with a Journal) Kopt by Job. Bootram' of Philadlphia... (L.odon W. NicholI, 1766). 76. BernardlRomanso, A ConciseoNturalONHistoyofRast.ndWet PFloria... (New Yosh: R. Aitke, 1775); samet, fa.bil e editio (Gainsvils: Univsity of Florida Press., 1662). 77. Se. Lis.. D, Vorsey, J., ed., Reprint of ha Generalo Survey 6n sO.. Sotheorn District of Noath America., by Will).'. Gorard Ne Brehm8 (Colum.bia: University of Southb Car.lina Pres, 197)). 78. Job. Le. William, The Territoroy of Florida ... fr.'.ha First Discover)5 ttha Prosent Time. (Npew Took: A. T. Goodfrich, 1837); sa'.,fac.imile edtion. (Gaine.vil.e University. ofFlorid Peo... 1862). 79. Mno., Narrativo of a. Voyage 0.0the Spanishk Main... S1kche of theNProvince of Eat orida04 (London:; Job. Mille, 1819). 40. William Coul..n Bryan, Letters of a Traveller; or, Notes of Thingo S.... 6n Euope and. Ameoia (New. Tool); George P. Pnam.., 1850). 91. Reliable aounts0 6n tb, Enls language of Plorid's 81lonial histor), tand St. Augustine's 6n particu.la, were nonexis6ent at t1.e time Fairbanks 0rt. Th. gseneratio. immeodiately pr.oc.ding Fai- banks 4a tooly on brif toca sketche0th at wer.e. generaly de- scr~iptive 6n chaater an. rpeated moany ers.o.s .0 fact On.. '.ay 60e in thsonnecion:; WOO.'.m Da.by, Me...ir on tha. Geography  INTRODUCTION. WXi INTRODUCTION. 1xix INTRODUCTION. bxix and Na~turalanCiil HitortyfFloidat (Pbhidelphia: T. H. Palmer, 1821); James. Grant Forbes, Skethes Histortia and Txptgratpica, of te Floittitt (New York: C. 8. Van Winktle, 1821); same, facsimile edition (Gainesxiiie: University tf Flbrida Pres, 1964); Cbirles Blacker Vignolest, Observations upon lte Florias (New. York: E. BlIss & E. Whit., 1823); Jtht Le. Wiliamsi, Territty of Florid; and Rttft King Sewill, Sketchesx of St. Augustine, xithb View of Its Hitory and Aidvantagesa a Rstn ftr Invtlits (New Yitk: George P. Put- Spantish records. Sewatll's worki, by a Prebyteian mtinister from Pbii- adelphia, listhe first to concentrate on 8t. Augutine alone. Sewalt wa witintg mor a descripion ft. xiitbrthan lb a bistory of lb. tow, andit appearslbht the 30-pg hitorticalritt he.bgave f t. Augutinewa based primaily upon tbat tf William. Most etant copies of It work are found itb pages 39 and 40 ripped frxm t bining. On tos piges Sewall r.ferred to tb. Minorcan population of St. Augutine a being "xiitt-ti]etextratio," and added: "Tbey hubk eterpis. Mot of It r wthobut educti." Wbenthlb booki appeared in St. Augustine, on Ouctber 21, 1848, lb. pages con- tat.ing these derogtor setences we Orpped fomt almost every copy beftr..slxia permitted. Wbenth lb utbtr, whobta in twn, prteted, atttb tf Mitxxtti gatbered in fr.nt of bit btute atxi threatened t it bim pertxxxi itjury. Sewali managei to enginexr bit escape witb t belp if abttxi if Prttant "Anglo-American 82. Itrodtoy Leur, p. lb. 82 ConnorMenxidezxd vi.Aus, p. i23a calxitatxot:. (1) tlg number ttiit f.P..ub whbo, greatlyottnuttmbe- ing bit own forces, culd not safely be guarded iti the we.a.pon availabit t that tme; (2) lt.e scatcity tf prtotistons patiularlty foo, woldi ie frxx staratlion and diseise befor te tttd If Jituiry 1588) tand prtbabiy ittptsible tasiumelbe bttrdett tf tart ft. whbicb t sni bit prittner atway. Some rect.t iter.prttion of lbe.. imtpied tatttrnuet of mercy; thber tress tb. fat that lb. perpetual peate reigned it Eurtp, explained it gret pat Menendiz' ititns St. Woodbttry Lotwery, The Spantisb Settlemtsttt withint lt.e Prsent Limts of theu Unitedi Sttes: Floria 1562-1574 (N.ew Ytork: G. P. and Nastual xxti CiviiHitory if Flotida (Pbilidtlpbia: T. H. Pxitxx. 1821); James Grant Porbe, Skethes istoical and Topogrpiul, of th. Floixis (New. Ytrk: C. S. Van Winkle, 1821); tsxte, facsittile Blicket Vigtnoles, Observtionts upxx lb. Fltoriat (New Ytrk: E. Bitss & E. Whit., 1823); Jthn Lee Williams, Tritoty of Fblorida; and Rifus King Sewaii, Sketches tf St. Autgustin., wtih) Viex tf Its Hitorty and Adxvantages tot StResit rIttids (New Ytrk: Gorxg. P. Put- nam., 1848). Wilbxxts' wortwb tbe firtt tomk .txy se at t all tf Spanisht rextti. Setwall's work by aPresbyteiatt mtiniter fttt Phil- and it appeaitt thelb 30-pig. iticalu rxtiw that be gate tf St. copies of lt worki ar foundti th paget 39 and 40 ripped fromthOx bititg. On tbite pig.s Swaii referrtd to lt.e Mintruan ptpulthiot tf St. Augusitnit it hit1 "if servile etracuti, and aiied: "They bitk ippeadin it8. Augustine, intober 21, 1848, lbe pig.. con- prtted, a mob of Minirxan gatheredin fott of bit house~ and bis esxipe wibh titt beip tf abani tf Prtestant "Anglt-American 82. ItrtdutobryLecur., p.l19 83. Conno,Mentndez de Avile, p. 123. 84. Contmporary histoians td to emtphaize Menndiz' taci- uxi sitatitot: (1) Oxe lirge ntxxber tf.P..tt whot, greatly otnmtter- ailable t that tb..; (2) lb. scarcity tf prtxitttoi, partiularliy ftoi, 1166) and prtbably ittpoiible ttttttutelb. butrien tf care ft. w.hihtosend is prisonersaway. Some rect iterpreIttinf lbe.. slitat owa btweent Sptit and Frxxue in Nothb Amtticua, tvtn wit pea.. reignei it Eurtp, explainei it great pat Metdtt' iutit. See Wooibtry Lowey, Tb. Spaniih Setletsx4 wthit t.e Presen Limits tf the Untedr States: Floidat, 1582-1574 (New. Ytrk: G. P. andNtural anxi Civil Hitoty if Floidat (Phiiaielphia: T. H. Palmer, 1821); Jates Grant Porbei, Sketche, Hitoia itxi Toptgripicl, tf Oxe Flotxiit (New Ytoit: C. S. Van Winkle,, 1821); same, facsimtie ediito (Gines~ille: Utivertity of Plidai Presi, 1964); Charles Slack. Vignol.., Observttionttu ptn tthe t a(New Yitk: E. Slits it. Whit., 1823); Jib. Lee W4iiam, Territoy if Floidatb; and Hilt. King Sewtl, Sketchest tf St. Atugutint, with at View. of Its Histor and Advantiges as a Resor ftr Invaidsl (Nett York: Gorxge P. Pit- Spaisth recortd. Sewall's tworb, by i Presbyteian mtiniter frm Phil- adelphi, wth lb.rst to concetr.te It St. Augutline xitn. Sewtall and it appears that lb. 30-page histtical revietw thal t, ex tavo S. copies if the workiarx found wilth pages 398n it40 ripped fromtthe bitding. On thbse pig.. Sewatll rferred to tte Mintrcan poputioni hubk eterpis. Mitt tf lb.em are witot eductatio. Wb.. lb. bitit tppearei it St. Augutin, xn Ouctber 21, 1848, lb. pages cx- bttii ttitl. ei ifoatr bentie wr ipe frtxm "almst-Aeveryx tipy befrtsaetseritted W)l.b~,tihen the.x atho, who was titowhn- ixitest, ta mb ob.. Minra bath re if p foitut po isiliuse fani thib escapet ih difthe l ofi ti band of t Prtestant "Agl-Aeian 116itizes whobi exctpnttbwwit th Mtinolr ain if the ftet.A fewpinjuie tandt~ miforu5 proper . damage O reutut. l. .p~tx .Iti Connor Mbnttxxt Spti Axil p.u itN1 bA23 ii. .~ . p84. Conti tempprar histoitx ite t epaize Meneniz' tti-t Sng Widit- Lxxtorc, Tb.l nottt felxxl gurddit Oxe wepon avilile if Oxa Utime;(i thex sharct, of2-7 prNvsion partilrl foop.  lxx INTRODUCTION. Putsss'I Sos, 1905), pp. 205-6, 421-25; Edward Gaylsord Bsor, Spain in Ameroica (New York; Harper & Brsthers, 1906), p. 186; Her- berl Eu~gene Bolon, The Spaish Borderlads:~. A Chronicle of Old Florida sod the Ssouthwest (New Haven: Yah Unsiversity Ps..., 1921), pp. 149-50; Jseaooette Thurber Conor, Mosnindsz de Avils, p. 38; Henry Folmar, Franco-Spanish Rivalry in North America,~ 1524-1763 (Glendale, Calif.: ArOhur H. Clark Cs., 1953), p. 100; Albsrt Masnscy, Floridas Mensdezlb, Csptais General sf the Opes Sa (St. Augus.- tine: St. Asgustine Hisorical Soiety, 1965), p. 96; Charlton 90. Ts- beas, A History of Floidas (Csoal Gsble Pha.; University of Miami) Prss, 1971), pp.835-36. 85. Ss. tbe introdsction by David L. Dsowd toJeanette Thurber Cssnss, so., The Whl and Trus Disossoys sf Terra Florids, by Jean Ribast (fasimbile editiss, Gainsville: University sof Florida Pos, 1964), pp. xli8 liii, n. 4. 86 P.P., foslio 69, Babes & odlsin, Dr., PoFaibankb, New York City, May 15,1858. 97. P.P., folbs 69, Baber & Gosdwin to Pairbankbs, New Ysrk City Jsly 2,1860. 88. Jacksonvill, Pha.; Colum~bus Drsew, 1868. 89. Ihid., p. 120. 90. Jacksonille, Pha.; Hsoac Doss., 1881. 91. William. Whitwel Dsswbss.1, The Hisory sf5S. Augstine (New. York: G. P. Putnams's Sos, 1991); Charls Bingbham Reynold, Old Saint Augustine: A History of Thrs. Centuries (St Augstine: &L H. Reynolds, 1985). Is hate life Resynols ssgaged in csorspondencs silt. Pirbanks' son-in-law, Jamess G. Glass, about such matessthe lso called slave markbet ss lbs est sids of lbe plaza is St Augstine. Ohas advised eynolds lbat, "I bave heard him [Pairbanks] -y sn more than snesoccsio, tht o slaveshadseverbeesaid from that markbso"; P.P., foslio 78, Ohas.s Rsynolbh, Seowanse, Tesn., October. 5, 1988. In rsply tbs sames year,, Resynlds wrote: "I well remem~ber the Pairbanks bssms out beyond lbe City gat silb is passso-vin flowers; but Ido not recollect know~ing MjorPairbas... Heswon sbs bhshd smsyb Is do wilb smy intere.t in Saint Augustie and Plorida bisory; and bis ispiraton bsm bees hastin.. What would be my7 now to Saino Asgustines. degrsdation by lbs pseudo bstori- ans? ... In smy dsy lbs rsidsnts of Saint Augusewr sof a6 diffe- ent type. They swould nsver have thought sof bam~boozing tbs strnge within 095 gates"; P.P., folio 78, Reynold. s h aslssti Iake NJ1., Noyvsmber 7,1938. Lxx INTRODUCTION. Putnam's Sos, 1906), pp. 205-6, 421-25; Edward Gaylord Bourne, Spain is Amoerica (Nss Yorb: Harpsr & Brslbsos, 1906), p. 186; Hes- bsrt Eugene Bsoto, The Spsnisb Bordlanhds: A Chronsicle of Old Flohd and th Soulbhwest (New Haysn: Yals Unsiversity Prs., 1921), pp. 149-50; Jeannette Tburber Cssss, Menedez. de Ailis, p. 38; Henry Fsbmos, Frano-Spanish Rivalry is North America., 1524-1763 (Glendale, Caif.; Mrobsr H. Chark Co., 1958), p. 199; Albert Masscy, Floridas Mndedz, Caphain General of tb. Ope. Se. (St Augs- hiss; So. Augstins Hisoical Society, 1965), p. 96; Charlton W. Te- beau, A Hisory sf Florids (Carol Gabls, Ph.; University sof Mias.i Prss, 1971), pp. 35-36. 85. S. the intoduonsos by David L. Dosd Io Jeannette Thurber Connor, ed., Tb. Wbhole and Tr.. Disouersye sf Terra Florisd, by Jean Ribaut (hacsimoile editio, Gainsills: University of Florida Pres, 1964), pp. old)i, liii, n. 4. 86. P.P., fol9o 69, Baker & odwin, Do., to Pairbans6, Ne.w York City, May 15, 1858. 97. FP., folo 9, Baker & odowin ts Pirbans, New Ysrk City, July, 1860. 88. Jacbsosyill, Pla.: Colusmbs Doss., 1969. 99. Ibid., p. 580. 90. Jacksoill, la.: Hoosys Doss, 1981. 91. William Whotwsil Dssbuss, Tb. Hlistsory sf St. Augstine (New, York: 0. P. PsOOas Sos, 1991); Charle. Bingbhs. PReynlds, Old OSan Augsie AHistr of hreCenuo e s(St Agstine: E.IL Reynolds, 1995). In lae0if Rsynold en~gged s. correspondenc wsith Fairbanks' son-in-las, Jams~s 0. Glhss, ab.o suchmates mt sotb called slavs market on lbs est side of the pla in St. Augu~sti. Oh.s adoised Resynolds lbat, "I haoe beard him [Pairbans] smy on morth.n oe occysion, that so shy. bhad ever been sold from. tbat markbet"; P.P., foio 78, Ohas to Reynolds, 9Swanee, Toss., Ocober 5, 1938. Insrplyothe smeyear, Ryold wote: "Iswellsremembe the Fairbanks boss ouo beyond tbs Coty gote wit h -ps...n-i. flosss; boO I do ot rscollect bnosing Major Psisbans... Hesws. onbwo bsd smuyb to do owitb osy interost s. Sasnt Augstine and Plsoida bistory; ,ndhis inspiration loas boss lasting... What wold b. smy sos. to Sain0 Augustiss's degradation by lbs pseudo h.issr- a hss..I y dythe rsideslof SaoitAugstine weeofadffer- enOyps. Thsy swould never bavs tbougbt of bamboozling thbs.tranger within lb. gats"; F.P., foijo 78, Resynold to Ohas6 Mlountin. Lake, NJ,., Nosmber 7, 1988. LX INTRODUCTION. Pohsa s'. Sos, 1905), pp. 205-6, 421-25; Edsward Gayhord Bours, Spain is Am.ric. (Nsw Yorb; Harper & Brotlbss, 1906), p. 186; He- boss Eugsne Bolto, Tb. Spaoisb Borderlhnds; A Chron~icle If Old Florida sod the Southweost (No.. Hasen; Yalh Uivessity Pres, 1991), pp. 149-50; Jeannette Tburbos Cossoo, Mensdezs Andld., p. 38; Hsory Pobsos, Franco-Spanish Rivalr is PortS Aoseic, 1524-1763 (Glhndalh, Calif.: Arlbur H. CIarb Cs., 19953), p. 196; Albert Masssy, Florids's Menedezdo, Csptain General of the Oposn Sea (St. Aug..- oh.;: St. Augustins Historical Society, 1965), p. 96; Chlon W. T- bea, A Histoy of Florida (Corsl Gables, Pha.; Univsoity of14Miami Pross, 1971), pp. 35-36. 95. Ses lbs intoductios by David L. owd to Jeannettes Thsrber Con.or,sed. Tb. Whols sod Tooue Dismeryeof Terra Florid, by Jeao Ribaut (fasimils edbton, Gisville Usiversity .f Floidas Prss, 1964), pp.1xvi 9i, . 4. P6 FP., 95lo 9, OBose & Godwi, Dr., Posairasb Nosw Yost City, TMay 15, 185. 97. FP., fol95 69, Babos & 0odwin to Pibans, New Yook City July 2, 1995. 95. Jacyonvill, Ph.; Cohsmbs Doss, 1969. 99. Ibid., p. 12. 90. Jacsoonvils, Pla.: Ho..., Doss., 1981. 91. W4iia WhitwesS Dowburs, Tb. History of S. Augstine (lNss Yorb: 0. I. Poboo s' Sos, 1981); Charls Bisgbams Reynolds, Old Saint Augustine: A History If Three Coenturies (St. Ausgustine: RH. Reynold, 1995). In lase life Rsynobds engaged195 corespodenos with Fairbanks' son-in-law, Jasme 0. Ohas, about such mattss th sb. called slavo markbet onh ebst side of slob ph-c is St Augustine. Oh.s adised Reysolds lbao, "I bavs beard bis. (Firbas] -y o smors Ihas one occasio, thao no sv had evos boss sold broos that massket"; P.P., 9560o 78, Ohas 95 Reynoblds, Sewanes, Tos., Ocobs. 5, 198. Is rsply tbe samoe year, Reyolds wote: "I sll remssmber lb. Pairbans boos, sout 957014 lb. City gate silb its passio-vice flowss; boo I do notorscollectbkoowing MjosFaibans... Hoss.n sobe who ossy muct do witb smy isterest in Saint Au~gustine and Plorids hisoy; sod his ispiration bao beos laIsig. . What soud b. smy sow 95 Saint Aogustin's degradatbon by tbe pseu.do histos- ams? . Is m~y day obe residents ofSaint Augu9sin weros f a diffs- soot typ. They swosid oovo have lbought sof bambosoling lb. stranger with lb. gate."; P.P., folio 78, Reynso Glhss, Mountin Laske, NJ.., Noysembos 7,1938.  INTRODUCTION. lxxi INTRODUCTION. l~xxi INTRODUCTION. 1xxi 92. Philadelphia: J. B. Lipplincott & Co.; Jacksonvoille, Fla.: Columo- boo Dttew, 1871, 350 pp. The year 1512 otas ytt agin eoousoly bena ptedt f Ponc dLeon'dioverty. 93. Florida, Its is tory oand Its Romantce: The Oldest Settlemet in flie Und ttesoAociae it h the fb Mot RomantoicEvents of Americano History tutder thet Spoanisb, Frenc, Eoglis, and Amricano Flags, 1497-1904 (Jacsoovlle, Fla.: H. & W. B. Drewo Co., 1904), dlii, 311 pp. 94, There ist cosidroble body of cotoeopondence and thebma terial fromo lt Civil Wor perod ihe Fb ibankspper, folios 1, 10, 26, 30, 32, 37, 40, 54, and 71. Fairbanks' connecotions with thet Univer- sily of tho Sooth bove beeo described by hmself it isdty of the University of the Sot (JaonvillePla.: H. & W. B. Dre Co., 1905); by boohu Benjamin Chity, Jr., Reosoruction of 3oowoooo; Th Founon of flit Uoiversit of th SoutoodtsoFittAdmdiis trotio, 1857-1872 )Stosoott, Tenon.: The UnSiveroity Prost, 1954); atd by Jobho Boll Henooemoo tood Williamo Potcber Doflott, "Gorge Roioofoof Fairbanbs, 1820-1900, latet oorvioinog meomber of the orig- ional board of trustees of the Udiversiy of flit Soth," The Ssowoooo Riewto (Ootober 1906), pp. 3-13. 95. DuBos, ibid., p. i3. 92. Philadtlpia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.; Jacksoovill, Fla.: Colotm- boo Dorew, 1871, 300 pp. Tbt yttt 1512 toot yet again eonosy givento thb dote of Potce de Ldoo'sdisovery. 93. Florda, Its Hliory ood lt Roooooce: The Obdest Setlemtot in tht Untedox Stote, Asocioated wthb ft Moot Romooolic Evess of Atmeroican iory uoder the Spooihb, Frenchi, Eoglisb, aod Aoicanto PFlogo, 1497-1904 (Jacksonvilt, Fla.: H. & W. B. Dttw Co., 1904), dlii, 311 pp. 94. There isa cotnsiterablt body of ootrtopondttce oaod ote toa- teria fromo ft Civi Wat period it dt Foirbanks popetro, foltos 1, 10, 26, 30, 32, 37, 40, 54, otd 71. Poidootdoo conotcionos twitb the Uoivtt- oily of dt Soth hoot boot dooctibod by bimsoelf it History of fthe University of fthe Soth (Jacksonvoille, Fla.: H. & W. B. Drew Co., 1905); by Athubo Btojoamio Ciity, Js., Reooonstrtioo of Sottooto The Foundling of flit Uoivttoity of the Sooth ood Ito First Adminos- traio, 1857-0872 )Ototots, Ttoo.: Tbe Uoivtrsity Prss, 1954); ood by John Boll Htoootoon atd Wlilliam Fotchtt DuBose, "Geotgt Roaioofotd Fairbanks, 1820-1906, lotet ootoiving metmbtt od dt orig- inal board of tustes of dt Udiversity of dt Souoth," The Stewanee Rettioo (Otober 1906), pp. 3-13. 95. DuoBoe, ibid., p. 13. 92. Pholaodelphia: J. B. Lippinott & Co.; Jocbsoovillt, Fl.: Coloum- boo Dttew, 1971, 310 pp. Tht ytar 1112 wao yt again tttottously given to dt dote of Ponce dt Lteo'o disovoety. 93. Ftordo, Its ioy oand Its Rotmonto: The Oldst Sttlemtot inthe UtdStaite, Aoiafteit theMot RomansticEvetslof Atoetican History under- the Spaois, Freocb, Eoglis, ood Amoicano Fla, 1497-1904 (Jocksonvilt, Fl. H. & W. B. Drtot Co., 1904), dli, 311 pp. 94. There. isoooconiderable body of correspondence and odte too- iteialfothebCiilWarpeiod ithetFibakspper,folios 1, 10, 26, 30, 32, 37, 40, 54, and 71. Foirbanks' ctonecito wth dt Unive- oily oddt Sooth haot beet deosibtd by imseltf inHitoryoffst Unoiversity of the Southi (Jacksonill, Fla.: H. & W. B. Drew Co. 1905); by Athbot Beojoamin Citty, Jt., Reotction of Soooooo; The Fouoding of lt University oftheoSouthandtsFirtfAdmoiis- toatihon, 1057-1872 (Stootto, Ttn.: DT Uoivtooity Prs, 1954); ood by John Btl Hteosoooo ond Wliliooo Porcher DoBos, "Oorgt Rinsofood Foirbank, 1820-1906, hoatesttf tooghmmbe of ohe oig- hoof board od tustees of dt Uoivtooity of dt Sooth,' DT Sewanees Revitew (Otobet 1906), pp. 3-la. 95. DuBos, ibid., p. 13.   Fromo the editio of 1881. Fromo the edition of 1881.Footee~~oo 81 From the edition of 1881.  PUBLIC SQUARE, S'"AUGIST IN!. PUBLIC SOUARE, SAUGUST INE. PUBLIC SQUARE, STAUGUSTINE.  THE 13SI AN ANTIQUJITIES 860OS os Jr' ESM10 THE THE IISTU A ANTIQUITIES STAIG ) N:FO WS Y.ANO' ANTIQUITIES Dv #fWik< ET5I~. GRORGR R. S'AIRRANIqS, NEW YOBX: CHARLES H. NORTON; 1858. (E3R GE R. FA1TVAXS, NEW YORK: CHARLES H. NORTON; 1858. GFD"GB R. FAMRBAN",S NEW YORK: CHARL9S H. NORTON; 1858.  GEORGE R. FAMBAN1E., In te Clerk's Offie o h itrc or theO EUnite *M fm. the o,, Entdaodngt Act o Cngn te ym SGby GEORGE R. FAIRBANK, ntrd-nigI ActN E of ICoge, inthe yearISKby GEORGE R. FAIRBANK, In the ClNe's OENce ofth DistritCurt of the United Btm m tet othr Bem&GoNwN, PitersO I prul t., N. Y. Ban t& Gnwn, Pimet 1 SprceE t. .Y. BtANE &G.-N, Pftrt 1 Spuce t., . Y.  BUCKICNGOHAM SMITH, ESQ., DISCOVERY ANE PRESERVATION OP THE HISTORY ASH ANTIQUITIES OF VE SPANISH HOMINION IN AMERICA, BSU CJNIN GHA M SMITH, ESQ., DSOEYANDS PHOOSHYATION OP YE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OFP TE SPANISH DOMINION IN AMERICA, B UOCKIN G HA M SMITH, ESQ., HISCOVERY AND PRHDERVATION OP THE HISTORY AND] ANCTIQUITIES OP TOE SPANISH HOINION IN AMERICA, 8 mesisen $t¢olase. $ areTitle St¢allie.   PREFACE. Tms volume, relating to the history and antiqui- ties of the oldest settlement in the United States, has grown out of a lecture delivered by the author, and which he was desired to embody in a more permanent form. The large amount of interesting material in my possession, has made my work rather one of labori- ons condensation than expansion. I have endeavored to preserve as fully as possible, the style and quaintness of the old writers from whom I have drawn, rather than to transform or embellish the narrative with the supposed graces of modern diction; and, as much of the work con- sisted in translations from foreign idioms, this pecu- liarly un-English style, if I may so call it, will be more noticeably observed. I have mainly sought P REF A CE. Tms volume, relating to the history and antiqui- ties of the oldest settlement in the United States, has grown out of a lecture delivered by the author, and which he was desired to embody in a more permanent form. The large amount of interesting material in my possession, has made my work rather one of labori- ous condensation than expansion. I have endeavored to preserve as fully as possible, the style and quaintness of the old writers from whom I have drawn, rather than to transform or embellish the narrative with the supposed graces of modern diction; and, as much of the work con- sisted in translations from foreign idioms, this pecu- liarly un-English style, if I may so call it, will be more noticeably observed. I have mainly sought PiRE F A CE. Tms volume, relating to the history and antiqui- ties of the oldest settlement in the United States, has grown out of a lecture delivered by the author, and which he was desired to embody in a more permanent form. The large amount of interesting material in my possession, has made my work rather one of labori- ous condensation than expansion. I have endeavored to preserve as fully as possible, the style and quaintness of the old writem from whom I have drawn, rather than to transform or embellish the narrative with the supposed graces of modern diction; and, as much of the work con- sisted in translations from foreign idioms, this pecu- liarly un-English style, if I may so call it, will be more noticeably observed. I have mainly sought  6 PREFACE. to give it a permanent value, as founded on the most reliable ancient authorities; and thus, to the extent of the ground which it covers, to make it a valuable addition to the history of our country. In that portion of the work devoted to the destruction of the Huguenot colony and the forces of Ribault, I have in the niain, followed the Spanish accounts, desiring to divest the narrative of all suspicion of prejudice or unfairness; Barcia, the principal authority, as is well known, professing the same faith as Menendez, and studiously endeavoring throughout his work, to exalt the character of the Adelantado. I am under great obligations to my friend, BucK- INGHAM SMITH, Esq., for repeated favors in the course of its preparation. 6 PREFACE. to give it a permanent value, as founded on the most reliable ancient authorities; and thus, to the extent of the ground which it covers, to make it a valuable addition to the history of our country. In that portion of the work devoted to the destruction of the Huguenot colony and the forces of Ribault, I have in the niain; followed the Spanish accounts, desiring to divest the narrative of all suspicion of prejudice or unfairness; Barcia, the principal authority, as is wall known, professing the same faith as Menendez, and studiously endeavoring throughout his work, to exalt the character of the Adelantado. I am under great obligations to my friend, Bucx- INanI Ssrra, Esq., for repeated favors in the course of its preparation. 6 PREFACE. to give it a permanent value, as founded on the most reliable ancient authorities; and thus, to the extent of the ground which it covers, to make it a valuable addition to the history of our country. In that portion of the work devoted to the destruction of the Huguenot colony and the forces of Ribault, I have in the niain, followed the Spanish accounts, desiring to divest the narrative of all suspicion of prejudice or unfairness; Barcia, the principal authority, as is well known, professing the same faith as Menendez, and studiously endeavoring throughout his work, to exalt the character of the Adelantado. I am under great obligations to my friend, Bucr- INGHAM Smrr, Esq., for repeated favors in the course of its preparation.  CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introuctoy, . . . . . 9 CHAPTER HI. CHAPTER HII. Ribault, 1.,s4.ere and9. enendez-settl99ments of9 the Huguenotst, 994 f9u9d4t9on 9f9St Aug99.99n.-1962-1-1568-99. 15 9 CHAPTER IV. The9 attack9on9For 9a9999n9-166. .289 CHAPTER V. E999p9 o9 9..94....4.9 an4 others 9... For9 Car.l1ne-Adventures. of the999 .u~e . 86 CHAPTER VI. Sit ofFot9Cr9ln9 afteward cale San~ Matteo. 51 CHAPTER VII. Meuendt reur to St. August999-Shi9pwreck9 of H 919-9-19999999o pa99 of9his9c999999. D. 9 9 9 9. M5 CHAPTER VIII. Fate9of Eilt and his4 folowes-Bloody m99999999a Matza.9.9-9966..16 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introductory,. . . . CHAPTER Il. CHAPTER III. EMb9It, Land4999999,9and Me9999d9-sttl1999s of 9h9 Huunos .,4 foundaton9o 89t. August1ne.-1562-1966-196. . 9 CHAPTER IV. The attack. on For Caroline.-1966. . . . 28 CHAPTER, V. Escape9o Laudonniers99 994 others 99999 Fort Car.line-Adventures 99 CHAPTER VI. Sit9 of Fort C,..ine . n ..9 .-d 9. .ale Sa Mat 91 CHAPTER VII. 99999949retan9 t St. Aug 99-e-Shipwrec of RibP499Mass9cr 99 pa99t of hi omn-.D.99996. . . . . CHAPTER yI. Fate999 Rial 919 994 follow99.-Blooy mass99r at M9499..s-1969. 79 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER H. First disovry 1999 t 1566.-Juan Ponc4e.99 de Le .912 CHAPTER I1I. Ribault, Laudonniere9,and M9.ende9-sett9ments 99 theHugueots 994 foundation9 ofSt. A.gutin.-1662-165-166. 1 5 CHAPTER IV. The 99tac99999999 Cas.999st-999t. 289 CHAPTER V. 99...pe of Lan949-9ere and .999s. fr For 991999n-Adve991999999 the 99949yea 36.. . 9 CHAPTER VI. 91999e of 9 Fort .~4 9911ine af 99e99999. .ale Sa M.d 51 CHAPTER VII. eneadeesi return to St. A.9959991-Shipw9ek9o 99ibault-Massacre9 of par99 9999i99999994-A D. 1966. . . .m CHAPTER VIII. Fate9of9Ribault and9hi folowers-Bloody massacre at 99.t9.a-19966..79  S CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. Forifying of St. AugulOW-S 111181111111 and1 muties-App8val Mf enende' act. by king ofISpab..-1565-156. 91S CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI.- Sir Francis Dra.b's attack upon St August..-E.nl m at of mi.1 sion-M..,..r of mii..d .1 tSt. Auguslti.-186-163. 111 CHAPTER XIL CHAPTER XIIL Attack o St Agtine by Gov.. Moore, ofSouth C...linahffic..14.. CHAPTER XIV. Siege of St Augustine by Oglthbrpy.-18-140 .. 141 CHAPTER XV. En.glish occpation o IFI.id..-1755-1763-1783 .. 155 CHAPTER XVI. CHAPTER XVII. CHAPTER XIm. Preen ppearape ofStAgsthineasgivenby the athor f Tb...- 1115s-It clbiae n .salu.brb1ty. . 190 S CONTENT. CHAPTER IX. Fortfying of St. Augu.stine-D1.saffect'on and1 mutinies-Appr.val1of Menende.' acts by king ofISpai.-1565-156. 91S CHAPTER X. bndian Misahm.-1568. . . . . 1012 CHAPTER XI.- SirFrans.1 Drakh. attack upon St. Augustine-Establishm..t ofmi CHAPTER XIII 8.41, &A.-1688-1700. . . . . . CHAPTER XIHI. Attack o St. Augst..ine by Hov. Moor.. of lbut Carl,...-Tffic..Is CHAPTER XIV. Siege of St, Augustine. by Oglhorpe.-1731-140. . . 141 CHAPTER XV. Com.pletSon of1. the astl-Descripios of SL Agstine1acentry g- CHAPTER XVL. o f flgt-1788-1821. . . . . 173 CHAPTER XVII. Transfr ofFlorda t teUntedSSt-ates-Amer4can occupato-Ancient1 b.11111iga, &c. . . . . 184 CHAPTER XVIII. S CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. Fortifying ofSt. Augustine-Dsaffect1i and mutinies-Appr.v.1 of M,,,M..' .,t. by bing of1Spain-1565-15SS. 91S CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI.L SirFrancis Drake's, attack upon St. A,1,1i-Estbl~bme4.t of1i CHAPTER XII. 2511, At-1638-1700. . . . . . . CHAPTER XHII. Attack on.St Augustine by Gov.. Moore of Soutb C...lina.-DifficulIs. wihteGogas-1702131l CHAPTER XIV. Siege1of St. Augustne by Ogethorpe.-1732-140 .. 141 CHAPTER XV. CHAPTER XVL. eeeon, 11f5lo11da1to Spin-Erect11ion of1the Parish Ch.,.b--Cb..ge of flg.-178-1821. . . . . 113 CHAPTER XVIL. buildings, &c. . . . . . 184 CHAPTER XVIHI. Prsent1 appearapceof t. August1ne, asgiven by th. author of Tb..,.  ILLUSTRATIONS. 2. M51., F--.-. 1565, . . . 15 3. F.-. UCs..-, 1564. . . . . . 8 4. 5451 cs0,S. Jams R . . . 51 5. 554,..... ss.... ofS. AsDssasms . . . . 09 6. SF 0..,OA O Aaa.. ss~ E ,sec TO Foex ..., . .151 7. 0-s GAT, . . . . . 90 ILLUSTRATIONS. ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Vn-, OF.Puma SQ-.., S. Ass....., . %sSStipis. 2. M51.o. F-s..s.. 1555 . . . . . 5 3. Fs.. CA...., 1564. . . . . . 8 5. M. Du F5xs OFS. As-, . . . 09 6. 5...,.n C-O A Es.. 51...O.FalM .., 16155 7. C-G., . . . . 190 1. Vs.,.x Puma, OSs.., S. AsseT,, Frontispiess. 3. F.-. U..,- 15654. . . . . . 4Exa W ss S.Jas Ris,. . . 51 5. M1.., Psss.. ss S. Ausus,.s. . . .09 5. C-. GAT-., 190   HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE CITY OF L ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLOy O RD ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE CITY OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA.   CHAPTER L- INTRODUCTORY. THE Saint Augustine of the present and the St. Augustine of the past, are in striking contrast. We see, to-day, a town less in population than hundreds of places of but few months' existence, dilapidated in its appearance, with the stillness of desolation hanging over it, its waters undisturbed except by the passing canoe of the fisherman, its streets unenlivened by busy traffic, and at mid-day it might be supposed to have sunk under the en- chanter's wand into an almost eternal sleep. With no participation in the active schemes of life, and no hopes for the future ; with no emulation, and no feverish visions of future greatness; with no corner lots on sale or in demand ; with no stocks, save those devoted to disturbers of the public peace ; with no excitements and no events ; a quiet, undis- turbed, dreamy vision of still life surrounds its walls, and creates a sensation of entire repose, pleasant or otherwise, as it falls upon the heart of the weary 2 CHAPTER L INTRoDUCTORY.o THE Saint Augustine of the present and the St. Augustine of the past, are in striking contrast. We see, to-day, a town less in population than hundreds of places of but few months' existence, dilapidated in its appearance, with the stillness of desolation hanging over it, its waters undisturbed except by the passing canoe of the fisherman, its streets unenlivened by busy traffic, and at mid-day it might be supposed to have sunk under the en- chanter's wand into an almost eternal sleep. With no participation in the active schemes of life, and no hopes for the future; with no emulation, and no feverish visions of future greatness; with no corner lots on sale or in demand; with no stocks, save those devoted to disturbers of the public peace ; with no excitements and no events ; a quiet, undis- turbed, dreamy vision of still life surrounds its walls, and creates a sensation of entire repose, pleasant or otherwise, as it falls upon the heart of the weary CHAPTER L INTRoDUCToRY. THE Saint Augustine of the present and the St. Augustine of the past, are in striking contrast. We see, to-day, a town less in population than hundreds of places of but few months' existence, dilapidated in its appearance, with the stillness of desolation hanging over it, its waters undisturbed except by the passing canoe of the fisherman, its streets unenlivened by busy traffic, and at mid-day it might be supposed to have sunk under the en- chanter's wand into an almost eternal sleep. With no participation in the active schemes of life, and no hopes for the future ; with no emulation, and no feverish visions of future greatness; with no corner lots on sale or in demand; with no stocks, save those devoted to disturbers of the public peace; with no excitements and no events ; a quiet, undis- turbed, dreamy vision of still life surrounds its walls, and creates a sensation of entire repose, pleasant or otherwise, as it falls upon the heart of the weary 2  10 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES wanderer sick of life's busy bustle, or upon the restless mind of him who looks to nothing as life except perpetual, unceasing action ; the one rejoicing in its rest, the other chafing under its monotony. And yet, about the old city there clings a host of historic associations, which throw around it a charm which few can fail to feel. Its life is in its past ; and when we recall the fact that it was the first permanent settlement of the white man, by more than forty years, in this on- federacy ; that here for the first time, isolated within the shadows of the primeval forest, the civilization of the Old World made its abiding place, where all was new, and wild, and strange ; that this now so insignificant place was the key of an empire; that upon its fate rested the destiny of a nation ; that its occupation or retention decided the fate of a people; that it was itself a vice-provincial court, boasted of its adelantados, men of the first mark and note, of its Royal Exchequer, its public functionaries, its brave men at arms ; that its proud name, conferred by its monarch, "La siempre fel Oiudad de San Augustin," -The ever faithful City of St. Augustine,-stood out upon the face of history ; that here the cross was first planted; that from the Papal throne itself rescripts were addressed to its governors; that the first great efforts at christianizing the fierce tribes 10 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUTIES wanderer sick of life's busy bustle, or upon the restless mind of him who looks to nothing as life except perpetual, unceasing action ; the one rejoicing in its rest, the other chafing under its monotony. And yet, about the old city there clings a host of historic associations, which throw around it a charm which few can fail to feel. Its life is in its past ; and when we recall the fact that it was the first permanent settlement of the white man, by more than forty years, in this con- federacy ; that here for the first time, isolated within the shadows of the primeval forest, the civilization of the Old World made its abiding place, where all was new, and wild, and strange ; that this now so insignificant place was the key of an empire; that upon its fate rested the destiny of a nation ; that its occupation or retention decided the fate of a people ; that it was itself a vice-provincial court, boasted of its adelantados, men of the first mark and note, of its Royal Exchequer, its public functionaries, its brave men at arms ; that its proud name, conferred by its monarch, "La iemspre fel oiudad de San Augustin," -The ever faithful City of St. Augustine,-stood out upon the face of history ; that here the cross was first planted; that from the Papal throne itself rescripts were addressed to its governors; that the first great efforts at christianizing the fierce tribes 10 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs wanderer sick of life's busy bustle, or upon the restless mind of him who looks to nothing as life except perpetual, unceasing action ; the one rejoicing in its rest, the other chafing under its monotony. And yet, about the old city there clings a host of historic associations, which throw around it a charm which few can fail to feel. Its life is in its past ; and when we recall the fact that it was the first permanent settlement of the white man, by more than forty years, in this qon- federacy ; that here for the first time, isolated within the shadows of the primeval forest, the civilization of the Old World made its abiding place, where all was new, and wild, and strange ; that this now so insignificant place was the key of an empire; that upon its fate rested the destiny of a nation ; that its occupation or retention decided the fate of a people ; that it was itself a vice-provincial court, boasted of its adelantados, men of the first mark and note, of its Royal Exchequer, its public functionaries, its brave men at arms ; that its proud name, conferred by its monarch," La siempre fel Ciudad de San Augustin," -The ever faithful City of St. Augustine,-stood out upon the face of history ; that here the cross was first planted; that from the Papal throne itself rescripts were addressed to its governors; that the first great efforts at christianizing the fierce tribes  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 11 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 11 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 11 of America proceeded from this spot ; that the mar- tyr's blood was first here shed; that within these quiet walls the din of arms, the noise of battle, and the fierce cry of assaulting columns, have been heard ;-Who will not then feel that we stand on historic ground, and that an interest attaches to the annals of this ancient city far more than is possessed by mere brick and mortar, rapid growth, or unwont- ed prosperity l Moss-grown and shattered, it appeals to our instinctive feelings of reverence for antiquity; and we feel desirous to know the history of its earlier days. of America proceeded from this spot ; that the mar- tyr's blood was first here shed; that within these quiet walls the din of arms, the noise of battle, and the fierce cry of assaulting columns, have been heard ;-Who will not then feel that we stand on historic ground, and that an interest attaches to the annals of this ancient city far more than is possessed by mere brick and mortar, rapid growth, or unwont- ed prosperity ? Moss-grown and shattered, it appeals to our instinctive feelings of reverence for antiquity ; and we feel desirous to know the history of its earlier days. of America proceeded from this spot; that the mar- tyr's blood was first here shed; that within these quiet walls the din of arms, the noise of battle, and the fierce cry of assaulting columns, have been heard ;-Who will not then feel that we stand on historic ground, and that an interest attaches to the annals of this ancient city far more than is possessed by mere brick and mortar, rapid growth, or unwont- ed prosperity ? Moss-grown and shattered, it appeals to our instinctive feelings of reverence for antiquity; and we feel desirous to know the history of its earlier days.  19 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITI!S, CHAPTER II. FIRST DISCOVERY, 1512, TO 1565.-JUAN PONCE DE LEON. AMONG the sturdy adventurers of the sixteenth century who sought both fame and fortune in the path of discovery, was Ponce de Leon, a companion of Columbus on his second voyage, a veteran and bold mariner, who, after a long and adventurous life, feeling the infirmities of age and the shadows of the decline of life hanging over him, willingly credited the tale that in this, the beautiful land of his imagination, there existed a fountain whose waters could restore youth to palsied age, and beauty to efface the marks of time. The story ran that far to the north there existed a land abounding in gold and in all manner of desirable things, but, above all, possessing a river and springs of so remarkable a virtue that their waters would confer immortal youth on whoever bathed in them ; that upon a time, a considerable expedition of the Indians of Cuba had departed northward, in search of this beautiful country and 12 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIM CHAPTER II. FIRST DISCOVERY, 1512, TO 1565.-JUAN PONCE DE LEON. AMONG the sturdy adventurers of the sixteenth century who sought both fame and fortune in the path of discovery, was Ponce de Leon, a companion of Columbus on his second voyage, a veteran and bold mariner, who, after a long and adventurous life, feeling the infirmities of age and the shadows of the decline of life hanging over him, willingly credited the tale that in this, the beautiful land of his imagination, there existed a fountain whose waters could restore youth to palsied age, and beauty to efface the marks of time. The story ran that far to the north there existed a land abounding in gold and in all manner of desirable things, but, above all, possessing a river and springs of so remarkable a virtue that their waters would confer immortal youth on whoever bathed in them ; that upon a time, a considerable expedition of the Indians of Cuba had departed northward, in search of this beautiful country and 12 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUaTIES CHAPTER II. FIRST DISCOVERY, 1512, TO 1565.-JUAN PONCE DE LEON. AMoNG the sturdy adventurers of the sixteenth century who sought both fame and fortune in the path of discovery, was Ponce de Leon, a companion of Columbus on his second voyage, a veteran and bold mariner, who, after a long and adventurous life, feeling the infirmities of age and the shadows of the decline of life hanging over him, willingly credited the tale that in this, the beautiful land of his imagination, there existed a fountain whose waters could restore youth to palsied age, and beauty to efface the marks of time. The story ran that far to the north there existed a land abounding in gold and in all manner of desirable things, but, above all, possessing a river and springs of so remarkable a virtue that their waters would confer immortal youth on whoever bathed in them ; that upon a time, a considerable expedition of the Indians of Cuba had departed northward, in search of this beautiful country and  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 13 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 13 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 13 these waters of immortality, who had never returned, and who, it was supposed, were in a renovated state, still enjoying the felicities of the happy land. Furthermore, Peter Martyr affirms, in his second decade, addressed to the Pope, "that among the islands on the north side of Hispaniola, there is one about three hundred and twenty-five leagues distant, as they say which have searched the same, in the which is a continual spring of running water, of such marvelous virtue that the water thereof being drunk, perhaps with some diet, maketh old men young again. And here I must make protestation to your Holiness not to think this to be said lightly, or rashly ; for they have so spread this rumor for a truth throughout all the court, that not only all the people, but also many of them whom wisdom or fortune hath divided from the common sort, think it to be true."* Thoroughly believing in the verity of this pleasant account, this gallant cavalier fitted out an expedition from Porto Rico, and in the progress of his search came upon the coast of Florida, on Easter Monday, 1512, supposing then, and for a long * The fountain of youth is a very ancient fable; and the reader will be reminded of the amusing story of the accomplishment of this miracle told in Hawthorn's Twice Told Tales, and of the marvelous efects produeed by imbibing this celebrated spring water. these waters of immortality, who had never returned, and who, it was supposed, were in a renovated state, still enjoying the felicities of the happy land. Furthermore, Peter Martyr affirms, in his second decade, addressed to the Pope, "that among the islands on the north side of Hispaniola, there is one about three hundred and twenty-five leagues distant, as they say which have searched the same, in the which is a continual spring of running water, of such marvelous virtue that the water thereof being drunk, perhaps with some diet, maketh old men young again. And here I must make protestation to your Holiness not to think this to be said lightly, or rashly ; for they have so spread this rumor for a truth throughout all the court, that not only all the people, but also many of them whom wisdom or fortune hath divided from the common sort, think it to be 'true."* Thoroughly believing in the verity of this pleasant account, this gallant cavalier fitted out an expedition from Porto Rico, and in the progress of his search came upon the coast of Florida, on Easter Monday, 1512, supposing then, and for a long * The fountain of youth is a very ancient fable; and the reader will be reminded of the amusing story of the accomplishment of this miracle told in Hawthorn's-Twice Told Tales, and of the marvelous effects produced by imbibing this celebrated spring water. these waters of immortality, who had never returned, and who, it was supposed, were in a renovated state, still enjoying the felicities of the happy land. Furthermore, Peter Martyr affirms, in his second decade, addressed to the Pope, "that among the islands on the north side of Hispaniola, there is one about three hundred and twenty-five leagues distant, as they say which have searched the same, in the which is a continual spring of running water, of such marvelous virtue that the water thereof being drunk, perhaps with some diet, maketh old men young again. And here I must make protestation to your Holiness not to think this to be said lightly, or rashly ; for they have so spread this rumor for a truth throughout all the court, that not only all the people, but also many of them whom wisdom or fortune hath divided from the common sort, think it to be true." * Thoroughly believing in the verity of this pleasant account, this gallant cavalier fitted out an expedition from Porto Rico, and in the progress of his search came upon the coast of Florida, on Easter Monday, 1512, supposing then, and for a long * The fountain of youth is a very ancient fable; and the reader will be reminded of the amusing story of the accomplishment of this miradle told in Hawthorne's Twice Told Tales, and of the marvelous efects prodused by imbibing this celebrated spring water.  14 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQMITIB period afterwards, that it was an island. Partly in consequence of the bright spring verdure and flowery plains that met his eye, and the magnificence of the magnolia, the bay, and the laurel, and partly in honor of the day, Pascua Florida, or Palm Sunday, and reminded, probably, of its appropriateness by the profusion of the cabbage palms near the point of his landing, he gave to the country the name of Florida. On the 3d of April, 1512, three hundred and forty-five years ago, he landed a few miles north of St. Augustine, and took possession of the country for the Spanish crown. He found the natives fierce and implacable ; and after exploring the country for some distance around, and trying the virtue of all the streams, and growing neither younger nor hand- somer, he left the country without making a perman- ent settlement. The subsequent explorations of Narvaez, in 1526, and of De Soto, in 1539, were made in another por- tion of our State, and do not bear immediately upon the subject of our investigation, although forming a most interesting portion of our general history. 14 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQMITE period afterwards, that it was an island. Partly in consequence of the bright spring verdure and flowery plains that met his eye, and the magnificence of the magnolia, the bay, and the laurel, and partly in honor of the day, Pascua Florida, or Palm Sunday, and reminded, probably, of its appropriateness by the profusion of the cabbage palms near the point of his landing, he gave to the country the name of Florida. On the 3d of April, 1512, three hundred and forty-five years ago, he landed a few miles north of St. Augastine, and took possession of the country for the Spanish crown. He found the natives fierce and implacable ; and after exploring the country for some distance around, and trying the virtue of all the streams, and growing neither younger nor hand- somer, he left the country without making a perman- ent settlement. The subsequent explorations of Narvaez, in 1526, and of De Soto, in 1539, were made in another por- tion of our State, and do not bear immediately upon the subject of our investigation, although forming a most interesting portion of our general history. 14 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITM! period afterwards, that it was an island. Partly in consequence of the bright spring verdureand flowery plains that met his eye, and the magnificence of the magnolia, the bay, and the laurel, and partly in honor of the day, Pascua Florida, or Palm Sunday, and reminded, probably, of its appropriateness by the profusion of the cabbage palms near the point of his landing, he gave to the country the name of Florida. On the 3d of April, 1512, three hundred and forty-five years ago, he landed a few miles north of St. Augustine, and took possession of the country for the Spanish crown. He found the natives fierce and implacable ; and after exploring the country for some distance around, and trying the virtue of all the streams, and growing neither younger nor hand- somer, he left the country without making a perman- ent settlement. The subsequent explorations of Narvaez, in 1526, and of De Soto, in 1539, were made in another por- tion of our State, and do not bear immediately upon the subject of our investigation, although forming a most interesting portion of our general history.   w w w --------- sa,,. - -------- ___ _ __ R. Sara bay O R.SwmaeY O R. Saan.bay O R R.Xw.q - R ° 30 ° 3o 30 A' "n of o}'D«F 3fA F StA F' SrA A z. 'z. A z . z Z, } ax x 11 ar x ,.a d w+.a G A aww oz,.u to to a o+ z.,:a to 0 0 0 n nh n n ° 3 to 3 MAP OF LL-11 OF MAP OF Fx©t I7D 9 . IUD !1 . FL©12 T]0 6 1565. 5. 1565.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 15 OF -ST. AUGUSTINE FLORIDA. 15 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 15 CHAPTER III. RIBAULT, LAUDONNIERE, AND MENENDEZ-SEITLEMENTS OF THE HUGUENOTS, AND FOUNDATION OF ST. AUGUSTINE 1562-1565-1568. THE settlement of Florida had its origin in the religious troubles experienced by the Huguenots under Charles IX. in France. Their distinguished leader, Admiral Coligny, as early as 1555 projected colonies in America, and sent an expedition to Brazil, which proved unsuccess- ful. Having procured permission from Charles IX. to found a colony in Florida; a designation which embraced in rather an indefinite manner the whole country from the Chesapeake to the Tortugas, he sent an expedition in 1562 from France, under com- mand of Jean Ribault, composed of many young men of good family. They first landed at the St. John's River, where they erected a monument, but finally established a settlement at Port Royal, South Caro- lina, and erected a fort. After some months, how- ever, in consequence of dissensions among the officers CHAPTER III. RIBAULT, LAUDONNIERE, AND MENENDEZ-SETTLEMENTS OF THE HUGUENOTS, AND FOUNDATION OF ST. AUGUSTINE 1562--1565-1568. THE settlement of Florida had its origin in the religious troubles experienced by the Huguenots under Charles IX. in France. Their distinguished leader, Admiral Coligny, as early as 1555 projected colonies in America, and sent an expedition to Brazil, which proved unsuccess- ful. Having procured permission from Charles IX. to found a colony in Florida; a designation which embraced in rather an indefinite manner the whole country from the Chesapeake to the Tortugas, he sent an expedition in 1562 from France, under com- mand of Jean Ribault, composed of many young men of good family. They first landed at the St. John's River, where they erected a monument, but finally established a settlement at Port Royal, South Caro- lina, and erected a fort. After some months, how- ever, in consequence of dissensions among the officers CHAPTER IHI. RIBAULT, LAUDONNIERE, AND MENENDEZ-SETTLEMENTS OF THE HUGUENOTS, AND FOUNDATION OF ST. AUGUSTINE 1562--1565-156s. THE settlement of Florida had its origin in the religious troubles experienced by the Huguenots under Charles IX. in France. Their distinguished leader, Admiral Coligny, as early as 1555 projected colonies in America, and sent an expedition to Brazil, which proved unsuccess- ful. Having procured permission from Charles IX. to found a colony in Florida; a designation which embraced in rather an indefinite manner the whole country from the Chesapeake to the Tortugas, he sent an expedition in 1562 from France, under com- mand of Jean Ribault, composed of many young men of good family. They first landed at the St. John's River, where they erected a monument, but finally established a settlement at Port Royal, South Caro- lina, and erected a fort. After some months, how- ever, in consequence of dissensions among the officers  16 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of the garrison, and difficulties with the Indians, this settlement was abandoned. In 1564 another expedition came out under the command of Ren4 de Laudonniere, and made their first landing at the River of Dolphins, being the present harbor of St. Augustine, and so named by them in consequence of the great number of Dol- phins (Porpoises) seen by them at its mouth. They afterwards coasted to the north, and entered the River St. Johns, called by them the River May. Upon an examination of this river Laudonniere concluded to establish his colony on its banks; and proceeding about two leagues above its month, built a fort upon a pleasant hill of "mean height " which, in honor of his sovereign, he named Fort Caroline. The colonists after a few months were reduced to great distress, and were about taking measures to abandon the country a second time, when Ribault arrived with reinforcements. It is supposed that intelligence of these expedi- tions was communicated by the enemies of Coligny to the court of Spain. Jealousy of the aggrandizement of the French in the New World, mortification for their own unsuc- cessful efforts in that quarter, and a still stronger motive of hatred to the faith of the Huguenot, induced the bigoted Philip II. of Spain, to dispatch 16 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs of the garrison, and difficulties with the Indians, this settlement was abandoned. In 1564 another expedition came out under the command of Rene de Laudonniere, and made their first landing at the River of Dolphins, being the present harbor of St. Augustine, and so named by them in consequence of the great number of Dol- phins (Porpoises) seen by them at its mouth. They afterwards coasted to the north, and entered the River St. Johns, called by them the River May. Upon an examination of this river Laudonniere concluded to establish his colony on its banks; and proceeding about two leagues above its month, built a fort upon a pleasant hill of "umean height " which, in honor of his sovereign, he named Fort Caroline. The colonists after a few months were reduced to great distress, and were about taking measures to abandon the country a second time, when Ribault arrived with reinforcements. It is supposed that intelligence of these expedi- tions was communicated by the enemies of Coligny to the court of Spain. Jealousy of the aggrandizement of the French in the New World, mortification for their own unsuc- cessful efforts in that quarter, and a still stronger motive of hatred to the faith of the Huguenot, induced the bigoted Philip II. of Spain, to dispatch 16 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs of the garrison, and difficulties with the Indians, this settlement was abandoned. In 1564 another expedition came out under the command of Rene de Laudonniere, and made their first landing at the River of Dolphins, being the present harbor of St. Augustine, and so named by them in consequence of the great number of Dol- phins (Porpoises) seen by them at its mouth. They afterwards coasted to the north, and entered the River St. Johns, called by them the River May. Upon an examination of this river Laudonniere concluded to establish his colony on its banks; and proceeding about two leagues above its month, built a fort upon a pleasant hill of "mean height " which, in honor of his sovereign, he named Fort Caroline. The colonists after a few months were reduced to great distress, and were about taking measures to abandon the country a second time, when Ribault arrived with reinforcements. It is supposed that intelligence of these expedi- tions was communicated by the enemies of Coligny to the court of Spain. Jealousy of the aggrandizement of the French in the New World, mortification for their own unsuc- cessful efforts in that quarter, and a still stronger motive of hatred to the faith of the Huguenot, induced the bigoted Philip II. of Spain, to dispatch  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 17 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 17 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 17 Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a brave, bigoted, and remorseless soldier, to drive out the French colony, and take possession of the country for himself. The compact made between the king and Menen- dez was, that he should furnish one galleon com- pletely equipped, and provisions for a force of six hundred men ; that he should conquer and settle the country. He obligated himself to carry one hun- dred horses, two hundred horned cattle, four hun- dred hogs, four hundred sheep and some goats, and fire hundred slaves (for which he had a permission free of duties), the third part of which should be men, for his own service and that of those who went with him, to aid in cultivating the land and building. That he should take twelve priests, and four fathers of the Jesuit order. He was to build two or three towns of one hundred families, and in each town should build a fort according to the nature of the country. He was to have the title of Adelantado of the country, as also to be entitled a Marquis and his heirs after him, to have a tract of land, receive a salary of 2000 ducats, a percentage of the royal duties, and have the freedom of all the other ports of New Spain* His force consisted, at starting, of eleven sail of * Barcia Enayo, Cron. 66, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a brave, bigoted, and remorseless soldier, to drive out the French colony, and take possession of the country for himself. The compact made between the king and Menen- dez was, that he should furnish one galleon com- pletely equipped, and provisions for a force of six hundred men ; that he should conquer and settle the country. He obligated himself to carry one hun- dred horses, two hundred horned cattle, four hun- dred hogs, four hundred sheep and some goats, and fire hundred slaves (for which he had a permission free of duties), the third part of which should be men, for his own service and that of those who went with him, to aid in cultivating the land and building. That he should take twelve priests, and four fathers of the Jesuit order. He was to build two or three towns of one hundred families, and in each town should build a fort according to the nature of the country. He was to have the title of Adelantado of the country, as also to be entitled a Marquis and his heirs after him, to have a tract of land, receive a salary of 2000 ducats, a percentage of the royal duties, and have the freedom of all the other ports of New Spain.* His force consisted, at starting, of eleven sail of * Barcia Enayo, Cron. 66. Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a brave, bigoted, and remorseless soldier, to drive out the French colony, and take possession of the country for himself. The compact made between the king and Menen- dez was, that he should furnish one galleon com- pletely equipped, and provisions for a force of six hundred men ; that he should conquer and settle the country. He obligated himself to carry one hun- dred horses, two hundred horned cattle, four hun- dred hogs, four hundred sheep and some goats, and fire Aundred slaves (for which he had a permission free of duties), the third part of which should be men, for his own service and that of those who went with him, to aid in cultivating the land and building. That he should take twelve priests, and four fathers of the Jesuit order. He was to build two or three towns of one hundred families, and in each town should build a fort according to the nature of the country. He was to have the title of Adelantado of the country, as also to be entitled a Marquis and his heirs after him, to have a tract of land, receive a salary of 2000 ducats, a percentage of the royal duties, and have the freedom of all the other ports of New Spain.* His force consisted, at starting, of eleven sail of * Barcia Ensayo, Cron. 66.  18 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES vessels with two thousand and six hundred men; but, owing to storms and accidents, not more than one half arrived. He came upon the coast on the 28th August, 1565, shortly after the arrival of the fleet of Ribault. On the 7th day of September Menendez cast anchor in the River of Dolphins, the harbor of St. Augustine. He had previously dis- covered and given chase to some of the vessels of Ribault, off the mouth of the River May. The Indian village of Selooe then stood upon the site of St. Augustine, and the landing of Menendez was upon the spot where the city of St. Augustine now stands. Fray Francisco Lopez de Mendoza, the Chaplain of the Expedition, thus chronicles the disembarkation and attendant ceremonies:- " On Saturday the 8th day of September, the day of the nativity of our Lady, the General disem- barked, with numerous banners displayed, trumpets and other martial music resounding, and amid salvos of artillery. "Carrying a cross, I proceeded at the head, chant- ing the hymn Te Deum Laudamus. The General marched straight up to the cross, together with all those who accompanied him ; and, kneeling, they all kissed the cross. A great number of Indians looked upon these ceremonies, and imitated whatever they saw done. Thereupon the General took possession 18 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES vessels with two thousand and six hundred men; but, owing to storms and accidents, not more than one half arrived. He came upon the coast on the 28th August, 1565, shortly after the arrival of the fleet of Ribault. On the 7th day of September Menendez cast anchor in the River of Dolphins, the harbor of St. Augustine. He had previously dis- covered and given chase to some of the vessels of Ribault, off the mouth of the River May. The Indian village of Selooe then stood upon the site of St. Augustine, and the landing of Menendez was upon the spot where the city of St. Augustine now stands. Fray Francisco Lopez de Mendoza, the Chaplain of the Expedition, thus chronicles the disembarkation and attendant ceremonies:- " On Saturday the 8th day of September, the day of the nativity of our Lady, the General disem barked, with numerous banners displayed, trumpets and other martial music resounding, and amid salvos of artillery. "Carrying a cross, I proceeded at the head, chant- ing the hymn Te Deum Laudamus. The General marched straight up to the cross, together with all those who accompanied him ; and, kneeling, they all kissed the cross. A great number of Indians looked upon these ceremonies, and imitated whatever they saw done. Thereupon the General took possession 18 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs vessels with two thousand and six hundred men; but, owing to storms and accidents, not more than one half arrived. He came upon the coast on the 28th August, 1565, shortly after the arrival of the fleet of Ribault. On the 7th day of September Menendez cast anchor in the River of Dolphins, the harbor of St. Augustine. He had previously dis- covered and given chase to some of the vessels of Ribault, off the mouth of the River May. The Indian village of Selooe then stood upon the site of St. Augustine, and the landing of Menendez was upon the spot where the city of St. Augustine now stands. Fray Francisco Lopez de Mendoza, the Chaplain of the Expedition, thus chronicles the disembarkation and attendant ceremonies:- " On Saturday the 8th day of September, the day of the nativity of our Lady, the General disem barked, with numerous banners displayed, trumpets and other martial music resounding, and amid salvos of artillery. "Carrying a cross, I proceeded at the head, chant- ing the hymn To Deum Laudamus. The General marched straight up to the cross, together with all those who accompanied him ; and, kneeling, they all kissed the cross. A great number of Indians looked upon these ceremonies, and imitated whatever they saw done. Thereupon the General took possession  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 19 OF ST. AUGUSTINE. FLORIDA. 19 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 19 of the country in the name of his Majesty. All the officers then took an oath of allegiance to him, as their general and as adelantado of the whole country." The name of St. Augustine was given, in the usual manner of the early voyagers, because they had ar- rived upon the coast on the day dedicated in their calendar to that eminent saint of the primitive church, revered alike by the good of all ages for his learning and piety. The first troops who landed, says Mendoza, were well received by the Indians, who gave them a large mansion belonging to the chief, situated near the banks of the river. The engineer officers immediately erected an entrenchment of earth, and a ditch around this house, with a slope made of earth and fascines, these being the only means of defense which the country presents ; for, says the father with surprise, "there is not a stone to be found in the whole country." They landed eighty cannon from the ships, of which the lightest weighed two thousand five hundred pounds. But in the mean time Menendez had by no means forgotten the errand upon which he principally came ; and by inquiries of the Indians he soon learned the position of the French fort and the condition of its defenders. Impelled by necessity, Laudonniere had of the country in the name of his Majesty. All the officers then took an oath of allegiance to him, as their general and as adelantado of the whole country." The name of St. Augustine was given, in the usual manner of the early voyagers, because they had ar- rived upon the coast on the day dedicated in their calendar to that eminent saint of the primitive church, revered alike by the good of all ages for his learning and piety. The first troops who landed, says Mendoza, were well received by the Indians, who gave them a large mansion belonging to the chief, situated near the banks of the river. The engineer officers immediately erected an entrenchment of earth, and a ditch around this house, with a slope made of earth and fascines, these being the only means of defense which the country presents ; for, says the father with surprise, "there is not a stone to be found in the whole country." They landed eighty cannon from the ships, of which the lightest weighed two thousand five hundred pounds. But in the mean time Menendez had by no means forgotten the errand upon which he principally came ; and by inquiries of the Indians he soon learned the position of the French fort and the condition of its defenders. Impelled by necessity, Laudonniere had of the country in the name of his Majesty. All the officers then took an oath of allegiance to him, as their general and as adelantado of the whole country." The name of St. Augustine was given, in the usual manner of the early voyagers, because they had ar- rived upon the coast on the day dedicated in their calendar to that eminent saint of the primitive church, revered alike by the good of all ages for his learning and piety. The first troops who landed, says Mendoza, were well received by the Indians, who gave them a large mansion belonging to the chief, situated near the banks of the river. The engineer officers immediately erected an entrenchment of earth, and a ditch around this house, with a slope made of earth and fascines, these being the only means of defense which the country presents; for, says the father with surprise, "there is not a stone to be found in the whole country." They landed eighty cannon from the ships, of which the lightest weighed two thousand five hundred pounds. But in the mean time Menendez had by no means forgotten the errand upon which he principally came ; and by inquiries of the Indians he soon learned the position of the French fort and the condition of its defenders. Impelled by necessity, Laudonniere had  20 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIES been forced to seize from the Indians food to sup- port his famished garrison, and had thus incurred their enmity, which was soon to produce its sad results. The Spaniards numbered about six hundred combatants, and the French about the same; but arrangements had been made for further accessions to the Spanish force, to be drawn from St. Domingo and Havana, and these were daily expected. It was the habit of those days, to devolve almost every event upon the ordering of a special providence; and each nation had come to look upon itself almost in the light of a peculiar people, led like the Israelites of old by signs and wonders ; and as in their own view all their actions were directed by the design of advancing God's glory as well as their own purposes, so the blessing of Heaven would surely accompany them in all their undertakings. So believed the crusaders on the plains of Palestine ; so believed the conquerors of Mexico and Peru; so believed the Puritan settlers of New England (alike in their Indian wars and their oppressive social polity); and so believed, also, the followers of Menendez and of Ribault; and in this simple and trusting faith, the worthy chaplain gives us the fol- lowing account of the miraculous escape and deliver- ance of a portion of the Spanish fleet:- 20 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES been forced to seize from the Indians food to sup- port his famished garrison, and had thus incurred their enmity, which was soon to produce its sad results. The Spaniards numbered about six hundred combatants, and the French about the same; but arrangements had been made for further accessions to the Spanish force, to be drawn from St. Domingo and Havana, and these were daily expected. It was the habit of those days, to devolve almost every event upon the ordering of a special providence; and each nation had come to look upon itself almost in the light of a peculiar people, led like the Israelites of old by signs and wonders ; and as in their own view all their actions were directed by the design of advancing God's glory as well as their own purposes, so the blessing of Heaven would surely accompany them in all their undertakings. So believed the crusaders on the plains of Palestine ; so believed the conquerors of Mexico and Peru; so believed the Puritan settlers of New England (alike in their Indian wars and their oppressive social polity); and so believed, also, the followers of Menendez and of Ribault; and in this simple and trusting faith, the worthy chaplain gives us the fol- lowing account of the miraculous escape and deliver- ance of a portion of the Spanish fleet:- 20 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES been forced to seize from the Indians food to sup- port his famished garrison, and had thus incurred their enmity, which was soon to produce its sad results. The Spaniards numbered about six hundred combatants, and the French about the same; but arrangements had been made for further accessions to the Spanish force, to be drawn from St. Domingo and Havana, and these were daily expected. It was the habit of those days, to devolve almost every event upon the ordering of a special providence; and each nation had come to look upon itself almost in the light of a peculiar people, led like the Israelites of old by signs and wonders ; and as in their own view all their actions were directed by the design of advancing God's glory as well as their own purposes, so the blessing of Heaven would surely accompany them in all their undertakings. So believed the crusaders on the plains of Palestine ; so believed the conquerors of Mexico and Peru; so believed the Puritan settlers of New England (alike in their Indian wars and their oppressive social polity); and so believed, also, the followers of Menendez and of Ribault; and in this simple and trusting faith, the worthy chaplain gives us the fol- lowing account of the miraculous escape and deliver- ance of a portion of the Spanish fleet :-  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 21 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 21 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 21 "God and his Holy Mother have performed another great miracle in our favor. The day follow- ing the landing of the General in the fort, he said to us that he was very uneasy, because- his galley and another vessel were at anchor, isolated and a league at sea, being unable to enter the port on ac- count of the shallowness of the water, and that he feared that the French might come and capture or maltreat them. As soon as this idea came to him he departed, with fifty men, to go on board of his galleon. He gave orders to three shallops which were moored in the river to go out and take on board the provisions and troops which were on board the galleon. The next day, a shallop having gone out thither, they took on board as much of the provisions as they could, and more than a hundred men who were in the vessel, and returned towards the shore; but half a league before arriving at the bar they were overtaken by so complete a calm that they were unable to proceed further, and there- upon cast anchor and passed the night in that place. The day following at break of day they raised anchor as ordered by the pilot, as the rising of the tide be- gan to be felt. When it was fully light they saw astern of them at the poop of the vessel, two French ships which during the night had been in search of "God and his Holy Mother have performed another great miracle in our favor. The day follow- ing the landing of the General in the fort, he said to us that he was very uneasy, because. his galley and another vessel were at anchor, isolated and a league at sea, being unable to enter the port on ac- count of the shallowness of the water, and that he feared that the French might come and capture or maltreat them. As soon as this idea came to him he departed, with fifty men, to go on board of his galleon. He gave orders to three shallops which were moored in the river to go out and take on board the provisions and troops which were on board the galleon. The next day, a shallop having gone out thither, they took on board as much of the provisions as they could, and more than a hundred men who were in the vessel, and returned towards the shore; but half a league before arriving at the bar they were overtaken by so complete a calm that they were unable to proceed further, and there- upon cast anchor and passed the night in that place. The day following at break of day they raised anchor as ordered by the pilot, as the rising of the tide be- gan to be felt. When it was fully light they saw astern of them at the poop of the vessel, two French ships which during the night had been in search of "God and his Holy Mother have performed another great miracle in our favor. The day follow- ing the landing of the General in the fort, he said to us that he was very uneasy, because- his galley and another vessel were at anchor, isolated and a league at sea, being unable to enter the port on ac- count of the shallowness of the water, and that he feared that the French might come and capture or maltreat them. As soon as this idea came to him he departed, with fifty men, to go on board of his galleon. He gave orders to three shallops which were moored in the river to go out and take on board the provisions and troops which were on board the galleon. The next day, a shallop having gone out thither, they took on board as much of the provisions as they could, and more than a hundred men who were in the vessel, and returned towards the shore; but half a league before arriving at the bar they were overtaken by so complete a calm that they were unable to proceed further, and there- upon cast anchor and passed the night in that place. The day following at break of day they raised anchor as ordered by the pilot, as the rising of the tide be- gan to be felt. When it was fully light they saw astern of them at the poop of the vessel, two French ships which during the night had been in search of  22 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES them. The enemy arrived with the intention of making an attack upon us. The French made all haste in their movements, for we had no arms on board, and-had only embarked the provisions. When day appeared, and our people discovered the French, they addressed their prayers to our Lady of Bon Secours d' Utrera, and supplicated her to grant them a little wind, for the French were already close up to them. They say that Our Lady descended, her- self, upon the vessel; for the wind freshened and blew fair for the bar, so that the shallop could enter it. The French followed it ; but as the bar has but little depth and their vessels were large, they were not able to go over it, so that our men and the pro- visions made a safe harbor. When it became still clearer they perceived besides the two vessels of the enemy, four others at a distance, being the same which we had seen in port the evening of our ar- rival. They were well furnished with both troops and artillery, and had directed themselves for our galleon and the other ship, which were alone at sea. In this circumstance God accorded us two favors: the first was, that the same evening after they had discharged the provisions and the troops I have spoken of, at midnight the galleon and other vessel put to sea without being perceived by the enemy; the one for Spain, and the other for Havana for the 22 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs them. The enemy arrived with the intention of making an attack upon us. The French made all haste in their movements, for we had no arms on board, and-had only embarked the provisions. When day appeared, and our people discovered the French, they addressed their prayers to our Lady of Bon Secours d' Utrera, and supplicated her to grant them a little wind, for the French were already close up to them. They say that Our Lady descended, her- self, upon the vessel; for the wind freshened and blew fair for the bar, so that the shallop could enter it. The French followed it ; but as the bar has but little depth and their vessels were large, they were not able to go over it, so that our men and the pro- visions made a safe harbor. When it became still clearer they perceived besides the two vessels of the enemy, four others at a distance, being the same which we had seen in port the evening of our ar- rival. They were well furnished with both troops and artillery, and had directed themselves for oar galleon and the other ship, which were alone at sea In this circumstance God accorded us two favors: the first was, that the same evening after they had discharged the provisions and the troops I have spoken of, at midnight the galleon and other vessel put to sea without being perceived by the enemy; the one for Spain, and the other for Havana for the 22 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs them. The enemy arrived with the intention of making an attack upon us. The French made all haste in their movements, for we had no arms on board, and-had only embarked the provisions. When day appeared, and our people discovered the French, they addressed their prayers to our Lady of Bon Secours d' Utrera, and supplicated her to grant them a little wind, for the French were already close up to them. They say that Our lady descended, her- self, upon the vessel; for the wind freshened and blew fair for the bar, so that the shallop could enter it. The French followed it ; but as the bar has but little depth and their vessels were large, they were not able to go over it, so that our men and the pro- visions made a safe harbor. When it became still clearer they perceived besides the two vessels of the enemy, four others at a distance, being the same which we had seen in port the evening of our ar- rival. They were well furnished with both troops and artillery, and had directed themselves for our galleon and the other ship, which were alone at sea. In this circumstance God accorded us two favors: the first was, that the same evening after they had discharged the provisions and the troops I have spoken of, at midnight the galleon and other vessel put to sea without being perceived by the enemy; the one for Spain, and the other for Havana for the  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLOIDSA. 23 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORSID. 28 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 28 purpose of seeking the fleet which wss there; and in this way neither was taken. "The second favor, by which God rendered os a still greater service, was that on the day 'following the one I have described there arose a storm, and so great a tempest that certainly the greater part of the French vessels mast have heen lost at sea; for they were overtaken opon the most dangeroos coast I have ever seen, and were very close to the shore ; and if oor veasels, that is, the galleon and its consort, are not shipwrecked, it is becase they were already more than twelve lesgues off the coast, which gave them the facility of running before the wind, and maneuvering as well as they coald, rely'ng opon the aid of God to preserve them." * Menendez had ascertained from the Indians that a large nomber of the French troops had embarked on board of the vessels which he had seen off the aThe G~alenson of as Memdea', own flag-ship, the, Sl PeIayo, the arge~s vesIia hi l,Efited outathi, w mepns oi. wahich had brht frhun~adredamen. Heahad aut.on boardaof her aSleuant and homa to he Iquiitioa Seill. The orders to isfficersa~, weet oa "Flo ''rs uo te Spaniads, killed the cmmande, and caried the vesl into Demar~k. Meneadzwas.much cagreadwhenahe ascerained thea fal, af hi, favorite alleona, a long period aftars'. porpose of seeking the fleet which was there ; and in this way neither was taken. "The second favor, by which God rendered as a still greater service, was that on the day 'following the one I have described there arose a storm, and so great a tempest that certainly the greater part of the French vessels most have been lost at sea; for they were overtaken upon the most dangerous coast I have ever seen, and were very close to the shore ; and if or vessels, that is, the galleon and its consort, are not shipwrecked, it is because they were already more than twelve leagucs off the coast, which gave them the facility of running before the wind, and maneuvering as well as they could, relying upon the aid of God to preserve them." * Menendez had ascertained from the Indians that a large nomber of the French troops bad embarked on board of the veaseis which be had seen off the eTIh, Galleon spoken oas, Menenadezsaown.flag-,hip, the El Pelayo, the Iarg esse~ml ia hi flee, Salaed out at bi, own epense and which had broughtafa..hunrd.me. Heahad~a puso boardlof heraIieuteantaand saome sldier, hasides fifteen Lutans as prisos ,,haa heas sending homel totInquiitioat Sevaille. Tbe ordera to hi, offices, er, g asa,5 seedily m possibleI toth island ofHispaila , bring roisioadadddi- lioalfaaaa. Upona thepasageatheaLutheran piasaonerswih smeLanina sailor,,aa "F"" upnIhe Spaniards, killed sthe c.oande, and carried the veselno i Demar. Menendzwasauch cagred whenahascertained the Sat, afhe favorits galleon, a long period aftras, purpose of seeking the fleet which wss there ; and in this way neither was taken. "The second favor, by which God rendered us a still greater service, was that on the day 'following the one I have described there arose a storm, and so great a tempest that certainly the greater part of the French vessels most have been lost at sea; for they were overtaken upon the most dangerous coast I have ever seen, and were very close to the shore ; and if oar vessels, that is, the galleon and its consort, are not shipwrecked, it is because they were already more than twelve leagues off the coast, which gave them the facility of rounning before the wind, and maneuvering as wall as they could, relying opon the aid of God to preserve them." * Menendez had ascertained from the Indians that a large number of the French troops had embarked on board of the vessels which he had seen off the *Tha G,allo spohea aS as Meaeado', aa wefag-ahip., e El.Paya, thealargaesaessl ia his e,ted oathis own exs, an d wshichhad brht fohuarshuadredame. Helhad~a puao boardaof healieutanaatand somesoldiers besidas Sifame Lutaheraan "a ~ ahaner , - as aending home toahlIquisitio atSevdil. Tb, orders Ia hia afea.wee, t go, l5as apeeddIy as possible to the island oS Hspaniola, to bring p.ravasaaa aad adds- tional foces Uponathe aagetheaLtheanpriaoners,withasometaevanine asaors rs "F"" th Spaaiard, killed th, acoand, aad arried the vesslintoaDeak. Menaendeas uch chagriaedawnh ah scerained the, fate ofhis favorite galleon, a long er~iod afterard.  24 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES harbor, and he had good ground for believing that these vessels would either be cast helpless upon the shore, or be driven off by the tempest to such a dis- tance as would render their return for some days impossible. He at once conceived the project of attacking the French fort upon the river May, by land. A council of war was held, and after some discus- sion, for the most part adverse to the plan proposed by him, Menendez spoke as follows:-" Gentlemen and Brothers ! we have before us now an opportunity which if improved by us will have a happy result. I am satisfied that the French fleet which four days since fled from me, and has now come to seek me, has been reinforced with the larger part of the gar- rison of their fort, to which, nor to port, will they be able to return for many days according to appear- ances ; and since they are all Lutherans, as we learned before we sailed from Spain, by the edicts which Jean Ribault published before embarking, in order that no Catholic at the peril of his life should go in his fleet, nor any Catholic books be taken; and this they themselves declared to us the night they fled from us, and hence our war must be to blood and fire, not only on account of the orders we are under, but because they have sought us in order to destroy us, that we should not plant our 24 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs harbor, and he had good ground for believing that these vessels would either be cast helpless upon the shore, or be driven off by the tempest to such a dis- tance as would render their return for some days impossible. He at once conceived the project of attacking the French fort upon the river May, by land. A council of war was held, and after some discus- sion, for the most part adverse to the plan proposed by him, Menendez spoke as follows:-" Gentlemen and Brothers ! we have before us now an opportunity which if improved by us will have a happy result. I am satisfied that the French fleet which four days since fled from me, and has now come to seek me, has been reinforced with the larger part of the gar- rison of their fort, to which, nor to port, will they be able to return for many days according to appear- ances ; and since they are all Lutherans, as we learned before we sailed from Spain, by the edicts which Jean Ribault published before embarking, in order that no Catholic at the peril of his life should go in his fleet, nor any Catholic books be taken; and this they themselves declared to us the night they fled from ns, and hence our war must be to blood and fire, not only on account of the orders we are under, but because they have sought us in order to destroy us, that we should not plant our 24 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES harbor, and he had good ground for believing that these vessels would either be cast helpless upon the shore, or be driven off by the tempest to such a dis- tance as would render their return for some days impossible. He at once conceived the project of attacking the French fort upon the river May, by land. A council of war was held, and after some discus- sion, for the most part adverse to the plan proposed by him, Menendez spoke as follows:-"Gentlemen and Brothers ! we have before us now an opportunity which if improved by us will have a happy result. I am satisfied that the French fleet which four days since fled from me, and has now come to seek me, has been reinforced with the larger part of the gar- rison of their fort, to which, nor to port, will they be able to return for many days according to appear- ances ; and since they are all Lutherans, as we learned before we sailed from Spain, by the edicts which Jean Ribault published before embarking, in order that no Catholic at the peril of his life should go in his fleet, nor any Catholic books be taken; and this they themselves declared to us the night they fled from us, and hence our war must be to blood and fire, not only on account of the orders we are under, but because they have sought us in order to destroy us, that we should not plant our  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 25 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 25 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 25 holy religion in these regions, and to establish their own abominable and crazy sect among the Indians; so that the more promptly we shall punish them, we shall the more speedily do a service to our God and our king, and comply with our conscience and our duty. "To accomplish this, we must choose five hund- red atquebuse men and pikemen, and carry pro- visions in our knapsacks for eight days, divided into ten companies,' each one with its standard and its captain, and go with this force by land to examine the settlements and fort of our enemies; and as no one knows the road, I will guide you within two points by a mariner's compass ; and where we cannot get along, we will open a way with our axes ; and moreover, I have with me a Frenchman who has been more than a year at their fort, and who says he knows the ground for two leagues around the fort. "If we shall arrive without discovery, it may be that falling upon it at daylight we may take it, by planting upon it twenty scaling ladders, at the cost of fifty lives. If we are discovered, we can form in the shelter of the wood, which I am assured is not more than a quarter of a league distant, and plant- ing there ten standards, send forward a trumpeter requiring them to leave the fort and the country, and return to their own country, offering them ships 3 holy religion in these regions, and to establish their own abominable and crazy sect among the Indians ; so that the more promptly we shall punish them, we shall the more speedily do a service to our God and our king, and comply with our conscience and our duty. "To accomplish this, we must choose five hund- red atquebuse men and pikemen, and carry pro- visions in our knapsacks for eight days, divided into ten companies,'each one with its standard and its captain, and go with this force by land to examine the settlements and fort of our enemies; and as no one knows the road, I will guide you within two points by a mariner's compass ; and where we cannot get along, we will open a way with our axes ; and moreover, I have with me a Frenchman who has been more than a year at their fort, and who says he knows the ground for two leagues around the fort. "If we shall arrive without discovery, it may be that falling upon it at daylight we may take it, by planting upon it twenty scaling ladders, at the cost of fifty lives. If we are discovered, we can form in the shelter of the wood, which I am assured is not more than a quarter of a league distant, and plant- ing there ten standards, send forward a trumpeter requiring them to leave the fort and the country, and return to their own country, offering them ships holy religion in these regions, and to establish their own abominable and crazy sect among the Indians ; so that the more promptly we shall punish them, we shall the more speedily do a service to our God and our king, and comply with our conscience and our duty. "To accomplish this, we must choose five hund- red a quebuse men and pikemen, and carry pro- visions in our knapsacks for eight days, divided into ten companieseach one with its standard and its captain, and go with this force by land to examine the settlements and fort of our enemies; and as no one knows the road, I will guide you within two points by a mariner's compass ; and where we cannot get along, we will open a way with our axes ; and moreover, I have with me a Frenchman who has been more than a year at their fort, and who says he knows the ground for two leagues around the fort. "If we shall arrive without discovery, it may be that falling upon it at daylight we may take it, by planting upon it twenty scaling ladders, at the cost of fifty lives. If we are discovered, we can form in the shelter of the wood, which I am assured is not more than a quarter of a league distant, and plant- ing there ten standards, send forward a trumpeter requiring them to leave the fort and the country, and return to their own country, offering them ships 3  206 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs and provisions for the voyage. They will imagine that we have a much greater army with us, and they may surrender ; and if they do not, we shall at least accomplish that they will leave us undisturbed in this our own settlement, and we shall know the way, so that we may return to destroy them the succeed- ing spring." After some discussion, it was concluded that after hearing mass, they should undertake the expedition on the third day. Considerable opposition was manifested on the part of the officers; but, with a consummate knowledge of human nature, the ade- lantado got up the most splendid dinner in his power, and invited his recreant officers to the repast, and dexterously appealed to their fears, as well as their pride, and overcame their reluctance to undertake the unknown dangers of a first march through Florida at a wet season, an actual acquaintance with which would still more have dampened their ardor. The troops assembled promptly upon the day appointed, at the sound of the trumpet, the fife and the drum, and they all went to hear mass, except Juan de Vicente, who said be had a disorder of the stomach, and in his leg; and when some friends wished to urge his coming, he replied,-" I vow to God, that I will wait until the news comes that our force is entirely cut off, when we who remain will 26 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs and provisions for the voyage. They will imagine that we have a much greater army with us, and they may surrender ; and if they do not, we shall at least accomplish that they will leave us undisturbed in this our own settlement, and we shall know the way, so that we may return to destroy them the succeed- ing spring." After some discussion, it was concluded that after hearing mass, they should undertake the expedition on the third day. Considerable opposition was manifested on the part of the officers; but, with a consummate knowledge of human nature, the ade- lantado got up the most splendid dinner in his power, and invited his recreant officers to the repast, and dexterously appealed to their fears, as well as their pride, and overcame their reluctance to undertake the unknown dangers of a first march through Florida at a wet season, an actual acquaintance with which would still more have dampened their ardor. The troops assembled promptly upon the day appointed, at the sound of the trumpet, the fife and the drum, and they all went to hear mass, except Juan de Vicente, who said he had a disorder of the stomach, and in his leg; and when some friends wished to urge his coming, he replied,-" I vow to God, that I will wait until the news comes that our force is entirely cut off, when we who remain will 26 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs and provisions for the voyage. They will imagine that we have a much greater army with us, and they may surrender ; and if they do not, we shall at least accomplish that they will leave us undisturbed in this our own settlement, and we shall know the way, so that we may return to destroy them the succeed- ing spring." After some discussion, it was concluded that after hearing mass, they should undertake the expedition on the third day. Considerable opposition was manifested on the part of the officers; but, with a consummate knowledge of human nature, the ade- lantado got up the most splendid dinner in his power, and invited his recreant officers to the repast, and dexterously appealed to their fears, as well as their pride, and overcame their reluctance to undertake the unknown dangers of a first march through Florida at a wet season, an actual acquaintance with which would still more have dampened their ardor. The troops assembled promptly upon the day appointed, at the sound of the trumpet, the fife and the drum, and they all went to hear mass, except Juan de Vicente, who said he had a disorder of the stomach, and in his leg; and when some friends wished to urge his coming, he replied,-" I vow to God, that I will wait until the news comes that our force is entirely cut off, when we who remain will  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 27 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 27 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 27 embark in our three vessels, and go to the Indies, where there will be no necessity of our all perishing like beasts." This Juan Vicente seems to have been an apt specimen of a class of croakers not peculiar to any age or country. Of his further history, the chronicle gives other instances of a similar spirit ; and his sole claim to immortality, like that of many an other, is founded upon his impudence. embark in our three vessels, and go to the Indies, where there will be no necessity of our all perishing like beasts." This Juan Vicente seems to have been an apt specimen of a class of croakers not peculiar to any age or country. Of his further history, the chronicle gives other instances of a similar spirit ; and his sole claim to immortality, like that of many an other, is founded upon his impudence. embark in our three vessels, and go to the Indies, where there will be no necessity of our all perishing like beasts." This Juan Vicente seems to have been an apt specimen of a class of croakers not peculiar to any age or country. Of his further history, the chronicle gives other instances of a similar spirit; and his sole claim to immortality, like that of many an other, is founded upon his impudence.  28 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIEs CHAPTER IV. THE ATTACK ON FORT CAROLINK-16& THE troops, having heard mass, marched out in order, preceded by twenty Biscayans and Asturians having as their captain Martin de Ochoa, a leader of great fidelity and bravery, furnished with axes to open a road where they could not get along. At this moment there arrived two Indians, who said that they had been at the French fort six days before, and who "seemed like angels" to the sol- diers, sent to guide their march. Halting for refresh- ment and rest wherever suitable places could be found, and the Adelantado always with the van- guard, in four days they reached the vicinity of the fort, and came up within less than a quarter of a league of it, concealed by a grove of pine trees. It rained heavily, and a severe storm prevailed. The place where they had halted was a very bad one, and very marshy ; but he decided to stop there, and went back to seek the rearguard, lest they might lose the way. 28 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTIEs CHAPTER IV. THE ATTACK ON FORT CAROLINK-165. THE troops, having heard mass, marched out in order, preceded by twenty Biseayans and Asturians having as their captain Martin de Ochoa, a leader of great fidelity and bravery, furnished with axes to open a road where they could not get along. At this moment there arrived two Indians, who add that they had been at the French fort six days before, and who "seemed like angels" to the sol- diers, sent to guide their march. Halting for refresh- ment and rest wherever suitable places could be found, and the Adelantado always with the van- guard, in four days they reached the vicinity of the fort, and came up within less than a quarter of a league of it, concealed by a grove of pine trees. It rained heavily, and a severe storm prevailed. The place where they had halted was a very bad one, and very marshy ; but he decided to stop there, and went back to seek the rearguard, lest they might lose the way. 28 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIIs CHAPTER IV. THE ATTACK ON FORT CAROLINE-1565. THE troops, having heard mass, marched out in order, preceded by twenty Biscayans and Asturians having as their captain Martin de Ochoa, a leader of great fidelity and bravery, furnished with axes to open a road where they could not get along. At this moment there arrived two Indians, who said that they had been at the French fort six days before, and who "seemed like angels" to the sol- diers, sent to guide their march. Halting for refresh- ment and rest wherever suitable places could be found, and the Adelantado always with the van- guard, in four days they reached the vicinity of the fort, and came up within less than a quarter of a league of it, concealed by a grove of pine trees. It rained heavily, and a severe storm prevailed. The place where they had halted was a very bad one, and very marshy ; but he decided to stop there, and went back to seek the rearguard, lest they might lose the way.  FOR~T CAROLINE. E o56 4 F OJ R T C A R O L IN E . -E, -eY6 6¢ ONT CAROLINE   About ten at night the last of the troops arrived, very wet indeed, for there had been much rain during the four days ; they had passed marshes with the water rising to their waists, and every night there was so great a flood that they were in great danger of losing their powder, their match-fire, and their biscuit; and they became desperate, cursing those who had brought them there, and themselves for coming. Menendez pretended not to hear their complaints, not daring to call a council as to proceeding or returning, for both officers and soldiers went forward very inquietly. Remaining firm in his own resolve, two hours before dawn he called together the Master of the Camp and the Captains, to whom he said that during the whole night he had sought of God and his most Holy Mother, that they would favor him and instruct him what he should do, most advan- tageous for their holy service ; and be was persuaded that they had all done the same. " But now, Gentle- men," he proceeded, "we must make some determin- ation, finding ourselves exhausted, lost, without ammunition or provisions, and without the hope of relief." Some answered very promptly, "Why should they waste their time in giving reasons I for, unless they returned quickly to St. Augustine, they would About ten at night the last of the troops arrived, very wet indeed, for there had been much rain during the four days ; they had passed marshes with the water rising to their waists, and every night there was so great a flood that they were in great danger of losing their powder, their match-fire, and their biscuit; and they became desperate, cursing those who had brought them there, and themselves for coming. Menendez pretended not to hear their complaints, not daring to call a council as to proceeding or returning, for both officers and soldiers went forward very inquietly. Remaining firm in his own resolve, two hours before dawn he called together the Master of the Camp and the Captains, to whom he said that during the whole night he had sought of God and his most Holy Mother, that they would favor him and instruct him what he should do, most advan- tageous for their holy service ; and he was persuaded that they had all done the same. " But now, Gentle- men," he proceeded, " we must make some determin- ation, finding ourselves exhausted, lost, without ammunition or provisions, and without the hope of relief." Some answered very promptly, "Why should they waste their time in giving reasons ? for, unless they returned quickly to St. Augustine, they would About ten at night the last of the troops arrived, very wet indeed, for there had been much rain during the four days ; they had passed marshes with the water rising to their waists, and every night there was so great a flood that they were in great danger of losing their powder, their match-fire, and their biscuit; and they became desperate, cursing those who had brought them there, and themselves for coming. Menendez pretended not to hear their complaints, not daring to call a council as to proceeding or returning, for both officers and soldiers went forward very inquietly. Remaining firm in his own resolve, two hours before dawn he called together the Master of the Camp and the Captains, to whom he said that during the whole night he had sought of God and his most Holy Mother, that they would favor him and instruct him what he should do, most advan- tageous for their holy service ; and he was persuaded that they had all done the same. " But now, Gentle- men," he proceeded, " we must make some determin- ation, finding ourselves exhausted, lost, without ammunition or provisions, and without the hope of relief." Some answered very promptly, "Why should they waste their time in giving reasons ? for, unless they returned quickly to St. Augustine, they would  30 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES be reduced to eating palmettos ;* and the longer they delayed, the greater trouble they would have." The Adelantado said to them that what they said seemed very reasonable, but he would ask of them to hear some reasons to the contrary, without being offended. He then proceeded-after havingsmoothed down their somewhat ruffled dispositions, consider- ably disturbed by their first experience in encounter- ing the hardships of such a march-to show them that the danger of retreat was then greater than an ad- vance would be, as they would lose alike the respect of their friends and foes. That if, on the contrary, they attacked the fort,-whether they succeeded in taking it or not, they would gain honor and reputa- tion. Stimulated by the speech of their General, they demanded to be led to the attack, and the arrange- ments for the assault were at once made. Their French prisoner was placed in the advance ; but the darkness of the night and the severity of the storm rendered it impossible to proceed, and they halted in a marsh, with the water up to their knees, to await daylight. At dawn, the Frenchman recognized the country, 30 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES be reduced to eating palmettos ;* and the longer they delayed, the greater trouble they would have." The Adelantado said to them that what they said seemed very reasonable, but he would ask of them to hear some reasons to the contrary, without being offended. He then proceeded-afterhavingsmoothed down their somewhat ruffled dispositions, consider- ably disturbed by their first experience in encounter- ing the hardships of such a march-to show them that the danger of retreat was then greater than an ad- vance would be, as they would lose alike the respect of their friends and foes. That if, on the contrary, they attacked: the fort,-whether they succeeded in taking it or not, they would gain honor and reputa- tion. Stimulated by the speech of their General, they demanded to be led to the attack, and the arrange- ments for the assault were at once made. Their French prisoner was placed in the advance ; but the darkness of the night and the severity of the storm rendered it impossible to proceed, and they halted in a marsh, with the water up to their knees, to await daylight. At dawn, the Frenchman recognized the country, So THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES be reduced to eating palmettos ;* and the longer they delayed, the greater trouble they would have" The Adelantado said to them that what they said seemed very reasonable, but he would ask of them to hear some reasons to the contrary, without being offended. He then proceeded-afterhavingsmoothed down their somewhat ruffled dispositions, consider- ably disturbed by their first experience in encounter- ing the hardships of such a march-to show them that the danger of retreat was then greater than an ad- vance would be, as they would lose alike the respect of their friends and foes. That if, on the contrary, they attacked. the fort,-whether they succeeded in taking it or not, they would gain honor and reputa- tion. Stimulated by the speech of their General, they demanded to be led to the attack, and the arrange- ments for the assault were at once made. Their French prisoner was placed in the advance ; but the darkness of the night and the severity of the storm rendered it impossible to proceed, and they halted in a marsh, with the water up to their knees, to await daylight. At dawn, the Frenchman recognized the country, * A low palm, bearing an oily berry. * A low palm, bearing an oily berry. * A low palm, bearing an oily berry.  OF ST. AUGUsTINF, FLORIDA. 31 OF ST. AUGUSTINF FLORIDA. 31 OF ST. AUGUSTINF, FLORIDA. 31 and the place where they were, and where stood the fort ; upon which the Adelantado ordered them to march, enjoining upon all, at the peril of their lives, to follow him ; and coming to a small hill, the Frenchman said that behind that stood the fort, about three bow-shots distant, but lower down, near the river. The General put the Frenchman into the custody of Castaneda. He went up a little higher, and saw the river and one of the houses, but he was not able to discover the fort, although it was ad- joining them; and he returned to Castaneda, with whom now stood the Master of the Camp and Ochoa, and said to them that he wished to go lower down, near to the houses which stood behind the hill, to see the fortress and the garrison, for, as the sun was now up, they could not attack the .fort without a reconnoisance. This the Master of the Camp would not permit him to do, saying this duty appertained to him ; and he went alone with Ochoa near to the houses, from whence they discovered the fort ; and returning with their information, they came to two paths, and leaving the one by which they came, they took the other. The Master of the Camp discovered his error, coming to a fallen tree, and turned his face to inform Ochoa, who was following him; and as they turned to seek the right path, he stopped in advance, and the sentinel discovered them, who and the place where they were, and where stood the fort ; upon which the Adelantado ordered them to march, enjoining upon all, at the peril of their lives, to follow him ; and coming to a small hill, the Frenchman said that behind that stood the fort, about three bow-shots distant, but lower down, near the river. The General put the Frenchman into the custody of Castaneda. He went up a little higher, and saw the river and. one of the houses, but he was not able to discover the fort, although it was ad- joining them; and he returned to Castaneda, with whom now stood the Master of the Camp and Ochoa, and said to them that he wished to go lower down, near to the houses which stood behind the hill, to see the fortress and the garrison, for, as the sun was now up, they could not attack the fort without a reconnoisance. This the Master of the Camp would not permit him to do, saying this duty appertained to him ; and he went alone with Ochoa near to the houses, from whence they discovered the fort ; and returning with their information, they came to two paths, and leaving the one by which they came, they took the other. The Master of the Camp discovered his error, coming to a fallen tree, and turned his face to inform Ochoa, who was following him ; and as they turned to seek the right path, he stopped in advance, and the sentinel discovered them, who and the place where they were, and where stood the fort ; upon which the Adelantado ordered them to march, enjoining upon all, at the peril of their lives, to follow him ; and coming to a small hill, the Frenchman said that behind that stood the fort, about three bow-shots distant, but lower down, near the river. The General put the Frenchman into the custody of Castaneda. He went up a little higher, and saw the river and one of the houses, but he was not able to discover the fort, although it was ad- joining them; and he returned to Castaneda, with whom now stood the Master of the Camp and Ochoa, and said to them that he wished to go lower down, near to the houses which stood behind the hill, to see the fortress and the garrison, for, as the sun was now up, they could not attack the .fort without a reconnoisance. This the Master of the Camp would not permit him to do, saying this duty appertained to him ; and he went alone with Ochoa near to the houses, from whence they discovered the fort; and returning with their information, they came to two paths, and leaving the one by which they came, they took the other. The Master of the Camp discovered his error, coming to a fallen tree, and turned his face to inform Ochoa, who was following him ; and as they turned to seek the right path, he stopped in advance, and the sentinel discovered them, who  32 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES imagined them to be French; but examining them he perceived they were unknown to him. He hailed, "Who goes there ?" Ochoa answered, "French- men." The sentinel was confirmed in his supposition that they were his own people, and approached them ; Ochoa did the same; but seeing they were not French, the sentinel retreated. Ochoa closed with him, and with his drawn sword gave him a cut over the head, but did not hurt him much, as the sentinel fended off the blow with his sword ; and the Master of the Camp coming up at this moment, gave him a thrust, from which he fell backwards, making a loud outcry. The Master of the Camp, putting his sword to his breast, threatened him with instant death unless he kept silence. They tied him there- upon, and took him to the General, who, hearing the noise, thought the Master of the Camp was being killed, and meeting with the Sergeant-major, Fran- cisco de Recalde, Diego de Maya, and Andres Lopez Patino, with their standards and soldiers, without being able to restrain himself, he cried out, "San- tiago ! Upon them ! Help of God, Victory ! The French are destroyed. The Master of the Camp is in their fort, and has taken it." Upon which, all rushed forward in the path without order, the General remaining behind, repeating what he had said many times ; himself believing it to be certain 32 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES imagined them to be French; but examining them he perceived they were unknown to him. He hailed, "Who goes there I" Ochoa answered, "French- men." The sentinel was confirmed in his supposition that they were his own people, and approached them ; Ochoa did the same ; but seeing they were not French, the sentinel retreated. Ochoa closed with him, and with his drawn sword gave him a cut over the head, but did not hurt him much, as the sentinel fended off the blow with his sword ; and the Master of the Camp coming up at this moment, gave him a thrust, from which he fell backwards, making a loud outcry. The Master of the Camp, putting his sword to his breast, threatened him with instant death unless he kept silence. They tied him there- upon, and took him to the General, who, hearing the noise, thought the Master of the Camp was being killed, and meeting with the Sergeant-major, Fran- cisco de Recalde, Diego de Maya, and Andres Lopes Patino, with their standards and soldiers, without being able to restrain himself, he cried out, "San- tiago ! Upon them ! Help of God, Victory ! The French are destroyed. The Master of the Camp is in their fort, and has taken it." Upon which, all rushed forward in the path without order, the General remaining behind, repeating what he had said many times ; himself believing it to be certain 32 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES imagined them to be French; but examining them he perceived they were unknown to him. He hailed, "Who goes there ?" Oehoa answered, "French- men." The sentinel was confirmed in his supposition that they were his own people, and approached them; Ochoa did the same; but seeing they were not French, the sentinel retreated. Ochoa closed with him, and with his drawn sword gave him a cut over the head, but did not hurt him much, as the sentinel fended off the blow with his sword ; and the Master of the Camp coming up at this moment, gave him a thrust, from which he fell backwards, making a loud outcry. The Master of the Camp, putting his sword to his breast, threatened him with instant death unless he kept silence. They tied him there- upon, and took, him to the General, who, hearing the noise, thought the Master of the Camp was being killed, and meeting with the Sergeant-major, Fran- cisco de Recalde, Diego de Maya, and Andres Lopez Patino, with their standards and soldiers, without being able to restrain himself, he cried out, "San- tiago ! Upon them I Help of God, Victory ! The French are destroyed. The Master of the Camp is in their fort, and has taken it." Upon which, all rushed forward in the path without order, the General remaining behind, repeating what he had said many times ; himself believing it to be certain  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 83 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 3 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 83 that the Master of Camp had taken with him a con- siderable force, and had captured the fort. So great was the joy of the soldiers, and such their speed, that they soon came up with the Master of the Camp and Ochoa, who was hastening to receive the reward of carrying the good news to the General of the capture of the sentinel. But the Master of the Camp, seeing the spirit which animated the sol- diery, killed the sentinel, and cried out with a loud voice to those who were pressing forward, " Com- rades ! do as I do. God is with us;" and turned, running towards the fort, and meeting two French- men on the way, he killed one of them, and Andres Lopez Patino the other. Those in the environs of the fort, seeing this tragedy enacted, set up loud outcries ; and in order to know the cause of the alarm, one of the French within opened the postern of the principal gate, which he had no sooner done than it was observed by the Master of the Camp ; and throwing himself upon him, he killed him, and entered the gate, followed by the most active of his followers. The French awakened by the clamor, some dressed, others in their night-clothes, rushed to the doors of their houses to see what had happened; but they were all killed, except sixty of the more wary, who escaped by leaping the walls. that the Master of Camp had taken with him a con- siderable force, and had captured the fort. So great was the joy of the soldiers, and such their speed, that they soon came up with the Master of the Camp and Ochoa, who was hastening to receive the reward of carrying the good news to the General of the capture of the sentinel. But the Master of the Camp, seeing the spirit which animated the sol- diery, killed the sentinel, and cried out with a loud voice to those who were pressing forward, " Com- rades ! do as I do. God is with us;" and turned, running towards the fort, and meeting two French- men on the way, he killed one of them, and Andres Lopez Patino the other. Those in the environs of the fort, seeing this tragedy enacted, set up loud outcries ; and in order to know the cause of the alarm, one of the French within opened the postern of the principal gate, which he had no sooner done than it was observed by the Master of the Camp; and throwing himself upon him, he killed him, and entered the gate, followed by the most active of his followers. The French awakened by the clamor, some dressed, others in their night-clothes, rushed to the doors of their hooses to see what had happened; but they were all killed, except sixty of the more wary, who escaped by leaping the walls. that the Master of Camp had taken with him a con- siderable force, and had captured the fort. So great was the joy of the soldiers, and such their speed, that they soon came up with the Master of the Camp and Ochoa, who was hastening to receive the reward of carrying the good news to the General of the capture of the sentinel. But the Master of the Camp, seeing the spirit which animated the sol- diery, killed the sentinel, and cried out with a load voice to those who were pressing forward, " Com- rades ! do as I do. God is with us;" and turned, running towards the fort, and meeting two French- men on the way, he killed one of them, and Andres Lopez Patino the other. Those in the environs of the fort, seeing this tragedy enacted, set up loud outcries ; and in order to know the cause of the alarm, one of the French within opened the postern of the principal gate, which he had no sooner done than it was observed by the Master of the Camp ; and throwing himself upon him, he killed him, and entered the gate, followed by the most active of his followers. The French awakened by the clamor, some dressed, others in their night-clothes, rushed to the doors of their houses to see what had happened; but they were all killed, except sixty of the more wary, who escaped by leaping the walls.  34 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Immediately the standards of the Sergeant Major and of Diego Mayo were brought in, and set up by Rodrigo Troche and Pedro Valdes Herrera, with two cavaliers, at the same moment. These being hoisted, the trumpets proclaimed the victory, and the bands of soldiers who had entered opened the gates and sought the quarters, leaving no Frenchman alive. The Adelantado hearing the cries, left Castaneda in his place to collect the people who had not come up, who were at least half the force, and went him- self to see if they were in any danger. He arrived at the fort running ; and as he perceived that the soldiers gave no quarter to any of the French, he shouted, "That at the penalty of their lives, they should neither wound nor kill any woman, cripple, or child under fifteen years of age." By which seventy persons were saved, the rest were all killed Renato de Laudonniere, the Commander of the fort, escaped, with his servant and some twenty or thirty others, to a vessel lying in the river. Such is the Spanish chronicle, contained inBarcia, of the capture of Fort Caroline. Its details in the main correspond with the account of Landonni6re, and of Nicolas Challeux, the author of the letter printed at Lyons, in France, under date of August, 1566, by Jean Saugrain. In some importantparticulars, how- 34 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Immediately the standards of the Sergeant Major and of Diego Mayo were brought in, and set up by Rodrigo Troche and Pedro Valdes Herrera, with two cavaliers, at the same moment. These being hoisted, the trumpets proclaimed the victory, and the bands of soldiers who had entered opened the gates and sought the quarters, leaving no Frenchman alive. The Adelantado hearing the cries, left Castaneda in his place to collect the people who had not come up, who were at least half the force, and went him- self to see if they were in any danger. He arrived at the fort running ; and as he perceived that the soldiers gave no quarter to any of the French, he shouted, "That at the penalty of their lives, they should neither wound nor kill any woman, cripple, or child under fifteen years of age." By which seventy persons were saved, the rest were all killed Renato de Laudonniere, the Commander of the fort, escaped, with his servant and some twenty or thirty others, to a vessel lying in the river. Such is the Spanish chronicle, contained in Barcia, of the capture of Fort Caroline. Its details in the main correspond with the account of Laudonniere, and of Nicolas Challeux, the author of the letter printed at Lyons, in France, under date of August, 1566, by Jean Saugrain. In some important particulars, how- 34 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Immediately the standards of the Sergeant Major and of Diego Mayo were brought in, and set up by Rodrigo Troche and Pedro Valdes Herrera, with two cavaliers, at the same moment. These being hoisted, the trumpets proclaimed the victory, and the bands of soldiers who had entered opened the gates and sought the quarters, leaving no Frenchman alive. The Adelantado hearing the cries, left Castaneda in his place to collect the people who had not come up, who were at least half the force, and went him- self to see if they were in any danger. He arrived at the fort running; and as he perceived that the soldiers gave no quarter to any of the French, he shouted, "That at the penalty of their lives, they should neither wound nor kill any woman, cripple, or child under fifteen years of age." By which seventy persons were saved, the rest were all killed. Renato de Laudonniere, the Commander of the fort, escaped, with his servant and some twenty or thirty others, to a vessel lying in the river. Such is the Spanish chronicle, contained in Barcia, of the capture of Fort Caroline. Its details in the main correspond with the account of Laudonniere, and of Nicolas Challeux, the author of the letter printed at Lyons, in France, under date of August, 1566, by Jean Saugrain. In some important particulars, how-  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 35 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 35 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 35 ever, the historians disagree. It has been already seen that Menendez is represented as having given orders to spare all the women, maimed persons, and all children under fifteen years of age. The French relations of the event, on the contrary, allege that an indiscriminate slaughter took place, and that all were massacred without respect to age, sex, or condition; but as this statement is principally made upon the authority of a terrified and flying soldier, it is alike due to the probabilities of the case, and more agreeable'to the hopes of humanity, to lessen somewhat the horrors of a scene which has need of all the palliation which can be drawn from the slightest evidences of compassion on the part of that stern and bigoted leader. The Spanish statement is further confirmed by other writers, who speak of a vessel being dispatched by Menendez subsequently to carry the survivors to Spain. ever, the historians disagree. It has been already seen that Menendez is represented as having given orders to spare all the women, maimed persons, and all children under fifteen years of age. The French relations of the event, on the contrary, allege that an indiscriminate slaughter took place, and that all were massacred without respect to age, sex, or condition ; but as this statement is principally made upon the authority of a terrified and flying soldier, it is alike due to the probabilities of the case, and more agreeable-to the hopes of humanity, to lessen somewhat the horrors of a scene which has need of all the palliation which can be drawn from the slightest evidences of compassion on the part of that stern and bigoted leader. The Spanish statement is further confirmed by other writers, who speak of a vessel being dispatched by Menendez subsequently to carry the survivors to Spain. ever, the historians disagree. It has been already seen that Menendez is represented as having given orders to spare all the women, maimed persons, and all children under fifteen years of age. The French relations of the event, on the contrary, allege that an indiscriminate slaughter took place, and that all were massacred without respect to age, sex, or condition; but as this statement is principally made upon the authority of a terrified and flying soldier, it is alike due to the probabilities of the case, and more agreeable'to the hopes of humanity, to lessen somewhat the horrors of a scene which has need of all the palliation which can be drawn from the slightest evidences of compassion on the part of that stern and bigoted leader. The Spanish statement is further confirmed by other writers, who speak of a vessel being dispatched by Menendez subsequently to carry the survivors to Spain.  36 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER V. ESCAPE OF LAUDONNIERE AND OTHERS FROM FORT CAROLINE: ADVENTURES OF THE FUGITIVES THE narratives of this event are found singularly full, there being no less than three accounts by fugi- tives from the massacre. The most complete of these is that of Nicolas de Challeux, a native of Dieppe, which was published in the following year. I have largely transcribed from this quaint and curious nar- rative, not only an account of the fullness of the de- tails, but also for the light it throws upon the habits of thought and modes of expression of that day, when so much was exhibited of an external religious faith, and so many were found who would fight for their faith when they refused to adhere to its require- ments. There are apparent, also, a close study of the Scriptures, a great familiarity with its language, a frequent use of its illustrations, and a disposition to attribute all things, with a reverent piety, to the direct 'personal supervision of the Almighty. With the aid of the map accompanying the succeeding chapter, it will not be difficult to trace the perilous 36 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs CHAPTER V. ESCAPE OF LAUDONNIERE AND OTHERS FROM FORT CAROLINE: ADVENTURS OF THE FUGITIVEa THE narratives of this event are found singularly full, there being no less than three accounts by fugi- tives from the massacre. The most complete of these is that of Nicolas de Challeux, a native of Dieppe, which was published in the following year. I have largely transcribed from this quaint and curious nar- rative, not only an account of the fullness of the de- tails, but also for the light it throws upon the habits of thought and modes of expression of that day, when so much was exhibited of an external religious faith, and so many were found who would fight for their faith when they refused to adhere to its require- ments. There are apparent, also, a close study of the Scriptures, a great familiarity with its language, a frequent use of its illustrations, and a disposition to attribute all things, with a reverent piety, to the direct personal supervision of the Almighty. With the aid of the map accompanying the succeeding chapter, it will not be difficult to trace the perilous 36 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER V. ESCAPE OF LAUDONNIERE AND OTHERS FROM FORT CAROLINE: ADVENTURES oF THE FUGITIVES THE narratives of this event are found singularly full, there being no less than three accounts by fugi- tives from the massacre. The most complete of these is that of Nicolas de Challeux, a native of Dieppe, which was published in the following year. I have largely transcribed from this quaint and curious nar- rative, not only an account of the fullness of the de- tails, but also for the light it throws upon the habits of thought and modes of expression of that day, when so much was exhibited of an external religious faith, and so many were found who would fight for their faith when they refused to adhere to its require- ments. There are apparent, also, a close study of the Scriptures, a great familiarity with its language, a frequent use of its illustrations, and a disposition to attribute all things, with a reverent piety, to the direct 'personal supervision of the Almighty. With the aid of the map accompanying the succeeding chapter, it will not be difficult to trace the perilous  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 37 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 37 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 37 route of escape pursued by De Challeux and his com- panions, over obstacles much magnified by the terror of the moment and want of familiarity with the country:- " The number of persons in the fort was two hundred and forty, partly of those who had not re- covered from sea-sickness, partly of artisans and of women and children left to the care and diligence of Captain Landonniere, who had no expectation that it was possible that any force could approach by land to attack him. On which account the guards had withdrawn for the purpose of refreshing themselves a little before sunrise, on account of the bad weather which had continued during the whole night, most of our people being at the time in their beds sleeping. The wicket gate open, the Spanish force, having tra- versed forests, swamps, and rivers, arrived at break of day, Friday, the 20th September, the weather very stormy, and entered the fort without any resistance, and made a horrible satisfaction of the rage and hate they had conceived against our nation. It was then who should best kill the most men, sick and well, women and little children, in such manner that it is impossible to conceive of a massacre which could equal this for its barbarity and cruelty. "Some of the more active of our people, jumping from their beds, slipped out and escaped to the ves- route of escape pursued by De Challeux and his com- panions, over obstacles much magnified by the terror of the moment and want of familiarity with the country:- "The number of persons in the fort was two hundred and forty, partly of those who had not re- covered from sea-sickness, partly of artisans and of women and children left to the care and diligence of Captain Laudonniere, who had no expectation that it was possible that any force could approach by land to attack him. On which account the guards had withdrawn for the purpose of refreshing themselves a little before sunrise, on account of the bad weather which had continued during the whole night, most of our people being at the time in their beds sleeping. The wicket gate open, the Spanish force, having tra- versed forests, swamps, and rivers, arrived at break of day, Friday, the 20th September, the weather very stormy, and entered the fort without any resistance, and made a horrible satisfaction of the rage and hate they had conceived against our nation. It was then who should best kill the most men, sick and well, women and little children, in such manner that it is impossible to conceive of a massacre which could equal this for its barbarity and cruelty. "Some of the more active of our people, jumping from their beds, slipped out and escaped to the ves- route of escape pursued by De Challeux and his com- panions, over obstacles much magnified by the terror of the moment and want of familiarity with the country:- " The number of persons in the fort was two hundred and forty, partly of those who had not re- covered from sea-sickness, partly of artisans and of women and children left to the care and diligence of Captain Laudonniere, who had no expectation that it was possible that any force could approach by land to attack him. On which account the guards had withdrawn for the purpose of refreshing themselves a little before sunrise, on account of the bad weather which had continued during the whole night, most of our people being at the time in their beds sleeping. The wicket gate open, the Spanish force, having tra- versed forests, swamps, and rivers, arrived at break of day, Friday, the 20th September, the weather very stormy, and entered the fort without any resistance, and made a horrible satisfaction of the rage and hate they had conceived against our nation. It was then who should best kill the most men, sick and well, women and little children, in such manner that it is impossible to conceive of a massacre which could equal this for its barbarity and cruelty. "Some of the more active of our people, jumping from their beds, slipped out and escaped to the ves-  8 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs sel in the river. I was myself surprised, going to my duty with my clasp-knife in my hand; for upon leaving my cabin, I met the enemy, and saw no other means of escape but turning my back, and ma- king the utmost possible haste to leap over the pali- sades, for I was closely pursued, step by step, by a pikeman, and one with a partisan ; and I do not know how it was, unless by the grace of God, that my strength was redoubled, old man as I am and grey- headed, a thing which at any other time I could not have done, for the rampart was raised eight or nine feet ; I then hastened to secrete myself in the woods, and when I was sufficiently near the edge of the wood at the distance of a good bow-shot, I turned towards the fort and rested a little time, fmudingmy- self not pursued ; and as from this place all the fort, even the inner-court was distinctly visible to me, looking there I saw a horrible butchery of our men taking place, and three standards of our enemies planted upon the ramparts. Having then lost all hope of seeing our men rally, I resigned all my senses to the Lord. Recommending myself to his mercy, grace, and favor, I threw myself into the wood, for it seemed to me that I could find no greater cruelty among the sav- age beasts, than that of- our enemy which I had seen shown towards our people. But the misery and an- guish in which I found myself then, straitened and 38 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrrIEs sel in the river. I was myself surprised, going to my duty with my clasp-knife in my hand; for upon leaving my cabin, I met the enemy, and saw no other means of escape but turning my back, and ma- king the utmost possible haste to leap over the pali- sades, for I was closely pursued, step by step, by a pikeman, and one with a partisan ; and I do not know how it was, unless by the grace of God, that my strength was redoubled, old man as I am and grey- headed, a thing which at any other time I could not have done, for the rampart was raised eight or nine feet ; I then hastened to secrete myself in the woods, and when I was sufficiently near the edge of the wood at the distance of a good bow-shot, I turned towards the fort and rested a little time, finding my- self not pursued ; and as from this place all the fort, even the inner-court was distinctly visible to me, looking there I saw a horrible butchery of our men taking place, and three standards of our enemies planted upon the ramparts. Having then lost all hope of seeing our men rally, I resigned all my senses to the Lord. Recommending myself to his mercy,grace, and favor, I threw myself into the wood, for it seemed to me that I could find no greater cruelty among the sav- age beasts, than that of- our enemy which I had seen shown towards our people. But the misery and an- guish in which I found myself then, straitened and 38 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs sel in the river. I was myself surprised, going to my duty with my clasp-knife in my hand; for upon leaving my cabin, I met the enemy, and saw no other means of escape but turning my back, and ma- king the utmost possible haste to leap over the pali- sades, for I was closely pursued, step by step, by a pikeman, and one with a partisan ; and I do not know how it was, unless by the grace of God, that my strength was redoubled, old man as I am and grey- headed, a thing which at any other time I could not have done, for the rampart was raised eight or nine feet ; I then hastened to secrete myself in the woods, and when I was sufficiently near the edge of the wood at the distance of a good bow-shot, I turned towards the fort and rested a little time, finding my- self not pursued ; and as from this place all the fort, even the inner-court was distinctly visible to me, looking there I saw a horrible butchery of our men taking place, and three standards of our enemies planted upon the ramparts. Having then lost all hope of seeing our men rally, I resigned all my senses to the Lord. Recommending myself to his mercy, grace, and favor, I threw myself into the wood, for it seemed to me that I could find no greater cruelty among the sav- age beasts, than that of- our enemy which I had seen shown towards our people. But the misery and an- guish in which I found myself then, straitened and  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 39 oppressed, seeing no longer any means of safety upon the earth, unless by a special grace of our Lord, transcending any expectation of man; caused me to utter groans and sobs, and with a voice broken by distress to thus cry to the Lord : "'0 God of our fathers and Lord of allemercy! who hast commanded us to call upon Thee even from the depths of hell and the shades of death, promising forthwith thy aid and succor ! show me, for the hope which I have in Thee, what course I ought to take to come to the termination of this miserable old age, plunged into the gulf of grief and bitterness ; at least, cause that, feeling the effect of Thy mercy, and the confidence which I have conceived in my heart for Thy promises, they may not be snatched from me through fear of savage and furious wild beasts on one hand, and of our and Thy enemies on the other, who desire the more to injure us for the memory of Thy name which is invoked by us than for any other cause; aid me, my God! assist me, for I am so troubled that I can do nothing more.' And while I was making this prayer, traversing the wood, which was very thick and matted with briars and thorns, beneath the large trees where there was neither any road nor path, scarcely had I trailed my way half an hour, when I heard a noise like men weeping and groan- ing near me ; and advancing in the name of God, and OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA 39 oppressed, seeing no longer any means of safety upon the earth, unless by a special grace of our Lord, transcending any expectation of man; caused me to utter groans and sobs, and with a voice broken by distress to thus cry to the Lord : '"0 God of our fathers and Lord of allmercy! who hast commanded us to call upon Thee even from the depths of hell and the shades of death, promising forthwith thy aid and succor ! show me, for the hope which I have in Thee, what course I ought to take to come to the termination of this miserable old age, plunged into the gulf of grief and bitterness ; at least, cause that, feeling the effect of Thy mercy, and the confidence which I have conceived in my heart for Thy promises, they may not be snatched from me through fear of savage and furious wild beasts on one hand, and of our and Thy enemies on the other, who desire the more to injure us for the memory of Thy name which is invoked by us than for any other cause; aid me, my God! assist me, for I am so troubled that I can do nothing more.' And while I was making this prayer, traversing the wood, which was very thick and matted with briars and thorns, beneath the large trees where there was neither any road nor path, scarcely had I trailed my way half an- hour, when I heard a noise like men weeping and groan- ing near me ; and advancing in the name of God, and OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 39 oppressed, seeing no longer any means of safety upon the earth, unless by a special grace of our Lord, transcending any expectation of man; caused me to utter groans and sobs, and with a voice broken by distress to thus cry to the Lord : 'O God of our fathers and Lord of allmercy! who hast commanded us to call upon Thee even from the depths of hell and the shades of death, promising forthwith thy aid and succor ! show me, for the hope which I have in Thee, what course I ought to take to come to the termination of this miserable old age, plunged into the gulf of grief and bitterness ; at least, cause that, feeling the effect of Thy mercy, and the confidence which I have conceived in my heart for Thy promises, they may not be snatched from me through fear of savage and furious wild beasts on one hand, and of our and Thy enemies on the other, who desire the more to injure us for the memory of Thy name which is invoked by us than for any other cause; aid me, my God! assist me, for I am so troubled that I can do nothing more.' And while I was making this prayer, traversing the wood, which was very thick and matted with briars and thorns, beneath the large trees where there was neither any road nor path, scarcely had I trailed my way half an. hour, when I heard a noise like men weeping and groan- ing nearme; and advancing in the name of God, and  40 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES in the confidence of His succor, I discovered one of our people, named Sieur de Is Blonderie, and a little behind him another, named Maitre Robert, well known to us all, because he had in charge the prayers at the fort. Immediately afterwards we found also the servant of Sieur d' Ully, the nephew of M. Le- breau, Master Jaques Trusse, and many others; and we assembled and talked over our troubles, and de- liberated as to what course we could take to save our lives. One of our number, much esteemed as being very learned in the lessons of Holy Scripture, pro- posed after this manner: 'Brethren, we see to what extremity we are brought ; in whatever direction we turn our eyes, we see only barbarism. The heavens, the earth, the sea, the forest, and men,-in brief, no- thing favors us. How can we know that if we yield to the mercy of the Spaniards, they will spare us? and if they should kill us, it will be the suffering of but a moment ; they are men, and it may be that, their fury appeased, they may receive us upon some terms ; and, moreover, what can we do? Would it not be better to fall into the hands of men, than into the jaws of wild beasts, or die of hunger in a strange land?' "After he had thus spoken, the greater part of our number were of his opinion, and praised his counsel. Notwithstanding, I pointed out the cruel 40 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUTIEs in the confidence of His succor, I discovered one of our people, named Sieur de Ia Blonderie, and a little behind him another, named Maitre Robert, well known to us all, because he had in charge the prayers at the fort. Immediately afterwards we found also the servant of Sieur d' Ully, the nephew of M. o- breau, Master Jaques Trusse, and many others; and we assembled and talked over our troubles, and de- liberated as to what course we could take to save our lives. One of our number, much esteemed as being very learned in the lessons of Holy Scripture, pro- posed after this manner: 'Brethren, we see to what extremity we are brought ; in whatever direction we turn our eyes, we see only barbarism. The heavens, the earth, the sea, the forest, and men,-in brief, no- thing favors us. How can we know that if we yield to the mercy of the Spaniards, they will spare us? and if they should kill us, it will be the suffering of but a moment ; they are men, and it may be that, their fury appeased, they may receive us upon some terms ; and, moreover, what can we do? Would it not be better to fall into the hands of men, than into the jaws of wild beasts, or die of hunger in a strange land ?' "After he had thus spoken, the greater part of our number were of his opinion, and praised his counsel. Notwithstanding, I pointed out the cruel 40 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIs in the confidence of His succor, I discovered one of our people, named Sieur de la Blonderie, and a little behind him another, named Maitre Robert, well known to us all, because he had in charge the prayers at the fort. Immediately afterwards we found also the servant of Sieur d' Ully, the nephew of M. Le- breau, Master Jaques Trusse, and many others; and we assembled and talked over our troubles, and de- liberated as to what course we could take to save our lives. One of our number, much esteemed as being very learned in the lessons of Holy Scripture, pro- posed after this manner: 'Brethren, we see to what extremity we are brought ; in whatever direction we turn our eyes, we see only barbarism. The heavens, the earth, the sea, the forest, and men,-in brief, no- thing favors us. How can we know that if we yield to the mercy of the Spaniards, they will spare us? and if they should kill us, it will be the suffering of but a moment ; they are men, and it may be that, their fury appeased, they may receive us upon some terms; and, moreover, what can we do? Would it not be better to fall into the hands of men, than into the jaws of wild beasts, or die of hunger in a strange land?' "After he had thus spoken, the greater part of our number were of his opinion, and praised his counsel. Notwithstanding, I pointed out the cruel  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 41 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 41 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 41 animosity still unappeased of our enemies, and that it was not for any human cause of quarrel, that they had carried out with such fury their enterprise, but mainly (as would appear by the notice they had already given us) because we were of those who were reformed by the preaching of the Gospel; that we should be cowards to trust in men, rather than in God, who gives life to his own in the midst of death, and gives ordinarily his assistance when the hopes of men entirely fail. "I also brought to their minds examples from Scripture, instancing Joseph, Daniel, Elias, and the other prophets, as well also the apostles, as St. Pe- ter and St. Paul, who were all drawn out of much affliction, as would appear by means extraordinary and strange to the reason and judgment of men. His arm, said I, is not shortened, nor in any wise en- feebled; his power is always the same. Do you not recollect, said I, the flight of the Israelites before Pharaoh? What hope had that people of escap- ing from the hands of that powerful tyrant? He had them, as it were, under his heel. Before them they had the sea, on either side inaccessible moun- tains. " What then ? He who opened the sea to make a path for his people, and made it afterwards to swallow up his enemies, can not he conduct us by 4 animosity still unappeased of our enemies, and that it was not for any human cause of quarrel, that they had carried out with such fury their enterprise, but mainly (as would appear by the notice they had already given us) because we were of those who were reformed by the preaching of the Gospel; that we should be cowards to trust in men, rather than in God, who gives life to his own in the midst of death, and gives ordinarily his assistance when the hopes of men entirely fail. "I also brought to their minds examples from Scripture, instancing Joseph, Daniel, Elias, and the other prophets, as well also the apostles, as St. Pe- ter and St. Paul, who were all drawn out of much affliction, as would appear by means extraordinary and strange to the reason and judgment of men. His arm, said I, is not shortened, nor in any wise en- feebled; his power is always the same. Do you not recollect, said I, the flight of the Israelites before Pharaoh? What hope had that people of escap- ing from the hands of that powerful tyrant? He had them, as it were, under his heel.. Before them they had the sea, on either side inaccessible moun- tains. " What then ? He who opened the sea to make a path for his people, and made it afterwards to swallow up his enemies, can not he conduct us by animosity still unappeased of our enemies, and that it was not for any human cause of quarrel, that they had carried out with such fury their enterprise, but mainly (as would appear by the notice they had already given us) because we were of those who were reformed by the preaching of the Gospel; that we should be cowards to trust in men, rather than in God, who gives life to his own in the midst of death, and gives ordinarily his assistance when the hopes of men entirely fail. "I also brought to their minds examples from Scripture, instancing Joseph, Daniel, Elias, and the other prophets, as well also the apostles, as St. Pe- ter and St. Paul, who were all drawn out of much affliction, as would appear by means extraordinary and strange to the reason and judgment of men. His arm, said I, is not shortened, nor in any wise en- feebled; his power is always the same. Do you not recollect, said I, the flight of the Israelites before Pharaoh? What hope had that people of escap- ing from the hands of that powerful tyrant? He had them, as it were, under his heel. Before them they had the sea, on either side inaccessible moun- tains. "What then? He who opened the sea to make a path for his people, and made it afterwards to swallow up his enemies, can not he conduct us by 4  42 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES the forest places of this strange country? While thus discoursing, six of the company followed out the first proposition, and abandoned us to go and yield themselves up to our enemies, hoping to find favor before them. But they learned, immediately and by experience, what folly it is to trust more in men than in the promises of the Lord. For having gone out of the wood, as they descended to the fort they were immediately seized by the Spaniards and treated in the same fashion as the others had been. They were at once killed and massacred, and then drawn to the banks of the river, where the others killed at the fort lay in heaps. We who remained in the wood continued to make our way, and drawing towards the sea, as well as we could judge, and as it pleased God to conduct our paths and to straiten our course, we soon arrived at the brow of a mountain and from there commenced to see the sea, but it was still at a great distance; and what was worse, the road we had to take showed itself wonderfully strange and difficult. In the first place, the mountain from which it was necessary for us to descend, was of such height and ruggedness, that it was not possible for a person descending to stand upright; and we should never have dared to descend it but for the hope we had of sustaining ourselves by the branches of the bushes, which were frequent upon the side of the 42 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES the forest places of this strange country? While thus discoursing, six of the company followed out the first proposition, and abandoned us to go and yield themselves up to our enemies, hoping to find favor before them. But they learned, immediately and by experience, what folly it is to trust more in men than in the promises of the Lord. For having gone out of the wood, as they descended to the fort they were immediately seized by the Spaniards and treated in the same fashion as the others had been. They were at once killed and massacred, and then drawn to the banks of the river, where the others killed at the fort lay in heaps. We who remained in the wood continued to make our way, and drawing towards the sea, as well as we could judge, and as it pleased God to conduct our paths andto straiten our course, we soon arrived at the brow of a mountain and from there commenced to see the sea, but it was still at a great distance; and what was worse, the road we had to take showed itself wonderfully strange and difficult. In the first place, the mountain from which it was necessary for us to descend, was of such height and ruggedness, that it was not possible for a person descending to stand upright; and we should never have dared to descend it but for the hope we had of sustaining ourselves by the branches of the bushes, which were frequent upon the side of the 42 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES the forest places of this strange country? While thus discoursing, six of the company followed out the first proposition, and abandoned us to go and yield themselves up to our enemies, hoping to find favor before them. But they learned, immediately and by experience, what folly it is to trust more in men than in the promises of the Lord. For having gone out of the wood, as they descended to the fort they were immediately seized by the Spaniards and treated in the same fashion as the others had been. They were at once killed and massacred, and then drawn to the banks of the river, where the others killed at the fort lay in heaps. We who remained in the wood continued to make our way, and drawing towards the sea, as well as we could judge, and as it pleased God to conduct our paths and-to straiten our course, we soon arrived at the brow of a mountain and from there commenced to see the sea, but it was still at a great distance; and what was worse, the road we had to take showed itself wonderfully strange and difficult. In the first place, the mountain from which it was necessary for us to descend, was of such height and ruggedness, that it was not possible for a person descending to stand upright; and we should never have dared to descend it but for the hope we had of sustaining ourselves by the branches of the bushes, which were frequent upon the side of the  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 43 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 43 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 43 mountain, and to save life, not sparing our hands which we had all gashed up and bloody, and even the legs and nearly all the body was torn. But descending from the mountain, we did not lose our view of the sea, on account of a small wood which was upon a little hill opposite to us ; and in order to go to the wood it was requisite that we should traverse a large meadow, all mud and quagmire, covered with briars and other kinds of strange plants; for the stalk was as hard as wood, and the leaves pricked our feet and our hands until the blood came, and being all the while in the water up to the middle, which redoubled our pain and suffering. The rain came down upon us in such manner from heaven, that we were during all that time between two floods; and the further we advanced the deeper we found the water. " And then, thinking that the last period of our lives had come, we all embraced each other, and with a common impulse, we commenced to sigh and cry to the Lord, accusing our sins and recognizing the weight of his judgments upon us. 'Alas! Lord,' said we, 'what are we but poor worms of the earth? Our souls weakened by grief, surrender themselves into thy hands. Oh, Father of Mercy and God of Love, deliver us from this pain of death ! or if thou wilt that in this desert we shall draw our last breath, assist us so that death, of all things the mountain, and to save life, not sparing our hands which we had all gashed up and bloody, and even the legs and nearly all the body was torn. But descending from the mountain, we did not lose our view of the sea, on account of a small wood which was upon a little hill opposite to us; and in order to go to the wood it was requisite that we should traverse a large meadow, all mud and quagmire, covered with briars and other kinds of strange plants; for the stalk was as hard as wood, and the leaves pricked our feet and our hands until the blood came, and being all the while in the water up to the middle, which redoubled our pain and suffering. The rain came down upon us in such manner from heaven, that we were during all that time between two floods; and the further we advanced the deeper we found the water. " And then, thinking that the last period of our lives had come, we all embraced each other, and with a common impulse, we commenced to sigh and cry to the Lord, accusing our sins and recognizing the weight of his judgments upon us. 'Alas! Lord,' said we, 'what are we but poor worms of the earth? Our souls weakened by grief, surrender themselves into thy hands. Oh, Father of Mercy and God of Love, deliver us from this pain of death ! or if thou wilt that in this desert we shall draw our last breath, assist us so that death, of all things the mountain, and to save life, not sparing our hands which we had all gashed up and bloody, and even the legs and nearly all the body was torn. But descending from the mountain, we did not lose our view of the sea, on account of a small wood which was upon a little hill opposite to us ; and in order to go to the wood it was requisite that we should traverse a large meadow, all mud and quagmire, covered with briars and other kinds of strange plants ; for the stalk was as hard as wood, and the leaves pricked our feet and our hands until the blood came, and being all the while in the water up to the middle, which redoubled our pain and suffering. The rain came down upon us in such manner from heaven, that we were during all that time between two floods; and the further we advanced the deeper we found the water. " And then, thinking that the last period of our lives had come, we all embraced each other, and with a common impulse, we commenced to sigh and cry to the Lord, accusing our sins and recognizing the weight of his judgments upon us. 'Alas! Lord,' said we, 'what are we but poor worms of the earth? Our souls weakened by grief, surrender themselves into thy hands. Oh, Father of Mercy and God of Love, deliver us from this pain of death ! or if thou wilt that in this desert we shall draw our last breath, assist us so that death, of all things the  44 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITfl most terrible, shall have no advantage over us, but that we may remain firm and stable in the sense of thy favor and good-will, which we have too often experienced in the cause of thy Christ to give way to the spirit of Satan, the spirit of despair and of dis- trust; for if we die, we will protest now before thy Majesty, that we would die unto thee, and that if we live it may be to recount thy wonders in the midst of the assembly of thy servants.' Our prayers concluded, we marched with great difficulty straight towards the wood, when we came to a great river which ran in the midst of this meadow; the channel was sufficiently narrow but very deep, and ran with great force, as though all the field ran towards the sea. This was another addition to our anguish, for there was not one of our men who would dare to undertake to cross over by swimming. But in this confusion of our thoughts, as to what manner to pass over, I bethought myself of the wood which we had left behind us. After exhorting my comrades to patience and a continued trust in the Lord, I re- turned to the wood, and cut a long pole, with the good-sized clasp-knife which remained in my hand from the hour the fort was taken; and I returned to the others, who awaited me in great perplexity. 'Now, then, comrades,' said I, 'let us see if God, by means of this stick, will not give us some help to 44 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUlTIEs most terrible, shall have no advantage over us, but that we may remain firm and stable in the sense of thy favor and good-will, which we have too often experienced in the cause of thy Christ to give way to the spirit of Satan, the spirit of despair and of dis- trust; for if we die, we will protest now before thy Majesty, that we would die unto thee, and that if we live it may be to recount thy wonders in the midst of the assembly of thy servants.' Our prayers concluded, we marched with great difficulty straight towards the wood, when we came to a great river which ran in the midst of this meadow; the channel was sufficiently narrow but very deep, and ran with great force, as though all the field ran towards the sea. This was another addition to our anguish, for there was not one of our men who would dare to undertake to cross over by swimming. But in this confusion of our thoughts, as to what manner to pass over, I bethought myself of the wood which we had left behind us. After exhorting my comrades to patience and a continued trust in the Lord, I re- turned to the wood, and cut a long pole, with the good-sized clasp-knife which remained in my hand from the hour the fort was taken; and I returned to the others, who awaited me in great perplexity. 'Now, then, comrades,' said I, 'let us see if God, by means of this stick, will not give us some help to 44 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrs most terrible, shall have no advantage over us, but that we may remain firm and stable in the sense of thy favor and good-will, which we have too often experienced in the cause of thy Christ to give way to the spirit of Satan, the spirit of despair and of dis- trust; for if we die, we will protest now before thy Majesty, that we would die unto thee, and that if we live it may be to recount thy wonders in the midst of the assembly of thy servants.' Our prayers concluded, we marched with great difficulty straight towards the wood, when we came to a great river which ran in the midst of this meadow; the channel was sufficiently narrow but very deep, and ran with great force, as though all the field ran towards the sea. This was another addition to our anguish, for there was not one of our men who would dare to undertake to cross over by swimming. But in this confusion of our thoughts, as to what manner to pass over, I bethought myself of the wood which we had left behind us. After exhorting my comrades to patience and a continued trust in the Lord, I re- turned to the wood, and cut a long pole, with the good-sized clasp-knife which remained in my hand from the hour the fort was taken; and I returned to the others, who awaited me in great perplexity. 'Now, then, comrades,' said I, 'let us see if God, by means of this stick, will not give us some help to  OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLORIDA. 45 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 45 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 45 accomplish our path.' Then we laid the pole upon the water, and each one by turn taking hold of the end of the pole, carried it by his side to the midst of the channel, when losing sight of him we pushed him with sufficient force to the other bank, where he drew himself out by the canes and other bushes growing along its borders; and by his example we passed over, one at a time; but it was not without great danger, and not without drinking a great deal of salt water, in such manner that our hearts were all trembling, and we were as much overcome as though we had been half drowned. After we had come to ourselves and we had resumed courage, moving on all the time towards the wood, which we had remarked close to the sea, the pole was not even needed to pass another creek, which gave us not much less trouble than the first; but, by the grace of God, we passed it and entered the wood the same evening, where we passed the night in great fear and trembling, standing about against the trees. " And, as much as we had labored, even had it been more, we felt no desire to sleep ; for what repose could there be to spirits in such mortal affright? Near the break of day, we saw a great beast, like a deer, at fifty paces from us, who had a great head, eyes flaming, the ears hanging, and the higher parts accomplish our path.' Then we laid the pole upon the water, and each one by turn taking hold of the end of the pole, carried it by his side to the midst of the channel, when losing sight of him we pushed him with sufficient force to the other bank, where he drew himself out by the canes and other bushes growing along its borders; and by his example we passed over, one at a time ; but it was not without great danger, and not without drinking a great deal of salt water, in such manner that our hearts were all trembling, and we were as much overcome as though we had been half drowned. After we had come to ourselves and we had resumed courage, moving on all the time towards the wood, which we had remarked close to the sea, the pole was not even needed to pass another creek, which gave us not much less trouble than the first; but, by the grace of God, we passed it and entered the wood the same evening, where we passed the night in great fear and trembling, standing about against the trees. " And, as much as we had labored, even had it been more, we felt no desire to sleep ; for what repose could there be to spirits in such mortal affright? Near the break of day, we saw a great beast, like a deer, at fifty paces from us, who had a great head, eyes flaming, the ears hanging, and the higher parts accomplish our path.' Then we laid the pole upon the water, and each one by turn taking hold of the end of the pole, carried it by his side to the midst of the channel, when losing sight of him we pushed him with sufficient force to the other bank, where he drew himself out by the canes and other bushes growing along its borders; and by his example we passed over, one at a time ; but it was not without great danger, and not without drinking a great deal of salt water, in such manner that our hearts were all trembling, and we were as much overcome as though we had been half drowned. After we had come to ourselves and we had resumed courage, moving on all the time towards the wood, which we had remarked close to the sea, the pole was not even needed to pass another creek, which gave us not much less trouble than the first; but, by the grace of God, we passed it and entered the wood the same evening, where we passed the night in great fear and trembling, standing about against the trees. " And, as much as we had labored, even had it been more, we felt no desire to sleep ; for what repose could there be to spirits in such mortal affright? Near the break of day, we saw a great beast, like a deer, at fifty paces from us, who had a great head, eyes flaming, the ears hanging, and the higher parts  46 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES elevated. It seemed to us monstrous, because of its gleaming eyes, wondrously large ; but it did not come near to do us any harm. "The day having appeared, we went out of the wood and returned towards the sea, in which we hoped, after God, as the only means of saving our lives; but we were again cast down and troubled, for we saw before us a country of marsh and muddy quagmires, full of water and covered with briars, like that we had passed the previous day. We marched aeross this salt marsh ; and, in the direction we had to take, we perceived among the briars a body of men, whom we at first thought to be enemies, who had gone there to cut us off; but, upon close observation, they seemed in as sad a plight as ourselves, naked and terrified ; and we im- mediately perceived that they were our own people. It was Captain Laudonniere, his servant-maid, Jacques Morgues of Dieppe (the artist), Francis Duval of Rouen, son of him of the iron crown of Rouen, Niguise de la Cratte, Nicholas the carpenter, the Trumpeter of Sieur Laudonniere, and others, who all together made the number of twenty-six men. Upon deliberating as to what we should do, two of our men mounted to the top of one of the tallest trees and discovered from thence one of our vessels, which was that of Captain Maillard, to whom they 46 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES elevated. It seemed to us monstrous, because of its gleaming eyes, wondrously large ; but it did not come near to do us any harm. " The day having appeared, we went out of the wood and returned towards the sea, in which we hoped, after God, as the only means of saving our lives; but we were again cast down and troubled, for we saw before us a country of marsh and muddy quagmires, full of water and covered with briars, like that we had passed the previous day. We marched across this salt marsh ; and, in the direction we had to take, we perceived among the briars a body of men, whom we at first thought to be enemies, who had gone there to cut us off; but, upon close observation, they seemed in as sad a plight as ourselves, naked and terrified ; and we im- mediately perceived that they were our own people. It was Captain Laudonniere,his servant-maid, Jacques Morgues of Dieppe (the artist), Francis Duval of Rouen, son of him of the iron crown of Rouen, Niguise de la Cratte, Nicholas the carpenter, the Trumpeter of Sieur Laudonniere, and others, who all together made the number of twenty-six men. Upon deliberating as to what we should do, two of our men mounted to the top of one of the tallest trees and discovered from thence one of our vessels, which was that of Captain Maillard, to whom they 46 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES elevated. It seemed to us monstrous, because of its gleaming eyes, wondrously large ; but it did not come near to do us any harm. "The day having appeared, we went out of the wood and returned towards the sea, in which we hoped, after God, as the only means of saving our lives; but we were again cast down and troubled, for we saw before us a country of marsh and muddy quagmires, full of water and covered with briars, like that we had passed the previous day. We marched across this salt marsh ; and, in the direction we had to take, we perceived among the briars a body of men, whom we at first thought to be enemies, who had gone there to cut us off; but, upon close observation, they seemed in as sad a plight as ourselves, naked and terrified; and we im- mediately perceived that they were our own people. It was Captain Laudonniere,his servant-maid, Jacques Morgues of Dieppe (the artist), Francis Duval of Rouen, son of him of the iron crown of Rouen, Niguise de Ia Cratte, Nicholas the carpenter, the Trumpeter of Sieur Laudonniere, and others, who all together made the number of twenty-six men. Upon deliberating as to what we should do, two of our men mounted to the top of one of the tallest trees and discovered from thence one of our vessels, which was that of Captain Maillard, to whom they  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 47 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 47 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 47 gave a signal, that he might know that we were in want of help. Thereupon he came towards us with his small vessel, but in order to reach the banks of the stream, it was necessary for us to traverse the briars and two other rivers similar to those which we passed the previous day; in order to accomplish which, the pole I had cut the day before was both useful and necessary, and two others which Sr. de Laudonniere had provided ; and we came pretty near to the vessel, but our hearts failed us from hunger and fatigue, and we should have remained where we were unless the sailors had given us a hand, which aid was very opportune; and they carried us, one after the other, to the vessel, on board of which we were all received well and kindly. They gave us bread and water, and we began afterwards, little by little, to recover our strength and vigor ; which was a strong reason that we should recognize the good- ness of the Lord, who had saved us against all hope from an infinity of dangers and from death, by which we had been surrounded and assaulted from all quarters, to render him forevermore our thanks and praises. We thus passed the entire night re- counting the wonders of the Lord, and consoled each other in the assurances of our safety. "Daylight having come, Jacques Ribault, Captain of the Pearl, boarded us to confer with us respecting gave a signal, that he might know that we were in want of help. Thereupon he came towards us with his small vessel, but in order to reach the banks of the stream, it was necessary for us to traverse the briars and two other rivers similar to those which we passed the previous day; in order to accomplish which, the pole I had cut the day before was both useful and necessary, and two others which Sr. de Laudonniere had provided ; and we came pretty near to the vessel, but our hearts failed us from hunger and fatigue, and we should have remained where we were unless the sailors had given us a hand, which aid was very opportune; and they carried us, one after the other, to the vessel, on board of which we were all received well and kindly. They gave us bread and water, and we began afterwards, little by little, to recover our strength and vigor ; which was a strong reason that we should recognize the good- ness of the Lord, who had saved us against all hope from an infinity of dangers and from death, by which we had been surrounded and assaulted from all quarters, to render him forevermore our thanks and praises. We thus passed the entire night re- counting the wonders of the Lord, and consoled each other in the assurances of our safety. "Daylight having come, Jacques Ribault, Captain of the Pearl, boarded us to confer with us respecting gave a signal, that he might know that we were in want of help. Thereupon he came towards us with his small vessel, but in order to reach the banks of the stream, it was necessary for us to traverse the briars and two other rivers similar to those which we passed the previous day; in order to accomplish which, the pole I had cut the day before was both useful and necessary, and two others which Sr. de Laudonniere had provided ; and we came pretty near to the vessel, but our hearts failed us from hunger and fatigue, and we should have remained where we were unless the sailors had given us a hand, which aid was very opportune; and they carried us, one after the other, to the vessel, on board of which we were all received well and kindly. They gave us bread and water, and we began afterwards, little by little, to recover our strength and vigor ; which was a strong reason that we should recognize the good- ness of the Lord, who had saved us against all hope from an infinity of dangers and from death, by which we had been surrounded and assaulted from all quarters, to render him forevermore our thanks and praises. We thus passed the entire night re- counting the wonders of the Lord, and consoled each other in the assurances of our safety. "Daylight having come, Jacques Ribault, Captain of the Pearl, boarded us to confer with us respecting  48 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUIEs what was to be done by us, and what means we should take for the safety of the rest of our men and the vessels. It was then objected, the small quantity of provisions which we had, our strength broken, our munitions and means of defense taken from us, the uncertainty as to the condition of our Admiral, and not knowing but that he had been shipwrecked on some coast a long distance from us, or driven to a distance by the tempest. "We thereupon concluded that we could do no better than return to France, and were of the opinion that the company should divide into two parts, the one remaining on board the Pearl, and the other under charge of Captain Maillard. "On Friday, the twenty-fifth day of the month of September, we departed from this coast, favored by a strong northerly wind, having concluded to return to France, and after the first day our two ships were so far separated that we did not again encounter each other. We proceeded five hundred leagues prosperously, when, one morning about sunrise, we were attacked by a Spanish vessel, which we met as well as we could, and cannonaded them in such sort that we made them subject to our disposal, and bat- tered them so that the blood was seen to overrun the scuppers. We held them then as surrendered and defeated; but there was no means of grappling 48 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTSrrs what was to be done by us, and what means we should take for the safety of the rest of our men and the vessels. It was then objected, the small quantity of provisions which we had, our strength broken, our munitions and means of defense taken from us, the uncertainty as to the condition of our Admiral, and not knowing but that he had been shipwrecked on some coast a long distance from us, or driven to a distance by the tempest. "We thereupon concluded that we could do no better than return to France, and were of the opinion that the company should divide into two parts, the one remaining on board the Pearl, and the other under charge of Captain Maillard. "On Friday, the twenty-fifth day of the month of September, we departed from this coast, favored by a strong northerly wind, having concluded to return to France, and after the first day our two ships were so far separated that we did not again encounter each other. We proceeded five hundred leagues prosperously, when, one morning about sunrise, we were attacked by a Spanish vessel, which we met as well as we could, and cannonaded them in such sort that we made them subject to our disposal, and bat- tered them so that the blood was seen to overrun the scuppers. We held them then as surrendered and defeated; but there was no means of grappling 48 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs what was to be done by us, and what means we should take for the safety of the rest of our men and the vessels. It was then objected, the small quantity of provisions which we had, our strength broken, our munitions and means of defense taken from us, the uncertainty as to the condition of our Admiral, and not knowing but that he had been shipwrecked on some coast a long distance from us, or driven to a distance by the tempest. "We thereupon concluded that we could do no better than return to France, and were of the opinion that the company should divide into two parts, the one remaining on board the Pearl, and the other under charge of Captain Maillard. "On Friday, the twenty-fifth day of the month of September, we departed from this coast, favored by a strong northerly wind, having concluded to return to France, and after the first day our two ships were so far separated that we did not again encounter each other. We proceeded five hundred leagues prosperously, when, one morning about sunrise, we were attacked by a Spanish vessel, which we met as well as we could, and cannonaded them in such sort that we made them subject to our disposal, and bat- tered them so that the blood was seen to overrun the scuppers. We held them then as surrendered and defeated; but there was no means of grappling  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 49 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 49 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 49 her, on account of the roughness of the sea, for in grappling her there would be danger of our striking together, which might have sunk us; she also, satis- fled with the affair, left us, joyful and thanking God that no one of us was wounded or killed in this skirmish except our cook. " The rest of our passage was without any rencon- ter with enemies; but we were much troubled by contrary winds, which often threatened to cast us on the coast of Spain, which would have been the fin- ishing touch to our misfortunes, and the thing of which we had the greatest horror. We also endured at sea many other things, such as cold and hunger ; for be it understood that we, who escaped from the land of Florida, had nothing else for vestment or equipment, by day or by night, except our shirts alone, or some other little rag, which was a small matter of defense from the exposure to the weather; and what was more, the bread which we eat, and we eat it very sparingly, was all spoilt and rotten, as well also the water itself was all noisome, and of which, besides, we could only have for the whole day a single small glass. " This had food was the reason, on our landing, that many of us fell into divers maladies, which carried off many of the men of our company ; and we arrived at last, after this perilous and lamentable voyage, at her, on account of the roughness of the sea, for in grappling her there would be danger of our striking together, which might have sunk us; she also, satis- fied with the affair, left us, joyful and thanking God that no one of us was wounded or killed in this skirmish except our cook. "The rest of our passage was without any rencon- ter with enemies; but we were much troubled by contrary winds, which often threatened to cast us on the coast of Spain, which would have been the fin- ishing touch to our misfortunes, and the thing of which we had the greatest horror. We also endured at sea many other things, such as cold and hunger ; for be it understood that we, who escaped from the land of Florida, had nothing else for vestment or equipment, by day or by night, except our shirts alone, or some other little rag, which was a small matter of defense from the exposure to the weather; and what was more, the bread which we eat, and we eat it very sparingly, was all spoilt and rotten, as well also the water itself was all noisome, and of which, besides, we could only have for the whole day a single small glass. " This bad food was the reason, on our landing, that many of us fell into divers maladies, which carried off many of the men of our company; and we arrived at last, after this perilous and lamentable voyage, at her, on account of the roughness of the sea, for in grappling her there would be danger of our striking together, which might have sunk us; she also, satis- fled with the affair, left us, joyful and thanking God that no one of us was wounded or killed in this skirmish except our cook. "The rest of our passage was without any rencon- ter with enemies; but we were much troubled by contrary winds, which often threatened to cast us on the coast of Spain, which would have been the fin- ishing touch to our misfortunes, and the thing of which we had the greatest horror. We also endured at sea many other things, such as cold and hunger ; for be it understood that we, who escaped from the land of Florida, had nothing else for vestment or equipment, by day or by night, except our shirts alone, or some other little rag, which was a small matter of defense from the exposure to the weather; and what was more, the bread which we eat, and we eat it very sparingly, was all spoilt and rotten, as well also the water itself was all noisome, and of which, besides, we could only have for the whole day a single small glass. " This bad food was the reason, on our landing, that many of us fell into divers maladies, which carried off many of the men of our company; and we arrived at last, after this perilous and lamentable voyage, at  50 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Rochelle; where we were received and treated very humanely and kindly by the inhabitants of the country and those of the city, giving us of their means, to the extent our necessities required; and assisted by their kindness we were each enabled to return to his own part of the country."* Laudonniere'st narrative speaks more of his own personal escape; and that of Le Moyne refers to this description of De Challeux, as containing a full and accurate account of what took place. Barcia men- tions De Challeux very contemptuously as a carpen- ter, who succeeding badly at his trade took up that of preaching, but does not deny the truth of his narrative. Those who separated from their com- rades and threw themselves upon their enemies' mercy, are mentioned by the Spanish writers; but they are silent as to the treatment they received. * Ternaux Compans. t Hakluyt. $ Brevis Narrti. 50 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Rochelle; where we were received and treated very humanely and kindly by the inhabitants of the country and those of the city, giving us of their means, to the extent our necessities required; and assisted by their kindness we were each enabled to return to his own part of the country."* Laudonniere'st narrative speaks more of his own personal escape; and that of Le Moyne refers to this description of De Challeux, as containing a full and accurate account of what took place. Barcia men- tions De Challeux very contemptuously as a carpen- ter, who succeeding badly at his trade took up that of preaching, but does not deny the truth of his narrative. Those who separated from their com- rades and threw themselves upon their enemies' mercy, are mentioned by the Spanish writers; but they are silent as to the treatment they received. * Terux Compans. t Hakluyt $ Brevi. Narretio. 50 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Rochelle; where we were received and treated very humanely and kindly by the inhabitants of the country and those of the city, giving us of their means, to the extent our necessities required; and assisted by their kindness we were each enabled to return to his own part of the country."* Laudonniere'st narrative speaks more of his own personal escape ; and that of Le Moyne refers to this description of De Challeux, as containing a fall and accurate account of what took place. Barcia men- tions De Challeux very contemptuously as a carpen- ter, who succeeding badly at his trade took up that of preaching, but does not deny the truth of his narrative. Those who separated from their com- rades and threw themselves upon their enemies' mercy, are mentioned by the Spanish writers; but they are silent as to the treatment they received. * Ternaux Comparn. t Hakluyt. Brevis Narratio.   ENTRANCE OF ST' JOHNS RIVER. ENTRANCE OF ST~ JOHNS RIVER. ENTRANCE OF ST~ JOHNS RIVER.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 51 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 51 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 51 CHAPTER VI. SITE OF FORT CAROLINE, AFTERWARDS CALLED SAN MATrEO. IT might naturally be supposed that a spot, sur- rounded with so many thrilling and interesting asso- ciations, as the scene of the events we have just related, would have been commemorated either by tradition or by ancient remains attesting its situation. But, in truth, no recognized point now bears the appel- lation of Fort Caroline, and the antiquary can point at this day to no fosse or parapet, no crumbling bastion, no ancient helm or buckler, no shattered and corroded garniture of war mingled with the bones of the dead, as evidencing its position. A writer who has himself done more to rescue from oblivion the historical romance of the South than any other,* has well said, "It will be an em- ployment of curious interest, whenever the people of Florida shall happen upon the true site of the settlement and structure of Laudonniere, to trace CHAPTER VI. SITE OF FORT CAROLINE, AFTERWARD CALLED sAN MATTEO. IT might naturally be supposed that a spot, sur- rounded with so many thrilling and interesting asso- ciations, as the scene of the events we have just related, would have been commemorated either by tradition or by ancient remains attesting its situation. But,in truth, no recognized point now bears the appel- lation of Fort Caroline, and the antiquary can point at this day to no fosse or parapet, no crumbling bastion, no ancient helm or buckler, no shattered and corroded garniture of war mingled with the bones of the dead, as evidencing its position. A writer who has himself done more to rescue from oblivion the historical romance of the South than any other,* has well said, "It will be an em- ployment of curious interest, whenever the people of Florida shall happen upon the true site of the settlement and structure of Laudonniere, to trace CHAPTER VI. SITE OF FORT CAROLINE, AFTERwARDs CALLED SAN MATTEo. IT might naturally be supposed that a spot- sur- rounded with so many thrilling and interesting asso- ciations, as the scene of the events we have just related, would have been commemorated either by tradition or by ancient remains attesting its situation. But,in truth, no recognized point now bears the appel- lation of Fort Caroline, and the antiquary can point at this day to no fosse or parapet, no crumbling bastion, no ancient helm or buckler, no shattered and corroded garniture of war mingled with the bones of the dead, as evidencing its position. A writer who has himself done more to rescue from oblivion the historical romance of the South than any other,* has well said, "It will be an em- ployment of curious interest, whenever the people of Florida shall happen upon the true site of the settlement and structure of Laudonniere, to trace * W. Gilmore Simms, Esq. * W. Gilmore Simms, Esq. * w. Gilmore Simms, Esq.  52 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES out in detail these several localities, and fix them for the benefit of posterity. The work is scarcely beyond the hammer and chisel of some Old Mortality, who has learned to place his affections and fix his sympathies upon the achievements of the past." With a consciousness of our unfitness to establish absolutely a memorial so interesting as the site of Fort Caroline must ever be, I shall endeavor to locate its position, upon the basis of reasons entirely satis- factory to myself, and measurably so, I trust, to others. The account given by Laudonniere himself; the leader of the Huguenots, by whom Fort Caroline was constructed, is as follows:-After speaking of his arrival at the month of the river, which had been named the River May by Ribault, who had entered it on the first day of May, 1562, and had therefore given it that name, he says, "Departing from thence, I had not sailed three leagues up the river, still being followed by the Indians, crying still, 'amy,' 'amy,' that is to say, friend, but I dis- covered an hill of meane height, neare which I went on land, harde by the fieldes that were sowed with mil, at one corner whereof there was an house, built for their lodgings which keep and garde the mil. * * * * * * Now was I determined to searche out the qualities of the hill. Therefore I went right 52 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTES out in detail these several localities, and fix them for the benefit of posterity. The work is scarcely beyond the hammer and chisel of some Old Mortality, who has learned to place his affections and fix his sympathies upon the achievements of the past." With a consciousness of our unfitness to establish absolutely a memorial so interesting as the site of Fort Caroline must ever be, I shall endeavor to locate its position, upon the basis of reasons entirely satis- factory to myself, and measurably so, I trust, to others. The account given by Laudonniere himself; the leader of the Huguenots, by whom Fort Caroline was constructed, is as follows:-After speaking of his arrival at the mouth of the river, which had been named the River May by Ribault, who had entered it on the first day of May, 1562, and had therefore given it that name, he says, "Departing from thence, I had not sailed three leagues up the river, still being followed by the Indians, crying still, 'amy,' 'amy,' that is to say, friend, but I dis- covered an hill of meane height, neare which I went on land, harde by the fieldes that were sowed with mil, at one corner whereof there was an house, built for their lodgings which keep and garde the mil. * * * * * * Now was I determined to searche out the qualities of the hill. Therefore I went right 52 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES out in detail these several localities, and fix them for the benefit of posterity. The work is scarcely beyond the hammer and chisel of some Old Mortality, who has learned to place his affections and fix his sympathies upon the achievements of the past." With a consciousness of our unfitness to establish absolutely a memorial so interesting as the site of Fort Caroline must ever be, I shall endeavor to locate its position, upon the basis of reasons entirely satis- factory to myself, and measurably so, I trust, to others. The account given by Laudonniere himself; the leader of the Huguenots, by whom Fort Caroline was constructed, is as follows :-After speaking of his arrival at the mouth of the river, which had been named the River May by Ribault, who had entered it on the first day of May, 1562, and had therefore given it that name, he says, "Departing from thence, I had not sailed three leagues up the river, still being- followed by the Indians, crying still, 'amy,'' amy,' that is to say, friend, but I dis- covered an hill of meane height, neare which I went on land, harde by the fieldes that were sowed with mil, at one corner whereof there was an house, built for their lodgings which keep and garde the mil. * * * * * * Now was I determined to searche out the qualities of the hill. Therefore I went right  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 53 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 53 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 53 to the toppe thereof; where we found nothing else but cedars, palms, and bay trees of so sovereign odor that Balme smelleth not more sweetly. The trees were environed around about with vines bearing grapes, in such quantities that the number would suffice to make the place habitable. Besides the fertilitie of the soyle for vines, one may see mesquine wreathed about the trees in great quantities. Touch- ing the pleasure of the place, the sea may be seen plain enough from it; and more than six great leagues off, towards the River Belle, a man may behold the meadows, divided asunder into isles and islets, enter- lacing one another. Briefly, the place is so pleasant, that those which are melancholicke, would be inforced to change their humour. * * * " Our fort was built in form of a triangle ; the side towards the west, which was toward the land, was inclosed with a little trench and raised with turf made in the form of a battlement, nine feet high ; the other side, which was towards the river, was inclosed with a palisade of planks of timber, after the manner that Gabions are made; on the south line, there was a kind of bastion, within which I caused an house for the munition to be made. It was all builded with fagots and sand, saving about two or three foote high, with tunfes whereof the battlements were made. In the middest, I caused a great court to be made of to the toppe thereof; where we found nothing else but cedars, palms, and bay trees of so sovereign odor that Balme smelleth not more sweetly. The trees were environed around about with vines bearing grapes, in such quantities that the number would suffice to make the place habitable. Besides the fertilitie of the soyle for vines, one may see mesquine wreathed about the trees in great quantities. Touch- ing the pleasure of the place, the sea may be seen plain enough from it; and more than six great leagues off, towards the River Belle, a man may behold the meadows, divided asunder into isles and islets, enter- lacing one another. Briefly, the place is so pleasant, that those which are melancholicke, would be inforced to change their humour. * * * " Our fort was built in form of a triangle ; the side towards the west, which was toward the land, was inclosed with a little trench and raised with turf made in the form of a battlement, nine feet high ; the other side, which was towards the river, was inclosed with a palisade of planks of timber, after the manner that Gabions are made ; on the south line, there was a kind of bastion, within which I caused an house for the munition to be made. It was all builded with fagots and sand, saving about two or three foote high, with turfes whereof the battlements were made. In the middest, I caused a great court to be made of to the toppe thereof; where we found nothing else but cedars, palms, and bay trees of so sovereign odor that Balme smelleth not more sweetly. The trees were environed around about with vines bearing grapes, in such quantities that the number would suffice to make the place habitable. Besides the fertilitie of the soyle for vines, one may see mesquine wreathed about the trees in great quantities. Touch- ing the pleasure of the place, the sea may be seen plain enough from it; and more than six great leagues off, towards the River Belle, a man may behold the meadows, divided asunder into isles and islets, enter- lacing one another. Briefly, the place is so pleasant, that those which are melancholicke, would be inforced to change their humour. * * * " Our fort was built in form of a triangle ; the side towards the west, which was toward the land, was inclosed with a little trench and raised with turf made in the form of a battlement, nine feet high ; the other side, which was towards the river, was inclosed with a palisade of planks of timber, after the manner that Gabions are made; on the south line, there was a kind of bastion, within which I caused an house for the munition to be made. It was all builded with fagots and sand, saving about two or three foote high, with turfes whereof the battlements were made. In the middest, I caused a great court to be made of  54 THE ITToRY AND ANTIQUrrzs eighteen paces long, and the same in breadth. In the middest whereof, on the one side, drawing towards the south, I builded a corps de garde and an house on the other side towards the north. * * * * * One of the sides that inclosed my court, which I made very faire and large, reached unto the grange of my munitions; and on the other side, towards the river, was mine own lodgings, round which were galleries all covered. The principal doore of my lodging was in the middest of the great place, and the other was towarde the river. A good distance from the fort I built an oven." Jacob Le Moyne, or Jacques Morgues, as he is sometimes called, accompanied the expedition; and his Brevis Narratio contains two plates, representing the commencement of the construction of Fort Car- oline, and its appearance when completed. The latter represents a much more finished fortification than could possibly have been constructed, but may be taken as a correct outline, I presume, of its gen- eral appearance. Barcia, in his account of its capture, describes neither its shape nor appearance, but mentions the parapet nine feet high, and the munition house and store house. From the account of Landonniere and Le Moyne, it was situated near the river, on the slope or nearly 54 THE HISTORT AND ANTIQUfTIES eighteen paces long, and the same in breadth. In the middest whereof, on the one side, drawing towards the south, I builded a corps de garde and an house on the other side towards the north. * * * * * One of the sides that inclosed my court, which I made very faire and large, reached unto the grange of my munitions; and on the other side, towards the river, was mine own lodgings, round which were galleries all covered. The principal doore of my lodging was in the middest of the great place, and the other was towards the river. A good distance from the fort I built an oven." Jacob Le Moyne, or Jacques Morgues, as he is sometimes called, accompanied the expedition; and his Brevis Narratio contains two plates, representing the commencement of the construction of Fort Car- oline, and its appearance when completed. The latter represents a much more finished fortification than could possibly have been constructed, but may be taken as a correct outline, I presume, of its gen- eral appearance. Barcia, in his account of its capture, describes neither its shape nor appearance, but mentions the parapet nine feet high, and the munition house and store house. From the account of Landonniere and Le Moyne, it was situated near the river, on the slope or nearly 54 THE HIsToRT AND ANTIQUrIs5N eighteen paces long, and the same in breadth. In the middest whereof, on the one side, drawing towards the south, I builded a corps de garde and an house on the other side towards the north. * * * * * One of the sides that inclosed my court, which I made very faire and large, reached unto the grange of my munitions; and on the other side, towards the river, was mine own lodgings, round which were galleries all covered. The principal doore of my lodging was in the middest of the great place, and the other was towarde the river. A good distance from the fort I built an oven." Jacob Le Moyne, or Jacques Morgues, as he is sometimes called, accompanied the expedition; and his Brevis Narratio contains two plates, representing the commencement of the construction of Fort Car- oline, and its appearance when completed. The latter represents a much more finished fortification than could possibly have been constructed, but may be taken as a correct outline, I presume, of its gen- eral appearance. Barcia, in his account of its capture, describes neither its shape nor appearance, but mentions the parapet nine feet high, and the munition house and store house. From the account of Landonniere and Le Moyne, it was situated near the river, on the slope or nearly  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 55 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 55 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 55 at the foot of a hill.* Barcia speaks of its being behind a hill, and of descending towards it. The clerical-carpenter, Challeux, speaks of being able, after his escape, to look down from the hill he was on, into the court of the fort itself, and seeing the massacre of the French. As he was flying from the fort towards the sea, and along the river, and as the Spaniards came from a southeast direction, the fort must have been on the westerly side of a hill, near the river. The distance is spoken of as less than three leagues by Laudonniere. Hawkins and Ribault say, the fort was not visible from the mouth of the river. It is also incidentally spoken of in Barcia as being two leagues from the bar. Le Challeux, in the narrative of his escape, speaks of the distance as being about two leagues. In the account given of the expedition of De Gourgues, it is said to be, in general terms, about one or two leagues above the forts afterwards constructed on each side of the mouth of the river; and it is also mentioned in De Gourgues, that the fort was at the foot of a hill, near the water, and could be overlooked from the hill. The distance from the mouth of the river, and the nature of the ground where the fort was built, are thus made suf- at the foot of a hill.* Barcia speaks of its being behind a hill, and of descending towards it. The clerical-carpenter, Challeux, speaks of being able, after his escape, to look down from the hill he was on, into the court of the fort itself, and seeing the massacre of the French. As he was flying from the fort towards the sea, and along the river, and as the Spaniards came from a southeast direction, the fort must have been on the westerly side of a hill, near the river. The distance is spoken of as less than three leagues by Laudonniere. Hawkins and Ribault say, the fort was not visible from the mouth of the river. It is also incidentally spoken of in Barcia as being two leagues from the bar. Le Challeux, in the narrative of his escape, speaks of the distance as being about two leagues. In the account given of the expedition of De Gourgues, it is said to be, in general terms, about one or two leagues above the forts afterwards constructed on each side of the mouth of the river; and it is also mentioned in De Gourgues, that the fort was at the foot of a hill, near the water, and could be overlooked from the hill. The distance from the mouth of the river, and the nature of the ground where the fort was built, are thus made suf- at the foot of a hill.* Barcia speaks of its being behind a hill, and of descending towards it. The clerical-carpenter, Challeux, speaks of being able, after his escape, to look down from the hill he was on, into the court of the fort itself, and seeing the massacre of the French. As he was flying from the fort towards the sea, and along the river, and as the Spaniards came from a southeast direction, the fort must have been on the westerly side of a hill, near the river. The distance is spoken of as less than three leagues by Laudonniere. Hawkins and Ribault say, the fort was not visible from the mouth of the river. It is also incidentally spoken of in Barcia as being two leagues from the bar. Le Challeux, in the narrative of his escape, speaks of the distance as being about two leagues. In the account given of the expedition of De Gourgues, it is said to be, in general terms, about one or two leagues above the forts afterwards constructed on each side of the mouth of the river; and it is also mentioned in De Gourgues, that the fort was at the foot of a hill, near the water, and could be overlooked from the hill. The distance from the mouth of the river, and the nature of the ground where the fort was built, are thus made suf- * Laudonnibre says, "joignant la montagne."  56 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES ficiently definite to enable us to seek a location which shall fulfill both these conditions. It is hardly necessary to remark, that there can be no question but that the fort was located on the south or easterly side of the river, as the Spaniards marched by land from St. Augustine, in a northwesterly direction to Fort Caroline. The River St. Johns is one of the largest rivers, in point of width, to be found in America, and is more like an arm of the sea than a river ; from its mouth for a distance of fifteen miles, it is spread over exten- sive marshes, and there are few points where the channel touches the banks of the river. At its mouth it is comparatively narrow, but immediately extends itself over wide-spread marshes ; and the first headland or shore which is washed by the channel is a place known as St. John's Bluff. Here the river runs closely along the shore, making a bold, deep channel close up to the bank. The land rises ab- ruptly on one side, into a hill of moderate height, covered with a dense growth of pine, cedar, &c. This hill gently slopes to the banks of the river, and runs off to the southwest, where, at the distance of a quarter of a mile, a creek discharges itself into the river, at a place called the Shipyard from time im- memorial. I am not aware that any remains of Fort Caroline, 56 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs ficiently definite to enable us to seek a location which shall fulfill both these conditions. It is hardly necessary to remark, that there can be no question but that the fort was located on the south or easterly side of the river, as the Spaniards marched by land from St. Augustine, in a northwesterly direction to Fort Caroline. The River St. Johns is one of the largest rivers, in point of width, to be found in America, and is more like an arm of the sea than a river ; from its mouth for a distance of fifteen miles, it is spread over exten- sive marshes, and there are few points where the channel touches the banks of the river. At its mouth it is comparatively narrow, but immediately extends itself over wide-spread marshes ; and the first headland or shore which is washed by the channel is a place known as St. John's Bluff. Here the river runs closely along the shore, making a bold, deep channel close up to the bank. The land rises ab- ruptly on one side, into a hill of moderate height, covered with a dense growth of pine, cedar, &c. This hill gently slopes to the banks of the river, and runs off to the southwest, where, at the distance of a quarter of a mile, a creek discharges itself into the river, at a place called the Shipyard from time im- memorial. I am not aware that any remains of Fort Caroline, 56 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES ficiently definite to enable us to seek a location which shall fulfill both these conditions. It is hardly necessary to remark, that there can be no question but that the fort was located on the south or easterly side of the river, as the Spaniards marched by land from St. Augustine, in a northwesterly direction to Fort Caroline. The River St. Johns is one of the largest rivers, in point of width, to be found in America, and is more like an arm of the sea than a river; from its mouth for a distance of fifteen miles, it is spread over exten- sive marshes, and there are few points where the channel touches the banks of the river. At its mouth it is comparatively narrow, but immediately extends itself over wide-spread marshes; and the first headland or shore which is washed by the channel is a place known as St. John's Bluff. Here the river runs closely along the shore, making a bold, deep channel close up to the bank. The land rises ab- ruptly on one side, into a hill of moderate height, covered with a dense growth of pine, cedar, &c. This hill gently slopes to the banks of the river, and runs off to the southwest, where, at the distance of a quarter of a mile, a creek discharges itself into the river, at a place called the Shipyard from time im- memorial. I am not aware that any remains of Fort Caroline,  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 57 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 57 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 57 or any old remains of a fortress, have ever been dis- covered here; but it must be recollected that this fort was constructed of sand and pine trees, and that three hundred years have passed away, with their storms and tempests, their rains and destructive influences--a period sufficient to have destroyed a work of much more durable character than sandy entrenchments and green pine stakes and timbers. Moreover, it is highly probable, judging from present appearances, that the constant abrasion of the banks still going on has long since worn away the narrow spot where stood Fort Caroline. It is also to be remarked, that as there is no other hill, or high land, or place where a fort could have been built, between St. John's Bluff and the mouth of the river, so it is also the fact, that there is no point on the south side of the river where the channel touches high land, for a distance by water of eight or ten miles above St. John's Bluff. The accompanying diagram and map will illustrate this point more fully, and starting at St. John's Bluff, the track of the fugitives, as they crossed the several creeks, is easily followed, until they reached the vessels at the mouth of the river. The evidence in favor of the location of Fort Car- oline at St. John's Bluff is, I think, conclusive and irresistible, and accords in all points with the descrip- 5 or any old remains of a fortress, have ever been dis- covered here; but it must be recollected that this fort was constructed of sand and pine trees, and that three hundred years have passed away, with their storms and tempests, their rains and destructive influences-a period sufficient to have destroyed a work of much more durable character than sandy entrenchments and green pine stakes and timbers. Moreover, it is highly probable, judging from present appearances, that the constant abrasion of the banks still going on has long since worn away the narrow spot where stood Fort Caroline. It is also to be remarked, that as there is no other hill, or high land, or place where a fort could have been built, between St. John's Bluff and the mouth of the river, so it is also the fact, that there is no point on the south side of the river where the channel touches high land, for a distance by water of eight or ten miles above St. John's Bluff. The accompanying diagram and map will illustrate this point more fully, and starting at St. John's Bluff, the track of the fugitives, as they crossed the several creeks, is easily followed, until they reached the vessels at the mouth of the river. The evidence in favor of the location of Fort Car- oline at St. John's Bluff is, I think, conclusive and irresistible, and accords in all points with the descrip- or any old remains of a fortress, have ever been dis- covered here; but it must be recollected that this fort was constructed of sand and pine trees, and that three hundred years have passed away, with their storms and tempests, their rains and destructive influences--a period sufficient to have destroyed a work of much more durable character than sandy entrenchments and green pine stakes and timbers. Moreover, it is highly probable, judging from present appearances, that the constant abrasion of the banks still going on has long since worn away the narrow spot where stood Fort Caroline. It is also to be remarked, that as there is no other hill, or high land, or place where a fort could have been built, between St. John's Bluff and the mouth of the river, so it is also the fact, that there is no point on the south side of the river where the channel touches high land, for a distance by water of eight or ten miles above St. John's Bluff. The accompanying diagram and map will illustrate this point more fully, and starting at St. John's Bluff, the track of the fugitives, as they crossed the several creeks, is easily followed, until they reached the vessels at the mouth of the river. The evidence in favor of the location of Fort Car- oline at St. John's Bluff is, I think, conclusive and irresistible, and accords in all points with the descrip- 5  58 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES tions given as to distance, topography, and points of view. It is within the memory of persons now living,* that a considerable orange grove and somewhat extensive buildings, which existed at this place, then called San Vicente, have been washed into the river, leaving at this day no vestiges of their existence. It has been occupied as a Spanish fort within fifty years; yet so rapid has been the work of time and the elements, that no remains of such occupation are now to be seen. The narratives all speak of.the distance from the mouth of the river as about two leagues; and in speaking of so short a distance the probability of exactness is much greater than when dealing with longer distances. As to the spot itself, it presents all the natural features mentioned by Laudonniere; and it requires but a small spice of enthusiasm and romance that it be recognized as a "goodlie and pleasante spotte," by those who might like the abundance of the wild grapes and the view of the distant salt meadows, with their "iles and islets, so pleasante that those which are melancholicke would be inforced to change their humour." 58 THE HISTORY AND Asl uri s tions given as to distance, topography, and points of view. It is within the memory of persons now living,* that a considerable orange grove and somewhat extensive buildings, which existed at this place, then called San Vicente, have been washed into the river, leaving at this day no vestiges of their existence. It has been occupied as a Spanish fort within fifty years; yet so rapid has been the work of time and the elements, that no remains of such occupation are now to be seen. The narratives all speak of.the distance from the mouth of the river as about two leagues; and in speaking of so short a distance the probability of exactness is much greater than when dealing with longer distances. As to the spot itself, it presents all the natural features mentioned by Laudonniere; and it requires but a small spice of enthusiasm and romance that it be recognized as a "goodlie and pleasante spotte," by those who might like the abundance of the wild grapes and the view of the distant salt meadows, with their "iles and islets, so pleasante that those which are melancholicke would be inforced to change their humour." * Col. T. D. Hart; Mr Jamne Smith. 58 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQIITIs tions given as to distance, topography, and points of view. It is within the memory of persons now living,* that a considerable orange grove and somewhat extensive buildings, which existed at this place, then called San Vicente, have been washed into the river, leaving at this day no vestiges of their existence. It has been occupied as a Spanish fort within fifty years; yet so rapid has been the work of time and the elements, that no remains of such occupation are now to be seen. The narratives all speak of.the distance from the mouth of the river as about two leagues; and in speaking of so short a distance the probability of exactness is much greater than when dealing with longer distances. As to the spot itself, it presents all the natural features mentioned by Laudonniere; and it requires but a small spice of enthusiasm and romance that it be recognized as a "goodlie and pleasante spotte," by those who might like the abundance of the wild grapes and the view of the distant salt meadows, with their "iles and islets, so pleasante that those which are melancholicke would be inforced to change their humour." * Col. T. D. Hart ; Mr. James Smith. * Col. T. D. Hart ; Mm James smith.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 59 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 59 OF ST. AUOSTINE, FLORIDA. 59 It is but proper, however, to say, that at a plan- tation known as Newcastle there is a high range of ground, and upon this high ground the appearance of an old earth-work of quadrangular form; but this point is distant some six leagues from the mouth of the river, is flanked by a deep bay or marsh to the southeast, and the work is on the top of the hill and not at its foot, is quadrangular and not trian- gular,.and is a considerable distance from the water. These earth-works, I am satisfied, are Spanish or English remains of a much later period. It is but proper, however, to say, that at a plan- tation known as Newcastle there is a high range of ground, and upon this high ground the appearance of an old earth-work of quadrangular form; but this point is distant some six leagues from the mouth of the river, is flanked by a deep bay or marsh to the southeast, and the work is on the top of the hill and not at its foot, is quadrangular and not trian- gular, and is a considerable distance from the water. These earth-works, I am satisfied, are Spanish or English remains of a much later period. It is but proper, however, to say, that at a plan- tation known as Newcastle there is a high range of ground, and upon this high ground the appearance of an old earth-work of quadrangular form; but this point is distant some six leagues from the mouth of the river, is flanked by a deep bay or marsh to the southeast, and the work is on the top of the hill and not at its foot, is quadrangular and not trian- gular, and is a considerable distance from the water. These earth-works, I am satisfied, are Spanish or English remains of a much later period.  60 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER VII. MENENDEZ'S RETURN TO ST. AUGUSTINE-SHIPWRECK OF RI- BAULT-MASSACRE OF PART OF HIS COMMAND-A. D. 1565. AFTER an ineffectual attempt to induce those in the small vessels of the French to surrender, failing in this, the General concluded to return to St. Au- gustine, and send two of his vessels to the month of the river to intercept them. Some of the fugitives from the fort fled to the Indians ; and ten of these were given up to the Spaniards, to be butchered in cold blood, says the French account,-to be sent back to France, says the Spanish chronicle. The 24th September being the day of St. Matthew, the name of the fort was changed to that of San Matheo, by which name it was always subsequently called by the Spaniards; and the name of St.Matthew was also given by them to the river, now called St. Johns, on which it was situated. The Spaniards proceeded at once to strengthen 60 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER VII. MENENDEZ'S RETURN TO ST. AUGUSTINE--sHIPwRECK OF RI- BAULT-MASSACRE OF PART OF HIS COMMAND-A. D. 1565. AFTER an ineffectual attempt to induce those in the small vessels of the French to surrender, failing in this, the General concluded to return to St. Au- gustine, and send two of his vessels to the month of the river to intercept them. Some of the fugitives from the fort fled to the Indians ; and ten of these were given up to the Spaniards, to be butchered in cold blood, says the French account,-to be sent back to France, says the Spanish chronicle. The 24th September being the day of St. Matthew, the name of the fort was changed to that of San Matheo, by which name it was always subsequently called by the Spaniards; and the name of St. Matthew was also given by them to the river, now called St. Johns, on which it was situated. The Spaniards proceeded at once to strengthen 60 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER VII. MENENDETS RETURN TO ST. AUGUSTINE-sHIPwRECK OF RI- BAULT-MAsSACRE OF PART OF HIS COMMANI)-A. D. 1565. ArrER an ineffectual attempt to induce those in the small vessels of the French to surrender, failing in this, the General concluded to return to St. Au- gustine, and send two of his vessels to the mouth of the river to intercept them. Some of the fugitives from the fort fled to the Indians ; and ten of these were given up to the Spaniards, to be butchered in cold blood, says the French account,-to be sent back to France, says the Spanish chronicle. The 24th September being the day of St. Matthew, the name of the fort was changed to that of San Matheo, by which name it was always subsequently called by the Spaniards; and the name of St. Matthew was also given by them to the river, now called St. Johns, on which it was situated. The Spaniards proceeded at once to strengthen  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 61 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 61 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 61 the fortress, deepening and enlarging the ditch, and raised and strengthened the ramparts and walls in such manner, says the boastful Mendoza, "that if the half of all France had come to attack it, they could not have disturbed it;" a boast upon which the easy conquest of it by De Gourgues, three years subse- quently, affords an amusing commentary. They also constructed, subsequently, two small forts at the mouth of the river, one on each side, which proba- bly were located the one at Batten Island and the other at Mayport. Leaving three hundred soldiers as a garrison under his son-in-law, De Valdez, Master of the Camp, who was now appointed Governor of the fort, Menendez marched for St. Augustine, beginning now to feel considerable anxiety lest the French fleet, escaping from the tempest, might return and visit upon his own garrison at St. Augustine, the fate of Fort Car- oline. He took with him upon his return but fifty soldiers, and, owing to the swollen waters, found great difficulty in retracing his route. When within a league of St. Augustine, he allowed one of the soldiers to go forward to announce his victory and safe return. The garrison at St. Augustine had been in great anxiety respecting their leader, and from the accounts given by those who had deserted, they had feared the fortress, deepening and enlarging the ditch, and raised and strengthened the ramparts and walls in such manner, says the boastful Mendoza, "that if the half of all France had come to attack it, they could not have disturbed it;" a boast upon which the easy conquest of it by De Gourgues, three years subse- quently, affords an amusing commentary. They also constructed, subsequently, two small forts at the mouth of the river, one on each side, which proba- bly were located the one at Batten Island and the other at Mayport. Leaving three hundred soldiers as a garrison under his son-in-law, De Valdez, Master of the Camp, who was now appointed Governor of the fort, Menendez marched for St. Augustine, beginning now to feel considerable anxiety lest the French fleet, escaping from the tempest, might return and visit upon his own garrison at St. Augustine, the fate of Fort Car- oline. He took with him upon his return but fifty soldiers, and, owing to the swollen waters, found great difficulty in retracing his route. When within a league of St. Augustine, he allowed one of the soldiers to go forward to announce his victory and safe return. The garrison at St. Augustine had been in great anxiety respecting their leader, and from the accounts given by those who had deserted, they had feared the fortress, deepening and enlarging the ditch, and raised and strengthened the ramparts and walls in such manner, says the boastful Mendoza, "that if the half of all France had come to attack it, they could not have disturbed it;" a boast upon which the easy conquest of it by De Gourgues, three years subse- quently, affords an amusing commentary. They also constructed, subsequently, two small forts at the mouth of the river, one on each side, which proba- bly were located the one at Batten Island and the other at Mayport. Leaving three hundred soldiers as a garrison under his son-in-law, De Valdez, Master of the Camp, who was now appointed Governor of the fort, Menendez marched for St. Augustine, beginning now to feel considerable anxiety lest the French fleet, escaping from the tempest, might return and visit upon his own garrison at St. Augustine, the fate of Fort Car- oline. He took with him upon his return but fifty soldiers, and, owing to the swollen waters, found great difficulty in retracing his route. When within a league of St. Augustine, he allowed one of the soldiers to go forward to announce his victory and safe return. The garrison at St. Augustine had been in great anxiety respecting their leader, and from the accounts given by those who had deserted, they had feared  63 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES the total loss of the expedition. The worthy Chap- lain thus describes the return of Menendez: "The same day, being Monday, we saw a man coming, crying out loudly. I myself was the first to run to him for the news. He embraced me with transport, crying, 'Victory! Victory! The French fort is ours.' I promised him the present which the bearer of good news deserves, and gave him the best in my power. " At the hour of vespers our good General arrived, with fifty foot-soldiers very much fatigued. As soon as I learned that he was coming, I ran home and put on a new soutain, the best which I had, and a sur- plice, and going out with a crucifix in my hand, I went forward to receive him ; and he, a gentleman and a good Christian, before entering kneeled and all his followers, and returned thanks to the Lord for the great favours which he had received. My companions and myself marched in front in proces- sion chanting, so that we all returned with the great- est demonstrations of joy." When about to dispatch the two vessels in his harbor to the St. John's, to cut off the French ves- sels he had left there, he was informed that two sail had already been seen to pass the bar, supposed to contain the French fugitives. Eight days after the capture of Fort Caroline, a 63 THE HIsToRY AND ANTIQUITIEs the total loss of the expedition. The worthy Chap- lain thus describes the return of Menendez:- "The same day, being Monday, we saw a man coming, crying out loudly. I myself was the first to run to him for the news. He embraced me with transport, crying, 'Victory ! Victory ! The French fort is ours.' I promised him the present which the bearer of good news deserves, and gave him the best in my power. "At the hour of vespers our good General arrived, with fifty foot-soldiers very much fatigued. As soon as I learned that he was coming, I ran home and put on a new soutain, the best which I had, and a sur- plice, and going out with a crucifix in my hand, I went forward to receive him; and he, a gentleman and a good Christian, before entering kneeled and all his followers, and returned thanks to the Lord for the great favours which he had received. My companions and myself marched in front in proces- sion chanting, so that we all returned with the great- est demonstrations of joy." When about to dispatch the two vessels in his harbor to the St. John's, to cut off the French ves- sels he had left there, he was informed that two sail had already been seen to pass the bar, supposed to contain the French fugitives. Eight days after the capture of Fort Caroline, a 63 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs the total loss of the expedition. The worthy Chap- lain thus describes the return of Menendez:- "The same day, being Monday, we saw a man coming, crying out loudly. I myself was the first to run to him for the news. He embraced me with transport, crying, 'Victory! Victory! The French fort is ours.' I promised him the present which the bearer of good news deserves, and gave him the best in my power. "At the hour of vespers our good General arrived, with fifty foot-soldiers very much fatigued. As soon as I learned that he was coming, I ran home and put on a new soutain, the best which I had, and a sur- plice, and going out with a crucifix in my hand, I went forward to receive him; and he, a gentleman and a good Christian, before entering kneeled and all his followers, and returned thanks to the Lord for the great favours which he had received. My companions and myself marched in front in proces- sion chanting, so that we all returned with the great- est demonstrations of joy." When about to dispatch the two vessels in his harbor to the St. John's, to cut off the French ves- sels he had left there, he was informed that two sail had already been seen to pass the bar, supposed to contain the French fugitives. Eight days after the capture of Fort Caroline, a  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 63 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 63 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 63 fire broke out in the quarters of St. Augustine, which destroyed much treasure and provisions, and the origin of which was doubtful, whether to be ascribed to accident or design. Much disaffection prevailed among the officers and soldiers, and the fire was looked upon with pleasure by some, as having a ten- dency to hasten their departure from a spot which offered few temptations or rewards, compared with Mexico or Peru. On the very day of Menendez's return, a French- man was discovered by a fishing party on Anastasia Island, who, being taken, said he was one of a party of eighteen, sent in a small vessel, some days before, to reconnoitre the Spanish position; that they had been unable to keep the sea, and had been thrown ashore, about four leagues below, at the mouth of a river; that the Indians attacked and killed three of their number, and they thereupon escaped. Menendez dispatched a captain and fifty men, to get off the vessel and capture any of the French who might be found. On their arrival at the place, they found that all the French had been killed by the Indians; but they succeeded in getting off the vessel. Menendez, feeling uneasy in reference to their encounter with the Indians, had followed on after the expedition, in company with the worthy Chaplain, to whom his promenade among the briars, fire broke out in the quarters of St. Augustine, which destroyed much treasure and provisions, and the origin of which was doubtful, whether to be ascribed to accident or design. Much disaffection prevailed among the officers and soldiers, and the fire was looked upon with pleasure by some, as having a ten- dency to hasten their departure from a spot which offered few temptations or rewards, compared with Mexico or Peru. On the very day of Menendez's return, a French- man was discovered by a fishing party on Anastasia Island, who, being taken, said he was one of a party of eighteen, sent in a small vessel, some days before, to reconnoitre the Spanish position; that they had been unable to keep the sea, and had been thrown ashore, about four leagues below, at the mouth of a river ; that the Indians attacked and killed three of their number, and they thereupon escaped. Menendez dispatched a captain and fifty men, to get off the vessel and capture any of the French who might be found. On their arrival at the place, they found that all the French had been killed by the Indians; but they succeeded in getting off the vessel. Menendez, feeling uneasy in reference to their encounter with the Indians, had followed on after the expedition, in company with the worthy Chaplain, to whom his promenade among the briars, fire broke out in the quarters of St. Augustine, which destroyed much treasure and provisions, and the origin of which was doubtful, whether to be ascribed to accident or design. Much disaffection prevailed among the officers and soldiers, and the fire was looked upon with pleasure by some, as having a ten- dency to hasten their departure from a spot which offered few temptations or rewards, compared with Mexico or Peru. On the very day of Menendez's return, a French- man was discovered by a fishing party on Anastasia Island, who, being taken, said he was one of a party of eighteen, sent in a small vessel, some days before, to reconnoitre the Spanish position; that they had been unable to keep the sea, and had been thrown ashore, about four leagues below, at the mouth of a river; that the Indians attacked and killed three of their number, and they thereupon escaped. Menendez dispatched a captain and fifty men, to get off the vessel and capture any of the French who might be found. On their arrival at the place, they found that all the French had been killed by the Indians; but they succeeded in getting off the vessel. Menendez, feeling uneasy in reference to their encounter with the Indians, had followed on after the expedition, in company with the worthy Chaplain, to whom his promenade among the briars,  64 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES vines, prickly cedars, chaparral, and prickly pears of Anastasia, seems to have been a true via dolorosa. Upon their arrival, they found a considerable body of French upon the south side of an inlet, whose fires indicated their position. The four vessels of Ribault, which had gone in pursuit of the Spaniards at St. Augustine, had been overtaken by the storm, and after keeping to sea with incredible effort, had been finally driven ashore upon the shoals of Canaveral,* with but little loss of life but a total loss of every thing else; they were thus thrown on shore without shelter from the elements, famished with hunger, borne down by disappointment, and utterly dispirited and demoral- ized. They were consumed, also, by the most pain- ful uncertainty. Marching to the northward along shore, they discovered a skif, and resolved to send a small number of persons in it, to make their way by sea to Fort Caroline, to bring succor to them from there. This boat succeeded in reaching the St. John's, where they were informed, by friendly In- dians, of the fate which had befallen the fort ; and subsequently they fell in with a Frenchman who had escaped, who related to them the whole disaster. * Canaveral, where Ribault was wrecked, must have been some point north of Mosquito Inlet, and not the cape now bearing that name, a he could -not have crossed Mosquito Inlet in his march to Matanzas. 64 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES vines, prickly cedars, chaparral, and prickly pears of Anastasia, seems to have been a true via doloross. Upon their arrival, they found a considerable body of French upon the south side of an inlet, whose fires indicated their position. The four vessels of Ribault, which had gone in pursuit of the Spaniards at St. Augustine, had been overtaken by the storm, and after keeping to sea with incredible effort, had been finally driven ashore upon the shoals of Canaveral,* with but little loss of life but a total loss of every thing else; they were thus thrown on shore without shelter from the elements, famished with hunger, borne down by disappointment, and utterly dispirited and demoral- ized. They were consumed, also, by the most pain- ful uncertainty. Marching to the northward along shore, they discovered a skiff, and resolved to send a small number of persons in it, to make their way by sea to Fort Caroline, to bring succor to them from there. This boat succeeded in reaching the St. John's, where they were informed, by friendly In- dians, of the fate which had befallen the fort ; and subsequently they fell in with a Frenchman who had escaped, who related to them the whole disaster. * Canaveral, where Ribault was wrecked, must have been aome point north of Mosquito Inlet, and not the cape now bearing that name, as he could not have crossed Mosquito Inlet in his march to Matanzas. 64 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES vines, prickly cedars, chaparral, and prickly pears of Anastasia, seems to have been a true via dolorosa. Upon their arrival, they found a considerable body of French upon the south side of an inlet, whose fires indicated their position. The four vessels of Ribault, which had gone in pursuit of the Spaniards at St. Augustine, had been overtaken by the storm, and after keeping to sea with incredible effort, had been finally driven ashore upon the shoals of Canaveral,* with but little loss of life but a total loss of every thing else; they were thus thrown on shore without shelter from the elements, famished with hunger, borne down by disappointment, and utterly dispirited and demoral- ized. They were consumed, also, by the most pain- ful uncertainty. Marching to the northward along shore, they discovered a skiff, and resolved to send a small number of persons in it, to make their way by sea to Fort Caroline, to bring succor to them from there. This boat succeeded in reaching the St. John's, where they were informed, by friendly In- dians, of the fate which had befallen the fort ; and subsequently they fell in with a Frenchman who had escaped, who related to them the whole disaster. *MCanaveral, where Ribalt was wrecked, must have been same point north of Mosquito Inlet, and not the cape now bearing that name, as he could not have crossed Mosquito Inlet in his march to Matanzas.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 65 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 65 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 65 Upon-this they concluded to seek their own safety among the friendly Indians of St. Helena, rather than to be the useless bearers of the tidings of their misfortunes to their companions in arms. There are several accounts of the sad fate which befell the followers of Ribault, the massacre of whom has been perpetuated by the memorial name given to its scene, " the bloody river of Matanzas," the ebb and flow of whose recurring tides for three hundred years have failed to wash out the record of blood which has associated this massacre of the Huguenots with the darkest scenes of earth's history. In con- sequence of the rank and number of the victims, the event produced various and somewhat contradictory accounts ; but all stamped with a seal of reprobation and execration the act and the actors, without ref- erence to creed or nationality. Challeux relates instances of cruel barbarity added to the atrocity of the slaughter itself; and others, it appears, had given other versions, all in different degree point- ing the finger of historic justice to mark and com- memorate the crime against humanity. The Spanish historian, Barcia, aims to counteract this general condemnation, of which in his own lan- guage he says, "These calumnies, repeated in so many quarters, have sullied the fame of the Adelan- tado, being exaggerated by the heretics, and con- Upon this they concluded to seek their own safety among the friendly Indians of St. Helena, rather than to be the useless bearers of the tidings of their misfortunes to their companions in arms. There are several accounts of the sad fate which befell the followers of Ribault, the massacre of whom has been perpetuated by the memorial name given to its scene, "the bloody river of Matanzas," the ebb and flow of whose recurring tides for three hundred years have failed to wash out the record of blood which has associated this massacre of the Huguenots with the darkest scenes of earth's history. In con- sequence of the rank and number of the victims, the event produced various and somewhat contradictory accounts ; but all stamped with a seal of reprobation and execration the act and the actors, without ref- erence to creed or nationality. Challeux relates instances of cruel barbarity added to the atrocity of the slaughter itself; and others, it appears, had given other versions, all in different degree point- ing the finger of historic justice to mark and com- memorate the crime against humanity. The Spanish historian, Barcia, aims to counteract this general condemnation, of which in his own lan- guage he says, "These calumnies, repeated in so many quarters, have sullied the fame of the Adelan- tado, being exaggerated by the heretics, and con- Upon this they concluded to seek their own safety among the friendly Indians of St. Helena, rather than to be the useless bearers of the tidings of their misfortunes to their companions in arms. There are several accounts of the sad fate which befell the followers of Ribault, the massacre of whom has been perpetuated by the memorial name given to its scene, "the bloody river of Matanzas," the ebb and flow of whose recurring tides for three hundred years have failed to wash out the record of blood which has associated this massacre of the Huguenots with the darkest scenes of earth's history. In con- sequence of the rank and number of the victims, the event produced various and somewhat contradictory accounts ; but all stamped with a seal of reprobation and execration the act and the actors, without ref- erence to creed or nationality. Challeux relates instances of cruel barbarity added to the atrocity of the slaughter itself; and others, it appears, had given other versions, all in different degree point- ing the finger of historic justice to mark and com- memorate the crime against humanity. The Spanish historian, Barcia, aims to counteract this general condemnation, of which in his own lan- guage he says, "These calumnies, repeated in so many quarters, have sullied the fame of the Adelan- tado, being exaggerated by the heretics, and con-  66 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES sented to by the Catholics, so that even the Father Felix Briot, in his annals, says that he caused them to be killed contrary to the faith which he had given them ; which is altogether a falsehood, for the Adelan- tado did not give his word, nor would he when asked give it, to spare their lives, although they were will- ing to pay him for doing so ; nor in the capture of Fort Caroline did he do more than has been related ; and such is the account given by Doctor Salis de las Meras, brother-in-law to Donna Maria de Salis, wife of the Adelantado, who was present, and who, relat- ing the punishment of the heretics, and the manner in which it was accomplished, says,- "'The Adelantado occupied himself in fortifying his settlement at St. Augustine, as well as he could, to defend it from the French fleet if they should attack it. Upon the following day some Indians came and by signs informed them that four leagues distant there were a large number of Christians, who were unable to cross an arm of the sea or strait, which is a river upon the inner side of an inlet, which they were obliged to cross in order to come to St. Augus- tine. The Adelantado sent thither forty soldiers about dusk, and arrived about midnight near the inlet, where he commanded a halt until morning, and leaving his soldiers concealed, he ascended a tree to see what was the state of matters. He discovered 66 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES sented to by the Catholics, so that even the Father Felix Briot, in his annals, says that he caused them to be killed contrary to the faith which he had given them ; which is altogether a falsehood, for the Adelan- tado did not give his word, nor would he when asked give it, to spare their lives, although they were will- ing to pay him for doing so; nor in the capture of Fort Caroline did he do more than has been related ; and such is the account given by Doctor Salis de las Meras, brother-in-law to Donna Maria de Salis, wife of the Adelantado, who was present, and who, relat- ing the punishment of the heretics, and the manner in which it was accomplished, says,- "'The Adelantado occupied himself in fortifying his settlement at St. Augustine, as well as he could, to defend it from the French fleet if they should attack it. Upon the following day some Indians came and by signs informed them that four leagues distant there were a large number of Christians, who were unable to cross an arm of the sea or strait, which is a river upon the inner side of an inlet, which they were obliged to cross in order to come to St. Augus- tine. The Adelantado sent thither forty soldiers about dusk, and arrived about midnight near the inlet, where he commanded a halt until morning, and leaving his soldiers concealed, he ascended a tree to see what was the state of matters. He discovered 66 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES sented to by the Catholics, so that even the Father Felix Briot, in his annals, says that he caused them to be killed contrary to the faith which he had given them ; which is altogether a falsehood, for the Adelan- tado did not give his word, nor would he when asked give it, to spare their lives, although they were will- ing to pay him for doing so; nor in the capture of Fort Caroline did he do more than has been related ; and such is the account given by Doctor Salis de las Meras, brother-in-law to Donna Maria de Salis, wife of the Adelantado, who was present, and who, relat- ing the punishment of the heretics, and the manner in which it was accomplished, says,- "' The Adelantado occupied himself in fortifying his settlement at St. Augustine, as well as he could, to defend it from the French fleet if they should attack it. Upon the following day some Indians came and by signs informed them that four leagues distant there were a large number of Christians, who were unable to cross an arm of the sea or strait, which is a river upon the inner side of an inlet, which they were obliged to cross in order to come to St. Augus- tine. The Adelantado sent thither forty soldiers about dusk, and arrived about midnight near the inlet, where he commanded a halt until morning, and leaving his soldiers concealed, he ascended a tree to see what was the state of matters. He discovered  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 67 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 67 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 67 many persons on the other side of the river, and their standards ; and to prevent their passing over, he directed his men to exhibit themselves towards the shore, so that it might be supposed that he had with him a large force ; and when they were discov- ered, a French soldier swam over, and said that the persons beyond the rive were Frenchmen, that they had been wrecked in a storm, but had all saved their lives. The Adelantado asked what French they were? He answered, that they were two hundred of the people under command of Jean Ribault, Viceroy and Captain General of this country for the king of the French, He asked again, if they were Catholics or Lutherans? It was replied that they were all Lutherans, of the new religion; all of which was previously well known to the Adelantado, when he encountered their fleet with his vessels ; and the women and children whom he had spared when he took their fort, had also so informed him; and he had found in the fort when he took it, six trunks filled with books, well bound and gilt ; all of which were of the new sect, and from which they did not say mass, but preached their Lutheran doctrines every evening ; all of which books he directed to be burnt, not sparing a single one. " 'The Adelantado then asked him why he had come over? He said he had been sent over by his many persons on the other side of the river, and their standards; and to prevent their passing over, he directed his men to exhibit themselves towards the shore, so that it might be supposed that he had with him a large force ; and when they were discov- ered, a French soldier swam over, and said that the persons beyond the rive were Frenchmen, that they had been wrecked in a stprm, but had all saved their lives. The Adelantado asked what French they were? He answered, that they were two hundred of the people under command of Jean Ribault, Viceroy and Captain General of this country for the king of the French He asked again, if they were Catholics or Luthe ans? It was replied that they were all Lutherans, of the new religion ; all of which was previously well known to the Adelantado, when he encountered their fleet with his vessels ; and the women and children whom he had spared when he took their fort, had also so informed him; and he had found in the fort when he took it, six trunks filled with books, well bound and gilt ; all of which were of the new sect, and from which they did not say mass, but preached their Lutheran doctrines every evening; all of which books he directed to be burnt, not sparing a single one. "' The Adelantado then asked him why he had come over? He said he had been sent over by his many persons on the other side of the river, and their standards ; and to prevent their passing over, he directed his men to exhibit themselves towards the shore, so that it might be supposed that he had with him a large force ; and when they were discov- ered, a French soldier s am over, and said that the persons beyond the river were Frenchmen, that they had been wrecked in a storm, but had all saved their lives. The Adelantado asked what French they were? He answered, that they were two hundred of the people under cpmmand of Jean Ribault, Viceroy and Captain qeneral of this country for the king of the French He asked again, if they were Catholics or Lutherans? It was replied that they were all Lutherans, of the new religion ; all of which was previously well known to the Adelantado, when he encountered their fleet with his vessels ; and the women and children whom he had spared when he took their fort, had also so informed him; and he had found in the fort when he took it, six trunks filled with books, well bound and gilt ; all of which were of the new sect, and from which they did not say mass, but preached their Lutheran doctrines every evening; all of which books he directed to be burnt, not sparing a single one. " 'The Adelantado then asked him why he had come over? He said he had been sent over by his  68 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Captain, to see what people they were. The General asked if he wished to return. He said "Yes, but he desired to know what people they were." This man spoke very plainly, for he was a Gascon of San Juan de Suz. "Then tell him," said the Adelantado, "that it is the Viceroy and Captain General of this country for the king, Don Philip ; and that his name is Pedro Menendez, and that he is here with some of his sol- diery to ascertain what people those were, for he had been informed the day before that they were there, and the hour at which they came." "'The French soldier went over with his message, and immediately returned, saying "that if they would pledge faith to his captain and to four other gentlemen, they would like to come and treat with him;" and they desired the loan of a boat, which the General had directed to bring some pro- visions to the river. The General instructed the messenger to say to his captain, "that he might come over securely under the pledge of his word," and then sent over for them the boat; and they crossed over. The Adelantado received them very well, with only ten of his followers ; the others he directed to stay some distance off among some bushes, so that their number might appear to be greater than it was. One of the Frenchmen announ- ced himself as captain of these people ; and that in 68 THE HIsRY AND ANTIQUITIEs Captain, to see what people they were. The General asked if he wished to return. He said "Yes, but he desired to know what people they were." This man spoke very plainly, for he was a Gascon of San Juan de Suz. "Then tell him," said the Adelantado, "that it is the Viceroy and Captain General of this country for the king, Don Philip ; and that his name is Pedro Menendez, and that he is here with some of his sol- diery to ascertain what people those were, for he had been informed the day before that they were there, and the hour at which they came." "' The French soldier went over with his message, and immediately returned, saying "that if they would pledge faith to his captain and to four other gentlemen, they would like to come and treat with him;" and they desired the loan of a boat, which the General had directed to bring some pro- visions to the river. The General instructed the messenger to say to his captain, "that he might come over securely under the pledge of his word," and then sent over for them the boat; and they crossed over. The Adelantado received them very well, with only ten of his followers ; the others he directed to stay some distance off among some bushes, so that their number might appear to be greater than it was. One of the Frenchmen announ- ced himself as captain of these people ; and that in 6S THE HISETOY AND ANTIQUITIES Captain, to see what people they were. The General asked if he wished to return. He said "Yes, but he desired to know what people they were." This man spoke very plainly, for he was a Gascon of San Juan de Suz. "Then tell him," said the Adelantado, "that it is the Viceroy and Captain General of this country for the king, Don Philip ; and that his name is Pedro Menendez, and that he is here with some of his sol- diery to ascertain what people those were, for he had been informed the day before that they were there, and the hour at which they came." "' The French soldier went over with his message, and immediately returned, saying "that if they would pledge faith to his captain and to four other gentlemen, they would like to come and treat with him;" and they desired the loan of a boat, which the General had directed to bring some pro- visions to the river. The General instructed the messenger to say to his captain, "that he might come over securely under the pledge of his word," and then sent over for them the boat; and they crossed over. The Adelantado received them very well, with only ten of his followers ; the others he directed to stay some distance off among some bushes, so that their number might appear to be greater than it was. One of the Frenchmen announ- ced himself as captain of these people ; and that in  OF sT AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 69 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 69 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 69 a great storm they had lost four galleons, and other vessels of the king of France, within a distance of twenty leagues of each other; and that these were the people from on board of one ship, and that they desired they would let them have a boat for this arm of the sea, and for another four leagues hence, which was at St. Augustine ; that they desired to go to a fort which they held twenty leagues from there. It was the same fort which Menendez had taken. The Adelantado asked them "if they were Catholics or Lutherans ?" He replied "that they were all of the New Religion." Then the Adelantado said to them, " Gentlemen, your fort is taken and its peo- ple destroyed, except the women, and children under fifteen years of age; and that you may be assured of this, among the soldiers who are here there are many things, and also there are here two Frenchmen whom I have brought with me, who said they were Catholics. Sit down here and eat, and I will send the two Frenchmen to you, as also the things which some of my soldiers have taken from the fort, in order that you may be satisfied. "' The Adelantado having spoken thus, directed food to be given to them, and sent the two Frenchmen to them, and many things which the soldiers had brought from the fort, that they might see them, and then retired himself, to eat with his own people ; a great storm they had lost four galleons, and other vessels of the king of France, within a distance of twenty leagues of each other ; and that these were the people from on board of one ship, and that they desired they would let them have a boat for this arm of the sea, and for another four leagues hence, which was at St. Augustine ; that they desired to go to a fort which they held twenty leagues from there. It was the same fort which Menendez had taken. The Adelantado asked them "if they were Catholics or Lutherans ?" He replied "that they were all of the New Religion." Then the Adelantado said to them, " Gentlemen, your fort is taken and its peo- ple destroyed, except the women, and children under fifteen years of age; and that you may be assured of this, among the soldiers who are here there are many things, and also there are here two Frenchmen whom I have brought with me, who said they were Catholics. Sit down here and eat, and I will send the two Frenchmen to you, as also the things which some of my soldiers have taken from the fort, in order that you may be satisfied. "' The Adelantado having spoken thus, directed food to be given to them, and sent the two Frenchmen to them, and many things which the soldiers had brought from the fort, that they might see them, and then retired himself, to eat with his own people ; a great storm they had lost four galleons, and other vessels of the king of France, within a distance of twenty leagues of each other; and that these were the people from on board of one ship, and that they desired they would let them have a boat for this arm of the sea, and for another four leagues hence, which was at St. Augustine ; that they desired to go to a fort which they held twenty leagues from there. It was the same fort which Menendez had taken. The Adelantado asked them "if they were Catholics or Lutherans ?" He replied " that they were all of the New Religion." Then the Adelantado said to them, " Gentlemen, your fort is taken and its peo- pie destroyed, except the women, and children under fifteen years of age; and that you may be assured of this, among the soldiers who are here there are many things, and also there are here two Frenchmen whom I have brought with me, who said they were Catholics. Sit down here and eat, and I will send the two Frenchmen to you, as also the things which some of my soldiers have taken from the fort, in order that you may be satisfied. "' The Adelantado having spoken thus, directed food to be given to them, and sent the two Frenchmen to them, and many things which the soldiers had brought from the fort, that they might see them, and then retired himself, to eat with his own people ;  70 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUITEs and an hour afterwards, when he saw that the French bad eaten, he went where they were and asked if they were satisfied of the truth of what he had told them. They said they were, and desired that for a consideration, he should give them vessels and ships' stores, that they might return to France. The Adelantado answered, "that he would do so with great pleasure if they were good Catholics, or if he had the ships for them; but he had not the vessels, having sent two to St. Matteo (Ft. Caroline), the one to take the artillery they had captured, and the French women and children, to St. Domingo, and to obtain provisions. The other had to go upon busi- ness of his Majesty to other parts. "'The French captain replied, "thatheshouldgrant to all, their lives, and that they should remain with him until they could obtain shipping for France, since they were not at war, and the kings of Spain and of France were brothers and friends." The Ade- lantado said, "that was true, and Catholics and friends he would favor, believing that he would serve both kings in doing so ; but as to themselves, being of the new sert, he held them for enemies, and he would wage war upon them even to blood and to fire; and that he would pursue them with all cruelty wherever he should encounter them, in whatever sea or land where he should be viceroy or captain general for 70 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUIErrs and an hour afterwards, when he saw that the French had eaten, he went where they were and asked if they were satisfied of the truth of what he had told them. They said they were, and desired that for a consideration, he should give them vessels and ships' stores, that they might return to France. The Adelantado answered, "that he would do so with great pleasure if they were good Catholics, or if he had the ships for them; but he had not the vessels, having sent two to St. Matteo (Ft. Caroline), the one to take the artillery they had captured, and the French women and children, to St. Domingo, and to obtain provisions. The other had to go upon busi- ness of his Majesty to other parts. "'The French captain replied, "thatheshouldgrant to all, their lives, and that they should remain with him until they could obtain shipping for France, since they were not at war, and the kings of Spain and of France were brothers and friends." The Ade- lantado said," that was true, and Catholics and friends he would favor, believing that he would serve both kings in doing so ; but as to themselves, being of the new sect, he held them for enemies, and he would wage war upon them even to blood and to fire; and that he would pursue them with all cruelty wherever he should encounter them, in whatever sea or land where he should be viceroy or captain general for 70 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUITIEB and an hour afterwards, when he saw that the French had eaten, he went where they were and asked if they were satisfied of the truth of what he had told them. They said they were, and desired that for a consideration, he should give them vessels and ships' stores, that they might return to France. The Adelantado answered, "that he would do so with great pleasure if they were good Catholics, or if he had the ships for them; but he had not the vessels, having sent two to St. Matteo (Ft. Caroline), the one to take the artillery they had captured, and the French women and children, to St. Domingo, and to obtain provisions. The other had to go upon busi- ness of his Majesty to other parts. "'The French captainreplied, "thatheshouldgrant to all, their lives, and that they should remain with him until they could obtain shipping for France, since they were not at war, and the kings of Spain and of France were brothers and friends." The Ade- lantado said, "that was true, and Catholics and friends he would favor, believing that he would serve both kings in doing so ; but as to themselves, being of the new sect, he held them for enemies, and he would wage war upon them even to blood and to fire; and that he would pursue them with all cruelty wherever he should encounter them, in whatever sea or land where he should be viceroy or captain general for  OF AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 71 OF AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 71 OF AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 71 his king ; and that he would go and plant the holy faith in this land, that the Indians might be enlight- ened and be brought to the knowledge of the Holy Catholic Faith of Jesus Christ our Saviour, as taught and announced by the Roman Church. That if they wished to surrender their standards and their arms, and throw themselves upon his mercy, they might do so, for he would do with them what God eould of his grace direct; or, they could do as they might deem proper; that other treaty or friendship they should not have from him." The French captain replied, that he could not then conclude any other matter with the Adelantado. He went over in the boat, saying, that he went to relate what had passed, and to agree upon what should be done, and within two hours he would return with an answer. The Adelantado said, "They could do as seemed best to them, and he would wait for them." Two hours passed, when the same French captain returned, with those who had accompanied him previously, and said to the General, " that there were many people of family, and nobles among them, and that they would give fifty thousand ducats, of ransom, if he would spare alltheir lives." He answered, "that although he was a poor soldier, he could not be governed by selfish interests; and if he were to be merciful and lenient, he desired to be so without the suspicion his king ; and that he would go and plant the holy faith in this land, that the Indians might be enlight- ened and be brought to the knowledge of the Holy Catholic Faith of Jesus Christ our Saviour, as taught and announced by the Roman Church. That if they wished to surrender their standards and their arms, and throw themselves upon his mercy, they might do so, for he would do with them what God should of his grace direct; or, they could do as they might deem proper; that other treaty or friendship they should not have from him." The French captain replied, that he could not then conclude any other matter with the Adelantado. He went over in the boat, saying, that he went to relate what had passed, and to agree upon what should be done, and within two hours he would return with an answer. The Adelantado said, "They could do as seemed best to them, and he would wait for them." Two hours passed, when the same French captain returned, with those who had accompanied him previously, and said to the General, "that there were many people of family, and nobles among them, and that they would give fifty thousand ducats, of ransom, if he would spare all their lives." He answered, "that although he was a poor soldier, he could not be governed by selfish interests and if he were to be merciful and lenient, he desired to be so without the suspicion his king ; and that he would go and plant the holy faith in this land, that the Indians might be enlight- ened and be brought to the knowledge of the Holy Catholic Faith of Jesus Christ our Saviour, as taught and announced by the Roman Church. That if they wished to surrender their standards and their arms, and throw themselves upon his mercy, they might do so, for he would do with them what God should of hie grace direct; or, they could do as they might deem proper; that other treaty or friendship they should not have from him." The French captain replied, that he could not then conclude any other matter with the Adelantado. He went over in the boat, saying, that he went to relate what had passed, and to agree upon what should be done, and within two hours he would return with an answer. The Adelantado said, "They could do as seemed best to them, and he would wait for them." Two hours passed, when the same French captain returned, with those who had accompanied him previously, and said to the General," that there were many people of family, and nobles among them, and that they would give fifty thousand ducats, of ransom, if he would spare all their lives." He answered, "that although he was a poor soldier, he could not be governed by selfish interests; and if he were to be merciful and lenient, he desired to be so without the suspicion  72 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of other motives." The French captain returned to urge the matter. " Do not deceive yourselves," said the Adelantado, "for if Heaven were to join to earth, I would do no otherwise than I have said." The French officer then going towards where his people stood, said, that in accordance with that understanding he would return shortly with an answer; and within half an hour he returned and placed in the boat, the standards, seventy arquebuses, twenty pistols, a quantity of swords and shields, and some helmets and breast-plates; and the captain came to where the General stood, and said that all the French force there submitted themselves to his clemency, and surrendered to him their standards and their arms. The Adelantado then directed twenty soldiers to go in the boat and bring the French, ten by ten. The river was narrow and easy to pass, and. he directed Diego Flores de Valdes, Admiral of the Fleet, to receive the standards and the arms, and to go inthe boat and see that the soldiers did not maltreat them. The Adelantado then withdrew from the shore, about two bow shots, behind a hillock of sand, within a copse of bushes, where the persons who came in the boat which brought over the French, could not see; and then said to the French captain and the other eight Frenchmen who were there with him, " Gentlemen, I have but few men with me, and 79 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of other motives." The French captain returned to urge the matter. " Do not deceive yourselves," said the Adelantado, "for if Heaven were to join to earth, I would do no otherwise than I have said." The French officer then going towards where his people stood, said, that in accordance with that understanding he would return shortly with an answer; and within half an hour he returned and placed in the boat, the standards, seventy arquebuses, twenty pistols, a quantity of swords and shields, and some helmets and breast-plates; and the captain came to where the General stood, and said that all the French force there submitted themselves to his clemency, and surrendered to him their standards and their arms. The Adelautado then directed twenty soldiers to go in the boat and bring the French, ten by ten. The river was narrow and easy to pass, and, he directed Diego .Flores de Valdes, Admiral of the Fleet, to receive the standards and the arms, and to go in the boat and see that the soldiers did not maltreat them. The Adelantado then withdrew from the shore, about two bow shots, behind a hillock of sand, within a copse of bushes, where the persons who came in the boat which brought over the French, could not see; and then said to the French captain and the other eight Frenchmen who were there with him, "Gentlemen, I have but few men with me, and 72 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of other motives." The French captain returned to urge the matter. "Do not deceive yourselves," said the Adelantado, " for if Heaven were to join to earth, I would do no otherwise than I have said." The French officer then going towards where his people stood, said, that in accordance with that understanding he would return shortly with an answer; and within half an hour he returned and placed in the boat, the standards, seventy arquebuses, twenty pistols, a quantity of swords and shields, and some helmets and breast-plates; and the captain came to where the General stood, and said that all the French force there submitted themselves to his clemency, and surrendered to him their standards and their arms. The Adelantado then directed twenty soldiers to go in the boat and bring the French, ten by ten. The river was narrow and easy to pass, and, he directed Diego .Flores de Valdes, Admiral of the Fleet, to receive the standards and the arms, and to go in the boat and see that the soldiers did not maltreat them. The Adelantado then withdrew from the shore, about two bow shots, behind a hillock of sand, within a copse of bushes, where the persons who came in the boat which brought over the French, could not see; and then said to the French captain and the other eight Frenchmen who were there with him, " Gentlemen, I have but few men with me, and  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 73 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 73 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 73 they are not very effective, and you are numerous ; and, going unrestrained, it would be an easy thing to take satisfaction upon our men for those whom we destroyed when we took the fort; and thus it is necessary that you should march with hands tied behind, a distance of four leagues from here where I have my camp." The French replied "that they would do so;" and they had their hands tied strongly behind their backs with the match ropes of the soldiers; and the ten who came in the boat did not see those who had their hands tied, until they came up to the same place, for it was so arranged, in order that the French who had not passed the river, should not understand what was being done, and might not be offended, and thus were tied two hundred and eight Frenchmen. Of whom the Ad- lantado asked that if any among them were Catho- lics, they should declare it. Eight said that they were Catholics, and were separated from the others and placed in a boat, that they might go by the river to St. Augustine ; and all the rest replied "that they were of the new religion, and held themselves to be very good Christians ; that this was their faith and no other. The Adelantado then gave the order to march with them, having first given them meat and drink, as each ten arrived, before being tied, which was done before the succeeding ten 6 they are not very effective, and you are numerous; and, going unrestrained, it would be an easy thing to take satisfaction upon our men for those whom we destroyed when we took the fort ; and thus it is necessary that you should march with hands tied behind, a distance of four leagues from here where I have my camp." The French replied "that they would do so;" and they had their hands tied strongly behind their backs with the match ropes of the soldiers ; and the ten who came in the boat did not see those who had their hands tied, until they came up to the same place, for it was so arranged, in order that the French who had not passed the river, should not understand what was being done, and might not be offended, and thus were tied two hundred and eight Frenchmen. Of whom the Ade- lantado asked that if any among them were Catho- lies, they should declare it. Eight said that they were Catholics, and were separated from the others and placed in a boat, that they might go by the river to St. Augustine ; and all the rest replied "that they were of the new religion, and held themselves to be very good Christians ; that this was their faith and no other. The Adelantado then gave the order to march with them, having first given them meat and drink, as each ten arrived, before being tied, which was done before the succeeding ten they are not very effective, and you are numerous; and, going unrestrained, it would be an easy thing to take satisfaction upon our men for those whom we destroyed when we took the fort; and thus it is necessary that you should march with hands tied behind, a distance of four leagues from here where I have my camp." The French replied "that they would do so;" and they had their hands tied strongly behind their backs with the match ropes of the soldiers; and the ten who came in the boat did not see those who had their hands tied, until they came up to the same place, for it was so arranged, in order that the French who had not passed the river, should not understand what was being done, and might not be offended, and thus were tied two hundred and eight Frenchmen. Of whom the Ade- lantado asked that if any among them were Catho- lics, they should declare it. Eight said that they were Catholics, and were separated from the others and placed in a boat, that they might go by the river to St. Augustine ; and all therest replied "that they were of the new religion, and held themselves to be very good Christians ; that this was their faith and no other. The Adelantado then gave the order to march with them, having first given them meat and drink, as each ten arrived, before being tied, which was done before the succeeding ten 6  74 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES arrived; and he directed one of his captains who marched with the vanguard, that at a certain dis- tance from there, he would observe a mark made by a lance, which he carried in his hand, which would be in a sandy place that they would be obliged to pass in going on their way towards the fort of St. Augustine, and that there the prisoners should all be destroyed ; and he gave the one in command of the rear-guard the same orders; and it was done accord- ingly; when, leaving there all of the dead, they returned the same night before dawn, to the fort at St. Augustine, although it was already sundown when the men were killed."'* Such is the second part of this sad and bloody trag- edy ; which took place at the Matanzas Inlet, about eighteen miles south of the city of St. Augustine, and at the southerly end of Anastasia Island. The ac- count we have given, it must be borne in mind, is that of De Solis, the brother-in-law and apologist of Menendez ; but even under his extenuating hand the conduct of Menendez was that of one deaf to the voice of humanity, and exulting in cold-blooded treachery, dealing in vague generalities intended to deceive, while affording a shallow apology for the actor. A massacre in cold blood of poor ship- 74 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES arrived; and he directed one of his captains who marched with the vanguard, that at a certain dis- tance from there, he would observe a mark made by a lance, which he carried in his hand, which would be in a sandy place that they would be obliged to pass in going on their way towards the fort of St. Augustine, and that there the prisoners should all be destroyed ; and he gave the one in command of the rear-guard the same orders; and it was done accord- ingly; when, leaving there all of the dead, they returned the same night before dawn, to the fort at St. Augustine, although it was already sundown when the men were killed."' * Such is the second part of this sad and bloody trag- edy ; which took place at the Matanzas Inlet, about eighteen miles south of the city of St. Augustme, and at the southerly end of Anastasia Island. The ac- count we have given, it must be borne in mind, is that of De Solis, the brother-in-law and apologist of Menendez ; but even under his extenuating hand the conduct of Menendez was that of one deaf to the voice of humanity, and exulting in cold-blooded treachery, dealing in vague generalities intended to deceive, while affording a shallow apology for the actor. A massacre in cold blood of poor ship- 74 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES arrived; and he directed one of his captains who marched with the vanguard, that at a certain dis- tance from there, he would observe a mark made by a lance, which he carried in his hand, which would be in a sandy place that they would be obliged to pass in going on their way towards the fort of St. Augustine, and that there the prisoners should all be destroyed ; and he gave the one in command of the rear-guard the same orders ; and it was done accord- ingly; when, leaving there all of the dead, they returned the same night before dawn, to the fort at St. Augustine, although it was already sundown when the men were killed.'"* Such is the second part of this sad and bloody trag- edy ; which took place at the Matanzas Inlet, about eighteen miles south of the city of St. Augustine, and at the southerly end of Anastasia Island. The ac- count we have given, it must be borne in mind, is that of De Solis, the brother-in-law and apologist of Menendez ; but even under his extenuating hand the conduct of Menendez was that of one deaf to the voice of humanity, and exulting in cold-blooded treachery, dealing in vague generalities intended to deceive, while affording a shallow apology for the actor. A massacre in cold blood of poor ship- * Barcia, p. 87. * Bareia, p. 87. * Bareia, p. 87.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 75 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 75 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 75 wrecked, famished men, prisoners yielding themselves to an expected clemency, tied up like sheep, and butchered by poignard blows from behind, shocked alike the moral sense of all to whom the tale came, without regard to faith or flag. wrecked, famished men, prisoners yielding themselves to an expected clemency, tied up like sheep, and butchered by poignard blows from behind, shocked alike the moral sense of all to whom the tale came, without regard to faith or flag. wrecked, famished men, prisoners yielding themselves to an expected clemency, tied up like sheep, and butchered by poignard blows from behind, shocked alike the moral sense of all to whom the tale came, without regard to faith or flag.  76 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITI]S CHAPTER VIII. FATE OF RIBAULT AND HIS FOLLOWERS-BLOODY MARRAcRE AT MATANZAS--165. THE first detachment of the French whom Me- nendez met and so utterly destroyed, constituted the complement of a single vessel, which had been thrown ashore at a more northerly point than the others. All these vessels were wrecked between Musquito Inlet and Matanzas. Of the fate of the main detachment, under Ri- bault in person, we have the following account, as related by the same apologist, the chaplain De Solis: "On the next day following the return of the Adelantado at St. Augustine, the same Indians who came before returned, and said that 'a great many more Christians were at the same part of the river as the others had been.' The Adelantado concluded that it must be Jean Ribault, the General of the Lutherans at sea and on land, whom they called the Viceroy of this country for the king of France. He immediately went, with one hundred and fifty men 76 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER VIII. FATE OF RIBAULT AND HIS FOLLOwERS--BLooDY MassAcRE AT MATANZAS-1565. THE first detachment of the French whom Me- nendez met and so utterly destroyed, constituted the complement of a single vessel, which had been thrown ashore at a more northerly point than the others. All these vessels were wrecked between Musquito Inlet and Matanzas. Of the fate of the main detachment, under Ri- bault in person, we have the following account, as related by the same apologist, the chaplain De Solis: "On the next day following the return of the Adelantado at St. Augustine, the same Indians who came before returned, and said that 'a great many more Christians were at the same part of the river as the others had been.' The Adelantado concluded that it must be Jean Ribault, the General of the Lutherans at sea and on land, whom they called the Viceroy of this country for the king of France. He immediately went, with one hundred and fifty men 76 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs CHAPTER VIII. FATE OF RIBAULT AND HIS FOLLOWERS-BLOODY MASsACRE AT MATANZAS-1565. THE first detachment of the French whom Me- nendez met and so utterly destroyed, constituted the complement of a single vessel, which had been thrown ashore at a more northerly point than the others. All these vessels were wrecked between Musquito Inlet and Matanzas. Of the fate of the main detachment, under Ri- bault in person, we have the following account, as related by the same apologist, the chaplain De Solis: "On the next day following the return of the Adelantado at St. Augustine, the same Indians who came before returned, and said that 'a great many more Christians were at the same part of the river as the others had been.' The Adelantado concluded that it must be Jean Ribault, the General of the Lutherans at sea and on land, whom they called the Viceroy of this country for the king of France. He immediately went, with one hundred and fifty men  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 77 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLoRIDA. 77 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLoRIDA. 77 in good order, and reached the place where he had lodged the first time, at about midnight; and at dawn he pushed forward to the river, with his men drawn out, and when it was daylight, he saw, two bow-shots from the other bank of the river, many persons, and a raft made to cross over the people, at the place where the Adelantado stood. But imme- diately, when the French saw the Adelantado and his people, they took arms, and displayed a royal standard and two standards of companies, sounding fifes and drums, in very good order, and showing a front of battle to the Adelantado; who, having ordered his men to sit down and take their breakfast, so that they made no demonstration of any change, he himself walked up and down the shore, with his admiral and two other captains, pay- ing no attention to the movement and demonstration of battle of the French ; so that they, observing this, halted and the fifes and drums ceased, while with a bugle note they unfurled the white flag of peace, which was returned by the Adelantado. A French- man placed himself upon the raft, and cried with a loud voice that he wished to cross over, but that owing to the force of the current he could not bring the raft over, and desired an Indian canoe which was there to be sent over. The Adelantado said he could swim over for it, under pledge of his word. in good order, and reached the place where he had lodged the first time, at about midnight; and at dawn he pushed forward to the river, with his men drawn out, and when it was daylight, he saw, two bow-shots from the other bank of the river, many persons, and a raft made to cross over the people, at the place where the Adelantado stood. But imme- diately, when the French saw the Adelantado and his people, they took arms, and displayed a royal standard and two standards of companies, sounding fifes and drums, in very good order, and showing a front of battle to the Adelantado; who, having ordered his men to sit down and take their breakfast, so that they made no demonstration of any change, he himself walked up and down the shore, with his admiral and two other captains, pay- ing no attention to the movement and demonstration of battle of the French; so that they, observing this, halted and the fifes and drums ceased, while with a bugle note they unfurled the white flag of peace, which was returned by the Adelantado. A French- man placed himself upon the raft, and cried with a loud voice that he wished to cross over, but that owing to the force of the current he could not bring the raft over, and desired an Indian canoe which was there to be sent over. The Adelantado said he could swim over for it, under pledge of his word. in good order, and reached the place where he had lodged the first time, at about midnight; and at dawn he pushed forward to the river, with his men drawn out, and when it was daylight, he saw, two bow-shots from the other bank of the river, many persons, and a raft made to cross over the people, at the place where the Adelantado stood. But imme- diately, when the French saw the Adelantado and his people, they took arms, and displayed a royal standard and two standards of companies, sounding fifes and drums, in very good order, and showing a front of battle to the Adelantado; who, having ordered his men to sit down and take their breakfast, so that they made no demonstration of any change, he himself walked up and down the shore, with his admiral and two other captains, pay- ing no attention to the movement and demonstration of battle of the French ; so that they, observing this, halted and the fifes and drums ceased, while with a bugle note they unfurled the white flag of peace, which was returned by the Adelantado. A French- man placed himself upon the raft, and cried with a loud voice that he wished to cross over, but that owing to the force of the current he could not bring the raft over, and desired an Indian canoe which was there to be sent over. The Adelantado said he could swim over for it, under pledge of his word.  78 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITES A French sailor immediately came over, but the General would not permit him to speak with him, but directed him to take the canoe, and go and tell his captain, that inasmuch as he had called for a conference, if he desired any thing he should send over some one to communicate with him. The same sailor immediately came with a gentleman, who said he was the sergeant major of Jean Ri- bault, Viceroy and Captain General of this land for the king of France, and that he had sent him to say, that they had been wrecked with their fleet in a great storm, and that he had with him three hundred and fifty French; that they wished to go to a fort which they held, twenty leagues from there; that they wished the favor of boats, to pass this river, and the other, four leagues further on, and that he desired to know if they were Spaniards, and under what leader they served. " The Adelantado answered him, that they were Spaniards, and that the Captain under whom they served was the person now addressing him, and was called Pedro Menendez. That he should tell his Gen- eral that the fort which he held twenty leagues from there had been taken by him, and he bad destroyed all the French, and the rest who had come with the fleet, because they were badly governed; and then, passing thence to where the dead bodies of the 78 THE HIsTORY AN ArTIQsuTis A French sailor immediately came over, but the General would not permit him to speak with him, but directed him to take the canoe, and go and tell his captain, that inasmuch as he had called for a conference, if he desired any thing he should send over some one to communicate with him. The same sailor immediately came with a gentleman, who said he was the sergeant major of Jean Ri- bault, Viceroy and Captain General of this land for the king of France, and that he had sent him to say, that they had been wrecked with their fleet in a great storm, and that he had with him three hundred and fifty French; that they wished to go to a fort which they held, twenty leagues from there; that they wished the favor of boats, to pass this river, and the other, four leagues further on, and that he desired to know if they were Spaniards, and under what leader they served. "The Adelantado answered him, that they were Spaniards, and that the Captain under whom they served was the person now addressing him, and was called Pedro Menendez, That he should tell his Gen- eral that the fort which he held twenty leagues from there had been taken by him, and he had destroyed all the French, and the rest who had come with the fleet, because they were badly governed; and then, passing thence to where the dead bodies of the 78 THE HIsToRY A N ANIQUrrs A French sailor immediately came over, but the General would not permit him to speak with him, but directed him to take the canoe, and go and tell his captain, that inasmuch as he had called for a conference, if he desired any thing he should send over some one to communicate with him. The same sailor immediately came with a gentleman, who said he was the sergeant major of Jean Ri- bault, Viceroy and Captain General of this land for the king of France, and that he had sent him to say, that they had been wrecked with their fleet in a great storm, and that he had with him three hundred and fifty French; that they wished to go to a fort which they held, twenty leagues from there; that they wished the favor of boats, to pass this river, and the other, four leagues further on, and that he desired to know if they were Spaniards, and under what leader they served. "The Adelantado answered him, that they were Spaniards, and that the Captain under whom they served was the person now addressing him, and was called Pedro Menendez. That he should tell his Gen- eral that the fort which he held twenty leagues from there had been taken by him, and he bad destroyed all the French, and the rest who had come with the fleet, because they were badly governed; and then, passing thence to where the dead bodies of the  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 79 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 79 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 79 Frenchmen whom he had killed still lay unburied, pointed them out to him and said, therefore he could not permit them to pass the river to their fort "The sergeant, with an unmoved countenance, and without any appearance of uneasiness on account of what the Adelantado had said, replied, that if he would have the goodness to send a gentleman of his party to say to the French general, that they might negotiate with safety, the people were much exhausted, and the general would come over in a boat which was there. The Adelantado replied, ' Farewell, comrade, and bear the answer which they shall give you ; and if your general desires to come and treat with me, I give my word that he shall come and return securely, with four or six of his people whom he may select for his advisors, that he may do whatever he may conclude to be best.' " The French gentleman then departed with this message. Within half an hour he returned to accept the assurance the Adelantado had given, and to ob- tain the boat ; which the Adelantado was unwilling to let him have, but said he could use the canoe, which was safe, and the strait was narrow ; and he again went back with this message. "Immediately Jean Ribault came over, whom the Adelantado received very well, with other eight gentlemen, who had come with him. They were Frenchmen whom he had killed still lay unburied, pointed them out to him and said, therefore he could not permit them to pass the river to their fort. "The sergeant, with an unmoved countenance, and without any appearance of uneasiness on account of what the Adelantado had said, replied, that if he would have the goodness to send a gentleman of his party; to say to the French general, that they might negotiate with safety, the people were much exhausted, and the general would come over in a boat which was there. The Adelantado replied, 'Farewell, comrade, and bear the answer which they shall give you ; and if your general desires to come and treat with me, I give my word that he shall come and return securely, with four or six of his people whom he may select for his advisors, that he may do whatever he may conclude to be best.' "The French gentleman then departed with this message. Within half an hour he returned to accept the assurance the Adelantado had given, and to ob- tain the boat; which the Adelantado was unwilling to let him have, but said he could use the canoe, which was safe, and the strait was narrow ; and he again went back with this message. "Immediately Jean Ribault came over, whom the Adelantado received very well, with other eight gentlemen, who had come with him. They were Frenchmen whom he had killed still lay unburied, pointed them out to him and said, therefore he could not permit them to pass the river to their fort. "The sergeant, with an unmoved countenance, and without any appearance of uneasiness on account of what the Adelantado had said, replied, that if he would have the goodness to send a gentleman of his party to say to the French general, that they might negotiate with safety, the people were much exhausted, and the general would come over in a boat which was there. The Adelantadoreplied, ' Farewell, comrade, and bear the answer which they shall give you ; and if your general desires to come and treat with me, I give my word that he shall come and return securely, with four or six of his people whom he may select for his advisors, that he may do whatever he may conclude to be best.' "The French gentleman then departed with this message. Within half an hour he returned to accept the assurance the Adelantado had given, and to ob- tain the boat; which the Adelantado was unwilling to let him have, but said he could use the canoe, which was safe, and the strait was narrow ; and he again went back with this message. "Immediately Jean Ribault came over, whom the Adelantado received very well, with other eight gentlemen, who had come with him. They were  80 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrITIS all gentlemen of rank and position. He gave them a collation, and would have given them food if they had desired. Jean Ribault with much humility, thanked him for his kind reception, and said that to raise their spirits, much depressed by the sad news of the death of their comrades, they would partake only of the wine and condiments, and did not wish any thing else to eat. Then after eating, Jean Ri- bault said, 'that he saw that those his companions were dead, and that he could not be mistaken if he desired to be.' Then the Adelantado directed the soldiers to bring each one whatever he had taken from the fort; and he saw so many things, that he knew for certain that it was taken; although he knew this before, yet he could not wholly believe it, because among his men there was a Frenchman by name of Barbero, of those whom the Adelantado had ordered to be destroyed with the rest, and who was left for dead with the others, having with the first thrust he received fallen down and made s though he were dead, and when theyleft therehe had passed over by swimming, to Ribault ; and this Barbero held it for certain that the Adelantado had deceived them in saying that the fort was taken, it not being so; and thus until now he had supposed. The Adelan- tado said that in order with more certainty to believe this and satisfy himself, he might converse 80 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs all gentlemen of rank and position. He gave them a collation, and would have given them food if they had desired. Jean Ribault with much humility, thanked him for his kind reception, and said that to raise their spirits, much depressed by the sad news of the death of their comrades, they would partake only of the wine and condiments, and did not wish any thing else to eat. Then after eating, Jean Ri- bault said, 'that he saw that those his companions were dead, and that he could not be mistaken if he desired to be.' Then the Adelantado directed the soldiers to bring each one whatever he had taken from the fort ; and he saw so many things, that he knew for certain that it was taken ; although he knew this before, yet he could not wholly believe it, because among his men there was a Frenchman by name .of Barbero, of those whom the Adelantado had ordered to be destroyed with the rest, and who was left for dead with the others, having with the first thrust he received fallen down and made as though he were dead, and when they left there he had passed over by swimming, to Ribault ; and this Barbero held it for certain that the Adelantado had deceived them in saying that the fort was taken, it not being so; and thus until now he had supposed. The Adelan- tado said that in order with more certainty to believe this and satisfy himself, he might converse 80 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES all gentlemen of rank and position. He gave them a collation, and would have given them food if they had desired. Jean Ribault with much humility, thanked him for his kind reception, and said that to raise their spirits, much depressed by the sad news of the death of their comrades, they would partake only of the wine and condiments, and did not wish any thing else to eat. Then after eating, Jean Ri- bault said, 'that he saw that those his companions were dead, and that he could not be mistaken if he desired to be.' Then the Adelantado directed the soldiers to bring each one whatever he had taken from the fort ; and he saw so many things, that he knew for certain that it was taken; although he knew this before, yet he could not wholly believe it, because among his men there was a Frenchman by name of Barbero, of those whom the Adelantado had ordered to be destroyed with the rest, and who was left for dead with the others, having with the first thrust he received fallen down and made as though he were dead, and when theyleft therehe had passed over by swimming, to Ribault ; and this Barbero held it for certain, that the Adelantado had deceived them in saying that the fort was taken, it not being so; and thus until now he had supposed. The Adelan- tado said that in order with more certainty to believe this and satisfy himself, he might converse  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 81 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 81 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 81 apart with the two Frenchmen who were present, to satisfy him better ; which he did. "Immediately Jean Ribault came towards the Adelantado and said, 'it was certain that all which he had told him was true; but that what had happened to him, might have happened to the Adelantado; and since their kings were brothers, and such great friends, the Adelantado should act towards him as a friend, and give him ships and provisions, that he might return to France.' "The Adelantado replied in the same manner that he had done to the other Frenchmen, as to what he would do ; and that taking it or leaving it, Jean Ribault could obtain nothing further from the Ade- lantado. Jean Ribault then said that he would go and give an account of matters to his people, for he had among them many of noble blood; and would return or send an answer as to what he would do. "Three hours afterwards, Jean Ribault returned in the canoe, and said, 'that there were different opinions among his people; that while some were willing to yield themselves to his clemency, others were not.' The Adelantado replied 'that it mat- tered but little to him whether they all came, or a part, or none at all ; that they should do as it pleased them, and he would act with the same liberty.' Jean Ribault said to him, 'that the half of the peo- apart with the two Frenchmen who were present, to satisfy him better; which he did. "Immediately Jean Ribault came towards the Adelantado and said, 'it was certain that all which he had told him was true; but that what had happened to him, might have happened to the Adelantado; and since their kings were brothers, and suc great friends, the Adelantado should act towards him as a friend, and give him ships and provisions, that he might return to France.' "The Adelantado replied in the same manner that he had done to the other Frenchmen, as to what he would do ; and that taking it or leaving it, Jean Ribault could obtain nothing further from the Ade- lantado. Jean Ribault then said that he would go and give an account of matters to his people, for he had among them many of noble blood ; and would return or send an answer as to what he would do. "Three hours afterwards, Jean Ribault returned in the canoe, and said, 'that there were different opinions among his people; that while some were willing to yield themselves to his clemency, others were not' The Adelantado replied 'that it mat- tered but little to him whether they all came, or a part, or none at all ; that they should do as it pleased them, and he would act with the same liberty.' Jean Ribault said to him, 'that the half of the peo- apart with the two Frenchmen who were present, to satisfy him better; which he did. "Immediately Jean Ribault came towards the Adelantado and said, 'it was certain that all which he had told him was true; but that what had happened to him, might have happened to the Adelantado; and since their kings were brothers, and such great friends, the Adelantado should act towards him as a friend, and give him ships and provisions, that he might return to France.' " The Adelantado replied in the same manner that he had done to the other Frenchmen, as to what he would do ; and that taking it or leaving it, Jean Ribault could obtain nothing further from the Ade- lantado. Jean Ribault then said that he would go and give an account of matters to his people, for he had among them many of noble blood; and would return or send an answer as to what he would do. "Three hours afterwards, Jean Ribault returned in the canoe, and said, 'that there were different opinions among his people; that while some were willing to yield themselves to his clemency, others were not' The Adelantado replied 'that it mat- tered but little to him whether they all came, or a part, or none at all ; that they should do as it pleased them, and he would act with the same liberty.' Jean Ribault said to him, 'that the half of the peo-  82 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrIIs ple who were willing to yield themselves to his clemency, would pay him a ransom of more than 100,000 ducats; and the other half were able to pay more, for there was among them persons of wealth and large incomes, who had desired to establish estates in this country.' The Adelantado answered him, 'It would grieve me much to lose so great and rich a ransom, under the necessity I am under for such aid, to carry forward the conquest and settle- ment of this land, in the name of my king, as is my duty, and to plant here the Holy Evangel.' Jean Ribault considered from this, that with the amount which they could all give, he might be induced to spare his own life and that of all the others who were with him, and that they might be able to pay more than 200,000 ducats; and he said to the Ade- lantado, 'that he would return with his answer to his people ; that as it was late, he would take it as a favor if he would be willing to wait until the follow- ing day, when he would bring their reply as to what they would conclude to do.' The Adelantado said, 'Yes, that he would wait.' Jean Ribault then went back to his people, it being already sunset. In the morning, he returned with the canoe, and surren- dered to the Adelantado two royal standards- the one that of the king of France, the other that of the Admiral (Coligny),-and the standards of the 82 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES ple who were willing to yield themselves to his clemency, would pay him a ransom of more than 100,000 ducats; and the other half were able to pay more, for there was among them persons of wealth and large incomes, who had desired to establish estates in this country.' The Adelantado answered him, 'It would grieve me much to lose so great and rich a ransom, under the necessity I am under for such aid, to carry forward the conquest and settle- ment of this land, in the name of my king, as is my duty, and to plant here the Holy Evangel.' Jean Ribault considered from this, that with the amount which they could all give, he might be induced to spare his own life and that of all the others who were with him, and that they might be able to pay more than 200,000 ducats; and he said to the Ade- lantado, 'that he would return with his answer to his people ; that as it was late, he would take it as a favor if he would be willing to wait until the follow- ing day, when he would bring their reply as to what they would conclude to do.' The Adelantado said, 'Yes, that he would wait.' Jean Ribault then went back to his people, it being already sunset. In the morning, he returned with the canoe, and surren- dered to the Adelantado two royal standards- the one that of the king of France, the other that of the Admiral (Coligny),-and the standards of the 82 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES ple who were willing to yield themselves to his clemency, would pay him a ransom of more than 100,000 ducats; and the other half were able to pay more, for there was among them persons of wealth and large incomes, who had desired to establish estates in this country.' The Adelantado answered him, 'It would grieve me much to lose so great and rich a ransom, under the necessity I am under for such aid, to carry forward the conquest and settle- ment of this land, in the name of my king, as is my duty, and to plant here the Holy Evangel.' Jean Ribault considered from this, that with the amount which they could all give, he might be induced to spare his own life and that of all the others who were with him, and that they might be able to pay more than 200,000 ducats ; and he said to the Ade- lantado, 'that he would return with his answer to his people ; that as it was late, he would take it as a favor if he would be willing to wait until the follow- ing day, when he would bring their reply as to what they would conclude to do.' The Adelantado said, 'Yes, that he would wait.' Jean Ribault then went back to his people, it being already sunset. In the morning, he returned with the canoe, and surren- dered to the Adelantado two royal standards- the one that of the king of France, the other that of the Admiral (Coligny),-and the standards of the  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 83 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 83 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 88 company, and a sword, dagger, and helmet, gilded very beautifully; and also a shield, a pistol, and a commission given him under the high admiral of France, to assure to him his title and possessions. " He then said to him, 'that but one hundred and fifty of the three hundred and fifty whom he had with him were willing to yield to his clemency, and that the others had withdrawn during the night; and that they might take the boat and bring those who were willing to come over, and their arms.' The Adelantado immediately directed the captain, Diego Flores Valdes, Admiral of the fleet, that he should bring them over as he had done the others, ten by ten ; and the Adelantado, taking Jean Ri- bault behind the sand hills, among the bushes where the others had their hands tied behind them, he said to these and all the others as he had done be- fore, that they had four leagues to go after night, and that he could not permit them to go unbound ; and after they were all tied, he asked if they were Catholics or Lutherans, or if any of them desired to make confession. " Jean Ribault replied, ' that all who were there were of the new religion,' and he then began to repeat the psalm, 'Domine / Memento Mei;' and having finished, be said, 'that from dust they came and to dust they must return, and that in twenty company, and a sword, dagger, and helmet, gilded very beautifully; and also a shield, a pistol, and a commission given him under the high admiral of France, to assure to him his title and possessions. " He then said to him, ' that but one hundred and fifty of the three hundred and fifty whom he had with him were willing to yield to his clemency, and that the others had withdrawn during the night; and that they might take the boat and bring those who were willing to come over, and their arms.' The Adelantado immediately directed the captain, Diego Flores Valdes, Admiral of the fleet, that he should bring them over as he had done the others, ten by ten ; and the Adelantado, taking Jean Ri- bault behind the sand hills, among the bushes where the others had their hands tied behind them, he said to these and all the others as he had done be- fore, that they had four leagues to go after night, and that he could not permit them to go unbound ; and after they were all tied, he asked if they were Catholics or Lutherans, or if any of them desired to make confession. "Jean Ribault replied, 'that all who were there were of the new religion,' and he then began to repeat the psalm, 'Domino / emento ei; ' and having finished, he said, ' that from dust they came and to dust they must return, and that in twenty company, and a sword, dagger, and helmet, gilded very beautifully; and also a shield, a pistol, and a commission given him under the high admiral of France, to assure to him his title and possessions. " He then said to him, ' that but one hundred and fifty of the three hundred and fifty whom he had with him were willing to yield to his clemency, and that the others had withdrawn during the night; and that they might take the boat and bring those who were willing to come over, and their arms.' The Adelantado immediately directed the captain, Diego Flores Valdes, Admiral of the fleet, that he should bring them over as he had done the others, ten by ten ; and the Adelantado, taking Jean Ri- bault behind the sand hills, among the bushes where the others had their hands tied behind them, he said to these and all the others as he had done be- fore, that they had four leagues to go after night, and that he could not permit them to go unbound ; and after they were all tied, he asked if they were Catholics or Lutherans, or if any of them desired to make confession. " Jean Ribault replied, ' that all who were there were of the new religion,' and he then began to repeat the psalm, ' Domino ! Memento Mei;' and having finished, he said, 'that from dust they came and to dust they must return, and that in twenty  84 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES years, more or less, he must render his final account; that the Adelantado might do with them as he chose.' The Adelantado then ordered all to be killed, in the same order and at the same mark, as had been done to the others. He spared only the fifers, drummers, and trumpeters, and four others who said that they were Catholics, in all, sixteen persons. " Todos los dema fueron degaRadoe,"- "all the rest were slaughtered," is the sententious summary by which Padre de Solis announced the close of the sad career of the gray-haired veteran, the brave soldier, the Admiral Jean Ribault, and his companions.* At some point on the thickly-wooded shores of the Island of Anastasio, or beneath the shifting mounds of sand which mark its shores, may still lie the bones of some of the three hundred and fifty who, spared from destruction by the tempest, and escaping the perils of the sea and of the savage, fell victims to the vindictive rancor and blind rage of one than whom history recalls none more cruel, or less humane. But while their bones, scattered on earth and sea, unhonored and unburied, were lost to human sight, the tale of their destruction and sad fate, scattered in like manner over the whole world, 84 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQU1TIES years, more or less, he must render his final account; that the Adelantado might do with them as he chose.' The Adelantado then ordered all to be killed, in the same order and at the same mark, as had been done to the others. He spared only the fifers, drummers, and trumpeters, and four others who said that they were Catholics, in all, sixteen persons." " Todos los demas fueron degaladoe,"- "all the rest were slaughtered," is the sententious summary by which Padre de Solis announced the close of the sad career of the gray-haired veteran, the brave soldier, the Admiral Jean Ribault, and his companions.* At some point on the thickly-wooded shores of the Island of Anastasio, or beneath the shifting mounds of sand which mark its shores, may still lie the bones of some of the three hundred and fifty who, spared from destruction by the tempest, and escaping the perils of the sea and of the savage, fell victims to the vindictive rancor and blind rage of one than whom history recalls none more cruel, or less humane. But while their bones, scattered on earth and sea, unhonored and unburied, were lost to human sight, the tale of their destruction and sad fate, scattered in like manner over the whole world, 84 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES years, more or less, he must render his final account; that the Adelantado might do with them as he chose.' The Adelantado then ordered all to be killed, in the same order and at the same mark, as had been done to the others. He spared only the fifers, drummers, and trumpeters, and four others who said that they were Catholics, in all, sixteen persons." " Todos los demas fueron degalladoe,"- "all the rest were slaughtered," is the sententious summary by which Padre de Solis announced the close of the sad career of the gray-haired veteran, the brave soldier, the Admiral Jean Ribault, and his companions.* At some point on the thickly-wooded shores of the Island of Anastasio, or beneath the shifting mounds of sand which mark its shores, may still lie the bones of some of the three hundred and fifty who, spared from destruction by the tempest, and escaping the perils of the sea and of the savage, fell victims to the vindictive rancor and blind rage of one than whom history recalls none more cruel, or less humane. But while their bones, scattered on earth and sea, unhonored and unburied, were lost to human sight, the tale of their destruction and sad fate, scattered in like manner over the whole world, *Bari., p. 89. *Bareia, p. 89. "Barciap. 89.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 85 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 85 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 85 has raised to their memory through sympathy with their fate, a memorial which will endure as long as the pages of history. The Adelantado returned that night to St. Augus. tine, where, says his apologist, some persons censured him for his cruelty. Others commended what he had done, as the act of a good general, and said that even if they had been Catholics, he could not have done more justly than he had done for them ; for with the few provisions that the Adelantado had, either the one or the other people would have had to perish with hunger, and the French would have destroyed our people : they were the most numerous.* We have still to trace the fate of the body of two hundred, who retired from Ribault after his fatal determination to surrender to the tender mercies of Menendez. As we are already aware, it comprised the elite of his force, men of standing and rank, and whose spirits had retained the energy to combat against the natural discouragements of their position; and they adopted the nobler resolve of selling their lives, at least with their swords in their hands. De Solis proceeds to give the following further account of them:- " Twenty days subsequently to the destruction of has raised to their memory through sympathy with their fate, a memorial which will endure as long as the pages of history. The Adelantado returned that night to St. Augus- tine, where, says his apologist, some persons censured him for his cruelty. Others commended what he had done, as the act of a good general, and said that even if they had been Catholics, he could not have done more justly than he had done for them ; for with the few provisions that the Adelantado had, either the one or the other people would have had to perish with hunger, and the French would have destroyed our people : they were the most numerous.' We have still to trace the fate of the body of two hundred, who retired from Ribault after his fatal determination to surrender to the tender mercies of Menendez. As we are already aware, it comprised the elite of his force, men of standing and rank, and whose spirits had retained the energy to combat against the natural discouragements of their position ; and they adopted the nobler resolve of selling their lives, at least with their swords in their hands. De Solis proceeds to give the following further account of them:- " Twenty days subsequently to the destruction of has raised to their memory through sympathy with their fate, a memorial which will endure as long as the pages of history. The Adelantado returned that night to St. Augus- tine, where, says his apologist, some persons censured him for his cruelty. Others commended what he had done, as the act of a good general, and said that even if they had been Catholics, he could not have done more justly than he had done for them ; for with the few provisions that the Adelantado had, either the one or the other people would have had to perish with hunger, and the French would have destroyed our people : they were the most numerous.' We have still to trace the fate of the body of two hundred, who retired from Ribault after his fatal determination to surrender to the tender mercies of Menendez. As we are already aware, it comprised the elite of his force, men of standing and rank, and whose spirits had retained the energy to combat against the natural discouragements of their position; and they adopted the nobler resolve of selling their lives, at least with their swords in their hands. De Solis proceeds to give the following further account of them:- " Twenty days subsequently to the destruction of * Baris, p. 89. * Bria, p. 89. * Baeis, p. 89.  86 - THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIS these, some Indians came to the Adelantado, and informed him by signs, that eight days' journey from here to the southward, near the Bahama Channel,at Canaveral, a large number of people, brethren of those whom the General had caused to be killed, were building a fort and a vessel. The Adelantado at once came to the conclusion, that the French had retired to the place where their vessels were wrecked, and where their artillery and munitions, and provi- sions were, in order to build a vessel and return to France to procure succor. The General thereupon dispatched from St. Augustine to St. Matteo, ten of his soldiers, conveying intelligence of what had taken place, and directing that they should send to him one hundred and fifty of the soldiers there, with the thirty-five others who remained when he returned to St. Augustine, after taking the fort. The master of the camp immediately dispatched them, under command of Captains Juan Velez de Medrano and Andrez Lopez Patrio; and they arrived at St. Augus- tine on October 23d. On the 25th, after having heard mass, the Adelantado departed for the coast, with three hundred men, and three small vessels to go by sea with the arms and provisions; and the vessels were to go along and progress equally with the troops; and each night when the troops halted, 86 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES these, some Indians came to the Adelantado, and informed him by signs, that eight days' journey from here to the southward, near the Bahama Channel,at Canaveral, a large number of people, brethren of those whom the General had caused to be killed, were building a fort and a vessel. The Adelantado at once came to the conclusion, that the French had retired to the place where their vessels were wrecked, and where their artillery and munitions, and provi- sions were, in order to build a vessel and return to France to procure succor. The General thereupon dispatched from St. Augustine to St. Matteo, ten of his soldiers, conveying intelligence of what had taken place, and directing that they should send to him one hundred and fifty of the soldiers there, with the thirty-five others who remained when he returned to St. Augustine, after taking the fort. The master of the camp immediately dispatched them, under command of Captains Juan Velez de Medrano and Andrez Lopez Patrio; and they arrived at St. Augus. tine on October 23d. On the 25th, after having heard mass, the Adelantado departed for the coast, with three hundred men, and three small vessels to go by sea with the arms and provisions; and the vessels were to go along and progress equally with the troops; and each night when the troops halted, 86 THE HISToRY AND AhTQUrrMIB these, some Indians came to the Adelantado, and informed him by signs, that eight days' journey from here to the southward, near the Bahama Channel, at Canaveral, a large number of people, brethren of those whom the General had caused to be killed, were building a fort and a vessel. The Adelantado at once came to the conclusion, that the French had retired to the place where their vessels were wrecked, and where their artillery and munitions, and provi- sions were, in order to build a vessel and return to France to procure succor. The General thereupon dispatched from St. Augustine to St. Matteo, ten of his soldiers, conveying intelligence of what had taken place, and directing that they should send to him one hundred and fifty of the soldiers there, with the thirty-five others who remained when he returned to St. Augustine, after taking the fort. The master of the camp immediately dispatched them, under command of Captains Juan Velez de Medrano and Andrez Lopez Patrio ; and they arrived at St. Augus- tine on October 23d. On the 25th, after having heard mass, the Adelantado departed for the coast, with three hundred men, and three small vessels to go by sea with the arms and provisions; and the vessels were to go along and progress equally with the troops; and each night when the troops halted,  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 87 OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLORIDA. 87 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 87 the vessels also anchored by them, for it was a clear and sandy coast. "The Adelantado carried in the three vessels, pro- visions for forty days for three hundred men, and one days' ration was to last for two days ; and he promised to do everything for the general good of all, although they might have to undergo many dangers and pri- vations; that he had great hope that he would have the goodness and mercy of God to aid him in carry- ing through safely this so holy and pious an under- taking. He then took leave of them, leaving most of them in tears, for he was much loved, feared, and respected by all.* " The Adelantado, after a wearisome journey, marching on foot himself the whole distance, arrived in the neighborhood of the French camp on All Saints Day, at daylight, guided by the Indians by land, and the three vessels under the command of Captain Diego de Maya. As soon as the French descried the Spaniards, they fled to their fort, with- out any remaining. The Adelantado sent them a trumpeter, offering them their lives, that they should return and should receive the same treatment as the Spaniards. One hundred and fifty came to the Adelantado; and their leader, with twenty others, the vessels also anchored by them, for it was a clear and sandy coast. "The Adelantado carried in the three vessels, pro- visions for forty days for three hundred men, and one days' ration was to last for two days ; and he promised to do everything for the general good of all, although they might have to undergo many dangers and pri- vations; that he had great hope that he would have the goodness and mercy of God to aid him in carry- ing through safely this so holy and pious an under- taking. He then took leave of them, leaving most of them in tears, for he was much loved, feared, and respected by all.* " The Adelantado, after a wearisome journey, marching on foot himself the whole distance, arrived in the neighborhood of the French camp on All Saints Day, at daylight, guided by the Indians by land, and the three vessels under the command of Captain Diego de Maya. As soon as the French descried the Spaniards, they fled to their fort, with- out any remaining. The Adelantado sent them a trumpeter, offering them their lives, that they should return and should receive the same treatment as the Spaniards. One hundred and fifty came to the Adelantado; and their leader, with twenty others, the vessels also anchored by them, for it was a clear and sandy coast. "The Adelantado carried in the three vessels, pro- visions for forty days for three hundred men, and one days' ration was to last for two days ; andhe promised to do everything for the general good of all, although they might have to undergo many dangers and pri- vations; that he had great hope that he would have the goodness and mercy of God to aid him in carry- ing through safely this so holy and pious an under- taking. He then took leave of them, leaving most of them in tears, for he was much loved, feared, and respected by all.*' "The Adelantado, after a wearisome journey, marching on foot himself the whole distance, arrived in the neighborhood of the French camp on All Saints Day, at daylight, guided by the Indians by land, and the three vessels under the command of Captain Diego de Maya. As soon as the French descried the Spaniards, they fled to their fort, with- out any remaining. The Adelantado sent them a trumpeter, offering them their lives, that they should return and should receive the same treatment as the Spaniards. One hundred and fifty came to the Adelantado; and their leader, with twenty others, * Bamia, p. 89. * Baria, p. 89. * Bareia, p. 89.  88 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES sent to say that they would sooner be devoured by the Indians, than surrender themselves to the Span- iards. The Adelantado received those who surren- dered, very well, and having set fire to the fort, which was-of wood, burned the vessel which they were building, and buried the artillery, for the vessels could not carry them." De Solis here closes his account of the matter; but from other accounts we learn that the Adelantado kept his faith on this occasion with them, and that some entered his service, some were converted to his faith, and others returned to France; and thus ended the Huguenot attempt -to colonize the shores of Florida. There are several other accounts of the fate of Ribault and his followers, drawn from the narratives of survivors of the expedition, which, without vary- ing the general order of events, fill in sundry details of the massacres. The main point of difference is, as to the pledges or assurances given by Menendez. The French accounts say that he pledged his faith to them, that their lives should be spared.* It will be seen that the Spanish account denies that he did so, but makes him use language subject to misconstrue- * such was the understanding of those who then wrote in referene to the transaction, s Berets admits, 88 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs sent to say that they would sooner be devoured by the Indians, than surrender themselves to the Span- iards. The Adelantado received those who surren- dered, very well, and having set fire to the fort, which was-of wood, burned the vessel which they were building, and buried the artillery, for the vessels could not carry them." De Solis here closes his account of the matter; but from other accounts we learn that the Adelantado kept his faith on this occasion with them, and that some entered his service, some were converted to his faith, and others returned to France; and thus ended the Huguenot attempt -to colonize the shores of Florida. There are several other accounts of the fate of Ribault and his followers, drawn from the narratives of survivors of the expedition, which, without vary- ing the general order of events, fill in sundry details of the massacres. The main point of difference is, as to the pledges or assurances given by Menendez. The French accounts say that he pledged his faith to them, that their lives should be spared.* It will be seen that the Spanish account denies that he did so, but makes him use language subject to misconstrue- *Such was the understanding of those who then wrote in reference to the transaction, as Beain admits. 88 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITI|s sent to say that they would sooner be devoured by the Indians, than surrender themselves to the Span- iards. The Adelantado received those who surren- dered, very well, and having set fire to the fort, which was-of wood, burned the vessel which they were building, and buried the artillery, for the vessels could not carry them." De Solis here closes his account of the matter ; but from other accounts we learn that the Adelantado kept his faith on this occasion with them, and that some entered his service, some were converted to his faith, and others returned to France; and thus ended the Huguenot attempt -to colonize the shores of Florida. There are several other accounts of the fate of Ribault and his followers, drawn from the narratives of survivors of the expedition, which, without vary- ing the general order of events, fill in sundry details of the massacres. The main point of difference is, as to the pledges or assurances given by Menendez. The French accounts say that he pledged his faith to them, that their lives should be spared.* It will be seen that the Spanish account denies that he did so, but makes him use language subject to misconstrue- Ssuch was the understanding of those who then wrote in reference to the transaction, as Bareis admits.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 89 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 89 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 89 tion, and calculated to deceive them into the hope and expectation of safety. I do not see that in a Christian or even moral view there is much difference between an open breach of faith, and the breach of an implied faith, particularly when it was only by this deception that the surrender could have been accomplished. Nor could Menendez have had a very delicate sense of the value of the word of a soldier, a Christian, and a gentleman, when, as his apologist admits, he did directly use the language of falsehood, to induce them to submit to the degradation of hav- ing their hands tied. Nor, considered in its broader aspects, is it a matter of any consequence, whether he gave his word or no ; nor does it lessen the enormity of his conduct, had they submitted themselves in the most unreserved manner to his discretion. France and Spain were at peace; no act of hostility had been committed by the French toward the Spaniards ; and Ribault asked only to be allowed to pass on. In violation alike of the laws of war and the law of humanity, he first induced them to surrender, to abide what God, whose holy name he invoked, should put into his heart to do, and then cajoling them into allowing their hands to be tied, he ordered them to be killed, in their bonds as they stood, defenseless, helpless, wrecked, and famished men. It would have been a 7 tion, and calculated to deceive them into the hope and expectation of safety. I do not see that in a Christian or even moral view there is much difference between an open breach of faith, and the breach of an implied faith, particularly when it was only by this deception that the surrender could have been accomplished. Nor could Menendez have had a very delicate sense of the value of the word of a soldier, a Christian, and a gentleman, when, as his apologist admits, he did directly use the language of falsehood, to induce them to submit to the degradation of hav- ing their hands tied. Nor, considered in its broader aspects, is it a matter of any consequence, whether he gave his word or no ; nor does it lessen the enormity of his conduct, had they submitted themselves in the most unreserved manner to his discretion. France and Spain were at peace; no act of hostility had been committed by the French toward the Spaniards ; and Ribault asked only to be allowed to pass on. In violation alike of the laws of war and the law of humanity, he first induced them to surrender, to abide what God, whose holy name he invoked, should put into his heart to do, and then cajoling them into allowing their hands to be tied, he ordered them to be killed, in their bonds as they stood, defenseless, helpless, wrecked, and famished men. It would have been a tion, and calculated to deceive them into the hope and expectation of safety. I do not see that in a Christian or even moralview there is much difference between an open breach of faith, and the breach of an implied faith, particularly when it was only by this deception that the surrender could have been accomplished. Nor could Menendez have had a very delicate sense of the value of the word of a soldier, a Christian, and a gentleman, when, as his apologist admits, he did directly use the language of falsehood, to induce them to submit to the degradation of hav- ing their hands tied. Nor, considered in its broader aspects, is it a matter of any consequence, whether he gave his word or no; nor does it lessen the enormity of his conduct, had they submitted themselves in the most unreserved manner to his discretion. France and Spain were at peace; no act of hostility had been committed by the French toward the Spaniards ; and Ribault asked only to be allowed to pass on. In violation alike of the laws of war and the law of humanity, he first induced them to surrender, to abide what God, whose holy name he invoked, should put into his heart to do, and then cajoling them into allowing their hands to be tied, he ordered them to be killed, in their bonds as they stood, defenseless, helpless, wrecked, and famished men. It would have been a 7  90 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUUIfs base blot upon human nature, had he thus served the most savage tribe of nations, standing on that far shore, brought into the common sympathy of want and suffering. The act seems one of monstrous atrocity, when committed against the people of a sister nation. 90 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIFs base blot upon human nature, had he thus served the most savage tribe of nations, standing on that far shore, brought into the common sympathy of want and suffering. The act seems one of monstrous atrocity, when committed against the people of a sister nation. 90 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs base blot upon human nature, had he thus served the most savage tribe of nations, standing on that far shore, brought into the common sympathy of want and suffering. The act seems one of monstrous atrocity, when committed against the people of a sister nation.  OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 91 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 91 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 91 CHAPTER IX. FORTIFYING OF ST. AUGUSTINE-DIAFFECTIONS AND MUTI- NIES-APPROVAL OF MENRNDEZ' ACTS BY KING OF SPAIN. 1565-168. DUnG the time of the several expeditions of the Adelantado against the French Huguenots, the for- tiefiation and strengthening of the defenses of the settlement at St. Augustine had not been neglected. The fort, or Indian council-house, which had been first fortified, seems to have been consumed in the conflagration spoken of; and thereupon a plan of a regular fortification or fort was marked out by Menendez; and, as there existed some danger of the return of the French, the Spaniards labored unceas- ingly with their whole force, to put it in a respectable state of defense. From an engraving contained in De Bry, illustrating the attack of Sir Francis Drake, twenty years afterwards, this fort appears to have been an octagonal structure of logs, and located near the site of the present fort, while the settlement itself was probably made in the first instance, at the lower CHAPTER IX. FORTIFYING OF ST. AUGUSTINE-DIAFFECTIONS AND MUTI- NIES-APPROVAL OF MENENDE' ACTS BY KING OF SPAIN. 1565-16s. DURING the time of the several expeditions of the Adelantado against the French Huguenots, the for- tification and strengthening of the defenses of the settlement at St. Augustine had not been neglected. The fort, or Indian council-house, which had been first fortified, seems to have been consumed in the conflagration spoken of; and thereupon a plan of a regular fortification or fort was marked out by Menendez; and, as there existed some danger of the return of the French, the Spaniards labored unceas- ingly with their whole force, to put it in a respectable state of defense. From an engraving contained in De Bry, illustrating the attack of Sir Francis Drake, twenty years afterwards, this fort appears to have been an octagonal structure of logs, and locatednear the site of the present fort, while the settlement itself was probably made in the first instance, at the lower CHAPTER IX. FORTIFYING OF ST. AUGUSTINE-DIAFFECrIONS AND MUTI- NIES-APPROVAL OF MENENDET ACTS BY KING OF SPAIN. 1565-1568. DuRiN-G the time of the several expeditions of the Adelantado against the French Huguenots, the for- tification and strengthening of the defenses of the settlement at St. Augustine had not been neglected. The fort, or Indian council-house, which had been first fortified, seems to have been consumed in the conflagration spoken of; and thereupon a plan of a regular fortification or fort was marked out by Menendez; and, as there existed some danger of the return of the French, the Spaniards labored unceas- ingly with their whole force, to put it in a respectable state of defense. From an engraving contained in De Bry, illustrating the attack of Sir Francis Drake, twenty years afterwards, this fort appears to have been an octagonal structure of logs, and located near the site of the present fort, while the settlement itself was probably made in the first instance, at the lower  92 THE HISTORY - AND AlTIQUITIEs end of the peninsula, near the building now called the powder-house. He also established a government for the place, with civil and military officials, a hall of justice, et cetera. All of these matters were arranged by Menendez before his expedition against the French at Canave- ral, of whom one hundred and fifty returned with him, and were received upon an equal footing with his own men, the more distinguished being received at his own table upon the most friendly terms ; a clemency which, with a knowledge of his character, can only be ascribed to motives of policy. The position of the French at Canaveral was probably inaccessible, as they had their arms, besides artillery brought from the vessels; and the duplicity which had characterized his success with their comrades, was out of the question here; the French could therefore exact their own terms, and unshackled could forcibly resist any attempt at treachery. The addition of this number to his force lessened the already diminished supply of provisions which Menendez had brought with him; and want soon began to threaten his camp. He sent as many of his soldiers as he could into camp at San Matteo, and endeavored to draw supplies from the Indians ; but unfortunately for him, the country between the St. 92 THE HISTORY AND AlTIQrITIrs end of the peninsula, near the building now called the powder-house. He also established a government for the place, with civil and military officials, a hall of justice, et cetera. All of these matters were arranged by Menendez before his expedition against the French at Canave- ral, of whom one hundred and fifty returned with him, and were received upon an equal footing with his own men, the more distinguished being received at his own table upon the most friendly terms ; a clemency which, with a knowledge of his character, can only be ascribed to motives of policy. The position of the French at Canaveral was probably inaccessible, as they had their arms, besides artillery brought from the vessels; and the duplicity which had characterized his success with their comrades, was out of the question here; the French could therefore exact their own terms, and unshackled could forcibly resist any attempt at treachery. The addition of this number to his force lessened the already diminished supply of provisions which Menendez had brought with him; and want soon began to threaten his camp. He sent as many of his soldiers as he could into camp at San Matteo, and endeavored to draw supplies from the Indians ; but unfortunately for him, the country between the St. 92 THE HISTORY AND AlNTIQUITIES end of the peninsula, near the building now called the powder-house. He also established a government for the place, with civil and military officials, a hall of justice, et cetera. All of these matters were arranged by Menendez before his expedition against the French at Canave- ral, of whom one hundred and fifty returned with him, and were received upon an equal footing with his own men, the more distinguished being received at his own table upon the most friendly terms ; a clemency which, with a knowledge of his character, can only be ascribed to motives of policy. The position of the French at Canaveral was probably inaccessible, as they had their arms, besides artillery brought from the vessels; and the duplicity which had characterized his success with their comrades, was out of the question here; the French could therefore exact their own terms, and unshackled could forcibly resist any attempt at treachery. The addition of this number to his force lessened the already diminished supply of provisions which Menendez had brought with him; and want soon began to threaten his camp. He sent as many of his soldiers as he could into camp at San Matteo, and endeavored to draw supplies from the Indians; but unfortunately for him, the country between the St.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 93 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 93 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 93 Johns and St. Augustine was under the rule of the Indian Chief, Satouriara, the friend (and ally of the French),. whose hostility the Spaniards were never able to overcome. Satouriara and his followers withdrew from all peaceable intercourse with the Spaniards, and hung about their path to destroy,. harrass, and cut them off upon every possible occa- Sion. The winter succeeding the settlement of the Spaniards at St. Augustine, was most distressing and discouraging to them. The lack of provisions in their camp drove them to seek, in the surrounding country, subsistence from the roots and esculent plants it might afford, or to obtain in the neigh- boring creeks, fish and oysters; but no sooner did a Spaniard venture out alone beyond the gates of the fort, than he was grasped, by some unseen foe, from the low underbrush and put to death, or a shower of arrows from some tree-top was his first intimation of danger; if he discharged his arquebuse towards his invisible assailants, others would spring upon him before he could reload his piece; or, if he attempted to find fish and oysters in some quiet creek, the noiseless canoe of an Indian would dart in upon him, and the heavy war-club of the savage descend- ing upon his unprotected head, end his existence. Against such a foe, no defense could avail; and it is Johns and St. Augustine was under the rule of the Indian Chief, Satouriara, the friend (and ally of the French),. whose hostility the Spaniards were never able to overcome. Satouriara and his followers withdrew from all peaceable intercourse with the Spaniards, and hung about their path to destroy, harrass, and cut them off upon every possible-occa- sion. The winter succeeding the settlement of the Spaniards at St. Augustine, was most distressing and discouraging to them. The lack of provisions in their camp drove them to seek, in the surrounding country, subsistence from the roots and esculent plants it might afford, or to obtain in the neigh- boring creeks, fish and oysters; but no sooner did a Spaniard venture out alone beyond the gates of the fort, than he was grasped, by some unseen foe, from the low underbrush and put to death, or a shower of arrows from some tree-top was his first intimation of danger ; if he discharged his arquebuse towards his invisible assailants, others would spring upon him before he could reload his piece ; or, if he attempted to find fish and oysters in some quiet creek, the noiseless canoe of an Indian would dart in upon him, and the heavy war-club of the savage descend- ing upon his unprotected head, end his existence. Against such a foe, no defense could avail; and it is Johns and St. Augustine was under the rule of the Indian Chief, Satouriara, the friend (and ally of the French),. whose hostility the Spaniards were never able to overcome. Satouriara and his followers withdrew from all peaceable intercourse with the Spaniards, and hung about their path to destroy, harrass, and cut them off upon every possible occa- sion. The winter succeeding the settlement of the Spaniards at St. Augustine, was most distressing and discouraging to them. The lack of provisions in their camp drove them to seek, in the surrounding country, subsistence from the roots and esculent plants it might afford or to obtain in the neigh- boring creeks, fish and oysters; but no sooner did a Spaniard venture out alone beyond the gates of the fort, than he was grasped, by some unseen foe, from the low underbrush and put to death, or a shower of arrows from some tree-top was his first intimation of danger ; if he discharged his arquebuse towards his invisible assailants, others would spring upon him before he could reload his piece ; or, if he attempted to find fish and oysters in some quiet creek, the noiseless canoe of an Indian would dart in upon him, and the heavy war-club of the savage descend- ing upon his unprotected head, end his existence. Against such a foe, no defense could avail; and it is  94 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES related that more than one hundred and twenty of the Spaniards were thus killed, including Captain Martin de Ochoa, Captain Diego de Hevia, Fernando de Gamboa, and Juan Menendez, a nephew of the Adelantado, and many others of the bravest and most distinguished of the garrison. In this crisis of affairs, the Governor concluded to go to Cuba himself, to obtain relief for his colony. He in the meantime established a fort at St. Lucia, near Canaveral. A considerable jealousy seems to have existed on the part of the governor of Cuba; and he received Menendez with great coolness, and in reply to his appeals for aid, only offered an empty ves- sel. In this emergency, Menendez contemplated, as his only means of obtaining whathe wished, to go upon a fdibustering expedition against some Portuguese and English vessels which were in those waters. While making preparationsto do this,four vessels of the fleet with which he had left Spain, and which had been supposed lost, arrived ; and after dispatching a vessel to Campeachy for provisions, he commenced his return voyage to his colony, delaying however for a time in South Florida, to seek intelligence among the Indians of his lost son. In the mean time his garrisons at St. Augustine and San Matteo had mutinied, and were in open revolt; provisions had becomesoscarce that twenty- 94 THE HISTORY AND. ANTIQUTsM related that more than one hundred and twenty of the Spaniards were thus killed, including Captain Martin de Ochoa, Captain Diego de Hevia, Fernando de Gamboa, and Juan Menendez, a nephew of the Adelantado, and many others of the bravest and most distinguished of the garrison. In this crisis of afairs, the Governor concluded to go to Cuba himself, to obtain relief for his colony. He in the meantime established a fort at St. Lucia, near Canaveral. A considerable jealousy seems to have existed on the part of the governor of Cuba; and he received Menendez with great coolness, and in reply to his appeals for aid, only offered an empty ves- sel. In this emergency, Menendez contemplated, as his only meansof obtaining what he wished, to go upon a filibustering expedition against some Portuguese and English vessels which were in those waters. While making preparationsto do this, four vessels of the fleet with which he had left Spain, and which had been supposed lost, arrived ; and after dispatching a vessel to Campeachy for provisions, he commenced his return voyage to his colony, delaying however for a time in South Florida, to seek intelligence among the Indians of his lost son. In the mean time his garrisons at St. Augustine and San Matteo had mutinied, and were in open revolt; provisions had becomesoscarce that twenty- 94 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrIs related that more than one hundred and twenty of the Spaniards were thus killed, including Captain Martin de Ochoa, Captain Diego de Hevia, Fernando de Gamboa, and Juan Menendez, a nephew of the Adelantado, and many others of the bravest and most distinguished of the garrison. In this crisis of affairs, the Governor concluded to go to Cuba himself, to obtain relief for his colony. He in the meantime established a fort at St. Lucia, near Canaveral. A considerable jealousy seems to have existed on the part of the governor of Cuba; and he received Menendez with great coolness, and in reply to his appeals for aid, only offered an empty ves- sel. In this emergency, Menendez contemplated, as his only means of obtaining whathe wished, to go upon a filibustering expedition against some Portuguese and English vessels which were in those waters. While making preparations to do this,four vessels of the fleet with which he had left Spain, and which had been supposed lost, arrived ; and after dispatching a vessel to Campeachy for provisions, he commenced his return voyage to his colony, delaying however for a time in South Florida, to seek intelligence among the Indians of his lost son. In the mean time his garrisons at St. Augustine and San Matteo had mutinied, and were in open revolt ; provisions had become so scarce that twenty-  OF ST. AUGUSTINE. FLORIDA.. 95 OF ST. AUGUSTIN, FLORIDA. 95 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 95 five reals had been given for a pound of biscuit, and but for the fish they would have starved. They plundered the public stores, imprisoned their officers, and seized upon a vessel laden with provisions which had been sent to the garrison. The Master of the Camp succeeded in escaping from confinement and releasing his fellow prisoners, by a bold movement cut off the intercourse between the mutineers on board the vessel and those on shore, and hung the Sergeant Major, who was at the head of the move- ment. The Commandant then attempted to attack those in the vessel, and was nearly lost with his companions, by being wrecked on the bar. The vessel made sail to the West India Islands. The garrison at San Matteo took a vessel there and came around to St. Augustine, but arrived after their accomplices had left. Disease had already begun to make its ravages, and added to the general wish to leave the country; which all would then have done had they had the vessels in which to embark. They used for their recovery from sickness, the roots of a native shrub, which produced marvelous cures. At this period Menendez returned to the famished garrison, but was forced to permit Juan Vicente, with one hundred of the disaffected, to go to St. Domingo by a vessel which he dispatched there for five reals had been given for a pound of biscuit, and but for the fish they would have starved. They plundered the public stores, imprisoned their officers, and seized upon a vessel laden with provisions which had been sent to the garrison. The Master of the Camp succeeded in escaping from confinement and releasing his fellow prisoners, by a bold movement cut off the intercourse between the mutineers on board the vessel and those on shore, and hung the Sergeant Major, who was at the head of the move- ment. The Commandant then attempted to attack those in the vessel, and was nearly lost with his companions, by being wrecked on the bar. The vessel made sail to the West India Islands. The garrison at San Matteo took a vessel there and came around to St. Augustine, but arrived after their accomplices had left. Disease had already begun to make its ravages, and added to the general wish to leave the country ; which all would then have done had they had the vessels in which to embark. They used for their recovery from sickness, the roots of a native shrub, which produced marvelous cures. At this period Menendez returned to the famished garrison, but was forced to permit Juan Vicente, with one hundred of the disaffected, to go to St. Domingo by a vessel which he dispatched there for five reals had been given for a pound of biscuit, and but for the fish they would have starved. They plundered the public stores, imprisoned their officers, and seized upon a vessel laden with provisions which had been sent to the garrison. The Master of the Camp succeeded in escaping from confinement and releasing his fellow prisoners, by a bold movement cut off the intercourse between the mutineers on board the vessel and those on shore, and hung the Sergeant Major, who was at the head of the move- ment. The Commandant then attempted to attack those in the vessel, and was nearly lost with his companions, by being wrecked on the bar. The vessel made sail to the West India Islands. The garrison at San Matteo took a vessel there and came around to St. Augustine, but arrived after their accomplices had left. Disease had already begun to make its ravages, and added to the general wish to leave the country; which all would then have done had they had the vessels in which to embark. They used for their recovery from sickness, the roots of a native shrub, which produced marvelous cures. At this period Menendez returned to the famished garrison, but was forced to permit Juan Vicente, with one hundred of the disaffected, to go to St. Domingo by a vessel which he dispatched there for  9d THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs supplies; and it is said that the governors of the islands where they went, harbored them, and that of some five hundred who on different occasions deserted from the Adelantado, and all of whom had been brought out at his cost, but two or three were ever returned to him; while the deserters putting their own construction upon their acts, sent home to the king of Spain criminations of the Adelantado, and represented the conquest of Florida as a hopeless and worthless acquisition; that it was barren and swampy, and produced nothing. After this defection, Menendez proceeded along the coast to San Matteo, and thence to Guale, Amelia, and adjoining islands, Orista and St. Helena; made peaceful proposals to the Indian tribes, lectured them upon theology, and planted a cross at their council-houses. The cacique of Guale asked Me- nendez how it was " that he had waged war upon the other white men, who had come from the same country as himself ?" He replied, "that the other white people were bad Christians, and believers in lies ; and that those whom he had killed, deserved the most cruel death, because they had fled their own country, and came to mislead and deceive the caciques and other Indians, as they had already before misled and deceived many other good Christ- ians, in order that the devil may take possession of 90 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES supplies; and it is said that the governors of the islands where they went, harbored them, and that of some five hundred who on different occasions deserted from the Adelantado, and all of whom had been brought out at his cost, but two or three were ever returned to him; while the deserters putting their own construction upon their acts, sent home to the king of Spain criminations of the Adelantado, and represented the conquest of Florida as a hopeless and worthless acquisition; that it was barren and swampy, and produced nothing. After this defection, Menendez proceeded along the coast to San Matteo, and thence to Guale, Amelia, and adjoining islands, Orista and St. Helena; made peaceful proposals to the Indian tribes, lectured them upon theology, and planted a cross at their council-houses. The cacique of Guale asked Me- nendez how it was " that he had waged war upon the other white men, who had come from the same country as himself?" He replied, "that the other white people were bad Christians, and believers in lies ; and that those whom he had killed, deserved the most cruel death, because they had fled their own country, and came to mislead and deceive the caciques and other Indians, as they had already before misled and deceived many other good Christ- ians, in order that the devil may take possession of 90 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrES supplies; and it is said that the governors of the islands where they went, harbored them, and that of some five hundred who on different occasions deserted from the Adelantado, and all of whom had been brought out at his cost, but two or three were ever returned to him; while the deserters putting their own construction upon their acts, sent home to the king of Spain criminations of the Adelantado, and represented the conquest of Florida as a hopeless and worthless acquisition; that it was barren and swampy, and produced nothing. After this defection, Menendez proceeded along the coast to San Matteo, and thence to Guale, Amelia, and adjoining islands, Orista and St. Helena; made peaceful proposals to the Indian tribes,lectured them upon theology, and planted a cross at their council-houses. The cacique of Guale asked Me- nendez how it was "that he had waged war upon the other white men, who had come from the same country as himself? " He replied, " that the other white people were bad Christians, and believers in lies ; and that those whom he had killed, deserved the most cruel death, because they had fled their own country, and came to mislead and deceive the caciques and other Indians, as they had already before misled and deceived many other good Christ- ians, in order that the devil may take possession of  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 97 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 97 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 97 them." While at St. Helena he succeeded in obtaining permission of the Indians to erect a fort there, and he left a detachment. On his return he also erected fort San Felipe, at Orista; and after setting up a cross at Guale, the cacique demanded of him, that as now they had become good Christians, he should cause rain to come upon their fields; for a drought had continued eight months. The same night a severe rain-storm happened, which confirmed the faith of the Indians, and gained the Adelantado great credit with them. While here, he learned that there was a fugitive Lutheran among the Indians, and he took some pains to cause to be given to the fugitive, hopes of good treatment if he would come in to the Spanish post at St. Helena, while he gave private directions that he should be killed, directing his lieutenant to make very strange of his disap- pearance ; an incident very illustrative of the vindic- tiveness and duplicity of Menendez* He returned to St. Augustine, and was received with great joy, and devoted himself to the comple- tion of the fort, which was to frighten the savages, and enforce respect from strangers. It was built, it is said, where it now stands, donde este ahora, (1722.) The colony left at St. Helena mutinied almost them." While at St. Helena he succeeded in obtaining permission of the Indians to erect a fort there, and he left a detachment. On his return he also erected fort San Felipe, at Orista; and after setting up a cross at Guale, the cacique demanded of him, that as now they had become good Christians, he should cause rain to come upon their fields; for a drought had continued eight months. The same night a severe rain-storm happened, which confirmed the faith of the Indians, and gained the Adelantado great credit with them. While here, he learned that there was a fugitive Lutheran among the Indians, and he took some pains to cause to be given to the fugitive, hopes of good treatment if he would come in to the Spanish post at St. Helena, while he gave private directions that he should be killed, directing his lieutenant to make very strange of his disap- pearance; an incident very illustrative of the vindic- tiveness and duplicity of Menendez* He returned to St. Augustine, and was received with great joy, and devoted himself to the comple- tion of the fort, which was to frighten the savages, and enforce respect from strangers. It was built, it is said, where it now stands, donde este ahora, (1722.) The colony left at St. Helena mutinied almost them." While at St. Helena he succeeded in obtaining permission of the Indians to erect a fort there, and he left a detachment. On his return he also erected fort San Felipe, at Orista; and after setting up a cross at Guale, the cacique demanded of him, that as now they had become good Christians, he should cause rain to come upon their fields,; for a drought had continued eight months. The same night a severe rain-storm happened, which confirmed the faith of the Indians, and gained the Adelantado great credit with them. While here, he learned that there was a fugitive Lutheran among the Indians, and he took some pains to cause to be given to the fugitive, hopes of good treatment if he would come in to the Spanish post at St. Helena, while he gave private directions that he should be killed, directing his lieutenant to make very strange of his disap- pearance; an incident very illustrative of the vindic- tiveness and duplicity of Menendez.* He returned to St. Augustine, and was received with great joy, and devoted himself to the comple- tion of the fort, which was to frighten the savages, and enforce respect from strangers. It was built, it is said, where it now stands, donde sete ahora, (1722.) The colony left at St. Helena mutinied almost * Enauy. Cron. 110. *Enay. Cron. 110. * Ensay. Cron. 110.  98 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES immediately, and seizing a vessel sent with supplies, sailed for Cuba, and were wrecked on the Florida Keys, where they met at an Indian town, the muti- neers who had deserted from the fort at St. Matteo: these had been also wrecked there. The garrison again becoming much straitened for provisions, the Adelantado, in June, was obliged to go to Cuba for succor. He was received with indif- ference, and his wishes unheeded. He applied to the governor of Mexico, and others who happened to be there, and who had the power of assisting him; from all he received no encouragement, but the advice to abandon his enterprise. He. at last pawned his jewels, the badge of his order, and his valuables, thus obtaining five hundred ducats; with which he purchased provisions, and set sail on his return, with only sixty-five men. But just at this period, succor came to the fam- ished troops; a fleet of seventeen vessels arrived with fifteen hundred men from Spain, under Juan de Avila, as admiral. By this means all the pesta were succored and reinforced, and the eiterprise saved from destruction; for the small supplies brought by Menendez would have been soon' exhausted, and further efforts being out of his power, they would have been forced to withdraw from the country. 98 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUlTIES immediately, and seizing a vessel sent with supplies, sailed for Cuba, and were wrecked on the Florida Keys, where they met at an Indian town, the muti- neers who had deserted from the fort at St. Matteo: these had been also wrecked there. The garrison again becoming much straitened for provisions, the Adelantado, in June, was obliged to go to Cuba for succor. He was received with indif- ference, and his wishes unheeded. He applied to the governor of Mexico, and others who happened to be there, and who had the power of assisting him; from all he received no encouragement, but the advice to abandon his enterprise. He at last pawned his jewels, the badge of his order, and his valuables, thus obtaining five hundred ducats; with which he purchased provisions, and set sail on his return, with only sixty-five men. But just at this period, succor came to the fam- ished troops; a fleet of seventeen vessels arrived with fifteen hundred men from Spain, under Juan de Avila, as admiral. By this means all the pesta were succored and reinforced, and the enterprise saved from destruction ; for the small supplies brought by Menendez would have been soon' exhausted, and further efforts being out of his power, they would have been forced to withdraw from the country. 98 THE HMsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES immediately, and seizing a vessel sent with supplies, sailed for Cuba, and were wrecked on the Florida Keys, where they met at an Indian town, the muti- neers who had deserted from the fort at St. Matteo: these had been also wrecked there. The garrison again becoming much straitened for provisions, the Adelantado, in June, was obliged to go to Cuba for succor. He was received with indif- ference, and his wishes unheeded. He applied to the governor of Mexico, and others who happened to be there, and who had the power of assisting him; from all he received no encouragement, but the advice to abandon his enterprise. He. at last pawned his jewels, the badge of his order, and his valuables, thus obtaining five hundred ducats; with which he purchased provisions, and set sail on his return, with only sixty-five men. But just at this period, succor came to the fam- ished troops; a fleet of seventeen vessels arrived with fifteen hundred men from Spain, under Juan de Avila, as admiral. By this means all the posts were succored and reinforced, and the eiterprise saved from destruction ; for the small supplies brought by Menendez would have been soon exhausted, and further efforts being out of his power, they would have been forced to withdraw from the country.  O ST. AUGUSTIn FLORIDA. 99 OF ST. AUGUSTIn, FLORIDA. 99 OF ST. AUGUSTID FLORIDA. 99 The admiral of the feet also had entrusted to him for the Adelantado, a letter from the king, written on the 12th of May, 1566, which, among other matters, contained the following royal com- mendation of the acts of Menendez. " Of the great success which has attended your enterprise, we have the most entire satisfaction, and we bear in memory the loyalty, the love, and 'the diligence, with which you have borne us service, as well as the dangers and perils in which you have been placed ; and as to the retribution you have visited upon the Lutheran pirates who sought to occupy that country, and to fortify themselves there, in order to disseminate in it their wicked creed, and to prosecute there their wrongs and robberies, which they have done and were doing against God's service and my own, we believe that you did it with every justification and propriety, and we consider ourself to have been well served in so doing." * To this commendation of Philip I., it is unneces- sary to add any comment, save that no other action could have been expected of him. And of Charles the Ninth, of France, the Spanish historian says that he treated the memorial of the widows and orphans of the slain with contempt, "considering their pan- The admiral of the fleet also had entrusted to him for the Adelantado, a letter from the king, written on the 12th of May, 1166, which, among other matters, contained the following royal com- mendation of the acts of Menendez. "Of the great success which has attended your enterprise, we have the most entire satisfaction, and we bear in memory the loyalty, the love, and the diligence, with which you have borne us service, as well as the dangers and perils in which you have been placed ; and as to the retribution you have visited upon the Lutheran pirates who sought to occupy that country, and to fortify themselves there, in order to disseminate in it their wicked creed,- and to prosecute there their wrongs and robberies, which they have done and were doing against God's service and my own, we believe that you did it with every justification and propriety, and we consider ourself to have been well served in so doing." * To this commendation of Philip II, it is unneces- sary to add any comment, save that no other action could have been expected of him. And of Charles the Ninth, of France, the Spanish historian says that he treated the memorial of the widows and orphans of the slain with contempt, "considering their pun- The admiral of the fleet also had entrusted to him for the. Adelantado, a letter from the king, written on the 12th of May, 1566, which, among other matters, contained the following royal com- mendation of the acts of Menendez. "Of the great success which has attended your enterprise, we have the most entire satisfaction, and we bear in memory the loyalty, the love, and the diligence, with which you have borne us service, as well as the dangers and perils in which you have been placed ; and as to the retition you have visited upon the Lutheran pirates who sought to occupy that country, and to fortify themselves there, in order to disseminate in it their wicked creed,- and to prosecute there their wrongs and robberies, which they have done and were doing against God's service and my own, we believe that you did it with every justification and propriety, and we consider ourself to have been well served in so doing." * To this commendation of Philip I, it is unneces- sary to add any comment, save that no other action could have been expected of him. And of Charles the Ninth, of France, the Spanish historian says that he treated the memorial of the widows and orphans of the slain with contempt, "considering their pun- - * Eneayo: Croa 115. -Eneayo: Cron. 115. - * E.yo: Cro 115.  100 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITs ishment to have been just, in that they were equally enemies of Spain, of France, of the Church, and of the peace of the world." During the absence of Menendez to inspect his posts, disaffection again broke out; and finding his force too numerous, he with sixteen vessels went upon a fresbooting expedition to attack pirates. He failed to meet with any; but having learned that a large French fleet was on its way, he visited and fortified the forts on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, and again returned to Florida; the expected French fleet never having arrived. About this time, a small vessel brought from Spain three learned and exemplary priests; one of whom, Padre Martinez, landed upon the coast with some of the crew, and being unable to regain the vessel, coasted along to St. George Island, where he was attacked and murdered by the Indians, with a number of his companions. The following year was principally occupied by Menendez, in strengthening his fortifications at his three forts, in visiting the Indian chiefs at their towns, and exploring the country. One of his expe. ditions went as far north as the thirty-seventh degree of latitude by sea, and another went to the foot of the Apalachian Mountains, about one hundred and fifty leagues, and established a fort. The former was 100 THE HISTORY AT AlTIQUrITSf ishment to have been just, in that they were equally enemies of Spain, of France, of the Church, and of the peace of the world." During the absence of Menendez to inspect his posts, disaffection again broke out; and finding his force too numerous, he with sixteen vessels went upon a freebooting expedition to attack pirates. He failed to meet with any ; but having learned that a large French fleet was on its way, he visited and fortified the forts on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, and again returned to Florida; the expected French fleet never having arrived. About this time, a small vessel brought from Spain three learned and exemplary priests ; one of whom, Padre Martinez, landed upon the coast with some of the crew, and being unable to regain the vessel, coasted along to St. George Island, where he was attacked and murdered by the Indians, with a number of his companions. The following year was principally occupied by Menendez, in strengthening his fortifications at his three forts, in visiting the Indian chiefs at their towns, and exploring the country. One of his expe- ditions went as far north as the thirty-seventh degree of latitude by sea, and another went to the foot of the Apalachian Mountains, about one hundred and fifty leagues, and established a fort. The former was 100 THE HISTORY AND ASTIQUrrIs ishment to have been just, in that they were equally enemies of Spain, of France, of the Church, and of the peace of the world." During the absence of Menendez to inspect his posts, disaffection again broke out; and finding his force too numerous, he with sixteen vessels went upon a freebooting expedition to attack pirates. He failed to meet with any ; but having learned that a large French fleet was on its way, he visited and fortified the forts on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, and again returned to Florida; the expected French fleet never having arrived. About this time, a small vessel brought from Spain three learned and exemplary priests; one of whom, Padre Martinez, landed upon the coast with some of the crew, and being unable to regain the vessel, coasted along to St. George Island, where he was attacked and murdered by the Indians, with a number of his companions. The following year was principally occupied by Menendez, in strengthening his fortifications at his three forts, in visiting the Indian chiefs at their towns, and exploring the country. One of his expe- ditions went as far north as the thirty-seventh degree of latitude by sea, and another went to the foot of the Apalachian Mountains, about one hundred and fifty leagues, and established a fort. The former was  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 101 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 101 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 101 about the mouth of the Chesapeake, called the Santa Maria; * and the land expedition, probably to the up- country of Georgia, in the neighborhood of Rome. All attempts at pacifying their warlike neighbor, were as fruitless as their attempts to subjugate him ; whether in artifice and duplicity, in open warfare, or secret ambush, he was more than equal to the Adelantado, and was a worthy ancestor of the mod- ern Seminole,-never present when looked for, and never absent when an opportunity of striking a blow occurred. The Adelantado having had built an extremely slight vessel of less than twenty tons, called a frigate, concluded to visit Spain, and ran in seventeen days to the Azores, sailing seventy leagues per day, an exploit not often equaled in modern times. He was received with great joy in Spain, and the king treated him with much consideration. The Adelan- tado felt great anxiety to return to his colony, and deprecated the delays of the court,fearing the result of the indignation at his cruelty to the Huguenots, which, says his chronicler, increased day by day.t about the mouth of the Chesapeake, called the Santa Maria; * and the land expedition, probably to the up- country of Georgia, in the neighborhood of Rome. All attempts at pacifying their warlike neighbor, were as fruitless as their attempts to subjugate him ; whether in artifice and duplicity, in open warfare, or secret ambush, he was more than equal to the Adelantado, and was a worthy ancestor of the mod- ern Seminole,-never present when looked for, and never absent when an opportunity of striking a blow occurred. The Adelantado having had built an extremely slight vessel of less than twenty tons, called a frigate, concluded to visit Spain, and ran in seventeen days to the Azores, sailing seventy leagues per day, an exploit not often equaled in modern times. He was received with great joy in Spain, and the king treated him with much consideration. The Adelan- tado felt great anxiety to return to his colony, and deprecated the delays of the court, fearing the result of the indignation at his cruelty to the Huguenots, which, says his chronicler, increased day by day.t about the mouth of the Chesapeake, called the Santa Maria ; * and the land expedition, probably to the up- country of Georgia, in the neighborhood of Rome. All attempts at pacifying their warlike neighbor, were as fruitless as their attempts to subjugate him ; whether in artifice and duplicity, in open warfare, or secret ambush, he was more than equal to the Adelantado, and was a worthy ancestor of the mod- ern Seminole,-never present when looked for, and never absent when an opportunity of striking a blow occurred. The Adelantado having had built an extremely slight vessel of less than twenty tons, called a frigate, concluded to visit Spain, and ran in seventeen days to the Azores, sailing seventy leagues per day, an exploit not often equaled in modern times. He was received with great joy in Spain, and the king treated him with much consideration. The Adelan- tado felt great anxiety to return to his colony, and deprecated the delays of the court,fearing the result of the indignation at his cruelty to the Huguenots, which, says his chronicler, increased day by day.t * Pensacola Bay was also o calledA } Enayo : Cron. 188. * Pensacola Bay was also so called t Eneayo : Cron. 138. * Pensacola Bay was also so called SEsmayo : Cron. 188.  103 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIS 103 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUCIES 103 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER X. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER X. THE NOTABLE REVENGE OF DOMINIC DE GOURGUES-RETURN OF MENENDEZ-INDIAN MISSION-1i68. WHILE Menendez thus remained at the Spanish court urging the completion of his business, seeking compensation for the great expenditures which he had made in the king's service, and vindicating him- self from the accusations which had been preferred against him,-the revenge, the distant murmurs of which had already reached his ears, fell upon the Spaniards on the St. Johns. Dominic de Gourgues, one of those soldiers of for- tune, who then abounded throughout Europe, took upon himself the expression of the indignation with which the French nation viewed the slaughter of of their countrymen. From motives of policy, or from feelings, still less creditable, the French court ignored the event ; but it rankled nevertheless in the national heart, and many a secret vow of revenge was breathed, the low whispers of which reached even the confnes of the Spanish court. Conscience, THE NOTABLE REVENGE OF DOMINIC DE GOURGUEs-RErURN OF MENENDEZ-INDIAN MISSION-l156s. WHI.E Menendez thus remained at the Spanish court urging the completion of his business, seeking compensation for the great expenditures which he had made in the king's service, and vindicating him- self from the accusations which had been preferred against him,-the revenge, the distant murmurs of which had already reached his ears, fell upon the Spaniards on the St. Johns. Dominic de Gourgues, one of those soldiers of for- tune, who then abounded throughout Europe, took upon himself the expression of the indignation with which the French nation viewed the slaughter of of their countrymen. From motives of policy, or from feelings, still less creditable, the French court ignored the event; but it rankled nevertheless in the national heart, and many a secret vow of revenge was breathed, the low whispers of which reached even the confines of the Spanish court. Conscience, THE NOTABLE REVENGE OF DOMINIC DE GoURGUfs-RETURN OF MENENDEZ-INDIAN MIsION-168 WmLE Menendez thus remained at the Spanish court urging the completion of his business, seeking compensation for the great expenditures which he had made in the king's service, and vindicating him- self from the accusations which had been preferred against him,-the revenge, the distant murmurs of which had already reached his ears, fell upon the Spaniards on the St. Johns. Dominic de Gourgues, one of those soldiers of for- tune, who then abounded throughout Europe, took upon himself the expression of the indignation with which the French nation viewed the slaughter of of their countrymen. From motives of policy, or from feelings, still less creditable, the French court ignored the event ; but it rankled nevertheless in the national heart, and many a secret vow of revenge was breathed, the low whispers of which reached even the confines of the Spanish court. Conscience,  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 103 OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLORIDA. 103 OF ST.- AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 103 and the knowledge that the sentiment of the age was against him, made Menendez from the moment of his success exceedingly anxious lest well-merited retribution should fall upon his own colony. He guarded against it in every way in his power: he strengthened all his posts ; he erected for the protec- tion of San Matteo, formerly Fort Caroline, two small forts on either side of the entrance of the river, at the points now known as Batten Island and Mayport Mills. He placed large garrisons at each post, and had made such arrangements against surprise or open attack upon his forts, that Father Mendoza boasted that "half of all France could not take them." De Gourgues, with three vessels and about two hundred and fifty chosen men animated with like feelings with himself, appeared in April, 1568, off the mouth of the St. Johns. The Spanish fort re- ceived his vessels with a salute, supposing them to be under the flag of Spain. De Gourgues returned the salute, thus confirming their error. He then en- tered the St. Marys, called the Somme, and was met by a large concourse of Indians, friendly to the French and bitterly hostile to the Spaniards, at the head of whom was the stern and uncompromising Saturioura. Their plans were quickly formed, and immediately carried into execution. Their place of rendezvous was the Fort George Inlet, called by them and the knowledge that the sentiment of the age was against him, made Menendez from the moment of his success exceedingly anxious lest well-merited retribution should fall upon his own colony. He guarded against it in every way in his power: he strengthened all his posts ; he erected for the protec- tion of San Matteo, formerly Fort Caroline, two small forts on either side of the entrance of the river, at the points now known as Batten Island and Mayport Mills. He placed large garrisons at each post, and had made such arrangements against surprise or open attack upon his forts, that Father Mendoza boasted that "half of all France could not take them." De Gourgues, with three vessels and about two hundred and fifty chosen men animated with like feelings with himself, appeared in April, 1568, off the mouth of the St. Johns. The Spanish fort re- ceived his vessels with a salute, supposing them to be under the flag of Spain. De Gourgues returned the salute, thus confirming their error. He then en- tered the St. Marys, called the Somme, and was met by a large concourse of Indians, friendly to the French and bitterly hostile to the Spaniards, at the head of whom was the stern and uncompromising Saturioura. Their plans were quickly formed, and immediately carried into execution. Their place of rendezvous was the Fort George Inlet, called by them and the knowledge that the sentiment of the age was against him, made Menendez from the moment of his success exceedingly anxious lest well-merited retribution should fall upon his own colony. He guarded against it in every way in his power: he strengthened all his posts ; he erected for the protec- tion of San Matteo, formerly Fort Caroline, two small forts on either side of the entrance of the river, at the points now known as Batten Island and Mayport Mills. He placed large garrisons at each post, and had made such arrangements against surprise or open attack upon his forts, that Father Mendoza boasted that "half of all France could not take them." De Gourgues, with three vessels and about two hundred and fifty chosen men animated with like feelings with himself, appeared in April, 1568, off the mouth of the St. Johns. The Spanish fort re- ceived his vessels with a salute, supposing them to be under the flag of Spain. De Gourgues returned the salute, thus confirming their error. He then en- tered the St. Marys, called the Somme, and was met by a large concourse of Indians, friendly to the French and bitterly hostile to the Spaniards, at the head of whom was the stern and uncompromising Saturioura. Their plans were quickly formed, and immediately carried into execution. Their place of rendezvous was the Fort George Inlet, called by them  104 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES the Sarabay ; and they traversed that island at low tide, fell suddenly upon the fort at Batten Island on the north side of the river, completely surpris- ing it. The force occupying the Spanish forts amounted to four hundred men, one hundred and twenty of whom occupied the two forts at the mouth of the river, and the remainder Fort Caroline. The French with their Indian allies approached the fort on the north side of the river at day-break. Hav- ing waded the intervening marsh and creek to the great damage of their feet and legs by reason of the oyster banks, they arrived within two hundred yards of the post when they were discovered by the sen- tinel upon the platform of the fort; who immediately cried, " to arms," and discharged twice at the French a culverin which had been taken at Fort Caroline. Before he could load it a third time the brave Ola- tocara leaped upon him, and killed him with a pike. Gourgues then charging in, the garrison by this time. alarmed rushed out, armed hastily and seeking es- cape; another part of Gourgues' force coming up, inclosed the Spaniards between them, and all but fifteen of the garrison perished on the spot ; the others were taken prisoners, only to be reserved for the summary vengeance which the French leader medi- tated. The Spanish garrison in the other fort kept up 104 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES the Sarabay ; and they traversed that island at low tide, fell suddenly upon the fort at Batten Island on the north side of the river, completely surpris- ing it. The force occupying the Spanish forts amounted to four hundred men, one hundred and twenty of whom occupied the two forts at the month of the river, and the remainder Fort Caroline. The French with their Indian allies approached the fort on the north side of the river at day-break. Hav- ing waded the intervening marsh and creek to the great damage of their feet and legs by reason of the oyster banks, they arrived within two hundred yards of the post when they were discovered by the sen- tinel upon the platform of the fort; who immediately cried, " to arms," and discharged twice at the French a culverin which had been taken at Fort Caroline. Before he could load it a third time the brave Ola- tocara leaped upon him, and killed him with a pike. Gourgues then charging in, the garrison by this time, alarmed rushed out, armed hastily and seeking es- cape; another part of Gourgues' force coming up, inclosed the Spaniards between them, and all but fifteen of the garrison perished on the spot ; the others were taken prisoners, only to be reserved for the summary vengeance which the French leader medi- tated. The Spanish garrison in the other fort kept up 104 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs the Sarabay ; and they traversed that island at low tide, fell suddenly upon the fort at Batten Island on the north side of the river, completely surpris- ing it. The force occupying the Spanish forts amounted to four hundred men, one hundred and twenty of whom occupied the two forts at the month of the river, and the remainder Fort Caroline. The French with their Indian allies approached the fort on the north side of the river at day-break. Hav- ing waded the intervening marsh and creek to the great damage of their feet and legs by reason of the oyster banks, they arrived within two hundred yards of the post when they were discovered by the sen- tinel upon the platform of the fort; who immediately cried, " to arms," and discharged twice at the French a clverin which had been taken at Fort Caroline. Before he could load it a third time the brave Olar tocara leaped upon him, and killed him with a pike. Gourgues then charging in, the garrison by this time alarmed rushed out, armed hastily and seeking es- cape; another part of Gourgues' force coming up, inclosed the Spaniards between them, and all but fifteen of the garrison perished on the spot ; the others were taken prisoners, only to be reserved for the summary vengeance which the French leader medi- tated. The Spanish garrison in the other fort kept up  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 105 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 105 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 105 in the mean time a brisk cannonade, which incom- moded the assailants, who however soon managed to point the pieces of the fort they had taken; and under the cover of this fire the French crossed to the other fort, their Indian allies in great numbers swimming with them. The garrison of sixty men, panic-struck, made no attempt at resistance, but fled, endeavoring to reach the main fort; being inter- cepted by the Indians in one direction, and by the French in another, but few made good their escape. These, arriving at Fort Caroline, carried an exagger- ated account of the number of their assailants. De Gourgues at once pushed forward to attack Fort Caroline, while its defenders were terrified at the suddenness of his attack, and the supposed strength of his force. Upon his arrival near the fort, the Spanish commander sent out a detachment of sixty men, to make a reconnoisance. De Gourgues skill- fully interposed a body of his own men with a large number of the Indians between the reconnoitering party and the fort, and then with his main force charged upon them in front ; when the Spaniards turning to seek the shelter of the fort, were met by the force in their rear, and were all either killed or taken prisoners. Seeing this misfortune, the Spanish commander despaired of being able to hold the for- tress, and determined to make a timely retreat to St. 8 in the mean time a brisk cannonade, which incom- moded the assailants, who however soon managed to point the pieces of the fort they had taken; and under the cover of this fire the French crossed to the other fort, their Indian allies in great numbers swimming with them. The garrison of sixty men, panic-struck, made no attempt at resistance, but fled, endeavoring to reach the main fort; being inter- cepted by the Indians in one direction, and by the French in another, but few made good their escape. These, arriving at Fort Caroline, carried an exagger- ated account of the number of their assailants. De Gourgues at once pushed forward to attack Fort Caroline, while its defenders were terrified at the suddenness of his attack, and the supposed strength of his force. Upon his arrival near the fort, the Spanish commander sent out a detachment of sixty men, to make a reconnoisance. De Gourgues skill- fully interposed a body of his own men with a large number of the Indians between the reconnoitering party and the fort, and then with his main force charged upon them in front ; when the Spaniards turning to seek the shelter of the fort, were met by the force in their rear, and were all either killed or taken prisoners. Seeing this misfortune, the Spanish commander despaired of being able to hold the for- tress, and determined to make a timely retreat to St. in the mean time a brisk cannonade, which incom- moded the assailants, who however soon managed to point the pieces of the fort they had taken; and under the cover of this fire the French crossed to the other fort, their Indian allies in great numbers swimming with them. The garrison of sixty men, panic-struck, made no attempt at resistance, but fled, endeavoring to reach the main fort; being inter- cepted by the Indians in one direction, and by the French in another, but few made good their escape. These, arriving at Fort Caroline, carried an exagger- ated account of the number of their assailants. De Gourgues at once pushed forward to attack Fort Caroline, while its defenders were terrified at the suddenness of his attack, and the supposed strength of his force. Upon his arrival near the fort, the Spanish commander sent out a detachment of sixty men, to make a reconnoisance. De Gourgues skill- fully interposed a body of his own men with a large number of the Indians between the reconnoitering party and the fort, and then with his main force charged upon them in front ; when the Spaniards turning to seek the shelter of the fort, were met by the force in their rear, and were all either killed or taken prisoners. Seeing this misfortune, the Spanish commander despaired of being able to hold the for- tress, and determined to make a timely retreat to St. 8  106 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIES Augustine. In attempting this, most of his followers fell into the hands of the Indians, and were slain upon the sppt; the commandant with a few others alone escaped. De Gourgues, now completely successful in making retaliation for the fate of his countrymen on the same spot where they had suffered, on the same tree which had borne the bodies of the Huguenots caused his prisoners to be suspended; and as Menendezhad on the former occasion erected a tablet that they had been punished "not as Frenchmen but as Luther- ans," so De Gourgues in like manner erected an inscription that he had done this to them "not as to Spaniards, nor as to outcasts, but as to traitors, thieves, and mnurderers." * After inducing the Indians to destroy the forts, and to raze them to the ground, he set sail for France, arriving safely without further adventure. His conduct was at the time disavowed and cen- sured by the French court; and the Spanish ambas- sador had the assurance, in the name of that master who had publicly declared his approval of the con- duct of Menendez, to demand the surrender of De Gourgues to his vengeance. The brave captain, however the crown might seem to disapprove, was * Ternau Compas, p. 857. 106 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Augustine. In attempting this, most of his followers fell into the hands of the Indians, and were slain upon the spot; the commandant with a few others alone escaped. De Gourgues, now completely successful in making retaliation for the fate of his countrymen on the same spot where they had suffered, on the same tree which had borne the bodies of the Huguenots caused his prisoners to be suspended; and as Menendezhad on the former occasion erected a tablet that they had been punished "not as Frenchmen but as Luther- ans," so De Gourgues in like manner erected an inscription that he had done this to them "not as to Spaniards, nor as to outcasts, but as to traitors, thieves, and murderers."* After inducing the Indians to destroy the forts, and to raze them to the ground, he set sail for France, arriving safely without further adventure. His conduct was at the time disavowed and cen- sured by the French court; and the Spanish ambas- sador had the assurance, in the name of that master who had publicly declared his approval of the con- duct of Menendez, to demand the surrender of De Gourgues to his vengeance. The brave captain, however the crown might seem to disapprove, was * Tea Compans, p. 357. 106 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUIT~Is Augustine. In attempting this, most of his followers fell into the hands of the Indians, and were slain upon the sppt; the commandant with a few others alone escaped. De Gourgues, now completely successful in making retaliation for the fate of his countrymen on the same spot where they had suffered, on the same tree which had borne the bodies of the Huguenots caused his prisoners to be suspended; and as Menendezhad on the former occasion erected a tablet that they had been punished "not as Frenchmen but as Luther- ans," so De Gourgues in like manner erected an inscription that he had done this to them "not as to Spaniards, nor as to outcasts, but as to traitore, thieves, and murderers."* After inducing the Indians to destroy the forts, and to raze them to the ground, he set sail for France, arriving safely without further adventure. His conduct was at the time disavowed and cen- sured by the French court; and the Spanish ambas- sador had the assurance, in the name of that master who had publicly declared his approval of the con- duct of Menendez, to demand the surrender of De Gourgues to his vengeance. The brave captain, however the crown might seem to disapprove, was * Ternau Compans, p. 357.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 107 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIhA. 107 OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLoRA. 107 secretly sustained and protected by many distin- guished persons official and private, and by the mass of the people; to whom his boldness, spirit, and signal success were grateful. Some years afterwards, he was restored to the favor of his sovereign, and ap- pointed admiral of the fleet. That De Gourgues deserves censure, cannot be denied; but there will always exist an admiration for his courage and intrepid valor, with a sympathy for the bitter provocations under which he acted, both personal and national; a sympathy not shared with Menendez, who visited his wrath upon the religious opinions of men, while De Gourgues was the unauthorized avenger of undoubted crime and inhumanity. Both acted in violation of the pure spirit of that Christianity which they alike professed to revere, under the same form. While these scenes were enacting on the St. Johns, Menendez was upon his way to his colonies, where he first heard of the descent of De Gourgues, then on his way back to France. The Adelantado upon his arrival found his troops hungry and naked, and their relations with the Indians worse than ever. Having made such arrangements as were in his power, he returned to Havana, to further his plans for introducing Christianity among the Indians ; to which, to his credit be it said, he devoted the greater secretly sustained and protected by many distin- guished persons official and private, and by the mass of the people; to whom his boldness, spirit, and signal success were grateful. Some years afterwards, he was restored to the favor of his sovereign, and ap- pointed admiral of the fleet. That De Gourgues deserves censure, cannot be denied; but there will always exist an admiration for his courage and intrepid valor, with a sympathy for the bitter provocations under which he acted, both personal and national; a sympathy not shared with Menendez, who visited his wrath upon the religious opinions of men, while De Gourgues was the unauthorized avenger of undoubted crime and inhumanity. Both acted in violation of the pure spirit of that Christianity which they alike professed to revere, under the same form. While these scenes were enacting on the St. Johns, Menendez was upon his way to his colonies, where he first heard of the descent of De Gourgues, then on his way back to France. The Adelantado upon his arrival found his troops hungry and naked, and their relations with the Indians worse than ever. Having made such arrangements as were in his power, he returned to Havana, to further his plans for introducing Christianity among the Indians; to which, to his credit be it said,he devoted the greater secretly sustained and protected by many distin- guished persons official and private, and by the mass of the people; to whom his boldness, spirit, and signal success were grateful. Some years afterwards, he was restored to the favor of his sovereign, and ap- pointed admiral of the fleet. That De Gourgues deserves censure, cannot be denied; but there will always exist an admiration for his courage and intrepid valor, with a sympathy for the bitter provocations under which he acted, both personal and national; a sympathy not shared with Menendez, who visited his wrath upon the religious opinions of men, while De Gourgues was the unauthorized avenger of undoubted crime and inhumanity. Both acted in violation of the pure spirit of that Christianity which they alike professed to revere, under the same form. While these scenes were enacting on the St. Johns, Menendez was upon his way to his colonies, where he first heard of the descent of De Gourgues, then on his way back to France. The Adelantado upon his arrival found his troops hungry and naked, and their relations with the Indians worse than ever. Having made such arrangements as were in his power, be returned to Havana, to further his plans for introducing Christianity among the Indians; to which, to his credit be it said, he devoted the greater  108 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUJrrfis share of his time and attention. Father Rogel ap- plied himself to learning their language, with great success; and an institution was established in Havana especially for their instruction. In the Ensayo Cronologica, there is set forth in full, a rescript ad- dressed by Pope Pius V., to Menendez, conveying to him the acknowledgments of his Holiness, for the zeal and loyalty he had exhibited, and his labors in carrying the faith to the Indians, and urging him strongly to see to it, that his Indian converts should. not be scandalized by the vicious lives of their white brethred who claimed to be Christians. A small party of Spaniards, as has already been mentioned, accompanied by a priest, De Quiros, had been left upon the Chesapeake, and under the auspices of a young converted chief, who had been some time with the Spaniards in Havana and Florida, anticipa- ted a more easy access to the Indian tribes in that region. Another priest, with ten associates, went the following year ; when, after they had sent away their vessel, they discovered that their predecessor had been murdered, through the treachery of the renegade apostate; and they themselves fell shortly victims to his perfidy. Menendez dispatched a third vessel there ; when the fate of the two former parties was ascertained, and he went in person to chastise the murderers ; he succeeded in capturing six or seven, 108 THE MSTORY AND ANTIQUrrMs share of his time and attention. Father Rogel ap- plied himself to learning their language, with great success; and an institution was established in Havana especially for their instruction. In the Ensayo Cronologica, there is set forth in full, a rescript ad- dressed by Pope Pius V., to Menendez, conveying to him the acknowledgments of his Holiness, for the zeal and loyalty he had exhibited, and his labors in carrying the faith to the Indians, and urging him strongly to see to it, that his Indian converts should. not be scandalized by the vicious lives of their white brethren who claimed to be Christians. A small party of Spaniards, as has already been mentioned, accompanied by a priest, De Quiros, had been left upon the Chesapeake, and under the auspices of a young converted chief, who had been some time with the Spaniards in Havana and Florida, anticipa- ted a more easy access to the Indian tribes in that region. Another priest, with ten associates, went the following year ; when, after they had sent away their vessel, they discovered that their predecessor had been murdered, through the treachery of the renegade apostate ; and they themselves fell shortly victims to his perfidy. Menendez dispatched a third vessel there ; when the fate of the two former parties was ascertained, and he went in person to chastise the murderers ; he succeeded in capturing six or seven, 108 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUITIEs share of his time and attention. Father Rogel ap- plied himself to learning their language, with great success ; and an institution was established in Havana especially for their instruction. In the Ensayo Cronologica, there is set forth in full, a rescript ad- dressed by Pope Pius V., to Menendez, conveying to him the acknowledgments of his Holiness, for the zeal and loyalty he had exhibited, and his labors in carrying the faith to the Indians, and urging him strongly to see to it, that his Indian converts should. not be scandalized by the vicious lives of their white brethred who claimed to be Christians. A small party of Spaniards, as has already been mentioned, accompanied by a priest, De Quiros, had been left upon the Chesapeake, and under the auspices of a young converted chief, who had been some time with the Spaniards in Havana and Florida, anticipa- ted a more easy access to the Indian tribes in that region. Another priest, with ten associates, went the following year ; when, after they had sent away their vessel, they discovered that their predecessor had been murdered, through the treachery of the renegade apostate; and they themselves fell shortly victims to his perfidy. Menendez dispatched a third vessel there ; when the fate of the two former parties was ascertained, and he went in person to chastise the murderers ; he succeeded in capturing six or seven,   PEIDRO MENENDVEZ DEl AVILES PED~RO MENENDEZ IDE AVILES PE~DRO MENENIDEZ IDE AVILES  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 109 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 109 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 109 who, it is said (rather improbably I think), confessed themselves to have been implicated in the massacre. Menendez, in his summary and sailor-like way, ordered their execution at the yard-arm of his vessel. The Cronicle says, that they were first converted and baptized, by the zeal of Father Rogel, before the sentence was carried into execution. A long period elapsed before any further efforts were made in this quarter to establish a colony ; and it was then accom- plished by the English. In consequence of these temporary establishments, however, the Spanish crown, for a long period, claimed the whole of the intervening country, as lying within its Province of Florida. The annals of the city during the remainder of the life of Menendez, present only the usual vicissi- tudes of new settlements,-the alternations of supply and want, occasional disaffections, and petty annoy- ances. Menendez was the recipient from his court of new honors from time to time, and had been appointed the grand admiral of the Spanish Armada; when, in September, 1574, he was suddenly carried off by a fever, at the age of fifty-five. It is a singular coin- cidence, that De Gourgues, five years afterwards, was carried off in a similar manner, just after his appointment as admiral of the French fleet. A who, it is said (rather improbably I think), confessed themselves to have been implicated in the massacre. Menendez, in his summary and sailor-like way, ordered their execution at the yard-arm of his vessel. The Cronicle says, that they were first converted and baptized, by the zeal of Father Rogel, before the sentence was carried into execution. A long period elapsed before any further efforts were made in this quarter to establish a colony ; and it was then accom- plished by the English. In consequence of these temporary establishments, however, the Spanish crown, for a long period, claimed the whole of the intervening country, as lying within its Province of Florida. The annals of the city during the remainder of the life of Menendez, present only the usual vicissi- tudes of new settlements,-the alternations of supply and want, occasional disaffections, and petty annoy- ances. Menendez was the recipient from his court of new honors from time to time, and had been appointed the grand admiral of the Spanish Armada; when, in September, 1574, he was suddenly carried off by a fever, at the age of fifty-five. It is a singular coin- cidence, that De Gourgues, five years afterwards, was carried off in a similar manner, just after his appointment as admiral of the French fleet. A who, it is said (rather improbably I think), confessed themselves to have been implicated in the massacre. Menendez, in his summary and sailor-like way, ordered their execution at the yard-arm of his vessel. The Cronicle says, that they were first converted and baptized, by the zeal of Father Rogel, before the sentence was carried into execution. A long period elapsed before any further efforts were made in this quarter to establish a colony ; and it was then accom- plished by the English. In consequence of these temporary establishments, however, the Spanish crown, for a long period, claimed the whole of the intervening country, as lying within its Province of Florida. The annals of the city during the remainder of the life of Menendez, present only the usual vicissi- tudes of new settlements,-the alternations of supply and want, occasional disaffections, and petty annoy- ances. Menendez was the recipient from his court of new honors from time to time, and had been appointed the grand admiral of the Spanish Armada; when, in September, 1574, he was suddenly carried off by a fever, at the age of fifty-five. It is a singular coin- cidence, that De Gourgues, five years afterwards, was carried off in a similar manner, just after his appointment as admiral of the French fleet. A  110 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES splendid monument in the church of San Nicolas, at Aviles, was erected to the memory of Menendez, with the following inscription: "HERE LIES BURIED THE ILLUSTRIOUS CAVALiER, PEDRO MENENDEz DE AVLES, A NATIVE OF TaS CITY, ADELANTADO. OF THE PROV1NCES OF FLORIDA, KNGHT COMMANDER OF SANTA CRUZ OF THE ORDER OF SANT1AGO, AND CAPTAIN GENERAL OF THE OCE- ANIC SEAS AND OF THE ARMADA WHICH HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS COLLECTED AT SANTANDER IN THE YEAR 1574, WHERE HE DIED ON THE 17TH OF SEPTEMBER OF THAT YEAR, HE THE 55TH YEAR OF HIS AGE. 110 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES splendid monument in the church of San Nicolas, at Aviles, was erected to the memory of Menendez, with the following inscription: " HERE LIES BURIED THE ILLUSTRIOUS CAVALIER, PEDRO MENENDEZ DE AVLES, A NATIVE OF THos CITY, ADELANTADO. OF THE PROVINCES OF FLORIDA, KNIGHT COMMANDER OF SANTA Ca or THE ORDER OF SANTIAGO, AND CAPTAIN GENERAL OF THE OCx- ANIC SEAS AND OF THE AREMADA WHIEH H ROYAL HIGHNESS COLLECTED AT SANTANDER H THE YEAR 1574, WHERE HE DIED ON THE 17TH OF SEPTEMBER OF THAT YEAR, HE THE 55TH YEAR OF HIS AGE. 110 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES splendid monument in the church of San Nicolas, at Aviles, was erected to the memory of Menendez, with the following inscription: "HERE LIES BURIED THE ILLUSTRIOUS CAVALIER, PEDRO MENENDZ DE AVILES, A NATIVE OF THIS CITY, ADELANTADO. OF THE PEoViNcES OF FLORIDA, KNIGHT COMMANDER OF SANTA CRUZ OF THE ORDER OF SANTIAGO, AND CAPTAN GENERAL OF THE Ocx- ANIC SEAS AND OF THE ARMADA WHICH HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS COLLECTED AT SANTANDER IN THE YEAR 1574, WHERE HE DIED ON THE 17TH OF SEPTEMBER OF THAT YEAR, IN THE 55TH YEAR OF HIS AGE.  CHAPTER XI. SIR FRANCIS DRAKES ATTACK UPON ST. AUGUSTINE-ESTAB- LISHMENT OF MISSIONS-MASSACRE OF MISSIONARIES AT ST. AUGUSTINE-15s6-1638. NINE years had elapsed from the death of Menen- dez, and the colony at St. Augustine had slowly pro- gressed into the settlement of a small town ; but the eclat and importance which the presence of Menen- dez had given it, were much lessened ; when, in 1586, Sir Francis Drake, with a fleet returning from South America, discovered the Spanish look-out upon Anastasia Island, and sent boats ashore to ascertain something in reference to it. Marching up the shore, they discovered across the bay, a fort, and further up a town built of wood. Proceeding towards the fort, which bore the name of San Juan de Pinas, some guns were fired upon them from it, and they retired towards their vessel; the same evening a fifer made his appearance, and informed them that he was a Frenchman, detained a prisoner there, and that the Spaniards had aban- doned their fort; and he offered to conduct them CHAPTER XI. SIR FRANCIS DRAKES ATTACK UPON ST. AUGUSTINE-ESTAB- LISHMENT OF MISSIONS-MASSACRE OF MISSIONARIES AT ST. AUGUsTINE-1586-1638. NINE years had elapsed from the death of Menen- dez, and the colony at St. Augustine had slowly pro- gressed into the settlement of a small town ; but the eclat and importance which the presence of Menen- dez had given it, were much lessened ; when, in 1586, Sir Francis Drake, with a fleet returning from South America, discovered the Spanish look-out upon Anastasia Island, and sent boats ashore to ascertain something in reference to it. Marching up the shore, they discovered across the bay, a fort, and further up a town built of wood. Proceeding towards the fort, which bore the name of San Juan de Pinas, some guns were fired upon them from it, and they retired towards their vessel; the same evening a fifer made his appearance, and informed them that he was a Frenchman, detained a prisoner there, and that the Spaniards had aban- doned their fort; and he offered to conduct them CHAPTER XI. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE'S ATTACK UPON ST. AUGUSTINE-ESTAB- LISHMENT OF MISSIONS-MASSACRE OF MISSIONARIES AT ST. AUGUSTINE-1586-1638. NINE years had elapsed from the death of Menen- dez, and the colony at St. Augustine had slowly pro- gressed into the settlement of a small town ; but the eclat and importance which the presence of Menen- dez had given it, were much lessened ; when, in 1586, Sir Francis Drake, with a fleet returning from South America, discovered the Spanish look-out upon Anastasia Island, and sent boats ashore to ascertain something in reference to it. Marching up the shore, they discovered across the bay, a fort, and further up a town built of wood. Proceeding towards the fort, which bore the name of San Juan de Pinas, some guns were fired upon them from it, and they retired towards their vessel; the same evening a fifer made his appearance, and informed them that he was a Frenchman, detained a prisoner there, and that the Spaniards had aban- doned their fort; and he offered to conduct them  112 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUIrIES over. Upon this information they crossed the river and found the fort abandoned as they had been informed, and took possession of it without opposi- tion. It was built entirely of wood, and only sur- rounded by a wall or pale formed of the bodies or trunks of large trees, set upright in the earth; for, says the narrative, it was not at that time inclosed by a ditch, as it had been but lately begun by the Spaniards. The platforms were made of the bodies of large pine trees (of which there are plenty here), laid horizontally across each other, with earth rammed in to fill up the vacancies. Fourteen brass cannon were found in the fort, and there was left behind the treasure chest, containing £2,000 sterling, designed for the payment of the garrison, which consisted of one hundred and fifty men. Whether the massive, iron-bound mahogany chest, still pre- served in the old fort is the same which fell into the hands of Drake, is a question for antiquaries to de- cide; its ancient appearance might well jugify the supposition. On the following day, Drake's forces marched towards the town, but owing, it is said, to heavy rains, were obliged to return and go in the boats. On their approach, the Spaniards fled into the coun- try. It is said, in Barcia, that a Spaniard concealed in the bushes, fired at the sergeant major and 112 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs over. Upon this information they crossed the river and found the fort abandoned as they had been informed, and took possession of it without opposi- tion. It was built entirely of wood, and only sur- rounded by a wall or pale formed of the bodies or trunks of large trees, set upright in the earth; for, says the narrative, it was not at that time inclosed by a ditch, as it had been but lately begun by the Spaniards. The platforms were made of the bodies of large pine trees (of which there are plenty here), laid horizontally across each other, with earth rammed in to fill up the vacancies. Fourteen brass cannon were found in the fort, and there was left behind the treasure chest, containing £2,000 sterling, designed for the payment of the garrison, which consisted of one hundred and fifty men. Whether the massive, iron-bound mahogany chest, still pre- served in the old fort is the same which fell into the hands of Drake, is a question for antiquaries to de- cide ; its ancient appearance might well juwify the supposition. On the following day, Drake's forces marched towards the town, but owing, it is said, to heavy rains, were obliged to return and go in the boats. On their approach, the Spaniards fled into the coun- try. It is said, in Barcia, that a Spaniard concealed in the bushes, fired at the sergeant major and 112 THE| HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs over. Upon this information they crossed the river and found the fort abandoned as they had been informed, and took possession of it without opposi- tion. It was built entirely of wood, and only sur- rounded by a wall or pale formed of the bodies or trunks of large trees, set upright in the earth; for, says the narrative, it was not at that time inclosed by a ditch, as it had been but lately began by the Spaniards. The platforms were made of the bodies of large pine trees (of which there are plenty here), laid horizontally across each other, with earth rammed in to fill up the vacancies. Fourteen brass cannon were found in the fort, and there was left behind the treasure chest, containing £2,000 sterling, designed for the payment of the garrison, which consisted of one hundred and fifty men. Whether the massive, iron-bound mahogany chest, still pre- served in the old fort is the same which fell into the hands of Drake, is a question for antiquaries to de- cide; its ancient appearance might well jusify the supposition. On the following day, Drake's forces marched towards the town, but owing, it is said, to heavy rains, were obliged to return and go in the boats. On their approach, the Spaniards fled into the coun- try. It is said, in Barcia, that a Spaniard concealed in the bushes, fired at the sergeant major and  OF ST. AUGUSTINE FLORIDA. 113 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA, 113 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 113 wounded him, and then ran up and dispatched him, and that in revenge for this act, Drake burnt their buildings and destroyed their gardens. The garri- son and inhabitants retired to fort San Matteo, on the St. Johns river. Barcia says that the population of the place was then increasing considerably, and that it possessed a hall of justice, parochial church, and other buildings, together with gardens in the rear of the town: An engraved plan or view of Drake's descent upon St. Augustine, published after his return to England, represents an octagonal fort between two streams; at the distance of half a mile another stream; beyond that the town, with a look-out and two religious houses, one of which is a church and the other probably the house of the Franciscans, who had shortly before established a house of their order there. The town contains three squares lengthwise, and four in width, with gardens on the west side. Some doubt has been thrown on the actual site of the first settlement, by this account ; but I think it probably stood considerably to the south of the present public square, between the barracks and the powder-house. Perhaps the Maria Sanchez creek may have then communicated with the bay near its present head, in wet weather and at high tides isolating the fort from the town. The present north ditch may wounded him, and then ran up and dispatched him, and that in revenge for this act, Drake burnt their buildings and destroyed their gardens. The garri- son and inhabitants retired to fort San Matteo, on the St. Johns river. Barcia says that the population of the place was then increasing considerably, and that it possessed a hall of justice, parochial church, and other buildings, together with gardens in the rear of the town: An engraved plan or view of Drake's descent upon St. Augustine, published after his return to England, represents an octagonal fort between two streams; at the distance of half a mile another stream; beyond that the town, with a look-out and two religious houses, one of which is a church and the other probably the house of the Franciscans, who had shortly before established a house of their order there. The town contains three squares lengthwise, and four in width, with gardens on the west side. Some doubt has been thrown on the actual site of the first settlement, by this account ; but I think it probably stood considerably to the south of the present public square, between the barracks and the powder-house. Perhaps the Maria Sanchez creek may have then communicated with the bay near its present head, in wet weather and at high tides isolating the fort from the town. The present north ditch may wounded him, and then ran up and dispatched him, and that in revenge for this act, Drake burnt their buildings and destroyed their gardens. The garri- son and inhabitants retired to fort San Matteo, on the St. Johns river. Barcia says that the population of the place was then increasing considerably, and that it possessed a hall of justice, parochial church, and other buildings, together with gardens in the rear of the town: An engraved plan or view of Drake's. descent upon St. Augustine, published after his return to England, represents an octagonal fort between two streams; at the distance of half a mile another stream; beyond that the town, with a look-out and two religious houses, one of which is a church and the other probably the house of the Franciscans, who had shortly before established a house of their order there. The town contains three squares lengthwise, and four in width, with gardens on the west side. Some doubt has been thrown on the actual site of the first settlement, by this account ; but I think it probably stood considerably to the south of the present public square, between the barracks and the powder-house. Perhaps the Maria Sanchez creek may have then communicated with the bay near its present bead, in wet weather and at high tides isolating the fort from the town. The present north ditch may  114 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIs have been the bed of a tide creek, and thus would correspond to the appearance presented by the sketch. It is well known that the north end o: ne city was built at a much later period than the southern, and that the now vacant space below the barracks, was once occupied with buildings. Buildings and fields are shown upon Anastasia Island, opposite the town. The relative position of the town with reference to the entrance of the harbor is correctly shown on the plan ; and there seems no sufficient ground to doubt the identity of the present town with the ancient locality. The garrison and country were then under the command of Don Pedro Menendez, a nephew of the Adelantado; who, after the English squadron sailed, having received assistance from Havana, began, it is said, to rebuild the city, and made great efforts to increase its population, and to induce the Indians to settle in its neighborhood. In 1592, twelve Franciscan missionaries arrived at St. Augustine, with their Superior, Fray Jean de Silva, and placed themselves under the charge of Father Francis Manon, Warden of the convent of St. Helena. One of them, a Mexican, Father Fran- cis Panja, drew up in the language of the Yemasees his "Abridgment of Christian Doctrine," said to be 114 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTEs have been the bed of a tide creek, and thus would correspond to the appearance presented by the sketch. It is well known that the north end oi ne city was built at a much later period than the southern, and that the now vacant space below the barracks, was once occupied with buildings. Buildings and fields are shown upon Anastasia Island, opposite the town. The relative position of the town with reference to the entrance of the harbor is correctly shown on the plan; and there seems no sufficient ground to doubt the identity of the present town with the ancient locality. The garrison and country were then under the command of Don Pedro Menendez, a nephew of the Adelantado ; who, after the English squadron sailed, having received assistance from Havana, began, it is said, to rebuild the city, and made great efforts to increase its population, and to induce the Indians to settle in its neighborhood. In 1592, twelve Franciscan missionaries arrived at St. Augustine, with their Superior, Fray Jean de Silva, and placed themselves under the charge of Father Francis Manon, Warden of the convent of St. Helena. One of them, a Mexican, Father Fran- cis Panja, drew up in the language of the Yemasees his "Abridgment of Christian Doctrine," said to be 114 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTIs have been the bed of a tide creek, and thus would correspond to the appearance presentee by the sketch. Itis well known that the north end o: ne city was built at a much later period than the southern, and that the now vacant space below the barracks, was once occupied with buildings. Buildings and fields are shown upon Anastasia Island, opposite the town. The relative position of the town with reference to the entrance of the harbor is correctly shown on the plan ; and there seems no sufficient ground to doubt the identity of the present town with the ancient locality. The garrison and country were then under the command of Don Pedro Menendez, a nephew of the Adelantado; who, after the English squadron sailed, having received assistance from Havana, began, it is said, to rebuild the city, and made great efforts to increase its population, and to induce the Indians to settle in its neighborhood. In 1592, twelve Franciscan missionaries arrived at St. Augustine, with their Superior, Fray Jean de Silva, and placed themselves under the charge of Father Francis Manon, Warden of the convent of St. Helena. One of them, a Mexican, Father Fran- cis Panja, drew up in the language of the Yemasees his "Abridgment of Christian Doctrine," said to be  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 115 OF S7. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 115 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 115 the first work compiled in any of our Indian lan- guages. The Franciscan Father Corpa, established a Mis- sion house for the Indians at Talomato, in the north- west portion of the city of St. Augustine, where there was then an Indian village. Father Blas de Rodri- guez, also called Montes, had an Indian Church at a village of the Indians, called Tapoqui, situated on the creek called Cano de la Leche, north of the fort ; and the church bearing the name of "Our Lady of the Milk" was situated on the elevated ground a quarter of a mile north of the fort, near the creek. A stone church existed at this locality as late as 1795, and the crucifix belonging to it is preserved in the Roman Catholic Church at St. Augustine. These missions proceeded with considerable appa- rent success, large numbers of the Indians being received and instructed both at this and other mis- sions. Among the converts at the mission of Talomato, was the son of the cacique of the province of Guale, a proud and high-spirited young leader, who by no means submitted to the requirements of his spiritual fathers, but indulged in excesses which scandalized his profession. Father Corpa, after trying private remonstrances and warnings in vain, thought it ne- cessary to administer to him a public rebuke. This the first work compiled in any of our Indian lan- guages. The Franciscan Father Corpa, established a Mis- sion house for the Indians at Talomato, in the north- west portion of the city of St. Augustine, where there was then an Indian village. Father Blas de Rodri guez, also called Montes, had an Indian Church at a village of the Indians, called Tapoqui, situated on the creek called Cano de la Leche, north of the fort ; and the church bearing the name of "Our Lady of the Milk" was situated on the elevated ground a quarter of a mile north of the fort, near the creek. A stone church existed at this locality as late as 1795, and the crucifix belonging to it is preserved in the Roman Catholic Church at St. Augustine. These missions proceeded with considerable appa- rent success, large numbers of the Indians being received and instructed both at this and other mis- sions. Among the converts at the mission of Talomato, was the eon of the cacique of the province of Guale, a proud and high-spirited young leader, who by no means submitted to the requirements of his spiritual fathers, but indulged in excesses which scandalized his profession. Father Corpa, after trying private remonstrances and warnings in vain, thought it ne- cessary to administer to him a public rebuke. This the first work compiled in any of our Indian lan- guages. The Franciscan Father Corpa, established a Mis- sion house for the Indians at Talomato, in the north- west portion of the city of St. Augustine, where there was then an Indian village. Father Blas de Rodri guez, also called Montes, had an Indian Church at a village of the Indians, called Tapoqui, situated on the creek called Cano de la Leche, north of the fort ; and the church bearing the name of "Our Lady of the Milk" was situated on the elevated ground a quarter of a mile north of the fort, near the creek. A stone church existed at this locality as late as 1795, and the crucifix belonging to it is preserved in the Roman Catholic Church at St. Augustine. These missions proceeded with considerable appa- rent success, large numbers of the Indians being received and instructed both at this and other mis- ions. Among the converts at the mission of Talomato, was the eon of the cacique of the province of Guale, a proud and high-spirited young leader, who by no means submitted to the requirements of his spiritual fathers, but indulged in excesses which scandalized his profession. Father Corpa, after trying private remonstrances and warnings in vain, thought it ne- cessary to administer to him a public rebuke. This  116 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs aroused the pride of the young chief, and he sud- denly left the mission, determined upon revenge. He gathered from the interior a band of warriors, whom he inspired with his own hatred against the missionaries. Returning to Talomato with his fol- lowers under the cover of night, he crept up to the mission house, burst open the chapel doors, and slew the devoted Father Corps while at prayer; then severed his head from his body, set it upon a pike- staff, and threw his body out into the forest where it could never afterwards be found. The scene of this tragedy was in the neighborhood of the present Roman Catholic cemetery of St. Augustine. As soon as this occurrence became known in the Indian village, all was excitement ; some of the most devoted bewailing the death of their spiritual father, while others dreaded the consequences of so rash an act, and shrunk with terror from the vengeance of the Spaniards, which they foresaw would soon follow. The young chief of Guale gathered them around him, and in earnest tones addressed them. "Yes," said he, "the friar is dead. It would not have been done, if he would have allowed us to live as we did before we became Christians. We desire to return to our ancient customs ; and we must provide for our defense against the punishment which will be hurled upon us by the Governor of Florida, which, if it 116 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUnIM aroused the pride of the young chief, and he sud- denly left the mission, determined upon revenge. He gathered from the interior a band of warriors, whom he inspired with his own hatred against the missionaries. Returning to Talomato with his fol- lowers under the cover of night, he crept up to the mission house, burst open the chapel doors, and slew the devoted Father Corpa while at prayer; then severed his head from his body, set it upon a pike- staff and threw his body out into the forest where it could never afterwards be found. The scene of this tragedy was in the neighborhood of the present Roman Catholic cemetery of St. Augustine. As soon as this occurrence became known in the Indian village, all was excitement ; some of the most devoted bewailing the death of their spiritual father, while others dreaded the consequences of so rash an act, and shrunk with terror from the vengeance of the Spaniards, which they foresaw would soon follow. The young chief of Guale gathered them around him, and in earnest tones addressed them. "Yes," said he, "the friar is dead. It would not have been done, if he would have allowed us to live as we did before we became Christians. We desire to return to our ancient customs ; and we must provide for our defense against the punishment which will be hurled upon us by the Governor of Florida, which, if it 116 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES aroused the pride of the young chief, and he sud- denly left the mission, determined upon revenge. He gathered from the interior a band of warriors, whom he inspired with his own hatred against the missionaries. Returning to Talomato with his fol- lowers under the cover of night, he crept up to the mission house, burst open the chapel doors, and slew the devoted Father Corpa while at prayer; then severed his head from his body, set it upon a pike- staf and threw his body out into the forest where it could never afterwards be found. The scene of this tragedy was in the neighborhood of the present Roman Catholic cemetery of St. Augustine. As soon as this occurrence became known in the Indian village, all was excitement ; some of the most devoted bewailing the death of their spiritual father, while others dreaded the consequences of so rash an act, and shrunk with terror from the vengeance of the Spaniards, which they foresaw would soon follow. The young chief of Guale gathered them around him, and in earnest tones addressed them. "Yes," said he, "the friar is dead. It would not have been done, if he would have allowed us to live as we did before we became Christians. We desire to return to our ancient customs ; and we must provide for our defense against the punishment which will be hurled upon us by the Governor of Florida, which, if it  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 117 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 117 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 117 be allowed to reach us, will be as rigorous for this single friar, as if we had killed them all. For the same power which we possess to destroy this one priest, we have to destroy them all." His followers approved of what had been done, and said there was no doubt but that the same ven- geance would fall upon them for the death of the one, as for all. He then resumed. "Since we shall receive equal punishment for the death of this one, as though we had killed them all, let us regain the liberty of which these friars have robbed us, with their promises of good things which we have not yet seen, but which they seek to keep us in hope of, while they accumu- late upon us who are called Christians, injuries and disgusts, making us quit our wives, restricting us to one only, and prohibiting us from changing her. They prevent us from having our balls, banquets, feasts, celebrations, games, and contests, so that being deprived of them, we lose our ancient valor and skill which we inherited from our ancestors. Although they oppress us with labor, refusing to grant even the respite of a few days, and although we are disposed to do all they require from us, they are not satisfied; but for everything they reprimand usinjuriously treat us, oppress us, lecture us, call as bad Christians, and deprive us of all the pleasures which our fathers be allowed to reach us, will be as rigorous for this single friar, as if we had killed them all. For the same power which we possess to destroy this one priest, we have to destroy them all." His followers approved of what had been done, and said there was no doubt but that the same ven- geance would fall upon them for the death of the one, as for all. He then resumed. "Since we shall receive equal punishment for the death of this one, as though we had killed them all, let us regain the liberty of which these friars have robbed us, with their promises of good things which we have not yet seen, but which they seek to keep us in hope of, while they accumu- late upon us who are called Christians, injuries and disgusts, making us quit our wives, restricting us to one only, and prohibiting us from changing her. They prevent us from having our balls, banquets, feasts, celebrations, games, and contests, so that being deprived of them, we lose our ancient valor and skill which we inherited from our ancestors. Although they oppress us with labor, refusing to grant even the respite of a few days, and although we are disposed to do all they require from us, they are not satisfied; but for everything they reprimand us,injuriously treat us, oppress us, lecture us, call us bad Christians, and deprive us of all the pleasures which our fathers be allowed to reach us, will be as rigorous for this single friar, as if we had killed them all. For the same power which we possess to destroy this one priest, we have to destroy them all." His followers approved of what had been done, and said there was no doubt but that the same ven- geance would fall upon them for the death of the one, as for all. He then resumed. "Since we shall receive equal punishment for the death of this one, as though we had killed them all, let us regain the liberty of which these friars have robbed us, with their promises of good things which we have not yet seen, but which they seek to keep us in hope of, while they accumu- late upon us who are called Christians, injuries and disgusts, making us quit our wives, restricting us to one only, and prohibiting us from changing her. They prevent us from having our balls, banquets, feasts, celebrations, games, and contests, so that being deprived of them, we lose our ancient valor and skill which we inherited from our ancestors. Although they oppress us with labor, refusing to grant even the respite of a few days, and although we are disposed to do all they require from us, they are not satisfied ; but for everything they reprimand us,injuriously treat us, oppress us, lecture us, call us bad Christians, and deprive us of all the pleasures which our fathers  118 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs enjoyed, in the hope that they would give us heaven ; by these frauds subjecting us and holding us under their absolute control. And what have we to hope except to be made slaves ? If we now put them all to death, we shall destroy these excrescenses, and force the governor to treat us well." The majority were carried away by his address, and rung out the war-cry of death and defiance. While still eager for blood, their chief led them to the Indian town of Tapoqui, the mission of Father Montes, on the Cano de la Leche ; tumultuously rush- ing in, they informed the missionary of the fate of Father Corpa, and that they sought his own life and those of all his order ; and then with uplifted weapons bade him prepare to die. He reasoned and remon- strated with them, portraying the folly and wicked- ness of their intentions, that the vengeance of the Spaniards would surely overtake them, and implored them with tears, that for their own sakes rather than his, they should pause in their mad designs. But all in vain ; they were alike insensible to his eloquence, and his tears, and pressed forward to surround him. Finding all else vain, he begged as a last favor that he should be permitted to celebrate mass before he died. In this he was probably actuated in part by the hope that their fierce hatred might be assuaged by the sight of the ceremonies of their faith, or that 118 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUITIEs enjoyed, in the hope that they would give us heaven ; by these frauds subjecting us and holding us under their absolute control. And what have we to hope except to be made slaves ? If we now put them all to death, we shall destroy these excrescenses, and force the governor to treat us well." The majority were carried away by his address, and rung out the war-cry of death and defiance. While still eager for blood, their chief led them to the Indian town of Tapoqui, the mission of Father Montes, on the Cano de la Leche ; tumultuously rush- ing in, they informed the missionary of the fate of Father Corpa, and that they sought his own life and those of all his order ; and then with uplifted weapons bade him prepare to die. He reasoned and remon- strated with them, portraying the folly and wicked- ness of their intentions, that the vengeance of the Spaniards would surely overtake them, and implored them with tears, that for their own sakes rather than his, they should pause in their mad designs. But all in vain; they were alike insensible to his eloquence, and his tears, and pressed forward to surround him. Finding all else vain, he begged as a last favor that he should be permitted to celebrate mass before he died. In this he was probably actuated in part by the hope that their fierce hatred might be assuaged by the sight of the ceremonies of their faith, or that 118 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs enjoyed, in the hope that they would give us heaven ; by these frauds subjecting us and holding us under their absolute control. And what have we to hope except to be made slaves ? If we now put them all to death, we shall destroy these excrescenses, and force the governor to treat us well." The majority were carried away by his address, and rung out the war-cry of death and defiance. While still eager for blood, their chief led them to the Indian town of Tapoqui, the mission of Father Montes, on the Cano de la Leche ; tumultuously rush- ing in, they informed the missionary of the fate of Father Corpa, and that they sought his own life and those of all his order ; and then with uplifted weapons bade him prepare to die. He reasoned and remon- strated with them, portraying the folly and wicked- ness of their intentions, that the vengeance of the Spaniards would surely overtake them, and implored them with tears, that for their own sakes rather than his, they should pause in their mad designs. But all in vain ; they were alike insensible to his eloquence, and his tears, and pressed. forward to surround him. Finding all else vain, he begged as a last favor that he should be permitted to celebrate mass before he died. In this he was probably actuated in part by the hope that their fierce hatred might be assuaged by the sight of the ceremonies of their faith, or that  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 119 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 119 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 119 the delay might afford time for succor from the adjoining garrison. The permission was given ; and there for the last time the worthy Father put on his robes, which might well be termed his robes of sacrifice. The wild and savage crowd, thirsting for his blood, reclined upon the floor and looked on in sullen silence, awaiting the conclusion of the rites. The priest alone, standing before the altar, proceeded with this most sad and solemn mass, then cast his eyes to heaven and knelt in private supplication ; where the next moment he fell under the blows of his cruel foes, bespattering the altar at which he ministered, with his own life's blood. His crushed remains were thrown into the fields, that they might serve for the fowls of the air or the beasts of the forest; but not one would approach it, except a dog, which, rushing forward to lay hold upon the body, fell dead upon the spot, says the ancient chronicle; and an old Christian Indian, recognizing it, gave it sepulture in the forest. From thence the ferocious young chief of Guale, led his followers against several missions, in other parts of the country, which he attacked and de- stroyed, together with their attendant clergy. Thus upon the soil of the ancient city, was shed the blood of Christian martyrs, who were laboring with a zeal the delay might afford time for succor from the adjoining garrison. The permission was given ; and there for the last time the worthy Father put on his robes, which might well be termed his robes of sacrifice. The wild and savage crowd, thirsting for his blood, reclined upon the floor and looked on in sullen silence, awaiting the conclusion of the rites. The priest alone, standing before the altar, proceeded with this most sad and solemn mass, then cast his eyes to heaven and knelt in private supplication ; where the next moment he fell under the blows of his cruel foes, bespattering the altar at which he ministered, with his own life's blood. His crushed remains were thrown into the fields, that they might serve for the fowls of the air or the beasts of the forest; but not one would approach it, except a dog, which, rushing forward to lay hold upon the body, fell dead upon the spot, says the ancient chronicle ; and an old Christian Indian, recognizing it, gave it sepulture in the forest. From thence the ferocious young chief of Guale, led his followers against several missions, in other parts of the country, which he attacked and de- stroyed, together with their attendant clergy. Thus upon the soil of the ancient city, was shed the blood of Christian martyrs, who were laboring with a zeal the delay might afford time for succor from the adjoining garrison. The permission was given ; and there for the last time the worthy Father put on his robes, which might well be termed his robes of sacrifice. The wild and savage crowd, thirsting for his blood, reclined upon the floor and looked on in sullen silence, awaiting the conclusion of the rites. The priest alone, standing before the altar, proceeded with this most sad and solemn mass, then cast his eyes to heaven and knelt in private supplication ; where the next moment he fell under the blows of his cruel foes, bespattering the altar at which he ministered, with his own life's blood. His crushed remains were thrown into the fields, that they might serve for the fowls of the air or the beasts of the forest; but not one would approach it, except a dog, which, rushing forward to lay hold upon the body, fell dead upon the spot, says the ancient chronicle ; and an old Christian Indian, recognizing it, gave it sepulture in the forest. From thence the ferocious young chief of Guale, led his followers against several missions, in other parts of the country, which he attacked and de- stroyed, together with their attendant clergy. Thus upon the soil of the ancient city, was shed the blood of Christian martyrs, who were laboring with a zeal  120 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES well worthy of emulation, to carry the truths of reli- gion to the native tribes of Florida. Two hundred and sixty years have passed away since these sad scenes were enacted ; but we cannot even now repress a tear of sympathy and a feeling of admiration for those self-denying missionaries of the cross, who sealed their faith with their blood, and fell victims to their energy and devotion. The spectacle of the dying priest struck down at the altar, attired in his sacred vestments, and perhaps imploring pardon upon his murderers, cannot fail to call up in the heart of the most insensible, something more than a passing emotion. The zeal of the Franciscans was only increased by this disaster, and each succeeding year brought additions to their number. They pushed their mis- sions into the interior of the country so rapidly that in less than two years they had established through the principal towns of the Indians, no less than twenty mission houses. The presumed remains of these establishments are still occasionally to be found throughout the interior of the country. 120 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES well worthy of emulation, to carry the truths of reli- gion to the native tribes of Florida. Two hundred and sixty years have passed away since these sad scenes were enacted ; but we cannot even now repress a tear of sympathy and a feeling of admiration for those self-denying missionaries of the cross, who sealed their faith with their blood, and fell victims to their energy and devotion. The spectacle of the dying priest struck down at the altar, attired in his sacred vestments, and perhaps imploring pardon upon his murderers, cannot fail to call up in the heart of the most insensible, something more than a passing emotion. The zeal of the Franciscans was only increased by this disaster, and each succeeding year brought additions to their number. They pushed their mis- sions into the interior of the country so rapidly that in less than two years they had established through the principal towns of the Indians, no less than twenty mission houses. The presumed remains of these establishments are still occasionally to be found throughout the interior of the country. 120 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES well worthy of emulation, to carry the truths of reli- gion to the native tribes of Florida. Two hundred and sixty years have passed away since these sad scenes were enacted; but we cannot even now repress a tear of sympathy and a feeling of admiration for those self-denying missionaries of the cross, who sealed their faith with their blood, and fell victims to their energy and devotion. The spectacle of the dying priest struck down at the altar, attired in his sacred vestments, and perhaps imploring pardon upon his murderers, cannot fail to call up in the heart of the most insensible, something more than a passing emotion. The zeal of the Franciscans was only increased by this disaster, and each succeeding year brought additions to their number. They pushed their mis- sions into the interior of the country so rapidly that in less than two years they had established through the principal towns of the Indians, no less than twenty mission houses. The presumed remains of these establishments are still occasionally to be found throughout the interior of the country.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 121 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 121 OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLORIDA. 121 CHAPTER XII. SUBJECTION OF THE APALACHIAN. INDIANS-CONSTRUCTION OF THE FORT, SEA WALL, &.-1638-1700. IN the year 1628, hostilities were entered into between the Spanish settlements on the coast, and the Apalachian Indians, who occupied the country in the neighborhood of the river Suwanee. The Spaniards soon succeeded in subduing their Indian foes; and in 1640, large numbers of the Apalachian Indians were brought to St. Augustine, and in alleged punishment for their outbreak, and with a sagacious eye to the convenience of the arrangement, were forced to labor upon the publie works and for- tifications of the city. At this period the English settlements along the coast to the northward, had begun to be formed, much to the uneasiness and displeasure of the Spanish crown, which for a long period claimed, by virtue of exploration and occu- pation, as well as by the ancient papal grant of Alexander, all the eastern coast of the United States. Their missionaries had penetratid Virginia 9 CHAPTER XII. SUBJECTION OF THE APALACHIAN. INDIANs-CONSTRUCTIoN OF THE FORT, SEA WALL, &e.-1638-1700. IN the year 1628, hostilities were entered into between the Spanish settlements on the coast, and the Apalachian Indians, who occupied the country in the neighborhood of the river Suwanee. The Spaniards soon succeeded in subduing their Indian foes; and in 1640, large numbers of the Apalachian Indians were brought to St. Augustine, and in alleged punishment for their outbreak, and with a sagacious eye to the convenience of the arrangement, were forced to labor upon the public works and for- tifications of the city. At this period the English settlements along the coast to the northward, had begun to be formed, much to the uneasiness and displeasure of the Spanish crown, which for a long period claimed, by virtue of exploration and occu- pation, as well as by the ancient papal grant of Alexander, all the eastern coast of the United States. Their missionaries had penetratid Virginia CHAPTER XII. SUBJECTION OF THE APALACHIAN. INDIANs-CONsTRUCTION OF THE FORT, SEA wALL, &c.-1638-1700. IN the year 1618, hostilities were entered into between the Spanish settlements on the coast, and the Apalachian Indians, who occupied the country in the neighborhood of the river Suwanee. The Spaniards soon succeeded in subduing their Indian foes; and in 1640, large numbers of the Apalachian Indians were brought to St. Augustine, and in alleged punishment for their outbreak, and with a sagacious eye to the convenience of the arrangement, were forced to labor upon the public works and for- tifications of the city. At this period the English settlements along the coast to the northward, bad begun to be formed, much to the uneasiness and displeasure of the Spanish crown, which for a long period claimed, by virtue of exploration and occu- pation, as well as by the ancient papal grant of Alexander, all the eastern coast of the United States. Their missionaries had penetratid Virginia 9  122 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES before the settlement at Jamestown; and they had built a fort in South Carolina, and kept up a garrison for some years in it. But the Spanish government had become too feeble to compete with either the English or the French on the seas; and with the loss of their celebrated Armada, perished for ever their pretensions as a naval power. They were therefore forced to look to the safety of their already estab- lished settlements in Florida; and the easy capture of the fort at St. Augustine by the passing squadron of Drake, evinced the necessity of works of a much more formidable character. It is evident that the fort, or castle as it was usually designated, had been then commenced, although its form was afterwards changed; and for sixty years subsequently, these unfortunate Apala- chian Indians were compelled to labor upon the works, until in 1680, upon the recommendation of their mission Fathers, they were relieved from further compulsory labor, with the understanding that in case of necessity they would resume their labors. In 1648, St. Augustine is described to have contained more than three hundred householders (vecinos), a flourishing monastery of the order of St. Francis with fifty Franciscans, men very zealous for the conversion of the Indians, and regarded by their countrymen with the highest veneration. Besides 188 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIES before the settlement at Jamestown; and they had built a fort in South Carolina, and kept up a garrison for some years in it. But the Spanish government had become too feeble to compete with either the English or the French on the seas; and with the loss of their celebrated Armada, perished for ever their pretensions as a naval power. They were therefore forced to look to the safety of their already estab- lished settlements in Florida; and the easy capture of the fort at St. Augustine by the passing squadron of Drake, evinced the necessity of works of a much more formidable character. It is evident that the fort, or castle as it was usually designated, had been then commenced, although its form was afterwards changed; and for sixty years subsequently, these unfortunate Apala chian Indians were compelled to labor upon the works, until in 1680, upon the recommendation of their mission Fathers, they were relieved from farther compulsory labor, with the understanding that in case of necessity they would resume their labors. In 1648, St. Augustine is described to have contained more than three hundred householders (vecinosa), a flourishing monastery of the order of St. Francis with fifty Franciscans, men very zealous for the conversion of the Indians, and regarded by their countrymen with the highest veneration. Besides 122 THE HISTORY .AND ANTIQUIESrr before the settlement at Jamestown; and they had built a fort in South Carolina, and kept up a garrison for some years in it. But the Spanish government had become too feeble to compete with either the English or the French on the seas; and with the loss of their celebrated Armada, perished for ever their pretensions as a naval power. They were therefore forced to look to the safety of their already estab- lished settlements in Florida; and the easy capture of the fort at St. Augustine by the passing squadron of Drake, evinced the necessity of works of a much more formidable character. It is evident that the fort, or castle as it was usually designated, had been then commenced, although its form was afterwards changed; and for sixty years subsequently, these unfortunate Apala- chian Indians were compelled to labor upon the works, until in 1680, upon the recommendation of their mission Fathers, they were relieved from further compulsory labor, with the understanding that in case of necessity they would resume their labors. In 1648, St. Augustine is described to have contained more than three hundred householders (vecinos), a flourishing monastery of the order of St. Francis with fifty Franciscans, men very zealous for the conversion of the Indiana, and regarded by their countrymen with the highest veneration. Besides  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 1283 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 123 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 123 these there were in the city alone, a vicar, a paro- chial curate, a superior sacristan, and a chaplain attached to the castle. The parish church was built of wood, the Bishop of Cuba, it is said, not being able to afford anything better, his whole income being but four hundred pezos per annum, which he shared with Florida; and sometimes he expended much more than his receipts. In 1665, Captain Davis, one of the English bucca. neers and freebooters (then very numerous in the West Indies), with a fleet of seven or eight vessels came on the coast from Jamaica, to intercept the Spanish plate fleet on its return from New Spain to Europe ; but being disappointed in this scheme, he proceeded along the coast of Florida, and came off St. Augustine, where he landed and marched directly upon the town, which he sacked and plundered, without meeting the least opposition or resistance from the Spaniards, although they had then a garri- son of two hundred men in the fort, which at that time was an octagon, fortified and defended by round towers. The fortifications, if this account be true, were probably then very incomplete; and with a vastly inferior force it is not surprising that they did not undertake what could only have been an ineffectual resistance. It does not appear that the fort was these there were in the city alone, a vicar, a paro- chial curate, a superior sacristan, and a chaplain attached to the castle. The parish church was built of wood, the Bishop of Cuba, it is said, not being able to afford anything better, his whole income being but four hundred pezos per annum, which he shared with Florida; and sometimes he expended much more than his receipts. In 1665, Captain Davis, one of the English bucca- neers and freebooters (then very numerous in the West Indies), with a fleet of seven or eight vessels came on the coast from Jamaica, to intercept the Spanish plate fleet on its return from New Spain to Europe; but being disappointed in this scheme, he proceeded along the coast of Florida, and came off St. Augustine, where he landed and marched directly upon the town, which he sacked and plundered, without meeting the least opposition or resistance from the Spaniards, although they had then a garri- son of two hundred men in the fort, which at that time was an octagon, fortified and defended by round towers. The fortifications, if this account be true, were probably then very incomplete; and with a vastly inferior force it is not surprising that they did not undertake what could only have been an ineffectual resistance. It does not appear that the fort was these there were in the city alone, a vicar, a paro- chial curate, a superior sacristan, and a chaplain attached to the castle. The parish church was built of wood, the Bishop of Cuba, it is said, not being able to afford anything better, his whole income being but four hundred pezos per annum, which he shared with Florida; and sometimes he expended much more than his receipts. In 1665, Captain Davis, one of the English bucca- neers and freebooters (then very numerous in the West Indies), with a fleet of seven or eight vessels came on the coast from Jamaica, to intercept the Spanish plate fleet on its return from New Spain to Europe ; but being disappointed in this scheme, he proceeded along the coast of Florida, and came off St. Augustine, where he landed and marched directly upon the town, which he sacked and plundered, without meeting the least opposition or resistance from the Spaniards, although they had then a garri- son of two hundred men in the fort, which at that time was an octagon, fortified and defended by round towers. The fortifications, if this account be true, were probably then very incomplete; and with a vastly inferior force it is not surprising that they did not undertake what could only have been an ineffectual resistance. It does not appear that the fort was  124 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrrs taken; and the inhabitants retired probably within its inclosure with their valuables. In the Spanish account of the various occurrences in this country, it is mentioned that in 1681, "the English having examined a province of Florida, dis- tant twelve leagues from another called New Castle, where the air is pleasant, the climate mild, and the lands very fertile, called it Silvania; and that knowing these advantages, a Quaker, or Shaker (a sect barbarous, impudent, and abominable), called William Penn, obtained a grant of it from Charles IL, King of England, and made great efforts to colonize it." Such was the extent then claimed for the province of Florida, and such the opinion entertained of the Quakers. In 1681, Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, applied himself at once, upon his appointment to the gover- ship of Florida, to finishing the castle; and collected large quantities of stone, lime, timber, and iron, more than sufficient subsequently to complete it About this period, a new impulse was given to the extension of the missions for converting the Indians; and large reinforcements of the clerical force were r-- ceived from Mexico, Havana, and Spain; and many * I do not find any aseount of this expedition and capture of st. Ang.- tine in the nsyo Cronologies. 124 m nISoRY AND- ANTIQUHNEs taken ; and the inhabitants retired probably within its inclosure with their valuables.* In the Spanish account of the various occurrences in this country, it is mentioned that in 1681, "the English having examined a province of Florida, dis- tant twelve leagues from another called New Castle, where the air is pleasant, the climate mild, and the lands very fertile, called it Silvania; and that knowing these advantages, a Quaker, or Shaker (a sect barbarous, impudent, and abominable), called William Penn, obtained a grant of it from Charles H., King of England, and made great efforts to colonize it" Such was the extent then claimed for the province of Florida, and such the opinion entertained of the Quakers. In 1681, Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, applied himself at once, upon his appointment to the gover- ship of Florida, to finishing the castle; and collected large quantities ofstone, lime, timber, and iron, more than sufficient subsequently to complete it About this period, a new impulse was given to the extension of the missions for converting the Indians; and large reinforcements of the clerical force were re- ceived from Mexico, Havana, and Spain; and many *I do not find any acsount of Shis expedition and eapture of st Angus- tine in the Ensayo Cronologica. 124 m ImSTORY AND ANTIQUsrIs taken ; and the inhabitants retired probably within its inclosure with their valuables. In the Spanish account of the various occurrences in this country, it is mentioned that in 1681, "the English having examined a province of Florida, dis- tant twelve leagues from another called New Castle, where the air is pleasant, the climate mild, and the lands very fertile, called it Silvania; and that knowing these advantages, a Quaker, or Shaker (a sect barbarous, impudent, and abominable), called William Penn, obtained a grant of it from Charles H., King of England, and made great efforts to colonize it" Such was the extent then claimed for the province of Florida, and such the opinion entertained of the Quakers. In 1681, Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, applied himself at once, upon his appointment to. the gover- ship of Florida, to finishing the castle; and collected large quantities of stone, lime, timber, and iron, more than sufficient subsequently to complete it About this period, a new impulse was given to the extension of the missions for converting the Indians; and large reinforcements of the clerical force were re- ceived from Mexico, Havana, and Spain ; and many * I do not find any amount ofs expedition and capture of as Anga- tine in the Ensayo Cronologies.  OF ST. AUGoSTINE, FLORIDA. 125 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 125 OF ST. AUGUSTINE,. FLORIDA. 125 of them received salaries from the crown. A con- siderable Indian town is spoken of at this period, as existing six hundred varas north of St. Augustine, and called Macarasi, which would correspond to the place formerly occupied by Judge Douglas (where, in Multicaulis' times, he built a cocoonery), and which has long been called Macariz. Other parts of the country were known by various names. Amelia Island was the province of Guale. The southern part of the country was known as the province of Carlos. Indian River was the province of Ys. Westwardly was the province of Apalachie; while smaller divisions were designated by the names of the chiefs. It is hardly to be doubted, that the same spirit of oppression towards the Indians, exercised in the other colonies under Spanish domination, existed in Florida. It has been already mentioned that the Apalachians were kept at labor upon the fortifica- tions of St. Augustine; and in 1680, the Yemasees, who had always been particularly peaceful and man- ageable, and whose principal town was Macarisqui, near St. Augustine, revolted at the rule exercised over them by the Spanish authorities at St. Augustine, in consequence of the execution of one of their chiefs by the order of the governor; and six years after- wards they made a general attack upon the Span- of them received salaries from the crown. A con- siderable Indian town is spoken of at this period, as existing six hundred varas north of St. Augustine, and called Macarasi, which would correspond to the place formerly occupied by Judge Douglas (where, in Multicaulis' times, he built a cocoonery), and which has long been called Macariz. Other parts of the country were known by various names. Amelia Island was the province of Guale. The southern part of the country was known as the province of Carlos. Indian River was the province of Ys. Westwardly was the province of Apalachie; while smaller divisions were designated by the names of the chiefs It is hardly to be doubted, that the same spirit of oppression towards the Indians, exercised in the other colonies under Spanish domination, existed in Florida. It has been already mentioned that the Apalachians were kept at labor upon the fortifica- tions of St. Augustine; and in 1680, the Yemasees, who had always been particularly peaceful and man- ageable, and whose principal town was Macarisqui, near St. Augustine, revolted at the rule exercised over them by the Spanish authorities at St. Augustine, in consequence of the execution of one of their chiefs by the order of the governor; and six years after- wards they made a general attack upon the Span- of them received salaries from the crown. A con- siderable Indian town is spoken of at this period, as existing six hundred varas north of St. Augustine, and called Macarasi, which would correspond to the place formerly occupied by Judge Douglas (where, in Multicaulis' times, he built a cocoonery), and which has long been called Macariz. Other parts of the country were known by various names. Amelia Island was the province of Guale. The southern part of the country was known as the province of Carlos. Indian River was the province of Ya. Westwardly was the province of Apalachie; while smaller divisions were designated by the names of the chiefs. It is hardly to be doubted, that the same spirit of oppression towards the Indians, exercised in the other colonies under Spanish domination, existed in Florida. It has been already mentioned that the Apalachians were kept at labor upon the fortifica- tions of St. Augustine; and in 1680, the Yemasees, who had always been particularly peaceful and man- ageable, and whose principal town was Macarisqui, near St Augustine, revolted at the rule exercised over them by the Spanish authorities at St Augustine, in consequence of the execution of one of their chiefs by the order of the governor; and six years after- wards they made a general attack upon the Span-  126 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTIES iards, drove them within the walls of the castle, and became such mortal enemies to them, that they never gave a Spaniard quarter, waylaying, and invariably massacring, any stragglers they could intercept outside of the fort. In 1670, an English settlement was established near Port Royal, South Carolina, one hundred and five years subsequent to the settlement of St. Augus- tine. The Spaniards regarded it as an infringement upon their rights ; and although a treaty, after this settlement, had been made between Spain and Eng- land, confirming to the latter all her settlements and islands, yet as no boundaries or limits were men- tioned, their respective rights and boundaries remained a subject of dispute for seventy years. About 1675, the Spanish authorities at St. Augus- tine, having intelligence from white ereaats who fled to them, of the discontented and miserable situation of the colony in Carolina, advanced with a party under arms as far as the island of St. Helena, to dislodge or destroy the settlers. A treacherous colonist of the name of Fitzpatrick, deserted to the Spaniards; but the governor, Sir John Yeamans, having received a reinforcement, held his ground; and a detachment of fifty volunteers under Colonel Godfrey, marched against the enemy, forcing them 126 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs iards, drove them within the walls of the castle, and became such mortal enemies to them, that they never gave a Spaniard quarter, waylaying, and invariably massacring, any stragglers they could intercept outside of the fort. In 1670, an English settlement was established near Port Royal, South Carolina, one hundred and five years subsequent to the settlement of St Augus- tine. The Spaniards regarded it as an infringement upon their rights; and although a treaty, after this settlement, had been made between Spain and Eng- land, confirming to the latter all her settlements and islands, yet as no boundaries or limits were men- tioned, their respective rights and boundaries remained a subject of dispute for seventy years. About 1675, the Spanish authorities at St Augus- tine, having intelligence from white servaats who fled to them, of the discontented and miserable situation of the colony in Carolina, advanced with a party under arms as far as the island of St. Helena, to dislodge or destroy the settlers. A treacherous colonist of the name of Fitzpatrick, deserted to the Spaniards; but the governor, Sir John Yeanmans, having received a reinforcement, held his ground; and a detachment of fifty volunteers under Colonel Godfrey, marched against the enemy, forcing them 126 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrrsS iards, drove them within the walls of the castle, and became such mortal enemies to them, that they never gave a Spaniard quarter, waylaying, and invariably massacring, any stragglers they could intercept outside of the fort. In 1670, an English settlement was established near Port Royal, South Carolina, one hundred and five years subsequent to the settlement of St Augus- tine. The Spaniards regarded it as an infringement upon their rights; and although a treaty, after this settlement, had been made between Spain and Eng- land, confirming to the latter all her settlements and islands, yet as no boundaries or limits were men- tioned, their respective rights and boundaries remained a subject of dispute for seventy years. About 1675, the Spanish authorities at St Augus. tine, having intelligence from white servants who fled to them, of the discontented and miserable situation of the colony in Carolina, advanced with a party under arms as far as the island of St. Helena, to dislodge or destroy the settlers. A treacherous colonist of the name of Fitzpatrick, deserted to the Spaniards; but the governor, Sir John Yeamans, having received a reinforcement, held his ground; and a detachment of fifty volunteers under Colonel Godfrey, marched against the enemy, forcing them  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 127 OF sT. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 127 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 127 to retire from the Island of St. Helena, and retreat to St. Augustine.? Ten years afterwards, three galleys sailed from St. Augustine, and attacked a Scotch and English set- tlement at Port Royal, which had been founded by Lord Cardross, in 1681. The settlement was weak and unprotected, and the Spaniards fell upon them, killing several, whipped many, plundered all, and broke up the colony. Flushed with success, they continued their depredations on Edisto River, burn- ing the houses, wasting the plantations, and robbing the settlers ; and finished their marauding expedition by capturing the brother of Governor Morton, and burning him alive in one of the galleys which a hurricane had driven so high upon land as to make it impossible to have it re-launched. Such at least is the English account of the matter ; and they say that intestine troubles alone prevented immediate and sig- nal retaliation by the South Carolinians.t One captain Don Juan de Aila, went to Spain in the year 1687, in his own vessel, to procure additional forces and ammunition for the garrison at St. Augus- tine. He received the men and munitions desired; * Carrolre S C., Vol 1, p. 62. t Rivere'S. C. His. CoL. p. 148. Do. Appendix, 425. Carrol'. Colt, d vol., 50. to retire from the Island of St. Helena, and retreat to St. Augustine.* Ten years afterwards, three galleys sailed from St. Augustine, and attacked a Scotch and English set- tlement at Port Royal, which had been founded by Lord Cardross, in 1681. The settlement was weak and unprotected, and the Spaniards fell upon them, killing several, whipped many, plundered all, and broke up the colony. Flushed with success, they continued their depredations on Edisto River, burn- ing the houses, wasting the plantations, and robbing the settlers ; and finished their marauding expedition by capturing the brother of Governor Morton, and burning him alive in one of the galleys which a hurricane had driven so high upon land as to make it impossible to have it re-launched. Such at least is the English account of the matter ; and they say that intestine troubles alone prevented immediate and sig- nal retaliation by the South Carolinianst One captain Don Juan de Aila, went to Spain in the year 1687, in his own vessel, to procure additional forces and ammunition for the garrison at St. Augus- tine. He received the men and munitions desired; * Carrols s. C., Vol. 1, p, 62. t Rivera'S. C. ist Coll. p. 148. Do. Appendir, 425. Carrol Coll, 2d Vl, 350. to retire from the Island of St. Helena, and retreat to St. Augustine.* Ten years afterwards, three galleys sailed from St. Augustine, and attacked a Scotch and English set- tlement at Port Royal, which had been founded by Lord Cardross, in 1681. The settlement was weak and unprotected, and the Spaniards fell upon them, killing several, whipped many, plundered all, and broke up the colony. Flushed with success, they continued their depredations on Edisto River, burn- ing the houses, wasting the plantations, and robbing the settlers ; and finished their marauding expedition by capturing the brother of Governor Morton, and burning him alive in one of the galleys which a hurricane had driven so high upon land as to make it impossible to have it re-launched. Such at least is the English account of the matter ; and they say that intestine troubles alone prevented immediate and sig- nal retaliation by the South Carolinians.t One captain Don Juan de Ails, went to Spain in the year 1687, in his own vessel, to procure additional forces and ammunition for the garrison at St. Augus- tine. He received the men and munitions desired; * Carrolfs S. C., vol. 1, p. 62. } RiverSs. C. HL Colt p. 143. Do. Appendi, 421. Carrol. Col., 2d vl, 35o.  128 THE HIsToRY AND AITIQS5TMIf and as a reward for his diligence and patriotism, he also received the privilege of carrying merchandise, duty free ; being also allowed to take twelve Spanish negroes for the cultivation of the fields of Florida, of whom it is said there was a great want in that province. By a mischance, he was only able to carry one negro there, with the troops and other cargo, and was received in the city with universal joy. This was the first occasion of the reception of African slaves ; although as has been heretofore men- tioned, it was made a part of the royal stipulation with Menendez, that he should bring over five hun- dred negro slaves. Don Diego de Quiroga y Losada, the governor of Florida in 1690, finding that the sea was making dangerous encroachments upon the shores of the town, and had reached even the houses, threatening to swallow them up, and render useless the fort which had cost so much to put in the state of completion in which it then was, called a public meeting of the chief men and citizens of the place, and proposed to them that in order to escape the danger which men- aced them, and to restrain the force of the sea, they should construct a wall, which should run from the castle and cover and protect the city from all dan- ger of the sea. The inhabitants not only approved of his proposal, but began the work with so much 128 THE HIsToRY AND A!TIQUrrD! and as a reward for his diligence and patriotism, he also received the privilege of carrying merchandise, duty free ; being also allowed to take twelve Spanish negroes for the cultivation of the fields of Florida, of whom it is said there was a great want in that province. By a mischance, he was only able to carry one negro there, with the troops and other cargo, and was received in the city with universal joy. This was the first occasion of the reception of African slaves ; although as has been heretofore men- tioned, it was made a part of the royal stipulation with Menendez, that he should bring over five hun- dred negro slaves. Don Diego de Quiroga y Losada, the governor of Florida in 1690, finding that the sea was making dangerous encroachments upon the shores of the town, and had reached even the houses, threatening to swallow them up, and render useless the fort which had cost so much to put in the state of completion in which it then was, called a public meeting of the chief men and citizens of the place, and proposed to them that in order to escape the danger which men- aced them, and to restrain the force of the sea, they should construct a wall, which should run from the castle and cover and protect the city from all dan- ger of the sea. The inhabitants not only approved of his proposal, but began the work with so much 128 THE HIsToRY AND AITIQUrrnE and as a reward for his diligence and patriotism, he also received the privilege of carrying merchandise, duty free ; being also allowed to take twelve Spanish negroes for the cultivation of the fields of Florida, of whom it is said there was a great want in that province. By a mischance, he was only able to carry one negro there, with the troops and other cargo, and was received in the city with universal joy. This was the first occasion of the reception of African slaves ; although as has been heretofore men- tioned, it was made a part of the royal stipulation with Menendez, that he should bring over five hun- dred negro slaves. Don Diego de Quiroga y Losada, the governor of Florida in 1690, finding that the sea was making dangerous encroachments upon the shores of the town, and had reached even the houses, threatening to swallow them up, and render useless the fort which had cost so much to put in the state of completion in which it then was, called a public meeting of the chief men and citizens of the place, and proposed to them that in order to escape the danger which men- aced them, and to restrain the force of the sea, they should construct a wall, which should ran from the castle and cover and protect the city from all dan- ger of the sea. The inhabitants not only approved of his proposal, but began the work with so much  OF- ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 129 OF ST. AUGUSTINFA FLORIDA. 129 OF ST. AUGUSTIN, FLORIDA. 129 zeal, that the soldiers gave more than seventeen hundred dollars of their wages, although they were very much behind, not having been paid in six years; with which the governor began to make the necessary preparations, and sent forward a dispatch to the home government upon the subject. The council of war of the Indies approved, in the following year, of the work of the sea wall, and directed the viceroy of New Spain to furnish ten thousand dollars for it, and directed that a plan and estimate of the work should be forwarded. Quiroga was succeeded in the governorship of Florida, by Don Laureano de Torres, who went forward with the work of the sea wall, and received for this pur- pose the means furnished by the soldiers, and one thousand dollars more, which they offered besides the two thousand dollars, and likewise six thousand dollars which had come from New Spain, remitted by the viceroy, Count de Galleo, for the purpose of building a tower, as a look-out to observe the sur- rounding Indian settlements. Whether this tower was erected, or where, we have no certain knowl- edge. The towers erected on the governor's palace and at the northeast angle of the fort, were intended as look-outs both sea and landward. The statements made in reference to the building of this wall, from the castle as far as the city, con- zeal, that the soldiers gave more than seventeen hundred dollars of their wages, although they were very much behind, not having been paid in six years ; with which the governor began to make the necessary preparations, and sent forward a dispatch to the home government upon the subject. The council of war of the Indies approved, in the following year, of the work of the sea wall, and directed the viceroy of New Spain to furnish ten thousand dollars for it, and directed that a plan and estimate of the work should be forwarded. Quiroga was succeeded in the governorship of Florida, by Don Laureano de Torres, who went forward with the work of the sea wall, and received for this pur- pose the means furnished by the soldiers, and one thousand dollars more, which they offered besides the two thousand dollars, and likewise six thousand dollars which had come from New Spain, remitted by the viceroy, Count de Galleo, for the purpose of building a tower, as a look-out to observe the sur- rounding Indian settlements. Whether this tower was erected, or where, we have no certain knowl- edge. The towers erected on the governor's palace and at the northeast angle of the fort, were intended as look-outs both sea and landward. The statements made in reference to the building of this wall, from the castle as far as the city, con- zeal, that the soldiers gave more than seventeen hundred dollars of their wages, although they were very much behind, not having been paid in six years; with which the governor began to make the necessary preparations, and sent forward a dispatch to the home government upon the subject. The council of war of the Indies approved, in the following year, of the work of the sea wall, and directed the viceroy of New Spain to furnish ten thousand dollars for it, and directed that a plan and estimate of the work should be forwarded. Quiroga was succeeded in the governorship of Florida, by Don Laureano de Torres, who went forward with the work of the sea wall, and received for this pur- pose the means furnished by the soldiers, and one thousand dollars more, which they offered besides the two thousand dollars, and likewise six thousand dollars which had come from New Spain, remitted by the viceroy, Count de Galleo, for the purpose of building a tower, as a look-out to observe the sur rounding Indian settlements. Whether this tower was erected, or where, we have no certain knowl- edge. The towers erected on the governor's palace and at the northeast angle of the fort, were intended as look-outs both sea and landward. The statements made in reference to the building of this wall, from the castle as far as the city, con-  180 THE HIsToRY AND AIQUrTIM firms the opinion previously expressed, that the ancient and early settlement of the place was south of the public square, as the remains of the ancient sea wall extend to the basin at the Plaza. The top of this old sea wall is still visible along the center of Bay street, where it occasionally appears above the level of the street; and its general plan and arrangement are shown on several old maps and plans of the city. Upon a plan of the city made in 1665, it is represented as terminating in a species of break-water at the public square. It is unneces- sary to add that the present sea wall is a much superior structure to the old, and extends above twice the distance. Its cost is said to have been one hundred thousand dollars, and it was building from 1887 to 1843. In the year 1700, the work on the sea wall had progressed but slowly, although the governor had employed thirty stone-cutters at a time, and had eight yoke of oxen drawing stone to the landing, and two lime-kilns all the while at work. But the money previously provided, and considerable addi- tional funds was requisite, resembling in this respect its successor. The new governor, De Cunisa, took the matter in hand, as he had much experience in fortifications. The defenses of the fort are spoken of as being at the time too weak to resist artillery, and the sea wall as being but a slight work. 130 THE MSTORY AND ANTIQUrrM firms the opinion previously expressed, that the ancient and early settlement of the place was south of the public square, as the remains of the ancient sea wall extend to the basin at the Plaza. The top of this old sea wall is still visible along the center of Bay street, where it occasionally appears above the level of the street; and its general plan and arrangement are shown on several old maps and plans of the city. Upon a plan of the city made in 1665, it is represented as terminating in a species of break-water at the public square. It is unneces- sary to add that the present sea wall is a much superior structure to the old, and extends above twice the distance. Its cost is said to have been one hundred thousand dollars, and it was building from 1837 to 1843. In the year 1700, the work on the sea wall had progressed but slowly, although the governor had employed thirty stone-cutters at a time, and had eight yoke of oxen drawing stone to the landing, and two lime-kilns all the while at work. But the money previously provided, and considerable addi- tional funds was requisite, resembling in this respect its successor. The new governor, De Cunisa, took the matter in hand, as he had much experience in fortifications. The defenses of the fort are spoken of as being at the time too weak to resist artillery, and the sea wall as being but a slight work. 180 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTIs firms the opinion previously expressed, that the ancient and early settlement of the place was south of the public square, as the remains of the ancient sea wall extend to the basin at the Plaza. The top of this old sea wall is still visible along the center of Bay street, where it occasionally appears above the level of the street; and its general plan and arrangement are shown on several old maps and plans of the city. Upon a plan of the city made in 1665, it is represented as terminating in a species of break-water at the public square. It is unneces- sary to add that the present sea wall is a much superior structure to the old, and extends above twice the distance. Its cost is said to have been one hundred thousand dollars, and it was building from 1887 to 1843. In the year 1700, the work on the sea wall had progressed but slowly, although the governor had employed thirty stone-cutters at a time, and had eight yoke of oxen drawing stone to the landing, and two lime-kilns all the while at work. But the money previously provided, and considerable addi- tional funds was requisite, resembling in this respect its successor. The new governor, De Cuniza, took the matter in hand, as he had much experience in fortifications. The defenses of the fort are spoken of as being at the time too weak to resist artillery, and the sea wall as being but a slight work.  OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 181 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 131 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 131 CHAPTER XIII. ATTACK ON ST. AUGUSTINE BY GOV. MOORE OF SOUTH CAR- OLINA-DIFFICULTIDs WITH THE GEORGIANs-1702-1732. HosTIxrms had broken out between England and Spain in 1702. The English settlements in Carolina only numbered six or seven thousand inhabitants, when Gov. Moore, who was an ambitious and ener- getic man, but with serious defects of character, led an invading force from Carolina against St. Augus- tine. The pretense was to retaliate for old injuries, and, by taking the initiative, to prevent an attack upon themselves. The real motive was said by Gov. Moore's opponents at home, to have been the acquisition of military reputation and private gain. The plan of the expedition embraced a combined land and naval attack ; and for this purpose six hundred provincial militia were embodied, with an equal number of Indian allies ; a portion of the militia, with the Indians, were to go inland by boats and by land, under the command of Col. Daniel, CHAPTER XIII. ATTACK ON ST. AUGISTINE BY GOV. MOORE OF SOUTH CAR- OLINA-DIFFICULTIEs WITH THE GEORGIANs-1702-1732. HosTIrrcs had broken out between England and Spain in 1702. The English settlements in Carolina only numbered six or seven thousand inhabitants, when Gov. Moore, who was an ambitious and ener- getic man, but with serious defects of character, led an invading force from Carolina against St. Augus- tine. The pretense was to retaliate for old injuries, and, by taking the initiative, to prevent an attack upon themselves. The real motive was said by Gov. Moore's opponents at home, to have been the acquisition of military reputation and private gain. The plan of the expedition embraced a combined land and naval attack ; and for this purpose six hundred provincial militia were embodied, with an equal number of Indian allies ; a portion of the militia, with the Indians, were to go inland by boats and by land, under the command of Col. Daniel, CHAPTER XIII. ATTACK ON ST. AUGUSTINE BY Gov. MOORE OF SOUTH CAR- OIANA-DIFFICULTIES WITH THE GEORGIAN-1702-1732. HosTmrrms had broken out between England and Spain in 1702. The English settlements in Carolina only numbered six or seven thousand inhabitants, when Gov. Moore, who was an ambitious and ener- getic man, but with serious defects of character, led an invading force from Carolina against St. Augus- tine. The pretense was to retaliate for old injuries, and, by taking the initiative, to prevent an attack upon themselves. The real motive was said by Gov. Moore's opponents at home, to have been the acquisition of military reputation and private gain. The plan of the expedition embraced a combined land and naval attack ; and for this purpose six hundred provincial militia were embodied, with an equal number of Indian allies ; a portion of the militia, with the Indians, were to go inland by boats and by land, under the command of Col. Daniel,  132 THE nsTORY AND ANTIQUrrIES who is spoken of as a good officer, while the main body proceeded with the governor by sea in several merchant schooners and ships which had been im- pressed for the service. The Spaniards, who had received intimations of the contemplated attack, placed themselves in the best posture of defense in their power, and laid up provisions in the castle to withstand a long siege. The forces under Col. Daniel arrived in advance of the naval fleet of the expedition, and immedi- ately marched upon the town. The inhabitants, upon his approach, retired with their most valuable effects within the spacious walls of the castle, and Col. Daniel entered and took possession of the town, the larger part of which, it must be recollected, was at some distance from the castle. The quaint description of these events, given by Oldmixon, is as follows:- " Col. Rob. Daniel, a very brave man, commanded a party who were to go up the river id periagas, and come upon Augustino on the land side, while the Governour sailed thither, and attacked it by sea. They both set out in August, 1702. COl. Daniel, in his way, took St. Johns, a small Spanish settlement ; as also St. Mary's, another little village belonging to the Spaniards; after which he pro- ceeded to Augustino, came before the town, entered 112 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQrrs who is spoken of as a good officer, while the main body proceeded with the governor by sea in several merchant schooners and ships which had been im- pressed for the service. The Spaniards, who had received intimations of the contemplated attack, placed themselves in the best posture of defense in their power, and laid up provisions in the castle to withstand a long siege. The forces under Col. Daniel arrived in advance of the naval fleet of the expedition, and immedi- ately marched upon the town. The inhabitants, upon his approach, retired with their most valuable effects within the spacious walls of the castle, and Col. Daniel entered and took possession of the town, the larger part of which, it must be recollected, was at some distance from the castle. The quaint description of these events, given by Oldmixon, is as follows:- " Col. Rob. Daniel, a very brave man, commanded a party who were to go up the river in periagas, and come upon Augustino on the land side, while the Governour sailed thither, and attacked it by sea. They both set out in August, 1702. Col. Daniel, in his way, took St. Johns, a small Spanish settlement ; as also St. Mary's, another little village belonging to the Spaniards; after which he pro- ceeded to Augustine, came before the town, entered 112 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUITIES who is spoken of as a good officer, while the main body proceeded with the governor by sea in several merchant schooners and ships which had been im- pressed for the service. The Spaniards, who had received intimations of the contemplated attack, placed themselves in the best posture of defense in their power, and laid up provisions in the castle to withstand a long siege. The forces under Col. Daniel arrived in advance of the naval fleet of the expedition, and immedi- ately marched upon the town. The inhabitants, upon his approach, retired with their most valuable effects within the spacious walls of the castle, and Col. Daniel entered and took possession of the town, the larger part of which, it must be recollected, was at some distance from the castle. The quaint description of these events, given by Oldmixon, is as follows:- " Col. Rob. Daniel, a very brave man, commanded a party who were to go up the river in periagas, and come upon Augustino on the land side, while the Governour sailed thither, and attacked it by sea. They both set out in August, 1702. COl. Daniel, in his way, took St. Johns, a small Spanish settlement ; as also St. Mary's, another little village belonging to the Spaniards; after which he pro- ceeded to Augustine, came before the town, entered  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 133 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 133 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 133 and took it, Col. Moor not being yet arrived with the fleet. "The inhabitants having notice of the approach of the English, had packed up their best effects and retired with them into the castle, which was sur- rounded by a very deep and broad moat. " They had laid up provisions there for four months, and resolved to defend themselves to the last extremity. However, Col. Daniel found a con- siderable booty in the town. The next day the Governour came ashore, and his troops following him, they entrenched, posted their guards in the church, and blocked up the castle. The English held possession of the town a whole month ; but finding they could do nothing for want of mortars and bombs, they despatched away a sloop for Jamaica ; but the commander of the sloop, instead of going thither, came to Carolina out of fear of treachery. Finding others offered to go in his stead, he pro- ceeded in the voyage himself, after he had lain some time at Charlestown. "The Governour all this while lay before the cas- tle of Augustino, in expectation of the return of the sloop, which hearing nothing of, he sent Col. baniel, who was the life of the action, to Jamaica on the same errand. This gentleman, being hearty in the design, pro. and took it, Col. Moor not being yet arrived with the fleet. "The inhabitants having notice of the approach of the English, had packed up their best effects and retired with them into the castle, which was sur- rounded by a very deep and broad moat. " They had laid up provisions there for four months, and resolved to defend themselves to the last extremity. However, CoL Daniel found a con- siderable booty in the town. The next day the Governour came ashore, and his troops following him, they entrenched, posted their guards in the church, and blocked up the castle. The English held possession of the town a whole month ; but finding they could do nothing for want of mortars and bombs, they despatched away a sloop for Jamaica ; but the commander of the sloop, instead of going thither, came to Carolina out of fear of treachery. Finding others offered to go in his stead, he pro- ceeded in the voyage himself, after he had lain some time at Charlestown. " The Governour all this while lay before the cas- tle of Augustino, in expectation of the return of the sloop, which hearing nothing of, he sent CoL baniel, who was the life of the action, to Jamaica on the same errand. This gentleman, being hearty in the design, pro- and took it, Col. Moor not being yet arrived with the fleet. "The inhabitants having notice of the approach of the English, had packed up their best effects and retired with them into the castle, which was sur- rounded by a very deep and broad moat. " They had laid up provisions there for four months, and resolved to defend themselves to the last extremity. However, CoL Daniel found a con- siderable booty in the town. The next day the Governour came ashore, and his troops following him, they entrenched, posted their guards in the church, and blocked up the castle. The English held possession of the town a whole month ; but finding they could do nothing for want of mortars and bombs, they despatched away a sloop for Jamaica ; but the commander of the sloop, instead of going thither, came to Carolina out of fear of treachery. Finding others offered to go in his stead, he pro- ceeded in the voyage himself, after he had lain some time at Charlestown. " The Governour all this while lay before the cas- tle of Augustino, in expectation of the return of the sloop, which hearing nothing of, he sent Col. baniel, who was the life of the action, to Jamaica on the same errand. This gentleman, being hearty in the design, pro-  131 THE HisToRY AND ANTIQUsTES cured a supply of bombs, and returned towards Augustino. But in the mean time two ships ap- peared in the offing, which being taken to be two very large men of war, the Governour thought fit to raise the siege and abandon his ships, with a great quantity of stores, ammunition, and provision, to the enemy. Upon which the two men of war entered the port of Augustino, and took the Governour's ships. Some say he burnt them himself. Certain it is they were lost to the English, and that he returned to Charles-Town over land 300 miles from Augustino. The two men of war that were thought to be so large, proved to be two small frigates, one of 82, and the other of 16 guns.* " When Col. Daniel came back to St Augustino, he was chased, but got away; and CoL Moor re- treated with no great honor homewards. The peri agas lay at St. Johns, whither the Governour retired and so to Charles-Town, having lost but two men in the whole expedition." Arratomakaw, king of the Yamioseans, who commanded the Indians, retreated to the periagas with the rest, and there slept upon his oars with a great Jeal of bravery and unconcern. The gover- * There must be an error, of course, in this statement of an 82-gu abip entering St Augustine, as the depth of water would never admit a vessel of over 800 tons: probably 8S should read 12 guns u G. . 131 THE HIsToRY AND ANTIQUITES cured a supply of bombs, and returned towards Augustino. But in the mean time two ships ap- peared in the offing, which being taken to be two very large men of war, the Governour thought fit to raise the siege and abandon his ships, with a great quantity of stores, ammunition, and provision, to the enemy. Upon which the two men of war entered the port of Augustino, and took the Governour's ships. Some say he burnt them himself. Certain it is they were lost to the English, and that he returned to Charles-Town over land 300 miles from Augustino. The two men of war that were thought to be so large, proved to be two small frigates, one of 82, and the other of 16 guns.5 " When Col. Daniel came back to St. Augustino, he was chased, but got away; and Col Moor re- treated with no great honor homewards. The peri- agas lay at St. Johns, whither the Governour retired and so to Charles-Town, having lost but two men in the whole expedition." Arratomakaw, king of the Yamioseans, who commanded the Indians, retreated to the periagas with the rest, and there slept upon his oars with a great deal of bravery and unconcern. The gover- * There must be an error, of ourse, in this statement of an 82-g dsip entering at. Augustine, as the depth of water would never admit a vesel of over 800 tons: probably 82 should read 12 guns G. $ . 134 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES cured a supply of bombs, and returned towards Augustino. But in the mean time two ships ap- peared in the offing, which being taken to be two very large men of war, the Governour thought fit to raise the siege and abandon his ships, with a great quantity of stores, ammunition, and provision, to the enemy. Upon which the two men of war entered the port of Augustino, and took the Governour's ships. Some say he burnt them himself. Certain it is they were lost to the English, and that he returned to Charles-Town over land 300 miles from Augustino. The two men of war that were thought to be so large, proved to be two small frigates, one of 82, and the other of 16 guns.* " When Col. Daniel came back to St. Augustino, he was chased, but got away; and Col. Moor re- treated with no great honor homewards. The peri- agas lay at St. Johns, whither the Governour retired and so to Charles-Town, having lost but two men in the whole expedition." Arratomakaw, king of the Yamioseans, who commanded the Indians, retreated to the periagas with the rest, and there slept upon his oars with a great deal of bravery and unconcern. The gover- * There must be an error, of course, in this statement of an 82-gun ship entering St, Augustine, as the depth of water would never admit a venel of over S00 tons: probably 82 should read 12 gun- G. R .  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 135 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 135 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 135 nor's soldiers, taking a false alarm, and thinking the Spaniards were coming, did not like this slow pace of the Indian king in his flight, and to quicken him into it, bade him make more haste. But he replied, "No; though your governor leaves you, I will not stir till I have seen all my men before me." The Spanish accounts say that he burned the town, and this statement is confirmed by the report made on the 18th July, 1740, by a committee of the House of Commons of the province of South Carolina, in which it is said, referring to these trans- actions, that Moore was obliged to retreat, but not without first burning the town.* It seems that the plunder carried off by Moore's troops was considerable ; as his enemies charged at the time that he sent off a sloop-load to Jamaica, and in an old colonial document of South Carolina, it is represented "that the late unfortu- nate, ill-contrived, and worse managed expedition against St. Augustine, was principally set on foot by the said late governor and his adherents; and that if any person in the said late assembly under- took to speak against it, and to show how unfit and unable we were at that time for such an attempt, he was presently looked upon by them as an enemy nor's soldiers, taking a false alarm, and thinking the Spaniards were coming, did not like this slow pace of the Indian king in his flight, and to quicken him into it, bade him make more haste. But he replied, "No; though your governor leaves you, I will not stir till I have seen all my men before me." The Spanish accounts say that he burned the town, and this statement is confirmed by the report made on the 18th July, 1740, by a committee of the House of Commons of the province of South Carolina, in which it is said, referring to these trans- actions, that Moore was obliged to retreat, bt not without first burning the town. It seems that the plunder carried off by Moore's troops was considerable ; as his enemies charged at the time that he sent off a sloop-load to Jamaica, and in an old colonial document of South Carolina, it is represented "that the late unfortu- nate, ill-contrived, and worse managed expedition against St. Augustine, was principally set on foot by the said late governor and his adherents; and that if any person in the said late assembly under- took to speak against it, and to show how unfit and unable we' were at that time for such an attempt, he was presently looked upon by them as an enemy nor's soldiers, taking a false alarm, and thinking the Spaniards were coming, did not like this slow pace of the Indian king in his flight, and to quicken him into it, bade him make more haste. But he replied, "No; though your governor leaves you, I will not stir till I have seen all my men before me." The Spanish accounts say that he burned the town, and this statement is confirmed by the report made on the 18th July, 1740, by a committee of the House of Commons of the province of South Carolina, in which it is said, referring to these trans- actions, that Moore was obliged to retreat, but not without first burning the town.* It seems that the plunder carried off by Moore's troops was considerable ; as his enemies charged at the time that he sent off a sloop-load to Jamaica, and in an old colonial document of South Carolina, it is represented "that the late unfortu- nate, ill-contrived, and worse managed expedition against St. Augustine, was principally set on foot by the said late governor and his adherents; and that if any person in the said late assembly under- took to speak against it, and to show how unfit and unable we were at that time for such an attempt, he was presently looked upon by them as an enemy *Carrol'. Hist Coll, voL 2, p. 852. * Carl. His. Coll., voL. 2, p. 35a * Carrol'. Hist Coll., vo. 2, p. 352.  136 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES and traitor to his country, and reviled and affronted in the said assembly ; although the true design of the said expedition was no other than catching and making slaves of Indians for private advantage, and impoverishing the country. * * * And that the expe- dition was to enrich themselves will appear particu- larly, because whatsoever booty, as rich silks, great quantity of church plate, with a great many other costly church ornaments and utensils taken by our soldiers at St. Augustine, are now detained in the possession of the said late governor and his officers, contrary to an act of assembly made for an equal division of the same amongst the soldiers."* The Spanish accounts of this expedition of Moore's are very meager. They designate him as the gov- ernor of St. George, by which name they called the harbor of Charleston; and they also speak of the plunder of the town, and the burning of the greater part of the houses. Don Joseph de Curriga was the then governor of the city, and had received just previous to the English attack, reinforcements from Havana, and had repaired and strengthened the for- tifications. The retreat of the English was celebrated with great rejoicing by the Spaniards, who had been for 136 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrrIEs and traitor to his country, and reviled and affronted in the said assembly ; although the true design of the said expedition was no other than catching and making slaves of Indians for private advantage, and impoverishing the country. * * * And that the expe- dition was to enrich themselves will appear particu- larly, because whatsoever booty, as rich silks, great quantity of church plate, with a great many other costly church ornaments and utensils taken by our soldiers at St. Augustine, are now detained in the possession of the said late governor and his officers, contrary to an act of assembly made for an equal. division of the same amongst the soldiers."* The Spanish accounts of this expedition of Moore's are very meager. They designate him as the gov- ernor of St. George, by which name they called the harbor of Charleston; and they also speak of the plunder of the town, and the burning of the greater part of the houses. Don Joseph de Curriga was the then governor of the city, and had received just previous to the English attack, reinforcements from Havana, and had repaired and strengthened the for- tifications. The retreat of the English was celebrated with great rejoicing by the Spaniards, who had been for 136 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES and traitor to his country, and reviled and affronted in the said assembly ; although the true design of the said expedition was no other than catching and making slaves of Indians for private advantage, and impoverishing the country. * * * And that the expe- dition was to enrich themselves will appear particu- larly, because whatsoever booty, as rich silks, great quantity of church plate, with a great many other costly church ornaments and utensils taken by our soldiers at St. Augustine, are now detained in the possession of the said late governor and his officers, contrary to an act of assembly made for an equal division of the same amongst the soldiers" The Spanish accounts of this expedition of Moore's are very meager. They designate him as the gov- ernor of St. George, by which name they called the harbor of Charleston; and they also speak of the plunder of the town, and the burning of the greater part of the houses. Don Joseph de Curriga was the then governor of the city, and had received just previous to the English attack, reinforcements from Havana, and had repaired and strengthened the for- tifications. The retreat of the English was celebrated with great rejoicing by the Spaniards, who had been for * River' Hi.St sketehes. a a, app. 456. * River.' Hist sketches. a a, app. 456. * River.' Hist. sketchess. Q, app. 456.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA 187 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 187 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA 187 three months shut up within the limited space of the walls of the castle; and they gladly repaired their ruined homes, and made good the ravages of the English invasion. An English account says that the two vessels which appeared off the bar and caused Moore's precipitate retreat, contained but two hun- dred men, and that had he awaited Colonel Daniel's return with the siege guns and ammunition, the castle would have fallen into their hands. In the same year, the king of Spain, alarmed at the dangers which menaced his possessions in Flor- ida, gave greater attention to the strengthening the defenses of St. Augustine, and forwarded con- siderable reinforcements to the garrison, as well as additional supplies of munitions. The works were directed to be strengthened, which Governor Curriga thought not as strong as had been represented, and that the sea wall in the process of erection, was insuficient for the purpose for which it was designed. Sixty years had elapsed since the Apalachian Indians had been conquered and compelled to labor upon the fortifications of St. Augustine ; their chiefs now asked that they might be relieved from farther compulsory labor; and after the usual number of references and reports and informations, through the Spanish circumlocution offices, this was graciously 10 three months shut up within the limited space of the walls of the castle; and they gladly repaired their ruined homes, and made good the ravages of the English invasion. An English account says that the two vessels which appeared off the bar and caused Moore's precipitate retreat, contained but two hun- dred men, and that bad he awaited Colonel Daniel's return with the siege guns and ammunition, the castle would have fallen into their hands. In the same year, the king of Spain, alarmed at the dangers which menaced his possessions in Flor- ida, gave greater attention to the strengthening the defenses of St. Augustine, and forwarded con- siderable reinforcements to the garrison, as well as additional supplies of munitions. The works were directed to be strengthened, which Governor Curriga thought not as strong as had been represented, and that the sea wall in the process of erection, was insufficient for the purpose for which it was designed. Sixty years had elapsed since the Apalachian Indians had been conquered and compelled to labor .upon the fortifications of St. Augustine; their chiefs now asked that they might be relieved from farther compulsory labor; and after the usual number of references and reports and informations, through the Spanish circumlocution offices, this was graciously 10 three months shut up within the limited space of the walls of the castle; and they gladly repaired their ruined homes, and made good the ravages of the English invasion. An English account says that the two vessels which appeared off the bar and caused Moore's precipitate retreat, contained but two hun- dred men, and that had he awaited Colonel Daniel's return with the siege guns and ammunition, the castle would have fallen into their hands. In the same year, the king of Spain, alarmed at the dangers which menaced his possessions in Flor- ida, gave greater attention to the strengthening the defenses of St. Augustine, and forwarded con- siderable reinforcements to the garrison, as well as additional supplies of munitions. The works were directed to be strengthened, which Governor Curriga thought not as strong as had been represented, and that the sea wall in the process of erection, was insufficient for the purpose for which it was designed. Sixty years had elapsed since the Apalachian Indians had been conquered and compelled to labor upon the fortifications of St. Augustine; their chiefs now asked that they might be relieved from farther compulsory labor; and after the usual number of references and reports and informations, through the Spanish circumlocution offices, this was graciously 10  138 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUIrIEs granted in a suspensory form, until their services should be again required. During the year 1712, a great scarcity of provi- sions, caused by the failure of the usual supply ves- sels, reduced the inhabitants of St. Augustine to the verge of starvation ; and, for two or three months, they were obliged to live upon horses, cats, dogs, and other disgusting animals. It seems strange, that after a. settlement of nearly one hundred and fifty years, the Spaniards in Florida should still be dependent upon the importation of provisions for their support ; and that anything like the distress indicated should prevail, with the abundant resour- ces they had, from the fish, oysters, turtle, and clams of the sea, and the arrow-root and cabbage-tree palm of the land. The English settlements were now extending into the interior portions of South Carolina; and the French had renewed their efforts at settlement and colonization upon the rivers discharging into the Gulf of Mexico. All three nations were competitors for the trade with the Indians, and kept up an intriguing rivalship for this trade for more than a hundred years. There seems to have been at this period, a policy pursued by the Spanish authorities in Florida, of the most reprehensible character. The strongest 138 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIMs granted in a suspensory form, until their services should be again required. During the year 1712, a great scarcity of provi- sions, caused by the failure of the usual supply ves- sels, reduced the inhabitants of St. Augustine to the verge of starvation ; and, for two or three months, they were obliged to live upon horses, cats, dogs, and other disgusting animals. It seems strange, that after a, settlement of nearly one hundred and fifty years, the Spaniards in Florida should still be dependent upon the importation of provisions for their support ; and that anything like the distress indicated should prevail, with the abundant resour- ces they had, from the fish, oysters, turtle, and clams of the sea, and the arrow-root and cabbage-tree palm of the land. The English settlements were now extending into the interior portions of South Carolina; and the French had renewed their efforts at settlement and colonization upon the rivers discharging into the Gulf of Mexico. All three nations were competitors for the trade with the Indians, and kept up an intriguing rivalship for this trade for more than a hundred years. There seems to have been at this period, a policy pursued by the Spanish authorities in Florida, of the most reprehensible character. The strongest 138 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES granted in a suspensory form, until their services should be again required. During the year 1712, a great scarcity of provi- sions, caused by the failure of the usual supply ves- sels, reduced the inhabitants of St. Augustine to the verge of starvation ; and, for two or three months, they were obliged to live upon horses, cats, dogs, and other disgusting animals. It seems strange, that after a settlement of nearly one hundred and fifty years, the Spaniards in Florida should still be dependent upon the importation of provisions for their support ; and that anything like the distress indicated should prevail, with th abundant resour- ces they had, from the fish, oysters, turtle, and clams of the sea, and the arrow-root and cabbage-tree palm of the land. The English settlements were now extending into the interior portions of South Carolina; and the French had renewed their efforts at settlement and colonization upon the rivers discharging into the Gulf of Mexico. All three nations were competitors for the trade with the Indians, and kept up an intriguing rivalship for this trade for more than a hundred years. There seems to have been at this period, a policy pursued by the Spanish authorities in Florida, of the most reprehensible character. The strongest  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA 139 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA 139 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA' 139 efforts were made to attach all the Indian tribes to the Spanish interest; and they were encouraged to carry on a system of plunder and annoyance upon the English settlements of Carolina. They particu- larly seized upon all the negroes they could obtain, and carried them to the governor at St. Augustine ; who invariably refused to surrender them, alleging that he was acting under the instructions of his government in so doing. In 1704, Governor Moore had made a sweeping and vigorous excursion against the Indian towns in Middle Florida, all of whom were in the Spanish interest; and had broken up and destroyed the towns, and missions attached to them. In 1725, Colonel Palmer determined, since no satisfaction could be obtained for the incursions of the Spanish Indians, and the loss of their slaves, to make a descent upon them; and with a party of three hun- dred men entered Florida, with an intention of visiting upon the province all the desolation of retributive warfare. He went up to the very gates of St. Augustine, and compelled the inhabitants to seek protection within the castle. In his course he swept every thing before him, destroying every house, field, and improvement within his reach ; carrying off the live-stock, and every thing else of value. The efforts were made to attach all the Indian tribes to the Spanish interest; and they were encouraged to carry on a system of plunder and annoyance upon the English settlements of Carolina. They partic. larly seized upon all the negroes they could obtain, and carried them to the governor at St. Augustine; who invariably refused to surrender them, alleging that he was acting under the instructions of his government in so doing. In 1704, Governor Moore had made a sweeping and vigorous excursion against the Indian towns in Middle Florida, all of whom were in the Spanish interest; and had broken up and destroyed the towns, and missions attached to them. In 1725, Colonel Palmer determined, since no satisfaction could be obtained for the incursions of the Spanish Indians, and the loss of their slaves, to make a descent upon them; and with a party of three hun- dred men entered Florida, with an intention of visiting upon the province all the desolation of retributive warfare. He went up to the very gates of St. Augustine, and compelled the inhabitants to seek protection within the castle. In his course he swept every thing before him, destroying every house, field, and improvement within his reach ; carrying off the live-stock, and every thing else of value. The efforts were made to attach all the Indian tribes to the Spanish interest; and they were encouraged to carry on a system of plunder and annoyance upon the English settlements of Carolina. They particu- larly seized upon all the negroes they could obtain, and carried them to the governor at St. Augustine; who invariably refused to surrender them, alleging that he was acting under the instructions of his government in so doing. In 1704, Governor Moore had made a sweeping and vigorous excursion against the Indian towns in Middle Florida, all of whom were in the Spanish interest; and had broken up and destroyed the towns, and missions attached to them. In 1725, Colonel Palmer determined, since no satisfaction could be obtained for the incursions of the Spanish Indians, and the loss of their slaves, to make a descent upon them; and with a party of three hun- dred men entered Florida, with an intention of visiting upon the province all the desolation of retributive warfare. He went up to the very gates of St. Augustine, and compelled the inhabitants to seek protection within the castle. In his course he swept every thing before him, destroying every house, field, and improvement within his reach ; carrying off the live-stock, and every thing else of value. The  140 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQtrrI Spanish Indians who fell within his power, were slain in large numbers, and many were taken prisoners. Outside of the walls of St. Augustine nothing was left undestroyed; and the Spanish authorities received a memorable lesson in the law of retribution. 140 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITI Spanish Indians who fell within his power, were slain in large numbers, and many were taken prisoners. Outside of the walls of St. Augustine nothing was left undestroyed; and the Spanish authorities received a memorable lesson in the law of retribution. 140 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQHITIE Spanish Indians who fell within his power, were slain in large numbers, and many were taken prisoners. Outside of the walls of St. Augustine nothing was left undestroyed; and the Spanish authorities received a memorable lesson in the law of retribution.  CHAPTER XIV. SIEGE OF ST. AUGUSTINE, BY OGLETHORPK-1782-1740. DnmrcuLTIa existed for many years subsequently, between the Spanish and English settlements. In 1732, Oglethorpe planted his colony in Georgia, and extended his settlements along the coast towards Florida, claiming and occupying the country up to the margin of the St. Johns, and established a post at St. George Island. This was deemed an invasion of the territory of Spain ; and the post was attacked unfairly, as the English say, and some of their men murdered. Oglethorpe, upon this, acting under the instructions of the home government, commenced hostilities, by arranging a joint attack, of the forces of South Carolina and Georgia, with a view to the entire conquest of Florida. The instructions of the king of England to Ogle- thorpe, were, that he should make a naval and land attack upon St. Augustine; "and if it shall please God to give you success, you are either to demolish the fort and bastions, or put a garrison in it, in case CHAPTER XIV. SIEGE OF ST. AUGUSTINE, BY OGLETHORPE.-1782-1740. Dmwcur ms existed for many years subsequently, between the Spanish and English settlements. In 1732, Oglethorpe planted his colony in Georgia, and extended his settlements along the coast towards Florida, claiming and occupying the country up to the margin of the St. Johns, and established a post at St. George Island. This was deemed an invasion of the territory of Spain; and the post was attacked unfairly, as the English say, and some of their men murdered. Oglethorpe, upon this, acting under the instructions of the home government, commenced hostilities, by arranging a joint attack, of the forces of South Carolina and Georgia, with a view to the entire conquest of Florida. The instructions of the king of England to Ogle- thorpe, were, that he should make a naval and land attack upon St. Augustine; "and if it shall please God to give you success, you are either to demolish the fort and bastions, or put a garrison in it, in case CHAPTER XIV. sIEGE oF sT. AUGUSTnE, B OGLETHORPa-1732-1740. DrmCuUTrEs existed for many years subsequently, between the Spanish and English settlements. In 1732, Oglethorpe planted his colony in Georgia, and extended his settlements along the coast towards Florida, claiming and occupying the country up to the margin of the St. Johns, and established a post at St. George Island. This was deemed an invasion of the territory of Spain; and the post was attacked unfairly, as the English say, and some of their men murdered. Oglethorpe, upon this, acting under the instructions of the home government, commenced hostilities, by arranging a joint attack, of the forces of South Carolina and Georgia, with a view to the entire conquest of Florida. The instructions of the king of England to Ogle- thorpe, were, that he should make a naval and land attack upon St. Augustine; "and if it shall please God to give you success, you are either to demolish the fort and bastions, or put a garrison in it, in case  142 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES you shall have men enough for that purpose; which last, it is thought, will be the best way to prevent the Spaniards from endeavoring to retake and settle the said place again, at any time hereafter."* Don Manuel Monteano was then governor of Flor- ida, and in command of the garrison. The city and castle were previously in a poor condition to with- stand an attack from a well-prepared foe; and on the 11th November, 1737, Governor Monteano writes to the governor-general of Cuba, that "the fort of this place is its only defense; it has no case- mates for the shelter of the men, nor the necessary elevation to the counter-scarp, nor covert ways, nor ravelins to the curtains, nor other exterior works that could give time for a long defense; but it is thus naked outside, as it is without soul within, for there are no cannon that could be fired twenty-four hours, and though there were, artillery-men to man- age them are wanting." Under the superintendence of an able officer of engineers, Don Antonio de Arredando, the works were put in order ; the ramparts were heightened and casemated; a covered way was made, by plant- ing and embanking four thousand stakes; bomb- proof vaults were constructed, and entrenchments 142 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUTIEs you shall have men enough for that purpose ; which last, it is thought, will be the best way to prevent the Spaniards from endeavoring to retake and settle the said place again, at any time hereafter." Don Manuel Monteano was then governor of Flor- ida, and in command of the garrison. The city and castle were previously in a poor condition to with- stand an attack from a well-prepared foe; and on the 11th November, 1737, Governor Monteano writes to the governor-general of Cuba, that "the fort of this place is its only defense; it has no case- mates for the shelter of the men, nor the necessary elevation to the counter-scarp, nor covert ways, nor ravelins to the curtains, nor other exterior works that could give time for a long defense; but it is thus naked outside, as it is without soul within, for there are no cannon that could be fired twenty-four hours, and though there were, artillery-men to man- age them are wanting." Under the superintendence of an able officer of engineers, Don Antonio de Arredando, the works were put in order ; the ramparts were heightened and casemated ; a covered way was made, by plant- ing and embanking four thousand stakes; bomb- proof vaults were constructed, and entrenchments 142 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES you shall have men enough for that purpose; which last, it is thought, will be the best way to prevent the Spaniards from endeavoring to retake and settle the said place again, at any time hereafter" * Don Manuel Monteano was then governor of Flor- ida, and in command of the garrison. The city and castle were previously in a poor condition to with- stand an attack from a well-prepared foe; and on the 11th November, 1737, Governor Monteano writes to the governor-general of Cuba, that "the fort of this place is its only defense; it has no case- mates for the shelter of the men, nor the necessary elevation to the counter-scarp, nor covert ways, nor ravelins to the curtains, nor other exterior works that could give time for a long defense; but it is thus naked outside, as it is without soul within, for there are no cannon that could be fired twenty-four hours, and though there were, artillery-men to man- age them are wanting." Under the superintendence of an able officer of engineers, Don Antonio de Arredando, the works were put in order; the ramparts were heightened and casemated; a covered way was made, by plant- ing and embanking four thousand stakes; bomb- proof vaults were constructed, and entrenchments * state Papers of Georgia. G. Hist. soe. * state Paper of Georgia. Ga. Hist. soe. * State Papers of Georgia. Ga. HiL. soe.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 143 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 143 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 143 thrown up around the town, protected by ten salient angles, many of which are still visible. The garri- Bon of the town was about seven hundred and forty soldiers, according to Governor Monteano's return of troops. On the 25th March, 1740, the total pop ulation of St. Augustine, of all classes, was two thou- sand one hundred and forty-three. Previous to his attack upon the place, General Oglethorpe obtained the following information from prisoners whom he took at the outposts. He says, "They agree that there are fifty pieces of cannon in the castle at St. Augustine, several of which are of brass, from twelve to forty-eight pounds. It has four bastions. The walls are of stone, and casema- ted. The internal square is sixty yards. The ditch is forty feet wide, and twelve feet deep, sii of which is sometimes filled with water. The counterscarp is faced with stone. They have lately made a covered way. The town is fortified with an entrenchment, salient angles, and redoubts, which inclose about half a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in width. The inhabitants and garrison, men, women, and chil- dren, amount to above two thousand five hundred. For the garrison, the king pays eight companies, sent from Spain two years since for the invasion of Georgia; upon establishment fifty-three men each, three companies of foot and one of artillery, thrown up around the town, protected by ten salient angles, many of which are still visible. The garri- son of the town was about seven hundred and forty soldiers, according to Governor Monteano's return of troops. On the 25th March, 1740, the total pop ulation of St. Augustine, of all classes, was two thou- sand one hundred and forty-three. Previous to his attack upon the place, General Oglethorpe obtained the following information from prisoners whom he took at the outposts. He says, " They agree that there are fifty pieces of cannon in the castle at St. Augustine, several of which are of brass, from twelve to forty-eight pounds. It has four bastions. The walls are of stone, and casema- ted. The internal square is sixty yards. The ditch is forty feet wide, and twelve feet deep, six of which is sometimes filled with water. The counterscarp is faced with stone. They have lately made a covered way. The town is fortified with an entrenchment, salient angles, and redoubts, which inclose about half a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in width. The inhabitants and garrison, men, women, and chil- dren, amount to above two thousand five hundred. For the garrison, the king pays eight companies, sent from Spain two years since for the invasion of Georgia; upon establishment fifty-three men each, three companies of foot and one of artillery, thrown up around the town, protected by ten salient angles, many of which are still visible. The garri- son of the town was about seven hundred and forty soldiers, according to Governor Monteano's return of troops. On the 25th March, 1740, the total pop ulation of St. Augustine, of all classes, was two thou- sand one hundred and forty-three. Previous to his attack upon the place, General Oglethorpe obtained the following information from prisoners whom he took at the outposts. He says, "They agree that there are fifty pieces of cannon in the castle at St. Augustine, several of which are of brass, from twelve to forty-eight pounds. It has four bastions. The walls are of stone, and casema- ted. The internal square is sixty yards. The ditch is forty feet wide, and twelve feet deep, six of which is sometimes filled with water. The counterscarp is faced with stone. They have lately made a covered way. The town is fortified with an entrenchment, salient angles, and redoubts, which inclose about half a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in width. The inhabitants and garrison, men, women, and chil- dren, amount to above two thousand five hundred. For the garrison, the king pays eight companies, sent from Spain two years since for the invasion of Georgia; upon establishment fifty-three men each, three companies of foot and one of artillery,  144 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of the old garrison, and one troop.of horse one hun- dred each upon establishment; of these, one hundred are at St. Marks, ten days' march from St. Angus- tine; upon the Gulf of Mexico, one hundred are disposed in several small forts." Of these out-posts, there were two, one on each side of the river St. Johns-at Picolata, and immediately opposite-and at Diego. The purpose of the forts at Picolata was to guard the passage of the river, and to keep open the communication with St. Marks and Pensacola ; and when threatened with the inva- sion of Oglethorpe, messengers were dispatched to the governor of Pensacola for aid, and also to Mex- ico by the same route. The fort at Diego was but a small work, erected by Don Diego de Spinosa, upon his own estate; and the remains of it, with one or two cannon, are still visible. Fort Moosa was an out-post at the place now known by that name, on the North River, about two miles north of St. Augustine. A fortified line, a considerable portion of which may be now traced, extended across from the stoccades on the St. Sebastian, to Fort Moosa; a communication by a tide creek existed through the marshes, between the castle at St. Augustine and Fort Moosa. Oglethorpe first attacked the two forts at Picolata, one of which, called Fort Pappa, or St. Francis de 144 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of the old garrison, and one troop.of horse one hun- dred each upon establishment; of these, onehundred are at St. Marks, ten days' march from St. Augus- tine; upon the Gulf of Mexico, one hundred are disposed in several small forts." Of these out-posts, there were two, one on each side of the river St. Johns-at Picolata, and immediately opposite-and at Diego. The purpose of the forts at Picolata was to guard the passage of the river, and to keep open the communication with St. Marks and Pensacola ; and when threatened with the inva- sion of Oglethorpe, messengers were dispatched to the governor of Pensacola for aid, and also to Mex- ico by the same route. The fort at Diego was but a small work, erected by Don Diego de Spinosa, upon his own estate; and the remains of it, with one or two cannon, are still visible. Fort Moosa was an out-post at the place now known by that name, on the North River, about two miles north of St. Augustine. A fortified line, a considerable portion of which may be now traced, extended across from the stoccades on the St. Sebastian, to Fort Moosa; a communication by a tide creek existed through the marshes, between the castle at St. Augustine and Fort Moosa. Oglethorpe first attacked the two forts at Picolata, one of which, called Fort Pappa, or St. Francis de 144 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of the old garrison, and one troop of horse one hun- dred each upon establishment; of these, onehundred are at St. Marks, ten days' march from St. Augus- tine; upon the Gulf of Mexico, one hundred are disposed in several small forts." Of these out-posts, there were two, one on each side of the river St. Johns-at Picolata, and immediately opposite-and at Diego. The purpose of the forts at Picolata was to guard the passage of the river, and to keep open the communication with St. Marks and Pensacola ; and when threatened with the inva- sion of Oglethorpe, messengers were dispatched to the governor of Pensacola for aid, and also to Mex- ico by the same route. The fort at Diego was but a small work, erected by Don Diego de Spinosa, upon his own estate; and the remains of it, with one or two cannon, are still visible. Fort Moosa was an out-post at the place now known by that name, on the North River, about two miles north of St. Augustine. A fortified line, a considerable portion of which may be now traced, extended across from the stoccades on the St. Sebastian, to Fort Moosa; a communication by a tide creek existed through the marshes, between the castle at St. Augustine and Fort Moosa. Oglethorpe first attacked the two forts at Picolata, one of which, called Fort Pappa, or St. Francis de  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 145 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 145 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 145 Pappa, was a place of some strength. Its remains still exist, about one-fourth of a mile north of the termination of the Bellamy Road, its earthworks being still strongly marked. After a slight resistance, both forts fell into his hands, much to the annoyance of Governor Mon- teano. Oglethorpe speaks of Fort Francis as being of much importance, "as commanding the passes from St. Augustine to Mexico, and into the country of the Creek Indians, and also being upon the ferry, where the troops which come from St. Augustine must pass." He found in it, one mortar piece, two carriages, three small guns, ammunition, one hun- dred and fifty shells, and fifty glass bottles full of gunpowder, with fuses-a somewhat novel missile of war. The English general's plan of operation was, that the crews and troops upon the vessels should land, and throw up batteries upon Anastasia Island, from thence bombarding the town; while he him- self, designed to lead the attack on the land side. Having arrived in position, he gave the signal of attack to the fleet, by sending up a rocket; but no response came from the vessels, and he had the mor- tification of being obliged to withdraw his troops. The troops were unable to effect a landing from the vessels, in consequence of a number of armed Span- Pappa, was a place of some strength. Its remains still exist, about one-fourth of a mile north of the termination of the Bellamy Road, its earthworks being still strongly marked. After a slight resistance, both forts fell into his hands, much to the annoyance of Governor Mon- teano. Oglethorpe speaks of Fort Francis as being of much importance, "as commanding the passes from St. Augustine to Mexico, and into the country of the Creek Indians, and also being upon the ferry, where the troops which come from St. Augustine must pass." He found in it, one mortar piece, two carriages, three small guns, ammunition, one hun- dred and fifty shells, and fifty glass bottles full of gunpowder, with fuses-a somewhat novel missile of war. The English general's plan of operation was, that the crews and troops upon the vessels should land, and throw up batteries upon Anastasia Island, from thence bombarding the town; while he him- self, designed to lead the attack on the land side. Having arrived in position, he gave the signal of attack to the fleet, by sending up a rocket; but no response came from the vessels, and he had the mor- tifcation of being obliged to withdraw his troops. The troops were unable to effect a landing from the vessels, in consequence of a number of armed Span- Pappa, was a place of some strength. Its remains still exist, about one-fourth of a mile north of the termination of the Bellamy Road, its earthworks being still strongly marked. After a slight resistance, both forts fell into his hands, much to the annoyance of Governor Mon- teano. Oglethorpe speaks of Fort Francis as being of much importance, "as commanding the passes from St. Augustine to Mexico, and into the country of the Creek Indians, and also being upon the ferry, where the troops which come from St. Augustine must pass." He found in it, one mortar piece, two carriages, three small guns, ammunition, one hun- dred and fifty shells, and fifty glass bottles full of gunpowder, with fuses-a somewhat novel missile of war. The English general's plan of operation was, that the crews and troops upon the vessels should land, and throw up batteries upon Anastasia Island, from thence bombarding the town; while he him- self, designed to lead the attack on the land side. Having arrived in position, he gave the signal of attack to the fleet, by sending up a rocket; but no response came from the vessels, and he had the mor- tification of being obliged to withdraw his troops. The troops were unable to effect a landing from the vessels, in consequence of a number of armed Span-  146 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES ish galleys having been drawn up inside the bar ; so that no landing could be made except under a severe fire, while the galleys were protected from an attack by the ships, in consequence of the shoal water. Hp then prepared to reduce the town by a regu- lar siege, with a strict blockade by sea. He hoped, by driving the inhabitants into the castle, so to encumber the governor with useless months, as to reduce him to the necessity of a surrender to avoid starvation. The town was placed under the range of his heavy artillery and mortars, and soon became untenable, forcing the citizens generally to seek the shelter of the fort. Col. Vanderduysen was posted at Point Quartel; and others of the troops upon Anastasia Island, and the north beach. Three batteries were erected: one on Anastasia Island, called the Poza, which con- sisted of four eighteen-pounders and one nine- pounder; one on the point of the wood of the island, mounting two eighteen-pounders. The remains of the Poza battery are still to be seen, almost as dis- tinctly marked as on the day of its erection. Four mortars and forty cohorns were employed in the siege. The siege began on the 12th June ; and on the 25th June a night sortie was made from the castle 146 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs ish galleys having been drawn up inside the bar ; so that no landing could be made except under a severe fire, while the galleys were protected from an attack by the ships, in consequence of the shoal water. He then prepared to reduce the town by a regu- lar siege, with a strict blockade by sea. He hoped, by driving the inhabitants into the castle, so to encumber the governor with useless months, as to reduce him to the necessity of a surrender to avoid starvation. The town was placed under the range of his heavy artillery and mortars, and soon became untenable, forcing the citizens generally to seek the shelter of the fort. Col. Vanderduysen was posted at Point Quartel; and others of the troops upon Anastasia Island, and the north beach. Three batteries were erected: one on Anastasia Island, called the Poza, which con- sisted of four eighteen-pounders and one nine- pounder; one on the point of the wood of the island, mounting two eighteen-pounders. The remains of the Poza battery are still to be seen, almost as dis- tinctly marked as on the day of its erection. Four mortars and forty cohorns were employed in the siege. The siege began on the 12th June ; and on the 25th June a night sortie was made from the castle 146 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES ish galleys having been drawn up inside the bar ; so that no landing could be made except under a severe fire, while the galleys were protected from an attack by the ships, in consequence of the shoal water. Hp then prepared to reduce the town by a regu- lar siege, with a strict blockade by sea. He hoped, by driving the inhabitants into the castle, so to encumber the governor with useless mouths, as to reduce him to the necessity of a surrender to avoid starvation. The town was placed under the range of his heavy artillery and mortars, and soon became untenable, forcing the citizens generally to seek the shelter of the fort. Col. Vanderduysen was posted at Point Quartel; and others of the troops upon Anastasia Island, and the north beach. Three batteries were erected: one on Anastasia Island, called the Poza, which con- sisted of four eighteen-pounders and one nine- pounder ; one on the point of the wood of the island, mounting two eighteen-pounders. The remains of the Poza battery are still to be seen, almost as dis- tinctly marked as on the day of its erection. Four mortars and forty cohorns were employed in the siege. The siege began on the 12th June ; and on the 25th June a night sortie was made from the castle  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 147 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 147 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 147 against a portion of the troops under command of Col. Palmer, who were encamped at Fort Moosa, including a company of Scotch Highlanders, number- ing eighty-five men, under their chief, Capt. McIn- tosh, all equipped in Highland dress. This attack was entirely successful, and the English sustained a severe loss, their colonel being killed, with twenty Highland- ers, twenty-seven soldiers, and a number of Indians. This affair at Fort Moosa has generally been con- sidered as a surprise, and its disastrous results as the consequence of carelessness and disobedience of the orders of Oglethorpe. Captain McIntosh, the leader of the Highlanders, was taken prisoner, and finally transferred to Spain. From his prison at St. Sebas- tian, under date of 20th June, 1741, he gives the following account of the matter :- "I listed seventy men, all in Highland dress, and marched to the siege, and was ordered to scout nigh St. Augustine and molest the enemy, while the gen- eral and the rest of his little army went to an island where we could have no succor of them. I punctu- ally obeyed my orders, until seven hundred Span- iards sallied out from the garrison, an hour before daylight. They did not surprise us, for we were all under arms, ready to receive them, which we did briskly, keeping a constant firing for a quarter of an hour, when they prest on with numbers ; was against a portion of the troops under command of Col. Palmer, who were encamped at Fort Moosa, including a company of Scotch Highlanders, number- ing eighty-five men, under their chief, Capt. McIn- tosh, all equipped in Highland dress. This attack was entirely successful, and the English sustained a severe loss, their colonel being killed, with twenty Highland- ers, twenty-seven soldiers, and a number of Indians. This affair at Fort Moosa has generally been con- sidered as a surprise, and its disastrous results as the consequence of carelessness and disobedience of the orders of Oglethorpe. Captain McIntosh, the leader of the Highlanders, was taken prisoner, and finally transferred to Spain. From his prison at St. Sebas- tian, under date of 20th June, 1741, he gives the following account of the matter:- "I listed seventy men, all in Highland dress, and marched to the siege, and was ordered to scout nigh St. Augustine and molest the enemy, while the gen- eral and the rest of his little army went to an island where we could have no succor of them. I punctu- ally obeyed my orders, until seven hundred Span- iards sallied out from the garrison, an hour before daylight. The did not surprise us, for we were all under arms, ready to receive them, which we did briskly, keeping a constant firing for a quarter of an hour, when they prest on with numbers ; was against a portion of the troops under command of Col. Palmer, who were encamped at Fort Moosa, including a company of Scotch Highlanders, number- ing eighty-five men, under their chief, Capt. McIn- tosh, all equipped in Highland dress. This attack was entirely successful, and the English sustained a severe loss, their colonel being killed, with twenty Highland- ers, twenty-seven soldiers, and a number of Indians. This affair at Fort Moosa has generally been con- sidered as a surprise, and its disastrous results as the consequence of carelessness and disobedience of the orders of Oglethorpe. Captain McIntosh, the leader of the Highlanders, was taken prisoner, and finally transferred to Spain. From his prison at St. Sebas- tian, under date of 20th June, 1741, he gives the following account of the matter:- "I listed seventy men, all in Highland dress, and marched to the siege, and was ordered to scout nigh St. Augustine and molest the enemy, while the gen- eral and the rest of his little army went to an island where we could have no succor of them. I punctu- ally obeyed my orders, until seven hundred Span- iards sallied out from the garrison, an hour before daylight. They did not surprise us, for we were all under arms, ready to receive them, which we did briskly, keeping a constant firing for a quarter of an hour, when they prest on with numbers ; was  148 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQOITis obliged to take our swords until the most of us was shot and cut to pieces. You are to observe we had but eighty men ; and the engagement was in view of the rest of our army, but they could not come to our assistance, by being in the foresaid island, under the enemy's guns. They had twenty prisoners, a few got off, the rest killed; as we were well informed by some of themselves, they had three hundred killed on the spot,* besides several wounded. We were all stripped naked of clothes, brought to St. Augus- tine, where we remained three months in close con- finement.t This officer was Capt. John McIntosh; and his son, Brig. Gen. McIntosh, then a youth of fourteen, was present in the engagement, and escaped without in- jury. The family of the McIntoshes have always been conspicuous in the history of Georgia. The large number of persons collected within the walls of the castle, and under the protection of its battlements, soon gave rise to serious apprehensions on the part of the besieged, of being reduced by starvation to the necessity of a speedy surrender. * This statement is unsupported by either Spanish or English author,- ity. The writer of the letter, through want of familiarity with their lan- guage, misunderstood his informants, in all probability, s to the extent of their lon H t MS,. in Geo. Hist, Som. Library. 148 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrI obliged to take our swords until the most of us was shot and cut to pieces. You are to observe we had but eighty men ; and the engagement was in view of the rest of our army, but they could not come to our assistance, by being in the foresaid island, under the enemy's guns. They had twenty prisoners, a few got off, the rest killed; as we were well informed by some of themselves, they had three hundred killed on the spot,* besides several wounded. We were all stripped naked of clothes, brought to St. Augus- tine, where we remained three months in close con- finement.t This officer was Capt. John McIntosh ; and his son, Brig. Gen. McIntosh, then a youth of fourteen, was present in the engagement, and escaped without in- jury. The family of the McIntoshes have always been conspicuous in the history of Georgia. The large number of persons collected within the walls of the castle, and under the protection of its battlements, soon gave rise to serious apprehensions on the part of the besieged, of being reduced by starvation to the necessity of a speedy surrender. * This statement is unsupported by either spanish or English author. ity. The writer of the letter, through want of familiarity with their lan- guage, misunderstood his informants, in al probability, as to the extent of their loss. t MSS. in Geo. Hist. Soc. Library. 148 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES obliged to take our swords until the most of us was shot and cut to pieces. You are to observe we had but eighty men ; and the engagement was in view of the rest of our army, but they could not come to our assistance, by being in the foresaid island, under the enemy's guns. They had twenty prisoners, a few got off, the rest killed; as we were well informed by some of themselves, they had three hundred killed on the spot,* besides several wounded. We were all stripped naked of clothes, brought to St. Augus- tine, where we remained three months in close con- finement.t This officer was Capt. John McIntosh; and his son, Brig. Gen. McIntosh, then a youth of fourteen, was present in the engagement, and escaped without in- jury. The family of the McIntoshes have always been conspicuous in the history of Georgia. The large number of persons collected within the walls of the castle, and under the protection of its battlements, soon gave rise to serious apprehensions on the part of the besieged, of being reduced by starvation to the necessity of a speedy surrender. * This statement is unsupported by either Spanish or English author- ity. The writer of the letter, through want of familiarity with their hn- guage, misunderstood his informants, in all probability, as to the extent of their los. t MSS. in Geo. Hist. sm. Library.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 149 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 149 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 149 The batteries of Oglethorpe were planted at so great a distance that he could produce but little effect by his shot or shells upon the castle, although he rendered the city itself untenable. The heat of the season and the exposure, to which the Provincial militia were unaccustomed, soon produced considera- ble sickness and discouragement in the invading force, and affected Oglethorpe himself. The Spanish governor bent most urgent messages to the governor of the island of Cuba, which were transmitted by runners along the coast, and thence by small vessels across to Havana. In one of these letters he says, " My greatest anxiety is for provis- ions ; and if they do not come, there is no doubt of our dying by the hands of hunger." In another, he says, "I assure your Lordship, that it is impossible to express the confusion of the place ; for we have no protection except the fort, and all the rest is open field. The families have abandoned their houses, and come to put themselves under the guns, which is pitiable; though nothing gives me anxiety but the want of provisions ; and if your Lordship for want competent force cannot send relief, we must all perish." * With the exception of the Fort Moosa affair, the * Monteano, MSS., Archives S. Augustine. The batteries of Oglethorpe were planted at so great a distance that he could produce but little effect by his shot or shells upon the castle, although he rendered the city itself untenable. The heat of the season and the exposure, to which the Provincial militia were unaccustomed, soon produced considera- ble sickness and discouragement in the invading force, and affected Oglethorpe himself. The Spanish governor bent most urgent messages to the governor of the island of Cuba, which were transmitted by runners along the coast, and thence by small vessels across to Havana. In one of these letters he says, " My greatest anxiety is for provis- ions ; and if they do not come, there is no doubt of our dying by the hands of hunger." In another, he says, " I assure your Lordship, that it is impossible to express the confusion of the place ; for we have no protection except the fort, and all the rest is open field. The families have abandoned their houses, and come to put themselves under the guns, which is pitiable; though nothing gives me anxiety but the want of provisions ; and if your Lordship for want competent force cannot send relief, we must all perish." * With the exception of the Fort Moosa affair, the The batteries of Oglethorpe were planted at so great a distance that he could produce but little effect by his shot or shells upon the castle, although he rendered the city itself untenable. The heat of the season and the exposure, to which the Provincial militia were unaccustomed, soon produced considera- ble sickness and discouragement in the invading force, and affected Oglethorpe himself. The Spanish governor tent most urgent messages to the governor of the island of Cuba, which were transmitted by runners along the coast, and thence by small vessels across to Havana. In one of these letters he says, " My greatest anxiety is for provis- ions ; and if they do not come, there is no doubt of our dying by the hands of hunger." In another, he says, "I assure your Lordship, that it is impossible to express the confusion of the place ; for we have no protection except the fort, and all the rest is open field. The families have abandoned their houses, and come to put themselves under the guns, which is pitiable; though nothing gives me anxiety but the want of provisions ; and if your Lordship for want competent force cannot send relief, we must all perish." * With the exception of the Fort Moosa affair, the * Monteane, Mss., Archives St. Augustine. * Monteano, MSS., Archives St. Augustine.  150 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES hostilities were confined to the exchange of shots between the castle and the batteries. Considerable discrepancy exists between the Spanish and English accounts, as to the period when the garrison was relieved: it was the communication of the fact of relief having been received, which formed the osten- sible ground of abandoning the siege by Oglethorpe ; but the Spanish governor asserts, that these provi- sion vessels did not arrive until the siege was raised. The real fact, I am inclined to think, is that the pro- vision vessels arrived at Mosquito, a harbor sixty miles below, where they were to await orders from Gov. Monteano, as to the mode of getting dis- charged,* and that the information of their arrival, being known at St. Augustine, was communicated to the English, and thus induced their raising the siege ; in fact, the hope of starving out the garrison was the only hope left to Oglethorpe ; his strength was insufficient for an assault, and his means inade- quate to reduce the castle, which was well manned and well provided with means of defense. It was in truth a hopeless task, under the circum- stances, for Oglethorpe to persevere; and it is no impeachment of his courage or his generalship, that he was unable to take a fortress of really very respecta- ble strength. * Monteano, Ms. Letter of, 28th July, 1740. 150 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES hostilities were confined to the exchange of shots between the castle and the batteries. Considerable discrepancy exists between the Spanish and English accounts, as to the period when the garrison was relieved: it was the communication of the fact of relief having been received, which formed the osten- sible ground of abandoning the siege by Oglethorpe; but the Spanish governor asserts, that these provi- sion vessels did not arrive until the siege was raised. The real fact, I am inclined to think, is that the pro- vision vessels arrived at Mosquito, a harbor sixty miles below, where they were to await orders from Gov. Monteano, as to the mode of getting dis- charged,* and that the information of their arrival, being known at St. Augustine, was communicated to the English, and thus induced their raising the siege ; in fact, the hope of starving out the garrison was the only hope left to Oglethorpe ; his strength was insufficient for an assault, and his means inade- quate to reduce the castle, which was well manned and well provided with means of defense. It was in truth a hopeless task, under the circum- stances, for Oglethorpe to persevere; and it is no impeachment of his courage or his generalship, that he was unable to take a fortress of really very respecta- ble strength. Monteano, MS. Letter of, 28th July, 1740. 150 THE HIsToRY AND ANTIQUITIES hostilities were confined to the exchange of shots between the castle and the batteries. Considerable discrepancy exists between the Spanish and English accounts, as to the period when the garrison was relieved: it was the communication of the fact of relief having been received, which formed the osten- sible ground of abandoning the siege by Oglethorpe ; but the Spanish governor asserts, that these provi- sion vessels did not arrive until the siege was raised. The real fact, I am inclined to think, is that the pro- vision vessels arrived at Mosquito, a harbor sixty miles below, where they were to await orders from Gov. Monteano, as to the mode of getting dis- charged,* and that the information of their arrival, being known at St. Augustine, was communicated to the English, and thus induced their raising the siege ; in fact, the hope of starving out the garrison was the only hope left to Oglethorpe ; his strength was insufficient for an assault, and his means inade- quate to reduce the castle, which was well manned and well provided with means of defense. It was in truth a hopeless task, under the circum- stances, for Oglethorpe to persevere; and it is no impeachment of his courage or his generalship, that he was unable to take a fortress of really very respecta- ble strength. Montea, MS. Letter of, 28th July, 1740.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 151 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 151 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 151 The siege continued from the 13th June, to the 20th July, a period of thirty-eight days. The bom- bardment was kept up twenty days, but owing tothe lightness of the guns and the long range, but little effect was produced on the strong walls of the castle. Its spongy, infrangible walls received the balls from the batteries like a cotton bale, or sand battery, almost without making an impression; this may be seen on examination, since the marks remain to this day, as they were left at the end of the siege, one hundred and seventeen years ago. The prosecution of the siege having become impracticable, preparations were made for retiring ; and Oglethorpe, as a pardonable and characteristic protest against the assumption of his acting from any coercion, with drums beating and banners displayed crossed over to the main land, and marched in full view of the castle, to his encampment three miles distant, situated probably at the point now known as Pass Navarro. Great credit and respect have been deservedly awarded to Governor Monteano, for the courage, skill, and perseverance with which he sustained the siege. It is well known that the English general, had in a few months, an ample opportunity of showing to his opponent, that his skill in defending his own territory under the most disadvantageous circum- The siege continued from the 13th June, to the 20th July, a period of thirty-eight days. The bom- bardment was kept up twenty days, but owing to the lightness of the guns and the long range, but little effect was produced on the strong walls of the castle. Its spongy, infrangible walls received the balls from the batteries like a cotton bale, or sand battery, almost without making an impression; this may be seen on examination, since the marks remain to this day, as they were left at the end of the siege, one hundred and seventeen years ago. The prosecution of the siege having become impracticable, preparations were made for retiring ; and Oglethorpe, as a pardonable and characteristic protest against the assumption of his acting from any coercion, with drums beating and banners displayed crossed over to the main land, and marched in full view of the castle, to his encampment three miles distant, situated probably at the point now known as Pass Navarro. Great credit and respect have been deservedly awarded to Governor Monteano, for the courage, skill, and perseverance with which he sustained the siege. It is well known that the English general, had in a few months, an ample opportunity of showing to his opponent, that his skill in defending his own territory under the most disadvantageous circum- The siege continued from the 13th June, to the 20th July, a period of thirty-eight days. The bom- bardment was kept up twenty days, but owing to the lightness of the guns and the long range, but little effect was produced on the strong walls of the castle. Its spongy, infrangible walls received the balls from the batteries like a cotton bale, or sand battery, almost without making an impression; this maybe seen on examination, since the marks remain to this day, as they were left at the end of the siege, one hundred and seventeen years ago. The prosecution of the siege having become impracticable, preparations were made for retiring; and Oglethorpe, as a pardonable and characteristic protest against the assumption of his acting from any coercion, with drums beating and banners displayed crossed over to the main land, and marched in full view of the castle, to his encampment three miles distant, situated probably at the point now known as Pass Navarro. Great credit and respect have been deservedly awarded to Governor Monteano, for the courage, skill, and perseverance with which he sustained the siege. It is well known that the English general, had in a few months, an ample opportunity of showing to his opponent, that his skill in defending his own territory under the most disadvantageous circum-  152 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITI stances, was equal to that of the accomplished Mon- teano himself. The defense of Frederica, and signal defeat of the Spanish forces at Fort Simons, will ever challenge for Oglethorpe the highest credit for the most sterling qualities of a good general and a great man. Two years subsequently, Oglethorpe again ad- vanced into Florida, appeared before the gates of St. Augustine, and endeavored to induce the garrison to march out -to meet him; but they kept within their walls, and Oglethorpe in one of his dispatches says, in the irritation caused by their prudence, "that they were so meek there was no provoking them" As in this incursion he had no object in view but a devastation of the country, and harrassing the enemy, he shortly withdrew his forces. A committee of the South Carolina House of Com- mons, in a report upon the Oglethorpe expedition, thus speaks of St. Augustine, evidently smarting under the disappointment of their recent defeat, "July 1st, 1741." "St. Augustine, in the possession of the crown of Spain, is well known to be situated but little dis- tance from hence, in latitude thirty degrees, in Flor- ida, the next territory to us. It is maintained by his Catholic Majesty, partly to preserve his claim to Florida, and partly that it may be of service to the plate-fleets when coming through the gulf, by show- 152 THE HIsToRY AND ANTIQUrrEs stances, was equal to that of the accomplished Mon- teano himself. The defense of Frederica, and signal defeat of the Spanish forces at Fort Simons, will ever challenge for Oglethorpe the highest credit for the most sterling qualities of a good general and a great man. Two years subsequently, Oglethorpe again ad- vanced into Florida, appeared before the gates of St. Augustine, and endeavored to induce the garrison to march out to meet him; but they kept within their walls, and Oglethorpe in one of his dispatches says, in the irritation caused by their prudence, "that they were so meek there was no provoking them" As in this incursion he had no object in view but a devastation of the country, and harrassing the enemy, he shortly withdrew his forces. A committee of the South Carolina House of Com- mons, in a report upon the Oglethorpe expedition, thus speaks of St. Augustine, evidently smarting under the disappointment of their recent defeat. "July 1st, 1741." "St. Augustine, in the possession of the crown of Spain, is well known to be situated but little dis- tance from hence, in latitude thirty degrees, in Flor- ida, the next territory to us. It is maintained by his Catholic Majesty, partly to preserve his claim to Florida, and partly that it may be of service to the plate-fleets when coming through the gulf; by show- 152 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITILS stances, was equal to that of the accomplished Mon- teano himself. The defense of Frederica, and signal defeat of the Spanish forces at Fort Simons, will ever challenge for Oglethorpe the highest credit for the most sterling qualities of a good general and a great man. Two years subsequently, Oglethorpe again ad- vanced into Florida, appeared before the gates of St. Augustine, and endeavored to induce the garrison to march out to meet him; but they kept within their walls, and Oglethorpe in one of his dispatches says, in the irritation caused by their prudence, "that they were so meek there was no provoking them." As in this incursion he had no object in view but a devastation of the country, and harrassing the enemy, he shortly withdrew his forces. A committee of the South Carolina House of Com- mons, in a report upon the Oglethorpe expedition, thus speaks of St. Augustine, evidently smarting under the disappointment of their recent defeat. "July 1st, 1741." "St. Augustine, in the possession of the crown of Spain, is well known to be situated but little dis- tance from hence, in latitude thirty degrees, in Flor- ida, the next territory to us. It is maintained by his Catholic Majesty, partly to preserve his claim to Florida, and partly that it may be of service to the plate-fleets when coming through the gulf, by show-  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 153 OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLORIDA. 153 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 153 ing lights to them along the coast, and by being ready to give assistance when any of them are cast away thereabout. The castle, by the largest account, doth not cover more than one acre of ground, but is allowed on all hands to be a place of great strength, and hath been usually garrisoned with about three or four hundred men of the king's regular troops. The town is not very large, and but indifferently fortified. The inhabitants, many of which are mulattoes of savage dispositions, are all in the king's pay ; also being registered from their birth, and a severe penalty laid on any master of a vessel that shall attempt to carry any of them off. These are formed into a militia, and have been gen- erally computed to be near about the same number as the regular troops. Thus relying wholly on the king's pay for their subsistence, their thoughts never turned to trade or even agriculture, but depending on foreign supplies for the most common necessaries of life, they spent their time in universal, perpetual idleness. From such a state, mischievous inclinations naturally sprang up in such a people; and having leisure and opportunity, ever since they had a neigh- bor the fruits of whose industry excited their desires and envy, they have not failed to carry those incli- nations into action as often as they could, without the least regard to peace or war subsisting between the two crowns of Great Britain and Spain, or to 11 ing lights to them along the coast, and by being ready to give assistance when any of them are cast away thereabout. The castle, by the largest account, doth not cover more than one acre of ground, but is allowed on all hands to be a place of great strength, and hath been usually garrisoned with about three or four hundred men of the king's regular troops. The town is not very large, and but indifferently fortined. The inhabitants, many of which are mulattoes of savage dispositions, are all in the king's pay ; also being registered from their birth, and a severe penalty laid on any master of a vessel that shall attempt to carry any of them off These are formed into a militia, and have been gen- erally computed to be near about the same number as the regular troops. Thus relying wholly on the king's pay for their subsistence, their thoughts never turned to trade or even agriculture, but depending on foreign supplies for the most common necessaries of life, they spent their time in universal, perpetual idleness. Fromsuch a state, mischievous inclinations naturally sprung up in such a people; and having leisure and opportunity, ever since they had a neigh- bor the fruits of whose industry excited their desires and envy, they have not failed to carry those incli- nations into action as often as they could, without the least regard to peace or war subsisting between the two crowns of Great Britain and Spain, or to 11 ing lights to them along the coast, and by being ready to give assistance when any of them are cast away thereabout. The castle, by the largest account, doth not cover more than one acre of ground, but is allowed on all hands to be a place of great strength, and hath been usually garrisoned with about three or four hundred men of the king's regular troops. The town is not very large, and but indifferently fortified. The inhabitants, many of which are mulattoes of savage dispositions, are all in the king's pay ; also being registered from their birth, and a severe penalty laid on any master of a vessel that shall attempt to carry any of them off These are formed into a militia, and have been gen- erally computed to be near about the same number as the regular troops. Thus relying wholly on the king's pay for their subsistence, their thoughts never turned to trade or even agriculture, but depending on foreign supplies for the most common necessaries of life, they spent their time in universal, perpetual idleness. From such a state, mischievous inclinations naturally sprung up in such a people; and having leisure and opportunity, ever since they had a neigh- bor the fruits of whose industry excited their desires and envy, they have not failed to carry those incli- nations into action as often as they could, without the least regard to peace or war subsisting between the two crowns of Great Britain and Spain, or to 11  154 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTrIES stipulations agreed upon between the two govern- ments." Among the principal grievances set forth in this report, was the carrying off and enticing and harbor- ing their slaves, of which a number of instances are enumerated; and they attributed the negro insurrec- tion which occurred in South Carolina, in 1739, to the connivance and agency of the Spanish authorities at St. Augustine ; and they proceed in a climax of indignation to hurl their denunciation at the sup- posed authors of their misfortunes, in the following terms: " With indignation we looked at St. Augus- tine (like another Sallee!) That den of thieves and ruffians! receptacle of debtors, servants and slaves ! bane of industry and society ! and revolved in our minds all the injuries this province had received from thence, ever since its first settlement. That they had from first to last, in times of profoundest peace, both publickly and privately, by themselves, Indians, and Negroes, in every shape molested us, not without some instances of uncommon cruelty."t It is very certain there was on each side, enough supposed causes of provocation to induce a far from amiable state of feeling between these neighboring colonies. Report upon Expedition to St. Augustine. Carrola Col. d voL., p. 854. t CarrolA Hist C. s. C., p. 59. 154 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES stipulations agreed upon between the two govern- ments." Among the principal grievances set forth in this report, was the carrying off and enticing and harbor- ing their slaves, of which a number of instances are enumerated; and they attributed the negro insurrec- tion which occurred in South Carolina, in 1739, to the connivance and agency of the Spanish authorities at St. Augustine ; and they proceed in a climax of indignation to hurl their denunciation at the sup- posed authors of their misfortunes, in the following terms: "With indignation we looked at St. Augus- tine (like another Sallee!) That den of thieves and ruffians! receptacle of debtors, servants hnd slaves ! bane of industry and society! and revolved inour minds all the injuries this province had received from thence, ever since its first settlement. That they had from first to last, in times of profoundest peace, both publickly and privately, by themselves, Indians, and Negroes, in every shape molested us, not without some instances of uncommon cruelty."t- It is very certain there was on each side, enough supposed causes of provocation to induce a far from amiable state of feeling between these neighboring colonies. Report upon Expedition to St. Augustine. Carrolra Col. 2d voL, p. 354. t Crrols Hiet Co. s. C., p. 359. 154 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs stipulations agreed upon between the two govern- ments." Among the principal grievances set forth in this report, was the carrying off and enticing and harbor- ing their slaves, of which a number of instances are enumerated ; and they attributed the negro insurrec- tion which occurred in South Carolina, in 1739, to the connivance and agency of the Spanish authorities at St. Augustine ; and they proceed in a climax of indignation to hurl their denunciation at the sup- posed authors of their misfortunes, in the following terms : "With indignation we looked at St. Augus- tine (like another Sallee!) That den of thieves and ruffians! receptacle of debtors, servants And slaves ! bane of industry and society! and revolved in our minds all the injuries this province had received from thence, ever since its first settlement. That they had from first to last, in times of profoundest peace, both publickly and privately, by themselves, Indians, and Negroes, in every shape molested us, not without some instances of uncommon cruelty."t It is very certain there was on each side, enough supposed causes of provocation to induce a far from amiable state of feeling between these neighboring colonies. Report upon Expedition to SR Augustine. Caroir Coil. d voL, p. 854. t Carrol's Ht. Coll. S. C., p. 359.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 155 CHAPTER XV. COMPLETION OF THE CASTLE-DESCRIPTIONS OF ST. AUGUS- TINE A CENTURY AGO-ENGLIsH OCCUPATION OF FLORIDA. 1755-1763-1783. DoN Alonzo Fernandez de Herrera was appointed governor of Florida in 1755, and completed the exterior works and finish of the fort. It is this gov- ernor who erected the tablet over its main entrance, with the Spanish coat of arms sculptured in alto relievo, with the following inscription beneath :- REYNANDO EN ESPANA EL SENE1 DON FERNANDO SEXTO Y SIENDO GOVO$ Y CAPN DE ESA CD SAN AUGN DE LA FLORIDA Y SUS PROVA EL MARISCAL DE CAMPO DNALONZO FERNDO HEREDA ASI CONCLUIO ESTE CASTILLO EL AN OD 1756 DIRI2ENDO LAS OBRAS EL CAP. INGNEO DN PEDRO DE BROZAS Y GARAY. DoN FERDNAND THE SIXTH, BEING KING OF SPAIN, AND THE FIELD MARSHAL, DON ALoNzo FER- OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 155 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 155 CHAPTER XV. COMPLETION OF THE CASTLE-DESCRIPTIONs OF ST. AUGUS- TINE A CENTURY AGO-ENGLISH OCCUPATION OF FLORIDA. 1755-1763-1783. DON Alonzo Fernandez de Herrera was appointed governor of Florida in 1755, and completed the exterior works and finish of the fort. It is this gov- ernor who erected the tablet over its main entrance, with the Spanish coat of arms sculptured in alto relievo, with the following inscription beneath :- REYNANDO EN ESPANA EL SEN1 DON FERNANDO SEXTO Y SIENDO GOVO1 Y CAPN DE ESA CD SAN AUGE DE LA FLORIDA Y SUS PROVA EL MARISCAL DE CAMPO DNALONZO FERNDO HEREDA ASI CONCLUIO ESTE CASTILLO EL AN OD 1756 DIRIENDO LAS OBRAS EL CAP. INGNEO DN PEDRO DE BROZAS Y GARAY. DON FERDINAND THE SIXTH, BEING KING OF SPAIN, AND THE FIELD MARSHAL, DON ALoNzo FER- CHAPTER XV. COMPLETION OF THE CASTLE-DESCRIPTIONs OF ST. AUGUS- TINE A CENTURY AGO-ENGLISH OCCUPATION OF FLORIDA. 1755-1763-1783. DoN Alonzo Fernandez de Herrera was appointed governor of Florida in 1755, and completed the exterior works and finish of the fort. It is this gov- ernor who erected the tablet over its main entrance, with the Spanish coat of arms sculptured in alto relievo, with the following inscription beneath :- REYNANDO EN ESPANA EL SEN" DON FERNANDO SEXTO Y SIENDO GOV01 Y CAPN DE ESA CD SAN AUG DE LA FLORIDA Y SUS PROVA EL MARISCAL DE CAMPO DNALONZO FERNO HEREDA ASI CONCLUIO ESTE CASTILLO EL AN OD 1756 DIRI2ENDO LAS OBRAS EL CAP. INGNE1 DN PEDRO DE BROZAS Y GARAY. DoN FERDINAND THE SIxTH, ]BEING KING OF SPAIN, AND THE FIELD MARSHAL, DON ALONzo FER-  156 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIEs NANDO HEREDA, BEING GOVERNOR AND CAPTAIN GENERAL OF THIs PIACE, ST. ArornsiE, OF FLO- IA, AND ITS PROVINCE. THIs FORT WAS FINISHED IN THE YEAR 1756. THE WORKS WERE DIRECTED NY THE CAPTAIN ENGNEEE, DON PEDRO DE BRAzos Y GARAY. I am not sure but that the boastful governor might with equal propriety and truth, have put a similar inscription at the city gate, claiming the town-also as a finished city. The first fort erected was called San Juan de Pinos, and probably the same name attached to the present fort at the commencement of its erection ; when it acquired the name of St. Mark, I have not discovered. The Apalachian Indians were employed upon it for more than sixty years, and to their efforts are probably due the evidences of immense labor in the construction of the ditch, the ramparts and glacis, and the approaches ; while the huge mass of stone contained in its solid walls, must have required the labor of hundreds of persons for many long years, in procuring and cutting the-stone in the quarries on the island, transporting it to the water, and across the bay, and fashioning and raising them to their places. Besides the Indians employed, some labor was constantly bestowed by the garrison; and for a considerable period, convicts were brought hither 156 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTIES NANDO HEREDA, BEING GovERNOR AND CAPTAIN GENEREAL OF THIS PLACE, ST. Ao sTE, OF Ao- RIDA, AND ITS PROvINCE. THIs FORT WAS FINISHED IN THE YEAR 1756. THE woRs WERE DIRECTED BY THE CAPTAIN ENGINEEE, DON PEDRo DE BAzos Y GARAY. I am not sure but that the boastful governor might with equal propriety and truth, have put a similar inscription at the city gate, claiming the town-also as a finished city. The first fort erected was called San Juan de Pinos, and probably the same name attached to the present fort at the commencement of its erection ; when it acquired the name of St. Mark, I have not discovered. The Apalachian Indians were employed upon it for more than sixty years, and to their efforts are probably due the evidences of immense labor in the construction of the ditch, the ramparts and glacis, and the approaches ; while the huge mass of stone contained in its solid walls, must have required the labor of hundreds of persons for many long years, in procuring and cutting the stone in the quarries on the island, transporting it to the water, and across the bay, and fashioning and raising them to their places. Besides the Indians employed, some labor was constantly bestowed by the garrison; and for a considerable period, convicts were brought hither 156 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs NANDO HEREDA, BEING GOVERNOR AND CAPTAIN GENERAL oF THIS PLACE, ST. AuosTmE, OF FLo- RIDA, AND ITS PROvINcE. THIs FORT WAS FINISHED IN THE YEAR 1756. THE WORKS WEBE DIRECTED BY THE CAPTAIN ENGINEER, DON PEDRO DE BxAzos Y GARAY. I am not sure but that the boastful governor might with equal propriety and truth, have put a similar inscription at the city gate, claiming the town-also as a finished city. The first fort erected was called San Juan de Pinos, and probably the same name attached to the present fort at the commencement of its erection ; when it acquired the name of St. Mark, I have not discovered. The Apalachian Indians were employed upon it for more than sixty years, and to their efforts are probably due the evidences of immense labor in the construction of the ditch, the ramparts and glacis, and the approaches ; while the huge mass of stone contained in its solid walls, must have required the labor of hundreds of persons for many long years, in procuring and cutting the-stone in the quarries on the island, transporting it to the water, and across the bay, and fashioning and raising them to their places. Besides the Indians employed, some labor was constantly bestowed by the garrison; and for a considerable period, convicts were brought hither  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 157 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 157 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 157 from Mexico to carry on the public works. Daring the works of extension and repair effected by Mon- teano, previous to the siege by Oglethorpe, he em- ployed upon it one hundred and forty of these Mexican convicts. The southwestern bastion is said to have been completed by Monteano. The bastions bore the names respectively of St. Paul, St. Peter, St. James, &c. The whole work remains now as it was in 1756, with the exception of the water battery, which was reconstructed by the government of the United States in 1842-3. The complement of its guns is one hundred, and its full garrison establishment requires one thousand men. It is built upon the plan of Vauban, and is considered by military men as a very creditable work ; its strength and efficiency have been well tested in the old times; for it has never been taken, although twice besieged, and several times attacked. Its frowning battlements and sepulchral vaults, will long stand after we and those of our day shall be numbered with that long past, of which it is itself a memorial; of its legends connected with the dark chambers and prison vaults; the chains, the instruments of torture, the skeletons walled in, its closed and hidden recesses-of Coa- couchee's escape, and many another tale, there is much to say ; but it is better said within its grim walls, from Mexico to carry on the public works. During the works of extension and repair effected by Mon- teano, previous to the siege by Oglethorpe, he em- ployed upon it one hundred and forty of these Mexican convicts. The southwestern bastion is said to have been completed by Monteano. The bastions bore the names respectively of St. Paul, St. Peter, St. James, &c. The whole work remains now as it was in 1756, with the exception of the water battery, which was reconstructed by the government of the United States in 1842-3. The complement of its guns is one hundred, and its full garrison establishment requires one thousand men. It is built upon the plan of Vauban, and is considered by military men as a very creditable work ; its strength and efficiency have been well tested in the old times; for it has never been taken, although twice besieged, and several times attacked. Its frowning battlements and sepulchral vaults, will long stand after we and those of our day shall be numbered with that long past, of which it is itself a memorial; of its legends connected with the dark chambers and prison vaults; the chains, the instruments of torture, the skeletons walled in, its closed and hidden recesses-of Coa- couchee's escape, and many another tale, there is much to say ; but it is better said within its grim walls, from Mexico to carry on the public works. During the works of extension and repair effected by Mon- teano, previous to the siege by Oglethorpe, he em- ployed upon it one hundred and forty of these Mexican convicts. The southwestern bastion is said to have been completed by Monteano. The bastions bore the names respectively of St. Paul, St. Peter, St. James, &c. The whole work remains now as it was in 1756, with the exception of the water battery, which was reconstructed by the government of the United States in 1842-3. The complement of its guns is one hundred, and its full garrison establishment requires one thousand men. It is built upon the plan of Vauban, and is considered by military men as a very creditable work ; its strength and efficiency have been well tested in the old times; for it has never been taken, although twice besieged, and several times attacked. Its frowning battlements and sepulchral vaults, will long stand after we and those of our day shall be numbered with that long past, of which it is itself a memorial; of its legends connected with the dark chambers and prison vaults; the chains, the instruments of torture, the skeletons walled in, its closed and hidden recesses-of Coa- couchee's escape, and many another tale, there is much to say ; but it is better said within its grim walls,  158 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrIEs where the eye and the imagination can go together, in weaving a web of mystery and awe over its sad associations, to the music of the grating bolt, the echoing tread, and the clanking chain. Of the city itself, we have the following descrip- tion in 1754:- " It is built on a little bay, at the foot of a hill shaded by trees, and forms an oblong square, divided into four streets, and has two full streets, which cut each other at right angles. The houses are well built, and regular. They have only one church, which is called after the city. St. John's Fort, standing about a mile north of it, is a strong, irreg- ular fortification, well mounted with cannon, and capable of making a long defense." I am inclined to think that the mile between the fort and the city, and the hill at the foot of which, he says, the city was built, existed only in the focus of the writer's spectacles. The Provinces of Florida were ceded by treaty to England in the year 1763, and the Spanish inhab- itants very generally left the country, which had then been under Spanish rule for near two hundred years ; and certainly in no portion of this country, had less progress been made. Beyond the walls occupied by its garrison, little had been attempted or accomplished in these two hundred years. This 158 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrTIES where the eye and the imagination can go together, in weaving a web of mystery and awe over its sad associations, to the music of the grating bolt, the echoing tread, and the clanking chain. Of the city itself, we have the following descrip- tion in 1754 :- "It is built on a little bay, at the foot of a hill shaded by trees, and forms an oblongsquare, divided into four streets, and has two full streets, which cut each other at right angles. The houses are well built, and regular. They have only one church, which is called after the city. St. John's Fort, standing about a mile north of it, is a strong, irreg- ular fortification, well mounted with cannon, and capable of making a long defense." I am inclined to think that the mile between the fort and the city, and the /s at the foot of which, he says, the city was built, existed only in the focus of the writer's spectacles. The Provinces of Florida were ceded by treaty to England in the year 1763, and the Spanish inhab- itants very generally left the country, which had then been under Spanish rule for near two hundred years ; and certainly in no portion of this country, had less progress been made. Beyond the walls occupied by its garrison, little had been attempted or accomplished in these two hundred years. This 158 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs where the eye and the imagination can go together, in weaving a web of mystery and awe over its sad associations, to the music of the grating bolt, the echoing tread, and the clanking chain. Of the city itself, we have the following descrip- tion in 1754 :- "It is built on a little bay, at the foot of a hill shaded by trees, and forms an oblong square, divided into four streets, and has two full streets, which cut each other at right angles. The houses are well built, and regular. They have only one church, which is called after the city. St. John's Fort, standing about a mile north of it, is a strong, irreg- ular fortification, well mounted with cannon, and capable of making a long defense." I am inclined to think that the mile between the fort and the city, and the Ail at the foot of which, he says, the city was built, existed only in the focus of the writer's spectacles. The Provinces of Florida were ceded by treaty to England in the year 1763, and the Spanish inhab- itants very generally left the country, which had then been under Spanish rule for near two hundred years ; and certainly in no portion of this country, had less progress been made. Beyond the walls occupied by its garrison, little had been attempted or accomplished in these two hundred years. This  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 159 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 159 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 159 was in part, perhaps, attributable to the circumstan- ces of the country,-the frequent hostility of the Indians, and the want of that mutual support given by neighborhoods, which in Florida are less practi- cable than elsewhere ; but it was still more owing to the character of the Spanish inhabitants, who were more soldiers than civilians and more towns- men than agriculturists; at all events, at the cession of Florida to Great Britain, the number of inhab- itants was not over five thousand. Of the period of the English occupation of Flor- ida, we have very full accounts. It was a primary object with the British government, to colonize and settle it; and inducements to emigrants were strongly put forth, in various publications. The work of Roberts was the first of these, and was followed in a few years by those of Bartram, Stork, and Romans. The works of both Roberts and Stork, contain plans and minute descriptions of St. Augustine. The plan of the town in Stork, represents every build- ing, lot, garden, and flower-bed in the place, and gives a very accurate view of its general appeafance. The descriptions vary somewhat. Roberts, who published his work the year of the cession, 1763, shows in connection with his plan of the town, an Indian village on the point south of the city, at the powder-house, and another just north of the city. was in part, perhaps, attributable to the circumstan- ces of the country,-the frequent hostility of the Indians, and the want of that mutual support given by neighborhoods, which in Florida are less practi- cable than elsewhere ; but it was still more owing to the character of the Spanish inhabitants, who were more soldiers than civilians, and more towns- men than agriculturists; at all events, at the cession of Florida to Great Britain, the number of inhab- itants was not over five thousand. Of the period of the English occupation of Flor- ida, we have very full accounts. It was a primary object with the British government, to colonize and settle it ; and inducements to emigrants were strongly put forth, in various publications. The work of Roberts was the first of these, and was followed in a few years by those of Bartram, Stork, and Romans. The works of both Roberts and Stork, contain plans and minute descriptions of St. Augustine. The plan of the town in Stork, represents every build- ing, lot, garden, and flower-bed in the place, and gives a very accurate view of its general appearance. The descriptions vary somewhat. Roberts, who published his work the year of the cession, 1763, shows in connection with his plan of the town, an Indian village on the point south of the city, at the powder-house, and another just north of the city. was in part, perhaps, attributable to the circumstan- ces of the country,-the frequent hostility of the Indians, and the want of that mutual support given by neighborhoods, which in Florida are less practi- cable than elsewhere ; but it was still more owing to the character of the Spanish inhabitants, who were more soldiers than civilians, and more towns- men than agriculturists; at all events, at the cession of Florida to Great Britain, the number of inhab- itants was not over five thousand. Of the period of the English occupation of Flor- ida, we have very full accounts. It was a primary object with the British government, to colonize and settle it; and inducements to emigrants were strongly put forth, in various publications. The work of Roberts was the first of these, and was followed in a few years by those of Bartram, Stork, and Romans. The works of both Roberts and Stork, contain plans and minute descriptions of St. Augustine. The plan of the town in Stork, represents every build- ing, lot, garden, and flower-bed in the place, and gives a very accurate view of its general appearance. The descriptions vary somewhat. Roberts, who published his work the year of the cession, 1768, shows in connection with his plan of the town, an Indian village on the point south of the city, at the powder-house, and another just north of the city.  160 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs The one to the north has a church. A negro fort is shown about a mile to the northward. Oglethorpe's landing place is shown on Anastasia Island, and a small fort on the main land south of the city. The depth of water on the bar is marked as being at low water, eight feet. Roberts describes the city as " running along the shore at the foot of a pleasant hill, adorned with trees; its form is oblong, divided by four regular streets, crossing each other at right angles; down by the sea side, about three-fourths of a mile south of the town, standeth the church, and a monastery of St. Augustine. The best built part of the town is on the north side, leading to the castle, which is called St. John's Fort. It is a square building of soft stone, fortified with whole bastions, having a rampart of twenty feet high, with a parapet nine feet high, and it is casemated. The town is fortified with bastions, and with cannon. On the north and south, without the walls of the city, are the Indian towns." The next plan we have, is in the work by Dr. Stork, the third edition of which was published in 1769. He gives a beautiful plan of the place. Shows the fort as it now exists, with its various outworks; three churches are designated, one on the public square at its southwest corner ; another on St. George street, on the lot on the west side, south of Green 160 THE HIsToRY AND ArIQUTIEs The one to the north has a church. A negro fort is shown about a mile to the northward. Oglethorpe's landing place is shown on Anastasia Island, and a small fort on the main land south of the city. The depth of water on the bar is marked as being at low water, eight feet. Roberts describes the city as "running along the shore at the foot of a pleasant hill, adorned with trees; its form is oblong, divided by four regular streets, crossing each other at right angles; down by the sea side, about three-fourths of a mile south of the town, standeth the church, and a monastery of St. Augustine. The best built part of the town is on the north side, leading to the castle, which is called St. John's Fort. It is a square building of soft stone, fortified with whole bastions, having a rampart of twenty feet high, with a parapet nine feet high, and it is casemated. The town is fortified with bastions, and with cannon. On the north and south, without the walls of the city, are the Indian towns." The next plan we have; is in the work by Dr. Stork, the third edition of which was published in 1769. He gives a beautiful plan of the place. Shows the fort as it now exists, with its various outworks; three churches are designated, one on the public square at its southwest corner ; another on St. George street, on the lot on the west side, south of Green 160 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITnIS The one to the north has a church. A negro fort is shown about a mile to the northward. Oglethorpe's landing place is shown on Anastasia Island, and a small fort on the main land south of the city. The depth of water on the bar is marked as being at low Water, eight feet. Roberts describes the city as "running along the shore at the foot of a pleasant hill, adorned with trees; its form is oblong, divided by four regular streets, crossing each other at right angles; down by the sea side, about three-fourths of a mile south of the town, standeth the church, and a monastery of St. Augustine. The best built part of the town is on the north side, leading to the castle, which is called St. John's Fort. It is a square building of soft stone, fortified with whole bastions, having a rampart of twenty feet high, with a parapet nine feet high, and it is casemated. The town is fortified with bastions, and with cannon. On the north and south, without the walls of the city, are the Indian towns." The next plan we have, is in the work by Dr. Stork, the third edition of which was published in 1769. He gives abeautiful plan of the place. Shows the fort as it now exists, with its various outworks; three churches are designated, one on the public square at its southwest corner ; another on St. George street, on the lot on the west side, south of Green   I I !II r IL - , 5 1 r - r R Go I I I  OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 161 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 161 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 161 lane, and a Dutch church near where the Roman Catholic cemetery now exists. From the size of the plan, it does not embrace the Indian village. The present United States Court-house was the gov- ernor's official residence, and is represented as having attached to it a beautiful garden. The Franciscan house or convent, is shown where the barracks are now, but different in the form of the buildings. With the exception of the disappearance of a part of one street then existing, there appears very little change from the present plan of the town and buildings. He describes the fort as being finished "according to the modern taste of military architecture," and as making a very handsome appearance, and "that it might justly be deemed the prettiest fort in the king's dominion." He omits the pleasant hill from his description, and says "the town is situated near the glacis of the fort ; the streets are regularly laid out, and built narrow for the purposes of shade. It is above half a mile in length, regularly fortified with bastions, half-bastions, and a ditch ; that it bad also several rows of the Spanish bayonet along the ditch, which formed so close a chevaux de frize, with their pointed leaves, as to be impenetrable ; the southern bastions were built of stone. In the middle of the town is a spacious square, called the lane, and a Dutch church near where the Roman Catholic cemetery now exists. From the size of the plan, it does not embrace the Indian village. The present United States Court-house was the gov- ernor's official residence, and is represented as having attached to it a beautiful garden. The Franciscan house or convent, is shown where the barracks are now, but different in the form of the buildings. With the exception of the disappearance of a part of one street then existing, there appears very little change from the present plan of the town and buildings. He describes the fort as being finished " according to the modern taste of military architecture," and as making a very handsome appearance, and "that it might justly be deemed the prettiest fort in the king's dominion." He omits the pleasant hill from his description, and says "the town is situated near the glacis of the fort; the streets are regularly laid out, and built narrow for the purposes of shade. It is above half a mile in length, regularly fortified with bastions, half-bastions, and a ditch ; that it had also several rows of the Spanish bayonet along the ditch, which formed so close a chevaux de frize, with their pointed leaves, as to be impenetrable ; the southern bastions were built of stone. In the middle of the town is a spacious square, called the lane, and a Dutch church near where the Roman Catholic cemetery now exists. From the size of the plan, it does not embrace the Indian village. The present United States Court-house was the gov- ernor's official residence, and is represented as having attached to it a beautiful garden. The Franciscan house or convent, is shown where the barracks are now, but different in the form of the buildings. With the exception of the disappearance of a part of one street then existing, there appears very little change from the present plan of the town and buildings. He describes the fort as being finished " according to the modern taste of military architecture," and as making a very handsome appearance, and "that it might justly be deemed the prettiest fort in the king's dominion." He omits the pleasant hill from his description, and says "the town is situated near the glacis of the fort ; the streets are regularly laid out, and built narrow for the purposes of shade. It is above half a mile in length, regularly fortified with bastions, half-bastions, and a ditch ; that it had also several rows of the Spanish bayonet along the ditch, which formed so close a chevaux de frize, with their pointed leaves, as to be impenetrable ; the southern bastions were built of stone. In the middle of the town is a spacious square, called the  162 THE HsIoRY AND ANTIQUIrcs parade, open towards the harbor ; at the bottom of the square is the governor's house, the apartments of which are spacious and suitable; suited to the climate, with high windows, a balcony in front, and galleries on both sides; to the back of the house is joined a tower, called in America a look-out' from which there is an extensive prospect towards the sea, as well as inland. There are two churches within the walls of the town, the parish church, a plain building, and another belonging to the convent of Franciscan Friars, which is converted into barracks for the garrison. The houses are built of free-stone, commonly two stories high, two rooms upon a floor, with large windows and balconies ; before the entry of most of the houses, runs a portico of stone arches. The roofs are commonly fiat. The Spaniards con- sulted convenience more than taste in their build- ings. The number of houses within the town and lines, when the Spaniards left it, was about nine hundred ; many of them, especiallyin the suburbs, being built of wood are now gone to decay. The inhabitants were of all colors, whites, negroes, mulat- toes, Indians, &c. At the evacuation of St. Augus- tine, the population was five thousand seven hundred, including the garrison of two thousand five hundred men. Half a mile from the town to the west, is a line with a broad ditch and bastions, running from 162 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrrIEs parade, open towards the harbor ; at the bottom of the square is the governor's house, the apartments of which are spacious and suitable; suited to the climate, with high windows, a balcony in front, and galleries on both sides; to the back of the house is joined a tower, called in America a look-out, from which there is an extensive prospect towards the sea, as well as inland. There are two churches within the walls of the town, the parish church, a plain building, and another belonging to the convent of Franciscan Friars, which is converted into barracks for the garrison. The houses are built of free-stone, commonly two stories high, two rooms upon a floor, with large windows and balconies ; before the entry of most of the houses, runs a portico of stone arches. The roofs are commonly flat. The Spaniards con- sulted convenience more than taste in their build- ings. The number of houses within the town and lines, when the Spaniards left it, was about nine hundred; many of them, especially'in the suburbs, being built of wood are now gone to decay. The inhabitants were of all colors, whites, negroes, mulat- toes, Indians, &c. At the evacuation of St. Augu- tine, the population was five thousand seven hundred, including the garrison of two thousand five hundred men. Half a mile from the town to the west, is a line with a broad ditch and bastions, running from 162 THE HIsToRY AND ANTIQUITIJs parade, open towards the harbor ; at the bottom of the square is the governor's house, the apartments of which are spacious and suitable; suited to the climate, with high windows, a balcony in front, and galleries on both sides; to the back of the house is joined a tower, called in America a look-out, from which there is an extensive prospect towards the sea, as well as inland. There are two churches within the walls of the town, the parish church, a plain building, and another belonging to the convent of Franciscan Friars, which is converted into barracks for the garrison. The houses are built of free-stone, commonly two stories high, two rooms upon a floor, with large windows and balconies; before the entry of most of the houses, runs a portico of stone arches. The roofs are commonly fiat. The Spaniards con- sulted convenience more than taste in their build- ings. The number of houses within the town and lines, when the Spaniards left it, was about nine hundred ; many of them, especiallyin the suburbs, being built of wood are now gone to decay. The inhabitants were of all colors, whites, negroes, mulat- toes, Indians, &c. At the evacuation of St. Augus- tine, the population was five thousand seven hundred, including the garrison of two thousand five hundred men. Half a mile from the town to the west, is a line with a broad ditch and bastions, running from  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 163 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 163 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 163 the St. Sebastian creek to St. Marks river. A mile further is another fortified line with some redoubts, forming a second communication between a stoccata fort upon St. Sebastian river and Fort Moosa, upon St. Marks river. " Within the first line near the town, was a small settlement of Germans, who had a church of their own. Upon the St. Marks river, within the second line, was also an Indian town, with a church built of freestone; what is very remarkable, it is in good taste, though built by the Indians." The two lines of defense here spoken of, may still be traced. The nearest one is less than one-fourth of a mile from the city gate, and the other at the well-known place called the stoccades, the stakes driven to form which, still distinctly mark the place ; and the ditch and embankment can be traced for a considerable distance through the grounds attached to my residence. A letter-writer, who dates at St. Augustine, May, 1774, says " This town is now truly become a heap of ruins, a fit receptacle for the wretches of inhabit- ants." (Rather a dyspeptic description, in all proba- bility.) A bridge was built across the Sebastian river by the English, "but the great depth of the water, joined to the instability of the bottom, did not suffer the St. Sebastian creek to St. Marks river. A mile further is another fortified line with some redoubts, forming a second communication between a stoccata fort upon St. Sebastian river and Fort Moosa, upon St. Marks river. " Within the first line near the town, was a small settlement of Germans, who had a church of their own. Upon the St. Marks river, within the second line, was also an Indian town, with a church built of freestone ; what is very remarkable, it is in good taste, though built by the Indians." The two lines of defense here spoken of, may still be traced. The nearest one is less than one-fourth of a mile from the city gate, and the other at the well-known place called the stoccades, the stakes driven to form which, still distinctly mark the place ; and the ditch and embankment can be traced for a considerable distance through the grounds attached to my residence. A letter-writer, who dates at St. Augustine, May, 1774, says "This town is now truly become a heap of ruins, a fit receptacle for the wretches of inhabit- ants." (Rather a dyspeptic description, in all proba- bility.) A bridge was built across the Sebastian river by the English, " but the great depth of the water, joined to the instability of the bottom, did not suffer the St. Sebastian creek to St. Marks river. A mile further is another fortified line with some redoubts, forming a second communication between a stoccata fort upon St. Sebastian river and Fort Moosa, upon St. Marks river. " Within the first line near the town, was a small settlement of Germans, who had a church of their own. Upon the St. Marks river, within the second line, was also an Indian town, with a church built of freestone ; what is very remarkable, it is in good taste, though built by the Indians." The two lines of defense here spoken of, may still be traced. The nearest one is less than one-fourth of a mile from the city gate, and the other at the well-known place called the stoccades, the stakes driven to form which, still distinctly mark the place ; and the ditch and embankment can be traced for a considerable distance through the grounds attached to my residence. A letter-writer, who dates at St. Augustine, May, 1774, says "This town is now truly become a heap of ruins, a fit receptacle for the wretches of inhabit- ants." (Rather a dyspeptic description, in all proba- bility.) A bridge was built across the Sebastian river by the English, "but the great depth of the water, joined to the instability of the bottom, did not suffer  164 THE HISTORY AND A1TIQUrrES it to remain long, and a ferry is now established in its room ; the keeper of the ferry has fifty pounds per annum allowed him, and the inhabitants pay nothing for crossing, except after dark." The English constructed large buildings for bar- racks, characterized by Romans " as such stupendous piles of buildings, which were large enough to con- tain five regiments, when it is a matter of great doubt, whether there will ever be a necessity to keep one whole regiment here. The material for this great barracks was brought from New York, and far inferior to those found on the spot ; yet the freight alone, amounted to more than their value when landed. It makes us almost believe," says the elaborate Romans, " that all this show is in vain, or at most, that the English were so much in dread of musquitoes, that they thought a large army requisite to drive off, these formidable foes. To be serious," says he, "this fort and barracks, add not a little to the beauty of the prospect; but most men would think that the money spent on this useless parade, would have been better laid out on roads and fences through the province ; or, if it must be in forts, why not at Pensacola?" There is a manuscript work of John Gerard Will- iams de Bahm, existing in the library of Harvard University, which contains some particulars of inter 164 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrI s it to remain long, and a ferry is now established in its room ; the keeper of the ferry has fifty pounds per annum allowed him, and the inhabitants pay nothing for crossing, except after dark." The English constructed large buildings for bar' racks, characterized by Romans " as such stupendous piles of buildings, which were large enough to con- tain five regiments, when it is a matter of great doubt, whether there will ever be a necessity to keep one whole regiment here. The material for this great barracks was brought from New York, and far inferior to those found on the spot ; yet the freight alone, amounted to more than their value when landed. It makes us almost believe," says the elaborate Romans, " that all this show is in vain, or at most, that the English were so much in dread of musquitoes, that they thought a large army requisite to drive off these formidable foes. To be serious," says he, "this fort and barracks, add not a little to the beauty of the prospect; but most men would think that the money spent on this useless parade, would have been better laid out on roads and fences through the province ; or, if it must be in forts, why not at Pensacola?" There is a manuscript work of John Gerard Will- iams de Bahm, existing in the library of Harvard University, which contains some particulars of inter 164 THE mSTORY AND ANTIQUTnMs it to remain long, and a ferry is now established in its room ; the keeper of the ferry has fifty pounds per annum allowed him, and the inhabitants pay nothing for crossing, except after dark." The English constructed large buildings for bar- racks, characterized by Romans " as such stupendous piles of buildings, which were large enough to con- tain five regiments, when it is a matter of great doubt, whether there will ever be a necessity to keep one whole regiment here. The material for this great barracks was brought from New York, and far inferior to those found on the spot ; yet the freight alone, amounted to more than their value when landed. It makes us almost believe," says the elaborate Romans, "that all this show is in vain, or at most, that the English were so much in dread of musquitoes, that they thought a large army requisite to drive off these formidable foes. To be serious," says he, "this fort and barracks, add not a little to the beauty of the prospect; but most men would think that the money spent on this useless parade, would have been better laid out on roads and fences through the province ; or, if it must be in forts, why not at Pensacola?" .There is a manuscript work of John Gerard Will- iams de Bahm, existing in the library of Harvard University, which contains some particulars of inter  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 165 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 165 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 165 est, relative to Florida'at the period of the English occupation. He states the number of inhabitants of East Flor- ida, which in those days meant mostly St. Augus- tine, from 1663 to 1771, as follows: householders, besides women, &c., two hundred and eighty-eight; imported by Mr. Trumbull from Minorca, &c., one thousand four hundred; negroes, upwards of nine hundred. Of these, white heads of families, one hundred and forty-four were married, which is just one-half; thirty-one are store-keepers and traders; three haberdashers, fifteen innkeepers, forty-five artificers and mechanics, one hundred and ten plan- ters, four hunters, six cow-keepers,; eleven overseers, twelve draftsmen in employ of government, besides mathematicians; fifty-eight had left the province ; twenty-eight dead, of whom four were killed acting as constables, two hanged for pirating Among the names of those then residing in East Florida are mentioned, Sir Charles Burdett, William Drayton, aq., planter, Chief Justice ; Rev.., John Forbes, parson, Judge of Admiralty and Councillor ; Rev. N. Fraser, parson at Mosquito ; Governor James Grant, Hon. John Moultrie, planter and Lieutenant Gover- nor ; William Stork, aq., historian ; Andrew Turn- bull, Esq., H. M. Counselor ; Bernard Romans, draftsman, &c. ;. William Bartram, planter ; James Moultrie, Esq. est, relative to Florida'at the period of the English occupation. He states the number of inhabitants of East Flor- ida, which in those days meant mostly St Augus- tine, from 1663 to 1771, as follows: householders, besides women, &c., two hundred and eighty-eight ; imported by Mr. Trumbull from Minorca, &c., one thousand four hundred; negroes, upwards of nine hundred. Of these, white heads of families, one hundred and forty-four were married, which is just one-half; thirty-one are store-keepers and traders ; three haberdashers, fiteen innkeepers, forty-five artificers and mechanics, one hundred and ten plan- ters, four hunters, six cow-keepers,: eleven overseers, twelve draftsmen in employ of government, besides mathematicians; fifty-eight had left the province; twenty-eight dead, of whom four were killed acting as constables, two hanged for pirating Among the names of those then residing in East-Florida are mentioned, Sir Charles Burdett, William Drayton, Esq., planter, Chief Justice ; Rev. John Forbes, parson, Judge of Admiralty and Councillor; Rev. N. Fraser, parson at Mosquito ; Governor James Grant, Hon. John Moultrie, planter and Lieutenant Gover- nor ; William Stork, Esq., historian ; Andrew Turn- bull, Esq., H. M. Counselor; Bernard Romans, draftsman, &c.; William Bartram, planter ; James Moultrie, Esq. est, relative to Florida'at the period of the English occupation. He states the number of inhabitants of East Flor- ida, which in those days meant mostly St. Augus- tine, from 1663 to 1771, as follows: householders, besides women, &c., two hundred and eighty-eight; imported by Mr. Trumbull from Minorca, &c., one thousand four hundred; negroes, upwards of nine hundred. Of these, white heads of families, one hundred and forty-four were married, which is just one-half; thirty-one are store-keepers and traders; three haberdashers, fifteen innkeepers, forty-five artificers and mechanics, one hundred and ten plan- ters, four hunters, six cow-keepers, eleven overseers, twelve draftsmen in employ of government, besides mathematicians; fifty-eight had left the province; twenty-eight dead, of whom four were killed acting as constables, two hanged for pirating; -Among the names of those then residing in East-Florida are mentioned, Sir Charles Burdett, William Drayton, Faq., planter, Chief Justice; Rev. John Forbes, parson, Judge of Admiralty and Councillor; Rev. N. Fraser, parson at Mosquito ; Governor James Grant, Hon. John Moultrie, planter and Lieutenant Gover- nor; William Stork, Esq., historian ; Andrew Turn- bull, Esq., H. M. Counselor; Bernard Romans, draftsman, &c.;. William Bartram, planter; James Moultrie, Esq.  166 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIaS He says, The light house on Anastasia Island had been constructed and built of mason-work by the Spaniards ; and, in 1769, by order of Gen. Hal- dimand, it was raised sixty feet higher in carpenter's work, had a cannon planted on the top, which is fired the very moment the flag is hoisted, for a sig- nal to the town and pilots that a vessel is off The light house has two flag-stafs, one to the south and one to the north; on either of which the flag is hoisted, viz., to the south if the vessel comes from thence, and the north if the vessel comes that way. "The town is situated in a healthy zone, is sur- rounded with salt water marshes, not at all preju- dicial to health ; their evaporations are swept away in the day time by the easterly winds, and in the night season by the westerly winds trading back to the eastward. At the time when the Spaniards left the town, all the gardens were well stocked with fruit trees, viz., figs, guavas, plantain, pomegranates, lemons, limes, citrons, shadock, bergamot, China and Seville oranges, the latter full of fruit throughout the whole winter season; and the pot-herbs, though suspended in their vegetation, were seldom de- stroyed by cold. The town is three-quarters of a mile in length, but not quite a quarter wide; had four churches ornamentally built with stone in the Spanish taste, of which one within and one without 166 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrrIES He says, The light house on Anastasia Island had been constructed and built of mason-work by the Spaniards; and, in 1769, by order of Gen. Hal- dimand, it was raised sixty feet higher in carpenter's work, had a cannon planted on the top, which is fired the very moment the flag is hoisted, for a sig- nal to the town and pilots that a vessel is off The light house has two flag-staf, one to the south and one to the north; on either of which the flag is hoisted, viz., to the south if the vessel comes from thence, and the north if the vessel comes that way. " The town is situated in a healthy zone, is sur- rounded with salt water marshes, not at all preju- dicial to health ; their evaporations are swept away in the day time by the easterly winds, and in the night season by the westerly winds trading back to the eastward. At the time when the Spaniards left the town, all the gardens were well stocked with fruit trees, viz., figs, guavas, plantain, pomegranates, lemons, limes, citrons, shadock, bergamot, China and Seville oranges, the latter full of fruit throughout the whole winter season; and the pot-herbs, though suspended in their vegetation, were seldom de- stroyed by cold. The town is three-quarters of a mile in length, but not quite a quarter wide; had four churches ornamentally built with stone in the Spanish taste, of which one within and one without 166 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTIIEs He says, The light house on Anastasia Island had been constructed and built of mason-work by the Spaniards ; and, in 1769, by order of Gen. Hal- dimand, it was raised sixty feet higher in carpenter's work, had a cannon planted on the top, which is fired the very moment the flag is hoisted, for a sig- nal to the town and pilots that a vessel is off The light house has two flag-stafs, one to the south and one to the north ; on either of which the flag is hoisted, viz., to the south if the vessel comes from thence, and the north if the vessel comes that way. "The town is situated in a healthy zone, is sur- rounded with salt water marshes, not at all preju- dicial to health ; their evaporations are swept away in the day time by the easterly winds, and in the night season by the westerly winds trading back to the eastward. At the time when the Spaniards left the town, all the gardens were well stocked with fruit trees, viz., figs, guavas, plantain, pomegranates, lemons, limes, citrons, shadock, bergamot, China and Seville oranges, the latter full of fruit throughout the whole winter season; and the pot-herbs, though suspended in their vegetation, were seldom de- stroyed by cold. The town is three-quarters of a mile in length, but not quite a quarter wide; had four churches ornamentally built with stone in the Spanish taste, of which one within and one without  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 167 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 167 OF sT. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 167 the town still exist. One is pulled down; that is the German church, but the steeple is preserved as an ornament to the town ; and the othei, viz., the convent church and convent in town is taken in the body of the barracks. All houses are built of ma- sonry ; their entrances are shaded by piazzas, sup- ported by Tuscan pillars or pilasters; against the south sun. The houses have to the east windows projecting sixteen or eighteen inches into the street, very wide, and proportionally high. On the west side, their windows are commonly very small, and no opening of any kind to the north, on which side they have double walls six or eight feet asunder, forming a kind of gallery, which answers for cellars and pantries. Before most of the.entrances were arbors of vines, producing plenty and very good grapes. No house has any chimney for a fire-place ; the Spaniards made use of stone urns, filled them with coals left in their kitchens in the afternoon, and set them at sunset in their bed-rooms, to defend themselves against those winter seasons, which required such care. The governor's residence has both sides piazzas, viz., a double one to the south, and a single one to the north ; also a Belvidere and a grand portico decorated with Dorie pillars and entablatures. On the north end of the town is a casemated fort, with four bastions, a ravelin, counter- the town still exist. One is pulled down; that is the German church, but the steeple is preserved as an ornament to the town ; and the othei, viz., the convent church and convent in town is taken in the body of the barracks. All houses are built of ma- sonry ; their entrances are shaded by piazzas, sup- ported by Tuscan pillars or pilasters; against the south sun. The houses have to the east windows projecting sixteen or eighteen inches into the street, very wide, and proportionally high. On the west side, their windows are commonly very small, and no opening of any kind to the north, on which side they have double walls six or eight feet asunder, forming a kind of gallery, which answers for cellars and pantries. Before most of the.entrances were arbors of vines, producing plenty and very good grapes. No house has any chimney for a fire-place ; the Spaniards made use of stone urns, filled them with coals left in their kitchens in the afternoon, and set them at sunset in their bed-rooms, to defend themselves against those winter seasons, which required such care. The governor's residence has both sides piazzas, viz., a double one to the south, and a single one to the north ; also a Belvidere and a grand portico decorated with Doric pillars and entablatures. On the north end of the town is a casemated fort, with four bastions, a ravelin, counter- the town still exist. One is pulled down; that is the German church, but the steeple is preserved as an ornament to the town; and the othei, viz., the convent church and convent in town is taken in the body of the barracks. All houses are built of ma- sonry ; their entrances are shaded by piazzas, sup- ported by Tuscan pillars or pilasters; against the south sun. The houses have to the east windows projecting sixteen or eighteen inches into the street, very wide, and proportionally high. On the west side, their windows are commonly very small, and no opening of any kind to the north, on which side they have double walls six or eight feet asunder, forming a kind of gallery, which answers for cellars and pantries. Before most of the.entrances were arbors of vines, producing plenty and very good grapes. No house has any chimney for a fire-place ; the Spaniards made use of stone urns, filled them with coals left in their kitchens in the afternoon, and set them at sunset in their bed-rooms, to defend themselves against those winter seasons, which required such care. The governor's residence has both sides piazzas, viz., a double one to the south, and a single one to the north ; also a Belvidere and a grand portico decorated with Doric pillars and entablatures. On the north end of the town is a casemated fort, with four bastions, a ravelin, counter-  168 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES scarp, and a glacis built with quarried shell-stones, and constructed according to the rudiments of Mare- chal de Vauban. This fort commands the road of the bay, the town, its environs, and both Tolomako stream and Matanzas creek. The soil in the gar- dens and environs of the town is chiefly sandy and marshy. The Spaniards seem to have had a notion of manuring their land with shells one foot deep. "Among the three thousand who evacuated St. Augustine, the author is credibly informed, were many Spaniards near and above the age of one hun- dred years, (observe) this nation, especially natives of St. Augustine, bore the reputation of great sobri- ety." * On the 3d of January, 1766, the thermometer sunk to 26*, with the wind from N. W. "The ground was frozen an inch thick on the banks; this was the fatal night that destroyed the lime, citron, and banana trees in St. Aegustine, many curious evergreens up the river that were twenty years old in a flourishing state." t In 1774, there was a snow storm, which extended over most of the province. The ancient inhabitants still (1836) speak of it as an extraordinary white rain. It was said to have done little damage.$ 168 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrIrs scarp, and a glacis built with quarried shell-stones, and constructed according to the rudiments of Mare- chal de Vauban. This fort commands the road of the bay, the town, its environs, and both Tolomako stream and Matanzas creek. The soil in the gar- dens and environs of the town is chiefly sandy and marshy. The Spaniards seem to have had a notion of manuring their land with shells one foot deep. " Among the three thousand who evacuated St. Augustine, the anthor is credibly informed, were many Spaniards near and above the age of one hun- dred years, (observe) this nation, especially natives of St. Augustine, bore the reputation of great sobri- ety." * On the 3d of January, 1766, the thermometer sunk to 26*, with the wind from N. W. "The ground was frozen any inch thick on the banks; this was the fatal night that destroyed the lime, citron, and banana trees in St. Augustine, many curious evergreens up the river that were twenty years old in a flourishing state." t In 1774, there was a snow storm, which extended over most of the province. The ancient inhabitants still (1836) speak of it as an extraordinary white rain. It was said to have done little damage.$ 168 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs scarp, and a glacis built with quarried shell-stones, and constructed according to the rudiments of Mare- chal de Vauban. This fort commands the road of the bay, the town, its environs, and both Tolomako stream and Matanzas creek. The soil in the gar- dens and environs of the town is chiefly sandy and marshy. The Spaniards seem to have had a notion of manuring their land with shells one foot deep. " Among the three thousand who evacuated St. Augustine, the author is credibly informed, were many Spaniards near and above the age of one hun- dred years, (observe) this nation, especially natives of St. Augustine, bore the reputation of great sobri- ety." * On the 3d of January, 1766, the thermometer sunk to 26*, with the wind from N. W. "The ground was frozen an, inch thick on the banks ; this was the fatal night that destroyed the lime, citron, and banana trees in St. Augustine, many curious evergreens up the river that were twenty years old in a flourishing state." t In 1774, there was a snow storm, which extended over most of the province. The ancient inhabitants still (1836) speak of it as an extraordinary white rain. It was said to have done little damage. * De Brahm MS., p. 192. $ wili-e Florida., p 17. t stork, p. 11. * De Brahm MS., p. 192. $William.' Florida,, p 17. t Stork, p. 11. * De Brahm MS., p. 192. $William.' Florida., p 17. t Stork, p. .  OF ST. AUGUSTOA, FLORIDA. 169 OF ST. AUGUSTINF, FLORIDA. 169 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 169 In this connection, and as it is sometimes sup posed that the climate is now colder than formerly, it may be stated that the thermometer went very low in 1799. East Florida suffered from a violent frost on the 6th April, 1828. In February, 1835, the thermometer sunk to 70 above zero, wind from N. W.; and the St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore; all kinds of fruit trees were killed to the ground, and the wild orange trees suf- fered as well as the cultivated. Dr. Nicolas Turnbull, in the year 1767, associated with Sir William Duncan and other Englishmen of note, projected a colony of European emigrants to be settled at New Smyrna. He brought from the islands of Greece, Corsica, and Minorca, some four- teen hundred persons, agreeing to convey them free of expense, find them in clothing and provisions, and, at the end of three years, to give fifty acres of land to each head of a family, and twenty-five to each child. After a long passage they arrived out, and formed the settlement. The principal article of cultivation produced by them was indigo, which commanded a high price, and was assisted by a bounty from the English government. After a few years, Turnbull, as is alleged, either from avarice or natural cruelty, assumed a control the most absolute 12 In this connection, and as it is sometimes sup- posed that the climate is now colder than formerly, it may be stated that the thermometer went very low in 1799. East Florida suffered from a violent frost on the 6th April, 1828. In February, 1835, the thermometer sunk to 70 above zero, wind from N. W.; and the St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore; all kinds of fruit trees were killed to the ground, and the wild orange trees suf- fered as well as the cultivated. Dr. Nicolas Turnbull, in the year 1767, associated with Sir William Duncan and other Englishmen of note, projected a colony of European emigrants to be settled at New Smyrna. He brought from the islands of Greece, Corsica, and Minorca, some four- teen hundred persons, agreeing to convey them free of expense, find them in clothing and provisions, and, at the end of three years, to give fifty acres of land to each head of a family, and twenty-five to each child. After a long passage they arrived out, and formed the settlement. The principal article of cultivation produced by them was indigo, which commanded a high price, and was assisted by a bounty from the English government. After a few years, Turnbull, as is alleged, either from avariee or natural cruelty, assumed a control the most absolute 12 In this connection, and as it is sometimes sup- posed that the climate is now colder than formerly, it may be stated that the thermometer went very low in 1799. East Florida suffered from a violent frost on the 6th April, 1828. In February, 1835, the thermometer sunk to 70 above zero, wind from N. W.; and the St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore; all kinds of fruit trees were killed to the ground, and the wild orange trees suf- fered as well as the cultivated. Dr. Nicolas Turnbull, in the year 1767, associated with Sir William Duncan and other Englishmen of note, projected a colony of European emigrants to be settled at New Smyrna. He brought from the islands of Greece, Corsica, and Minorca, some four- teen hundred persons, agreeing to convey them free of expense, find them in clothing and provisions, and, at the end of three years, to give fifty acres of land to each head of a family, and twenty-five to each child. After a long passage they arrived out, and formed the settlement. The principal article of cultivation produced by them was indigo, which commanded a high price, and was assisted by a bounty from the English government. After a few years, Turnbull, as is alleged, either from avarice or natural cruelty, assumed a control the most absolute 12  170 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIs over these colonists, and practiced cruelties the most painful upon them. An insurrection took place in 1769 among them, in consequence of severe punishments; which was speedily repressed, and the leaders of it brought to trial before the English court at St. Augustine ; five of the number were convicted and sentenced to death. Gov. Grant pardoned two of the five, and a third was released upon the condition of his becom- ing the executioner of the other two. Nine years after the commencement of their settlement, their number had become reduced from 1,400 to 600. In 1776, proceedings were instituted on their behalf by Mr. Yonge, the attorney-general of the province, which resulted in their being exonerated from their contract with Turnbull; lands were thereupon as- signed them in the northern part of the city, which was principally built up by them; and their descend- ants, at the present day, form the larger portion of the population of the place. Governor Grant was the first English governor, and was a gentleman of much energy ; and during his term of office, he projected many great and per- manent improvements in the province. The public roads, known as the king's.roads, from St. Augustine to New Smyrna, and from St. Augustine to Jackson- ville, and thence to Coleraine, were then constructed, 170 THE MsRY AND ANTIQUIIM over these colonists, and practiced cruelties the most painful upon them. An insurrection took place in 1769 among them, in consequence of severe punishments; which was speedily repressed, and the leaders of it brought to trial before the English court at St. Augustine ; five of the number were convicted and sentenced to death. Gov. Grant pardoned two of the five, and a third was released upon the condition of his becom- ing the executioner of the other two. Nine years after the commencement of their settlement, their number had become reduced from 1,400 to 600. In 1776, proceedings were instituted on their behalf by Mr. Yonge, the attorney-general of the province, which resulted in their being exonerated from their contract with Turnbull; lands were thereupon as- signed them in the northern part of the city, which was principally built up by them; and their descend- ants, at the present day, form the larger portion of the population of the place. Governor Grant was the first English governor, and was a gentleman of much energy ; and during his term of office, he projected many great and per- manent improvements in the province. The public roads, known as the king's roads, from St. Augustine to New Smyrna, and from St. Augustine to Jackson- ville, and thence to Coleraine, were then constructed, 170 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITs over these colonists, and practiced cruelties the most painful upon them. An insurrection took place in 1769 among them, in consequence of severe punishments; which was speedily repressed, and the leaders of it brought to trial before the English court at St. Augustine ; five of the number were convicted and sentenced to death. Gov. Grant pardoned two of the five, and a third was released upon the condition of his becom- ing the executioner of the other two. Nine years after the commencement of their settlement, their number had become- reduced from 1,400 to 600. In 1776, proceedings were instituted on their behalf by Mr. Yonge, the attorney-general of the province, which resulted in their being exonerated from their contract with Turnbull; lands were thereupon as- signed them in the northern part of the city, which was principally built up by them; and their descend- ants, at the present day, form the larger portion of the population of the place. Governor Grant was the first English governor, and was a gentleman of much energy ; and during his term of office, he projected many great and per- manent improvements in the province. The public roads, known as the king's.roads, from St. Augustine to New Smyrna, and from St. Augustine to Jackson- ville, and thence to Coleraine, were then constructed,  OF ST. AUGUsTInE, FLORIDA- 171 O0 ST. AUGUSTInM, FLORIDA. 171 OF ST. AUGUsITNE, FLoRIDA 171 and remain a lasting monument of his wisdom and desire of improvement. Gov. Tonyn succeeded Gov: Grant; and a legisla. tive council was authorized to assemble, and the pretense and forms of a constitutional government were gone through with. In August 1775; a British vessel, called the Bet- sey, Capt. Lofthouse, from London, with 111 barrels of powder, was captured off the bar of St Augustine, by an American privateer from Charleston, very much to the disgust and annoyance of the British authorities. At this period, St. Augustine assumed much im portance as a depot and point &appui for the Brit- ish forces in their operations against the Southern States; and very considerable forces were at times assembled. In the exeess of the seal and loyalty of the garri- son andinhabitants of St. Augustine, upon the receipt of the news of the American Declaration of Inde- pendence, the effigies of John Hancock and Samuel Adams were burned upon the public square, where the monument now stands. The expedition of Gen. Prevost against Savannah was organized and embarked from St, Augustine, in 1779. Sixty of the most distinguished citizens of Carolina and remain a lasting monument of his wisdom and desire of improvement. Gov. Tonyn succeeded Gov Grant; and a legisla. tive council was authorized to assemble, and the pretense and forms of a constitutional government were gone through with. In Angus; 1775, a British vessel, called the Bet- sey, Capt. Lofthouse from London, with 111 barrels of powder, was captured off the bar of St Augustine, by an American privateer from Charleston, very much to the disgust and annoyance of the British authorities. At this period, St. Augustine assumed much im portanee as a depot and pint &appui for the Brit- ish forces in their operations against the Southern States; and very considerable forces were at times assembled. In the excess of the seal and loyalty of the garsi- son and inhabitants of St. Augustine, upon the receipt of the news of the American Declaration of Inde- pendenee, the effigies of John Hancock and Samuel Adams were burned upon the public square, where the monument now stands. The expedition of Gen. Prevest against Savannah was organized and embarked from St Augustine, in 1779. Sixty of the most distinguished citizens of Carolina and remain a lasting monument of his wisdom and desire of improvement. Gov. Tonyn succeeded Gov. Grant; and a legisla tive council was authorized to assemble, and the pretense and forms of a constitutional government were gone through with. In Augus; 1775; a British vessel, called the Bet- sey, Capt. Lofthouse, from London, with 1i barrels of powder, was captured off the bar of St Augustine, by an American privateer from Charleston, very much to the disgust and annoyance of the British authorities. At this period, St. Augustine assumed much im- pertance as a depot and point d'appui for the Brit- ish forces in their operations against the Southern States; and very considerable forces were at times assembled. In the excess of the seal and loyalty of the garri- son and inhabitants of St Augustine, upon the receipt of the news of the American Declaration of Inde- pendenee, the effigies of John Hancock and Samuel Adams were burned upon the public square, where the monument now stands. The expedition of Gen. Prevost against Savannah was organized and embarked from St. Augustine, in 1779. Sixty of the most distinguished citizens of Carolina  172 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIns were seized by the British in 1780, and transported to St. Augustine as prisoners of war and hostages, among whom were Arthur Middleton, Edward Rut- ledge, Gen. Gadsden, and Mr. Calhoun ; all were put upon parol except Gen. Gadsden and Mr. Cal- houn, who refused the indulgence, and were commit- ted to the fort, where they remained many months close prisoners. Gen. Rutherford and Col. Isaacs, of North Carolina, were also transported hither, and committed to the fort. An expedition was fitted out from St. Augustine in 1788, to act against New Providence, under CoL Devereux ; and, with very slender means, that able officer succeeded in capturing and reducing the Bahamas, which have ever since remained under English domination. The expense of supporting the government of East Florida during the English occupation, was very considerable, amounting to the sum of £122,000. The exports of Florida, in 1778, amounted to £48,000; and, in 1772, the province exported 40,000 lbs. indigo; and in 1782, 20,000 barrels of turpen- tine. 172 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUTis were seized by the British in 1780, and transported to St. Augustine as prisoners of war and hostages, among whom were Arthur Middleton, Edward Rut- ledge, Gen. Gadsden, and Mr. Calhoun ; all were put upon parol except Gen. Gadsden and Mr. Cal- houn, who refused the indulgence, and were commit- ted to the fort, where they remained many months close prisoners. Gen. Rutherford and Col Isaacs, of North Carolina, were also transported hither, and committed to the fort. An expedition was fitted out from St. Augustine in 1781, to act against New Providence, under Col. Devereux ; and, with very slender means, that able officer succeeded in capturing and reducing the Bahamas, which have ever since remained under English domination. The expense of supporting the government of East Florida during the English occupation, was very considerable, amounting to the sum of £122,000. The exports of Florida, in 1778, amounted to £48,000; and, in 1772, the province exported 40,000 lbs. indigo; and in 1782, 20,000 barrels of turpen- tine. 172 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITI|S were seized by the British in 1780, and transported to St. Augustine as prisoners of war and hostages, among whom were Arthur Middleton, Edward Rut- ledge, Gen. Gadsden, and Mr. Calhoun ; all were put upon parol except Gen. Gadsden and Mr. Cal- houn, who refused the indulgence, and were commit- ted to the fort, where they remained many months close prisoners. Gen. Rutherford and CoL Isaacs, of North Carolina, were also transported hither, and committed to the fort. An expedition was fitted out from St. Augustine in 1788, to act against New Providence, under CoL Devereux ; and, with very slender means, that able officer succeeded in capturing and reducing the Bahamas, which have ever since remained under English domination. The expense of supporting the government of East Florida during the English occupation, was very considerable, amounting to the sum of £122,000. The exports of Florida, in 1778, amounted to £48,000; and, in 1772, the province exported 40,000 lbs. indigo; and in 1782, 20,000 barrels of turpen- tine.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 178 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 172 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 1W8 CHAPTER XVI. RE.CESION OF FLORIDA TO sPAIN-ERECTION OF THE PARISH CHURCH-CHANGE OF FLAGS-17I-1821. IN June, 1784, in fulfillment of the treaty be- tween England and Spain, Florida, after twenty years of British occupation, was re-ceded to the Spanish crown, and taken possession of by Governor Zespedez. The English residents, in general, left* the coun- try, and went either to the Bahamas, Jamaica, or the United States. Those who went to the British isl- ands were almost ruined; but those who settled in the States were more successful. In April, 1793, the present Roman Catholic church was commenced, the previous church having been in another portion of the city.t It was constructed * Among the amilies remaining were the Hatias, Flemings, and a few othersn f The old parish church was on St. George street, on west aide of the street CHAPTER XVI. RE-CEssION OF FLORIDA TO SPAIN-ERECTION OF THE PARISH CHURCH-CHANGE OF FLAGa-1788-1821. IN June, 1784, in fulfillment of the treaty be- tween England and Spain, Florida, after twenty years of British occupation, was re-ceded to the Spanish crown, and taken possession of by Governor Zespeden The English residents, in general, left* the coun- try, and went either to the Bahamas, Jamaica, or the United States. Those who went to the British isl- ands were almost ruined; but those who settled in the States were more successful. In April, 1793, the present Roman Catholic church was commenced, the previous church having been in another portion of the city.t It was constructed * Among the kmilies remaining were the Fatie, Flemings, and a few others t The old parish church was on St. George street, on west aide of the street. CHAPTER XVI. RE-CEssION OF FLORIDA TO SPAIN-ERECTION OF THE PARTSE CHURCH-CHANGE OF FLAGS.-178-8-ls1. Is June, 1784, in fulfillment of the treaty be- tween England and Spain, Florida, after twenty years of British occupation, was re-ceded to the Spanish crown, and taken possession of by Governor Zespedes. The English residents, in general, left* the coun- try, and went either to the Bahamas, Jamaica, or the United States. Those who went to the British isl- ands were almost ruined; but those who settled in the States were more successful. In April, 1793, the present Roman Catholic church was commenced, the previous church having been in another portion of the city.t It was constructed * Among the lbmilies remain were the Fatios, Flemings, and a few others t The old parish church was on St. George street, en west side of the street  174 THE mSTORY MA D MlTIQUrTE under the direction of Don Mariana de la Rocque and Don P. Berrio, government engineer-officers. The cost of the church was $16,650, of which about $6,000 was received from the proceeds of the mate- rials and ornaments of the old churches, about $1,000 from the contributions of the inhabitants, and the remaining $10,000 furnished by the govern- ment.. One of its four bells has the followinginsrip tion, showing it to be probably the oldest bell in this country, being now 175 years old. Sancte Joseph Ora Pro Nobis D 1682 Don Enrique White was for many years governor of Florida, and died in the city of St. Augustine. He is spoken of, by those who knew him, in high terms, for his integrity and openness of character; and many amusing anecdotes are related- eonnected with his eccentricities. In 1812, the American government, being appre hensive that Great Britain designed obtaining pos session of Florida, sent its troops into the province, overrunning and destroying the whole country. The manner and the pretenses under which this was done, 174 THE rsTOY aD ANsTIQUrrr under the direction of Don Mariana de Ia Rocque and Don P. Berrio, government engineer-officers. The cost of the church was $16,650, of which about $6,000 was received from the proceeds of the mate- rials and ornaments of the old churches, about $1,000 from the contributions of the inhabitants, and the remaining $10,000 furnished by the govern- ment.: One of its four bells has the followinginsm*- tion, showing it to be probably the oldest bell in this country, being now 175 years old. Sancte Joseph Ora Pro Nobis D 1682 Don Enrique White was for many years governor of Florida, and died in the city of St. Augustine. He is spoken of, by those who knew him, in high terms, for his integrity and openness of character; and many amusing anecdotes are related connected with his eccentricities. In 1812, the American government, being appre- hensive that Great Britain designed obtaining pos- session of Florida, sent its troops into the province, overrunning and destroying tlie whole country. The manner and the pretenses under which this was done, 174 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUfTI= under the direction of Don Mariana de in Rocque and Don P. Berrio, government engineer-officers. The cost of the church was $16,650, of which about $6,000 was received from the proceeds of the mate- rials and ornaments of the old churches, about $1,000 from the contributions of the inhabitants, and the remaining $10,000 furnished by the govern- ment., One of its four bells has the following inscip tion, showing it to be probably the oldest bell in this country, being now 175 years old. Sancte Joseph Ora Pro Nobis D 1682 Don Enrique White was for many years governor of Florida, and died in the city of St. Augustine. He is spoken of, by those who knew him, in high terms, for his integrity and openness of character; and many amusing anecdotes are related, connected with his eccentricities. In 1812, the American government, being appre- hensive that Great Britain designed obtaining pos. session of Florida, sent its troops into the province, overrunning and destroying tlie whole country. The manner and the pretenses under which this was done,  OF ST. AUGUSTIE, FLORIDA. 175 OF ST. AUGUsTNE, FLORIDA. 175 OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLORIDA. 175 reflect but little credit on the United States govern- ment; and the transparent sham of taking possession of the country by the patriots, supported by United States troops, was as undignified as it, was futile. It is for the damages occasioned by this invasion, that the " Florida claims" for "losses" of its citizens have been presented to the government of the Uni- ted States. The principal of the damages sustained, that is to say, the actual value of the property then destroyed, has been allowed and paid; but the in- terest, or damages for the detention, has been with- held upon the ground that the government does not pay interest. The treaty between the United States and Spain in reference to the cession of Florida to the United States, requires the United States to make saiefaction for such claims ; and the payment of the bare amount of actual loss, after a detention of thirty years, is considered by the claimants an inadequate satifacti of a just claim. In the spring of 1818, General Jackson made his celebrated incursion into Florida, and by a series of energetic movements followed the Seminoles and Creeks to their fastnesses, and forever crushed the power of those formidable tribes for offensive oper- ations. In the latter part of 1817, a revolutionary party took possession of Amelia Island, and raised a eoi reflect but little credit on the United States govern- ment ; and the transparent sham of taking possession of the country by the patriots, supported by United States troops, was as undignified as it- was futile. It is for the damages occasioned by this invasion, that the " Florida claims" for "losses" of its citizens have been presented to the government of the Uni- ted States. The priwnipal of the damages sustained, that is to say, the actual value of the property then destroyed, has been allowed and paid; but the in- terest, or damages for the detention, has been with- held upon the ground that the government does not pay interest. The treaty between the United States and Spain in reference to the cession of Florida to the United States, requires the United States to make sa-faction for such claims; and the payment of the bare amount of actual loss, after a detention of thirty years, is considered by the claimants an inadequate satiefaction of a just claim. In the spring of 1818, General Jackson made his celebrated incursion into Florida, and by a series of energetic movements followed the Seminoles and Creeks to their fastnesses, and forever crashed the power of those formidable tribes for offensive oper- ations. In the latter part of 1817, a revolutionary party took possession of Amelia Island, and raised a eoi reflect but little credit on the United States govern- ment ; and the transparent sham of taking possession of the country by the patriots, supported by United States troops, was as undignified as it- was futile. It is for the damages occasioned by this invasion, that the " Florida claims" for "losses" of its citizens have been presented to the government of the Uni- ted States. The principal of the damages sustained, that is to say, the actual value of the property then destroyed, has been allowed and paid; but the in- terest, or damages for the detention, has been with- held upon the ground that the government does not pay interest. The treaty between the United States and Spain in reference to the cession of Florida to the United States, requires the United States to make sa -saction for such claims ; and the payment of the bare amount of actual loss, after a detention of thirty years, is considered by the claimants an inadequate satifacion of a just claim. In the spring of 1818, General Jackson made his celebrated incursion into Florida, and by a series of energetic movements followed the Seminoles and Creeks to their fastnesses, and forever crushed the power of those formidable tribes for offensive oper- ations. In the latter part of 1817, a revolutionary party took possession of Amelia Island, and raised a eoi  176 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIs diantpatriot flag at Fernandina, supported mainly in the enterprise by adventurers from the United States: M'Gregor was assisted by officers of theUnited States army. An expedition was sent from St Au- gustine by the Spanish governor to eject the inva- ders, which failed. One Aury, an English adven- turer, for a time held command there; and also a Mr. Hubbard, formerly sheriff of New York, who was the civil governor, and died there. The United States troops eventually interfered ; but negotiations for the cession put a stop to further hostilities. The king of Spain, finding his possessions in Florida utterly worthless to his crown, and only an expense to sustain the garrisons, while the repeated attempts to disturb its political relations prevented any beneficial progress towards its settlement, gladly agreed, in 1819, to a transfer of Florida to the United States for five millions of dollars. An English gentleman who visited St. Augustine in 1817, gives his impressions of the place as follows: " Emerging from the solitudes and shades of the pine forests, we espied the distant yet distinct lights of the watch towers of the fortress of St. Augustine, de- lightful beacons to my weary pilgrimage. The clock was striking ten as I reached the foot of the draw- bridge ; the sentinels were passing the alerto, as I demanded entrance; having answered the prelimi- 176 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUTM disant patriot flag at Fernandina, supported mainly in the enterprise by adventurers from the United States: M'Gregor was assisted by officers of theUnited States army. An expedition was sent from St. Au- gustine by the Spanish governor to eject the inva- ders, which failed. One Aury, an English adven- turer, for a time held command there; and also a Mr. Hubbard, formerly sheriff of New York, who was the civil governor, and died there. The United States troops eventually interfered ; but negotiations for the cession put a stop to further hostilities. The king of Spain, finding his possessions in Florida utterly worthless to his crown, and only an expense to sustain the garrisons, while the repeated attempts to disturb its political relations prevented any beneficial progress towards its settlement, gladly agreed, in 1819, to a transfer of Florida to the United States for five millions of dollars. An English gentleman who visited St. Augustine in 1817, gives his impressions of the place as follows: " Emerging from the solitudes and shades of the pine forests, we espied the distant yet distinct lights of the watch towers of the fortress of St. Augustine, de- lightful beacons to my weary pilgrimage. The clock was striking ten as I reached the foot of the draw- bridge ; the sentinels were passing the aerto, as I demanded entrance; having answered the prelimi- 176 THE HIsToRY AND ANTIQUITMS disant patriot flag at Fernandina, supported mainly in the enterprise by adventurers from the United States: M'Gregor was assisted by officers of theUnited States army. An expedition was sent from St Au- gustine by the Spanish governor to eject the inva- ders, which failed. One Aury, an English adven- turer, for a time held command there; and also a Mr. Hubbard, formerly sheriff of New York, who was the civil governor, and died there. The United States troops eventually interfered ; but negotiations for the cession put a stop to farther hostilities. The king of Spain, finding his possessions in Florida utterly worthless to his crown, and only an expense to sustain the garrisons, while the repeated attempts to disturb its political relations prevented any beneficial progress towards its settlement, gladly agreed, in 1819, to a transfer of Florida to the United States for five millions of dollars. An English gentleman who visited St. Augustine in 1817, gives his impressions of the place as follows: " Emerging from the solitudes and shades of the pine forests, we espied the distant yet distinct lights of the watch towers of the fortress of St. Augustine, de- lightful beacons to my weary pilgrimage. The clock was striking ten as I reached the foot of the draw- bridge ; the sentinels were passing the alerto, as I demanded entrance; having answered the prelimi-  OF ST. AUGUSTN, FLORIDA. 177 OF ST. AUGUSTRM FLORIDA. 177 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 177 nary questions, the draw-bridge was slowly lowered. The officer of the guard, having received my name and wishes, sent a communication to the governor, who issued orders for my immediate admission. On opening the gate, the guard was ready to receive me; and a file of men, with their officer, escorted me to his Excellency, who expressed his satisfaction at my revisit to Florida. I soon retired to the luxury of repose, and the following morning was greeted as an old acquaintance by the members of this little community. " I had arrived at a season of general relaxation, on the eve of the carnival, which is celebrated with much gayety in all Catholic countries. Masks, domi- noes, harlequins, punchinellos, and a great variety of grotesque disguises, on horseback, in cars, gigs, and on foot, paraded the streets with guitars, violins, and other instruments; and in the evenings, the houses were open to receive masks, and balls were given in every direction. I was told that in their better days, when their pay was regularly remitted from the Ha- vanna, these amusements were admirably conducted, and the rich dresses exhibited on these occasions, were not eclipsed by their more fashionable friends in Cuba; but poverty had lessened their spirit for enjoyment, as well as the means for procuring it; enough, however remained to amuse an idle specta- nary questions, the draw-bridge was slowly lowered. The officer of the guard, having received my name and wishes, sent a communication to the governor, who issued orders for my immediate admission. On opening the gate, the guard was ready to receive me ; and a fdie of men, with their officer, escorted me to his Excellency, who expressed his satisfaction at my revisit to Florida. I soon retired to the luxury of repose, and the following morning was greeted as an old acquaintance by the members of this little community. " I had arrived at a season of general relaxation, on the eve of the carnival, which is celebrated with much gayety in all Catholic countries. Masks, domi- noes, harlequins, punchinellos, and a great variety of grotesque disguises, on horseback, in cars, gigs, and on foot, paraded the streets with guitars, violins, and other instruments; and in the evenings, the houses were open to receive masks, and balls were given in every direction. I was told that in their better days, when their pay was regularly remitted from the Ha- vauns, these amusements were admirably conducted, and the rich dresses exhibited on these occasions, were not eclipsed by their more fashionable friends in Cuba; but poverty had lessened their spirit for enjoyment, as well as the means for procuring it; enough, however remained to amuse an idle specta- nary questions, the draw-bridge was slowly lowered. The officer of the guard, having received my name and wishes, sent a communication to the governor, who issued orders for my immediate admission. On opening the gate, the guard was ready to receive me; and a file of men, with their officer, escorted me to his Excellency, who expressed his satisfaction at my revisit to Florida. I soon retired to the luxury of repose, and the following morning was greeted as an old acquaintance by the members of this little community. "I had arrived at a season of general relaxation, on the eve of the carnival, which is celebrated with much gayety in all Catholic countries. Masks, domi- noes, harlequins, punchinellos, and a great variety of grotesque disguises, on horseback, in cars, gigs, and on foot, paraded the streets with guitars, violins, and other instruments; and in the evenings, the houses were open to receive masks, and balls were given in every direction. I was told that in their better days, when their pay was regularly remitted from the Ha- vanna, these amusements were admirably conducted, and the rich dresses exhibited on these occasions, were not eclipsed by their more fashionable friends in Cuba; but poverty had lessened their spirit for enjoyment, as well as the means for procuring it; enough, however remained to amuse an idle specta-  178 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrDES tor, and I entered with alacrity into their diver- sions. "About thirty of the hunting warriors of the Sem- inoles, with their squaws, had arrived, for the pur- pose of selling the produce of the chase, consisting of bear, deer, tiger, and other skins, bears' grease, and other triling articles. This savage race, once the lords of the ascendant, are the most formidable border enemies of the United States. This party had arrived, after a range of six months, for the purposes of sale and barter. After trafficking for their commodities, they were seen at various parts of the town, assembled in small groups, seated upon their hannches, like monkeys, passing round their bottles of agu dents (the rum of Cuba), their repeated draughts upon which soon exhausted their contents ; they then slept off the effects of intoxica- tion under the walls, exposed to the influence of the sun. Their appearance was extremely wretched ; their skins of a dark, dirty, chocolate color, with long, straight, black hair, over which they had spread a quantity of bears' grease. In their ears, and the cartilages of the nose, were inserted rings of silver and brass, with pendants of various shapes ; their features prominent and harsh, and their eyes had a wild and ferocious expression. "A torn blanket, or an ill-fashioned dirty linen 178 THE' HISTORY AND ANTIQUTrIM tor, and I entered with alacrity into their diver- sions. "About thirty of the hunting warriors of the Sem- inoles, with their squaws, had arrived, for the pur- pose of selling the produce of the chase, consisting of bear, deer, tiger, and other skins, bears' grease, and other trifling articles. This savage race, once the lords of the ascendant, are the most formidable border enemies of the United States. This party had arrived, after a range of six months, for the purposes of sale and barter. After trafficking for their commodities, they were seen at various parts of the town, assembled in small groups, seated upon their haunches, like monkeys, passing round their bottles of ao dente (the rum of Cuba), their repeated draughts upon which soon exhausted their contents; they then slept off the effects of intoxica- tion under the walls, exposed to the influence of the sun. Their appearance was extremely wretched ; their skins of a dark, dirty, chocolate color, with long, straight, black hair, over which they had spread a quantity of bears' grease. In their ears, and the cartilages of the nose, were inserted rings of silver and brass, with pendants of various shapes; their features prominent and harsh, and their eyes had a wild and ferocious expression. " A torn blanket, or an ill-fashioned dirty linen 178 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIU tor, and I entered with alacrity into their diver- sions. "About thirty of the hunting warriors of the Sem- inoles, with their squaws, had arrived, for the pur- pose of selling the produce of the chase, consisting of bear, deer, tiger, and other skins, bears' grease, and other triling articles. This savage race, once the lords of the ascendant, are the most formidable border enemies of the United States. This party had arrived, after a range of six months, for the purposes of sale and barter. After trafficking for their commodities, they were seen at various parts of the town, assembled in small groups, seated upon their haunches, like monkeys, passing round their bottles of agu dente (the rum of Cuba), their repeated draughts upon which soon exhausted their contents ; they then slept off the effects of intoxica- tion under the walls, exposed to the influence of the sun. Their appearance was extremely wretched ; their skins of a dark, dirty, chocolate color, with long, straight, black hair, over which they had spread a quantity of bears' grease. In their ears, and the cartilages of the nose, were inserted rings of silver and brass, with pendants of various shapes ; their features prominent and harsh, and their eyes had a wild and ferocious expression. " A torn blanket, or an ill-fashioned dirty linen  OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLOnIDA. 179 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 179 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 179 jacket, is the general costume of these Indians; a triangular piece of cloth passes around the loins; the women vary in their apparel by merely wearing short petticoats, the original colors of which were not distinguishable from the various incrustations of dirt. Some of the young squaws were tolerably agreeable, and if well washed and dressed would not have been uninteresting; but the elder squaws wore the air of misery and debasement. "The garrison is composed of a detachment from the Royal regiment of Cuba, with some black troops; who together form a respectable force. The fort and bastions are built of the same material as the houses of the town, coguina. This marine substance is superior to stone, not being liable to splinter from the effects of bombardment ; it receives and embeds the shot, which adds rather than detracts from its strength and security. "The houses and the rear of the town are inter- sected and covered with orange groves; their golden fruit and deep green foliage, not only render the air agreeable, but beautify the appearance of this inter- esting little town, in the centre of which (the square) rises a large structure dedicated to the Catholic reli- gion. At the upper end are the remains of a very considerable house, the former residence of the governor of this settlement; but now (1817), in a jacket, is the general costume of these Indians; a triangular piece of cloth passes around the loins; the women vary in their apparel by merely wearing short petticoats, the original, colors of which were not distinguishable from the various incrustations of dirt. Some of the young squaws were tolerably agreeable, and if well washed and dressed would not have been uninteresting; but the elder squaws wore the air of misery and debasement. "The garrison is composed of a detachment from the Royal regiment of Cuba, with some black troops; who together form a respectable force. The fort and bastions are built of the same material as the houses of the town, cosina. This marine substance is superior to stone, not being liable to splinter from the effects of bombardment ; it receives and embeds the shot, which adds rather than detracts from its strength and security. "The houses and the rear of the town are inter- sected and covered with orange groves ; their golden fruit and deep green foliage, not only render the air agreeable, but beautify the appearance of this inter- esting little town, in the centre of which (the square) rises a large structure dedicated to the Catholic reli- gion. At the upper end are the remains of a very considerable house, the former residence of the governor of this settlement; but now (1817), in a jacket, is the general costume of these Indians; a triangular piece of cloth passes around the loins; the women vary in their apparel by merely wearing short petticoats, the original, colors of which were not distinguishable from the various incrustations of dirt. Some of the young squaws were tolerably agreeable, and if well washed and dressed would not have been uninteresting; but the elder squawswore the air of misery and debasement. "The garrison is composed of a detachment from the Royal regiment of Cuba, with some black troops; who together form a respectable force. The fort and bastions are built of the same material as the houses of the town, coguina. This marine substance is superior to stone, not being liable to splinter from the effects of bombardment ; it receives and embeds the shot, which adds rather than detracts from its strength and security. "The houses and the rear of the town are inter- sected and covered with orange groves ; their golden fruit and deep green foliage, not only render the air agreeable, but beautify the appearance of this inter- esting little town, in the centre of which (the square) rises a large structure dedicated to the Catholic reli- gion. At the upper end are the remains of a very considerable house, the former residence of the governor of this settlement; but now (1817), in a  180 THE HISTORY AND ArIQUMITIs state of dilapidation and decay, from age and inat tention. "At the southern extremity of the town stands a large building, formerly a monastery of Carthusian Friars, but now occupied as a barrack for the troops of the garrison. At a little distance are four stacks of chimnies, the sole remains of a beautiful range of barracks, built during the occupancy of the British from 1763 to 1783; for three years the 29th regi- ment was stationed there, and in that time they did not lose a single man. The proverbial salubrity of the climate, has obtained for St. Augustine the des- ignation of the Montpelier of North America; indeed, such is the general character of the Province of East Florida. "The governor (Coppinger), is about forty-five years of age, of active and vigorous mind, anxious to promote by every means in his power the pros- perity of the province confided to his command; his urbanity and other amiable qualities render him accessible to the meanest individual, and justice is sure to follow an appeal to his decision. His mili- tary talents are well known, and appreciated by his sovereign ; and he now holds, in addition to the government of East Florida, the rank of Colonel in the Royal Regiment of Cuba. "The clergy consist of the padre (priest of the 180 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrS state of dilapidation and decay, from age and inat. tention. "At the southern extremity of the town stands a large building, formerly a monastery of Carthusian Friars, but now occupied as a barrack for the troops of the garrison. At a little distance are four stacks of chimnies, the sole remains of a beautiful range of barracks, built during the occupancy of the British from 1763 to 1783; for three years the 29th regi- ment was stationed there, and in that time they did not lose a single man. The proverbial salubrity of the climate, has obtained for St. Augustine the des- ignation of the Montpelier of North America ; indeed, such is the general character of the Province of East Florida. "The governor (Coppinger), is about forty-fve years of age, of active and vigorous mind, anxious to promote by every means in his power the pros- perity of the province confided to his command; his urbanity and other amiable qualities render him accessible to the meanest individual, and justice is sure to follow an appeal to his decision. His mili- tary talents are well known, and appreciated by his sovereign; and he now holds, in addition to the government of East Florida, the rank of Colonel in the Royal Regiment of Cuba. " The clergy consist of the padre (priest of the 180 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES state of dilapidation and decay, from age and inat- tention. "At the southern extremity of the town stands a large building, formerly a monastery of Carthusian Friars, but now occupied as a barrack for the troops of the garrison. At a little distance are four stacks of chimnies, the sole remains of a beautiful range of barracks, built during the occupancy of the British from 1763 to 1783; for three years the 29th regi- ment was stationed there, and in that time they did not lose a single man. The proverbial salubrity of the climate, has obtained for St. Augustine the des- ignation of the Montpelier of North America; indeed, such is the general character of the Province of East Florida. "The governor (Coppinger), is about forty-five years of age, of active and vigorous mind, anxious to promote by every means in his power the pros- perity of the province confided to his command; his urbanity and other amiable qualities render him accessible to the meanest individual, and justice is sure to follow an appeal to his decision. His mili- tary talents are well known, and appreciated by his sovereign ; and he now holds, in addition to the government of East Florida, the rank of Colonel in the Royal Regiment of Cuba. " The clergy consist of the padre (priest of the  OP ST. AUGUSTn1, FLORIDA. 181 OF ST. AUGUsTn , FLORIDA. 181 OF ST. AUOUsTINE FLORIDA. 181 parish), Father Cosby, a native of Wexford, in Ireland; a Franciscan friar, the chaplain to the gar- rison, and an inferior or cure. The social qualities of the padre, and the general tolerance of his feelings, render him an acceptable visitor to all his flock. The judge, treasurer, collector, and notary, are the principal officers of the establishment, besides a number of those devoted solely to the military occu- pations of the garrison. The whole of this society is extremely courteous to strangers ; they form one family, and those little jealousies and animosities, so disgraceful to our small English communities, do not sully their meetings of friendly chit-chat, called as in Spain, tdrtulia. The women are deservedly celebrated for their charms ; their lovely black eyes have a vast deal of expression; their complexions a clear brunette ; much attention is paid to the arrangement of their hair; at mass they are always well dressed in black silk basquinas (petticoats), with the little mantilla (black lace veil) over their heads; the men in their military costumes; good order and temperance are their characteristic virtues ; but the vice of gambling too often profanes their social haunts, from which even the fair sex are not excluded. Two days following our arrival, a ball was given by some of the inhabitants, to which I was invited. The elder couples opened it with parish), Father Cosby, a native of Wexford, in Ireland; a Franciscan friar, the chaplain to the gar- rison, and an inferior or cure. The social qualities of the padre, and the general tolerance of his feelings, render him an acceptable visitor to all his flock. The judge, treasurer, collector, and notary, are the principal officers of the establishment, besides a number of those devoted solely to the military occu- pations of the garrison. The whole of this society is extremely courteous to strangers ; they form one family, and those little jealousies and animosities, so disgraceful to our small English communities, do not sully their meetings of friendly chit-chat, called as in Spain, tur ia. The women are deservedly celebrated for their charms ; their lovely black eyes have a vast deal of expression; their complexions a clear brunette ; much attention is paid to the arrangement of their hair; at mass they are always well dressed in black silk baesquina (petticoats), with the little mantia (black lace veil) over their heads; the men in their military costumes ; good order and temperance are their characteristic virtues ; but the vice of gambling too often profanes their social haunts, from which even the fair sex are not excluded. Two days following our arrival, a ball was given by some of the inhabitants, to which I was invited. The elder couples opened it with parish), Father Cosby, a native of Wexford, in Ireland; a Franciscan friar, the chaplain to the gar- rison, and an inferior or cure. The social qualities of the padre, and the general tolerance of his feelings, render him an acceptable visitor to all his flock. The judge, treasurer, collector, and notary, are the principal officers of the establishment, besides a number of those devoted solely to the military occu- pations of the garrison. The whole of this society is extremely courteous to strangers ; they form one family, and those little jealousies and animosities, so disgraceful to our small English communities, do not sully their meetings of friendly chit-chat, called as in Spain, t drtulias. The women are deservedly celebrated for their charms ; their lovely black eyes have a vast deal of expression; their complexions a clear brunette ; much attention is paid to the arrangement of their hair; at mass they are always well dressed in black silk basquinase (petticoats), with the little mantia (black lace veil) over their heads; the men in their military costumes; good order and temperance are their characteristic virtues ; but the vice of gambling too often profanes their social haunts, from which even the fair sex are not excluded. Two days following our arrival, a ball was given by some of the inhabitants, to which I was invited. The elder couples opened it with  189 THE HIsTORo AND ANTIQUTIl minuets, succeeded by the younger couples display- ing their handsome light figures in Spanish dances." The old inhabitants still speak in terms of fond regret of the beauty of the place when embowered in its orange groves, and the pleasantness of its old customs and usages. Dancing formed one of their most common amusements, as it now does. The posey dance, now become obsolete, was then of almost daily occurrence, and was introduced in the following manner. The females of the family erect in a room of their house, a neat little arbor dressed with pots and garlands of flowers, and lit up brightly with candles. This is understood by the gentlemen as an invitation to drop in and admire the beauty of their decorations. In the mean time, the lady who has prepared it, selects a partner from among her visitors, and in token of her preference honors him with a bouquet of flowers. The gentleman who receives the bouquet becomes then, for the nonce, king of the ball, and leads out the fair donor as queen of the dance ; the others take partners, and the ball is thus inaugurated, and may continue sev- eral successive evenings. Should the lady's choice fall upon an unwilling swain, which seldom hap- pened, he could be excused by assuming the expenses SYoyage to spanih Main London,1819. Page 11, esq. 189 THE HsoRY AND ANTIQUITI!s minuets, succeeded by the younger couples display- ing their handsome light figures in Spanish dances." The old inhabitants still speak in terms of fond regret of the beauty of the place when embowered in its orange groves, and the pleasantness of its old customs and usages. Dancing formed one of their most common amusements, as it now does. The posey dance, now become obsolete, was then of almost daily occurrence, and was introduced in the following manner. The females of the family erect in a room of their house, a neat little arbor dressed with pots and garlands of flowers, and lit up brightly with candles. This is understood by the gentlemen as an invitation to drop in and admire the beauty of their decorations. In the mean time, the lady who has prepared it, selects a partner from among her visitors, and in token of her preference honors him with a bouquet of flowers. The gentleman who receives the bouquet becomes then, for the nonce, king of the ball, and leads out the fair donor as queen of the dance ; the others take partners, and the ball is thus inaugurated, and may continue sev- eral successive evenings. Should the lady's choice fall upon an unwilling swain, which seldom hap- pened, he could be excused by assuming the expenses * Voyage-to spanish Main. London,1819. Page 116, saq. 189 THE HISORY AND ANTIQUITIaS minuets, succeeded by the younger couples display- ing their handsome light figures in Spanish dances." The old inhabitants still speak in terms of fond regret of the beauty of the place when embowered in its orange groves, and the pleasantness of its old customs and usages. Dancing formed one of their most common amusements, as it now does. The posey dance, now become obsolete, was then of almost daily occurrence, and was introduced in the following manner. The females of the family erect in a room of their house, a neat little arbor dressed with pots and garlands of flowers, and lit up brightly with candles. This is understood by the gentlemen as an invitation to drop in and admire the beauty of their decorations. In the mean time, the lady who has prepared it, selects a partner from among her visitors, and in token of her preference honors him with a bouquet of flowers. The gentleman who receives the bouquet becomes then, for the nonce, king of the ball, and leads out the fair donor as queen of the dance; the others take partners, and the ball is thus inaugurated, and may continue sev- eral successive evenings. Should the lady's choice fall upon an unwilling swain, which seldom hap- pened, he could be excused by assuming the expenses * Voyage to Spanish Mai. London,1819. Page 116, t q.  OF ST. AUGUSTn=, FLORIDA. 188 OF ST. AUGUSTIN FLORIDA. 183 OF ST. AUGUsTIE, FLORIDA. 183 of the entertainment. These assemblies were always informal, and frequented by all classes, all meeting on a level; but were conducted with the utmost politeness and decorum, for which the Spanish char- acter is so distinguished. The carnival amusements are still kept up to some extent, but with little of the taste and wit which formerly characterized them, and without which they degenerate into mere buffoonery. The graceful Spanish dance, so well suited in its slow and regular movements to the inhabitants of a warm climate, has always retained the preference with the natives of the place, who dance it with that native grace and elegance of movement which seems easy and natural for every one, but is seldom equaled by the Anglo-Saxon. of the entertainment. These assemblies were always informal, and frequented by all classes, all meeting on a level; but were conducted with the utmost politeness and decorum, for which the Spanish char- acter is so distinguished. The carnival amusements are still kept up to some extent, but with little of the taste and wit which formerly characterized them, and without which they degenerate into mere buffoonery. The graceful Spanish dance, so well suited in its slow and regular movements to the inhabitants of a warm climate, has always retained the preference with the natives of the place, who dance it with that native grace and elegance of movement which seems easy and natural for every one, but is seldom equaled by the Anglo-Saxon. of the entertainment. These assemblies were always informal, and frequented by all classes, all meeting on a level; but were conducted with the utmost politeness and decorum, for which the Spanish char- acter is so distinguished. The carnival amusements are still kept up to some extent, but with little of the taste and wit which formerly characterized them, and without which they degenerate into mere buffoonery. The graceful Spanish dance, so well suited in its slow and regular movements to the inhabitants of a warm climate, has always retained the preference with the natives of the place, who dance it with that native grace and elegance of movement which seems easy and natural for every one, but is seldom equaled by the Anglo-Saxon.  184 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIES CHAPTER XVII. TRANSFER OF FLORIDA TO THE UNrRED STATETS-AMERICAN OCCUPATION-ANCIENT BUILDINGs, EM ON the 10th day of July, in the year 1821, the standard of Spain, which had been raised two hund- red and fifty-six years before, over St. Augustine, was finally lowered forever from the walls over which it had so long fluttered, and the stars and stripes of the youngest of nations, rose where sooner or later the hand of destiny would assuredly have placed them. It was intended that the change of flags should have taken place on the 4th of July; owing to a detention, this was frustrated; but the inhabitants celebrated the 4th with a handsome public ball at the governor's house. The Spanish garrison, and officers connected with it, returned to Cuba, and some of the Spanish fami- lies; but the larger portion of the inhabitants remained. A considerable influx of inhabitants from the adjoining States took place, and the town speedily assumed a somewhat American character. The proportion of American population since the change of flags, has been about one third. Most of 184 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITM CHAPTER XVII. TRANsFER OF FLORIDA TO THE UNITED sTATEs-AMERICAN OCCUPATION-ANCIENT BUILDINGS, Er ON the 10th day of July, in the year 1821, the standard of Spain, which had been raised two hund- red and fifty-six years before, over St. Augustine, was finally lowered forever from the walls over which it had so long fluttered, and the stars and stripes of the youngest of nations, rose where sooner or later the hand of destiny would assuredly have placed them. It was intended that the change of flags should have taken place on the 4th of July; owing to a detention, this was frustrated; but the inhabitants celebrated the 4th with a handsome public ball at the governor's house. The Spanish garrison, and officers connected with it, returned to Cuba, and some of the Spanish fami- lies; but the larger portion of the inhabitants remained. A considerable influx of inhabitants from the adjoining States took place, and the town speedily assumed a somewhat American character. The proportion of American population since the change of flags, has been about one third. Most of 184 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER XVII. TRANSFER OF FLORIDA TO THE UNITED STAT]E-AMERICAN OCCUPATION-ANCIENT BUILDINGs, EIR ON the 10th day of July, in the year 1821, the standard of Spain, which had been raised two hund- red and fifty-six years before, over St. Augustine, was finally lowered forever from the walls over which it had so long fluttered, and the stars and stripes of the youngest of nations, rose where sooner or later the hand of destiny would assuredly have placed them. It was intended that the change of flags should have taken place on the 4th of July; owing to a detention, this was frustrated; but the inhabitants celebrated the 4th with a handsome public ball at the governor's house. The Spanish garrison, and officers connected with it, returned to Cuba, and some of the Spanish fami- lies; but the larger portion of the inhabitants remained. A considerable influx of inhabitants from the adjoining States took place, and the town speedily assumed a somewhat American character. The proportion of American population since the change of flags, has been about one third. Most of  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 185 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 185 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 185 the native inhabitants converse with equal fluency in either language. In the year 1823, the legislative council of Flor- ida held its second session in the government house at St. Augustine. Governor W. P. Duval was the first governor after the organization of the terri- tory. The Ralph Ringwood Sketches of Irving have given a wide celebrity to the character of our worthy and original first governor, now recently deceased. During the month of February, 1835, East Florida was visited by a frost much more severe than any before experienced. A severe northwest wind blew ten days in succession, but more violently for about three days. During this period, the mercury sunk to seven degrees above zero. The St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore. All kinds of fruit trees were killed to the ground ; many of them never started again, even from the roots. The wild groves suffered equally with those cultivated. The orange had become the staple of Florida com- merce ; several millions were exported from the St. Johns and St. Augustine during the two previous years. Numerous groves had just been planted out, and extensive nurseries could hardly supply the demand for young trees. Some of the groves had,. during the previous autumn, brought to their owners, one, two, and three thousand dollars; and the 13 the native inhabitants converse with equal fluency in either language. In the year 1823, the legislative council of Flor- ida held its second session in the government house at St. Augustine. Governor W. P. Duval was the first governor after the organization of the terri- tory. The Ralph Ringwood Sketches of Irving have given a wide celebrity to the character of our worthy and original first governor, now recently deceased. During the month of February, 1835, East Florida was visited by a frost much more severe than any before experienced. A severe northwest wind blew ten days in succession, but more violently for about three days. During this period, the mercury sunk to seven degrees above zero. The St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore. All kinds of fruit trees were killed to the ground ; many of them never started again, even from the roots. The wild groves suffered equally with those cultivated. The orange had become the staple of Florida com- merce; several millions were exported from the St. Johns and St. Augustine during the two previous years. Numerous groves had just been planted out, and extensive nurseries could hardly supply the demand for young trees. Some of the groves had, during the previous autumn, brought to their owners, one, two, and three thousand dollars; and the 13 the native inhabitants converse with equal fluency in either language. In the year 1823, the legislative council of Flor- ida held its second session in the government house at St. Augustine. Governor W. P. Duval was the first governor after the organization of the terri- tory. The Ralph Ringwood Sketches of Irving have given a wide celebrity to the character of our worthy and original first governor, now recently deceased. During the month of February, 1835, East Florida was visited by a frost much more severe than any before experienced. A severe northwest wind blew ten days in succession, but more violently for about three days. During this period, the mercury sunk to seven degrees above zero. The St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore. All kinds of fruit trees were killed to the ground ; many of them never started again, even from the roots. The wild groves suffered equally with those cultivated. The orange had become the staple of Florida com- merce; several millions were exported from the St. Johns and St. Augustine during the two previous years. Numerous groves had just been planted out, and extensive nurseries could hardly supply the demand for young trees. Some of the groves had, during the previous autumn, brought to their owners, one, two, and three thousand dollars; and the 13  186 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUrrDITI increasing demand for this fruit, opened in prospect mines of wealth to the inhabitants. "Then oame a frost, a withering frost" Some of the orange groves in East Florida were estimated at from five to ten thousand dollars, and even more. They were at once rendered valueless. The larger part of the population at St. Augustine had been accustomed to depend on the produce of their little groves of eight or ten trees, to purchase their coffee, sugar, and other necessaries from the stores; they were left without resource. "The town of St. Augustine, that heretofore appeared like a rustic village, their white houses peeping from among the clustered boughs and gol- den fruit of their favorite tree, beneath whose shade the foreign invalid cooled his fevered limbs, and imbibed health from the fragrant air,-how was she fallen! Dry, unsightly poles, with ragged bark, stick up around her dwellings ; and where the mocking-bird once delighted to build her nest, and tune her lovely songs, owls hoot at night, and sterile winds whistle through the leafless branches. Never was a place rendered more desolate."* The groves were at once re-planted, and soon bid fair to yield most abundantly; when, in 1842, an insect was introduced into the country, called the orange coccus, which spread over the whole country * william' Florida, pp. 18, pe.sg 188 THE sMoEY AND ATUrr nEs increasing demand for this fruit, opened in prospect mines of wealth to the inhabitants. "Then came a frost, a withering frost" Some of the orange groves in East Florida were estimated at from five to ten thousand dollars, and even more. They were at once rendered valueless. The larger part of the population at St. Augustine had been accustomed to depend on the produce of their little groves of eight or ten trees, to purchase their coffee, sugar, and other necessaries from the stores; they were left without resource. "The town of St. Augustine, that heretofore appeared like a rustic village, their white houses peeping from among the clustered boughs and gol- den fruit of their favorite tree, beneath whose shade the foreign invalid cooled his fevered limbs, and imbibed health from the fragrant air,-how was she fallen! Dry, unsightly poles, with ragged bark, stick up around her dwellings ; and where the mocking-bird once delighted to build her nest, and tune her lovely songs, owls hoot at night, and sterile winds whistle through the leafless branches. Never was a place rendered more desolate." The groves were at once re-planted, and soon bid fair to yield most abundantly; when, in 1842, an insect was introduced into the country, called the orange coccus, which spread over the whole country *wiiams' Florida, pp. 18, et seq. 188 THE HIsTORY AND ANsQUIi increasing demand for this fruit, opened in prospect mines of wealth to the inhabitants. "Then came a froet, a withering frost" Some of the orange groves in East Florida were estimated at from five to ten thousand dollars, and even more. They were at once rendered valueless. The larger part of the population at St. Augustine had been accustomed to depend on the produce of their little groves of eight or ten trees, to purchase their coffee, sugar, and other necessaries from the stores; they were left without resource. "The town of St. Augustine, that heretofore appeared like a rustic village, their white houses peeping from among the clustered boughs and gol- den fruit of their favorite tree, beneath whose shade the foreign invalid cooled his fevered limbs, and imbibed health from the fragrant air,-how was she fallen! Dry, unsightly poles, with ragged bark, stick up around her dwellings ; and where the mocking-bird once delighted to build her nest, and tune her lovely songs, owls hoot at night, and sterile winds whistle through the leafless branches. Never was a place rendered more desolate."* The groves were at once re-planted, and soon bid fair to yield most abundantly; when, in 1842, an insect was introduced into the country, called the orange coccus, which spread over the whole country a Wiliams' Florida, pp. 18, d mq.  OF ST. AUGUsT=E, FLORIDA. 187 with wonderful rapidity, and almost totally destroyed every tree it fastened upon. Of late, the ravages of this insect seem less destructive, and the groves have begun to resume their bearing; these add to the beauty of the residences at St. Augustine, with their glossy, deep-green leaves, and golden fruit; and hopes of an entire restoration are now confi- dently entertained. In December, 1835, the war with the Seminole Indians broke out; and for some years St. Augustine was fell of the pomp and circumstance of war. It was dangerous to venture beyond the gates; and many sad scenes of Indian massacre took place in the neighborhood of the city. During this period, great apparent prosperity prevailed; property was valua- ble, rents were high; speculators projected one city on the north of the town, and another on the west; a canal to the St. Johns, and also a railroad to Pico- lata ; and great hopes of future prosperity were entertained. With the cessation of the war, the importance of St. Augustine diminished; younger communities took the lead of it, aided by superior advantages of location, and greater enterprise, and St. Augustine has subsided into the pleasant, quiet, dolcefar niente of to-day, living upon its old mem- ories, contented, peaceful, and agreeable, and likely to remain without much change for the future. Of the public buildings, it may be remarked that the extensive British barracks were destroyed by OF ST. AUGUSTD, FLoRIDA. 187 with wonderful rapidity, and almost totally destroyed every tree it fastened upon. Of late, the ravages of this insect seem less destructive, and the groves have begun to resume their bearing; these add to the beauty of the residences at St. Augustine, with their glossy, deep-green leaves, and golden fruit; and hopes of an entire restoration are now confi- dently entertained. In December, 1835, the war with the Seminole Indians broke out; and for some years St. Augustine was full of the pomp and circumstance of war. It was dangerous to venture beyond the gates; and many sad scenes of Indian massacre took place in the neighborhood of the city. During this period, great apparent prosperity prevailed; property was valua- ble, rents were high; speculators projected one city on the north of the town, and another on the west; a canal to the St. Johns, and also a railroad to Pico- late ; and great hopes of future prosperity were entertained. With the cessation of the war, the importance of St. Augustine diminished; younger communities took the lead of it, aided by superior advantages of location, and greater enterprise, and St. Augustine has subsided into the pleasant, quiet, doltcfar nien of-to-day, living upon its old mem- ories, contented, peaceful, and agreeable, and likely to remain without much change for the future. Of the public buildings, it may be remarked that the extensive British barracks were destroyed by OF ST. AUGUSTIN, FLORIDA. 187 with wonderful rapidity, and almost totally destroyed every tree it fastened upon. Of late, the ravages of this insect seem less destructive, and the groves have begun to resume their bearing; these add to the beauty of the residences at St. Augustine, with their glossy, deep-green leaves, and golden fruit; and hopes of an entire restoration are now confi- dently entertained. In December, 1835, the war with the Seminole Indians broke out; and for some years St. Augustine was full of the pomp and circumstance of war. It was dangerous to venture beyond the gates; and many sad scenes of Indian massacre took place in the neighborhood of the city. During this period, great apparent prosperity prevailed; property was valua- ble, rents were high; speculators projected one city on the north of the town, and another on the west ; a canal to the St. Johns, and also a railroad to Pico- lata ; and great hopes of future prosperity were entertained. With the cessation of the war, the importance of St. Augustine diminished; younger communities took the lead of it, aided by superior advantages of location, and greater enterprise, and St. Augustine has subsided into the pleasant, quiet, doleefar niente of to-day, living upon its old mem- ories, contented, peaceful, and agreeable, and likely to remain without much change for the future. Of the public buildings, it may be remarked that the extensive British barracks were destroyed by  188 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQtrrIs fire in 1792; and that the Franciscan Convent was occupied as it had been before, as barracks for the troops not in garrison in the fort. The appearance of these buildings has been much changed, by the extensive repairs and alterations made by the United States government. It had formerly a large circular look-out upon the top, from which a beautiful view of the surrounding country was obtained. Its walls are probably the oldest foundations in the city. The present United States Court-house, now occu- pied by many public offices, was the residence of the Spanish governors. It has been rebuilt by the UnitedStates; and its former quaint and interesting appearance has been lost, in removing its look-out tower, and balconies, and the handsome gateway, mentioned by De Brahm, which is said to have been a fine specimen of Doric architecture.* Trinity Episcopal Church was commenced in 1827, and consecrated in 1833, by Bishop Bowen, of South Carolina. The Presbyterian Church was built about 1830, .and the Methodist chapel about 1846. The venerable-looking building on the bay, at the corner of Green lane and Bay street, is considered the oldest building in the place, and has evidently. It is sid to have been taken down by the.cotraetor, to form the foundaton of his -kitchen. 188 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQ1TrI s fire in 1792; and that the Franciscan Convent was occupied as it had been before, as barracks for the troops not in garrison in the fort. The appearance of these buildings has been much changed, by the extensive repairs and alterations made by the United States government. It had formerly a large circular look-out upon the top, from which a beautiful view of the surrounding country was obtained. Its walls are probably the oldest foundations in the city. The present United States Court-house, now occu- pied by many public offices, was the residence of the Spanish governors. It has been rebuilt by the UnitedStates.; and its former quaint and interesting appearance has been lost, in removing its look-out tower, and balconies, and the handsome gateway, mentioned by De Brahm, which is said to have been a fine specimen of Doric architecture.* Trinity Episcopal Church was commenced in 1827, and consecrated in 1833, by Bishop Bowen, of South Carolina. The Presbyterian Church was built about 1830, and the Methodist chapel about 1846. The venerable-looking building on the bay, at the corner of Green lane and Bay street, is considered the oldest building in the place, and has evidently, H I is said:to have been taken down by the. tonetsor, to form the foundation of hie-kitchen 188 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrIEs fire in 1792; and that the Franciscan Convent was occupied as it had been before, as barracks for the troops not in garrison in the fort. The appearance of these buildings has been much changed, by the extensive repairs and alterations made by the United States government. It had formerly a large circular look-out upon the top, from which a beautiful view of the surrounding country was obtained. Its walls are probably the oldest foundations in the city. The present United States Court-house, now occu- pied by many public offices, was the residence of the Spanish governors. It has been rebuilt by the UnitedStates; and its former quaint and interesting appearance has been lost, in removing its look-out tower, and balconies, and the handsome gateway, mentioned by De Brahm, which is said to have been a fine specimen of Doric architecture.* Trinity Episcopal Church was commenced in 1827, and consecrated in 1833, by Bishop Bowen, of South Carolina. The Presbyterian Church was built about 1830, .and the Methodist chapel about 1846. The venerable-looking building on the bay, at the corner of Green lane and Bay street, is considered the oldest building in the place, and has evidently, It is saidto have been taken down by the contrator, sto foam th foundation of his-kitehen.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 189 OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLoRIDA. I8N OF ST. AUGUsTINE, FLoRIDA. 189 been a fine building in its day. It was the residence of the attorney-general, in English times. The monument on the public square was erected in 1812-13, upon the information of the adoption of the Spanish constitution, as a memorial of that event, in pursuance of a royal order to that effect, directed to the public authorities of all the provincial towns. Geronimo Alvarez was the Alcalde under whose direction it was erected. The plan of it was made by Sr. Hernandez; the father of the late General Hernandez. A short time after it was put up, the Spanish constitution having had a downfall, orders were issued by the government, that all the mon- uments erected to the constitution throughoufits dominions, should be demolished. The citizens of St. Augustine were unwilling to see their monument torn down; and, with the passive acquiescence of the governor, the marble tablets inscribed PAZA n LA Consonrucoro being removed, the monument itself was allowed to stand; and it thus remains to this day, the only monument in existence to commemo- rate the farce of the constitution of 1812. In 1818, the tablets were restored without objection. The bridge and causeway are the work of the government of the United States. The present sea-wall was built between 1835 and 1842, by the United States, at an expense of one hundred thou- sand dollars. been a fine building in its day. It was the residence of the attorney-general, in English times. The monument on the public square was erected in 1812-13, upon the information of the adoption of the Spanish constitution, as a memorial of that event, in pursuance of a royal order to that effect, directed to the public authorities of all the provincial towns Geronimo Alvarez was the Alcalde under whose direction it was erected. The plan of it was made by Sr. Hernandez, the father of the late General Hernandez. A short time after it was put up, the Spanish constitution having had a downfall, orders were issued by the government, that 'all the mon- uments erected to the constitution throughout its dominions, should be demolished. The citizens of St. Augustine were unwilling to see their monument torn down; and, with the passive acquiescence of the governor, the marble tablets inscribed PuAzA ox LA Cozsrrocroe being removed, the monument itself was allowed to stand; and it thus remains to this day, the only monument in existence to commemo- rate the farce of the constitution of 1812. In 1818, the tablets were restored without objection. The bridge and causeway are the work of the government of the United States. The present sea-wall was built between 1835 and 1842, by the United States, at an expense of one hundred thou- sand dollars. been a fine building in its day. It was the residence of the attorney-general, in English times. The monument on the public square was erected in 1812-13, upon the information of the adoption of the Spanish constitution, as a memorial of that event in pursuance of a royal order to that effect, directed to the public authorities of all the provincial towns. Geronimo Alvarez was the Alcalde under whose direction it was erected. The plan of it was made by Sr. Hernandez, the father of the late General Hernandez. A short time after it was put up, the Spanish constitution having had a downfalorders were issued by the government, that All the mon- uments erected to the constitution throughout its dominions, should be demolished. The citizens of St. Augustine were unwilling to see their monument torn down; and, with the passive acquiescence of the governor, the marble tablets inscribed Paz4 us La CoNrrsTcoe being removed, the monument itself was allowed to stand; and it thus remains to this day, the only monument in existence to commemo- rate the farce of the constitution of 1812. In 1818, the tablets were restored without objection. The bridge and causeway are the work of the government of the United States. The present sea-wall was built between 1835 and 1842, by the United States, at an expense of one hundred thou- sand dollars.  190 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER XVIII. PRESENT APPEARANCE OF ST. AUGUsTIME. AS GIVEN BY THE AUTHOR OF THANOTOPsI-ITs CLIMATE AND aALUBRITY. ST. Augustine has now attained, for this side of the Atlantic, a period of most respectable antiquity. In a country like America, where States are ushered into existence in the full development of maturity, where large cities rise like magic from the rude forest, where the "oldest inhabitant" recollects the cutting down of the lofty elms which shadowed the wigwam of the red man, perchance on some spot now in the heart of a great city; an antiquity. of three centuries would be esteemed as almost reach- ing back (compared with modern growth) to the days of the Pharaohs. The larger number of the early settlements were unsuitably located, and were forced to be abandoned on account of their unhealthiness ; but the Spanish settlement at St. Augustine has remained for near three hundred years where it was originally planted; and the health of its inhabitants has, for this long period, given it a deserved reputation for salubrity, and exemption from disease, attributable to locality or extraneous influences or causes. The great age attained by its inhabitants was 190 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER XVIII. PRESENT APPEARANCE OF ST. AUGUSTINE, AS GIVEN BY THRE AUTHOR OF THANOTOPS-ITS CLIMATE AND SALUBRITY. ST. Augustine has now attained, for this side of the Atlantic, a.period of most respectable antiquity. In a country like America, where States are ushered into existence in the full development of maturity, where large cities rise like magic from the rude forest, where the "oldest inhabitant" recollects the cutting down of the lofty elms which shadowed the wigwam of the red man, perchance on some spot now in the heart of a great city; an antiquity of three centuries would be esteemed as almost reach- ing back (compared with modern growth) to the days of the Pharaohs. The larger number of the early settlements were unsuitably located, and were forced to be abandoned on account of their unhealthiness; but the Spanish settlement at St. Augustine has remained for near three hundred years where it was originally planted; and the health of its inhabitants has, for this long period, given it a deserved reputation for salubrity, and exemption from disease, attributable to locality or extraneous influences or causes. The great age attained by its inhabitants was 190 THE HISTORY- AND ANTIQUITIE CHAPTER XVIII. PREsENT APPEARANCE OF ST. AUGUSTINE. AS GIVEN BY THE AUTHOR OF THANOTOPSiS-1TS CLIMATE AND SALUERTYL ST. Augustine has now attained, for this aide of the Atlantic, a period of most respectable antiquity. In a country like America, where States are ushered into existence in the full development of maturity, where large cities rise like magic from the rude forest, where the "oldest inhabitant " recollects the cutting down of the lofty elms which shadowed -the wigwam of the red man, perchance on some spot now in the heart of a great city; an antiquity of three centuries would be esteemed as almost reach- ing back (compared with modern growth) to the days of the Pharaohs. The larger number of the early settlements were unsuitably located, and were forced to be abandoned on account of their unhealthiness ; but the Spanish settlement at St. Augustine has remained for near three hundred years where it was originally planted; and the health of its inhabitants has, for this long period, given it a deserved reputation for salubrity, and exemption from disease, attributable to locality or extraneous influences or causes. The great age attained by its inhabitants was  l ._ > 1 4fr /- CITY GATES. ST AICUSTIN E CITY GATES, STAUGUSTINE. CITY GATES, ST AUGUSTINE.   OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 191 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 191 OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 191 remarked by De Brahm ; the number and health- fulness of the children that throng its streets, attract now, as they did then, the attention of strangers. This salubrity is easily accounted for, by the almost insular position of the city, upon a narrow neck of land nearly Surrounded by salt water; the main shore, a high and healthy pine forest and sandy plains, so near the ocean as to be fanned by its constant breezes, and within the sound of its echoing waves; a situation combining more local advantages for salubrity could hardly be imagined. While it will never probably increase to any great extent in population, it will hardly be likely to decrease. Its health, easy means of support, unambitious class of inhabitants, with their strong attachments, and fam- ily and local ties, will contribute to maintain St. Augustine as the time-honored ancient city, with its permanent population, and its visitors for health, for centuries perhaps yet to come. I cannot perhaps better conclude these historic notices than by giving the impressions of the author of Thanatopsi* one whose poetic fame will endure as long as American literature exists. Writing from St. Augustine in April, 1843, he says,-- "At length we emerged upon a shrubby plain, and finally came in sight of this oldest city of the * Bryant. remarked by De Brahm; the number and health- fulness of the children that throng its streets, attract now, as they did then, the attention of strangers. This salobrity is easily accounted for, by the almost insular position of the city, upon a narrow neck of land nearly surrounded by salt water; the main shore, a high and healthy pine forest and sandy plains, so near the ocean as to be fanned by its constant breezes, and within the sound of its echoing waves; a situation combining more local advantages for salubrity could hardly be imagined. While it will never probably increase to any great extent in population, it will hardly be likely to decrease. Its health, easy means of support, unambitious class of inhabitants, with their strong attachments, and fam- ily and local ties, will contribute to maintain St. Augustine as the time-honored ancient city, with its permanent population, and its visitors for health, for centuries perhaps yet to come. I cannot perhaps better conclude these historic notices than by giving the impressions of the author of Thanatopsis,* one whose poetic fame will endure as long as American literature exists. Writing from St.Augustine in April, 1843, he says,- "At length we emerged upon a shrubby plain, and finally came in sight of this oldest city of the remarked by De Brahm; the number and health- fulness of the children that throng its streets, attract now, as they did then, the attention of strangers. This salubrity is easily accounted for, by the almost insular position of the city, upon a narrow neck of land nearly surrounded by salt water; the main shore, a high and healthy pine forest and sandy plains, so near the ocean as to be fanned by its constant breezes, and within the sound of its echoing waves ; a situation combining more local advantages for salubrity could hardly be imagined. While it will never probably increase to any great extent in population, it will hardly be likely to decrease. Its health, easy means of support, unambitious class of inhabitants, with their strong attachments, and fam- ily and local ties, will contribute to maintain St. Augustine as the time-honored ancient city, with its permanent population, and its visitors for health, for centuries perhaps yet to come. I cannot perhaps better conclude these historic notices than by giving the impressions of the author of Thanatopsis,* one whose poetic fame will endure as long as American literature exists. Writing from St. Augustine in April, 1843, he says,- "At length we emerged upon a shrubby plain, and finally came in sight of this oldest city of the * Bryant SBryant.  192 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUrrMS United States, seated among its trees on a sandy swell of land, where it has stood for three hundred years. I was struck with its ancient and homely aspect, even at a distance, and could not help liken- ing it to pictures which I had seen of Dutch towns, though it wanted a wind-mill or two to make the resemblance perfect. We drove into a green square, in the midst of which was a monument erected to commemorate the Spanish constitution of 1812, and thence through the narrow streets of the city to our hotel. "I have called the streets narrow. In few places are they wide enough to allow two carriages to pass abreast. I was told that they were not originally intended for carriages ; and that in the time when the town belonged to Spain, many of them were floored with an artificial stone, composed ofshells and mortar, which in this climate takes and keeps the hardness of rock; and that no other vehicle than a hand-barrow was allowed to pass over them. In some places you see remnants of this ancient pave- ment ; but for the most part it has been ground into dust under the wheels of the carts and carriages introduced by the new inhabitants. The old houses, built of a kind of stone which is seemingly a pure concretion of small shells, overhang the streets with their wooden balconies; and the gardens between the houses are fenced on the side of the street with 192 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQurrIEs United States, seated among its trees on a sandy swell of land, where it has stood for three hundred years. I was struck with its ancient and homely aspect, even at a distance, and could not help liken- ing it to pictures which I had seen of Dutch towns, though it wanted a wind-mill or two to make the resemblance perfect. We drove into a green square, in the midst of which was a monument erected to commemorate the Spanish constitution of 1812, and thence through the narrow streets of the city to our hotel. "I have called the streets narrow. In few places are they wide enough to allow two carriages to pass abreast. I was told that they were not originally intended for carriages; and that in the time when the town belonged to Spain, many of them were floored with an artificial stone, composed of shells and mortar, which in this climate takes and keeps the hardness of rock; and that no other vehicle than a hand-barrow was allowed to pass over them. In some places you see remnants of this ancient pave- ment ; but for the most part it has been ground into dust under the wheels of the carts and carriages introduced by the new inhabitants. The old houses, built of a kind of stone which is seemingly a pure concretion of small shells, overhang the streets with their wooden balconies; and the gardens between the houses are fenced on the side of the street with 192 THE ISroRY AND ANTIQUiriEs United States, seated among its trees on a sandy swell of land, where it has stood for three hundred years. I was struck with its ancient and homely aspect, even at a distance, and could not help liken- ing it to pictures which I had seen of Dutch towns, though it wanted a wind-mill or two to make the resemblance perfect. We drove into a green square, in the midst of which was a monument erected to commemorate the Spanish constitution of 1812, and thence through the narrow streets of the city to our hotel. "I have called the streets narrow. In few places are they wide enough to allow two carriages to pass abreast. I was told that they were not originally intended for carriages; and that in the time when the town belonged to Spain, many of them were floored with an artificial stone, composed of shells and mortar, which in this climate takes and keeps the hardness of rock; and that no other vehicle than a hand-barrow was allowed to pass over them. In some places you see remnants of this ancient pave- ment ; but for the most part it has been ground into dust under the wheels of the carts and carriages introduced by thel new inhabitants. The old houses, built of a kind of stone which is seemingly a pure concretion of small shells, overhang the streets with their wooden balconies; and the gardens between the houses are fenced on the side of the street with  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 193 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 193 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 193 high walls of stone. Peeping over these walls you see branches of the pomegranate, and of the orange- tree now fragrant with flowers, and, rising yet higher, the leaning boughs of the fig with its broad luxuriant leaves. Occasionally you pass the ruins of houses- walls of stone with arches and stair-cases of the same material, which once belonged to stately dwellings. You meet in the streets with men of swarthy com- plexions and foreign physiognomy, and you hear them speaking to each other in a strange language. You are told that these are the remains of those who inhabited the country under the Spanish dominion, and that the dialect you have heard is that of the island of Minorca. " ' Twelve years ago,' said an acquaintance of mine, 'when I first visited St. Augustine, it was a fine old Spanish town. A large proportion of the houses which you now see roofed like barns, were then flat- roofed ; they were all of shell rock, and these mod- ern wooden buildings were then not erected. That old fort which they are now repairing, to fit it for receiving a garrison, was a sort of ruin, for the out- works had partly fallen, and it stood unoccupied by the military, a venerable monument of the Spanish dominion. But the orange-groves were the wealth and ornament of St. Augustine, and their produce maintained the inhabitants in comfort. Orange-trees of the size and height of the pear-tree, often rising high walls of stone. Peeping over these walls you see branches of the pomegranate, and of the orange- tree now fragrant with flowers, and, rising yet higher, the leaning boughs of the fig with its broad luxuriant leaves. Occasionally you pass the ruins of houses- walls of stone with arches and stair-cases of the same material, which once belonged to stately dwellings. You meet in the streets with men of swarthy com- plexions and foreign physiognomy, and you hear them speaking to each other in a strange language. You are told that these are the remains of those who inhabited the country under the Spanish dominion, and that the dialect you have heard is that of the island of Minorca. "' Twelve years ago,' said an acquaintance of mine, 'when I first visited St. Augustine, it was a fine old Spanish town. A large proportion of the houses which you now see roofed like barns, were then flat- roofed ; they were all of shell rock, and these mod- ern wooden buildings were then not erected. That old fort which they are now repairing, to fit it for receiving a garrison, was a sort of ruin, for the out- works had partly fallen, and it stood unoccupied by the military, a venerable monument of the Spanish dominion. But the orange-groves were the wealth and ornament of St. Augustine, and their produce maintained the inhabitants in comfort. Orange-trees of the size and height of the pear-tree, often rising high walls of stone. Peeping over these walls you see branches of the pomegranate, and of the orange- tree now fragrant with flowers, and, rising yet higher, the leaning boughs of the fig with its broad luxuriant leaves. Occasionally you pass the ruins of houses- walls of stone with arches and stair-cases of the same material, which once belonged to stately dwellings. You meet in the streets with men of swarthy com- plexions and foreign physiognomy, and you hear them speaking to each other in a strange language. You are told that these are the remains of those who inhabited the country under the Spanish dominion, and that the dialect you have heard is that of the island of Minorca. " 'Twelve years ago,' said an acquaintance of mine, 'when I first visited St. Augustine, it was a fine old Spanish town. A large proportion of the houses which you now see roofed like barns, were then flat- roofed ; they were all of shell rock, and these mod- ern wooden buildings were then not erected. That old fort which they are now repairing, to fit it for receiving a garrison, was a sort of ruin, for the out- works had partly fallen, and it stood unoccupied by the military, a venerable monument of the Spanish dominion. But the orange-groves were the wealth and ornament of St. Augustine, and their produce maintained the inhabitants in comfort. Orange-trees of the size and height of the pear-tree, often rising  194 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrIES higher than the roofs of the houses, embowered the town in perpetual verdure. They stood so close in the groves that they excluded the sun; and the atmosphere was at all times aromatic with their leaves and fruit, and in spring the fragrance of the flowers was almost oppressive.' "The old fort of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion, -a foolish change of name-is a noble work,frowning over the Matanzas, which flows between St. Augus- tine and the island of Anastasia; and it is worth making a long Journey to see. No record remains of its original construction; but it is supposed to have been erected about a hundred and fifty years since,* and the shell rock of which it is built is dark with time. We saw where it had been struck with cannon balls, wh ch, instead of splitting the rock, became imbedded and clogged among the loosened fragments of shell. This rock is therefore one of the best materials for fortification in the world. We were taken into the ancient prisons of the fort-dun- geons, one of which was dimly lighted by a grated window, and another entirely without light; and by the flame of a torch we were shown the half obliter- ated inscriptions scrawled on the walls long ago by prisoners. But in another corner of the fort, we were taken to look at the secret cells, which were 194 THE NIsTORY AND ANTIQITs higher than the roofs of the houses, embowered the town in perpetual verdure. They stood so close in the groves that they excluded the sun; and the atmosphere was at all times aromatic with their leaves and fruit, and in spring the fragrance of the flowers was almost oppressive.' "The old fort of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion, -a foolish change of name-is a noble work,frowning over the Matanzas, which flows between St. Augus- tine and the island of Anastasia; and it is worth making a long Journey to see. No record remains of its original construction; but it is supposed to have been erected about a hundred and fifty years since,* and the shell rock of which it is built is dark with time. We saw where it had been struck with cannon balls, which, instead of splitting the rock, became imbedded and clogged among the loosened fragments of shell. This rock is therefore one of the best materials for fortification in the world. We were taken into the ancient prisons of the fortdun- geons, one of which was dimly lighted by a grated window, and another entirely without light; and by the flame of a torch we were shown the half obliter- ated inscriptions scrawled on the walls long ago by prisoners. But in another corner of the fort, we were taken to look at the secret cells, which were 194 THE HSTORY AND ANTIQUITIms higher than the roofs of the houses, embowered the town in perpetual verdure. They stood so close in the groves that they excluded the sun; and the atmosphere was at all times aromatic with their leaves and fruit, and in spring the fragrance of the flowers was almost oppressive:. " The old fort of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion, -a foolish change ofname-is a noble work, frowning over the Matanzas, which flows between St. Augus- tine and the island of Anastasia; and it is worth making a long journey to see. No record remains of its original construction; but it is supposed to have been erected about a hundred and fifty years since,* and the shell rock of which it is built is dark with time. We saw where it had been struck with cannon balls, which, instead of splitting the rock, became imbedded and clogged among the loosened fragments of shell. This rock is therefore one of the best materials for fortification in the world. We were taken into the ancient prisons of the fort-dun- geons, one of which was dimly lighted by a grated window, and another entirely without light; and by the flame of a torch we were shown the half obliter- ated inscriptions scrawled on the walls long ago by prisoners. But in another corner of the fort, we were taken to look at the secret cells, which were * n is much more ancient.  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 195 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 195 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 195 discovered a few years since in consequence of the sinking of the earth over a narrow apartment be- tween them. These cells are deep under ground, vaulted over-head, and without windows. In one of them a wooden machine was found, which some sup- posed might have been a rack, and in the other a quantity of human bones. The doors of these cells had been walled up and concealed with.stucco, before the fort passed into the hands of the Americans. "You cannot be in St. Augustine a day without hearing some of its inhabitants speak of its agreeable climate. During the sixteen days of my residence here, the weather has certainly been as delightful as I could imagine. We have the temperature of early June as June is known in New York. The morn- ings are sometimes a little sultry; but after two or three hours a fresh breeze comes in from the sea sweeping through the broad piazzas, and breathing in at the windows. At this season it comes laden with the fragrance of the flowers of the Pride of India, and sometimes of the, orange tree, and some- times brings the scent of roses, now in bloom. The nights are gratefully cool; and I have been told by a person who has lived here many years, that there are very few nights in summer when you can sleep without a blanket. " An acquaintance of mine, an invalid, who has tried various climates, and has kept up a kind of discovered a few years since in consequence of the sinking of the earth over a narrow apartment be- tween them. These cells are deep under ground, vaulted over-head, and without windows. In one of them a wooden machine was found, which some sup- posed might have been a rack, and in the other a quantity of human bones. The doors of these cells had been walled up and concealed with.stucco, before the fort passed into the hands of the Americans. " You cannot be in St. Augustine a day without hearing some of its inhabitants speak of its agreeable climate. - During the sixteen days of my residence here, the weather has certainly been as delightful as I could imagine. We have the temperature of early June as June is known in New York. The morn- ings are sometimes a little sultry; but after two or three hours a fresh breeze comes in from the sea sweeping through the broad piazzas, and breathing in at the windows. At this season it comes laden with the fragrance of the flowers of the Pride of India, and sometimes of the, orange tree, and some- times brings the scent of roses, now in bloom. The nights are gratefully cool; and I have been told by a person who has lived here many years, that there are very few nights in summer when you can sleep without a blanket. " An acquaintance of mine, an invalid, who has tried various climates, and has kept up a kind of discovered a few years since in consequence of the sinking of the earth over a narrow apartment be- tween them. These eells are deep under ground, vaulted over-head, and without windows. In one of them a wooden machine was found, which some sup- posed might have been a rack, and in the other a quantity of human bones. The doors of these cells had been walled up and concealed with stucco, before the fort passed into the hands of the Americans. "You cannot be in St. Augustine a day without hearing some of its inhabitants speak of its agreeable climate. - During the sixteen days of my residence here, the weather has certainly been as delightful as I could imagine. We have the temperature of early June as June is known in New York. The morn- ings are sometimes a little sultry; but after two or three hours a fresh breeze comes in from the sea sweeping through the broad piazzas, and breathing in at the windows. At this season it comes laden with the fragrance of the flowers of the Pride of India, and sometimes of the. orange tree, and some- times brings the scent of roses, now in bloom. The nights are gratefully cool; and I have been told by a person who has lived here many years, that there are very few nights in summer when you can sleep without a blanket. " An acquaintance of mine, an invalid, who has tried various climates, and has kept up a kind of  196 THE HISToRY AND ANTIQUMs running fight with death for many years, retreating from country to country as he pursued, declares to me that the winter climate of St. Augustine is to be preferred to that of any part of Europe, even that of Sicily, and that it is better than the climate of the West Indies. He finds it genial and equable, at the same time that it is not enfeebling. The summer heats are prevented from being intense by the sea- breeze, of which I have spoken. I have looked over the work of Dr. Forry on the climate of the United States, and have been surprised to see the uniformity of climate which he ascribes to Key West. As ap- pears by the observations he has collected, the sea- sons at that place glide into each other by the softest gradations; and the heat never, even in midsummer, reaches that extreme which is felt in the higher lati- tudes of the American continent. The climate of Florida is, in fact, an insular climate: the Atlantic on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico on the west, temper the airs that blow over it, making them cooler in summer and warmer in winter. I do not wonder, therefore, that it is so much the resort of invalids ; it would be more so if the softness of its atmosphere, and the beauty and serenity of its sea- sons were generally known. Nor should it be sup- posed that accommodations for persons in delicate health are wanting ; they are, in fact, becoming better with every year as the demand for them increases. Among the acquaintances whom I have 196 THE HIsTORY AND ANrIQUsmES running fight with death for many years, retreating from country to country as he pursued, declares to me that the winter climate of St. Augustine is to be preferred to that of any part of Europe, even that of Sicily, and that it is better than the climate of the West Indies. He finds it genial and equable, at the same time that it is not enfeebling. The summer heats are prevented from being intense by the sea- breeze, of which I have spoken. I have looked over the work of Dr. Forry on the climate of the United States, and have been surprised to see the uniformity of climate which he ascribes to Key West. As ap- pears by the observations he has collected, the sea- sons at that place glide into each other by the softest gradations; and the heat never, even in midsummer, reaches that extreme which is felt in the higher lati- tudes of the American continent. The climate of Florida is, in fact, an insular climate: the Atlantic on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico on the west, temper the airs that blow over it, making them cooler in summer and warmer in winter. I do not wonder, therefore, that it is so much the resort of invalids; it would be more so if the softness of its atmosphere, and the beauty and serenity of its sea- sons were generally known. Nor should it be sup- posed that accommodations for persons in delicate health are wanting ; they are, in fact, becoming better with every year as the demand for them increases. Among the acquaintances whom I have 196 THE BsToRY AND ANTIQUrMrEs running fight with death for many years, retreating from country to country as he pursued, declares to me that the winter climate of St. Augustine is to be preferred to that of any part of Europe, even that of Sicily, and that it is better than the climate of the West Indies. He finds it genial and equable, at the same time that it is not enfeebling. The summer heats are prevented from being intense by the sea- breeze, of which I have spoken. I have looked over the work of Dr. Forry on the climate of the United States, and have been surprised to see the uniformity of climate which he ascribes to Key West. As ap- pears by the observations he has collected, the sea- sons at that place glide into each other by the softest gradations; and the heat never, even in midsummer, reaches that extreme which is felt in the higher lati- tudes of the American continent. The climate of Florida is, in fact, an insular climate: the Atlantic on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico on the west, temper the airs that blow over it, making them cooler in summer and warmer in winter. I do not wonder, therefore, that it is so much the resort of invalids; it would be more so if the softness of its atmosphere, and the beauty and serenity of its sea sons were generally known. Nor should it be sup- posed that accommodations for persons in delicate health are wanting ; they are, in fact, becoming better with every year as the demand for them increases. Among the acquaintances whom I have  OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 197 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 197 OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 197 made here, I remember many who having come hither for the benefit of their health, are detained for life by the amenity of the climate. IIt seems to me,' said an intelligent gentleman of this class, the other day, 'as if I could not exist out of Florida When I go to the north, I feel most sensibly the severe extremes of the weather; the climate of Charleston itself appears harsh to me.' "The negroes of St. Augustine are a good-looking specimen of the race, and have the appearance of being very well treated. You rarely see a negro in ragged clothing; and the colored children, though slaves, are often dressed with great neatness. In the colored people whom I saw in the Catholis chnrch, I remarked a more agreeable, open, and gentle phys- iognomy than I have been accustomed to see in that class. The Spanish race blends more kindly with the African than does the English, and produces handsomer men and women. " Some old customs which the Minorcans brought with them from their native country, are still kept up. On the evening before Easter Sunday, about eleven o'clock, I heard the sound of a serenade in the streets. Going out, I found a party of young men with instruments of music, grouped about the win- dow of one of the dwellings, singing a hymn in honor of the Virgin,* in the Mahonese dialect. They be- * This song is usually called the Fromaanis. made here, I remember many who having come hither for the benefit of their health, are detained for life by the amenity of the climate, IIt seems to me,' said an intelligent gentleman of this class, the other day, 'as if I could not exist out of Florida. When I go to the north, I feel most sensibly the severe extremes of the weather; the climate of Charleston itself appears harsh to me.' "The negroes of St. Augustine are a good-looking specimen of the race, and have the appearance of being very well treated. You rarely see a negro in ragged clothing; and the colored children, though slaves, are often dressed with great neatness; In the colored people whom I saw in the Catholic church, I remarked a more agreeable open, and gentle phys- iognomy than I have been accustomed to see in that class. The Spanish race blends more kindly with the African than does the English, and produces handsomer men and women. " Some old customs which the Minorcans brought with them from their native country, are still kept up. On the evening before Easter Sunday, about eleven o'clock, I heard the sound of a serenade in the streets. Going out, I found a party of young men with instruments of music, grouped about the win- dow of one of the dwellings, singing a hymn in honor of the Virgin,* in the Mahonese dialect. They be- * Tls song is usual[ called the Frhmqardi. made here, I remember many who having come hither for the benefit of their health, are detained for life by the amenity of the climate. 'It seems to me,' said an intelligent. gentleman of this class, the other day, sas if I could not exist out of Florida. When I go to the north, I feel most sensibly the severe extremes of the weather; the climate of Charleston itself appears harsh to me.' "The negroes of St. Augustine are agood-looking specimen of the race, and have the appearance of being very well treated. You rarely see a negro in ragged clothing; and the colored children, though slaves, are often dressed with great neatness. In the colored people whom I saw in the Catholic church, I remarked a more agreeable, open, and gentle phys- iognomy than I have been accustomed to see in that class. The Spanish race blends more kindly with the African than does the English, and produces handsomer men and women. " Some old customs which the Minoreans brought with them from their native country, are still kept up. On the evening before Easter Sunday, about eleven o'clock, I heard the sound of a serenade in the streets. Going out, I found a party of young men with instruments of music, grouped about the win- dow of one of the dwellings, singing a hymn in honor of the Virgin,* in the Mahonese dialect. They be- * Thie song ie usually ealled the Fomajardie  198 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIEs gan, as I was told, with tapping on the shutter. An answering knock within had told them that their visit was welcome, and they immediately began the serenade. If no reply had been heard, they would have passed on to another dwelling. I give the hymn as it was kindly taken down for me in writing, by a native of St. Augustine. I presume this is the first time that it has been put in print; but I fear the copy has several corruptions, occasioned by the unskillful- ness of the copyist. The letter a which I have put in italics, represents the guttural French e, or, per- haps, more nearly the sound of the u in the word but. The A of our language is represented by c followed by an i or an e ; the g, both hard and soft, has the same sound as in our language. "'Disciarem I dol Cantarem anb' alagria Y n'arem a di Las paseas a Maria 0 Mrtat "'Sant Grabiel, Qui portaba la ambasciado Des nostro ry del cel, Estaran vos preiiada Ya omitiada Ta o vaisqui serventa Fia del Dieu contenta Para Ie lo que el vol Disciarem ta dal, & "'Y a mill nit Parigue vos regin A un Dieu infinit, Dintra una establina. Y a milla dia, Que los angles von cant Pau y abondant De la gloria de Dieu sol Disciarem t dol, &c. 198 THE HIsToRY AND ANTIQUITIEs gan, as I was told, with tapping on the shutter. An answering knock within had told them that their visit was welcome, and they immediately began the serenade. If no reply had been heard, they would have passed on to another dwelling. I give the hymn as it was kindly taken down for me in writing, by a native of St. Augustine. I presume this is the first time that it has been put in print; but I fear the copy has several corruptions, occasioned by the unskillful- ness of the copyist. The letter a which I have put in italics, represents the guttural French e, or, per- haps, more nearly the sound of the u in the word but. The ad of our language is represented by wc followed by an i or an e; the g, both hard and soft, has the same sound as in our language. "'Disciarem to dol Cantarem aub' alagria Y n'arem a d£ Las pascuas a Maria 0 Marial "'Sant Grabiel, Qui portaba ta ambasciado Des nostro ry del ce], Estaan vo preiada Ya omitiada Tu o vain aqui serventa Fis del Dieu contenta Par fe to que el vol Disciarem to dil, &c. "'Y a milla nit Pariguero vos regin A un Dieu infinit Dintra una establina. Y a milla dia, Que los angles von cantant Pau y abondant De ia gloria de Dieu sol Disciarem lu dol, &c. 198 THE HIsTORY AND ANTIQUITIES gan, as I was told, with tapping on the shutter. An answering knock within had told them that their visit was welcome, and they immediately began the serenade. If no reply had been heard, they would have passed on to another dwelling. I give the hymn as it was kindly taken down for me in writing, by a native of St. Augustine. I presume this is the first time that it has been put in print ; but I fear the copy has several corruptions, occasioned by the unskillful- ness of the copyist. The letter a which I have put in italics, represents the guttural French e, or, per- haps, more nearly the sound of the s in the word but. The ad of our language is represented by ac followed by an i or an e; the g,both hard and soft, has the same sound as in our language. "' Disciarem lu dl Cantarem oub' alagria Y n'arem a di Las pasenas a Maria o Marial "'Sant Grabiel, Qui portaba Ia ambasciado Des nostro ry del cel, Estaran vos preiada Y omitiada To o vai aqui serventa Fia del Dieu content Para fe to que el vol Disciarem Iu dol, &c. "' Y a milla nit Parigueo vos regina A un Dieu ionfnt, Dintra una establina. Y a milla dia, Que los angles von cantant Pau y abondant De a gloris de Dieu sol Disciarem to do, &c.  0OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 199 OF ST. AUGDsTINE, FLORIDA. 199 0OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 199 "' ,Y aLiblame, Ala Is terra sants Ns notJesus Ash' slsgeis test Infante pett Que set Is esalveeaeei Y ngly bastais N es nie tt sd Diessem he do!, Ae. "'.Csnt deoea Tes eeyes tslavea Dieu omneipoente Adorn Is vingaran Usn peesent ieferan Del encenvyor A is beneit seeso Qeseclaesvl Disiarem he del, Ac. Tot fe.gayant Fees eseeplb Isperumss Y Ie Espeisnt lDe, neagel fauegeemse Orn fee eneces, Queeerams leesursgis Dieus da lengeuagia Para feleoqe Dieu vel Diesheecee Is del, &c. 'Counst tesps De quest men sr enora Al eel' emspugia Sun 11 iseaescis ora 01 Epeadom Qe del eel sneligida Luf lrida Mleresplendes que nsoel Di se es he del, &c. Y" el tercer giorn QuesJseesse t Dieu y Aboesees Que Is Mort tieefa De sils bells Pena perldra Lucifes As tota o pendi Que deesto rel sol Diseiaeme he del, Ac.' "After this hymn, the following stanzas, soliciting the customary gift of cakes or eggs, are sunug:- "'Ce st que vacantant, Regisa celestiallI "'Y a iblaee, Alla to teren seats NuesltJesuse Ash' slageis teets Infant petit QuesttInensaslvara Y nhege y leselseis Nu mses un Dieu tot eel Ojescee Is do!, Ac. eCuant de OrdonlIn Tree reye Is stealls verean Dieu esmnipoent Adera le viesgare IUn eeseetlinferae De mil eeeeeyeor Alen beneit sens Quese ecuals vol Diseiarem Is del, &c. 'Tetlfegyaee ParaesseplelIepeeees Y Is Esperit sact Desun ancel faueces Ginn, fee ence, Qusecrams Is curagia Disc see ds leeguacia Faes fe Is qe Dieu vol Diecheeces le dol, Ac. De questennstrasSe'ueea Alieel a'emspugin Seun SI Is sescis ose 01 Emperadome Quoedel eel see eligida Luersa. eoeida Mb resplendeneqeeusol Diseises le del, Ac. Y Nel terme gleos Que Jess mouse Dies y Abeeses Qesesortssrises& Ds Atli se balls Pena peeldra Lucife Anstotson pendt Que deseno~steeorelsl Diseisres lis del, Sc.' "After this hymn, the following stanzas, soliciting the customary gift of cakes or eggs, are sung: "' Cssetqueesiseselss, Regleea celestisI "' Y. Libslse,. All sterrasansta Nes net Jesus Ash' alagrin tenta Infant petil Qe tot he ses salvaria Y niege y hestecis Nu mes un Dieu tot sul Disciares Is do!, Ac. Tee eqs It stelsa vern Dies omneipotent Aders Ic viegaemn Usn peent iefeese Deemil eseesyor Alenbeeitsere Diseheecee Is dol, Ac. Pses eseeple Is peose Y le Rsperit saint Des se agelfausgseess Geren fee enese, Dies see ds leecuagis PseasfeleoqeDieu eol Oheseseee Is del, Ac. "Cout tespass De qusten seeetenorae Al eel eempeia See Il. la stesete os 0 Eepemdeom Qedel eel sn eigids Luecees rida Mb respleedee qseeensol Diesirees Is dol, Ac. el stecegiorn Quo Jess esussta Dies y Aheecees Qeseert teienfa Ge sIR Se hells Pena peldms Lucife As tetes ses peeedh Que denosteesseel sol Disciaems Is del, Ac.' "After this hymn, the following stanzas, soliciting the customary gift of cakes or eggs, are sung:- " e Ce set que vaee cseleet, Rtegina eelestial I  200 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIS Damns pae y alageic Y boesacfeta egen Yeaos dsus befestas Dane died, de mnu Sempre term lu ncea Ueda. Peaecaibi ungrapat do nes, Y elgioedasc fodad Alagmnosy giuaenta Ascqui e mlpardar nosida Y via glrsament, A qetsCasaest pedauie Bien hall qu sepdro; San am de qucst cease Badlda dndo Foid o epaads Cueuats a fds; Coa s a ea cse gs, Sol qoe no eodigas quo o. "The abutters are then opened by the people within and a supply of cheese, cakes or other pae- try, or eggs, is dropped into a bag carried by one of the party ; who acknowledge the gift in the following lines, and then depart:- " 'Aqcue case ree. cupedrade Eupedroda de matlso es; Sen ame de squls ease Es omoede copliental' "1If nothing is given, the lest line reads thus- 1' No es bomo de complimenct'" 200 THE HISTORY AND AlcYIQIlTrIuS Deuce pee y alagrie Y bones festec tiegan Y vosdo aeebeefesa Danos dintsdesus noe Semepre tcclu eas Uste Paraerecibieungsepetdsee, Y el gicee de pacca florid& Alagramos y gicciaect Bien halls.quo laempedro; Saamo deeaqestce Baldrdudieunedo ltesuagieda oemupeneds Ceeetcte i; Coa asa ce e guade, Sol qe as mee diga qee as.' "The shutters are then opened by the people witbin, and a supply of cheese, cakes or other pae- try, or eggs, is dropped into a bag carried by one of the party ; who acknowledge the gift in the following lines, and then depart:- "'IAqeae recte eupedrada Eupeduade de Meetrc Tens; Senam ue aqeusta s Es oue de cumpliuet' " If nothing is given, the lest line reeds thus :- "' Nos houo de coupliuenti' ^ 200 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUrrM3 Deuos pan y alegria Y boeu feeces tinan Y sdosueboon feas Danes dunde m noee e Seupsa er Ics ne eacs OUtase Para recibi ungrapat dens, Yl gies escacaeide Alagecuce y giuntcaet Asquiues rtpar deauvide Y via glorsiaene, A qeusts case eat eupedreda Bisehallscquela empedro; Saneamo de qusa Casa Saldic deei ce de Frucgids dcempanads Cueaaleced; Col se vel ase mce grade, Sol que no ace digas qee no.' "The shutters are then opened by the people within, and a supply of cheese, cakes or other pas- try, or eggs, is dropped into a bag carried by one of the party ; who acknowledge the gift in the following lines, and then depart:- "'Aquesta ease rela supedraic Eupedrea de cuat e s; Sonamouesquescse " Es oau e omplesenst' " If nothing is given, the lest line reads thus :- "'No us hauc de compliment.sa  INDICES. INDICES. INDICES. INDEX TO Histor-y andAntquitie. Ails, Juan. 4., 127-28 Alexan.derVI, Pope, 121 Amelia Island, 96, 125,175 Anastasia Island, 63,74, 84, 111, 114,14, 166, 195 Apalachian (Apa16.he) Indian, 121-22,137,156 Apalahia Mountains, 100101 Apa 1chi (Apa16,he), prvnc f 125 A...1....k.., 134 Ane.dondo, Antonio 4., 142-43 Asturias, 39 Aury, Luis, 176 Avila,. un d, 98 Azore., 161 Bahamas,~ 172-73 Barcia Carballid, y Zfiniga, Andr.8. Gonz4lez, 6, 34, 50, 54-11, 65-74, 111-13 B,.O..., William, 119,166 Batten. Island, 61,103-4 Bellam.y Road, 141 Barrio, P., 174 Betsey, 171 Biscaya, 39 Blonder.e, 91... de Is, 40 Bon ec.r 6....U1re, Lady of, 22 Brail, 15 INDEX TO Histor.y and Antiquies6. Ails, Juan..d, 127-78 Alexander. VI, Pope, 121 Alvare, Ger.mm,169 Ame11a Island4, 66,125, 171 Anastasia. Island, 63,74, 84, 111,114,14, 166,195 Apalachian (Apa16.he) India.n, 121-22,137,156 Apalachi m Mountains., 100-161 Apalachie (Apalache), p..16.ce of, 125 Arra6,..ak..., 134 Arredond, Anton.io de, 142-43 Asturias, 21 Aury, Luis6, 176 Avi4a, Juan de, 98 Azo..., 10l Bahamas.., 172-73 Barcia Carballido y Z16iga, Andres1 onz8lez, 6, 34, 50, 54-5, 65-74,112-13 Bartram, Will1,am, 159,141 Batten Island, 61,103-4 Bellam.y R.ad, 141 Berri, P., 174 Betsey, 171 Bi...ya, 26 Blndi,4 Sieur8de , 40 Bon Secoum. 4'17...., Lady of, 22 Brail, 15 INDEX TO History.andAntiquitie. Als., Juan de, 127-28 Alexander VI, Pop, 121 Alvarez,OGe16mm, 189 Ame.lia 1sland,696,131, 171 Anastasia Isln,6,74, 84, 111, 114, 14, 166,19 Apalachian (Ap.16.1.,) 1ndian, 121-22,137,116 Apalachian Mountain, 100-101 Ap.16.16. (Ap.1..h), p.ovince .6, 125 Arrat....1..., 134 Arredond, Antonio 49, 142-43 Asturia, 28 Au..y, Luis6, 176 Avil, Juan d, 66 Azore, 161 Bahamas,~ 172-73 Barcia C..b.664.o y Mfiiga, A 65-74, 112-13 Bar6.ram, William., 119,162 BattenIsland, 61,103-4 BeIIlamy Roa, 141 Berrie, P., 174 Betsey, 171 Biscaya, 26 Blon4,.i., Sieur de 16, 40 Bo. Smours d'Utrer, Lady o6,722 Brail, 15 A.dre. onz.4le, 6, 34, 66, 54-5,  2 INDICES. 2 INDICES. 2 INDICES. Brazto y Goray, Pedro do, 156 Brot, Felix, Foate, 66 Boy, Theodorode, 91 Buodott, Chorlos, Sir, 165 Cooaverol, Cope, 64, 86,692 Caoodo sLoecho, 115,118 Coolos, provinoce of, 121 Coothusian Fr-lors, 160 Casby. See Cosbty Castillo do Sot Marcos (St. Mark), 156-58,16,1964 Challeux, Nicolas ks, 34,37-50,5,65 Charleo IX, 15,99-100,124 Chaoleston, Sooth Caolino, 134,136, 171 Chetopoako Boy (Sata Maooia), 15, 101 Chino, 166 Coaoochoo, 117 Coleraine, 170 Coligny, Gaspard do, 11,16 Columbuso, Chritopher, 12 Convent of St. Francis, 113, 167-88 Coppingor, Jose, Goveoor, 166 Coopo, 1Pedro do, Father, 115-16 Coqulino, 179 Cootico, 161 Counselo, H. M8., 165 Crtte, Nigtide dla, 46 Coeek Inodioaot, 141, 171 Cosohy, Michoel, Fother, 161 Cuba, 12,94,598, 100,149,177,179, 14 Cootigo, Joseph do, 136-7 Dani, Robert, Colonel, 131-37 Davis (Soarles), Robert, Coptaio, 123 Do Booboo, Willoom Gerard, 164-651 68n, 166,191 Denmark, 23 DeSoo, Heronatdo, 14 Diogo, 144 Dieppe, Fooance, 36 Dolphins, River of, 16,18 Dooke, Froocis, Sir, 91,111-13,122 Droyton, Wilitao, 161 Duncon, Williamo, Sir, 169 Brazoey Garay, Pedode, 156 Botot, Felio, Fothoo, 66 Boy, Thoodor do, 91 Boodot, Charleo, Sir, 161 Canaoveool, Copo, 64,686, 92 Cano do It Looho, 115, 116 Coarlos, povioco of, 123 Caoohusiao Foiars, 180 Coohy. Seo Cosoby Costillo do Soan Maooos (St. Maok), 156-58,160,194 Challooo, Nicolas le, 34,37-50,55,65 Chaoles IX, 15, 99-100,134 Charleotoo, Sooth Caoolioo, 134,158,171 Chooopeake Bay (Saota Maria), 15, 161 Chioto, 166 Coaooohoo, 117 Coleraioo, 170 Cohigony, Goopaod do, 11,16 Colooobos, Choiotophoo, 12 Conveot of St. Foooyio, 113,187-61 Coppioge, Jtood, Goverooo, 166 Coopo, Pedoo do, Foatoe, 111-16 Coqoino, 179 Coooico, 169 Counselor, H6. M., 161 Cootto, Nigoiseodo lo, 46 Creok Iodiooo, 141, 175 Coshy, Michoel, Fotheo, 181 Coho, 12,864,98, 100,149, 177, 179, 184 Coooigo, Josoph do, 136-37 Dooiol, Roboot, Coltooel, 131-37 Dovio (Searles), R~ohert, Coptaio, 123 Do Booloo, Wiioom Gooood, 164-65, 168n, 166,191 Denmark, 23n Desoto, Hooooodo, 14 Diogo, 144 Dioppo, Fooooo, 36 Dolphios, Riooo of, 16,19 Dooke, Foooois, Si, 91,111-13,122 Droytoo, Willioao, 161 Dooooo, Willioam, Sir, 161 Boooosoy Goroy, Podoo do, 116 Boiot, Folio, Fothoo, 66 Soy, Thoodoo do, 91 Boodott, Charles, 6i, 161 Coooveral, Cooo, 64,686,92 Cooo do lo Leeho, 115, 116 Coolos, pooiooo of, 121 Caothoioo Fiaoo, 180 Coohy. Soo Cosoby Cootillo do Soo Moocoo (St. Mook), 156-58,160,194 Cholooox, Nicolastlo, 34,37-58,11,65 Chorleo IX, 11,99-100,124 Chooloosto, Sooth Caolioa, 134, 136,171 Chooopooke Boy (Saoto Mooio), 15, 101 Chioo, 166 Coaooohe, 117 Colerain, 170 Coligoy, Gaoopood do, 1,16 Columobo, Choiotophoo, 12 Coovoot ofSt. Fooodos, 113, 187-88 Coppioge, Jose, Gloverooo, 166 Corpo, Podo do, Fathe, 111-16 Coqoioo, 179 Coosico, 169 Ctooselor, H. M.,, 165 Cootto, Niguoiso do It, 46 Crook Iodioto, 141,171 Crosohy, Michaol, Fotheo, 181 Coho, 12,694,96,100,149, 177, 179, 14 Coooigo, Josoph do, 136-37 Dooiol, Robto, Coltooel, 131-37 Dotio (Searles), Rloboot, Coptoio, 123 Do rohmt, Wilooam Gooood, 164-65,16899-166,191 Denmarkl, 23n DeSoto, Hootoodo, 14 Diogo, 144 Dioppo, Foaoct, 36 Dolphios, River of, 16,18 Dooako, Fooooio, Si, 91,111-13,122 Drayton, Williaom, 161 Doncoo, Willioao, Si, 169  INDICES. Duva.l, Francis, 46 Duval., WOlliam P., Gover...o, 185 Edisto. River, 127 Esa yo C.......Ogk.. (Barcia), 108 Ferdinand. VI, 157 For.bes, Jo.hn, Re., 161 Fort. Grange. Inle.t (Samba.y), 103-4 Fort M..61., 144, 147, 149 Fort Pappa (St. FrancisO de Pappa), 145-46 FortSions..., 152 Franciscans (0rder o.f Friars Minor.), 114-20,122,161-62,188 Fraser, N., Rev.., 161 Ft..t..j..46., 197. Gadsden., Christo.phe, 172 Galleo., Count. 4de, 129 Georgi, 101,143,146 our..gues., D,.oiniqued4,,55,61,102-9 Greece., 169 11.ale, 96-97,115-16,119 Haklu.yt, Richard), 60n. Hancoc.k, Jo.h, 171 Harvard4 Univerty, 164 Havana., Cu.ba, 20,107-8,114,124,136,149 Hawkins., John., 55 Herrera., Alonzo. Fernan..dez, 155 Herrera., Pedro Valdes, 34 Hevia), Diego. 4e, 94 Hispan.iol, 13, 23n., 100 Hu.guets..., 6,15,20-11l pass).m Iring, Theo.dor, 161 INDICES. Duval.., Francis, 46 Edisto~ Rive, 127 Ensa.yo. CO.....l)gk. (Barci), 146 Ferdinan.d VI, 117 FernandinaO~t, FlidaO4, 176 Forbes, John., Rev., 161 For.t CaroIine. (9.an 94at..), 16,19, 20-110 passim.., 113 Fort. Moosa., 145, 147,149 For.t Fappa (St. Francis)de Pappa), 145-46 Fort Simons.., 152 Franctiscans. (Order.of P4...e Minor.), 114-20,122,161-62,181 Fraser, N., Rev., 161 Fr..ma.jardis., 197n Gadsden., Christo.pher, 172 Galleo., Count.. de., 129 Geogia, 101,145,146 0Gourgue, Dom..inique.de, 55, 61,102-9 Greece., 161 Guale,, 96-97,115-16,119 Ha.kluyt, Richard., 50n. Hancoc.k, John,,171 Havana., Cu.ba, 20, 107-8,114,124,136,149 Haw.kins, Jo.hn, 55 Herrera., Pedro. V.1des, 34 Hevia.), Diego. de, 94 Hispanio.l, 13,23n., 100 Irvin.g, Theodore., 161 INDICES. Duval., Fra..c)., 46 Edisto. River., 127 Ferdinand... VI, 157 Forbes., Jo.hn, Rev., 161 Fort1 Gran.ge Inl1et (Sarabay, 103-4 Fort1 Moosa1,144, 147, 149 Fort1 Pappa (St. Francis. de Pappa), 145-46 Franciscans.. (Order tof Friars Min).., 114-20,122,161-62,188 Fred..O.., Geogia, 152 F....ma.jardis, 197n. Gadsden., Christo.phe, 172 Gam..bo, Fer.ando. de, 94 Geor.gi, 101, 145,146 our.gues, D.oinique 4.., 55, 61,102-9 Grat0, James.,, Gover6or, 161,170-71 Greece., 161 GualI, 96-97,115-16,119 Hakluyt, 1Richard), 10. Hancoc..k, Jo.h, 171 Harvard) Univerity, 164 Havan, Cu.b, 20, 107-9,114,124,136,149 Haw.kins., Jo.hn, 55 Herrera., Pedro. Valdes, 34 Hevia, Diego.de, 94 Hispanio.l, 13,23n., 146 Hu.gueno.t, 6,15,20-110 passi.. Irving, Theodor..., 161 Jackson., Andrew., Gener11, 175 Jac.ksonvil, Florida, 170 3  4 Jamaic4a, 123,133, 135, 173 Jesuits (Society ofJesu), 17 Keys (olork4da), 98 INDICES. 4 Jamaica, 123,133, 135,173 Jesuits. (Society of Jesus), 17 Keys1 (of Flor4d), 98 Key7 West, Florida, 196 INDICES. 4 INDICES. Laudonn1i4r, 1016 ou1laine de, 16,19,20-11passim Lehman1, 18., 40 Ldpez de Mendoza1 Frajl1, Francisco, 18,19,61-62,103 Lyons, Pranc1, 34 Macms (Macariz), 125 M'Grego, Grego, 176 McIntosh, John, Captain, 147 Maill1ard, Captai, 46,48 Manon,1, Frni, ahr 11 Maria11 SachezCre, 14134 Mar11iez, Pedro, Fathe, 100 Martyr, Pete, 13 Matanz111River,466, 76, 168, 194 18a7a, Diego 4e, 33,34, 87 Ma1ypor1, Florda, 61,103 181y, River (St. 4ohns River), 16,18,24,52-59 Men14ndez de Avi114, Pedro, 17,18, 20-110 passim Menendez1, Jua, 94 Men14ndez1Marque, Pedro, 114 Mexico,20, 63, 98, 124, 145,157 Mexico,Gulf4o, 13,144 Midd40lto, Ar1hur, 172 Minra, 140, 140,193 Minorcan1, 197-200 Moom11(Mesa), For1, 144, 147, 149 18on11ano (18ont4ano), Manuel1de, 142-11,157 Mosquito3,150 MosquitoInlet, 64n, 76 Moultrie,4James, 140 Laudonni4re, Ren1Goulaine1de, 16,19,20-55 passi,. Lehmanl, 18., 40 London,0Eng1and, 171 L~pez 4118114111 Fraja1e, Francisco,, 18,18,61-62,163 Lyons1, France, 34 16a11111i (1811a,11), 121 Macarisqui,125 M'Gregor, Gregor, 176 Mc,1ntosh4, John,, Captai, 147 181411414, Captain, 46,40 18a,1a Sanchez Creek, 113 18a11i411, Pedro, Father, 100 1811171, Paper, 13 18111n1as River, 65,346,140, 194 18aya, Diego de, 32, 34, 87 Ma1yport, Flrida, 61,103 18ay, River(St. JohnsRiver), 16,18,24,52-59 Menend411, Juan, 94 Me11ndez1Marqu1, Pedro, 114 Mexico,20, 63, 98,124, 145, 157 Mexico1, Gulf1o, 138, 144 Middl1eton, Arthur, 172 Minorca,165, 169, 193 M811orca1, 197-200 Moorp, Jam,1Gover1or, 131-40 Moosa2(Moss1), For1, 144,147, 149 Montea111(181111411), Manuel14, 142-51, 157 Mosquit, 110 Mosquito1nlet, 64n, 76 Moultr4e,James, 165 J1aaic, 113, 133, 135, 173 Jesuits (Society of4Jesus, 17 Ke171 (of Flor4da), 98 Ke4y West, Flr4da, 196 Laudonni41, Rp,,4 Golaine41, 16,19,20-55 passim 1,111111,1M., 40 London1, Englan, 171 Lopez 41181end111 Fraja1es, Francisc, 18,19,61-62,103 "Lut1e1111." See Huguen111s L7o11, Franc, 34 181arasi4(181a141), 121 1811141914, 125 M'Grgo, Gregor, 176 Mc8ntos,John, Captain, 147 18.,o., Francis, Fathe, 114 Mar1a1S11chez Creek, 113 Marquez1Cabrera,4Juan4d, 124 181111411, Pedr, Father, 100 18ar171, Pet11, 13 181141111 Rive, 40, 76, 168, 194 18a7, Diego d4,,32, 34, 87 Ma.ypo11, Fl1r44, 61,103 181y,10iver1(St.1Joh1s River),16,18,24,52-9 1811614z,41 Avi11, Pedr,,17,18, 20-110 passi 18116141118arqu14, Pedr1, 114 Mexico, 20, 63, 9,124, 14, 157 Mexico., Gulf of, 138, 144 Middl1eton, Ar1hu, 172 1814o111, 165, 169, 193 Minorca1,,197-200 Moore, James,Governor, 131-40 18oo.. (1811.), Por1, 144,147, 149 Moteno11914 n),Maue d,,125115 Moultr4e,4James, 165  INDICES. Moultrie,.1John, Lieutenanst Gov...o, 165 Moyne de MorguesJacs.l, 46, 50, 54 Newcstl, 59,124 New. England, 20 New. Providencs, 172 New. 9Smyra, Plorida, 169 Nw 6Spain, 17 New. York, New. York, 164-95 NorthRiver, 144 Ochoa, Martin de, 28, 31, 94 Oglethorpe, James, Gover.o, 141-54 01.66...., 104 04.1.a, 96-97 0Our Lady sobsth Milk" 115 Palmer., 1.ohn, Colonel, 139-140,147 P4.01,4,d Nar.iez, 14 Pn.ja, Francis, Father, 114 Pa...a Florida, 14 Pas. Navarro, 151 Potion (Patrio), Andre. Lop.., 32-33,86 Pearl, 48 PeIayo (San), el, 23n. Penn, William., 124 Pensacola, Flor4da, 164 Peru, 20, 66 Philip 1, 16,6,99 Pilta, 144,197 Pius V, Psp., 159 Plaza de In Costitucion, 189 Point Quartel1, 146 Ponc. de L.A., Juan, 12 Port Royal, Suth Carslina, 15,126 Prevst, Jams Mark, 171 Prde sf1.4).a, 195 Puerto Ribo, 13, 196 Qurt.ga y Luanda, Diegode, 128-29 Quiros, Lb.s de, Father, 108 INDICES. Moultr4e, J.ohn, Lieutenant1 overno, 166 Moyne de Morgue, Jacques le, 46, 50, 54 Newstle1, 59,154 New. England4, 20 New. Providenc, 172 N... 6Smyra, Fl1rida, 169 New. Spain, 17 North Rbver, 144 0Ochoa, Martin.de, 28, 31, 94 Oglthope, James., overno, 14154 Orista, 96-97 Os.r Lady of.k theMil,"115 Pahner,, n..,on, 1 910,4 Panja, Francis, Pather, 114 Pa.cu, Florida, 14 Pas..Ns..., 151 Patina. (Patrio), Andres Lopez, 32-33,96 P...1, 66 Pelayo (San), el, 23, Penn, Will..., 124 Pen.scol, P1.44.a, 164 Peru, 26, 66 Philip II, 16,68, 99 Picolata, 144, 197 PiusV, Pope, 159 Plaza 4.1. Cost.itucion, 159 Point Quartel, 146 Ponc. 4e .A.n, Juan., 12 Por4 Royal, Southk Carolina, 15,128 Prevst, Jame.. Ma1.,.171 Pridesf 1.4ia, 195 Puerto Riss, 13, 196 Quirsga y Lsad, iego 4,, 128-29 Quir..s, Luisde, Fathe, 159 MsultrieJsh, Lieutenant overnor., 166 Moyne de Morgues, Jacques. le, 46, 50, 54 Necsl,59, 124 N,.. Englan, 20 N... Providenc, 172 Ne.. Smyrna, Ploids, 169 N... 95966,17 New. York, Ne.. York, 164-95 NorthRiver, 544 Ochos, Martn de4, 28, 31,94 Oglethorp, Jame.., Gsvernsr, 141-54 01.to.ar., 194 Oris, 96-97 "OurLady sflk. Milk,115 Palmer., J.oh., Co1lonel, 139-140,147 Penfil.4. NarvA.., 14 Panja., PFranci6, F.66., 114 P...., Flo.44., 14 P.ati. (Patris), Andrea Lopez, 32-33,96 P...I, 48 Pelayo (San), el, 23n P.enn, Will)..., 124 Pesaol, 4loid, 14 P..., 20, 63 Philip 1, 16,68, 99 Picolata, 144, 187 Pi.. V, Pop., 159 Pla.. 4.1.a Costitucion., 19 Point Quarte,), 146 Ponce . 4L.., Jsa, 12 Porn Royal, SuthkCar.1ina, 15,126 Pride of India, 195 Puer4o Rico, 13, 196 Quirogasy Losada, Diego de, 129-29 Quiros Luis.de, Patker, 159  6 INDICES. 6 INDICES. 6 INDICES. Ralph intgwoodSktchs, 185 Rectldt,. Franisco dt, 32 RlibaulIt, Jeant, 6,15,16,18,20-90 passimt Robett, Maitre, 40 Robets, Williamt, 159-60 Rocquet, Marianat deIs, 124 Rtoiquezt (Motes), Blas de, Father, 115, 118-19 Rogel, Juan, Fathe, 108-9 Romants, Bertard, 159,164-65 Rutledge, Edwartd, 172 St. Francis Barracks, 113,187-88 St. Georg. Stt Charlestont St. George Island, 100, 141 St. Gortge SOtet, 10 St. Helen. See Oata, Elena, St. Johns Bluff, 58-I7 St. Johttt Rivert, 15,52-60,103-7,134,16,18,187 St. Josepht, 154 St. Matk. Oee Castilt de Ottn Mtrcos St. Markst, 144 St. Marks River, 163 St. Sebstiant River,, 164,163 OSat Felipe,, ot, 97 OtSan t Jua d Pinast, ot, 111-12, 156 Otan Mtett. Oee ot Cartline S, Mttho. Ott, ot Caroine Ott, Nicolast, chttrch of, 110 Otan Vicente, 58 Satat Eittena, 65, 96-98,126-27 Oata, Maria (Chespeakt, 101 Santtde,t Spait, 110 SatotDomtintg,20, 70 Ot~oriara (Osatibas, 93 Sautgratin, Jean,34 Searls. See, Davis 0e1o08 (Otloy), 18 Rlph RingwtodSketches, 185 Recalde, Franctisod,32 R~ibau,,lt, Jeant, 6,15,16,18, 20-90 pasim Rotbt, Matre,, 40 Robet, Willttm, 150-W0 Rogtl, Juant, Father, 108-9 Romanstt, Berttard, 159,164-65 Ruttledge, Edwardo, 172 St. Gttorgt. Oee Chartltott St. George Itsand, 100, 141 St. George Street, 188 St. HeIen,. Ott Satat BElen, St. Johns, Blu,56-57 01. Joht's ot. SeetCatilod Sant Marcts St. Jtotb- Bitt,,, 11, 52-0,103-7,134,16,18,187 Ot. Josttph, 174 St. Mttk. Oee Catilo 0de Sttt Martc St. Markts, 144 St. Markst Rive, 163 St. Sebattiant Rive, 144,163 Sais de, las, Mars. See olis de Mess, Ott, Fetpt, ot, 97 San Juan, dt Pinttt, ot, 111-12,156 OSan Mteot. See Fort Crtoinet SantNicols, churchtof, 110 Sot Eleto, 65,96-98,126-27 00891 Luciat, 94 Sata, Morit (Chesapetake), 101 Otto Domtintg, 20, 70 Sotoito,, (Saturtiba), 93 Sealo. Oee Dttit Seotle Ind~ians,, 101,175, 179, 197 Ralph RingooSktchest, 165 Recalde, Francisod,2 Ribat,, Jeat, 6,15,16,18, 20-90 pasitt Robrt, Mitr, 40 obt, Wia, 159-60 Rotque,, Marittnt dt It, 174 Rtoriquez, (Motst), Hitm dt, Fthe, 115,118-19 Rogel, Jto, Othet, 108-9 Romanst, BernardO, 159,164-65 Romet,, Gorgi, 101 Ruttledg, Edwar, 172 St. Franis Barratk, 115,197-88 00. Geor188. Stt Charltton, St. Georgt Ilan, 188, 141 St. Gortge Stoeel, 188 St. len,. Ott Sata Eltno St. Johts Bluff, 56-57 SO. Jttohn's Fott Goee, datlo t Sn Mos, St. Jothns Ritve, 10,02-60,103-7,134,16,15,17 St. Jop, 174 St. Mar. Oee Ctiod Santt Marcos, St. Mtrks,, 144 St. Mort, Ritver, 163 St. Maryt (Sostttt) Rivett, 103 St. Stbastion Rivtt, 164,165 Sks de las Memst. See Stolis de Mods San Fetip, ot, 97 Ott, Juatn dt Pitas,, ot, 111-12, 156 Ott, Mteo. Ott ot Caoline Otan Motte. Ott ot Caoline Sant Nicola, church tof, 110 Otan Victe~~, 58 Satta Elena,, 65, 98-98,128-27 Oata, Lucis, 94 Satt Maria (Chesapetk), 101 Satander~t, Spai, 110 Satot Domitngt, 20, 70 Stoiamt (Sturibt), 93 Ot,,gtth, Jea, 34 Searles,. Oee Davit Soose, (Stloy), 19 Stttitnole Indian, 101, 175,178,197  INDICES. Sevil6, Spain, 232,166 Silvana,, 124 Smt4,h, Thomas~ Buckinghamt, 6 Sol11s1de1141, Gonzal,,66-74,76-88 South Carolina., 122,138, 152, 154 Spinosa, Diego de, 144 Stork, Williamt, 159-63,165 Talot, 111-16 Tapoqui, 115 Temaux11-Cm1pan, Hen, 450n TIIIl,11,ko, 166 Ton1yn, Patrick, Governor, 171 Trinity Episcopl Church, 166 Trtche, Rodrigo, 34 Trum~bull. See Tombal Ttrtttd, Jacques, Master, 40 Turnbul1, Andrew11, Dr., 16, 169, 176 Ully, Sier1,140 Valdez ( Valdet), Diego Flot11 de, 61, 72,83 Vauban,, Sebastian1 11 Prestre 41,117,166 Vicente, Jtat 416S1, 26-27,95-96 Virginial, 122 Wex1ford, Ireland, 161 White, Enrique, 174 VYeamans,11,, John,, Sir, 126 V111,1t1 (Vl111t66,) Indian, 125,134-31 Vt (Ait), prvince of, 121 Zes1pedez (Z4,1pe411), Vizette Manttl de, Governor,1, 173 INDICES. Seville, Spaint, 23t, 166 Silva, Jeant 41, Fray, 114 S66ai,11)1124 Sm1ith, Thomas1 Buckinghamt, 6 Stoll; de Mer16, Gonzalo,66-74,76-88 Sttth Carolin,,122, 138,152, 154 Spin1t1, Diegt 41, 144 Stork, Wiltiam, 159-63,166 Tal1Itot, 115-16 Tlptqti, 115 Tolomakoh, 166 Trinity Epscopl Church, 166 Trtch, Rodrigo, 24 Tr1tmhull. S1e Turthull Tmt14, Jacques, Master40 Turtbuhll, Andrew1, Dr., 166, 166,176 Ully, Sieur14, 40 Valdez, (Vald4s), Diego Flores de, 61, 72,683 Vauhan, Sebastian1 1, Prest1114,1,17,168 Vicete, Juan11de San, 26-27,95-6 Virginia, 122 Wexftrd, Irela,116 White, Enriqu, 174 Veamas, 1Joh, 6ir,126 V1111111 (V14tasse1) Indians,125,134-35 Ys (Ais1), provinceltf, 121 Zespedez1, (Z66pedes), Viente 1414ue1 de, Govertor, 173 INDICES. Seville, Spa1in, 23t, 166 Si6v,1Jean4de,Fray, 114 Silvan,1,11124 Simms1, William1Gi1mor, lit 6mith, Thomas1 Buckinhgham1, 6 Sabi;de 14116,0Gonza,66-74,76-88 Stol, Dotn Mri d614, 66 Sttth Caroina,, 122, 128,112, 114 Spittttt, Diego1d1, 144 Stor1k, WiSliam 119-63,166 Taloto1t, 111-16 Ttptq,,i, 1151 Tolomako,, 166 Ton,11 Patrick, 0Governor1, 171 Torre, Lauteato 41, 129 Trinity Episcopal Church, 166 Troc1h, Rodrigo, 14 Truss4, Jacqu,1Master1, 40 Turnbhull, Andr411w, Dr., 166,1869,176 US7y, Siud, 40 Vanderduysen1, Alexander1, Coln,1,1146 Valdez (Valdes1), Diego11Flo111de, 61, 72, 83 Vauban1, Sehaste1,16 Prest1141, 157,168 Vicente, Ju,11441614,26-27,95-96 Vigi41, 122 Wexfor, Ir11144, 161 White, Enrique, 174 V114tts, John, 66r,126 211ped11 (Z41ped11), Vizente Manul de,0Gover1or, 173 7  8 INDICES. INDEX TO THE INTRODUCTION. Alachu, Spi, xxviii, vi Slabkma UntivesiyofIi Anderso, WiltNy m, iii CndersonvClle, Dtttia Oxxv t.M tt. tbId CAnas fFlria"ilxixi Arrddetate xxv Cttttt, dmnd, Fathr, xxt 8 INDICES. INDEX TO THE INTRODUCTION. Adams, Massachusetts, xviii Adams, Venus, xxv Alachua, =vi, -iii, Iviii Alabama, University of, Ivid Anastasia Island, xxiii Anderson, family name, xxii Andersonville, Georgia, xxv "Annals of Florida," x4 xli, xvvii Arredondo estate, xxvi Aubril, Edmond, Father, xxxvi Aviles, Spain, Iii, Iiii Baker and Godwin, Dr., Steam Printing Establishment, Ud Bancroft, George, xli Bamia Carballido y Zuniga, Andras Gonzalez, xlvii, xlviii Barker, Jarried, -iv Bartram, William, xlviii Beard, John, Major, xix, xxx, xxxv Bellevue Hospital, x1v Belville Academy, xiv Beret, Pedro, xxii Bronson, Emma, xx Bronson, Gertrude, xix Bronon, Iaaac H., xviii, xix, xxiv Bronson and Sterling, law firm, xviii Bryant, William Cullen, xlviii Buckingham Smith Benevolent Association, xlvi Burritt, Samuel L., xxii Burt, George, =-. Cabega de Vaca, Alvar Nunez, xlvi Cardenas z Cano, Don Gabriel de. See Barcia Carballido Carolina, -tvii Carroll, Bartholomew Rivers, xlviii Challeux, Nicolas le, xlviii Charlotte Street, xxii Cincinnati, xx City gate, St. Augustine, xxii, xxv, xxvi, liii Concord, New Hampshire, xi Confederate Church Council, lvii Cumberland Island, Georgia, -rix Si INDICES. INDEX TO THE INTRODUCTION. Adamts, Venust, x Alachu, p-vi, tviii, vi Astasi CIsland, ZSxiit tttOttttttttitti AnttdJton, fmijynae i CtttyttSp, tt, Htttiiti t  De Brahmy William, Gerard, xhviii DeSto, Hetr.ando, !vi Drysdal, Joh,xi 9 Early itorty of Florid, Thea Itrdutor~y Leturet tt-ii,4ii tlui, l Eat Florida archives, xiii Fairbanks, Jason, xiu Fairbanks, Mary Massey, xiu Firbanks, Samu,I Sxivt, Thi, i, ih Fatch, Ptrt, ±lii Ferndn, FlridaB, tii Flrid eneral Aemblty, tiii Horwar, William, S., Stiyk ttI th 9INDICES. 9 Dodge, Augutus., L.,txivt Dougas, Stephen, ttti Drew, Colum~bus, hii Duydme tt, iltn, xi Earlty Histoy of Flia,& The , Itrthuctory Lectue, tttu, -ii tli, I East Florida archivet,viii Egypt, tttii Fairbatnks, Jason, xiu Faibanks, Mary Massey, xi, Fatidbantks,~ Samuetyi, Thi, xxiiu Fauche. Mrt Thyii -iin Flrta Cenealtl Asshby , Ixiu Flordat, Hstorca Soce, y t hi v Florida MirtE, The vi Horwar, Wiltam S, BxiitGt4.t, Heorgia L-cSiu S it INDICES. 9 De, Brahm, Wittiam Geratd, xliii DeSto, Herantd, Ii Dodge, Atugustus L., xthv Douglas, Stephe, ttii Drysdal, John,, ttiu Eary Histor-y of Flia, Thy, an Introductory Leture,, ttttii, i, Egypt, ttvii Ensayo Crattigia..t Hitoria GeeraldetInFloid, lvi, xlitii Fairbatks, Mary Massey, xit Plaidhe, Mttr .,,t y, x ttii Fern. aity, Flrdh ut Plorit CGenehl tAsitetily, hii Fload ioical Soce, T heti FloriadHous, tttit Foatli, Ptr l Foribad, illiamt Bt.t, -vai Gartd,lia ,, xl Gougues,, Dominihue dt, xxtiy, tii, tixt, I  10 INDICES. Hittry adAntiquities of St. Augustine, Florid, FoundeS~d Setembe.r Hitorty of Flida~t, Frt,,m Its Ditcttey by Pontce de Lton, in 1512, To Hitoryf theContquestt of Floridaby DeStotxxiv LHuyueDotd Cemty, tt , DtdLtt Humpreys Eli. olne, x Jactttslave, Rxlui tty MJacksonvti, lidaxIi MKitrbySth,t mn, SGenettt, t Levy CoSntyhFtoCidak,=viii 10 INDICES. HisttoryandAtiqutiest of St. Aug',ttin, Floid, FoundekdhSetemrt. 8,1565, lit, it Hitoty and Atntiquities o~f thte City of St. Augusttin, Ftltrida., Th, xit. Hitoy of Flortid, Fromt Its Discoverty by Ponce de Lteo, in 1512, To the Ctose of the Ftoida. War in 1842, ttv, ttui Hitory of the Conquestt of Floid by De Sto, =ivt Ltuguenott Cteriii xl Hmphreystt, Rtbad,Conexi MIttttg, Thor, =v, Stxttt tt Jac, slaved,Ctlvi ,, Jacsoille, Flriai4 i 10 INDICES. 8, 1565, lIn, tt Hitory tnd Antiquitiet of tht City of St. Augutttine, Flor~id, Th, tio, Hitoy of Floidat, Ftrott Its Disttttery by Potnce dt Lettt, in 1512, To ittetCote f theFtoridatWt tfkint1842,tIv,ttd Hitry ofthe ConquttofFlrida y D oo xi HuguenMtt Cemee,, xu, Mtackd slae AlvittPtttittibt L.StS. Jacsoie, MFlqtid, Ptfr, ltbu  INDICES. Miller, A. A., xo Mnttia,tt PMane det', Goenoii ,xli Mnptrl Canadatt, ii Porion Jacksoni~, Metr,l, PhilipaI, AmliLay xu PNwYrktity xliu, tli Newttf Pokitorca Soityxixi Nohiver, Mx,, x 11 INDICES. Minorans x. H, xitttitti NM illt.iA, Mtphpptii Mntiso, Maguel e,t Coveri,t xtf tx li Pt Tt Philip aI, Caadxi, x PMorocc,t Epiperl Chtf, h tvii Motye, BdetMttrigt, Macque lextiii MulintCt~t h, Bhhtp, ttii RNew Medford Masacuets t xl NewA Smrnat Frtytia,ttxiy 11 Miller, A. A.,ttttui Motiano., Manuel , Goerortti ,xli Mntt Ce MotguB., Jaqusiii loi PhilipaI, tmeiaLdxx Nitewi PSmyrt, lotd,ti NewtYopk Cit,Nti,txlv,th PeYor H torcl ityt, ii lu i 11  12 INDICES. Reyntolds, Charles Bitnghamt, it Siut, Jtan, xlii, Risttttt, Nia Ytme, xloi Rohtst, W.la.,m, xl tii Rottihn Placph L ttt Romant, Bettdxii SttAgtn, hthera T f Ctpttt 'St~~tt Trncs raki 12 INDICES. 12 INDICES. Stvll Jtttt edtto, Codei , i Siut , Jt , ix~t5,tt, Si Ristttt, Nttta Jm, ttt5 Roht, tW ittm, iti Romantithli FChuridt, Tlis, Cttiitt t tttsEtitIs SAstinAeD 1565,ra lit, l StgJtohns T.uf, Ctttt Regilla Wigedot, sitde li Reynols, Charles ingam sii Stbut Jshn, Btli, i Stvrs Mttyta Jai e, xtt i RoStsttWilliamt xtiii Rotsontt Place,4tts Romst Beritrt, sssiii, St.~1 Frais araii, i St. John WBluttf, tii Shttstthys Wier A., Etq., ii St.itt Martph ie, Jtdgsst St.Tttt s JtItth, est nis i Savanth, torgtt, si Schenitady Th ewt Yok,Sthttstts xui Stsh Ctlitt, slit , xi Settcontd iieWr x ixxu xu a Sevtile, Spin, Flisi, T ,Ctttisg1tNtbtStluttt ~ HSwane i l, 1864 sseetdu iu, Hui, liy Urttttit tfS ssh Sttda, WdA., 1565, li Spiths, Jspt T., Cudgtti Smthst, Ths Bciga,"xi-li  INDICES. Superio Cut ofEast Florida,xixi Surveyo LGeeral ofFoia x Tahasee UFrida tx~i', dii Temaux-Chom pns, er, iii Terrtoy of Forg, xx Thid Uited Ste Artllry xxii TreauryLa, xi~t Trnt Chrc (Paikh, =i, i Whinity College, x1 Ykli Turbu, An'dre, ry Uno College, x, ii "Vado Ch," xh, i, 13 INDICES. Stork, William, xluiii Superior Court ofEast Florid,x,,i TenitysCe,,, A Pmiof, i, ii Teinaux-d, L,., er A,,Ih,, Teritoia CLgilatrxi, Terr~ity ofth Flort, Ii,1,,kidii L Trnt NhhPrih, Y,,, liii Wuribut, Andrew C,hxxi, Y"fad, fe," xuiy l WaterFkown, Ne ok xu uii uixixi 13 INDICES. Stork, William,, xliii Talhase Floid, di, i Thir United StaeAilley,dxiii Trinity College, xl Th,,bull, Andrew,, Dr, xdi Univerity of the South, ie,, dui, duii, duiii, li Vn Buren, Martin, ix Westchester Countiy, New, York, liii Wright, Ben~jami, Judge, xii Wright, Sarah Catherin, x, d i xi Yulee, Florida, xndii - ion Church. xix 13