^ci^a\ia-\1%\ m. fit. i^iLAuun NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 1326 CONCERNING THE FLOW ABOUT RING-SHAPED COWUNGS PART II - ANNULAR BODIES OF INFINITE LENGTH WITH CIRCULATION FOR SMOOTH ENTRANCE By Dietncn Kuchemann and Johanna Weber Translation of ZWB Forschungsbericht Nr. 1236/2, Nov. 11, 1940 Washington November 1951 'NIVERSlPr' OF FLORIDA i - LIBRAI^Y G, .LLE.FL 32611-7011 LISA 5V. , ?77 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 1326 CONCERNING THE FLOW ABOUT RING-SHAPED COWLINGS PART II - ANNULAR BODIES OF INFINITE LENGTH WITH CIRCULATION FOR SMOOTH ENTRANCE* By Dietrich Kucheraann and Johanna Weber ABSTRACT: The investigations carried out in a previous report (reference 1) concerning the flow about ring-shaped cowlings were extended by taking a circulation about the cowling into consideration. The present second report treats bodies of infinite length with approximately smooth entrance. The circulation was caused by distributing vortex rings of constant density over a stream surface extending to infinity. Furthermore, the influence of a hub body on such cowlings was dealt with. The examples treated are meant to give to the designer a basis for his design. OUTLINE : I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND METHOD IT. RESULTS 1. Annular Bodies without Hub 2. The Influence of a Hub Body as Seen in the Example of Annular Bodies without Circulation 3. Annular Bodies with Hub k. Mass Flows and Thrust Forces III. SUMMARY rV. REFERENCES I. STATE-#]NT OF THE PROBLEM AND METHOD In the first of this series of reports concerning the flow about ring-shaped cowlings of finite thickness (reference 1), it was shown how to obtain in a simple manner the forms and pressure distributions of ring- shaped bodies from existing tables of functions according to the customary "Uber die Stromung an ringformigen Verkleidungen . II. Mitteilung: Ringkorper unendlicher Tiefe mit Zirkulation bei stossfreiem Eintritt." Zentrale fur wissenschaftliches Berichtswesen uber Luftfahrtforschung des Generalluftzeugmeisters (ZWB) Berlin-Adlershof , Forschungsbericht Nr. 1236/2, Gdttingen, Nov. 11, I9I+0. NACA TM 1326 method of superposition of flov due to singularities and parallel flow. Whereas in reference 1, a circulation about the cowling - which would cause a velocity in the interior of the ring different from that in the exterior - was not considered, the present report will deal especially with the influence of such a circulation. We shall, however, limit ourselves to cowlings of infinite length and, thus, obtain an insight as to the flow conditions about such cowlings for smooth entrance. We herein utilize the advantage of the singularity method of yielding body shapes and velocities, which in the case of given singularities is relatively simple. However, the inverse problem - determining the singularities for a given body shape or velocity distribution - is considerably more difficult and troublesome. We hope to be able later on to treat arbitrary bodies of finite length with circulation for non- smooth entrance as well. In the present report, the starting point is simple singularities- It will be shown that even the simplest singularities yield shapes and pressure distributions that are absolutely usable in practice. Moreover, it will be possible to recognize fundamentally, for instance, the influence of a hub body; however, it must again be stressed that we obtain cowlings which the flow always approaches in the most favorable manner only (approximately smooth entrance), and that we do not investigate a certain form for various operating conditions. The examples described are meant, above all, to give the designer a basis for the design of aerodynamically favorable ring-shaped cowlings. We shall first discuss the singularities. We obtained a thick ring-shaped body in the simplest manner by placing a source ring into a given main flow. For the bodies of infinite length treated here, one such source ring will be sufficient. The simplest main flow is the parallel flow. We then obtain the annular bodies without circulation treated in reference 1. A hub body is produced by placing a three-dimensional single source on the symmetry axis. Finally, a main flow with different velocities within and outside of a ring is obtained by distributing vortices over a stream surface. We select vortex rings, the centers of which lie on the symmetry axis. Since we want to investigate the entrance, the distribution must start at a certain point and may extend to infinity. It will be shown that it is sufficient to assume the density of the distribution constant in the direction of the symmetry axis. For the numerical calculation, the ■•/alues of the stream function and velocity components of source and vortex ring are taken from the tables of functions (reference 2) where the pertinent formulas also are to be found. The accuracy of the calcu- lations corresponds to the slide-rule accuracy. In view of the great number of parameters, we must necessarily limit ourselves to a few characteristic values. The thickness d of the NACA TM 1326 cowling (compare fig. 1) is referred to the radius R at the infinity of the streamline on which lies the source ring, and all results are given only for the values d/R = (mean camber stream surface) and 0.2. Intermediate values may be linearly interpolated. The radius E^j of the hub body is accordingly referred to the radius r^ of the source ring by which the distance a in axial direction between source ring and single source on the axis also is standardized. The shapes and pressure distributions are indicated, in general, for the values Rn/^o = 0^ 2/3, 1, and a/ro = 0, 0.5, 1. We characterized' the strength of the circulation by the ratio between the velocity U^^ which ulti- mately results within the ring and the undisturbed velocity of the oncoming flow Uq in the outer space, and assume the values Uo^^o as 0.2, 0.^, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and in a few cases up to 2.0. ir. RESULTS 1. Annular Bodies without Hub We investigated, first, annular bodies with circulation without hub. We have already noted that we want to produce the velocity differ- ences by a constant distribution of vortex rings over a stream surface. The shape of this stream surface is unknown at first. If, for instance, an axially parallel cylinder with a distribution of vortex rings is put into a flow in the direction of the axis, the cylinder does not remain a stream surface. The originating streamline pattern is drawn in dashed lines in figure 2. An iteration method can be carried out by placing the distribution on that stream surface which has the same starting point (x = 0; r = tq) . Step by step, we thus approach the stream surface which coincides with the locus of the distribution for the prescribed vortex strength. Figure 2 shows the result (Uoo/Uq about O.3) in the solidly drawn streamlines. The position of the distribution is heavily outlined. It could be made the wall and would be stream surface when the prescribed velocity ratio is produced. From this consideration it follows that a certain wall is obtained for each velocity ratio. These walls are plotted for various U„/Uq in figure 3- For Uoo/Uq = ^ naturally a cylinder results (no circulation). For values smaller than 1, the walls are bent inward toward the front; for values larger than 1, they are bent outward. The originating flow conditions are of interest. In figures k and 5, we plotted once more the velocity components of the vortex flow alone (at the same time as illustration of the dashed-line streamline pattern, fig. 2) for the case that the distribution is located on a cylinder. We can see that very soon parallel flow, stemming from the NACA TM 1326 vortices, develops in the interior of the ring. The corresponding fig- ures for the case where the distribution is a stream surface have not been drawn again. The deviations may be understood with the aid of figure 2. Figure 5 shows, furthermore, that the vortices at the initial point of the distribution (x = 0; r = ro) cause an infinitely high radial velocity.-^ Our simple assumption becomes noticeable in the streamline pattern by a vertical inflectional tangent of the respective streamline at this point; however, this fact cannot be expressed in the diagram. Since, furthermore, such cowlings in practice always will be of finite thickness, this singular point remains without decisive influence. If later on in the pressure distributions at this point, an infinity appears for d = and a local suction peak for d ^ 0, this, too, is caused by the simplification mentioned. Nevertheless, refine- ment of the theory in the manner indicated above was foregone since its effects are immediately clear and we are here concerned only with fundamentals . The continuity equation readily gives information about the mean velocities in any cross section within the ring, since cross -sectional area and velocity at infinity are known. Accordingly, the ratio between the mean velocity U in the entrance cross section (x = 0) and Uq is plotted against the velocity ratio in figure 6. This quantity also represents the ratio between the quantity of fluid flowing in the interior of the ring in the presence of circulation, and the quantity which would flow through the entrance cross section without circulation; thus^ the ratio Qq = itTq^Uq. The mean velocity U in the entrance cross section is therewith shown to be not yet the final velocity U^^; however, if one proceeds somewhat further into the cowling (x/R = 0.5), the mean velocity has come considerably closer to the ultimate one, as figure 6 shows. The end velocity is attained to the same degree as the curves in figure 3 approach the asymptote. In figure 6, the contraction ratio Tq/R is plotted once again more accurately. Moreover, one recognizes from this figure that the velocity decrease or increase as well as the pressure recovery takes place neither completely inside nor completely outside of the cowling, so that one is dealing neither with a nose inlet nor with a side inlet according to P. Ruden (reference 3) but with an intermediate form. More accurate information can be gained from figure 7 where the pressure on the symmetry axis is plotted for U /Uq =0.2. For comparison, we see the pressure which would be caused by a vortex distribution over a cylinder. One recognizes that the pressure recovery takes place mainly ahead of the cowling so that one In order to avoid this, the distribution would have to start as JlcJ for instance, as Jx/r^ + x. For the sake of the simplicity of the calcu- lations, a constant vortex distribution was maintained. MCA TM 1326 may count on relatively small losses inside of the cowling. From fig- ure 8, we can see the pressure at the cowling itself for the different velocity ratios. The appearance of an infinitely large pressure at the leading edge has already heen discussed. Further inside, however, a very favorable pressure variation becomes evident which is caused by the constriction or extension, respectively, of the stream surface of the distribution. Thereby, one may subsequently justify the selection of the special vortex distribution. If one now places into this basic flow a source ring at the start of the distribution, one obtains body shapes as indicated in figure 9- The source strength is determined in such a manner that a thickness of ' 0.2R results at infinity. One obtains, corresponding to the various mean camber lines (fig. 3) ^ a certain body shape for each velocity ratio. In order to calculate the behavior of a certain body, for instance that of Uoo/U = 0.4 in case of other velocities, one would have to determine the additional source and vortex ring distributions which make the prescribed body again a streamline; this calculation would exceed the scope of the present report. Since the body shapes are, however, not too different, it may be assumed that the permissible velocity range for a certain form will not be too small. Figure 10 also shows the bodies of the thickness d/R =0.1 for several velocity ratios and simultaneously, the mean camber streamline (dashed) from which one may see the position of the body contour with respect to the mean camber line. It is note- worthy that the inward curving of the mean camber line near the entrance opening is filled up by the source fluid so that a relatively straight body inside results. The velocity and pressure distributions at the surface of these bodies have not been calculated. One may attain an approximate idea by superimposing the velocity distributions of annular source bodies without circulation (Uo^y/Uo = 1, compare also fig. 13) resulting from the first report (reference 1) on those on the mean camber lines (fig. 8). 2. The Influence of a Hub Body as Seen in the Example of Annular Bodies without Circulation It was shown in the first report what important effect a hub body may have on the flow conditions at the cowling. It could be shown that it is possible to attain, by favorable selection of position and thick- ness of the hub body, the absence of suction peaks, and only very slight incremental velocities for the pressure distributions at the inside and outside of the cowling. The radius RN/ro and the position a/ro of the hub, being the most influential parameters in this respect, will be ^Compare section I. 6 NACA TM 1326 treated first in somewhat more detail than in the first report (in this section without taking a circulation into consideration). The influence of circulation is investigated in section II, 3- Figures 11 and 12 show the investigated forms of hub and cowling, partly to be found in the first report. The considerable thickening at the leading edge of the annular source body for RN/ro = 1 ^tn^ ^/^o = 1 is noteworthy. Figures I3 to 18 show the pertaining pressure distribu- tions on the surface of the cowlings. Figure 13 may be used as comparison for Rn = . The influence of the hub is shown particularly clearly by the pressure distribution on the mean camber line d = 0. Let us consider first the hub bodies of the radius Rn/^q = 2/3 in their various positions (figs. 1^ to I6) . No essential changes in pressure distribution are caused by a hub body of this thickness. The maximum negative pressures stay within moderate limits, and the maximum incre- mental velocities fluctuate between the values 0.16Uq and 0,2^\Jq. The pressure distribution over the forms investigated shows the smallest incremental velocities and the smallest pressure rise for the value a/rQ =0.5. The thicker hub body RN/r© = 1 (note the curves for d = 0) has considerably greater effort. For a/rg =0.5 we have, for d/R = 0.2, no longer a suction peak on the inside of the cowling and only slight incremental velocities; for a/ro = 1, we have the same favorable condi- tions also on the outside of the cowling. A hub of this position and thickness obviously exerts a favorable influence on the flow at the cowling. The pressure distributions on the hub body itself are plotted in figures 19 to 23- The cowling always affects the hub in an unfavorable sense though only to a small extent. The position a/rg =0.5 is again shown to be a favorable position for R^/rQ = 2/3, Just as is the position a/rQ = 1, recognized as favorable before for d/r^ =1. The examples of this section have once more demonstrated in detail what effect a hub may have on the flow at the cowlings. It must be noted, though, that no statement can be made on the behavior of these bodies if the oncoming flow is not smooth. 3. Annular Bodies with Hub We now turn to the investigation of the influence of circulation for annular bodies with hub. Figures 2k and 25 show the mean camber lines for various velocity conditions in the presence of the thin hub body Rn/i'o = 2/3 once for a = and then for a/ro = 1. In these examples, we investigated only positive circulations (U^^/Uq <^ 1) since the NACA TM 1326 calculations without hub bodies showed, true to expectation, that the outward bending for U„/Uq > 1 is not significant and does not lead to greatly altered bodies. Figures 2k and 25 indicate the following new effect of the hub body. Since the mean camber line for Uoo/Uo = 1 ^°^ ^^ also curved and niarrowed, whereas, the one for U^/U^ = 0.2 has remained practically unchanged compared to its form without the presence of a hub body, these stream surfaces now move considerably closer together. This is particu- larly noticeable for the position a/rg = 1. One may assume that this effect will be clearest if the respective streamline has, even without circulation, a form similar to the one in case of a strong circulation. Thus, we are again led to arrangements with a relatively thick hub body in the interior of the cowling - an arrangement found advantageous in other respects as well as in the previous section. Before investigating such an arrangement, we want to point out the pressure distributions on the mean camber lines shown in figures 2h and 25 (figs. 26 and 27). Their variation is favorably similar to that of the corresponding pressure distributions without hub. In this respect, too, the rearward position a/ro = 1 appears advantageou:? among the examples investigated. Figures 28 and 29 show the thick cowlings with hub pertaining to figures 2k and 25. One can see clearly that the separate contours are now considerably less different from each other. We now investigate the arrangement %/ro = 1 and a/rg = 1 treated without circulation in the previous section (figs. 12, I8, and 23), for the velocity ratio Uoo/Uq = 0.^+. The mean camber line for (Uoo/Uq = 0.^+ (fig. 30) is shown to differ little from the one for U^/U^ = 1 .j In figure 30, the cowlings without circulation with d/R = 0.2 and d/R = 0.123 have been plotted additionally for comparison. One recog- nizes from figure 30 that for a certain form under various operating conditions, the travel of the stagnation point will not be as extensive as in the absence of a hub body. (Compare fig. 9-) "This fact may be explained by a certain guiding of the streamlines by the hub body. This guiding may be additionally aided by a different shaping of the hub body. In regard to the simplicity of the singularities selected, it is, of course, not to be expected that we should have obtained the most favorable forms. The pertaining pressure distributions are shown in figures 31/ 32, and 33. k. Mass Flows and Thrust Forces So far, we have indicated the velocity ratio U^/Uq as the ]aram- eter characteristic for the circulation; however, this makes sense only 3The pertaining pressure distributions may be found in the first report in this series (reference 1). 8 NACA TM 1326 for our particular selection of infinitely long bodies. We therefore show additionally the connection between Uoo/Uq and the quantity of fluid Q flowing through the entrance cross section irTg^' ^°^ ^^® examples treated, in the following figures 3^ to 37- Qq there signifies the quantity which would flow through the entrance cross section in the absence of a cowling. With a hub body present, this quantity is smaller than irrQ%Q (compare fig. 38)' The quantity Q ArrQ^Q represents the ratio between mean velocity in the entrance cross section and undisturbed free-stream velocity Uq, and may be taken from the figures 3*^ to 37- (Compare also fig. 6.) At this point, it should be mentioned that the thickness of the cowling, too, reduces the mass flow as has been discussed in detail in the first report of this series (reference 1) . Furthermore, we want to investigate what axial forces are absorbed by the entire arrangement and by the cowling, in particular, for the different operating conditions. A detailed calculation by means of the theorem of momentum for the two-dimensional case may be found in P. Ruden's report (reference 3)- A corresponding deliberation for our rotationally symmetrical problem leads to a simple formula for the forc;e S exerted by the flow on the total arrangement : S =-P U 2^2 1 i" Uo (1) According to equation (l), one always obtains a thrust on the combined elements. The component of the force absorbed by the hub may be deter- mined according to A. Betz (reference k) in a simple manner by presup- posing the single source replacing the hub body to be situated so far inside of the cowling that the velocity induced by the vortices and sources of the cowling has, at the locus of the source, already reached the final value This condition is approximately satisfied shortly behind the entrance opening as has been shown before in section II, 1. The relation Sn=-Pu„E (2) is then valid for the force at the hub with E = «Rn^U„ NACA TM 1326 9 signifying the source strength. Therewith S^ becomes According to this, the hub is subject to a drag for Uoo/Uq < 1, whereas, it takes over part of the total thrust for U^Uq > 1. The axial force Sy at the cowling is obtained as the difference between total thrust and hub force . In figure 39 3v/| Uo 2«r2 is plotted against U^/Uq for various values of Rn/R- One recognizes that the cowling, if it contains a hub body, must, for Uoo/Uq < 1, absorb thrust forces. For \l/V^> 1 and Rn/R>\/i72' the cowling always experiences a drag which increases with U^/Uq. For Uoo/Uo > 1 and Rn/R < \/l/2 we find at the cowling at first drag, later on, however, again thrust forces . If the hub is pulled forward so far that at the locus of the single source which replaces it, a velocity stemming from the vortices and sources of the cowling practically no longer exists, the cowling takes over the entire thrust given by equation (l) exactly as in the case where no hub is present. Since the equations (2) and (3) essentially depend on the selection of the singularities, these relations as well as the figure 39 calculated from them are to be rated only as limiting cases; however, we thus obtain a convenient survey of the forces to be expected. Equation (l) is valid generally with the one presupposition: that the thickness of the cowling for x — ^ 00 does not continuously increase. Finally, we want to point out a problem not yet treated in the present report: that of oblique free -stream direction. Our results apply only to axial free-stream direction. It may, however, be assumed that a slightly oblique direction will not essentially alter the results. 10 NACA TM 1326 III. SUIWU^Y After the statement of the problem and the separate assumpt^'ons had been discussed in the first section, the results were represented by a series of examples in the second section. First, the form of the surfaces resulting as stream surfaces for different strength of circu- lation is determined. The pressure distribution indicated shows that the pressure recovery to a great part takes place ahead of the cowling. The influence of thickness and position of a hub body is represented in the example of bodies without circulation. It is further shown that in the presence of a circulation by suitable selection of thickness and position of the hub body, the cowlings are more similar for the various ratios between internal and external velocity with than without hub body. The body shapes and the pertaining pressure distributions are given for each of the calculated examples. Finally, the axial forces are investigated. The direction of these forces is always opposite to that of the oncoming flow. Translated by Nfery L. Mahler National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NACA TM 1326 11 REFERENCES 1. Kuchemann, D.: Ueber die Stromung an ringformigen Verkleidungen endlicher Dicke . (I. Mitteilung) . Forschungsbericht Nr . I236, 19^0. (Available as NACA TM 1325.) 2. Kuchemann, D.: Tafeln fur die Stromfunktion und die Geschwindigkeitskoraponenten von tc^uellring und Wirbelring, Jahrbuch 19^0 der Deutschen Luftfahrtforschung, p. I ^k'J . 3. Ruden, P,: Ebne symmetrische Fangdiffusoren . Forschungsbericht Nr. 1209, 19^0. (Available as NACA TM 1279.) k, Betz, A,: Singularitatenverfahren zur Ermittlung der Krafte und Moraente auf Ko'rper in Potent ialstromungen. Ing, Archiv Bd. Ill, 1932, p. h^k. 12 NACA TM 1326 1 d N .1.1 00 Figure 1.- Over-all sketch for the symbols. NACA TM 1326 13 J' Q CVJ «M • <: ^^^ K .2 (u [but: rail whi f-l S^ Q) .in -^ '^o hD--> B ■S ^ u 8 g X "^ m (U -Si -^ ^1 ^ -t;; •• iKi S m ^ .sag '-I ^3 T-5 Sh P . ^ «« X3 CO w -P '-' Cri •'-' Kl -t:" °^-| . f-' 0^ rt g^ a a^ir^ 0) a •-' .3 ■'"' •• Jh V, -o g -i-> ^-> .,-1 ^ CO M '-< -^ in ^ (D a 5 '^ ^ 8-.:^ hD •rH (x^ Q T 11+ NACA TM 1326 2.0, ---1.2 --0.8 t --0.4 x/R 00 1 1 \.Z'^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ 1 Uoo/l ' IJO' 04 ^^'^ ^ ^r= ^ ox- -^ d^O ■■\ ■-0 ( D .4 0. 8 I. Z 1 .6 — Figure 3.- Distribution stream surfaces for various velocity ratios. NACA TM 1326 15 r/r„ ae ' 0.6 04 02 TT .M + l|t2|<» -0.2 0,2 04 0.6 8.0 1.0 -.U/Uoo Figure 4.- Axial velocities stemming from a distribution on a circular cylinder in various cross sections. 16 NACA TM 1326 x/r„=OtlV- \ \ 1.2 IX) iO.8 rj.0.6 Sl2 +00 40.2 \ ■10 -0.8 -ae -0.4 02 »► V/Uoo Figure 5.- Radial velocities stemming from a distribution on a circular cylinder in various cross sections. NACA TM 1326 17 (Uojx/R = 0.f 0.2 0,4 0.6 08 I — *► U«/U« JQ L2 1,4 1.6 IP x/r=o Qo Figure 6.- Mean velocity values, mass flows, and contraction ratios for the distributions shown in figure 3. 18 NACA TM 1326 Uo,/U 0=0.2 r/R| ti I -^/R 2 P-Po — ■ — rd — — - — / ^ ^ '^ / y •^ ^ y • ^ "^ - D _ _^ x/R 2 Figure 7.- Pressure distribution on the axis of symmetry for a distribution on a circular cylinder (dashed) and on a stream surface (solid line). NACA TM 1326 19 1.0 09 -05 -1.0 -15 -80 -2.5 -0.3 ■1.4- -I.6-- ^1.8 "2.0 d=0;R^=0 Inside Outside Figure 8.- Pressure distributions on the outside and inside of the distributions shown in figure 3. 20 NACA TM 1326 ^ ,f\ 0. ;J,^, g U> ^ '^ :^i;l^ ° 1 8^ QC CJ ^■^ — ^ Ul ^ •f~* >s >> \ M *J t. p > d 1 Q ^ 1 \ eg nJ \ ?' > 1 \ •0 o: flD CO \ 6 •f-t T3 \| 1 1 \ \ f-i I u 1 11 \ (0 a! I \\ "3 \ \ PI 1 \ \ « 1 \ W 11 1 Y /Imi \ CVJ \ Vm A \ ] d w ffl!( m V • rr TtV^ "S K-V 70( r / ^\ \ — ^\ •rH , / / \ \ \ P-H \ \ " \ esi Q0D^OTJ• c^ q 5a «l 't «^ „ c\i--- : - cf 1 3 >* 8 z> . MCA TM 1326 21 o U O O t— I > W o > CO O S ■a »^ o u °^ w ^- Q 0) bo •rH P4 22 NACA TM 1326 c J, l\ \ a ^ c 1 > c 1. °^^ 5 c 8 -1 ! 1 en t 1 1 1 ,1 ' |l 1 > 1 1 1 \ i i' 1 I 1 17 cj if> 3 d d "^ ^ "• 8 ^ ^ 3 -a 00 \\ A \ d V \\ \\\ \ \ i\ \ CvJ \ d 6 Iv I II J" 2 2/3/' '^ z ir Cd w 0) •r-l O Xi u o o •r-i o . f-i Ln •r-t • o o in o X3 w O O -35 ni :=! <+H •i-i () ^ > -I-) iH ho o I NACA TM 1326 23 1 u _: \ . II ' \ 1 1 \ 1 q: 1 c 1 8 , i ^. ! i III ct - f \ \ 1 1 \ — 1 1 11 1 \ y < CO i\ \ ( CVJ v^ \1 I \ 1 \ 1 \ I \ 1 1 \\ V w I 1 1 1 I \ z CVJ , \ ! 1 Vj asI ; / (// CVJ w a) *t-i T5 C) JJl X2 3 j:3 ^H UJ 1^ ri •rH m ^1 01 OT > ^ •n 3 .*-> a • (M r—i Q) fn 2k NACA TM 1326 1 P-Po i f lne!rf« 0.4 0.2 _ - Outside -02 -^ -- d/R =q.2 K 0. 2 0.4 ae OB i.o~*" 1 . . 1 — Fig. 13 !5l 0.8- r 1 04 I 1 -0.2 -0 - -0.2 -04 - Inside Uo./Uo = Oufr /r.. l/SiO/c^Q N d/R: - — :r^ ^w- ^ -" 0^-^0.2 0.4 0,8 OJ 1,0 '" Fig. 14 Figures 13 and 14.- Pressure distributions on the cowlings. NACA TM 1326 25 Inside .0.1 0.2 - 0- -0.2 :0.4_ Uoo/Uo=l Outside f.,A.r2/3;a/ro=0.5 I a/R=0 ^ ---^: ^y ^' I 1 2 4 0. 6 0^^ I.O-»-|X/R Fig.15 f 6 1 1 Inci Hp -0.4 o^ -O- U»/ Outside Uo--liR /t.= 2/ 3;a/r« = l N ^ f /R--C ) u- -0,2 -0.4 .^^ =^ — — _ -^0.2— ^ // ./ / y Xj 1 1 1 1 ' 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -^X/R F»g.i6 Figures 15 and 16.- Pressure distributions on the cowlings. 26 NACA TM 1326 P-B 0.4 -at V Inside Outside .U« Uo=l ; R^/r,=l ; a/r, = 0.5- 02 Q4 Q« 0.8 m->-X/R Fig. 17 ■0.4-+ Inside Outside Uoo/Uo=l-,Rf^/r, = l;o/r,= | Fig. 18 Figures 17 and 18.- Pressure distributions on the cowlings. NACA TM 1326 27 Fiq.l9 x/R 1.4 Fig. 20 Figures 19 and 20.- Pressure distributions on the huDs. 28 NACA TM 1326 Fig. 21 X/RI.4 Fig. 2 2 Figures 21 and 22.- Pressure distributions on the hubs. NACA TM 1326 29 Figure 23.- Pressure distributions on the hubs. 30 NACA TM 1326 1.2 r/R L Joo/Uo s ^s--" ! OB 06 1.0 0^ 0.6 i== ^ 0.4 0.2 ^^;;;;:^ ---- 04 oz /' £ ^ d = R^/r 9=2/^ ;a = 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 III 1 11 1 1 III 1 > 1 1.0 0^ 0.6 04 0.2 -0.4 -0.2 02 0.4 0.6 0.8 1,0 12 14 1^ ^X/R 00 Figure 24.- Mean camber lines and hub bodies for various velocity ratios. NACA TM 1326 31 1.2 r/R 1 t 08 Uoo/Uor 0.8 i:°z— ■ — ' -- - — 06 0.6 8:^ ^ Rn/ r = 2/3 0.4 0? a/r = 1 ^ ^ r~ i r^ rr^:;^ " 1 ^ IOq -0.- ♦ -0 .2 ( D a 2 0/ * & R 1 •0 1 2 1 4 1 6 / r x/R ( 00 Figure 25.- Mean camber lines and hub bodies for various velocity ratios. 32 NACA TM 1326 1.0 4 0.6 0i4 Q2 -0,2 -04 o.a' '" "■;: 0.4 0.6 OB'- — _ — . — — --•' <:: -^ -^ 1.0-7 0.8-^ >^ :-== 0.4// 0.2 02 0.4 0.6 08 Outside 1.0 .x/R 1.4 Inside R|^/r,= 2/3;aA,= 0; d = Figure 26.- Pressure distribution on the mean camber lines of figure 24. NACA TM 1326 33 Outside Inside <• = 0; R,^/r.= 2/3;a/r. = l Figure 27.- Pressure distribution on the mean camber lines of figure 25. 3k NACA TM 1326 1 1 < 1 1 V I 1 5 — -6a •2 q: -♦-> •i-i 1 1 > !C •r-i I \\ 1 II ■0 c\j — :• ^ II 2 > \ \ \ 1 1 U> 't-t w 1 1 u ' 0' \ \ \ \ ♦ \ \ \\\ \ 0- ^ 1 \ \\\ \ "S % 1 ^ \\\ a -s > II » 8 3 jt y^ y ^ 0- \ "V\ (A ^ c\j\ 1 • 00 CO \\\' \ * ■ * bo "' c*-" NACA TM 1326 35 - — \ 1 — ^^ ;t; I ^\\\v I cc r w o ^1 o o •—I 0) > w :J o •f-i > o -9 j:5 U ho •i-H 36 NACA TM 1326 w o O o .—I (U > o > u o J3 (U T3 cd -3 o o O 0) bo NACA TM 1326 37 Q.2 Q4 Q6 Q8 Lp -»^x/R Outside Flg.3l Intid* Fig. 32 Figures 31 and 32.- Pressure distributions on the inside of the bodies represented in figure 30. 38 NACA TM 1326 Figure 33.- Pressure distributions on the hub bodies of figxire 30. NACA TM 1326 39 0/Q 1.0 •c 0.8 0.6 04 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 JO -^ U-/U. Fig. 34 ^ y ^ .^ ^ ^ .,^^^ = 0.78;RN/r.2/3,a=0 d/R = 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 — ^-Uo/U. Fig. 35 Figures 34 and 35.- Dependence of the mass flow on the velocity ratio. ko NACA TM 1326 IjO Q/Q, t 0.6 0.4 Q2 .^ /^ 4. yjy ^ / yy y .l%:°'''-^-"'^"'^'^ d/R = 0.1 0-2 02 0.4 0,6 , 1.0 FIG. 36 1.0 Q/Q. OjS 0.4 0.2 .^ --^ /^ ^ ^ l^ ^ ^' Qo .0 OR p /r 1 . . ^^o^)^:^- o3;nj^ ■•0-.; _ .. o/r^- 1 d/R= 0.1 0.2 az 0.4 0.6 , 1.0 -♦- Uoo/Uo FIG. 37 Figures 36 and 37.- Dependence of the mass flow on the velocity ratio. NACA TM 1326 i+1 10 Rfj/ro Q , ^ 2/3 1 toe ^ .--'^ 0.4 2 ^ C ) Z 0. 4 0.6 o/r„ /U0--I ~*" d»0 1.0 Figure 38.- Dependence of the mass flow on the position and the thickness of the hub body for cowlings without circulation. Figure 39.- Thrust coefficient on the cowling as a function of the velocity- ratio. NACA-Langley - 11-30-51 - 1000 <\ a z '^\ § << z? o s u ^ / aT 32 o ^ S (K ^ " i c < "o -2 £ 2 -c 5 m « > V b u u P n i "5 t-S o »; oi-Q g-g'S O b V 0. a in n ^ MPS a S o o Z o Z Cj uj w 32SI i Si § •< < > «< « ^ -o L. .:!' w, o •" jc extendi f a hub xample asis fo O V x> u Oi V a ■ScHS = 3 S. 0) — • bO *"£■"■ E — - a, « G> » "O ££s^ *J -J -C " 5; s - n i: -o > t- 3 i CO eo >>£ u •^ u c — < nt densi ty. Fu h cowli meant < stai fini sue are o < < z i§l « 2 ■a S Ui !r. ^•° " u extendi f a hub xample a Oj .a n o « « u £ 3 3 c tyi — t bo am ; e inf with w 01 ■a 25:i a> « =rS JC ver a rmori was d > (D CM « „ M >.£ bO .•sue s nt densi ty. Fu h cowli c < 0} 6 . c < z sta fini sue n 01 < < z 6 S s 10 •0 J c 2! Q> B •0 >> U to U !e ^ U u £ 0/ 3 a E « ra S 0) .O 0) 01 rt u JC c H 3 s u> i j= w 0} 01 * ■a ■c Q M 5 0> k4 T3 t/1 t-l § 01 > V u JS W «.J be u c 3 ^J ■5 c eg V E E=5 c I 01 < :^ < 2 Z (fl C » n to = ^ 2i^ c i •< z S •< O < z K„ Q - •a 1 : 01 u « « ii o a- P (0 ^S L4 a> 3 3 E-S £^- 01 c Ul «5 « 2 ■o 2 u 2 - 01 E >• t. o 01 n 01 be o c -^ ■3 ^ 9 OJ 5 E \ in C ( < < z »-< r-i CSI fi d a. a o to CO 01 o o -s Z 2 Q 10 ri W4 WJ 2 •*-< -•-> n « i: -=3 3 J3 fc. c t, s o , t c II m " !n"3 C CO o-J M t" o s •" 0--3 Weber NACA Zentra w w ; a I o 2 s 5 -c 1 «> o «aB5: w * o -tt «) H o 2 •- 5 §. " £ Z -c ■= < < z i-H ^ CVl s ^ a a o o Z rt (0 ■- 4, Q S eg t. ai c j: k> e e U 3 -^ 15 M 3 o Z 32 w Oi -H -H ^da£ 0) c S <" t. i i j= bs c c o i3 >■ J3 o, ? n ™ « — . 4) »^ >VT1 = ^|§ J3 o a, tO) " o S5 " " » * C - — f^ O in M 5 r| N ac " c < "o -2 '^^ Q. ^ £ z -c 5 — « S Si o - O u, OJ (u bl ^ -c .5 CHS ■" o t. o c o tfl rt > "" 5 be Sec 2 ■" - i2 o r M o i m g M i " =3 V C (V I. a u lis O t. u a. en man u n ^ <" -c 2 •o c C O 01 ■o o >i o t/i u JZ c S3 t; u •5 c X3 It Q. S o 2 « 3 O O ^ o OJ 0) rt o c 01 3 05 3 . a j3 6 c M s > kl S cS o v Sc eo >> £ o s c S o c H OJ ffl < T3 >^ o "c J= < n: = u 3 u i" 2 "7 >^ W n M < < z < (J < z •o , c o « T3 >» 0^ CO •o u o •t-) J ^ CO u x> 0) o 3 w n o 01 Xi a •- s * .2 CO '^ bD O s ■" i5 C 3 CO HH u] n ui £.§> < c s ii « O >> i" CO •S T3 t- ■- ^. O — £ "^ s ^ :S -o i^ o l^f: i:gs " O Q) p o « - S2 . g. am : e inf with desi S -c *- m M -bj -H T: ver a st rmore, was dea Ive to th N O « ,. 60 CO s < < stant densJ {inity. Fu such cowli are meant sign. < z u UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08105 798 5 u; m y=;.-\,Pvi *1A yIENT ,E LIBRARY ILLE.FL 32611-7011 USA