H * ^^ m UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bureau of Agricultural Economic* I L \ -a- A STUDY OF THE VARIABLE COMPOSITION OF COTTON SEED A Preliminary Report Wa»hington, D. C March, 1931 A STUDY • ! SEED Py G. S. . "enior Marketing Specialist, Division of Cotton Marketing Introduction • at all cotton seed are of equal value in the hands of .Her, unless they have spoiled or begone damaged i pr- • " --.inds of g .;, and still exists in the minds of gaged in the crushing of cotton seed. During the last ten or fifteen years the more progressive of the oil millers have appreciated the fact that cotton seed varies widely in composition and refore in the quantity of the extrac table products, and they have taken advantage of this information in their purchases of seed. oause of these variables and in the absence of a method of grading, considerable confusion as to the basis of purchases has t - \dustry, and the producers and dealers in cotton seed have not ved value commensurate with the quality of the different lots of t A produced and offered for sale to the oil mills. • of efforts have been made in the past to doviso a method for grading cotton seed for crushing purposes, but none of the •otofore suggested has proved pra:ticatle. In the Spring of 1929 a plan was reported by the author, 1/ in which the two chief ts of cotton seed, oil and ammonia, were roduced to similar ■ma so that tho quantitative relation of any lot of cotton seed could .nod rolo* to a basis description of seed. •ado, or percentage relation, is determined by the following la: Twenty timoa t .tage of oil plus fifty tir.es the monia, divided by 5.55, equals the index or gve . -ade asis f ^o quotation. Cotton 3oed having a grade above 100 are pr seed, and those ha :-ade below 100 are discount . ling cotton tod by the National ucts Association at its annual co Orleans '2-30, and a tra ing pu • on, , June, _ . • - i«„ «r ^.unff eotto- ' is r.ccossary to analyze of oil and ammonia. ' to d- *w *. „<„>,+ pffpft the , bocano noressarv to determine tho factors that night affect the lumMoncy * "ho sample and I thods of analyzing samples of eofton so*. For 'urpoac an intcrburoau committee .as app i. known as tho ^ of Sampling and Analyzing Cotton . 14, 193f . • • T^Tl Produ iaociation at their co mis in Tho data pr 'his report show the wide range of m ia- tior of • . principal ingredients, oil and anmonia, found in dif Iota of seed, and demonstrate tho desirability of grading this uable seed crop of the South. tof ore , purchases have boon made on r aj irsa."--jsraas. tions in Cor, >n of Cotton Sood of Differ I ropa tudy of • -iations in composition of cotton seed produced in each county of Cotton Bat has boo, , under a*cn in PO that sono r debt bo '~»« «*■**"* "£ Wis is ti"~«rst ninborLtion of oil and OJ l in cotton s^cd. This is t ^udv of Ws • boon mado and littlo or no information rola- f to nr^ousloasom lo «lth the of scr *-^ ' 3Xa3 - £L 1 £S o'arc'avail- ,are 1988, M . .4 1930 arc avail ab; For • • ch &naly8i J V 0t 'w rthe, : of t- if , roia, cir '" •■■ • in oil c<- aIX ■ ■ , us.o t and 15.99 ■ ;" d Soils, and • ^y of tho B-. - In the first column of Tablea 7, 8, 9, and 10 aro of all analyses made 11 into each of 3S0S. Of the cotton seed grown in fluccoa County, Texas, in 1928 tho lowes . ch any of tho analyses foil was class 10, and por cent of tho samplos analyzed fell in this class. t class of cotton sood produced In I s class 14. the samples analyzed , J.5 pc foil in this class. Tho lowest class of cotton soed nroducod in 1930 was class ! . A 1.8 por cent of tho analyses fell in this class. o lov/cst oil roportcd for seed produced In the year 1928 -/as 10.5V highest was 18.67 per cent. (Table 1.) Of the seed produced in tho your 1929, the lowest oil content reported was -. pablQ 2. In the year 1930 the lov/cst oil content was found to te . '-, and the highest, 20. I | r cent. (Table 3.) Although there is a '.vide rang.- of variation in the ammonia - l0 ae classes, especially in class 17 in the year 1930 (Tab' . , where the variation in ammonia content was from ~.J>4 at to 4.. 70 per cent the inverse ratio 4/ between the percentage of ammonia oil is a t from the columns of weighted average 1 average ammonia for the crops of both 1929 and 1930. Cotto- oroduced in :iucces County, Texas, wero bought and Ld on grade for the- first tine during the season of 1930. The grades .oles 1 and 2 (1928) (1929) have been calculated to show .Id have obtained if the grading of cotton seed had been oration dur: 30ns. available yields of oil .eulated by the formula: 5/ >11 multiplied by 2,000, minus 65, equals rounds of blc oll< - t 8 of seed produced in Nueces County, cxr. . in 1928 varied in available oil per ton of seed from 146.4 pounds to -.4 pounds. Tn ac luced in 1929 the variation ailablc oil rang -m 215.4" pounds to 363.2 pounds.- The variation in available oi - i oroduced in oar 1930 was more narrov than dur DU s years, ranging from 246.0 pounds to 3.8 pc rallablo 8-por- t- nia cak© .(41.13 tod by the following formula: _ ntage of annoni f 0.92^ . :ed by . d divided by 8, - _ nia cal 4 ~" n ^ " • Cotto- - . Oil Chcmistr - & o a 01 a ■ CO t> ■ «0 . t» CM to CM o> C^ • • • • • • • • • • O- s 0» 8 o o 55 «-t •H rH • s . . . ■ . \Q to rH 03 o rH o rH ■ • • f • • t • • • • U o r> ' •H H rH rH rH rH o O rt CM o - . t • • • • • • • • • K 00 o o § »H O o o 8 8 H rH rH H . N o . h - - . • • • • • • • • • • lO r» o to if) c~ CD o> c~ ••-> «J e 0> c* H s . • 4* • • • . # • • • • • • o . CM CM o» CO 9 c- ■ V o . rH o • • • • • • 1 • • t u »* • +-> 0» B • • rH • • • • • • • • ■»-> rH r-\ H H rH #H rH rH rH . O .H rH O a -i rH • • 1 • • • • • • • CM o ° -H m rH rH I I ' © CO © 01 o 5 —1 CM m r-i on — • • • • • • • • • C u o 0> 8 rH o H rH rH rH CM r-l cu . rH rH * r* • i • • • 1 • i • ._ O CO o r-i o r-i >~\ r-i © r-i rH r-i rH r-i r-i rH • ft o .- r> O O CO ft t 1 • < • • • • • • rH CO CO ft • ' CD • en o o o CO .^ r-i rH rH *J - c ■ O 8 r-i (3 ft . rH -j — 1 • < • # • • • 1 • - ■r « o ■ 3> m ■ r> FJ • • • • • • • • 1 c? .: u CO << CO CO CO CO to CO 3 "*_! +* o> • ■ •• • —i — ■ a> • ■ 3> ■-• i » • • • • • • • u ft ' o • O a •4J . rH rH rH r-i N £ c V H g C\J O o 8 8 O O • o o o o • • • • • • • • • u rH - —1 r-i — r-i -- - — -J . r-t r> ft O 1 to :*- t ' ' • • r-i • r-i • s r-i rH rH © r-i o r-i a ■ I ft i to o « • co c ♦J o • 10 m o o OT to r-i X3 o »H • • • • »H . 8 '( • • • • • « o ■»* to to o ' CM • IT) • O to CO CO CO . 8 8 £ CO ■ i CD I o to o cO CO Q . n \ lable S-per-cer. . cake in different lots of seed grow: . luring the yeur 1928 vr.riec 641.1 pounds to 1142.3 pou: . L of 301. g .vailable - - a cake in different lots of cotton seed in the county varied from 630.1 pounds to lO-'i . or a s-'re :. . le the mnge the seed prod- d 1030 narrowed, the range of aval la' La - - mi a cake widened, * ng fron ' .j to 1086.8 pound: . spread of . pound. . ta in ai form the range of av La oil i of ava: - - b- ^nia cake, the spread, and the ted averages of the seed produced in !?ueces Cc . Texas, in each of the ^e seasons.. . - vailable oil and B-] - t- nonia cake per ton of cotton seed grown in Kaieees County, Texas, 1928-1930 Year Available oil, per ton of seed vailable cake per ton of see d y •.. Max. ?ad ightod :■• ge Kin. • IX. Spread v .'eighted ■ • 19 14- . 308. 16:. ■ . inds . 258.3 841.1 1142.3 poui . 301 . 1038.3 19 . -.2 ~.8 . £92. 6 830.1 1042.9 212.8 941.1 19 . -.8 93.8 283.0 773.2 1086.8 1006.0 >siblo Influence of .1 on the Conroosition of Cotton Seed , the harvesting of cotton begins the last of the and of Sei I . efore for C0t1 yarded as ending with . For purpose of stu . *ho clinatic conditions that nirht influerce I develo; r. of oil rotein in the seed, 23 beg ust ar. *h the •.hly temperatures during differ- t tbera are . rainfall* (Table 5. Table 5 the grouped \ and periods of • • upod * lo show tl •e-season moist su: ps of the following year; January to Mq .-ive, to show the distr -ion of procipi* I d of - 7 - the tZTlT .oils. on -95 ' . 2: a tot ^7.08 dy, of wh.ch 1. June. a total of 21.38 inches, of -. .usiyo: The fruit :od on 1. Jun0 - Cc: igust m !■* months, the 1 pa wo, : ^ °L ?g™ Tnc - 28; . ,fl of rain in 1? ' Tho distribution of the rainfall during of January t0 || , nduai. . r. more unifc .and possibly more nearly ample, th« or 1928. The station .s ro: . leant, ally since heevy r -lis- llcmec by hoavy b 11 info.tat • • in 1928 . l0 SO ed produ ^^ i-n 1928 ™> 8t irrCgU 7?r lo4 wore > those produced I iiato in re. - ■ ■• er - Fe": SU: . r oll-tv: tur- . - 11.47 > . a. S3 • O.Oo - 1. . - 27.03 . 0.75 • .omposition -d Dur. Reason The c< • I prodv ;oces , *re bou, • 1 30ld or. -*e ™»re porhaps more coraple than seed produeod d< 30n » Approximate 7as made I I •'' of seed available for crushing. seed analyzed produeod at the gins. T show V B classified -ibulated according to the months in which the sood were produced. Of the seed produeod in 1930, 45.6 p ras harvested in Augus* ;r cent in Sept'. • Octobc. During the month of August, 1930 (Tablo 6), one half of one per t of the cotton sood analy. re found in class 15; 14.2 per cc of the shipments fell in class 16; 46.7 por cont in class 17; 34.3 p • • ■:■ :s 18; 3.8 por -ass 19; and one half of one per cent in class 20. Tho lowest oil r t of any lot of seed analyzed was .76 por cont, and the highost was I . cent. During August the lowest actual moisture ccr.tent reported, 5.70 • i3 found Lass 17; and tho highest actual moisture content, P cent, was found in class 16. The lowest weighted average ..; rQ col - - e seed in class 15.00. A gradual increase in the moisture content is shown from class to class, the highest ♦ | -rage moisture content, 8.77 r t, being found in class ,0. These comparisons mifl iicate that a in th, is r,;rr*'.l for cotton seed :', T exas, • • subnormal moisl Deration of oil in t • lots i deli- :ng t ranged : Too 3, oil content - per c : and grade, .1. Only one : red du Bt she I the seed contained of 1.8 I t free fatty acids. This lot tton s< .9 per 9 fatty a ld D the previous sear During S , 1*30 the lowest oil lot of seed was found to te U . -, and th, • Cn \\ u i Ta > th tho 3 ist annonia content, 3. • -^onia cont t, ft J 8eas °" -930, a found in seed dt I found in - only other analysis dur " M ' 38 weighted av tent of seed • 1 dropped f- 17.76 • t0 l6# - I - Of the seed producod . . . in cl . Tlu of tho a- . ' I 0.5 per cc- ■ to 1. », and to 7.7 por cc • .bio oil por 1 • pounds . , 73,4 nounds in _ Bt, 1010. . .0 pou: In difi a r . • . In od duv . ' ds -.•-■•- .Inn Lablc 8-p r- ■ t-i uced dur t> o -"I CD -; hid 1 $ • • r-t — Irt ; 4->1 O 1 CD CD If) o CO CO o o a* ,4» - ■ . o 1+3 S3 • o> • 01 CO o ■♦-> o • • o c o r-4 .-< o o fH • c o o -" CO • • • • • . t> • o • O to o • • • • H t> o CM r-i I o u ■ -3 0) *3 o *> o >. o ■•A P. ti I . • t- • • o- o > O *H • • • • • ■ CM r^ o r-i «J , +J iO O IN t»: to •^ • • • • • ** cvi r> 2 •u C- • • • • • •i-< to o CO c- r-i r-i r-i r-i r-< lO CO - • o P • • • • u • CO CO o 3 r> rH • -.-< • «J en r> o O r-i «o r-i «~a • • • « • o lO r-i CO CO CO • • • • • • K 03 cm lO c? CO O o o -H — rH r-i TJ CO o .. t • • • • • r CO o "5f 00 n o j> 43 ■*-> • 4-> o . c CJ o a • o o r> o • • • • • a V* 4 M • V> rH as ^ 1 • • • « CO CO -3 ■ 9 . ■- • +J . D CO CO * • • • • • •U o co CO A r-i M r-i r-i • o o If) H o o ■— • • • • • O !%l < -. CO . ■H .H r-i r-i r-i -J o •»J CO o • • • • • r-i 3> 03 ° o CO — H i rt 0} ■ (0 o - - - — * r-i H I I CD ■ 5 O o CO CO - 1 CO CO X • t> m in h »- I+» in o r-i 4-> i o ! • • • m •• co o» - o ■ 4-> o I en m i-i o> ■ 4-> ■■• ' o c t> I • • o o o ci ■ • CO o rH to O O • • • 8 r> le 9. - Available oil or ' . ' . . • . . . . - Oct. . :.2 . . 09.2 . . . . 1 . . . . . . .1 1.4 e . . . . 1010.5 . Lativa values of 1 Ml ^lds fr e cott roduced in Ilueces xas, :. •tion of t: sia Cotton Seed 6/ which »rrado of cotton ada as follov/s: "Seed shall ai . • " . - he . . ously . tion will f iv- lable yields 1 . - -cent-s . 'or turcs, less , from these f oil and c 1 as b la for each clc3s of ■ : . .1 , Loaa, or gain, on the departures fron the basis ... -cnts, • . . . r ton is the assur. ta- tton Seed. The pr .oints for f rade s of the que * • - - . . * •• US - B a t loas of 14 conl J grade disco - . • on, .id ■ 3. ■ gma< • i TU. ■. . 1. . . . . 100.00 • . 16. 1?. | . '19. . 17. • .30 . .38 . ■ .15' . . . . . . .00 .00 . . 13. .32.00 r . . . . .. . .08 . . . ' . 100?. . -.30 . .30 . .00 . . . . . .o0 . tjri I - • ' - . . . ' .10 • .75 r . . . . . | . . . • _ . . .17 1 . . . • — - ! -— — ! — — - ■ 1 . • - 17 - 3 1262 08921 4976 .ta tho oil, am 11 and ♦•he i • t. - f oil and • o. 6. tton : '. for would *aa :uc . . :ount- . 9 ' • • who 9o1 . • •* s . -