4 IC io9 
 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC 
 
 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLED 
 
 A. C. TRUE, Direct 
 
 EXPERIMEN 
 
 Metabolism of Matter and Imm in the Human Bod 
 
 ^n iM^t^ SEPT. 
 
 1898- 
 
 900 
 
 DEP OSITORY I 
 
 ""WTO. ATWATER, PH. D., AND F. G. BENEDICT, PH. D. 
 
 WITH THE COOPERATION" OF 
 
 
 A. P. BRYANT. M. S., A. W. SMITH, M. S., and J. F. SNELL, Ph. D. 
 
 WASHIXGTOX: 
 
 GOYERXMEXT PRINTING OFFICE, 
 
 1 9 2 . 
 
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS 
 
 A. C. True, Ph. D— Director. 
 
 E. W. Allen, Ph. D. — Assistant Director. 
 
 C. F. Laxgworthy, Ph. D. — Editor and Expert on Foods and Animal Production. 
 
 NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS, MIDDLETOWN, CONN. 
 
 W. O. Atwater, Ph. D. — Special Agent in Charge. 
 C. D. Woods, B. 8. — Special Agent at Orono, Me. 
 
 F. G. Benedict, Ph. D. — Physiological Chemist. 
 A. P. Bryant, M. S. — Editorial Assistant. 
 
 R. D. Milner, Ph. B.— Assistant. 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations, 
 Washington, D. C December IS, 1901. 
 
 Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a general report of 13 
 experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human 
 bodv. by W. O. Atwater. special agent in charge of nutrition investi- 
 gations, and F. G. Benedict, expert in these investigations, with the 
 cooperation of A. P. Bryant. A. W. Smith, and J. F. Snell. Valuable 
 aid was also rendered by Messrs. P. B. Hawk. H. M. Burr. E. Oster- 
 berg. and others. In addition to the details of these 13 experiments 
 on the general subject of the metabolism of matter and energy a con- 
 siderable number of general deductions are drawn from the experi- 
 ments as a whole. 
 
 These experiments form part of a series which is in progress atMid- 
 dletown. Conn., in cooperation with the Storrs Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station and Wesleyan University. They were made with the 
 Atwater-Rosa respiration calorimeter. The apparatus and the earlier 
 experiments have been described in previous bulletins of this Office 
 (Nos. 14. 63, and 69). Such experiments as those reported have for 
 their ultimate object the study of the fundamental laws of nutrition. 
 The results obtained are of such a nature as to warrant the conclusion 
 that the respiration calorimeter is a satisfactory instrument of preci- 
 sion. The experiments here described, like those previously reported, 
 yield important data regarding the transformation and the conserva- 
 tion of energy in the body, the demands of the body for nutriment, 
 the effects of muscular work upon that demand, and the nutritive values 
 of different nutrients and different foods. 
 
 The report is submitted with the recommendation that it be published 
 as Bulletin No. 109 of this Office. 
 
 Respectfully. A. C. True. 
 
 Director, 
 
 Hon. James Wilson. 
 
 v tary ofAgricultm 
 
C X T E X T S 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 The questions studied 7 
 
 General plan of the apparatus and the experiments 9 
 
 Test experiments 
 
 Sampling of the air current for analysis 14 
 
 Experiments with men 15 
 
 Preparation, sampling, and analysis of foods 16 
 
 Determination of nitrates and nitrites in the water of perspiration 18 
 
 Record of body weight, temperature, and pulse rate .' 19 
 
 Measurement of muscular work 20 
 
 Details of the experiments 21 
 
 Metabolism experiment No. 11 21 
 
 Metabolism experiment ]Jo. 13 32 
 
 Metabolism experiment No. 14 40 
 
 Metabolism experiment No. 21 51 
 
 Metabolism experiment X os. 23 and 24 
 
 Metabolism experiment Xo. 25 71 
 
 Metabolism experiment Xos. 26 and 28 80 
 
 Metabolism experiment Xos. 29 and 31 94 
 
 Metabolism experiment Nos. 32 and 34 107 
 
 Summary and results of the experiments 121 
 
 Scope of the investigations 121 
 
 Summary and results of individual experiments 1 25 
 
 Food materials supplied and consumed, and the difference in demand by 
 
 men at rest and at work 128 
 
 Elimination of water 131 
 
 Elimination of carbon dioxid 136 
 
 Elimination of energy 138 
 
 Income and outgo of energy 1 44 
 
 5 
 
METABOLISM OF MATTER AND ENERGY IN THE 
 
 HUMAN BODY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The present report gives the details of 13 experiments upon the 
 metabolism of matter and energy in the human body, made at Middle- 
 town. Conn., under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Agricul- 
 ture, in cooperation with the Storrs Experiment Station and Wesleyan 
 University. These experiments, which are in continuation of those 
 reported in earlier bulletins of this series. a were carried on during the 
 years L s, .»s to 1900, with the same respiration calorimeter b and by the 
 same methods. In addition to the experiments reported in the present 
 bulletin. 11 other experiments, which for convenience of reference 
 have been numbered consecutively with these, were made with the 
 same apparatus at Wesleyan University, during the same years, in 
 connection with an independent investigation, and are reported 
 elsewhere. 
 
 QUESTIONS STUDIED. 
 
 As has already been explained, the ultimate purpose of experiments 
 with men in the respiration calorimeter is the study of some of the 
 fundamental laws of nutrition, and the whole inquiry is based upon 
 the principle that the chemical and physical changes which take place 
 within the body, and to which the general term "metabolism" is ap- 
 plied, occur in obedience to the laws of the conservation of matter and 
 of energy. 
 
 No one doubts that the law of the conservation of matter governs 
 its metabolism in the living organism, and it is generally believed that 
 the law of the conservation of energy likewise applies to the metab- 
 olism of energy. Quantitative determinations of the applications of 
 this law are. however, desirable. 
 
 *U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 44, 63, and 69. 
 b U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 44 and 63. See also Conn. 
 (Storrs) Sta. Rpt. 1897, p. 212, and Physical Review, 9 (1899), pp. 130-163, 214-251. 
 c Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. VIII, Sixth Memoir, 1902. 
 
 7 
 
The main subjects proposed for study have been the following: 
 
 (1) The application of the law of the conservation of energy in the 
 body. An experimental demonstration of the action of this law was 
 the first object sought. The fundamental principle once proven, the 
 apparatus and methods can be utilized for the study of some of the 
 fundamental problems of the science of food and nutrition. 
 
 (2) The quantities of nutrients and energy metabolized by men under 
 different conditions of rest and muscular and mental exercise. 
 
 (3) The amounts of nutrients and energy required for internal phys- 
 iological work, as that of respiration, circulation, and digestion. 
 
 (1) The relation between external muscular work and the nutrients 
 and energy metabolized in its performance. This general problem 
 includes the narrower one of the power of the body as a machine to 
 convert the potential energy of its food and of its previously stored 
 material into muscular energy. Viewed from one standpoint this 
 latter phase of the subject is the same as that to which the expression 
 "the animal body as a prime motor" is frequently applied. From 
 another standpoint it includes the comparison of the animal body with 
 steam engines and other sources of power in respect to the economy 
 with which the energy of fuel is utilized, the fuel in the case of the 
 animal being its food, while in the case of the ordinary machine it is 
 coal, oil. gas. or wood. 
 
 (5) The transformations of nutrients and energy in mental work. 
 
 (6) The capacities of the different classes of nutrients to supply the 
 body with material and energy, the proportions in which they may 
 replace one another in building tissue or yielding energy as heat or as 
 muscular work, and their power to protect one another and the mate- 
 rials of the body from consumption. 
 
 (7) The nutritive values of food materials and the fitting of food to 
 the needs of the consumer. 
 
 Of the above problems all have received considerable attention 
 except No. 5, which has to do with food and mental work. This has 
 as 3^et been made the especial subject of only one experiment. It is 
 hoped that the study of this problem may also be entered upon in the 
 not too distant future. Besides the problems thus detailed a number 
 of others have received attention. Among these are: 
 
 (8) The digestion and assimilation of food material-. 
 
 (9) The quantities of carbon dioxid. water, nitrogen, and other 
 materials excreted by the body as well as the energy given off as heat 
 and as external muscular work under different conditions of work and 
 rest, together with the rates of elimination at different periods of the 
 day and night. In this connection the respiratory quotient has also 
 been considered. 
 
 (10) The temperature of the body and its variation during different 
 periods of the day and under different conditions of work. rest, and 
 sleep. 
 
(11) The need of ventilation in so far as the comfort of the person 
 under experiment is affected by the proportions of carbon dioxid, 
 and water in the air in the respiration chamber. 
 
 (12) Finally, a large amount of time, thought, and labor has been 
 devoted to the elaboration and testing of the apparatus and methods 
 of experimenting-. Five years were thus used before the first actual 
 experiments with men were made, and more or less attention is being 
 constantly given to the same subject. 
 
 GENERAL PLAN OF THE APPARATUS AND THE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 The description of the apparatus and the methods of manipulation 
 of the experiments have been given with sufficient detail in the former 
 publications already referred to. It is sufficient to say in this connec- 
 tion that the essential features of the apparatus are a chamber large 
 enough to permit a man to stand up and lie down at full length: appli- 
 ances for measuring and analyzing a ventilating current of air; arrange- 
 ments for passing food and drink into the chamber and removing the 
 solid and liquid excreta, all of which were carefully weighed and 
 sampled for analysis; and devices for determining the heat given off 
 from the body of the man in the chamber, and. in work experiments. 
 for determining the heat equivalent of the muscular work done. 
 Measurements were made of income and outgo of both matter and 
 energy in the man's body during the period of the experiment. The 
 chemical analyses included determinations of the total quantities of 
 the nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, water, and mineral matter of food, 
 drink, and respiratory and excretory products. In obtaining the 
 income and outgo of energy, the potential energy of the food eaten 
 and of the solid and liquid excreta was determined by means of the 
 bomb calorimeter, and the kinetic energy given off by the subject 
 was measured by the respiration calorimeter and accessory apparatus. 
 
 TEST EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 Before the respiration calorimeter can be used in such experiment- 
 ing, its accuracy, both as a respiration apparatus and as a calorimeter, 
 should be demonstrated. Two methods have been adopted for testing 
 its accuracy; first, by generating known amounts of heat electrically, 
 and. second, by burning known amounts of pure ethyl alcohol within the 
 respiration chamber and measuring the heat and the chemical products 
 of combustion. The mean of rive electrical tests of the apparatus, 
 made previous to the experiments here reported, showed a variation 
 between the heat actually measured and that generated so small as 
 to be far within the limits of experimental error. The mean of nine 
 experiments, in which known amounts of ethyl alcohol were burned 
 within the chamber of the calorimeter and the carbon dioxid. water, 
 
10 
 
 and heat given off were determined, showed variations between the 
 observed and the theoretical amounts no greater than are ordinarily 
 obtained by the usual analytical methods employed in the laboratory. 
 The detailed description of the electrical and alcohol test experiments 
 may be found in earlier bulletins of this series. a 
 
 Without going further into the details of the experiments it will 
 suffice to say that they were conducted in the same way as the similar 
 test experiments previously reported, by burning within the calorim- 
 eter a known amount of ethyl alcohol in a specially arranged lamp 
 and determining the amounts of carbon dioxid. water, and heat given 
 off. The air current which passed through the chamber and the con- 
 ditions of the experiment were very similar to those when a man was 
 conhned within the apparatus. 
 
 As stated above, the electrical tests were all made previous to the 
 time of the experiments here reported. Of the other test experi- 
 ments, the details of which have already been published, one. No. 9, 
 was made in the late spring of 1898, at the close of the second of the 
 metabolism experiments here described. During the summer of 1898 
 no experiments were carried on with the respiration calorimeter. The 
 first test experiment of the fall commenced November 3, 1898. The 
 agreements between the determined and theoretical amounts of carbon 
 dioxid, water, and heat, while not as close as had sometimes been 
 found, were probably Avithin the limits of experimental error, thus 
 indicating that the apparatus was in good working condition. Follow- 
 ing this test came metabolism experiment No. 13, reported in this bul- 
 letin, which was immediately followed by another test experiment, 
 No. 11. 
 
 About the middle of December, 189S, still another test experiment, 
 No. 12, gave results which indicated that the apparatus was in satis- 
 factory condition, although the measurement of water was not as close 
 as might be desired. This test was followed by metabolism experi- 
 ment No. 14, the details of which are given further on. The calorim- 
 eter was then used for some experiments not reported in this bulletin. 
 At their close test No. 13 was made, which again showed the apparatus 
 to be in satisfactory condition, although the water determined was in 
 excess of the theoretical. Metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 21 
 followed the completion of test No. 13, and one week after their com- 
 pletion test No. 14 was made. In this latter test, while the results 
 of the determinations of carbon dioxid and water given off in the appa- 
 ratus agreed very closely with the theoretical, it was found that the 
 heat measured by the calorimeter was 3.2 per cent less than the heat 
 theoretically given off by the combustion of the alcohol. Test experi- 
 ment No. 15, made in December, 1899, showed similar agreements of 
 carbon dioxid and water, and disagreement of heat. It was also found 
 
 a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 63, pp. 38-74; 69, pp. 8-17. 
 
11 • 
 
 by thermal a tests and electrical tests that the measurement of heat by 
 the apparatus was not correct. An electrical test made in the early 
 part of December. 1899. showed a loss of over 3 per cent of the heat 
 put into the apparatus. A thermal test made at this time showed that 
 there was trouble with the thermo-electric elements. b The difficulty 
 apparently lay in a slight short circuit of these at some point, which 
 interfered with the accuracy of the measurements. 
 
 Just when the short circuiting occurred it is impossible to say. The 
 test experiment preceding metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 24 
 showed the apparatus to be in a satisfactory condition. Test experi- 
 ments made shortly after the close of these experiments showed a dis- 
 crepancy in the heat measured as compared with that theoretically 
 given off. There is nothing to indicate whether the trouble occurred 
 before, during, or at the close of this series of metabolism experi- 
 ments or in the short interval immediately following. The agreement 
 of the theoretical energy of the material oxidized in the body and that 
 measured by the calorimeter in metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 
 24 would seem to indicate that the trouble did not occur until the close 
 of the series. Had it occurred before or during these experiments 
 the heat as actually determined by the apparatus would doubtless have 
 been about 3 per cent smaller than the amount which would have been 
 measured had the apparatus been in its usual condition. This would 
 make the heat measured by the calorimeter much -mailer in amount 
 than the theoretical heat given oft by the oxidation of material in 
 the body of the subject, the deficiency being larger than has been 
 found in previous experiments. 
 
 Since it is impossible to determine just when the trouble arose, the 
 details of experiments Nos. 23 and 24 are here given with the values 
 actually obtained, and the supposition is made that the trouble in 
 the apparatus occurred after the close of the experiments. The data 
 are. however, given by which any correction which seems fitting can 
 be applied. After test experiment No. 15. some repairs were made 
 in the apparatus, following which came test experiment No. 16. in 
 which ethyl alcohol was burned in the respiration chamber. In 
 this test the results obtained were very near the theoretical values 
 for carbon dioxid and heat, but nearly 4 per cent more water was 
 found than should have been obtained from the quantity of ethyl 
 alcohol burned. It was thought best, however, not to delay further 
 the metabolism experiments of 1S99-1900. therefore no other test 
 experiments were made until April. 1900, at the close of metabolism 
 experiment No. 34. At this time test experiment No. 17 gave results 
 very similar to those obtained in the previous test experiment, and 
 indicated that the measurements of water in the test experiments were 
 
 a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bill. 69, p. 15. 
 b U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 63, p. 17. 
 
. 12 
 
 over 4 per cent too large. This excess of water may have been due 
 to either or all of several causes. There may have been a small leak 
 whereby air from the room was drawn into the ventilating air current 
 at some point beyond the "freezer'' a for the incoming air; but care- 
 ful examination failed to reveal any noticeable leak inside the chamber, 
 though later experiments implied that there may have been a leak in 
 the "valve box," through which the air passed on its way from the 
 chamber to the meter pump. It is possible that some of the moisture 
 condensed on the outside of the valve box may have found its way 
 into the air current. This would increase the amount of water found 
 by analysis of the outgoing air. but would not materially affect the 
 determination of either carbon dioxid or heat. There may have been 
 evaporation of water which had condensed on the absorbers and walls 
 of the chamber before the test began; however, there could not have 
 been sufficient water present to account for all of the excess. 
 
 Taking everything into consideration we do not feel warranted in 
 assuming any definite error in the determination of water in metab- 
 olism experiments No-. 25-34. Such error, if it existed, would not 
 affect the nitrogen and carbon balance at all and would hardly affect 
 the heat balance appreciably. From the figures for test experiments 
 Nos. 16 and IT it will be observed that the excess of water found over 
 the theoretical amounted to not far from 1 gram per hour. If we 
 assume in experiments Xos. 25-31 a leak in the air current sufficient 
 to account for about 1 gram of water per hour or 21 grams per day, 
 the values given in column e of Tables 91, 106, 122. and 138 would be 
 too large by a corresponding amount, and the figures in columns f and 
 g of these same tables would be 11 calories too large. This amount 
 would make a maximum error of 0.5 per cent in the heat in the rest 
 experiments (Nos. 25, 26, and 28) and about 0.3 per cent in the work 
 experiments (Xos. 29, 31, 32, and 31). 
 
 The results of test experiments Xos. 1-9 have already been pub- 
 lished. 1 ' The results of tests Xos. 10-17 are summarized in Table 1, 
 together with the mean results of tests Xos. 1-9. The proportion of 
 absolute ethyl alcohol (by weight) in the commercial alcohol burned in 
 the lamp in the different test experiments was as follows: Test Xo. 
 10, 91.03 per cent; tests Xos. 11-11. 90.85 per cent: and tests Xos. 
 15-17, 90.57 per cent. 
 
 a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 63. p. 30. 
 
 b U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 63, p. 50; 69, p. 13. 
 
13 
 
 Table 1. — v ch ethyl alcohol was barm 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 ■vember 3 : 
 
 11 November 13 
 
 12 December 13 to 14, I 
 
 13 February 24 to 2£ 
 
 14 March 2 
 
 15 December 13 to 14. 1 - 
 December 19 to 21, M 
 
 : to 7, 1 100 
 
 9tS 10 to 17 
 Total • : tests 1 
 Total of tes- 
 
 
 ion. 
 
 .Alcohol 
 burned 
 In lami 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 Durat 
 
 quired. 
 
 Found." 
 
 Ratio of 
 amount 
 found to 
 amount 
 required. 
 
 
 w. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 I 
 
 35 
 
 44 
 
 666.7 
 
 1,159.8 
 
 1,163.9 
 
 100.3 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 751 - 
 
 . 
 
 _ " 
 
 _ 
 
 2J 
 
 56 
 
 619.4 
 
 1.075.4 
 
 J ' 
 
 99.3 
 
 . 
 
 00 
 
 >i5.7 
 
 17 - 
 
 
 99.6 
 
 ~ - 
 
 40 
 
 
 . " - 
 
 1. 744. 6 
 
 100.3 
 
 - 
 
 40 
 
 
 128 
 
 1.424.9 
 
 " 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 • - " 
 
 71 
 
 -" 2 
 
 99.2 
 
 . 
 
 " 
 
 " - 
 
 
 - ■ 
 
 
 269 
 
 11 
 
 
 17 
 
 1,320.7 
 
 
 317 
 
 _ 
 
 
 - _ ■ 
 
 •• _ 
 
 
 '• 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 19, 2 
 
 • 
 
 N 
 
 Date. 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 Duration, burned 
 
 in lamp. 
 
 quired. 
 
 Water. 
 
 r :r. 1. 
 
 Ratio of 
 amount 
 found to 
 amount 
 required. 
 
 vember 3 to i 1898 
 
 11 November 15 to 16, 1898 
 
 12 December 13 to 14, 1S9S 
 
 
 
 14 March 29 to 31,1899 
 
 15 December 13 to 14. 1899 
 
 16 December 19 to 21. 1899 
 
 17 April 6 to 7. 1900 
 
 Total of tests 10 to 17 2 
 
 Total of tests 1 to 9 s 317 2 
 
 to 17 
 
 h. 
 
 m. 
 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 35 
 
 ,, 
 
 666.7 
 
 -'- 
 
 " ' 
 
 100.1 
 
 " 
 
 00 
 
 -" - 
 
 
 
 101.0 
 
 2j 
 
 ■ 
 
 619.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 00 
 
 "," " 
 
 631.9 
 
 643.4 
 
 101.8 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 1,001.6 
 
 1. 159. 7 
 
 1 187 
 
 a i 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 
 "" 1 
 
 : 
 
 99.0 
 
 _ 
 
 12 
 
 ■ " 
 
 " 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 --• 
 
 " 
 
 ; 
 
 _ 
 
 " 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 101. 2 
 
 317 
 
 . 
 
 
 , • 
 
 6,063.8 
 
 100.6 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 12,264.4 
 
 12,379.1 
 
 100.9 
 
 
 Heat. 
 
 -Date. 
 
 Novem- 
 
 November 15 to 16. 1898 
 
 December 13 to 14. 1898 
 
 Februar; _ 
 
 March 29 to 31,1899 
 
 December 13 to 14. 1899 
 
 December 19 to 21. 1-99 
 
 April 6 to 7, 1900 
 
 Total of tests 10 to 17 
 
 Total of tests 1 to 9 » 
 
 N Total of teste J 
 
 Durat 
 
 ion. 
 
 Alcohol 
 burned 
 in lamp. 
 
 lutred. 
 
 Found. 
 
 Ratio of 
 amount 
 found tc 
 amount 
 required. 
 
 
 m. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Calorie*. 
 
 Calorie*. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 34 
 
 ,, 
 
 666.7 
 
 i a 
 
 . 
 
 99.5 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 751 - 
 
 
 
 100.5 
 
 _- 
 
 " 
 
 619.4 
 
 - 
 
 3,960.1 
 
 99.6 
 
 . 
 
 00 
 
 ~ 
 
 ' 
 
 " 
 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 1,001.6 
 
 - 
 
 
 96.7 
 
 " 
 
 40 
 
 825 1 
 
 ' -• 
 
 [5, 145. 3] 
 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 - " 
 
 
 - B 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I - 
 
 
 • 
 
 100.3 
 
 -■ 
 
 11 
 
 
 22. 851. 3 
 
 22 - " 
 
 
 n 
 
 20 
 
 
 41,702.8 
 
 a m.4 
 
 99.9 
 
 - 
 
 31 
 
 
 64, 554. 1 
 
 64.513.3 
 
 99.9 
 
 * U. B. Dept. Agr.. Office ol Experiment Stations Bui. 69. pp. 13-14. 
 b Omitting the determinations of heat in Nos. 14 and 15. 
 
14 
 
 The table shows the duration of the tests, the amount of ethyl 
 alcohol burned in the lamp, and the theoretical amount of carbon 
 dioxid, water, and heat which would have been produced by the com- 
 bustion of the alcohol as compared with the amounts actually found. 
 As previously noted, the agreement between theoretical values and 
 those actually obtained is, as a rule, very close. 
 
 SAMPLING OF THE AIR CURRENT FOR ANALYSIS. 
 
 Two methods have been employed for sampling the outgoing current 
 of air for analysis. After this current of air has left the cooling appa- 
 ratus where the major portion of the water has been condensed, small, 
 samples of about 150 liters each during every six-hour period are drawn 
 by the aspirators. The details of this method and the formulas used 
 for calculating and correcting the results are given in a previous 
 publication.* 
 
 The greatest objections to the use of the aspirators as a method of 
 sampling the air are: (1) The number of corrections for temperature, 
 barometric pressure, and tension of aqueous vapor which have to be 
 made in finding the actual volume of air drawn into the aspirators; 
 (2) the variations in the speed of the motor driving the meter pump 
 and, consequently, in the volume of the ventilating air current, these 
 not being accompanied by corresponding variations in withdrawal of 
 the sample, and (3) the irregularity with which the sample is drawn. 
 By means of an automatic device for regulating the speed at which 
 the water runs out from the aspirators it has been possible of late 
 to make this rate very uniform. At the same time relatively small 
 fluctuations might introduce errors. Thus, if the aspirators emptied 
 more slowly than the normal at a period when the man was giving off 
 more than the average amount of carbon dioxid, as, for instance, when 
 he was weighing the " absorbers" or doing other special work, the 
 measured amount of carbon dioxid. as determined by the aspirators, 
 would be smaller than the amount actually eliminated, and vice versa. 
 
 The meter-pump method, briefly described in a previous bulletin, 6 
 affords, theoretically, an almost perfect means of sampling the venti- 
 lating air current. The arrangements for carrying out this method are 
 as follows: The air from each fiftieth stroke of the pump is collected 
 alternately in two tin receptacles, from which it is withdrawn by suc- 
 tion and passed through tubes filled with pumice stone and sulphuric 
 acid, and with soda lime for the absorption of the water and carbon 
 dioxid, respectively. In the earlier experiments in which the meter 
 pump was used for moving the ventilating air current this method of 
 sampling had not been perfected. In test experiments Nos. 9-12 the 
 
 a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 63, pp. 34, 35. 
 b U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 63, p. 31. 
 
15 
 
 carbon dioxid as determined in the sample drawn by the meter pump was 
 slightly nearer the theoretical than the corresponding values obtained 
 by the aspirators. Variations in the amounts of water as determined 
 in the samples drawn by the meter pump were a little greater than 
 those for carbon dioxid. The comparative results obtained by the two 
 methods in test experiments Nos. 9-12 are shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 2. — Comparison of determinations of carbon dioxid and water in the ventilating air 
 current by means of the aspirators and of the meter pump. 
 
 -. 
 
 Dura- 
 tion. 
 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 Water. 
 
 - 
 
 Theo- 
 retical 
 amount 
 
 from 
 alcohol 
 burned 
 in lamp. 
 
 Determined — 
 
 Theo- 
 retical 
 
 amount 
 
 from 
 alcohol 
 burned 
 
 in lamp. 
 
 Determined — 
 
 s 
 
 By meter pump. 
 
 By aspirators. 
 
 By meter pump. 
 
 By aspirators. 
 
 
 h. m, 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 P. Ct. 
 
 9 
 
 35 55 
 
 1, 206. 9 
 
 1,199.2 
 
 99.4 
 
 1,198.9 
 
 99.3 
 
 809.3 
 
 830.6 
 
 102.6 
 
 807.9 
 
 99.8 
 
 10 
 
 35 44 
 
 1, 159. 8 
 
 1.163.9 
 
 100.3 
 
 1,087.0 
 
 93.7 
 
 772. 5 
 
 773.5 
 
 100.1 
 
 739.7 
 
 95.8 
 
 11 
 
 35 00 
 
 1,304.2 
 
 1,293.7 
 
 99. 2 
 
 1.287.9 
 
 98.7 
 
 869. 8 
 
 878.2 
 
 101.0 
 
 877.8 
 
 100.9 
 
 12 
 
 27 56 
 
 1,075.4 
 
 1,067.7 
 
 99.3 
 
 1,083.2 
 
 100.7 
 
 717. 2 
 
 705.7 
 
 1 
 
 98.4 
 
 705.0 
 
 98.3 
 
 There was on the whole but little difference between the results 
 obtained by the two methods of sampling the ventilating air current, 
 except in the determinations of water in No. 10. Since the meter 
 pump theoretically should give a more accurate sample than the 
 aspirators, and since the experimental evidence shows that the results 
 with the pump were at least as accurate and sometimes more so than 
 those with the aspirators, the determinations of carbon dioxid and 
 water in the sample drawn by the meter pump were employed in the 
 calculation of the results of all metabolism experiments made subse- 
 quent to metabolism experiment No. 11, although check determina- 
 tions by means of the aspirators were continued during several experi- 
 ments. In most of the experiments the discrepancies between the two 
 methods were so insignificant as to be within the limit of experimental 
 error, and show that the determination of carbon dioxid and water 
 may be made with a satisfactory degree of accuracy by either of the 
 methods. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS WITH MEN. 
 
 The general plan of the experiments here reported in detail was 
 much the same as that followed in earlier experiments, the results of 
 which have been published in former bulletins of this series. a 
 
 For the most part the experiments here reported were made in 
 series, each series comprising three or more experiments which fol- 
 lowed one another without intermission and without the subject 
 
 a TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 44, 63, and 69. 
 
16 
 
 leaving the calorimeter. As a rule there was a change of diet in 
 respect to one class of ingredients; for example, the replacement of 
 sugar by an isodynamic amount of fat. 
 
 In all cases a preliminary period, usually of four days' duration, 
 preceded each experiment or series of experiments with the subject in 
 the chamber of the calorimeter. During this preliminary period the 
 subject received the same diet as was to be served in the experiment 
 which would immediately follow. In addition, the excretory products 
 were collected and analyzed, thus making this period both a digestion 
 and a nitrogen metabolism experiment. On the evening of the last 
 day of the preliminary period J:he subject entered the chamber of the 
 respiration calorimeter and usually retired at about 11 o'clock. At 
 about 1 o'clock in the morning the heat measurements were begun in 
 order to get the calorimeter into normal condition for the commence- 
 ment of the second period, or the metabolism experiment proper, at 
 7 o'clock the following morning. 
 
 The programme followed during the experiment or series of experi- 
 ments was arranged beforehand. A copy of it was furnished to the 
 subject, and copies were also posted in convenient places for the guid- 
 ance of those outside. 
 
 PREPARATION, SAMPLING, AND ANALYSIS OF FOODS. 
 
 The method of preparing, sampling, and analyzing the food mate- 
 rials was the same as that employed in experiments Nos. 9 and 10, 
 already described. a 
 
 With the exception of milk, the proper quantity of each kind of 
 food, either for each meal or for the day, was placed in glass jars pre- 
 vious to the beginning of the experiment, and materials which might 
 spoil during the course of the experiment, such as meat and bread, 
 were thoroughly sterilized. Butter and sugar, in quantity sufficient for 
 each day, were passed in with the breakfast, and the subject used, as near 
 as he could judge, the proportions called for by the menu for each meal. 
 Sufficient bread for the day was usually passed in at breakfast time 
 in two jars, and as nearly as possible the scheduled amounts used at 
 each meal. Two or more duplicate jars of each food material, as thus 
 prepared, were analyzed, the usual determinations being made accord- 
 ing to the methods already described. The milk was obtained fresh 
 each day; an aliquot portion was taken for the preparation of a com- 
 posite sample for analysis, and the proper amounts for each of the three 
 meals were placed in bottles. 
 
 In the following table is shown the percentage composition of the 
 different food materials used in the thirteen experiments reported 
 herewith. The values are for, the fresh, edible material as served to 
 the subject. 
 
 a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 69, pp. 20-29,88-89. 
 
17 
 
 Table 3. — Composition of food materials in metabolism experiments Xos. 11, 13, 14, 21, 
 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, and 34. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Food materials 
 
 ? x P er " \itro- 
 To m ^ 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 2851 
 2962 
 2967 
 3022 
 3027 
 3165 
 3176 
 3186 
 3205 
 2853 
 2956 
 2970 
 3021 
 3029 
 3166 
 3177 
 3187 
 3206 
 2855 
 2972 
 3031 
 3169 
 3179 
 3024 
 3189 
 3191 
 3200 
 3202 
 2959 
 
 2842 
 2960 
 2S40 
 3004 
 3168 
 3193 
 
 2963 
 2968 
 
 3032 
 3164 
 
 3192 
 3204 
 24S1 
 3167 
 3181 
 3207 
 2961 
 2969 
 
 Beef, cooked . . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 Butter 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do , 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 Milk, skimmed 
 
 ....do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Milk, whole... 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 ....do 
 ....do 
 Milk. 
 
 whole and 
 skimmed, mixed ... 
 
 Maize breakfast food. 
 do 
 
 Wheat breakfast food . 
 
 Cereal, parched 
 
 ...l.do 
 
 do 
 
 Bread 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Cookies 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 Sugar 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 23. 24 
 
 25 
 
 26,28 
 
 29,31 
 
 32. 34 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 23, 24 
 
 25 
 
 26,28 
 
 29,31 
 
 32,34 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 23, 24 
 
 25 
 
 26, 28 
 
 21 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 13,14 
 
 11 
 
 21-24 
 
 25-28 
 
 29-34 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14,21 
 
 23, 24 
 
 25 
 
 26, 28 
 
 29, 31 
 
 32.34 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 26-31 
 
 32.31 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 (») 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.44 
 
 4.46 
 
 5.59 
 
 5.36 
 
 5.41 
 
 5. 72 
 
 5.13 
 
 .15 
 
 .19 
 
 .19 
 
 .21 
 
 .17 
 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 
 .20 
 
 .20 
 
 .52 
 
 .61 
 
 .58 
 
 .68 
 
 .67 
 
 .51 
 
 .66 
 
 .65 
 
 .66 
 
 .58 
 1.8S 
 1.78 
 1.75 
 1.82 
 1.87 
 1.92 
 L42 
 1.38 
 1.27 
 1.27 
 1.46 
 1.42 
 1.50 
 1.38 
 
 .92 
 1.03 
 1.00 
 
 .88 
 
 .86 
 1.04 
 
 Per et. 
 
 17. 21 
 14. 36 
 
 17. 75 
 16.57 
 23. 57 
 19. 62 
 19.55 
 20. 89 
 18.55 
 
 64. 76 
 63.56 
 62. 55 
 66.23 
 69.16 
 63.37 
 65.02 
 65. 11 
 
 65. 58 
 4.01 
 4.35 
 4.11 
 4.76 
 4.63 
 7.03 
 8.20 
 8.25 
 7.95 
 8.20 
 
 6.93 
 44.39 
 44.81 
 41.20 
 41.39 
 42.20 
 42. 72 
 
 26. 07 
 29. 49 
 
 27. 33 
 28.05 
 28.04 
 27. 76 
 29.14 
 
 42. 73 
 44.15 
 44. 32 
 43.87 
 44. 65 
 43.86 
 42. 10 
 
 dro- 
 gen. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.07 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.54 
 
 3.37 
 
 2.76 
 
 2.70 
 
 2.99 
 
 2.66 
 
 10.09 
 
 10.09 
 
 10. 20 
 
 10.55 
 
 10.52 
 
 10.01 
 
 10.02 
 
 10.44 
 
 10.37 
 
 . 57 
 
 .61 
 
 .59 
 
 .67 
 
 .63 
 
 .94 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.21 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pcrct. 
 
 66.4 
 
 70.7 
 
 66.0 
 
 66.7 
 
 56.6 
 
 62.8 
 
 62.5 
 
 60.3 
 
 64.5 
 
 12.4 
 
 10.1 
 
 10.6 
 
 8.7 
 
 9.5 
 
 8.8 
 
 9.9 
 
 9.2 
 
 8.4 
 
 90.8 
 
 90.2 
 
 90.7 
 
 89.4 
 
 90.0 
 
 86. 6 
 
 84.5 
 
 84.5 
 
 85. 4 
 
 85.2 
 
 1.04 86. 
 
 6.42 
 6.03 
 6.17 
 5.94 
 6.30 
 3. 82 
 4.33 
 4.11 
 3.98 
 4.03 
 3.99 
 4.30 
 4.30 
 6. 45 
 6.41 
 6.61 
 7.20 
 6.68 
 6. 7:; 
 6.48 
 
 4.9 
 
 5. 7 
 
 7.2 
 
 6.1 
 
 5.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 12. 7 
 
 37.2 
 
 41.7 
 
 40.4 
 
 38.6 
 
 39.3 
 
 36.5 
 
 37.8 
 
 4.3 
 
 4.9 
 
 4.1 
 
 3.7 
 
 5.2 
 
 4.6 
 
 Pro- 
 tein 
 (NX 
 
 6.25) 
 
 11.8 
 
 11.1 
 
 10.9 
 
 11.4 
 
 11.7 
 
 12.0 
 
 8.9 
 
 8.6 
 
 7.9 
 
 7.9 
 
 9.1 
 
 9. 4 
 - 
 
 5.8 
 6.4 
 
 6.2 
 5. 5 
 5. 1 
 6.5 
 
 3.2 
 8.2 
 
 8.3 
 1.5 
 .6 
 1.7 
 1.4 
 1.5 
 5.1 
 2.8 
 3.4 
 2.1 
 1.6 
 2.0 
 
 6.2 
 8.6 
 8.3 
 7.2 
 10.8 
 8.3 
 
 D. < 
 73.4 
 72. 9 
 78. 3 
 80.4 
 79. 1 
 hi. 5 
 45.7 
 47.9 
 46.3 
 47.0 
 48.9 
 48. 9 
 50.8 
 49.8 
 
 79.8 
 81.6 
 
 .8 
 
 1.7 
 2.0 
 2.1 
 1.5 
 1.9 
 2. 
 1.2 
 1.2 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 2.9 
 1.7 
 1.6 
 2.0 
 1.9 
 2.9 
 
 .753 
 4.437 
 4.467 
 4.052 
 4. ('56 
 4. 136 
 4.202 
 2. 575 
 2. 966 
 2.710 
 
 2.803 
 2. 930 
 2.869 
 4.247 
 4. 432 
 4.434 
 4.434 
 4.460 
 4. 407 
 3. 960 
 
 13007— No. 100- 
 
 • Used in all the experiments. 
 
 02 2 
 
The composition of the feces in the experiments here reported is 
 shown in the table which follows. The composition of the urine and 
 the respirator}- products is shown in connection with the tabular 
 details of the individual experiments: 
 
 Table 4. — Composition of feces in metabolism experiments Nos. 11, 13, 14, 21, 
 
 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, and 34- 
 
 24, 25, 
 
 Laboratory No. 
 
 Experi- 
 ment 
 No. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein 
 
 (Nx 
 6.25). 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Carbo- 
 drates. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Heat of 
 combus- 
 tion per 
 gram, 
 deter- 
 mined. 
 
 2850 
 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 21 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 28 
 29 
 31 
 32 
 34 
 
 Per ct. 
 1.59 
 1.49 
 1.57 
 1.62 
 1.59 
 1.45 
 1.38 
 1.38 
 1.70 
 1.44 
 1.52 
 1.21 
 1.38 
 
 Per ct. 
 14.30 
 15.04 
 13.49 
 14.03 
 14.44 
 11.64 
 13.73 
 11.98 
 13.61 
 14.13 
 15. 19 
 12.87 
 13.56 
 
 Per ct. 
 1.98 
 2.14 
 1.85 
 1.94 
 2.07 
 1.65 
 2.02 
 1.44 
 1.83 
 2.03 
 2.13 
 1.86 
 1.93 
 
 Per ct. 
 70.6 
 69.8 
 74.2 
 72.6 
 69.3 
 75.7 
 69.0 
 72.3 
 70.6 
 69.9 
 67.5 
 73.2 
 70.3 
 
 Per ct. 
 9.9 
 9.3 
 9.8 
 10.1 
 9.9 
 9.1 
 8.6 
 8.7 
 10.6 
 9.0 
 9.5 
 7.6 
 8.6 
 
 Per ct. 
 6.4 
 8.3 
 6.7 
 6.3 
 5.2 
 4.9 
 3.8 
 3.6 
 5.5 
 5.1 
 5.1 
 4.5 
 5.8 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 8.8 
 
 7.0 
 
 5.8 
 
 6.3 
 
 8.5 
 
 5.4 
 
 11.1 
 
 8.5 
 
 7.3 
 
 10.3 
 
 11.3 
 
 9.6 
 
 9.1 
 
 Per ct. 
 4.3 
 5.6 
 3.5 
 4.7 
 7.1 
 4.9 
 7.5 
 6.9 
 6.0 
 5.7 
 6.6 
 5.1 
 6.2 
 
 Calories. 
 1.554 
 
 2965 
 
 1.689 
 
 2974 
 
 1.500 
 
 3033 
 
 1.571 
 
 3035 
 
 1.610 
 
 3036 
 
 1.282 
 
 3171 
 
 1.571 
 
 3183 
 
 1.340 
 
 3185 
 
 1. 525 
 
 3195 
 
 1.574 
 
 3197 
 
 1.698 
 
 3209 
 
 1.449 
 
 3211 
 
 1.475 
 
 
 
 DETERMINATION OF NITRATES AND NITRITES IN THE WATER 
 
 OF RESPIRATION. 
 
 Defren a calls attention to the presence of nitrates, and especially 
 nitrites, in water of exhalation, and suggests the possibility of the 
 nitrogen thus given off being sufficient in amount to take into account 
 in studying the metabolism of nitrogen. 
 
 It is of great importance in experiments of the nature of these, in 
 which the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen is determined with 
 great care, to take account of any nitrogen which might thus be 
 eliminated. Since in the experiments here reported the products of 
 respiration are passed through a refrigerating system and cooled to a 
 temperature of about —20° C, there is excellent opportunity for a 
 study of this subject. Accordingly, in several of the experiments, 
 and more particularly in work experiment No. 6, already reported. b 
 the water condensed in the 4i freezers" was carefully preserved and 
 tested qualitatively for both nitrates and nitrites. The water con- 
 densed from the incoming air was tested in a similar manner. Similar 
 tests were also made of the water condensed on the surface of the 
 absorbers and collected thence as "drip." 
 
 ■Technology Quarterly, 9 (1896), p. 238. See also Experiment Station Record, 8, 
 p. 385. 
 
 b U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 63, pp. 77-85; 69, pp. 
 47-60. 
 
19 
 
 The test for nitrites was made in the usual way. A few cubic cen- 
 timeters of a solution of metaphenylene-diamine in dilute sulphuric 
 acid is placed in a test tube; a few drops of the water to be tested are 
 allowed to fall into the test tube: if nitrites are present, a yellow color 
 is produced. 
 
 This test is said to show nitrites when present in as dilute a solution 
 as 1 part in 3,000.000, but in no case was any appreciable evidence of 
 nitrites obtained in the water condensed in the freezers. In only one 
 case was there sufficient coloration to warrant the statement that there 
 was even a trace of nitrites present. Singularly enough, while the 
 respired water condensed in the freezers gave no response to the test 
 for nitrites, that condensed on the cooling apparatus in the respiration 
 chamber gave a very marked nitrite reaction. 
 
 The test for nitrates was made by means of a solution of diphenyl- 
 amine in rather strong sulphuric acid. Two or three cubic centi- 
 meters of this solution is placed in a test tube and about one-half a 
 cubic centimeter of the water to be tested is allowed to flow slowly 
 down the side of the test tube so that the two liquids do not mix. If 
 a deep- blue ring appears at the contact zone of the two liquids, the 
 presence of nitrates is shown. The results of the test for nitrates were 
 very marked, but there appeared to be little difference between the 
 amount in the water of the incoming and outgoing ventilating air 
 current. After making a check experiment with the alcohol lamp 
 burning inside the chamber the amount of nitrates in the outgoing 
 freezer water appeared to be materially increased. This is not sur- 
 prising, as the high temperature of the alcohol flame might naturally 
 be expected to bring about a certain amount of combustion of the 
 nitrogen of the air. 
 
 The test for nitrates and nitrites in the condensed water of respira- 
 tion indicated that the actual amounts of these were so minute as to 
 be ignored. It seems highly improbable that an}' measurable quantity 
 of nitrogen can be excreted in this manner. 
 
 RECORDS OF BODY WEIGHT, TEMPERATURE, AND PULSE RATE. 
 
 The subject weighed himself on a platform scale sensitive to 10 
 grams with a weight of 75 kilograms and capable of weighing 100 
 kilograms. 
 
 The observations of body temperature were made by the use of an 
 ordinary clinical thermometer. They were sublingual in experiments 
 previous to. and axillary in experiments subsequent to. No. 25. In 
 this latter experiment temperatures were measured in both ways. All 
 observations were, of course, made by the subject himself. Under 
 such circumstances it is not improbable that there may have been 
 occasional errors in the thermometer readings; at best, such observa- 
 tions would be less satisfactory than those which would show the 
 actual internal temperature of the body. In later experiments, the 
 
20 
 
 results of which are not yet ready for publication, the body temper- 
 ature was measured by a specially devised electrical thermometer 
 inserted in the rectum, by which differences in body temperature of 
 0.02° could be detected. a 
 
 The observations of the pulse rate were also made by the subject. 
 How observations made by a person upon himself compare in relia- 
 bility with those made by another person we are unable to sa}^ 
 
 The reading and recording of weights and measurements of food 
 and excretory products and the other determinations outside the 
 chamber are controlled either by repeating the observations or by 
 having the quantities observed and recorded by two different persons 
 or otherwise. The conditions for the reading and recording of figures 
 for body weight, temperature, and pulse rate by the subject in the 
 respiration chamber do not permit of so careful a system of checks 
 for avoiding errors in the reading and recording of the figures. For 
 this reason, and because of the uncertainties regarding the value of 
 the observations of temperature and pulse rate just named, the figures 
 for body weight, temperature, and pulse rate are hardly as reliable as 
 those for the other determinations. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF MUSCULAR WORK. 
 
 In the rest experiments the subjects moved about within the appa- 
 ratus as little as possible, thus avoiding all unnecessary muscular exer- 
 tion. In the work experiments, however, they were engaged in active 
 muscular work for eight hours each day. The apparatus used for 
 measuring the work in experiment No. 11 consisted of a bicycle belted 
 to a small dynamo, as in experiment No. 6. b The voltage of the elec- 
 tric current generated was measured, and together with calibrations 
 of the apparatus gave sufficient data for computing roughly the 
 amount of work done by the subject. 
 
 In the work experiments carried on during the winter of 1900 
 (experiments Nos. 29, 31, 32, and 34) the apparatus was so modified 
 as to give, it is believed, a more accurate measure of the work done. 
 
 In these experiments the rear wheel of the bicycle was applied 
 directly to a pulley fastened to the shaft of the dynamo, which was 
 mounted upon a rocking base, the necessary tension being secured by 
 means of a coiled spring which kept the pulley of the dvnamo pressed 
 against the tire of the bicycle. This apparatus was calibrated before 
 and after each experiment. Inasmuch, however, as the method of 
 calibration was greatly improved in the experiments made during the 
 winter and spring of 1901, further description of the apparatus and 
 the methods of measuring the work done is not given in the present 
 publication. 
 
 "Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 88 (1901), No. 9-10, p. 492. 
 
 b U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bills. 63, p. 76; 69, p. ■*.. 
 
21 
 
 DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 The details of thirteen experiments with three different subjects are 
 recorded in the following- pages. The methods of calculation were in 
 general the same as those described in a previous publication.* In 
 many cases the derivation of the values is indicated algebraically in 
 the column headings of the tables. 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 11. 
 
 Subject. — E. O.. the laboratory assistant who served as the subject 
 in experiments Nos. 1 and 2, in which the necessary data for estimat- 
 ing the income and outgo of energy were not determined. 1 ' and in 
 experiments Nos. 5-10, in which these values were determined. He 
 was 32 years of age. 5 feet 8 inches in height, and weighed without 
 clothing about 70 kilograms (151 pounds). 
 
 Occupation during experiment. — Worked S hours a day upon the 
 stationary bicycle just described. During evenings he passed the time 
 in reading, writing, and resting. 
 
 Duration. — Four days, beginning at 7 a. m. March 22. 1898. The 
 preliminary period of this experiment began with breakfast March 18. 
 The subject entered the calorimeter on the evening of March 21. and 
 remained until 7 a. m. March 26, thus spending live nights and four 
 days in the respiration chamber. 
 
 Diet. — The diet during the experiment consisted of beef, butter, 
 skim milk, bread, ginger snaps, cereal breakfast foods, sugar, and 
 coffee, and furnished 124 grams of protein and 3. $62 calories of energy 
 per day. This experiment was intended to be much the same as exper- 
 iment No. 9, d with the exception that the diet should furnish a con- 
 siderably larger amount of energy, and a considerable amount of 
 muscular work should be performed each day. The kinds and quanti- 
 ties of food served at each meal were as follows: 
 
 Table 5. — Diet in metabolism experiment No. 11. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Supper. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grams. 
 70 
 
 -to 
 
 1-50 
 100 
 60 
 
 Grams. 
 
 100 
 
 40 
 
 210 
 
 100 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 170 
 
 Butter 
 
 40 
 390 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 120 
 
 Milk, skimmed 
 
 Bread 
 
 7-50 
 300 
 
 Maize breakfast food 
 
 110 
 
 Wheat breakfast food 
 
 75 
 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 
 75 
 3-5 
 
 
 Sugar 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 ■U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 69, p. 31. et seq. 
 b U. S. Dept. Agr.. Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 44. 
 C U. S. Dept. Agr.. Office of Experiment Stations Buls. Xos. 63 and 69. 
 *U. S. Dept. Agr.. Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 69. 
 
22 
 
 The amount of drink varied from day to day. On the first day the 
 subject was given 600 grams of coffee infusion and 600 grams of water, 
 making a total of 1,200 grams; on the second and third days 600 
 grams of coffee infusion and 800 grams of water, making a total of 
 1,400 grams, and on the last day 600 grams of coffee infusion and 
 1,500 grams of water, making a total of 2,100 grams. 
 
 The general routine of the experiment is indicated in the following 
 schedule. The statistics of the diary kept by the subject are sum- 
 marized in Table 7: 
 
 Table 6. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiment No. 11. 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 Rise, pass urine, collect drip. 
 
 1.50 p. m 
 
 Begin Avork. 
 
 
 weigh absorbers, weigh self 
 
 3.50 p. m 
 
 Stop work, rest 10 minutes, drink 
 
 
 stripped and dressed. 
 
 
 200 grams water. 
 
 7.45 a.m 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 4.00 p. m 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 8.20 a. m 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 6.00 p. m 
 
 Stop work. 
 
 10.20 a.m 
 
 Rest 10 minutes, drink 200 grams 
 
 6.30 p. m 
 
 Supper, change underclothes. 
 
 
 water. 
 
 . 
 
 weigh self stripped and dressed. 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 7.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine, collect drip, weigh 
 
 12.30 p.m. 
 
 Stop work. 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 1.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine, collect drip, weigh 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 Take cover off food aperture, 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 
 retire. 
 
 1.15 p. m 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 1.00 a.m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 Table 7. — Summary of diary — Metabolism experiment No. 11. 
 
 Time. 
 
 1898. 
 
 Mar. 22, 7.00 a.m.. 
 
 12.50 a.m. 
 
 7.00p.m.. 
 
 10.00p.m. 
 Mar. 23. 7.00a.m.. 
 
 12.45 p.m. 
 
 7.00p.m.. 
 
 10.00p.m. 
 Mar. 24. 7.00 a.m.. 
 
 1.00p.m.. 
 
 7.00p.m.. 
 
 9.20 p.m.. 
 Mar. 25. 7.00 a.m.. 
 
 1.00p.m.. 
 
 7.00p.m.. 
 
 9.15 p.m.. 
 Mar. 26, 7.00 a.m.. 
 
 Weight of subject. 
 
 Without 
 clothes. 
 
 With 
 
 clothes. 
 
 minute. ature ' 
 
 Hygrometer 
 readings. 
 
 Kilograms. KUogra nts. 
 70 73. 60 
 
 70.27 
 69.82 
 69.50 
 69.48 
 68.80 
 68.45 
 68.26 
 67. 95 
 
 73. 29 
 73.30 
 73. 25 
 72.90 
 72.60 
 72.30 
 72. 23 
 72.10 
 
 Dry 
 bulb. 
 
 97 
 100 
 
 Y7.4 
 
 <7. 3 
 
 22 
 21.8 
 
 21.4 
 21.8 
 21.3 
 
 21.9 
 21.5 
 
 Wet 
 bulb. 
 
 °C. 
 
 17.2 
 17.4 
 
 17.6 
 
 17 
 19 
 
 18.8 
 18.8 
 
 22 19 
 
 22 18 
 
 21.4 ' 19 
 21.6 19.4 
 
 Amount of work don*:. — As already stated, the subject worked 8 
 hours each day upon a stationary bicycle so arranged that the work 
 performed was transformed into heat within the apparatus and 
 
23 
 
 measured directly with that given off by the subject. A cyclometer 
 registered the number of miles that would have been covered by the 
 same number of revolutions of the wheel, but the amount of work 
 done could hardly have been as large as would be required to propel a 
 bicycle the number of miles thus recorded. It will be observed from 
 the figures in Table 8 that there was considerable difference in the 
 amount of work done on the different days of the study. 
 
 Table 8. — Record of work done — Metabolism experiment No. 11. 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Cyclom- Nam- Actual 
 "eter ber of duration 
 reading, miles, of work. 
 
 (6) 
 
 Rate. 
 
 (c) 
 Heat 
 equiva- 
 lent, 
 
 axbx 
 0.2378 
 
 Mar. 22. 8.20 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 1898. 
 
 Seconds. Watts. Calories. 
 
 10.20 a. m 
 
 - 
 
 12.40 p. m 
 
 3.50 p. ru 
 
 6.00 p. m 
 
 Mar. 23, 8.20 a. m 
 
 10.20 a. in 
 
 12.30 p. m 
 
 3.50 p. m 
 
 6.00 p. m 
 
 Mar. 24, 8.20 a. m 
 
 10.20 a. m 
 
 12.30 p. m 
 
 3.50 p. m 
 
 6.00 p. m 
 
 Mar. 25, 8.20 a. m 
 
 10.20 a. m 
 
 12.30 p. m 
 
 
 6.00 D. m 
 
 154 
 
 182 
 210 
 238 
 
 266 
 
 266 
 
 294 
 
 415 
 415 
 
 447 
 
 479 
 
 7.200 
 7.200 
 7.200 
 
 479 
 514 
 551 
 588 
 644 
 
 0) 
 
 28 7,200 
 
 28 7,200 ,1 
 
 43 7,200 J 
 
 7,200 | 
 
 7,200 J 
 
 7.200 
 7,200 
 
 7, 200 
 7,200 
 
 7.200 
 7,200 
 7,200 
 7,200 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 91 I 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 89 
 
 85 
 
 103 
 
 140 
 
 1 Cyclometer not working. 
 
 Detailed data of Income and outgo. — The quantities of nutrients in 
 the food consumed each da}' and the quantities rejected in the feces 
 are shown in Tables 9 and 10. It will be observed by comparison with 
 the results of some of the rest experiments reported in preceding 
 bulletins, that, while the protein is practically the same as in these 
 rest experiments, the energy in the food has been increased more than 
 800 calories per day in order to supply the necessary energy for the 
 increased muscular activity. It was quite interesting to note that with 
 
24 
 
 increased diet and with increased work the total amount of unavailable 
 material excreted in the feces was considerably larger than in experi- 
 ment No. 9. There was not enough difference, however, in the coeffi- 
 cients of availability to show whether muscular work had any marked 
 effect upon the digestion of the food by the subject. 
 
 Table 9. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Metabolism experiment 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Weight 
 per 
 day. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 afei & |^|a? 
 
 2851 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grama. 
 170 
 120 
 750 
 300 
 
 no 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 no 
 
 Grams. 
 
 112.9 
 
 14.9 
 
 681.0 
 
 128. 1 
 
 5.4 
 
 5.4 
 3.2 
 
 Grams. 
 
 46.8 
 
 .9 
 
 24.4 
 
 26. 6 
 
 12.9 
 
 8.2 
 4.3 
 
 Grams. 
 
 7.3 
 
 101.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 9.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 4.7 
 
 Grams. 1 Grams. 
 
 " 7.48 
 
 | .15 
 
 Grams. ■. Grams. 
 29.26 US 
 
 Calories. 
 3°6 
 
 2853 
 
 Butter 
 
 77.71 
 
 12.11 
 
 4.28 
 11.46 
 
 7 15 
 
 930 
 
 2S55 
 2852 
 
 Skininied milk .. 
 
 37.5 3.90 30.08 
 137.1 : 4.26 78 91 
 
 286 
 773 
 
 2842 
 
 Maize breakfast 
 food 
 
 s0. 7 2. 07 
 58 7 1 31 
 
 48.90 
 
 488 
 
 2840 
 
 Wheat breakfast 
 
 30.90 4.52 
 32.09 4.85 
 46.31 /.13 
 
 304 
 
 2841 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 Sugar 
 
 60. 6 
 110.0 
 
 .69 
 
 319 
 
 436 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,710 
 
 950.9 
 
 124. 1 
 
 129. 1 
 
 484.6 
 
 19.86 
 
 373. 46 55. 65 3, 862 
 
 Table 10. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces — Metabolism experiment 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 
 Weight 
 of feces. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Car- 
 bohy- 
 drates. 
 
 Xitro- Car- 
 gen, bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 
 combus 
 
 tion. 
 
 2850 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 Average, 1 day . . . 
 
 Grams. 
 563 
 
 141 
 
 Grams. 
 
 398.0 
 
 99.5 
 
 Grams. 
 56.4 
 14.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 36.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 Grams. 
 49.6 
 12.4 
 
 Grams. 
 8.96 
 2.24 
 
 Grams. 
 80.51 
 20. 13 
 
 Grams. 
 
 11.15 
 
 2. 79 
 
 Calories. 
 875 
 219 
 
 The urine in this experiment w^as collected in 6-hour periods, and 
 the specific gravity and nitrogen content determined. The heat of 
 combustion was determined in a composite sample of the urine for 
 each day, and the carbon and hydrogen in a composite sample for the 
 four days of the experiment. The methods employed for determining 
 the heat of combustion and for computing the carbon and hydrogen 
 in the urine of each day have already been described/ The statistics 
 of the outgo of matter in the urine in this experiment are given in 
 Table 11. 
 
 a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 69, pp. 23 and 35. 
 
25 
 
 Table 11. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by six-hour periods — Metab- 
 olism experiment No. 11. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 *— MESS! 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Mar. 22-23 
 
 23-24 
 
 24-25 
 
 25-26 
 
 y 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m , 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m. 
 7 p. rn. to 1 a. m. 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. in 
 
 Gram?. 
 326. 
 3-50.6 
 292. 3 
 146.8 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite. 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. ni . 
 1 p. in. to 7 p. m. 
 7p.m. tola, m, 
 1 a. in. to 7a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 206. 5 
 311. 3 
 211.0 
 150.1 
 
 878.9 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m . 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m. 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m. 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 
 218.3 
 
 315. 4 
 251.0 
 133.6 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7am.tolp.rn 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. in 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 Total, 4 days, by periods 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 236.0 
 304.8 
 
 273. 4 
 120. 
 
 157. 5 
 216. 4 
 
 Per cent. Grams. 
 
 1.0-27 
 1.027 
 1.033 
 1.031 
 
 1. 028 
 1.031 
 1.036 
 1.032 
 
 1.030 
 1.030 
 1.035 
 1.034 
 
 1.031 
 1. 032 
 
 1. 035 
 1.037 
 
 1.032 
 1.032 
 
 1.25 
 1.34 
 1.87 
 2.10 
 
 1.76 
 1.61 
 
 2. 26 
 2.30 
 
 1.89 
 1.62 
 
 1.65 
 1.80 
 2.31 
 2.32 
 
 2. 05 
 1.90 
 
 4.70 
 
 5. 46 
 
 1 . 115. 7 
 
 
 17.32 
 
 1.115.7 
 
 1.53 
 
 17.07 
 
 
 
 
 3. 63 
 
 5.01 
 4.77 
 3.45 
 
 - 
 16.37 
 
 4.13 
 5.11 
 5. 72 
 3. Id 
 
 918. 3 
 
 
 IS. 11 
 
 91S.3 
 
 2.00 
 
 18.37 
 
 
 
 
 4.60 
 5.4^ 
 
 
 ! 
 
 934. 2 
 
 
 
 934.2 
 
 2. 05 
 
 19.15 
 
 
 
 
 3. S47. 1 
 
 
 
 71.47 
 
 3. 24 
 4.10 
 
 Table 12. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine — Metab- 
 olism experiment No. 11. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount rarbon 
 of urine. maroon. 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 Heat of combus- 
 tion. 
 
 
 gram. TotaL 
 
 1898. 
 Mar. 22-23 
 
 Grams. ■ P. ct. j Grams. 
 
 1.115.7 ' 12.30 
 
 B78.9 11.98 
 
 918.3 • ! 12.87 
 
 934.2 13.63 
 
 P.et. 
 
 Grams. 
 3.54 
 3.45 
 3.71 
 3 <*> 
 
 P. ct. Grams. 
 
 1,0.50.1 
 
 815. 
 
 849.7 
 
 Rfil.i 
 
 Calorie. Calories. 
 0. 126 141 
 
 23-24 
 
 24-25 
 
 25-26 
 
 
 . 162 142 
 .129 U8 
 . 141 132 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 3.S47.1 1-.32 50.78 = 0.38 14.62 92.% 3.576.3 
 
 ; 1 ! i 
 
 (.139) »533 
 
 »The heat of combustion of the urine was determined in the composite sample for each day and 
 in the total composite for four days. The heat of combustion of the urine for the experiment as 
 determined in this latter sample amounted to 0.139 calorie per gram, or a total of 535 calories for the 
 urine of the whole experiment. 
 
26 
 
 Tables 13-15 give the results of the determinations of carbon dioxid 
 and water in the ventilating air current. The method of calculation 
 of these tables has been described in some detail in connection with 
 the description of results of experiment No. 5, reported in an earlier 
 publication. a The formulas in the column headings in some of the 
 tables indicate the method by which many of the calculations are 
 made. The drip was collected but once a day and the amount has 
 been equally apportioned among the four periods of the day. While 
 this is undoubtedly erroneous, it has, in view of the lack of any data, 
 seemed the most satisfactory plan. Should some other method of 
 subdivision seem desirable, all data are given by means of which com- 
 putations can be readil} T made. The error involved, however, does not 
 affect the final results of the experiments, as the total quantities per 
 day are used in the computations. 
 
 Table 13. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber 
 at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 experiment No. 11. 
 
 
 End of period. 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 
 in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain( + ) 
 
 or 
 loss ( — ) 
 over pre- 
 ceding 
 period. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 of vapor 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain(+) 
 
 or 
 loss ( — ) 
 over pre- 
 ceding 
 period. 
 
 Change 
 
 in 
 weight 
 of ab- 
 sorbers, 
 gain( + ) 
 
 or 
 loss ( — ). 
 
 Drip 
 from ab- 
 sorbers. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost (-) 
 during 
 
 the 
 period. 
 
 1898. 
 Mar. 22-23 
 
 
 Grams. 
 29.7 
 82.3 
 64.4 
 30.5 
 28.7 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 45.0 
 54.9 
 57.1 
 52.3 
 47.8 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 
 +52.6 
 -17.9 
 -33.9 
 
 - 1.8 
 
 + 9.9 
 + 2.2 
 
 - 4.8 
 
 - 4.5 
 
 +194 
 
 - 22 
 
 - 27 
 
 - 28 
 
 114.5 
 114.6 
 114.6 
 114.6 
 
 318.4 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 94.8 
 
 
 la.m 
 
 82.8 
 
 
 
 82.1 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 - 1.0 
 
 
 + 2.8 
 
 +117 
 
 458.3 
 
 578.1 
 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 23-24 
 
 91.3 
 
 72.8 
 26.6 
 26.8 
 
 +62.6 
 -18.5 
 -46.2 
 + .2 
 
 56.6 
 56.8 
 53.3 
 53.2 
 
 + 8.8 
 + .2 
 
 - 3.5 
 
 - .1 
 
 +235 
 + 7 
 
 - 2 
 
 - 1 
 
 152.0 
 152.0 
 152.0 
 152.0 
 
 395.8 
 
 
 v 
 
 159.2 
 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 146. 5 
 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 150.9 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 
 + 5.4 
 
 +239 
 
 608.0 
 
 852.4 
 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 24-25 
 
 90.9 
 76.7 
 25.2 
 26.3 
 
 +64.1 
 -14.2 
 -51.5 
 + 1.1 
 
 61.0 
 63.5 
 57.3 
 55.6 
 
 + 7.8 
 + 2.5 
 
 - 6.2 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 + 57 
 +248 
 -294 
 -295 
 
 280.1 
 280.0 
 280.0 
 280.0 
 
 344.9 
 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 530.5 
 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 - 20.2 
 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 - 16.7 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 - .5 
 
 
 
 + 2.4 
 
 -284 
 
 1,120.1 
 
 838. 5 
 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 25-26 
 
 98.8 
 82.0 
 32.3 
 35.0 
 
 +72.5 
 -16.8 
 -49.7 
 + 2.7 
 
 62.9 
 66.7 
 56.7 
 56.8 
 
 + 7.3 
 + 3.8 
 -10.0 
 + .1 
 
 +177 
 +155 
 -223 
 -222 
 
 341.7 
 341.7 
 341.6 
 341.6 
 
 526.0 
 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 500.5 
 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 108.6 
 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 119.7 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 + 8.7 
 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 -113 
 
 1, 366. 6 
 
 1,254.8 
 
 
 Total, 4 days. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +11.8 
 
 - 41 
 
 3, 553. 
 
 3, 523. 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 
 
27 
 
 Table 14. — Record of carbon dioxid — Metabolism experiment No. 11. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Ventila- 
 tion 
 (number 
 of liters 
 of air). 
 
 (6) 
 
 In in- 
 coming 
 air (per 
 
 liter). 
 
 (c) 
 
 In out- 
 going 
 air (per 
 liter). 
 
 (d) 
 
 Excess 
 in out- 
 going 
 air (per 
 liter), 
 c-b 
 
 (e) 
 
 Total 
 excess 
 in out- 
 going 
 air, 
 dxa. 
 
 (/) 
 Cor- 
 rection 
 
 for 
 carbon 
 diox- 
 id in 
 appa- 
 ratus. 
 
 Cor- 
 rected 
 weight 
 carbon 
 dioxid 
 exhaled 
 by sub- 
 ject, 
 e+f. 
 
 (*) 
 
 Total 
 weight 
 of car- 
 bon ex- 
 haled in 
 carbon 
 dioxid, 
 
 1898. 
 Mar. 22-23 
 
 7 a.m. tolp.m. 
 lp.m.to7p.m. 
 7 p.m. to la.m. 
 la.m.to7a.m. 
 
 Liters. 
 27,737 
 28,013 
 
 28, 740 
 28,954 
 
 Mg. 
 
 0.615 
 .601 
 .553 
 .611 
 
 Mgs. 
 
 14.229 
 
 15. 161 
 
 9.955 
 
 5.474 
 
 Mgs. 
 
 13. 614 
 
 14.560 
 
 9.402 
 
 4.863 
 
 Grams. 
 377.3 
 407.9 
 270.2 
 140.9 
 
 Grams. 
 +52.6 
 -17.9 
 -33.9 
 - 1.8 
 
 Grams. 
 429.9 
 390.0 
 236.3 
 139.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 117.3 
 
 106.3 
 
 64.4 
 
 37.9 
 
 
 Total 
 
 113, 444 
 
 
 
 
 1,196.3 : - 1.0 
 
 1,195.3 
 
 325.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23-24 
 
 7 a.m. tolp.m. 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 7p.m. tol a.m. 
 la. m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 27, 332 
 27, 437 
 28,213 
 28,899 
 
 .582 
 .742 
 .551 
 .611 
 
 15. 586 
 
 20. 249 
 
 10.045 
 
 5.817 
 
 15. 004 
 
 19.507 
 
 9.494 
 
 5.206 
 
 410.1 
 535.2 
 267.9 
 150.5 
 
 +62.6 
 -18.5 
 —46.2 
 + .2 
 
 472.7 
 516.7 
 221.7 
 150.7 
 
 128.9 
 
 140.9 
 
 60.5 
 
 41.1 
 
 
 Total 
 
 111,881 
 
 
 
 
 1, 363. 7 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 l.Sfil.R 
 
 371.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 24-25 
 
 7a.m. tolp.m. 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 7p.m. tol a.m. 
 la.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 28, 257 
 27. 779 
 28,359 
 28, 814 
 
 .586 
 .561 
 .563 
 .599 
 
 17. 465 
 
 19.690 
 
 9.542 
 
 5.312 
 
 16.879 476.8 +64.1 
 
 19.129 531.4 -14.2 
 
 8.979 254.6 ' -51.5 
 
 4.713 135.8 + 1.1 
 
 540.9 
 517.2 
 203.1 
 136.9 
 
 147.5 
 
 141.1 
 
 55.4 
 
 37.3 
 
 
 Total 
 
 113, 209 
 
 
 1,398.6 1 ■- .5 
 
 1,398.1 
 
 381.3 
 
 25-26 
 
 7 a.m. tolp.m. 
 lp.m.to7p.m. 
 7 p.m. to la.m. 
 la.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 28, 094 
 27,648 
 28,545 
 28,254 
 
 .594 
 .586 
 .508 
 .641 
 
 17. 259 
 
 22.508 
 
 10.060 
 
 6.103 
 
 16.665 468.2 +72.5 
 
 21.922 606.1 -16.8 
 
 9. 552 272. 7 -49. 7 
 
 5.462 154.3 +2.7 
 
 540.7 
 589.3 
 223.0 
 157.0 
 
 147.5 
 160.7 
 
 60.8 
 42.8 
 
 
 112, 541 
 
 
 
 
 1.501.3 +8.7 
 
 1.510.0 
 
 411.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 451,075 
 
 
 
 
 5,459.9 4- 5.3 ! 5.465.2 
 
 1, 490. 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28 
 
 Table 15. — Record of water — Metabolism experiment Xo. 11, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 («) 
 
 tj™-^ Ventila- 
 Penod. tfon 
 
 (number 
 of liters 
 of air). 
 
 (b) (c) (d) 
 Excess 
 In in- In out- in out- 
 coming going going 
 air (per air (per air (per 
 liter), liter), liter), 
 c-b. 
 
 (e) if) 
 Total Con- 
 excess in densed 
 outgo- in 
 ing air, ireez- 
 dxa. ers. 
 
 „ {9) 
 Correc- 
 tion for 
 water re- 
 maining 
 in cham- 
 ber. 
 
 (*) 
 
 Total 
 
 water 
 
 exhaled, 
 
 e+f+g. 
 
 1898. Liters, 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Mgs. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Gram". 
 
 Mar. 22-23 7 a.m. to 1p.m. 
 
 27. 737 
 
 0.888 
 
 1.459 
 
 0.571 
 
 15. 8 '255. 1 
 
 318.4 
 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 28,013 
 
 .795 
 
 1.315 
 
 .520 
 
 15. 304. 4 
 
 94.8 
 
 414.2 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1a.m. 28,740 
 
 .689 
 
 1.380 
 
 .691 
 
 19.9 298.1 
 
 82.8 
 
 400.8 
 
 
 1a.m. to7a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1p.m. 
 
 28. 954 
 
 .681 
 
 1.072 
 
 .391 
 
 11. 3 260. 7 
 
 82.1 
 
 3.54.1 
 
 
 113,444 
 
 
 
 
 62.0 1,118.3 
 
 578. 1 
 
 1, 758. 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23-24 
 
 27, 332 
 
 .^44 
 
 1.571 
 
 . 727 
 
 19. 9 26a 6 
 
 395. 8 
 
 684. a 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m.; 27,437 
 
 .826 
 
 1.345 
 
 .519 
 
 14. 2 350. 4 
 
 159.2 
 
 523. 8 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1a.m. 28,213 
 
 .648 
 
 1.270 
 
 .622 
 
 17. 6 341. 6 
 
 146.5 
 
 505.7 
 
 
 1a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1p.m. 
 
 28, 899 
 
 .619 
 
 1.092 
 
 .473 
 
 13.7 ' 298.8 
 
 150.9 
 
 463.4 
 
 
 111, 881 
 
 
 
 
 65.4 1,259.4 
 
 852.4 
 
 2. 177. 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24-25 
 
 28,257 
 
 .824 
 
 1.640 
 
 .816 
 
 23. 1 318. 4 
 
 344.9 
 
 686. 4 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m. 27.779 
 
 .788 
 
 1.409 
 
 .621 
 
 17. 2 357. 8 
 
 530.5 
 
 905.5 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1a.m. 28,359 
 
 .713 
 
 1.429 
 
 .716 
 
 20. 3 340. 8 
 
 - 20.2 
 
 340.9 
 
 
 1a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. tolp. m. 
 
 28, 814 
 
 .670 
 
 1.139 
 
 .469 
 
 13. 5 301. 5 
 
 - 16.7 
 
 298.3 
 
 
 113, 209 
 
 
 
 
 74.1 1,318.5 
 
 838.5 
 
 2,231.1 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 25-26 
 
 28, 094 
 
 .875 
 
 1.862 
 
 .987 
 
 27. 7 297. 6 
 
 526. 
 
 851.3 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m. 27,648 
 
 .782 
 
 1.4G3 
 
 . 681 
 
 18. 8 367. 3 
 
 500.5 
 
 886.6 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1a.m. 28,545 
 
 .628 
 
 1.374 
 
 .740 
 
 21.3 842.8 
 
 108.6 
 
 472. 7 
 
 
 1a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 Total 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 28, 2.54 
 
 .607 
 
 1.078 
 
 .471 
 
 13.3 293.6 
 
 119.7 
 
 426. 6 
 
 
 112, 541 
 
 
 
 
 81.1 1,301.3 
 
 1.254.8 
 
 2, 637. 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 451. 075 
 
 
 
 
 282.6 4,997.5 
 
 3. 523. 8 
 
 8. 803. 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29 
 
 Table 16 gives the summary of the calorimetrie measurements during 
 this experiment: 
 
 Table 16. — Summary of calorimetrie measurements — Metabolism experiment Xo. 11. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 (6) 
 
 (c) 
 
 id) 
 
 Heat » °3£5 
 
 ssss? p-r sssl 
 
 189S. 
 
 Mar. 22-23 7 a.m. to 
 
 , 1p.m. to 
 
 ; 7 p.m. to 
 
 la.m. to 
 
 23-24 
 
 24-25 
 
 25-26 
 
 Total. 
 
 7 a.m. to 
 lp.m. to 
 7 p.m. to 
 1 a.m. to 
 
 1 p.m. 
 7 p.m. 
 1 a.m. 
 7 a.m. 
 
 1 p.m. 
 7 p.m. 
 1 a.m. 
 7 a.m. 
 
 Total. 
 
 7 a.m. to 
 lp.m. to 
 7 p.m. to 
 la.m. to 
 
 Total. 
 
 7 a.m. to 
 1 p.m. to 
 7 p.m. to 
 la.m. to 
 
 1 p.m. 
 7 p.m. 
 1 a.m. 
 7 a.m. 
 
 1 p.m. 
 7 p.m. 
 1 a.m. 
 7 a.m. 
 
 nmeter. 
 
 Correc- 
 tion due 
 
 to tem- 
 perature 
 
 of food 
 and 
 
 dishes. 
 
 (e) 
 
 Water 
 
 vaporized 
 
 equals 
 
 total 
 
 amount 
 
 exhaled 
 
 less 
 
 amount 
 
 condensed 
 
 in 
 chamber. 
 
 Calories. Degree. Calories. Calories. 
 
 1.018.9 
 965.6 
 534.6 
 275.4 . 
 
 4-0.15 
 
 - .25 
 
 - .15 
 
 + 9.0 
 +15.0 
 
 -9.0 
 
 -22.5 
 
 14.1 
 
 Gram.?. 
 280. 8 
 321. 6 
 313. 2 
 267. 5 
 
 2. 794. 5 
 
 -15.0 
 
 -36.6 
 
 1,183.1 
 
 1,032.5 
 
 - .20 
 
 -12.0 
 
 1,364.2 
 
 - .40 
 
 -24.0 
 
 482. 5 
 
 - .20 
 
 -12.0 
 
 272. 
 
 - .10 
 
 - 6.0 
 
 13.5 
 
 ■ 8.0 
 
 297. 3 
 364.8 
 £55.7 
 312. 4 
 
 (/) 
 
 (9) 
 
 Heat 
 
 Total 
 
 used in 
 
 heat 
 
 vaporiza- 
 
 deter- 
 
 tion of 
 
 mined. 
 
 water. 
 
 a+c+d 
 
 exO.592. 
 
 +/• 
 
 Calories. 
 166. 2 
 190.5 
 185.4 
 158.4 
 
 Calories. 
 
 1.171.6 
 
 1.157.0 
 
 711.0 
 
 433.8 
 
 roo.5 
 
 3. 473. 4 
 
 176.0 
 215. 9 
 210.6 
 184.9 
 
 1.207.0 
 
 1,548.1 
 
 705. 1 
 
 451.1 
 
 3.151.4 
 
 -6.0 
 
 1. 33C. 2 
 
 787.4 
 
 3.911.3 
 
 1,247.6 
 
 1,305.5 
 
 428. 9 
 
 253. 5 
 
 + 3.0 
 
 -6.0 
 -9.0 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 14.4 
 2.6 
 
 349.3 
 377. 5 
 354. 9 
 313.3 
 
 206.8 
 223. 5 
 210. 1 
 185. 5 
 
 1.443.0 
 
 1.520.4 
 
 648.0 
 
 442. 
 
 Total... 
 
 Total. 4 days . 12. 656. 6 
 
 
 
 4- 9.0 ; 
 
 -17.0 
 
 1.395.0 
 
 825. 9 
 
 4,053 4 
 
 
 
 
 1.229.0 
 
 - .15 
 
 - 9.0 
 
 -11.9 
 
 332.6 
 
 196.9 
 
 1.405.0 
 
 1.436.5 
 
 - .10 
 
 - 6.0 
 
 -17.7 
 
 389.9 
 
 230.8 
 
 1,691.0 
 
 510. 4 
 
 - .10 1 
 
 -6.0 . 
 
 
 354.1 
 
 209.6 
 
 714.0 
 
 299.3 
 
 - .05 | 
 
 - 3.0 . 
 
 
 306.0 
 
 181.1 
 
 477.4 
 
 
 
 
 3.475.2 ... 
 
 
 -12.0 
 
 - 5.8 
 
 1.3*2.6 
 
 818.4 
 
 4.2-7.4 
 
 6.0 
 
 5. 290. 9 3. 132 
 
 15. 725. 5 
 
 Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy. — The original 
 data of income and outgo of matter and energy in this experiment 
 may be found in the preceding tables. Tables 17-20, which follow, 
 summarize the results of the experiment, showing the estimated gain 
 or loss of body material, and comparing the estimated energy of the 
 material oxidized in the body with the' heat actually determined by 
 means of the respiration calorimeter. In Table 17 the figures in the 
 third column, nitrogen in urine, include the nitrogen of perspiration, 
 which amounted to 0.2 gram per day: and the figures for water in res- 
 piratory products in the fifth column of Table 18 include the water of 
 perspiration which was absorbed and removed by the underclothing 
 of the subject, which was changed each night. a 
 
 U.S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 69. pp. 24 and 52. 
 
30 
 
 Table 17. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiment No. 11. 
 
 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 In food. 
 
 (&) 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 (e) 
 
 In 
 urine. a 
 
 id) 
 
 Gain 
 
 , (+) ,°^ 
 
 loss(-) 
 
 a— 
 
 (b+c). 
 
 In food. 
 
 if) 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 iff) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 (A) 
 
 In re- 
 spira- 
 tory 
 prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 o ( 9 
 
 Gain 
 
 (+)or 
 loss (— ), 
 
 1898. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 
 19.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 17.5 
 
 +0.1 
 
 373.4 
 
 20.1 
 
 12.3 
 
 325.9 
 
 + 15.1 
 
 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 19.9 
 
 2.3 
 
 17.1 
 
 + .5 
 
 373. 5 
 
 20.2 
 
 12.0 
 
 371.4 
 
 - 30.1 
 
 24-25, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 19.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 18.3 
 
 _ .7 
 
 373.4 
 
 20.1 
 
 12.9 
 
 381.3 
 
 - 40.9 
 
 25-26, 7a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 19.9 
 
 2.3 
 
 19.4 
 
 -1.8 
 
 373. 5 
 
 20.2 
 
 13.6 
 
 411.8 
 
 - 72.1 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 79.4 
 
 9.0 
 
 72.3 
 
 -1.9 
 
 1. 493. 8 
 
 80.6 
 
 50.8 
 
 1.490.4 
 
 -128.0 
 
 Average,! day 
 
 19.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 18.1 
 
 — .5 
 
 373. 5 
 
 20.2 
 
 12.7 
 
 372. 6 
 
 - 32.0 
 
 a Including nitrogen in perspiration, which amounted to 0.2 gram per day. 
 Table 18. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiment Xo. 11. 
 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 (a) 
 In food. 
 
 (b) 
 In drink. 
 
 (c) 
 In feces. 
 
 id) 
 
 In urine. 
 
 (e) 
 In respir- 
 atory 
 prod'- 
 
 UCtS.a 
 
 CO 
 
 Appar- 
 ent loss, 
 a+b-{c 
 
 ~d+e). 
 
 
 
 1898. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 
 
 a. 
 
 m. to 7 a 
 
 m 
 
 950.9 
 
 1,200 
 
 99.5 
 
 1.0-50.1 
 
 1.762.2 
 
 - 760.9 
 
 23-24. 7 
 
 a. 
 
 m. to 7 a 
 
 m 
 
 950.9 
 
 1,400 
 
 99.5 
 
 815. 
 
 2, 190. 4 
 
 - 754. 
 
 24-25, 7 
 
 a. 
 
 m. to 7 a 
 
 m 
 
 950.9 
 
 1,400 
 
 99.5 
 
 849.7 
 
 2/2.56.1 
 
 - 8-54.4 
 
 2.5-26. 7 
 
 a. m. to 7 a 
 4 days 
 
 m 
 
 950.9 
 
 2,100 
 
 99.5 
 
 861. 5 
 
 2,699.2 
 
 - 609.3 
 
 Total 
 
 3. 803. 6 
 
 6,100 
 
 398.0 
 
 3. 576. 3 
 
 8. 907. 9 
 
 -2, 978. 6 
 
 Average 
 
 . lday... 
 
 
 950.9 
 
 1.525 
 
 99.5 
 
 894.1 
 
 2. 227. 
 
 - 744. 7 
 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 
 (9) 
 In food. 
 
 (A) 
 
 In feces. 
 
 (*) 
 
 In urine. 
 
 (I) ' 
 Appar- 
 ent gain. 
 
 (m) 
 
 Loss 
 from 
 water, 
 /-9. 
 
 {n) 
 
 Total 
 
 gain (+) 
 
 or loss 
 
 -■./-///. 
 
 
 
 1898. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 
 
 a. 
 
 m. to 7 a 
 
 m 
 
 55. 6 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.5 
 
 49.3 
 
 84.6 
 
 - 35.3 
 
 23-24, 7 
 
 a. 
 
 m. to 7 a 
 
 m 
 
 55. 7 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.5 
 
 49.4 
 
 S3. 8 
 
 - 34.4 
 
 24-25. 7 
 
 a. 
 
 m. to 7 a 
 
 m 
 
 55. 6 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.7 
 
 49.1 
 
 94.9 
 
 - 45. s 
 
 2.5-26. 7 
 
 a. 
 4 
 
 m. to 7 a 
 davs 
 
 rn 
 
 55. 7 
 
 2. 8 
 
 3.9 
 
 49.0 
 
 67.7 
 
 - 18.7 
 
 Total 
 
 222. G 
 55. 7 
 
 11.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 14.6 
 3.7 
 
 196.8 
 49.2 
 
 331. 
 ^2.7 
 
 —134. 2 
 
 Avers 
 
 . 1 dav . . 
 
 
 - 33.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Includes water from perspiration in clothes 
 62 fourth day. a total of 104 grams. 
 
 -3.8 grams first day. 13.2 second day. 25 third day. and 
 
31 
 
 Table 19.— Gain or 
 
 of protein (XX6.25), fat, and water — Metabolism experiment 
 No. 11. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 gained 
 
 - or 
 
 lost (-). 
 
 (6) 
 
 Protein 
 gained 
 (+)or 
 - si 
 ax 6.25. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total 
 carbon 
 gained 
 
 (+)or 
 
 - 
 
 Carbon 
 in pro- 
 tein 
 gained 
 
 — or 
 
 6x0.53. 
 
 Carbon 
 in fat, 
 etc.. 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (-), 
 c—d. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Fat 
 
 gained 
 
 (+)or 
 
 lost (-). 
 
 6*0.765. 
 
 L898, 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 23-24. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 25-26,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 Grams. 
 +0.1 
 
 -1.8 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 + 0.6 +15.1 
 
 + 3.1 . - 30.1 
 
 - 4.4 ; - 40.9 
 
 -11.2 
 
 Grams. 
 +0.3 
 -1.6 
 -2.3 
 -5.9 
 
 Grams. 
 - 14.8 
 
 31.7 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - 19.3 
 
 - 41.4 
 
 - 50.5 
 
 - 86.5 
 
 ■1.9 
 .5 
 
 -11.9 
 • 3.0 
 
 128.0 
 32.0 
 
 -b. 3 
 -1.6 
 
 121.7 
 30.4 
 
 -159. 1 
 - 39.7 
 
 Time. 
 
 (9) 
 
 Total 
 hydrogen 
 
 h 
 
 (i) 
 
 Esfi+ASEtF 
 
 or lost (— ) 
 
 Hydrogen Hydrogen 
 in protein in fat 
 gained (+) gained ( + i 
 
 6x0.07, 
 
 or lost ( 
 /xO.12. 
 
 Hydrogen 
 in water. Water 
 
 etc.. gained i - i 
 gained (+ i or lost - 
 or lost i — i. A-\9. 
 g-{h-\ 
 
 1898. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 
 
 Mar. 22-23. 7 a.m. to 7 a.m -35.3 0.0 +2.3 -37.6 - 338.4 
 
 23-24. 7 a.m. to 7 a.m -34.4 -.2 -5.0 -29.6 - 266.4 
 
 24-25. 7 a.m. to 7 a.m —45.8 —.3 —6.1 -39.4 - 354.6 
 
 25-26.7 a.m. to 7 a.m — IS. 7 —.8 —10.4 -7.5 — 67.5 
 
 Total. 4 days -134.2 - .9 -19.2 -114.1 -1,026.9 
 
 Average. 1 day — 33. 5 — . 2 — 4. S — 28. 5 — 256. 7 
 
 Table 20. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiment No. 11, 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat of 
 | com- 
 bustion 
 I of food 
 
 (6) 
 
 Heat 
 
 M 
 
 Heat 
 
 id) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 beat of 
 
 com-™ ^"bustion 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 beat of 
 
 com- 
 
 bustion 
 of feces. 
 
 bustion 
 
 of 
 urine. 
 
 ot pro- 
 tein 
 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 energy 
 of ma- 
 terial 
 oxi- 
 dized 
 in the 
 
 bustion 
 of fat 
 
 gained ^f r tad£ I 
 
 i e). 
 
 iff) 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 
 
 <n 
 
 Heat Heat 
 deter- deter- 
 j mined mined 
 greater greater 
 (+) or 
 less - 
 than than 
 esti- esti- 
 mated, mated. 
 
 g-f. h-r-f. 
 
 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 . 22-23. 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 3. 862 
 
 219 
 
 141 
 
 23-24. 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 3.862 
 
 219 
 
 142 
 
 24-25, 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 
 219 
 
 118 
 
 2-5-26. 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 3. 862 
 
 219 
 
 132 
 
 Total, 4 days 1' 
 
 Average. 1 day - _ 
 
 B7 
 219 
 
 Calo- 
 
 -3 - 
 +18 - 
 
 Calo- 
 
 181 
 
 475 
 
 813 
 
 Calo- 
 
 
 Calo- 
 
 
 rics. 
 
 
 rics. 
 
 Per cL 
 
 3.318 
 
 3.473 
 
 +155 
 
 -4.7 
 
 872 
 
 3.911 
 
 + 39 
 
 +1.0 
 
 4, 025 
 
 4.0-54 
 
 - 29 
 
 _ -.7 
 
 
 288 
 
 -100 
 
 —2. 3 
 
 533 
 
 133 -17 
 
 1,496 
 
 - 374 
 
 15. 603 
 3.901 
 
 15. 726 
 3. 932 
 
 -123 
 - 31 
 
32 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 13. 
 
 Subject. — E. O., as in experiment No. 11. His weight without 
 clothing was 70 kilograms (154 pounds). 
 
 Occupation during experiment. — Reading, writing, etc., with little 
 muscular activity. The experiment was a so-called rest experiment, 
 although the subject moved around rather more than in earlier and 
 later experiments of a similar kind. 
 
 Duration. — Three days, beginning at 7 a. m. November 8, 1898. 
 The preliminary- period of the experiment began with breakfast. 
 November 4. The subject entered the calorimeter on the evening of 
 November 7. It was intended to continue this experiment four days, 
 but the discovery of a leak in the ventilating air pipe beyond the point 
 where the samples for analysis were taken necessitated discarding the 
 results for the fourth day. 
 
 Diet. — The diet during the experiment was quite similar to that in 
 experiment No. 11, except that it furnished 117 instead of 124 grams 
 of protein and 2,596 instead of 3,862 calories of energ} T per day. The 
 kinds and quantities of food served at each meal and the quantities of 
 drink consumed each day were as follows: 
 
 Table 21. — Diet in metabolism experiment No. 13. 
 FOOD. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Supper. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grams. 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 210 
 
 Grams. 
 135 
 
 1-5 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 23.5 
 
 Butter 
 
 20 
 390 
 
 45 
 
 
 600 
 
 
 L50 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 
 •50 
 •50 
 
 125 
 
 275 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 25 
 10 
 
 2-5 
 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 DRINK. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Coffee 
 infusion. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Coffee w ., T( . r 
 infusion. Water - 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 Grams. 
 
 300 
 
 Grams, 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 300 
 
 Grams. 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 200 
 
 10. 00 p. m 
 
 200 
 
 
 300 
 
 Total for dav 
 
 
 
 Dinner 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 3.30 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The general routine of the experiment is indicated in the following 
 schedule. The statistics of the diary kept by the subject are sum- 
 marized in Table 23. 
 
33 
 
 Table 22. — Daily programm — Metabolism experiment No. IS. 
 
 7.00 a. id 
 
 Rise, pass urine, weigh self 
 
 330 p. m.. 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 
 stripped, collect drip, weigh 
 
 6.30 p. m.. 
 
 — supper. 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 7.00 p.m. 
 
 Pass urine, collect drip, weigh 
 
 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 10.00 p. m. 
 
 — Drink 200 grams water, weigh 
 
 1.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine, collect drip, weigh 
 
 
 sell -tripped, take cap off food 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 
 aperture, retire. 
 
 1.30 p. m 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 1.00a. m.. 
 
 . . . Pass urine. 
 
 Table 23. — Summary of diary — Metabolism experiment No. IS. 
 
 
 Weight of subject. 
 
 Pulse 
 rate per 
 minute. 
 
 
 Hygrometer 
 
 Time. 
 
 Without With 
 clothes. clothes. 
 
 ature. 
 
 Dry bulb. Wet bulb. 
 
 U9& 
 
 Nov. 8, 7.00 a. m 
 
 10.30 a.m 
 
 Kttogra ms. Ktiogra ms. 
 
 69. 36 72. 50 
 
 57 
 
 65 
 
 : F. 
 96.0 20.4 15.0 
 96.6 20.8 15.5 
 
 2.00 p. m 
 
 5.30 p. m 
 
 7.00 p. m 
 
 
 66 
 60 
 
 99.2 
 98.6 
 
 20.0 15.6 
 20.4 16.0 
 20. 6 15. 8 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 
 60 97. 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 Nov. 9. 7.00 a.m 
 
 69. 50 
 68.59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 95.6 j 20.0 15.2 
 
 10.30 a.m 
 
 
 63 ^7.6 19.8 15.4 
 
 2.00 p. m 
 
 
 65 
 68 
 64 
 
 97. 4 20. 7 15. 4 
 
 5.30 p. m 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 
 
 97. 20. 8 15. 6 
 97. 5 20. 15. 4 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 69.71 
 68.91 
 
 
 
 Nov. lo. 7.00 a. m 
 
 
 58 
 
 65 
 68 
 
 61 
 62 
 
 96.0 19.5 i 14.6 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 
 
 96. 6 20. 1 
 
 15.0 
 
 2.00 p. m 
 
 
 
 9S.0 
 97.9 
 
 97.8 
 
 20.6 
 20.2 
 
 15.4 
 
 5.30 p. m 
 
 
 
 15.3 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 
 
 19. 6 15. 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 69. 16 
 
 • 19.00 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 11 . 7.00 a. m 
 
 
 57 
 64 
 
 95.9 
 96.8 
 
 19. 5 14. 6 
 
 10.30 a.m 
 
 
 19.6 14.6 
 
 2.00 p. m 
 
 
 
 65 98. 6 
 
 20. 16. 1 
 
 
 
 65 
 69 
 
 98.0 
 
 98.6 
 
 20. 16. 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 
 
 20.8 16.7 
 
 lO.OOp. m 
 
 73. 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Detailed data of income and outgo. — The weight, composition, and 
 heat of combustion of the food eaten and of the feces are shown in 
 the following tables. As has already been stated, the intention was 
 to continue the experiment four days, but the discovery of a leak in 
 the ventilating air pipe made all results after 7 a. m. of November 12 
 unreliable. As the discovery of the accident was made after breakfast, 
 it was not practicable to administer charcoal for the separation of the 
 feces until supper on November 12. The food, however, during this 
 day was the same in kind and amount as during the previous days of 
 the experiment proper, and a considerable portion of the time was 
 passed within the respiration chamber. 
 18007— No. !()!♦— o2 3 
 
31 
 
 Table 24. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Metabolism experiment 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 
 torv 
 No. 
 
 Pood materials. 
 
 Weight 
 per day. 
 
 Wat H Sn. Fat 
 
 Carbo- 
 hy- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- He at of 
 ' eombus- 
 gen - tion. 
 
 2962 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grams. 
 
 235 
 45 
 
 750 
 275 
 
 50 
 25 
 40 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 166. 1 59. 
 
 4. 5 .5 
 
 650. 3 27. 
 102. 3 23. 6 
 
 2.9 , 5.6 
 1.3 1.4 
 
 Grams. 
 
 4.7 
 
 38.3 
 
 24.0 
 14.0 
 
 4.1 
 2.7 
 
 Grams. 
 
 12. 8 
 131.7 
 
 36.5 
 19 2 
 
 Grams. 
 9 40 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 4.86 
 4.54 
 
 7. 80 
 3.1.91 
 
 3.21 
 1.67 
 2.59 
 
 Calories. 
 
 371 
 351 
 
 565 
 
 816 
 
 223 
 112 
 
 2956 
 
 Butter 
 
 .09 28.60 
 
 4.35 51.98 
 3.79 81.10 
 
 22. 41 
 
 •»> n ifi 
 
 2959 
 2963 
 
 Milk (whole and 
 
 skimmed) 
 
 Bread 
 
 2960 
 
 Maize breakfast 
 food 
 
 2961 
 
 Cookies 
 
 
 Sugar 
 
 40.0 l 16.84 
 
 158 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 1,420 
 
 927.4 117.1 87.8 
 
 270.2 18.74 245.84 : 36.58 
 
 1 I 1 
 
 2, 596 
 
 Table 25, — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces- 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Meta bolisrn exper iment 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 
 Weight 
 of feces. 
 
 Water. 
 
 P ™" Fat 
 tern. rdU 
 
 Carbo- 
 hy- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- Car- 
 gen, bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 
 combus- 
 tion. 
 
 2965 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 Average, 1 day . . . 
 
 Grams. 
 
 296 
 
 74 
 
 Grams. 
 206.6 
 
 51.7 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 27. 5 24. 6 
 
 6.9 6.2 
 
 Grams. 
 
 20.7 
 
 5.2 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 4. 41 44. 52 
 1.10 11.13 
 
 Grams. 
 6.33 
 1.58 
 
 Calories. 
 500 
 125 
 
 It has proved a difficult matter to preserve urine so that there shall 
 be no decomposition of the urea into ammonium carbonate. About 2 
 cubic centimeters of commercial formalin was added to the composite 
 sample of the urine for each day as a preservative, but owing to una- 
 voidable delays it was, in many instances, impossible to determine the 
 heat of combustion of daily samples until some days after the experi- 
 ment closed. In experiment No. 13 the heat of combustion of the com- 
 posite sample for the four days was found to be 0.081 calorie per gram 
 fresh urine, corresponding to 677 calories for the total urine for the 
 period. Later determinations of the heat of combustion of the daily 
 composites gave results showing that a decomposition of the urine had 
 been going on. This decomposition was not shown by a loss of any 
 appreciable amount of nitrogen, the decomposition products remaining 
 largely in solution. The heat of combustion of the urine was, however, 
 largely reduced. This is easily understood by comparing the heat of 
 combustion of urea with that of ammonium carbonate, the former 
 having a heat of combustion of 2.537 calories per gram as compared 
 with 0.75 for the latter as actually determined in one sample of com- 
 mercial ammonium carbonate. In this experiment, therefore, the 
 heat of combustion of urine for each da}' is computed after the same 
 
35 
 
 manner 1 as the carbon, hydrogen, and water-free substance for each 
 day: in other words, it is assumed to vary with the nitrogen and in 
 the same relative proportion. 
 
 Table 26. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by six-hour jyeriods — Metab- 
 olism experiment Xo. 13. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Amount Specific 
 of urine, gravity. 
 
 1898. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 8- 9 
 
 Grams. 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. rn 
 1 a. ni. to 7 a. ni 
 
 1. 015 
 1. 012 
 
 Nitrogen content. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Gram*. 
 5. 98 
 6.24 
 
 9-10 
 10 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite. 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 855. " . 
 
 
 .70 
 1. 65 
 
 5.99 
 
 175. 3 
 
 1. 023 
 
 2.89 
 
 2,715.7 . 
 
 
 
 21.10 
 
 2,715.7 
 
 1.012 
 
 .77 
 
 20. 91 
 
 503.6 
 550.5 
 708.2 
 223.8 
 
 1.020 
 1.017 
 1.012 
 1.018 
 
 .91 
 
 .96 
 
 .82 
 
 1.39 
 
 4.58 
 5. 29 
 
 5.81 
 3.11 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,986.1 
 1, 986. 1 
 
 
 
 18.79 
 
 
 
 1.013 ; 
 
 .95 
 
 18.87 
 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m _ 
 
 
 
 524. 2 
 405. 5 
 647.7 
 376.4 
 
 1.014 
 1.022 
 1.014 
 1.010 
 
 .88 
 
 1.27 
 
 .91 
 
 .79 
 
 4.61 
 
 10-11 
 
 11 
 
 
 5.90 
 
 
 2.97 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,953.8 
 1,953.8 
 
 
 
 18.63 
 
 
 Total bv composite 
 
 1. 015 
 
 .95 
 
 18. 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 653.0 
 374. 3 
 403.0 
 275.8 
 
 1.013 
 1. 022 
 1.020 
 1.017 
 
 . 75 
 1.33 
 1.18 
 1.22 
 
 4.90 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 4.98 
 
 11-12 
 12 
 
 
 4.75 
 
 
 3.36 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,706.1 
 1, 706. 1 
 
 
 
 17.99 
 
 
 Total b v composite 
 
 1.016 
 
 1.05 
 
 17.91 
 
 
 Total, 4 davs, by periods 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 76.51 
 
 
 Composite, 4 davs 
 
 8, 361. 7 
 
 
 .90 
 
 75. 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 27. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine — Metab- 
 olism experiment Xo. 13. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount r .. Knn xt,-^™-^ -.»•-..,.- 
 
 Heat of combustion. 
 
 
 of urine. Carbon. Hjdrogen. 
 
 
 Per gram. 
 
 Total. 
 
 N 
 
 1898. 
 
 jv.8-9 
 
 9-10 
 
 10-11 
 
 11-12 
 
 Grams. 
 
 .... 2.715.7 
 .... 1,986.1 
 .... 1,953.8 
 1,706.1 
 
 P.ct. Grams. P.ct. Grams. 
 
 16.38 4.6 
 
 14. .58 4.1 
 
 14.45 4.1 
 
 13.96 3.9 
 
 P. ct. Grams. 
 
 2,629.2 
 
 1,909.1 
 
 1.877.5 
 
 1,632.4 
 
 Calorie. 
 
 Calories. 
 187 
 
 
 
 166 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 159 
 
 
 Total. 4 day- .... 
 
 
 
 
 .... 8,361.7 0.71 59.37 0.20 16.7 
 
 96.28 8,048.2 
 
 0.081 i 677 
 
 The amounts of carbon dioxid and water of respiration and perspi- 
 ration during the different periods in this experiment are shown in 
 Tables 28-30. There was but little condensation of water upon the 
 ab>orbers and no "drip." 
 
 1 r. s. Dept. Agr., < ufice of Experiment Stations Bui. 60, p. 35. 
 
3(5 
 
 Table 28. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber 
 at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 • jjn riment Xo. 13. 
 
 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 Date 
 
 End of period. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 
 in 
 cham- 
 ber. 
 
 Gain (+) 
 or loss ( — ) 
 
 over pre- 
 ceding 
 period. 
 
 Total 
 amount of 
 
 vapor re- 
 maining in 
 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain ( + ) 
 or loss ( — ) 
 
 over pre- 
 ceding 
 period. 
 
 Change in 
 weight of 
 absorbers, 
 gain ( + ) 
 or loss ( — ). 
 
 Total 
 
 amount 
 
 gained ( + ) 
 
 or lost ( — ) 
 
 during the 
 
 period. 
 
 1898. 
 Nov. »- 9 
 
 7 a . m 
 
 Grams. 
 
 30.8 
 38.8 
 41.0 
 27.6 
 26.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Gran us. 
 37.6 
 40.3 
 42.8 
 43.6 
 36.9 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 
 + 8.0 
 + 2.2 
 -13.4 
 - 1.5 
 
 +2.7 
 +2.5 
 + .8 
 -6.7 
 
 +35 
 
 +45 
 + 2 
 + 2 
 
 +37.7 
 
 
 +47 5 
 
 
 + 2.8 
 
 7 a. m 
 
 — 4.7 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 - 4.7 
 
 
 _ .7 
 
 +84 
 
 +83.3 
 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 
 
 
 9-16 
 
 38.3 
 37.1 
 27.6 
 28.5 
 
 +12. 2 
 
 - 1.2 
 
 - 9.5 
 + .9 
 
 40.1 
 41.1 
 39.2 
 37.2 
 
 +3.2 
 +1.0 
 -1.9 
 
 -2.0 
 
 + 7 
 -39 
 -10 
 -10 
 
 +10.2 
 -38.0 
 -11.9 
 -12.0 
 
 
 
 + 2.4 
 
 
 + .3 
 
 -52 
 
 —51. 7 
 
 
 
 
 10-11 
 
 36.4 
 39.8 
 29.1 
 29.7 
 
 - 7.9 
 + 3.4 
 -10.7 
 + .6 
 
 38.6 
 38.8 
 38.3 
 35.6 
 
 -1.4 
 + .2 
 — .5 
 -2.7 
 
 +48 
 +12 
 -23 
 -24 
 
 +49.4 
 +12.2 
 -23.5 
 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 -26.7 
 
 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 
 -1.6 
 
 +13 
 
 +11.4 
 
 
 
 
 -Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air cur rent 
 No. 13. 
 
 Table 29. 
 
 I — Metabolism expert mint 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Ventila- 
 tion 
 (number 
 of liters 
 of air). 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 
 In incoming 
 air. 
 
 (d) {€) (f) (g) 
 
 „ t , i> r ? c : Corrected 
 
 (h) 
 
 Total 
 weight 
 
 ex- 
 haled, 
 
 Date. 
 
 (6) 
 
 Per 
 liter. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total, 
 ax&. 
 
 Total 
 In out- excess 
 going inoutgo- 
 air - ing air, 
 d—c. 
 
 amount amount 
 Remain exhaled 
 
 1898. 
 Nov. 8- 9 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m. 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m. 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m. 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. 
 
 Total 
 
 Liters. 
 26,872 
 26, 795 
 27, 554 
 27,448 
 
 Kg. 
 
 0.641 
 .623 
 .579 
 .618 
 
 Grams. 
 
 17.2 
 16.7 
 16.0 
 16.9 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 239.3 I 222.1 
 239. 1 222. 4 
 216. 5 200. 5 
 145.9 | 129.0 
 
 Grams. 
 + 8.0 
 + 2.2 
 -13.4 
 - 1.5 
 
 Grams. 
 230.1 
 224. 6 
 187.1 
 127.5 
 
 Grams. 
 62.7 
 61.3 
 51.0 
 :-u. 8 
 
 
 1 OS. 669 
 
 
 66.8 
 
 840. 8 774. 
 
 - 4.7 
 
 769.3 
 
 209.8 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 9-10 
 
 26, 372 
 26, 072 
 
 27,920 
 27,549 
 
 .622 
 .633 
 .599 
 .559 
 
 16.4 
 16.5 
 16.7 
 lb A 
 
 215. 9 199. 5 
 216.9 200.4 
 223. 3 206. 6 
 145. 8 130. 4 
 
 +12.2 
 
 - 1.2 
 
 - 9.5 
 
 + .9 
 
 211.7 
 199. 2 
 197.1 
 131.3 
 
 57.7 
 54.3 
 63. 8 
 
 35.8 
 
 
 107,913 
 
 
 65.0 
 
 801.9 736.9 
 
 + 2.4 
 
 739.3 
 
 201.6 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 10-11 
 
 27, 290 
 26,362 
 28, 340 
 26, 904 
 
 . 592 
 .591 
 .551 
 .579 
 
 16.2 
 15.6 
 
 15.6 
 15.6 
 
 221.5 205.3 +7.9 
 
 218.4 i 202.8 +3.4 
 
 224.5 208.9 -10.7 
 145.7 130.1 + .6 
 
 213. 2 
 206.2 
 
 198.2 
 130.7 
 
 58.1 
 56.2 
 54.1 
 35.7 
 
 
 108, 896 
 
 
 63.0 
 
 810.1 , 747.1 + 1.2 | 748.3 
 
 204.1 
 
 
 Total, 3 days . 
 
 
 
 
 325,478 
 
 194.8 
 
 2.452.8 2,258.0 -1.1 2,256.9 
 
 615.5 
 
37 
 
 T.'ble 30. —Record of water in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiment No. 18. 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 Water in in- 
 coming air. 
 
 Water 
 
 n outgoing air. 
 
 (g) 
 
 W 
 
 (*) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t ^ 
 
 c = 
 
 
 
 t- 
 
 V 
 
 (6) 
 
 (c) 
 
 (d) 
 
 (e) 
 
 (/) 
 
 
 
 - r 
 053 
 
 
 
 -2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ a 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 s* 
 
 gg 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 •_ ~ 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 C1/-A 
 
 
 
 ~-B 
 
 y- 
 
 
 g-3 
 
 C pj 
 
 
 
 
 §2 
 
 ©3 
 
 
 •d 
 
 _•- 
 
 s — ■ 
 
 ;J 
 
 a be 
 
 
 o_ 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 92 
 
 X 
 B 
 
 ~% 
 O 
 
 - a 
 
 — DO 
 
 mount 
 densed 
 ers. 
 
 + 
 
 l 
 
 x z 
 5c 
 
 3- 
 
 o - 
 
 
 * 5 . 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 Ph 
 
 &H 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 Eh 
 
 -— 
 
 c 
 
 E-" 
 
 L898. 
 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Mgs. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 lira ms. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 NOV. 8-9 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
 
 26, 872 
 
 1.135 
 
 30.5 
 
 166.9 
 
 50.5 
 
 217. 4 
 
 186.9 
 
 +37.7 
 
 224. 6 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 26, 795 
 
 1.108 
 
 • 29.7 
 
 164.8 
 
 44.7 
 
 209.5 
 
 179.8 
 
 +47. 5 
 
 227. 3 
 
 
 7 p. m. tol a.m. 
 
 27, 554 
 
 1.040 
 
 28.7 
 
 197.1 
 
 50.5 
 
 247. 6 
 
 218.9 
 
 + 2.8 
 
 221. 7 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. 
 Total 
 
 27, 448 
 
 .980 
 
 26.9 
 
 157.6 
 
 43.5 
 
 201.1 
 
 174.2 
 
 -4.7 
 
 169. 5 
 
 
 108,669 
 
 115.8 
 
 686.4 
 
 189.2 
 
 875. 6 
 
 759. 8 
 
 +83. 3 
 
 843. 1 
 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m. 
 
 
 9-10 
 
 26. 372 
 
 1.015 
 
 26.7 
 
 167.8 
 
 46.5 
 
 214. 3 
 
 187.6 
 
 +10.2 
 
 197.8 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 26, 072 
 
 1.045 
 
 27.2 
 
 160.7 
 
 44.7 
 
 205. 4 
 
 178. 2 
 
 -38.0 
 
 140. 2 
 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m. 
 
 27, 920 
 
 1.073 
 
 30.0 
 
 181.9 
 
 50.7 
 
 232. 6 
 
 202.6 
 
 -11.9 
 
 190.7 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 Total 
 
 27,549 
 
 .970 
 
 26.7 
 
 165.7 
 
 41.1 
 
 206.8 
 
 180.1 
 
 -12.0 
 
 168.1 
 
 
 107,913 
 
 110.6 
 
 676.1 
 
 183.0 
 
 859. 1 
 
 748.5 
 
 -51.7 
 
 696. S 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
 
 
 ' 10-11 
 
 27,290 
 
 1.013 
 
 27.6 
 
 163.1 
 
 49.0 
 
 212. 1 
 
 184.5 
 
 +49.4 
 
 233. 9 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 26, 362 
 
 1.082 
 
 28.5 
 
 171.7 
 
 43.3 
 
 215.0 
 
 186.5 
 
 +12.2 
 
 198.7 
 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m. 
 
 28, 340 
 
 1. 022 
 
 29.0 
 
 183.8 
 
 51.0 
 
 234.8 
 
 205.8 
 
 -23. 5 
 
 182. 3 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 day?.. 
 
 26, 904 
 
 .890 
 
 23.9 
 
 152.7 
 
 38.2 
 
 190.9 
 
 167.0 
 
 -26.7 
 
 140 3 
 
 
 108, 896 
 
 
 109 4 
 
 671.3 
 
 181. 5 
 
 852. 8 
 
 743.8 
 
 +11.4 
 
 755. 2 
 
 
 325, 478 
 
 
 335. 4 
 
 2, 033. 8 
 
 553. 7 
 
 2, 587. 5 
 
 2, 252. 1 
 
 +43.0 
 
 2, 295. 1 
 
88 
 
 Table 31 summarizes the result of the calorimetric measurements 
 during this experiment. 
 
 Table 31. — Summary of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiment No. IS. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat 
 measured 
 in terms 
 
 (b) (c) 
 
 Change Capacity 
 oftem- correc- 
 perature tion of 
 ofcalo- ealorime- 
 rimeter. tei 
 
 \d) 
 
 Correc- 
 tion due 
 to tem- 
 perature 
 oi food 
 
 and 
 dishes. 
 
 («) 
 
 Water 
 
 vaporized 
 equals 
 
 total 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 
 less 
 amount 
 condensed 
 in cham- 
 ber. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Beat 
 
 used in 
 
 vapori- 
 zation of 
 
 water. 
 6X0.592. 
 
 iff) 
 
 Total 
 
 heat 
 
 deter- 
 mined, 
 
 - - 
 
 Nov. 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. no 
 
 1 p. in. t<» 7 j>. m — 
 7 p. in. t<> 1 a. m — 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. in 
 
 Total 
 
 7a.m. to 1 p.m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 i>. m 
 
 7 i>. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 ]». in 
 
 1 j>. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 i>. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a.m. To 7 a. m 
 
 Calories. 
 
 530.2 
 
 161.8 
 293. 1 
 
 Degree. Calories. 
 
 +0. 02 1 . 2 
 00 
 04 2 4 
 
 Calories. 
 
 - 30.3 
 
 - 43.4 
 
 189.6 
 
 S2 
 
 219.7 
 
 167.5 
 
 112.2 
 108.0 
 130.1 
 
 Calories. 
 613.3 
 
 
 + .02 +1.2 
 
 
 99. 2 393. 8 
 
 
 1,856.1 
 
 
 - 73.7 
 
 759. 1 
 
 449.5 2,231.9 
 
 
 
 
 9-10 
 
 is-"), 8 - .Ul + .6 
 198.5 .01 - .6 
 
 151. 1 - .03 -1.8 
 - • 04 -'J. 4 
 
 - 30.8 
 
 190.8 
 179.2 
 200.7 
 178.1 
 
 112.5 668.1 
 
 106.1 
 
 118.8 571.4 
 
 
 
 
 106. 1 116. 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,742.5 4 - .6 -74.1 
 
 748.8 
 
 442. s 2.111.8 
 
 10-11 
 
 485. 3 + . 04 2. 1 
 
 196.1 .07 -4.2 
 
 10 - -l-fi.O 
 
 - 29.2 
 
 - 14.8 
 
 185.9 
 186.7 
 
 164. 3 
 
 110.1 568.6 
 
 110.5 
 
 121.5 567.2 
 
 
 
 1 ' 
 - .05 -3.0 
 
 
 97.3 
 
 U5.2 
 
 Total 1,742.0 
 
 Total, odays. 5.340.6 
 
 1.2 - 74.0 
 
 742. 2 
 
 139.4 2,108.6 
 
 H.8 
 
 -221.8 2,2.50.1 
 
 
 Balance of incorm and outgo of matter and energy. — The calculated 
 income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy are shown 
 in the Table- 32-35. 
 
 The subject was not as nearly in nitrogen equilibrium as in many of 
 the previous experiments, and the loss of nitrogen on the first day of 
 the experiment was much greater than, on the 2 days following. In 
 connection with these experiments it has become a matter of frequent 
 observation that the elimination of nitrogen in the urine seems to be 
 affected by numerous causes little understood. Thus in this experi- 
 ment the elimination of nitrogen in the urine during the 4 days 
 preliminary to the experiment amounted to 1."..:;. L4.8, 20.9, and lM.4 
 grams, respectively, while tin 1 nitrogen eliminated in the urine during 
 tie- :; days of the experiment proper amounted to 21.1. 18.8, and 18.6 
 grams, respectively. It is difficult to understand the exact cause for 
 the large elimination of nitrogen during the 2 days preceding the 
 experiment and the first day in the apparatus. It was doubtless due 
 to some physiological or psychic cause, but well illustrates the large 
 fluctuation which may occur in the excretion of nitrogen without 
 
39 
 
 change of diet. It is possible that nervous excitement may affect the 
 excretion of nitrogen and thai the increased elimination of nitrogen 
 here observed may have been due in part to an incident which pro- 
 duced such excitement at about this time. A recent experiment by 
 one of as (F. (i. B.), however, regarding the effect of nervous excite- 
 ment on the elimination of nitrogen gave negative results. In experi- 
 ment No. 13 the elimination of nitrogen on the fourth day, the day on 
 which the experiment would have terminated had there not been an 
 accident. was I s grams, a smaller amount than on any of the preceding 
 day-. 
 
 Table 32. — Tneonu and outgo of nitrogen <nnl carbon — Metabolism exp< rinu nt No. 13. 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Time. 
 
 In 
 
 i 1. 
 
 In 
 
 (c) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 ((0 
 Gain 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 ss 
 a~(b 
 
 («) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 l/M (k) 
 
 In re- Gain 
 spira- 
 
 torv 
 prod- e-(f+ 
 
 ucts. g+h). 
 
 - - dm ins. 
 
 Nov. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a.m — 18.7 
 
 9-10,7 a.m. to 7 a.m. .. L8.8 
 
 10-11, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 18.7 
 
 d rams. 
 1.1 
 1.1 
 1.1 
 
 (^■ams. i Grams. 
 21.1 -3.5 
 18.8 -1.1 
 18. 6 -1.0 
 
 (irnms. 
 245.8 
 245.9 
 2 15. B 
 
 Grams. 
 ll.l 
 11.2 
 11.1 
 
 drams. 
 16.4 
 14.6 
 14.4 
 
 drams, drams. 
 209.8 - 5 
 
 201.0 +18.5 
 
 204.1 +16.2 
 
 Total,: 1 , days .... 56.2 3.3 
 Average, l day.. 18.7 1. 1 
 
 58.5 -5.6 737.5 
 19.5 -1.9 245.8 
 
 33.4 45.4 615.5 +43.2 
 11.1 15.1 205.2 -14.4 
 
 Table 33. — Incomt <nvl outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiment Xo. IS. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 (a) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 (6) 
 
 In 
 drink. 
 
 (c) 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 (rf) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 drams. drams. drams. 
 
 m. to 7 a. m 927. i l . 499. 2 51. 7 2. 629. 2 
 
 9-10. 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 927. 4 1.. 500.0 51.7 1,909.1 
 
 10-11, 7a.m. to 7 a.m 927.4 1,500.0 I 51.7 
 
 Total. 3 da ys 2.7S2.2 4,499.2 155.1 
 
 Average, 1 day 927.1 1,499.7 51.7 
 
 drains. 
 
 1,877.5 
 
 («) , (/) 
 Inrespir- Appar- 
 atorv ent loss, 
 
 prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 a+b— 
 
 drams. drams. 
 
 I -1.097.4 
 
 696. 8 - 230. 2 
 
 755. 2 - 257. 
 
 6,415.8 2.295.1 -1,584.6 
 2,138.6 765.0 - 528.2 
 
 Time. 
 
 : i. to 7a. m... 
 
 9-10, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 
 10-11. 7 a. m. to 7 a. in. 
 
 Total. :: <lay> 
 
 Average, l day 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 (9) 
 
 In 
 
 food. 
 
 (h) 
 
 In 
 
 (i) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 (0 
 Appar- 
 ent gain, 
 9- 
 
 Lose 
 
 from 
 
 water. 
 
 (n) 
 
 Total 
 
 gain i f) 
 
 or 
 
 l + m . 
 
 drams. 
 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 121.',' 
 
 -91.5 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 
 + 5.3 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 
 + 2.3 
 
 L09.8 
 
 Lfl 
 
 12.8 
 
 ■ 92 2 
 
 176.1 
 
 83.9 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 
 
 
40 
 
 Table 34. — Gain or loss of protein (NX 6.25), fat, and water — Metabolism experiment 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Time. 
 
 («) 
 
 Nitrogen 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (-). 
 
 (ft) 
 
 Protein 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost(-), 
 ax 6.25. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total 
 carbon 
 gained 
 
 ( + ) or 
 lost(-). 
 
 id) 
 
 Carbon 
 in pro- 
 tein 
 gained 
 (+)or 
 lost (-), 
 6x0.53. 
 
 (e) 
 Carbon 
 in fat, 
 
 etc., 
 
 gained 
 
 (+) or 
 
 lost(-), 
 
 c-d. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Fat 
 gained 
 ,( + )<* 
 
 lost(-), 
 
 e -^0.765. 
 
 1898. 
 
 Nov. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 9-10, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 10-11, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total, 3 days -5.6 —35.0 
 
 Average, 1 day -1.9 —11.7 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 G mm.-. 
 
 -3.5 
 
 -21.9 
 
 + 8.5 
 
 -11.6 
 
 +20.1 
 
 +26.3 
 
 -1.1 
 
 - 6.9 
 
 +18.5 
 
 - 3.7 
 
 +22.2 
 
 +29. 
 
 -1.0 
 
 - 6.2 
 
 +16.2 
 
 - 3.3 
 
 +19.5 
 
 +25. 5 
 
 +43.2 
 +14.4 
 
 ■18.6 
 ■ 6.2 
 
 +61. 
 +20. 
 
 +80.8 
 +26.9 
 
 Time. 
 
 1898. 
 Nov. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . . 
 9-10, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 10-11, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 (9) 
 
 Total 
 h 
 
 gained 
 or lost ( - ) 
 
 (h) 
 Hydrogen 
 
 ydrogen ™S(+) 
 
 Grams. 
 -91.5 
 + 5.3 
 + 2.3 
 
 6x0.07. 
 
 Grams. 
 -1.5 
 
 - .5 
 
 - .4 
 
 (i) 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 "in fat 
 
 gained ( + ) 
 
 or lost (-). 
 
 /xO.12. 
 
 Grams. 
 +3.2 
 +3.5 
 +3.0 
 
 -83.9 
 -28.0 
 
 -2.4 
 
 - .8 
 
 +9.7 
 -3.2 
 
 Ik) 
 
 Hydrogen 
 in water, 
 
 etc., 
 gained (+) 
 or lost ( — ) , 
 g-(h+i). 
 
 Grains. 
 -93. 2 
 + 2.3 
 - .3 
 
 -91.2 
 -30.4 
 
 Water 
 
 gained (+) 
 
 or lost (-), 
 
 tx9. 
 
 Grams. 
 -838.8 
 
 + 20.7 
 - 2.7 
 
 820.8 
 
 273.6 
 
 Table 35. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiment No. 13. 
 
 Time. 
 
 1898. 
 Nov. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 9-10, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 10-11,7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat 
 
 of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 food 
 eaten. 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2,596 
 
 2,596 
 
 2,596 
 
 /, 
 
 Average, 1 day 2,596 
 
 (b) 
 
 Heat 
 
 of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 feces. 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 125 
 
 .125 
 
 125 
 
 Heat 
 
 of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 urine. 
 
 Calo- 
 rie^. 
 
 187 
 
 166 
 
 165 
 
 375 
 
 125 
 
 518 
 173 
 
 (d) 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 heat 
 
 of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 pro- 
 tein 
 gained 
 (+)or 
 lost 
 
 («) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 heat of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 
 fat 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 -126 
 
 - 40 
 
 - 35 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 +247 
 
 +273 
 
 +240 
 
 (/) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 energy 
 of ma- 
 terial 
 oxi- 
 dized 
 in the 
 bodv. 
 a-(b+ 
 
 c+ 
 d+e). 
 
 -201 
 - 67 
 
 +760 
 +253 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2, 163 
 
 2, 072 
 
 2,101 
 
 (9) 
 
 (h) 
 
 
 Heat 
 
 
 deter- 
 
 
 mined 
 
 
 great- 
 
 Heat 
 
 er (+) 
 
 deter- 
 
 or less 
 
 mined. 
 
 (-) 
 
 
 than 
 
 
 esti- 
 
 
 mated, 
 
 
 9-f. 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 ries. 
 
 ries. 
 
 2, 232 
 
 + 69 
 
 2, 112 
 
 + 40 
 
 2,108 
 
 + 7 
 
 w 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 great- 
 er (+) 
 or less 
 
 than 
 esti- 
 mated, 
 h+f. 
 
 6,336 
 2, 112 
 
 6, 452 
 2, 151 
 
 +116 
 
 Per 
 
 a nt. 
 
 +3. 2 
 +2.0 
 - .3 
 
 +1. 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 14. 
 
 Subject. — E. O., who served as the subject in experiments Nos. 11 
 and 13 here reported. His weight without clothing was about 64 kilo- 
 grams (141 pounds). It will be noticed that he had lost about 6 kilo- 
 grams in weight between the last experiment and this one. During 
 the intervening time he had a severe cold. 
 
41 
 
 Occupation during experiment. — Reading and writing, with as little 
 muscular and mental activity as possible. The subject was consider- 
 ably more quiet during* this rest experiment than during the previous 
 one. 
 
 Duration. — Four days, beginning at 7 a. m., December 20, 1898. 
 The preliminary period continued 3 days, beginning with breakfast, 
 December 17, 1898. The subject entered the respiration chamber on 
 the evening of December 19. 
 
 Diet. — The diet during the experiment was much the same as during 
 the previous experiment, and furnished 94 grams of protein and 2,513 
 calories of energy per day. The kinds and quantities of food served 
 at each meal and the quantities of drink consumed each day were as 
 follows: 
 
 Table 36. — Diet in metabolism experiment No. 14. 
 
 FOOL>. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Supper. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Beef. . 
 
 Grams. 
 55 
 20 
 200 
 95 
 50 
 
 Grains. 
 
 105 
 
 25 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 160 
 
 Butter 
 
 25 
 250 
 110 
 
 70 
 
 
 450 
 
 Bread 
 
 105 
 
 310 
 
 Maize breakfast food 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 30 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 DRINK. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Coffee 
 infusion. 
 
 Grams. 
 300 
 
 Water. 
 Grams. 
 
 Time. 
 Supper 
 
 Coffee 
 infusion. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 Grams. 
 300 
 
 Grams. 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 200 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 300 
 
 Total for day 
 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 900 600 
 
 3.50 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The general routine of the experiment is shown in the following 
 schedule. The statistics of the diarv are summarized in Table 38. 
 
 Table 37. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiment No. 14- 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 Rise, pass urine, weigh self 
 
 , 3.30 p. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 
 stripped, collect drip, weigh 
 
 6.30 p. m 
 
 Supper. 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 J 7.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine, collect drip, weigh 
 
 7.45 a. m 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water, weigh self 
 
 1.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine, collect drip, weigh 
 
 
 stripped, take cap off food aper- 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 
 ture, retire. 
 
 1.30 p. m 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 1.00 a. m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
42 
 
 Table 38. — Summary of diary — Metabolism experiment Xo. 14. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Weight of 
 subject in 
 under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse rate 
 per minute. 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Hygrometer readings. 
 
 Dry bulb. 
 
 Wet bulb. 
 
 1898. 
 
 Kilograms. 
 
 
 °F. 
 
 °C. 
 
 «C*. 
 
 Dec. 20, 7.00 a. m 
 
 63. 59 
 
 64 
 
 99.0 
 
 20.8 
 
 15.6 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 
 67 
 
 99.2 
 
 21.4 
 
 17.0 
 
 5.30 p. m 
 
 
 65 
 
 99.4 
 
 21.2 
 
 16.4 
 
 9.00 p.m 
 
 
 66 
 
 99.1 
 
 21.3 ' 16.9 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 Dec. 21, 7.00 a. m 
 
 64.28 
 63. 59 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 98. 2 
 
 21.0 16.2 
 
 10.00 a. m 
 
 
 61 
 
 98.6 
 
 21.4 16.4 
 
 2.00 p.m 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 98.2 
 
 21.1 16.4 
 
 5.30 p.m 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 98.6 
 
 21.3 17.1 
 
 9.00 p.m 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 21.2 16.6 
 
 10.00 p.m 
 
 Dec. 22, 7.00 a. m 
 
 63.96 
 63. 10 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 98.2 
 
 21.4 16.6 
 
 3.00 p.m 
 
 
 61 
 
 99.4 
 
 21. 4 16. 6 
 
 10.00 p.m 
 
 64. 28 
 
 66 
 
 99.6 
 
 21.4 
 
 17.1 
 
 Dec. 23. 7.00 a. m 
 
 63.23 
 
 57 
 
 99.5 
 
 21.0 
 
 16.7 
 
 3.00 p.m 
 
 
 62 
 
 99.2 
 
 21.1 
 
 17.1 
 
 10.00 p.m 
 
 63. 95 
 
 60 
 
 97.9 
 
 21.4 
 
 16.9 
 
 Dec. 24, 7.00 a. m 
 
 62.64 
 
 59 
 
 97.2 
 
 21.4 
 
 
 
 
 Detailed data of income and outgo. — The usual determinations of 
 income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy were 
 made. The quantities of nutrients in the food consumed each day 
 and the quantities rejected in the feces are shown in Tables 39 and 40. 
 
 Table 39. — WeigM, composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Metabolism experi- 
 ment Xo. 14. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Weight 
 per day. 
 
 Wuter - Sn. Fat 
 
 Carbo- 
 hy- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 
 combus- 
 tion. 
 
 2967 
 2970 
 2972 
 2968 
 2960 
 
 Beef 
 
 Butter 
 
 Skimmed milk... 
 
 Bread 
 
 Maize breakfast 
 
 food 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 Total 
 
 Grains. 
 
 160 
 
 70 
 
 450 
 
 310 
 
 50 
 64 
 30 
 
 a rams. Grams. 
 105. 6 44. 5 
 7.4 .8 
 405.9 17.1 
 129.3 24.5 
 
 2. 9 5. 5 
 
 Grams. 
 
 6.7 
 
 59.9 
 
 .5 
 
 8.7 
 
 4.2 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 
 22. 5 
 143. 5 
 
 36.5 
 64.0 
 23.3 
 
 Grams. 
 
 7.10 
 
 .13 
 
 2.75 
 3.94 
 
 .31 
 
 Grams. 
 28.40 
 43.79 
 19.58 
 84.72 
 
 22. 41 
 26.94 
 13.16 
 
 Grams. 
 
 4.22 
 
 7.14 
 
 2. 75 
 
 12. 74 
 
 3.21 
 4.15 
 2.02 
 
 Calories. 
 314 
 553 
 198 
 840 
 
 223 
 253 
 
 2969 
 
 1.4 2.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 132 
 
 
 1,134 
 
 652. 5 94. 4 
 
 82.5 | 289.8 
 
 15.12 
 
 239.00 
 
 36.23 2,513 
 
43 
 
 Table 40. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces — Metabolism experi- 
 ment Xo. 14. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Weight p Carbo- Xi r Hvdrn Heat of 
 
 . of Water - te Fat - , h >-" ^en Sn Jen COI ? bus - 
 
 leces. drates. - ge • tion. 
 
 2974 Total. 4 days.. 
 Average, lday 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Gram*. Grams. Grams. Calories. 
 162.3 21.4 14.7 12.7 3.43 29.52 4.04 328 
 
 54.7 40.6 .3.4 3.7 3.2 .86 7. 3S 1.01 S2 
 
 The amount and composition of the urine during this experiment 
 are shown in Tables 41 and 42. As usual, the urine was collected in 
 6-hour periods, from which composite samples were made for the 
 whole day. 
 
 After the urine for the 6-hour periods had been analyzed for nitro- 
 gen in the usual way. the small remaining- portions were, as has been 
 the custom, discarded, although the daily composite samples and the 
 total composite sample for 4 days were saved until all possibility of 
 their being required for future analysis had passed. Immediately 
 after the urine for the 6-hour periods had been discarded, it was 
 discovered that there were certain errors in the determinations of 
 nitrogen, which rendered the results more or less uncertain. The 
 nitrogen was redetermined in the total composite, and the results of 
 these redeterminations appear in Table 41. These results are used in 
 the calculation of the outgo of nitrogen instead of the sum of those 
 in <i-hour periods, inasmuch as the latter, although in most case- 
 very nearly the same, are thought to be. if anything, less accurate. 
 
 The heat of combustion of the total composite sample of urine for 
 the 4 clays of this experiment was determined soon after its close, but 
 the determinations of the daily composites were, as explained in the 
 description of the previous experiment, unavoidably postponed so 
 long that the urine had partially decomposed. The heat of combus- 
 tion of the urine for each day in this experiment is therefore com- 
 puted in the same way 8 as the carbon, hydrogen, and water-free sub- 
 stance. The urine was not collected after the close of the experiment. 
 
 U. 8. Dept Agr.', Office of Experiment Station* Bui. 69, p. 35. 
 
44 
 
 Table 41. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by six-hour periods — Metabo- 
 lism experiment Xo. 14. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Amount 
 
 of urine. 
 
 Specific 
 gravity. 
 
 Nitrogen content. 
 
 1898. 
 Dec. 20-21 
 
 7 a. ni. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7p.rn.tola.rn 
 
 Grams. 
 267.6 
 315.9 
 345. 8 
 161.7 
 
 1.028 
 1.028 
 1.023 
 1.027 
 
 Per cent. 
 1.98 
 1.78 
 1.49 
 1.95 
 
 Grnms. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,091.0 
 1,091.0 
 
 
 
 19. 22 
 
 
 Total bv composite 
 
 1.025 
 
 1.72 
 
 18.77 
 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m 
 
 
 21-22 
 
 241.7 
 426. 6 
 573.1 
 221.0 
 
 1.023 
 1.019 
 1.013 
 1.016 
 
 1.59 
 
 1.18 
 
 .82 
 
 1.08 
 
 
 
 
 
 7p.rn.tola.rn 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,462.4 
 1.462.4 
 
 
 
 15. y»; 
 
 
 1.016 
 
 1.09 
 
 15. 94 
 
 22-23 
 
 352. 6 
 491.2 
 590.4 
 164. 5 
 
 1.019 
 1.016 
 1.012 
 
 1.022 
 
 1.04 
 
 .98 
 
 .74 
 
 1.46 
 
 
 1,598.7 
 
 1,598.7 
 
 
 
 15. 25 
 
 
 1.015 
 
 .95 
 
 15.19 
 
 23-24 
 
 263.5 
 497.4 
 703.7 
 181.3 
 
 1.022 
 1.016 
 1.011 
 1.022 
 
 1.19 
 .97 
 .66 
 
 1.34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,645.9 
 1,645.9 
 
 
 
 15. 03 
 
 
 Total bv composite 
 
 1.024 
 
 .91 ' 
 
 14.98 
 
 
 Total of composites 
 
 
 
 5, 798. 
 5, 798. 
 
 
 
 64.88 
 
 
 Composite, 4 davs 
 
 
 1.12 
 
 64 94 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 42. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine 
 
 olism experiment Xo. 14. 
 
 —Metab- 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount 
 of urine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heat of combus- 
 tion. 
 
 
 
 Per T r , 
 gram. iotaJ - 
 
 1898. 
 Dec. 20-21 
 
 Grams. 
 1,091.0 
 1,462.4 
 1,598.7 
 1,645.9 
 
 P. ct. Grams. P. ct. 
 
 14.09 
 
 11.97 
 
 11.40 
 
 11.24 
 
 Grams. 
 4.02 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 1,037.3 
 1,416.8 
 
 1,555.3 
 1,603.1 
 
 Calorie. Calories. 
 164 
 
 21-22 
 
 3.42 
 
 3.26 
 
 140 
 
 22-23 
 
 133 
 
 23-24 
 
 3.21 
 
 
 | 131 
 
 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 5. 798. 
 
 0.84 48.70 0.24 
 
 13.91 
 
 96.08 
 
 5,612.5 
 
 0. 098 568 
 
45 
 
 The amounts of carbon dioxid and water given on 1 ' in respiration and 
 perspiration during the experiment are shown in Tables 43-45. 
 
 Table 43. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber 
 at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 expt riment Xo. 14. 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Date. 
 
 End of period. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 in cham- 
 ber. 
 
 Gain (+) 
 
 or 
 loss(-) 
 
 over 
 
 preceding 
 
 period. 
 
 Total Gain( + ) Change in ! Total 
 
 amount or weight of amount 
 
 of vapor loss( — ) absorbers, gained ( + ) 
 
 remain- over gain(+) or lost ( — ) 
 
 ing in preceding or ■ during the 
 
 chamber. period. loss(-). period. 
 
 1898. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Dec. 20-21 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 lp.m 
 
 30.6 . 
 38. 
 
 
 40.3 
 46.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 7.4 
 
 + 5.7 
 
 -10 
 
 - 4.3 
 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 35. 2 
 
 - 2.8 
 
 44.7 
 
 -1.8 
 
 +19 
 
 + 17.7 
 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 27.1 
 
 - 8.1 
 
 49.5 
 
 + 4.8 
 
 - 8 ; 
 
 - 3.2 
 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 Total .... 
 
 24. 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 39.4 
 
 -10.1 
 
 - " ' 
 
 -17.1 
 
 
 
 - 6.6 
 
 
 - .9 
 
 — 6 
 
 - 6.9 
 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 21-22 
 
 33. 4 
 
 + 9.4 
 
 39.8 
 
 + .4 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1.6 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 35.5 
 
 + 2.1 
 
 46.7 
 
 - 6.9 
 
 - 7 
 
 +13.9 
 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 27. 9 
 
 - 7.6 
 
 45.4 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 - 1 
 
 - 2.3 
 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 Total .... 
 1 p.m 
 
 27.0 
 
 - .9 
 
 42.3 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 
 + 2.9 
 
 + 4 
 
 - 6.9 
 
 
 
 
 22-23 
 
 — 37.7 
 
 +10.7 
 
 44.2 
 
 + 1.9 
 
 — 8 
 
 - 6.1 
 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 41.6 
 
 + 3.9 
 
 4-. 2 
 
 4-4.0 
 
 -22 
 
 . +26.0 
 
 
 1 a.m... 
 
 37.1 
 
 - 4.5 
 
 53. 2 
 
 + 5.0 
 
 - 3 
 
 + 2.0 
 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 28. 9 
 
 - 8.2 
 
 45.8 
 
 - 7.4 
 
 " 3 
 
 -10.4 
 
 
 
 + 1.9 
 
 
 + 3.5 
 
 + 8 | 
 
 -11.5 
 
 
 
 
 23-24 
 
 37.4 
 
 + 8.5 
 
 44.5 
 
 - 1.8 
 
 -16 
 
 -17.3 
 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 37.6 
 
 + .2 
 
 45.9 
 
 + 1.4 
 
 
 + 9.4 
 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 27.5 
 
 -10.1 
 
 50.9 
 
 + 5.0 
 
 + 5 
 
 + 10.0 
 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 23.8 ! 
 
 - 3.7 
 
 46.4 
 
 - 4.5 
 
 + 3 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 
 
 - 5.1 
 
 
 — . 6 . 
 
 
 + .6 
 
 
 
 
46 
 
 Table .44. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiment 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 Ventila- 
 tion 
 (number 
 of liters 
 of air). 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 In incoming 
 air. 
 
 (d) 
 
 In out- 
 going 
 air. 
 
 («) 
 
 Total 
 excess in 
 
 outgo- 
 ing air, 
 
 d — c. 
 
 Correc- 
 tion for 
 amount 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 cham- 
 ber. 
 
 Cor- 
 rected 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 by sub- 
 ject, 
 e+f. 
 
 (h) 
 Total 
 
 Date. 
 
 (6) 
 
 Per 
 
 liter. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total, 
 axb. 
 
 weight 
 of car- 
 bon ex- 
 haled, 
 
 0X T \. 
 
 1898. 
 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Dec. 20-21 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
 
 26, 170 
 
 0.634 
 
 16.6 
 
 221.6 
 
 205.0 
 
 + 7.4 
 
 212 A 
 
 57.9 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7p.m. 
 
 26, 608 
 
 .566 
 
 15.1 
 
 225.6 
 
 210.5 
 
 - 2.8 
 
 207.7 
 
 56.7 
 
 
 7p.m. to 1 a.m. 
 
 27, 430 
 
 .555 
 
 15.2 
 
 226.5 
 
 211. 3 
 
 - 8.1 
 
 203.2 
 
 55.4 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 Total 
 
 27, 525 
 
 .591 
 
 16.3 
 
 161.7 
 
 145.4 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 142.3 
 
 38.8 
 
 
 107, 733 
 
 
 63.2 
 
 835. 4 
 
 772.2 
 
 - 6.6 
 
 765.6 
 
 208.8 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
 
 
 21-22 
 
 26, 971 
 
 .598 
 
 16.1 
 
 217.0 
 
 200. 9 
 
 + 9.4 
 
 210.3 
 
 57.4 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 26, 507 
 
 .597 
 
 15.8 
 
 218.6 
 
 202. 8 
 
 + 2.1 
 
 204.9 
 
 55.9 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 
 
 27, 130 
 
 .571 
 
 15.5 
 
 214. 5 
 
 199.0 
 
 -7.6 
 
 191.4 
 
 52.2 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 26, 989 
 
 .576 
 
 15.5 
 
 154.2 
 
 138.7 
 
 - .9 
 
 137.8 
 
 37.6 
 
 
 Total 
 
 107,597 
 
 62.9 
 
 804.3 
 
 741.4 
 
 + 3.0 
 
 744.4 
 
 203.1 
 
 
 
 22-23 7 a.m. to 1p.m. 
 
 26, 093 
 
 .595 
 
 15.5 
 
 219.8 
 
 204.3 
 
 +10.7 
 
 215.0 
 
 58.6 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7p.m. 
 
 27,152 
 
 .615 
 
 16.7 
 
 220.7 
 
 204.0 
 
 + 3.9 
 
 207.9 
 
 56.7 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 
 
 27,485 
 
 .616 
 
 16.9 
 
 229.6 
 
 212.7 
 
 -4.5 
 
 208.2 
 
 56.8 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 Total 
 
 27,580 
 
 .639 
 
 17.6 
 
 157.9 
 
 140.3 
 
 - 8.2 
 
 132. 1 
 
 36.0 
 
 
 108, 310 
 
 
 66.7 
 
 828.0 
 
 761.3 
 
 + 1.9 
 
 763.2 
 
 208.1 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
 
 
 23-24 
 
 26,9U 
 
 . 625 
 
 16.8 
 
 224. 5 
 
 207.7 
 
 + 8.5 
 
 216. 2 
 
 58.9 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 27,059 
 
 .577 
 
 15.6 
 
 232.1 
 
 216.5 
 
 + .2 
 
 216.7 
 
 59.1 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 
 
 27, 818 
 
 .552 
 
 15.3 
 
 227.8 
 
 212.5 
 
 -10.1 
 
 202.4 
 
 65. 2 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 Total 
 
 27,533 
 
 .576 
 
 15.8 
 
 151. 
 
 135. 2 
 
 - 3.7 
 
 131.5 
 
 35.9 
 
 
 109, 381 
 
 
 63.5 
 
 835.4 
 
 771.9 
 
 - 5.1 
 
 766.8 
 
 209.1 
 
 
 Total, 4 days.. 
 
 
 
 433,021 
 
 256. 3 
 
 3, 303. 1 
 
 3, 046. 8 
 
 - 6.8 
 
 3, 040. 
 
 829.1 
 
47 
 
 Table 45. — Record of water in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiment No. 14- 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 Ventilation (number of <g 
 liters of air). 
 
 Water in in- 
 coming air. 
 
 Water in outgoing air. 
 
 (9) 
 
 
 
 *t 
 
 g'3 
 
 <y be 
 
 il 
 
 o 
 
 (h) 
 
 i> 
 
 t~ . 
 
 t- o 
 
 ►a 
 
 li 
 
 IS 
 
 c S 
 
 u 
 
 (i) 
 
 Date. 
 
 (6) 
 
 * 
 
 (c) 
 
 X 
 
 li 
 C 
 
 id) 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 = 7 - 
 z ~ » 
 
 2~.£ 
 < 
 
 (e) 
 
 o c 
 
 o Z '■ 
 
 = - - 
 < 
 
 + 
 o 
 
 CL+3 
 
 "•a 
 S3 . 
 
 1898. 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Mgs. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 drains. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams 
 
 Dec. 20-21 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m. 
 
 2t; 170 
 
 1.023 
 
 26.8 
 
 195.1 
 
 46. 6 
 
 241.7 
 
 214. 9 
 
 - 4.3 
 
 210. 6 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 26, 608 
 
 .888 
 
 23.6 
 
 219.9 
 
 41.6 
 
 261.5 
 
 237. 9 
 
 +17.7 
 
 255. 6 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 
 
 27,430 
 
 .853 
 
 23.4 
 
 229. 8 
 
 45. 1 274. 9 
 
 251.5 
 
 - 3.2 
 
 248.3 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m. 
 
 27, 525 
 
 .870 
 
 24.0 
 
 222. 2 
 
 41.1 263.3 
 
 239.3 
 
 -17.1 
 
 222.2 
 
 
 107.733 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 867.0 
 
 174.4 1,041.4 
 
 943. 6 
 
 - 6.9 
 
 936.7 
 
 21-22 
 
 26. 971 
 
 .868 
 
 23.4 
 
 203. 5 
 
 40. 7 244. 2 
 
 220. 8 
 
 - 1.6 
 
 219. 2 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m. 
 
 26, 507 
 
 .882 
 
 23.4 
 
 222. 4 
 
 40. 4 262. 8 
 
 239.4 
 
 +13.9 
 
 253.3 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m. 
 
 27, 130 
 
 .886 
 
 24.0 
 
 220. 1 
 
 45.4 
 
 265.5 
 
 241.5 
 
 - 2.3 
 
 239. 2 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 Total 
 
 26, 989 
 
 .894 
 
 24.1 
 
 215. 7 
 
 39.6 
 
 255. 3 
 
 231.2 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 228.1 
 
 
 107, 597 
 
 
 94.9 
 
 861.7 
 
 166. 1 
 
 1,027.8 
 
 932. 9 
 
 + 6.9 
 
 939.8 
 
 
 
 
 22-23 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m. 
 
 26, 093 
 
 .884 
 
 23.1 
 
 203.5 
 
 39.0 
 
 242. 5 
 
 219.4 
 
 - 6.1 
 
 213.3 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m. 27,152 
 
 .930 
 
 25.3 
 
 220. 1 
 
 42.2 
 
 262. 3 
 
 237. 
 
 +26.0 
 
 263.0 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1a.m. 27,485 
 
 .952 
 
 26.2 
 
 241.9 
 
 17.1 
 
 289.0 
 
 262. 8 
 
 + 2.0 
 
 264. 8 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m. 
 
 27, 580 
 
 .871 
 
 24.0 
 
 224.4 
 
 41.7 
 
 266.1 
 
 242. 1 
 
 -10.4 
 
 231.7 
 
 
 108,310 
 
 
 98.6 
 
 889.9 
 
 170.0 
 
 1,059.9 
 
 961.3 
 
 +11.5 
 
 972. 8 
 
 23-24 
 
 26. 971 
 
 .942 
 
 25.4 
 
 216.2 
 
 43.9 
 
 260. 1 
 
 234.7 
 
 -17.3 
 
 217.4 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 27, 059 
 
 .927 
 
 25. 1 
 
 235.6 
 
 41.5 
 
 277. 1 
 
 252. 
 
 + 9.4 
 
 261.4 
 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m. 
 
 27, 818 
 
 .874 
 
 24.3 
 
 235.6 
 
 46.5 
 
 282.1 
 
 257. 8 
 
 +10.0 
 
 267. S 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 27, 533 
 
 .886 
 
 24.4 
 
 239.6 
 
 41.4 
 
 281.0 
 
 256.6 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 255. 1 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 4 days.. 
 
 1 109, 381 
 
 
 99.2 
 
 927.0 
 
 173.3 
 
 1,100.3 
 
 1,001.1 
 
 + .6 
 
 1,001.7 
 
 
 433, 021 
 
 
 390.5 
 
 3, 545. 6 
 
 683.8 
 
 4. 229. 4 
 
 3, 838. 9 
 
 +12. 1 
 
 3,851.0 
 
48 
 
 Table 46 summarizes the heat measurements during this experiment. 
 Table 46. — Summary of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiment No 14. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat 
 meas- 
 ured 
 in terms 
 
 Of G20. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Change 
 ot tem- 
 perature 
 of calo- 
 rimeter. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Capacity 
 correc- 
 tion of 
 calorim- 
 eter, 
 6x60. 
 
 (d) 
 
 Correc- 
 tion due 
 
 to tem- 
 perature 
 
 of food 
 and 
 
 dishes. 
 
 (e) 
 Water va- 
 porized 
 equals 
 total 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 
 less 
 amount 
 
 con- 
 densed 
 in cham- 
 ber. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Heat 
 used in 
 vapori- 
 zation of 
 
 water, 
 exO.592. 
 
 (9) 
 
 Total 
 heat 
 deter- 
 mined. 
 a+c+d 
 +/■ 
 
 1898. 
 Dec. 20-21 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7p.m... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 1 a. m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m.tol p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7p.m... 
 7 p. m.tol a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 Calories. 
 546.0 
 .509.9 
 444. 3 
 328. 3 
 
 Degree. 
 
 +0.06 
 + .05 
 
 00 
 - .05 
 
 Calories. 
 
 +3.6 
 
 +3.0 
 
 
 
 +3.0 
 
 Calories. 
 
 - 20.3 
 
 - 43.3 
 
 Grams. 
 220. 6 
 236.6 
 
 256. 3 
 229. 2 
 
 Calorics. 
 130.6 
 140.1 
 151. 7 
 135. 7 
 
 Calories. 
 
 659.9 
 609.7 
 596.0 
 
 
 
 467.0 
 
 
 1,828.5 
 
 
 +9.6 
 
 - 63.6 
 
 942. 7 
 
 558. 1 
 
 2, 332. 6 
 
 21-22 
 
 466.5 
 478.3 
 364.4 
 271.5 
 
 - .02 
 
 - 04 
 
 - .05 
 
 00 
 
 -1.2 
 
 -2.4 
 
 -3.0 
 
 
 
 - 24.3 
 
 - 42.3 
 
 221.2 
 246. 3 
 240. 2 
 228.1 
 
 131.0 
 145.8 
 142. 2 
 135. 1 
 
 572. 
 579.4 
 503.6 
 
 
 
 406. 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,580.7 
 
 
 -6.6 
 
 - 66.6 
 
 935. 8 
 
 554.1 
 
 2,061.6 
 
 22-23 
 
 458. 3 
 502. 5 
 408.9 
 297.0 
 
 + .05 
 
 - .05 
 + .05 
 
 - .05 
 
 +3.0 
 -3.0 
 +3.0 
 -3. 
 
 - 21.8 
 
 - 37.3 
 
 221.3 
 
 241.0 
 
 267.8 
 234. 7 
 
 131.0 
 142. 7 
 158. 5 
 139. 
 
 570. 5 
 604.9 
 570.4 
 
 
 
 433. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1, 666. 7 
 
 
 
 - 59.1 
 
 964.8 
 
 571.2 
 
 2, 178. * 
 
 
 
 
 
 23-24 
 
 .503. 7 
 514.6 
 403.0 
 247.7 
 
 + .02 
 00 
 
 + .04 
 00 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 • +2.4 
 
 
 - 25.4 
 
 - 41.4 
 
 233.4 
 253. 4 
 262. S 
 
 252. 1 
 
 138.2 
 1-50.0 
 155. 6 
 149.3 
 
 617.7 
 623. 2 
 561.0 
 
 
 
 397.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,669.0 
 
 
 ^3.6 
 
 - 66.8 
 
 1,001.7 
 
 593. 1 
 
 2,198.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,744.9 
 
 
 -6. 6 
 
 -256. 1 
 
 3,845.0 
 
 2,276.5 
 
 8,771.9 
 
 
 
 
VJ 
 
 Balana of income <n<<l <mt<i<> of matter and energy. — Tables 47-50 
 show the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hvclroo-en, and enersrv 
 in this experiment, and I he average for 1 days. 
 
 Table 47. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiment Xo. 14- 
 
 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Kb) 
 
 (c) 
 
 Gam 
 
 {e) 
 
 ,/ 
 
 (A) 
 
 In res- 
 
 Gain 
 
 
 In 
 
 
 In 
 
 
 Tn 
 
 In Tn 
 
 pira- 
 
 - or 
 
 
 
 food. 
 
 feces. 
 
 urine. 
 
 a— (b 
 
 food. 
 
 
 urine. 
 
 tory 
 prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 '-! / + 
 
 g+h). 
 
 1898. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 (rnilliS. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 GmtUS. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Dec. 20-21, 7 a.in.toTa. 
 
 m .. 
 
 15.1 
 
 
 1\^ 
 
 -4.G 
 
 230. 
 
 7.4 14.1 
 
 
 
 21-22.7 a.m. to 7 a 
 
 m.. 
 
 15.1 
 
 . 8 
 
 15.9 
 
 -1.6 
 
 239. 
 
 7.4 12.0 
 
 203. 1 
 
 + 16.5 
 
 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a 
 
 m .. 
 
 15. 1 
 
 .9 
 
 15. 2 
 
 -1.0 
 
 239. 
 
 7.4 11.4 
 
 20S. 1 
 
 -12.1 
 
 23-24,7 a.m. to 7 a 
 
 m .. 
 
 15. 1 
 
 
 15.0 
 
 - •" 
 
 239. 
 
 7.4 11.2 
 
 209. 1 
 
 -11.3 
 
 Total, 4 days ... 
 
 60.4 
 
 3.4 
 
 64. 9 
 
 -7. 9 
 
 956. 
 
 29. 6 48. 7 
 
 829. 1 
 
 -4\6 
 
 Average, 1 day . 
 
 
 15.1 
 
 .9 
 
 16. 2 
 
 —2.0 
 
 239. 
 
 7.4 12.2 
 
 ,07.3 
 
 +12.1 
 
 Table 48. — Income and outgo of water a ad hydrogen— 'Metabolism experiment Xo. 14. 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) (6) (c) 
 
 In food. In drink. In feces. 
 
 (d) 
 
 In res- 
 piratory 
 In urine. prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Appar- 
 ent loss, 
 
 a+b- 
 l c+d+t ). 
 
 Dec. 20-21. 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 -1-22,7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 22-23. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grams. Grams. Grams. 
 
 1.500 40.0 
 652.5 1.500 40.6 
 652.5 1,500 40.6 
 652.5 1.500 40.6 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 1,037.3 936.7 
 1,416.8 939.8 
 1,555.3 972.8 
 
 1,603.1 1.001.7 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - 137.9 
 
 - 244.7 
 
 - 416.2 
 
 23-24, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 - 492. 9 
 
 Total, 4 days 
 
 2. 610. 6. 000 102. 4 
 652.5 1,500 40.6 
 
 5,612.5 3,851.0 -1,015.9 
 
 1,403.1 902. S — 2&4.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 (9) 
 
 In food. 
 
 (ft) 1 i) (I) 
 
 Appar- 
 In feces. In urine, ent gain. 
 g— (h+i). 
 
 (m) 
 
 Loss 
 from 
 water. 
 
 y+9. 
 
 {n) 
 
 Total 
 
 gain (+) 
 
 or loss 
 
 (-), 
 
 l+m. 
 
 1898. 
 
 Dec. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grams. 
 36. 2 
 30,. 2 
 36. 2 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 1.0 4.1 
 
 Grams. 
 31.1 
 
 Grams. 
 + 15.3 
 
 - 27.2 
 
 - 46.2 
 
 Grams. 
 + 16. 4 
 
 
 1.0 3.4 31.8 
 1.0 3.2 32.0 
 
 + 4.6 
 
 22-23. 7 a. m. to 7a. m 
 
 -14.2 
 
 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1.0 32.0 - 54.8 
 
 -22. S 
 
 'total, 4 davs 
 
 144.8 
 36.2 
 
 4. 13. 9 126. 9 
 1.0 3.5 31.7 
 
 -112.9 -11.0 
 
 
 - 2s. 2 ! +3.5 
 
 
 
 13007— No. 109— Mi'- 
 
50 
 
 Table 49. — Gain or loss of. protein (NX6.25), fat, and water- 
 No. 14. 
 
 Metabolism experiment 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen 
 gained 
 (+) or 
 
 (&) 
 
 Protein 
 gained 
 
 | - | or 
 
 a 6.25. 
 
 Grams. 
 —28. 7 
 -10.0 
 
 - 6.3 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total 
 
 carbon 
 
 gained 
 
 (+)or 
 
 lost -). 
 
 Carbon 
 in pro- 
 tein 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost (-), 
 6x0.53. 
 
 (e) 
 
 Carbon 
 
 in fat, 
 
 etc., 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost 1 - 1, 
 
 c—d. 
 
 CO 
 
 Fat 
 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 
 e-h 0.765. 
 
 1898. 
 Dec. 20-21. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -4.6 
 -1.6 
 -1.0 
 
 Grants. 
 - 8.7 
 +16.5 
 -12.] 
 -11.3 
 
 Grains. 
 
 -15.2 
 
 - 5.3 
 
 - 3.3 
 
 - 2.3 
 
 (rrams. 
 +23.9 
 -21.8 
 
 v +15.4 
 + 13.6 
 
 Crams. 
 +31.2 
 H 28 5 
 
 22-23. 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 
 
 +20 1 
 
 23-24. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 + 17.8 
 
 Total. 4 daya 
 
 -7.9 
 -2.0 
 
 -49. 4 
 
 -12.4 
 
 -48.6 
 -12.1 
 
 -26. 1 
 - 6.5 
 
 +74.7 
 +18.6 
 
 +97 6 
 
 
 +24.4 
 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 (9) 
 
 (A) 
 
 (0 
 
 Tntal Hydrogen I Hydrogen 
 in protein in fat 
 gained ( + ) gained ( +) 
 
 hvdrogen 
 
 SlosU-^^^tC-), orlost( 
 6x0.07. /+0.12 
 
 1898. Grams. 
 
 Dec. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m +46. 4 
 
 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in + 4. 6 
 
 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m -14. 2 
 
 23-24, 7 a. in. to 7 a. m - 22. 8 
 
 Total. 4 days +14. 
 
 Average, 1 day + 3. 5 
 
 Gram*. 
 -2.0 
 
 Grams. 
 + 3.8 
 + 3.4 
 + 2.4 
 + 2.1 
 
 -3.4 
 
 - .8 
 
 + 11.7 
 + 2.9 
 
 (*) 
 Hyrogen 
 in water, 
 
 etc., 
 gained ( + ) 
 or lost ( — ), 
 0-ih + i). 
 
 Grams. 
 
 +44.6 
 + 1.9 
 -16.2 
 -24.6 
 
 (0 
 
 Water 
 
 gained ( + ) 
 
 or lost (-), 
 
 fcx9. 
 
 Grams. 
 +401 
 + 17 
 -146 
 -221 
 
 + 51 
 + 13 
 
 Table 50. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiment No. 14. 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat 
 
 of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 food 
 eaten. 
 
 1898. 
 Dec. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a.m 
 
 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a.m 
 
 
 
 Total. 4 days 10. 052 
 
 Average, 1 day 2. 513 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2. 513 
 
 2, 513 
 
 2, 513 
 
 2, 513 
 
 (6) 
 
 (c) 
 
 Heat 
 
 Heat 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 com- 
 
 com- 
 
 bus- 
 
 bus- 
 
 tion of 
 
 tion of 
 
 feces. 
 
 urine. 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 ries. 
 
 ries. 
 
 82 
 
 164 
 
 82 
 
 140 
 
 82 
 
 133 
 
 82 
 
 131 
 
 328 
 
 568 
 
 82 
 
 142 
 
 (d) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 heat 
 
 of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 pro- 
 tein 
 gained 
 (+) or 
 lost 
 
 (e) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 heat of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 
 fat 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + ) or 
 
 lost 
 
 (-)• 
 
 Cain- Calo- 
 ries, ries. 
 
 -165 +293 
 
 - 58 +268 
 
 - 36 +189 
 
 - 25 I +167 
 
 -284 
 - 71 
 
 +917 
 +229 
 
 (!) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 
 energy 
 of ma- 
 terial 
 oxi- 
 dized 
 in the 
 body, 
 a- (6 + 
 c+d 
 +e). 
 
 (9) 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 
 Calo- 
 ru s. 
 
 2,139 
 
 2,081 
 
 2. 145 
 2, 158 
 
 8,523 
 2.131 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2,333 
 
 2,061 
 
 2, 179 
 
 2,199 
 
 (A) 
 
 Heat 
 
 deter- 
 mined 
 great- 
 er (+) 
 or less 
 
 <-) 
 than 
 
 esti- 
 mated, 
 P-f- 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 +194 
 
 - 20 
 
 + 34 
 
 + 41 
 
 s, 772 +249 
 2,193 + 62 
 
 (0 
 
 Heat 
 
 deter- 
 mined 
 great- 
 er (+) 
 or less 
 
 (-) 
 than 
 esti- 
 mated, 
 h+f. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 +9.1 
 
 -1.0 
 
 + 1.6 
 
 -1.9 
 
 +2.9 
 
51 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 21. 
 
 Subject. — A. W. S.. a physicist, who served as the subject of experi- 
 ment No. 4. made before the respiration apparatus had been perfected 
 as a calorimeter. 8 He was 25 years of ao-e and averaged about 70 
 kilograms (154 pounds) in weight. 
 
 Occupation during eosperiment. — Heading, writing, etc.. with as little 
 muscular activity as practicable. 
 
 Duration. — Three days, beginning at 7 a. m. February 12, 1899. 
 
 Diet. — The diet consisted of beef, butter, whole milk, bread, parched 
 cereal, and sugar, and furnished 97 grams of protein and 2.26i calories 
 of energy per day. The kinds and quantities of food served at each 
 meal and the quantities of drink at different periods of the day were 
 as follows: 
 
 Table 51. — Diet in metabolism experiment No. 21. 
 FOOD. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Total. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Butter 
 
 Milk, whole.... 
 
 Bread 
 
 Parched cereal . 
 Sugar 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Gi 
 
 ams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 55 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 250 
 
 
 175 
 
 325 
 
 750 
 
 55 
 
 
 100 
 
 155 
 
 310 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 DRINK. 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Breakfast . . . 
 10.00 a. m ... 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 300 
 
 1 200 
 
 Supper '. 
 
 10.30 p. m 
 
 Total for dav 
 
 Grams. 
 
 300 
 200 
 
 
 
 ; 300 
 
 200 
 
 
 Dinner 
 
 1. 500 
 
 3.30 
 
 
 
 The general routine of the experiment is indicated in the following 
 schedule. The statistics of the diary kept by the subject are sum- 
 marized in Table 53. below: 
 
 Table 52. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiment No. 21. 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 7.45 a.m 
 
 1.00 p. m 
 
 Rise, pass urine, weigh self 1.15 p. m 
 
 stripped and dressed, weigh 6.00 p. m 
 
 absorbers. 7.00 p. m 
 
 Breakfast, drink 200 grams 10.30 p.m... 
 water. 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 . . Dinner. 
 
 . . supper. 
 
 . . Pass urine. 
 
 . . Pass urine, weigh self stripped, 
 
 take cap off food aperture, 
 
 retire. 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 44, p. 51. 
 
52 
 
 Table 
 
 53. — Summary of diary — Metabolism experiment No. 21. 
 
 
 Weight of 
 subject 
 without 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse rate 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Hygrometer readings. 
 
 Time. 
 
 per min- 
 ute. 
 
 Dry bulb. 
 
 Wet bulb. 
 
 1899. 
 Feb. 12, 7.00 a. m 
 
 Kilograms. 
 
 69. 48 
 
 70 
 
 °F. 
 
 97.8 
 
 19.80 
 19.90 
 19.70 
 19.75 
 20. 00 
 19.80 
 19.70 
 19.80 
 20.00 
 19. 65 
 19.80 
 19.70 
 20. 30 
 
 °a 
 
 15.15 
 
 12.43 p. m 
 
 15. 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 15.40 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 69.80 
 69.35 
 
 64 
 74 
 
 97.1 
 97.5 
 
 15 00 
 
 Feb. 13, 7.00 a. m 
 
 14 90 
 
 12.45 p. m 
 
 15. 30 
 
 6.50 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 15. 10 
 
 10.05 p. m 
 
 69.84 
 69.34 
 
 61 
 70 
 
 97.1 
 97.0 
 
 15. 40 
 
 Feb. 14, 7.00 a. m 
 
 15.00 
 
 12.45 p. m 
 
 15. 50 
 
 7.25 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 15.80 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 69.43 
 69. 05 
 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 98.0 
 97.4 
 
 15 80 
 
 Feb. 15, 7.00 a. ra 
 
 15.70 
 
 Detailed data of income and outgo. — The usual statistics of income 
 and outgo of matter and energy are shown in Tables 54-61, which 
 follow. 
 
 Experiments not reported here, covering 10 consecutive days, pre- 
 ceded experiment No. 21. During this time the bowels were slightly 
 lax. This prevented separation of the feces for the preliminary 
 days from those for experiment No. 21. The total feces for 13 
 da}^s are therefore recorded, as well as the average per day for this 
 experiment. 
 
 Table 54. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Metabolism experi- 
 ment Xo. 21. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 
 No. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Weight 
 per 
 
 day. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Car- 
 Fat. | bohy- 
 drates. 
 
 Xitro- Car- 
 gen, bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 
 com- 
 bustion. 
 
 3022 
 
 Beef 
 
 Gr<t ins. 
 160 
 30 
 750 
 310 
 30 
 45 
 
 Grams. 
 106.7 
 
 2.6 
 649.5 
 129.3 
 
 1.8 
 
 Grams. 
 
 44.6 
 
 .4 
 
 24.0 
 
 24. 5 
 
 3.4 
 
 Grants. Grams. 
 
 4.2 
 
 26.3 
 
 33.0 37.5 
 
 8.7 ; 143.5 
 
 24. 1 
 
 45. 
 
 Grams. 
 7.14 
 
 .06 
 3.83 
 3.94 
 
 .55 
 
 
 
 Gh'ams. 
 26.51 
 19.87 
 52. 72 
 84.72 
 12.42 
 18. 95 
 
 Grams. 
 4.06 
 3.16 
 7.05 
 12. 74 
 1.85 
 2.92 
 
 Calories. 
 292 
 
 3020 
 
 Butter 
 
 245 
 
 3024 
 2968 
 
 Milk, whole 
 
 687 
 
 840 
 
 3004 
 
 Cereal, parched .. 
 
 122 
 178 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,325 
 
 889.9 
 
 96.9 
 
 72. 4 250. 1 
 
 15. 52 
 
 215. 19 
 
 31.78 
 
 2, 264 
 
53 
 
 Table 55. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces — Metabolism experi- 
 ment No. ji. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Weight i 
 
 of Water. 
 
 tree-. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Car- 
 bohy- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. Grams. (Trams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 
 3083 Total. 13 days-... 831.7 COS. 8 84.0 52.4 52.4 13.47 116. i 
 Average. 1 day... 03.9 40.4 (5.5 4.0 4.0 1.04 8.98 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 
 com- 
 bustion. 
 
 Grams. Calories. 
 16.13 1,307 
 
 1.24 
 
 100 
 
 a This period includes the 3 days of the experiment and 10 days of a preliminary experiment not 
 reported herewith. 
 
 The elimination of nitrogen in the urine during this experiment is 
 summarized in Table 56, which also gives the details of the* total 
 amount of urine and its nitrogen content in each 6-hour period. The 
 daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in the urine 
 is shown in Table 57. 
 
 Table 56. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by she-hour periods — Metab- 
 olism experiment No. 21. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 SSES. S3*. N'trogen content 
 
 Feb. 12-13 
 
 13-14 
 
 14-15 
 
 12-14 
 12-14 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m 
 1 p.m. to I p.m 
 7 p. m. tol a.m 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grants. 
 435. 7 
 806.8 j 
 224. 
 214.4 
 
 Total 1, 680. 9 
 
 Total by c< imposite 1,68 1. 9 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 588. 9 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 536. 8 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m 398.9 
 
 1 a.m. to / a.m 
 
 223.5 
 
 Total 1. 748. 1 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. in 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 Total. 3 days, by periods 
 Total by composite 
 
 1,748.1 
 
 037. 5 
 656. 6 
 441.5 
 229. 7 
 
 , 394. 3 
 
 Percent. Grams. 
 
 1.015 
 
 1.009 
 1.015 
 1.017 
 
 1.015 
 
 1.010 
 1. 012 
 1.009 
 
 1.025 
 
 1.013 
 
 0.93 
 .58 
 .91 
 
 1.74 
 
 .94 
 
 4.05 
 4.68 
 
 2.04 
 3.73 
 
 14.-50 
 14.62 
 
 1.015 
 
 .86 
 
 5.06 
 
 1.014 
 
 .87 
 
 4.67 
 
 1.010 
 
 . 62 
 
 2.42 
 
 1.020 
 
 1.79 
 
 4.00 
 
 16.15 
 16.43 
 
 4.27 
 4.86 
 2.43 
 3.88 
 
 1,905.3 . 
 
 
 
 15.44 
 
 1, 965. 3 
 
 1. 012 
 
 .79 
 
 15. 53 
 
 5,394.3 . 
 
 
 
 46.09 
 
54 
 
 Table 57. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine — Metab- 
 olism experiment No. 21. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount 
 of urine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heat of combus- 
 tion. 
 
 
 Per 
 
 grain. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1899. 
 Feb. 12-13 
 
 Grams. 
 1, 680. 9 
 1,748.1 
 1,965.3 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Gram*. 
 10.18 
 11.34 
 10. 85 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. P.ct. 
 
 2.89 
 
 3.21 
 
 3.07 
 
 Grnms. 
 1,628.3 
 1,689.5 
 1.909.3 
 
 Calorie. 
 
 Calories. 
 119 
 
 13-14 
 
 132 
 
 14-15 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 5. 394. 3 ' 0. 60 32. 37 0. 17 9. 17 96. 9 
 
 5, 227. 1 
 
 0.070 
 
 378 
 
 The details of the measurements of carbon dioxid and water in the 
 ventilating air current are shown in Tables 58-60, which follow. 
 
 Table 58. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber at 
 the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 experiment Xo. 21. 
 
 
 End of period. 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Total 
 
 amount 
 
 in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain( + ) 
 
 or 
 loss (-) 
 over pre- 
 ceding 
 period. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 of vapor 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain( + ) 
 
 or 
 loss ( — ) 
 over pre- 
 ceding 
 period. 
 
 Change 
 
 in 
 weight 
 of ab- 
 sorbers, 
 gain( + ) 
 
 or 
 1— ,. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 lost(-) 
 
 during 
 the 
 
 period. 
 
 1899. 
 Feb 12-13 
 
 
 Grams. 
 32.7 
 37.4 
 42.5 
 29.1 
 27.4 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 38.1 
 38.6 
 40.3 
 38.6 
 35.0 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 <irams. 
 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 
 
 + 4.7 
 + 5.1 
 -13.4 
 - 1.7 
 
 - .5 
 
 + 1.7 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 
 + .5 
 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 + 1.7 
 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 
 
 
 - 3. 6 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 5.3 
 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 
 -31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 14 
 
 38.5 
 45.8 
 33. 9 
 28.7 
 
 + 11.1 
 + 7.3 
 -11.9 
 - 5.2 
 
 41.6 
 43.3 
 41.0 
 35.0 
 
 - 6.6 
 
 + 1.7 
 
 - 2.3 
 
 - 6.0 
 
 -1 
 -1 
 
 -+- 5.6 
 
 
 
 + .7 
 
 
 
 - 2.3 
 
 
 
 - 6.0 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 1.3 
 
 
 
 
 — 2 
 
 -2.0 
 
 
 lp.m 
 
 
 
 14-15 
 
 46. 7 
 44.0 
 29.3 
 25.7 
 
 + 18.0 
 
 - 2.7 
 -14.7 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 45.0 
 44.9 
 41.6 
 35.7 
 
 +10.0 
 
 - .1 
 
 - 3.3 
 
 - 5.9 
 
 -1 
 
 + 11.0 
 
 
 
 - .1 
 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 
 - 3.3 
 
 
 
 - 5.9 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 3.0 
 
 
 + .7 
 
 + 1 
 
 + 1.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
55 
 
 Table 59. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiment 
 
 No. 21. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Ventila- 
 tion 
 i number 
 
 of liters 
 
 of air i. 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 (h) 
 
 Date. 
 
 In incoming 
 air. 
 
 In out- 
 going 
 
 air. 
 
 (0 
 Total 
 excess 
 in outgo- 
 ing air, 
 d-c. 
 
 Correc- 
 tion for 
 amount 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 "ham her 
 
 Corrected 
 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 by sub- 
 ject, 
 
 Total 
 weight 
 
 (b) 
 Per 
 
 liter. 
 
 Total. 
 a x b. 
 
 of car- 
 bon ex- 
 haled. 
 
 1899. 
 
 
 Mgs. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Feb. 12-13 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 26, 528 
 
 0. 580 
 
 15.4 
 
 239. 3 
 
 223. 9 
 
 + 4.7 
 
 228 
 
 62. 3 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 26, COS 
 
 .595 
 
 15.8 
 
 239. 7 
 
 223. 9 
 
 + 5. 1 
 
 229. 
 
 G2. 5 
 
 
 7 p. m. to la. m.. 
 
 27, 896 
 
 .574 
 
 10.0 
 
 214.9 
 
 198. 9 
 
 -13.4 
 
 185. 5 
 
 50. 6 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 Total 
 
 28,031 
 
 . 554 
 
 15.5 
 
 163. 2 
 
 147.7 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 140. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 109. 003 
 
 
 
 02. 7 
 
 .. . 
 
 857.1 
 
 794.4 
 
 - 5.3 
 
 789. 1 
 
 215.2 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1p.m.. 
 
 
 13-14 
 
 26, 505 
 
 . 509 
 
 15.1 
 
 243.2 
 
 228. 1 
 
 +11.1 
 
 239. 2 
 
 05.2 
 
 
 1 p.m. to7p.m.. 
 
 26, 079 
 
 .589 
 
 15.3 
 
 223. 2 
 
 207. 9 
 
 - 7. 3 
 
 215.2 
 
 58. 7 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1a.m.. 
 
 28, 410 
 
 1. 040 
 
 29. 7 
 
 243. 2 
 
 213. 5 
 
 -11.9 
 
 201.0 
 
 55.0 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7a.m.. 
 Total 
 
 28,070 
 
 2. 430 
 
 
 204.3 
 
 130. 1 
 
 — ."•) 2 
 
 130. 9 
 
 35.7 
 
 
 109.004 
 
 128. 3 
 
 913. 9 
 
 785. 6 
 
 - 1.8 
 
 786. 9 
 
 214. 6 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1p.m.. 
 
 
 14-15 
 
 20. 052 
 
 . 608 
 
 10. 2 
 
 246.9 
 
 230.7 
 
 4-18.0 
 
 248. 7 
 
 07. 8 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m.. 
 
 26, 204 
 
 .000 
 
 15.7 
 
 241. 7 
 
 220. 
 
 — 2. 7 
 
 223.3 
 
 60. 9 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1a.m.. 
 
 27.251 
 
 .579 
 
 15. 8 
 
 232. 9 
 
 217. 1 
 
 -14.7 
 
 202. 4 
 
 55. 2 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 Total 
 
 27. 875 
 
 . 629 
 
 17.5 
 
 102. 7 
 
 145. 2 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 141.0 
 
 38. 6 
 
 
 107, 9S2 
 
 
 65. 2 
 
 884.2 
 
 819. 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 816.0 
 
 222. 5 
 
 
 Total, 3 days.. 
 
 
 
 320, 109 
 
 
 256. 2 
 
 2,655. 2 
 
 2.399.0 
 
 - 7.0 
 
 2, 392. 
 
 052. 3 
 
 Table 60. — Record of water in rent Hat ing air current — Metabolism experiment No. .'I. 
 
 a i 
 
 Water in in- Water in outgoing 
 coming air. air. 
 
 Iff) {h) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s E 
 
 
 
 — t- 
 
 (b) 
 
 (C) 
 
 (d) 
 
 (0 
 
 (/) 
 
 |«i, 
 
 ? — 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 ~^ 
 
 
 
 = .E 
 
 £- /_ 
 
 
 j. - 
 
 *- ic 
 
 c ^- 
 
 
 
 - X 
 
 c 
 
 X 
 
 s %l 
 
 EG - 
 - N 
 
 | . 
 
 
 OB 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 If* 
 
 ■3 
 
 — 3 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 "■ 
 
 *^ 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 u 
 
 — 
 
 1899. 
 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Feb. 12-13 
 
 7 a.m. to 1p.m.. 
 
 - 
 
 0. 740 
 
 19.6 
 
 194.5 
 
 34.8 
 
 229. 3 
 
 209. 7 
 
 - 0.5 
 
 210. 2 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 20, 0OS 
 
 .750 
 
 20. 1 
 
 193.0 
 
 36. 8 
 
 229. 8 
 
 209. 7 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 211.4 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1a.m.. 
 
 27. 890 
 
 . 758 
 
 21.2 
 
 188.0 
 
 43.7 
 
 231.7 
 
 210. 5 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 - - - 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 Total 
 
 28, 031 
 
 .721 
 
 20. 2 
 
 179. 9 
 
 34.8 
 
 214. 7 
 
 194.5 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 190.9 
 
 
 109. 003 
 
 
 81.1 
 
 755. 4 
 
 150. 1 
 
 905. 5 
 
 824.4 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 821.3 
 
 13-14 
 
 14-15 
 
 7 a. m. to lp.m.. 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 7 p.m. to la.m.. 
 1 a.m. to 7a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 26, 505 . 739 
 
 26, 079 . 740 
 
 28, 410 . 775 
 
 28.070 .848 
 
 19.6 195.9 30.1 232.0 212.4 
 
 19.5 198.4 33.s 232.2 212.7 I + .7 
 
 22.0 208.9 43.0 252.5 230. ■'> 
 
 23.8 192.7 35.9 228.6 201.8 1-6.0 
 
 218.0 
 
 213. 4 
 22 x 2 
 198. 8 
 
 7 a. m. to lp.m.. 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 7 p.m. tol a.m.. 
 1 a.m. to 7a.m., 
 
 109, 004 
 
 
 84.9 
 
 705. 
 
 149.4 
 
 945. 3 
 
 860.4 
 
 - 2.0 
 
 R58.4 
 
 20. 052 
 
 . 707 
 
 21.3 
 
 199. 5 
 
 35.6 
 
 235. 1 
 
 213. v 
 
 -11.0 
 
 224. 8 
 
 20. 204 
 
 - 
 
 21.1 
 
 213. 9 
 
 34.9 
 
 248. 8 
 
 227. 7 
 
 - .1 
 
 227. 
 
 27, 251 
 
 . 766 
 
 20.9 
 
 219. 3 
 
 40.9 
 
 200. 2 
 
 239. 3 
 
 - 3.3 
 
 236. 
 
 27, B75 
 
 .754 
 
 21.0 
 
 200.8 
 
 35. 3 
 
 230. 1 
 
 215. 1 
 
 -5.9 
 
 209. 2 
 
 |107,982 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days.. 326,109 
 
 84. 3 833. 5 
 
 2.50.3 2.384.8 446.2 2,831.0 2,580.7 
 
 3. 4 2. 577. 3 
 
56 
 
 Table 61 shows the amount of heat carried away in the water cur- 
 rent and in the water vapor in successive 0-hour periods. 
 
 Table 61. — Summary of calorirnetric measurements — Metabolism experiment Xo. 21. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 (6) 
 
 (c) 
 
 (<*) 
 
 W ater va- 
 porized 
 
 (/) 
 
 (</) 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 
 Heat 
 measure 
 in terms 
 
 of C 20 . 
 
 Change 
 of tem- 
 perature 
 
 of calo- 
 rimeter. 
 
 Capacity 
 correc- 
 tion of 
 calorim- 
 eter, 
 6x60. 
 
 Correc- 
 tion due 
 
 to tem- 
 perature 
 
 of food 
 and 
 
 dishes. 
 
 equals 
 
 total 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 
 less 
 amount 
 
 con- 
 densed in 
 chamber. 
 
 Heat 
 used in 
 vaporiza- 
 tion of 
 
 water. 
 ex 0.592. 
 
 Total 
 heat de- 
 termined, 
 a-\-c+ 
 d+f. 
 
 1899. 
 
 
 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Degree. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 ( 'alorii s. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Feb. 12-13 
 
 7 a. 
 
 m. to 1 p 
 
 m.. 
 
 531.5 
 
 +0. 02 
 
 +1.2 
 
 +12.7 
 
 210.2 
 
 124.4 
 
 669. 8 
 
 
 IP 
 
 m. to 7 p 
 
 m.. 
 
 495. 2 
 
 - .02 
 
 -1.2 
 
 + 9.7 
 
 211.4 
 
 125. 2 
 
 628. 9 
 
 
 7p 
 
 m. to 1 a. 
 
 m.. 
 
 427. 3 
 
 + .01 
 
 + .6 
 
 
 208.8 
 
 123. 6 
 
 
 
 la. 
 
 7 a. 
 lp. 
 
 m. to 7 a. 
 
 Total... 
 
 m. to 1 p. 
 rn. to 7 p. 
 
 m.. 
 m.. 
 
 264.8 
 
 - .03 
 
 -1.8 
 
 
 190.9 
 
 113.0 
 
 376.0 
 
 
 1,718.8 
 
 - .02 
 
 -1.2 
 
 +22.4 
 
 821.3 
 
 486. 2 
 
 2. 226. 2 
 
 13-11 
 
 534.9 
 473. 2 
 
 
 
 + 8.8 
 + 8.1 
 
 219.0 
 214.4 
 
 129. 7 
 126.9 
 
 673. 4 
 
 
 + .02 
 
 -1.2 
 
 609. 4 
 
 
 7 p. 
 
 m. to 1 a. 
 
 m.. 
 
 427. 7 
 
 - .01 
 
 - .6 
 
 
 22 s. 2 
 
 135. 1 
 
 562. 2 
 
 
 1 a. 
 
 7 a. 
 
 m. to 7 a. 
 
 Total... 
 m. to 1 p. 
 
 m.. 
 .... 
 m.. 
 
 301.6 
 
 - .03 
 
 -1.8 
 
 
 198.8 
 
 117.7 
 
 417.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,737.4 
 
 - .02 
 
 -1.2 
 
 + 16.9 
 
 860.4 
 
 509. 4 
 
 2,262.5 
 
 14-15 
 
 583.4 
 
 - .03 
 
 -1.8 
 
 + 4.7 
 
 223. 8 
 
 132.5 
 
 718.8 
 
 
 lp. 
 
 m. to 7 p. 
 
 m.. 
 
 493.7 
 
 + .06 
 
 +3.6 
 
 + 9.1 
 
 227. 6 
 
 134.7 
 
 641.1 
 
 
 7 P- 
 
 m. to 1 a. 
 
 m... 
 
 426. 7 
 
 - .01 
 
 - .6 
 
 
 236.0 
 
 139. 7 
 
 565. B 
 
 
 la. 
 
 m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days. 
 
 297.7 
 
 + .01 
 
 + .6 
 
 
 209.2 
 
 123. 9 
 
 422.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,801.5 
 
 4- .03 
 
 +1.8 
 
 +13.8 
 
 896.6 
 
 530. 8 
 
 2. 347. 9 
 
 
 5,257.7 
 
 - .6 
 
 +53.1 
 
 2, 578. 3 
 
 1.526.4 
 
 6, 836. 6 
 
 Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy. — The income 
 and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy are shown in 
 Tables 62-65. 
 
 In earlier experiments it was assumed that body fat contained 76.5 
 per cent carbon and 12 per cent hydrogen, with a heat of combustion 
 of 9.5 calories per gram. Late determinations of the composition and 
 heat of combustion of body fat by Benedict and Osterberg a essentially 
 confirm these factors, showing 76.1 per cent carbon. 11.8 per cent 
 hydrogen, and 9.54 calories per gram. These latter factors have been 
 used in the computations of results of all experiments including and 
 subsequent to No. 21. This change in factor, however, makes ex- 
 tremely little difference in the final results, so that it has not been 
 thought best to recalculate those for experiments preceding Xo. 21 
 according to the new factors. 
 
 Amer. Jour. Physiol., 4 (1900), p. 74. 
 
57 
 
 Table 62. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiment Xo. 21. 
 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 (b) 
 
 
 (d) 
 
 (e) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (9) 
 
 (*) 
 
 (ft) 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 
 
 Gain 
 ( + ) 
 
 
 
 
 In re- 
 
 Gain 
 
 
 In 
 
 In 
 
 In 
 
 or loss 
 
 In 
 
 In 
 
 In 
 
 11 §1 
 
 or losa 
 
 
 food. 
 
 feces. 
 
 urine. 
 
 
 food. 
 
 feces. 
 
 urine. 
 
 (-), 
 
 
 
 
 
 a-(fi+ 
 
 
 
 
 -(f+g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899. 
 
 Gms. 
 
 GlIIS. 
 
 Gms. 
 
 Gms. 
 
 <ims. 
 
 Gms. 
 
 Gms. 
 
 Gms. 
 
 Gms. 
 
 Feb. 12-13, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 15. 5 
 
 1.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 
 215. 2 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.2 
 
 215.2 
 
 -19.2 
 
 13-14. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 15 5 
 
 1.1 
 
 16. 2 
 
 -1.8 
 
 215. 2 
 
 9.0 
 
 11.3 
 
 214.6 : 
 
 -19.7 
 
 14-15. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 15. 5 
 
 1.0 
 
 15.4 
 
 — .9 
 
 215. -2 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 222.5 i 
 
 — 27. 2 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 46.5 
 
 3.1 
 
 46.1 
 
 -2.7 
 
 645. 6 
 
 27.0 
 
 32.4 
 
 652.3 
 
 -66.1 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 15. 5 
 
 1.0 
 
 15. 4 
 
 - .9 
 
 215. 2 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.8 
 
 217.4 
 
 -22.0 
 
 Table 63. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen- — Metabolism experiment Xo. 21. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 In food. 
 
 (6) 
 
 (c) 
 
 (d) (e) 
 
 In respira- 
 In drink. In feces. In urine. tory 
 
 products. 
 
 (/) 
 Apparent 
 
 lOSS, 
 
 o+6— (c+ 
 d+e). 
 
 1899. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Feb. 12-13, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 889. 9 
 
 1, 385. 4 
 
 46.4 
 
 1,628.3 
 
 821. 3 
 
 - 220. 7 
 
 13-14, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 889. 9 
 
 1, 383. 8 
 
 46. 4 
 
 1,689.5 
 
 858.4 
 
 - 320.6 
 
 14-15,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 889. 9 
 
 1, 384. 9 
 
 46.4 
 
 1, 909. 3 
 
 897.6 
 
 - 578.5 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 2. 669. 7 
 
 4. 154. 1 
 
 139.2 
 
 5.227.1 
 
 2. 577. 3 
 
 -1,119.8 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 .. 
 
 1,384.7 
 
 46. 4 
 
 1,742.4 
 
 859. 1 
 
 - 373.3 
 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 Time. 
 
 (SO W 
 In food. In feces. 
 
 V) (I) (m) 
 
 Apparent Loss from 
 In urine. gain. water, 
 g-(h+i). /-=-9. 
 
 Total 
 gain ( + ) or 
 
 loss (-), 
 l-m. 
 
 1899. 
 
 Feb. 12-13. 7 a. m. to 7 a.m 
 
 13-14,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 14-15, 7 a. m. to "a.m 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 31.8 1.2 
 31.8 1.3 
 31.8 1.2 
 
 Grams. Grams. Grams. 
 2.9 +27.7 - 21.5 
 3.2 +27.3 - 35.6 
 3.1 +27.5 - 64.3 
 
 Grams. 
 + 3.2 
 - 8.3 
 -36.8 
 
 Total, 3 davs 
 
 95.4 3.7 9-2 +82.5 — V'4.4 —41.9 
 
 
 31.8 ! 1.2 
 
 3.1 +27.5 - 41.5 -14.0 
 
 
 
 
 Table 64. — Gain or loss of protein (XX6.25) , fat, and water — Metabolism experiment 
 
 Xo. 21. * 
 
 Time. 
 
 («) 
 
 Nitrogen 
 gained 
 (+) or 
 
 lost (-). 
 
 (6) 
 
 Protein 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost (-), 
 ax 6. 25. 
 
 1899. Grams. 
 
 Feb. 12-13, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 13-14.7 a.m. to 7 a.m -1.8 
 
 14-15,7 a.m. to 7 a.m — .9 
 
 Total, 3 days -2.7 
 
 Average, 1 day — .9 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -11.3 
 - 5.6 
 
 (c) (d) 
 
 Total 
 
 carbon 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost(-). 
 
 drams. 
 -19. 2 
 -19.7 
 -27.2 
 
 Carbon in 
 protein 
 gained 
 (+)or 
 lost(-), 
 6x0.53. 
 
 (e) 
 Carbon 
 it fat. 
 
 etc. 
 gained 
 ( + ) or 
 
 - 
 
 c-d. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -6.0 
 -3.0 
 
 Gi ams. 
 -19.2 
 -13.7 
 -24.2 
 
 (/) 
 
 Fat 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (-), 
 
 e^0.761. 
 
 Grams. 
 -25. 1 
 -17.9 
 -31.6 
 
 -16.9 
 5.6 
 
 -66.1 
 -22. 
 
 -9.0 
 -3.0 
 
 57.1 
 19.0 
 
 -74.6 
 -24. 9 
 
58 
 
 Table 64. — Grain or loss of protein { .V ■ '. and water — Metabolism experiment 
 
 ?1 — Continued. 
 
 Time. 
 
 1899. 
 Fel>. 12-18,7 a. m. to? a. in. 
 18-14,7 a in. to 7 ii.in 
 14-16, 7 a. in. t<» 7 a. in 
 
 - Total, :'■ daya .. 
 Average, l day. 
 
 Total 
 hydrogen 
 
 1,-1 
 
 IlY.lt 
 
 drums. 
 
 - 
 
 rogen 
 in pro- 
 tein gained 
 
 b 0.07. 
 
 drams. 
 
 i/.-, 
 
 Hydrogen Hydrogen 
 in fat in water, 
 gained etc., gained 
 
 • ..i- (+ |OJ 
 
 lOSi i '. lOSi 
 
 fx 0.118. g-(h+%) 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 11. ii 
 
 Oram*. 
 -3.0 
 2.2 
 
 Grams. 
 + 6. 
 
 Water 
 gained 
 
 /.■ 9. 
 
 (•rums. 
 + 56 
 - 48 
 
 1.2 
 
 -9.0 
 3.0 
 
 31.7 
 -10.6 
 
 
 Table 65. — Income <<»<] <>ut<ji>o) energy — Metabolism experiment No. .i. 
 
 Tim*-. 
 
 Heat of 
 
 COm- 
 bustion 
 ,,i food 
 
 eaten. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Heal -i 
 com- 
 bustion 
 of feces. 
 
 (c) (d) (e) 
 
 Heatof h ( V>,n beatof 
 com- bustion , co J?" 
 
 tag. „,, bgg. 
 
 arlne. ,.„,,„,, gained 
 
 f tit- ( ft 
 
 (-)• (_) - 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 
 of ma- 
 teria] 
 
 oxi- 
 dized in 
 the 
 
 body, 
 
 c+d 
 +e). 
 
 Heal 
 deter- 
 mined 
 
 (A) 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 great- 
 
 than 
 esti- 
 mated 
 
 £/-/• 
 
 (0 
 Heat 
 
 deter- 
 mined 
 great- 
 er (+) 
 or less 
 
 than 
 
 mated 
 
 1899. 
 
 Feb.12-13,7 a.m.t<> 7 a. in 
 
 13-14,7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 14-15,9 a.m. t<» 7 a.m 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2,264 
 
 2,264 
 
 2,264 
 
 ( 'alo- 
 
 ri( s. 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 Goto- Goto- Gafo- 
 
 /■/'.<. nV.v. ;•/>.-■. 
 119 -236 
 132 - 65 -1G8 
 127 - 32 -297 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2,281 
 
 2,265 
 
 2,866 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2,226 
 
 2,263 
 
 2,348 
 
 Calo. 
 
 rit s. 
 
 - 55 
 
 - 2 
 
 - 18 
 
 /'. rt. 
 -2.4 
 
 - .1 
 
 - .7 
 
 Total,:', daya 
 
 6, 792 
 2,264 
 
 300 378 - 97 -701 6,912 
 l(i(i TV, - 39 —234 2.304 
 
 6,837 
 
 2. 279 
 
 - 75 
 
 - 25 
 
 
 Average, l day 
 
 -1.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS NOS. 23 AND 24. 
 
 These experiments were consecutive and form the hist of the experi- 
 ments of L898-99. 
 
 Subject. — E. O., as in experiments Nos. 11, 13, and L4, described 
 above. 
 
 Occupation during experimsiit. — Reading, writing, etc., with as little 
 muscular and mental activity as practicable. 
 
 Duration. -Three days each. Experiment No. % 2?> began at 7 a. m., 
 March It;, and ended at 7 a. in.. March 19, at which time experiment 
 No. 24 began and continued 3 days. An experiment not here re- 
 volted immediately preceded experiment No. 23, so that the subject 
 actually spent 9 days in the respiration calorimeter. The usual pre- 
 liminary period preceded the whole series of experiments. 
 
 Diet.- The diet consisted of a basal ration of beef, butter, milk, 
 bread, parched cereal, sugar, and horseradish, furnishing 124 grams 
 of protein and 2,546 calories of energy per day. This basal ration 
 
59 
 
 was consumed alone In experiment No. 23, hut was Increased by a 
 supplemental ration of L30 grams of sugar per day in experiment 
 No. 24. The kinds and quantities pf food served at each meal, and 
 of drink at different periods of the day arc given in Tattle 66. 
 
 Table <><>. — Diet in metabolism experiments Nos. ?S and ?4> 
 
 FOOD— BASAL KM [ON 
 
 Pood materials. 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Supper. 
 Grams. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grams, 
 
 75 
 15 
 
 350 
 55 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 (i nuns. 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 
 390 
 
 100 
 
 Grams. 
 
 i •<< 
 
 Butter 
 
 20 
 390 
 155 
 
 55 
 
 Milk skimmed 
 
 1,130 
 
 Bread 
 
 310 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 • Used with coffee infusion. 
 
 chiefly with breakfast and dinner for relish. 
 
 POOD— SUPPLEMENTAL RATION. 
 
 Metabolism experiment No. 24 
 
 .Sugar, 130 grams. 
 
 duixk. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Breakfast 
 10.30 a. in 
 
 Dinner. . . 
 2.30 p.m.. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 infusion. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 260 Supper .. 
 
 200 11.00p.m. 
 
 260 
 
 Total for day 
 
 200 
 
 Coffee 
 
 infusion. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 260 
 
 200 
 
 '780 
 
 ■ coo 
 
 • The subject did not always drink the full schedule allowance of coffee and of water. The actual 
 amount of water consumed each day is shown in the second column of Tab 
 
 The general routine of the experiment is shown by the following 
 schedule. Table 68 summarizes the main statistics of the diary kept 
 by the subject during this series of experiments. 
 
 Table 67. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiments Nos. 28 and ?4> 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 Rise, pass urine. 
 
 
 3 30 p. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 
 weigh aba ■■ 
 
 
 6.30 p. m 
 
 Supper 
 
 7.45 a. in 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 
 7. on p m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 Drink 200 grama water. 
 
 
 11.00 p. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water, take cap 
 
 1.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 
 
 of! food aperture, retire. 
 
 1.30 p. m 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 
 
 
60 
 
 Table 68. — Summary of diary — Metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and ,?4. 
 
 
 Weight of 
 subject 
 without 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse rate 
 per minute. 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Hygrometer readings. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Dry bulb. 
 
 Wet bulb. 
 
 1899. 
 
 Experiment No. 23. 
 
 Mar. 16, 7.00 a. m 
 
 Kilograms, 
 
 72. 89 
 
 56 
 76 
 
 65 
 58 
 70 
 66 
 56 
 66 
 66 
 
 60 
 64 
 69 
 58 
 73 
 71 
 56 
 69 
 70 
 60 
 
 °F. 
 97.0 
 98.9 
 98.4 
 97.0 
 98.0 
 98.0 
 96.8 
 97.6 
 98.3 
 
 96.9 
 98.5 
 98.8 
 97.0 
 99.0 
 99.0 
 96.6 
 99.'2 
 99.4 
 97.8 
 
 °C. 
 
 20.2 
 20.0 
 20.4 
 20.4 
 20.0 
 20.2 
 20.3 
 20. 2 
 20.1 
 
 20.2 
 19.8 
 20. 2 
 20.0 
 20.2 
 20.4 
 20. 2 
 20. 2 
 20.6 
 20. 8 
 
 °C. 
 15 3 
 
 3.30 p. m 
 
 15.4 
 
 10.45 a. m 
 
 
 16.0 
 
 Mar. 17. 7.00 a. m 
 
 72. 67 
 
 15. 1 
 
 3.30 p. m 
 
 15.2 
 
 10.50 p. m 
 
 
 15.4 
 
 Mar. 18, 7.00 a. m 
 
 72. 70 
 
 14.6 
 
 3.40 p. m 
 
 15.0 
 
 10.50 p. m 
 
 
 15. 2 
 
 Experiment No. 2h. 
 Mar. 19, 7.00 a. m 
 
 72.68 
 
 14.6 
 
 3.30 p. m 
 
 14.6 
 
 10.50 p. m . . 
 
 
 15.0 
 
 Mar. 20, 7.00 a. m 
 
 72. 70 
 
 14.8 
 
 4.00 p. m 
 
 10.50 p. m 
 
 15.4 
 
 is 6 
 
 Mar. 21, 7.00 a. rn 
 
 72.,: 
 
 15.0 
 
 3.50 p. m 
 
 15.2 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 Mar. 22, 7.00 a. m 
 
 
 
 72. 90 
 
 lC.il 
 16.8 
 
 Detailed data of income and outgo. — The kinds and amounts of 
 different food materials and nutrients in the daily diet are shown in 
 Table 69. An experiment not reported here preceded No. 23. No 
 separation of the feces was made between that experiment and No. 23, 
 but it was assumed that the undigested material and the metabolic 
 products would not be essentially different in the two experiments. 
 Charcoal was taken with supper March 18 and with breakfast March 
 22 in order to mark the feces from the diet during experiment No. 24, 
 which began with breakfast March 19 and ended with supper March 
 21. Table 70 shows the amount and composition of the feces during 
 the experiments. 
 
61 
 
 Table 69. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Nos. 28 and 24- 
 
 Lab- 
 
 t ° r ^ Food materials 
 No. 
 
 Weieht 
 
 per day. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 3029 
 3031 
 3032 
 3004 
 
 3069 
 
 Basal ration. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Butter 
 
 Skimmed milk.. 
 Bread 
 
 Parched cereal.. 
 Sugar 
 
 Horse-radish 
 
 Grains. 
 
 150 
 
 55 
 
 1,130 
 
 310 
 45 
 40 
 30 
 
 Grams. 
 
 84.9 
 
 5.2 
 
 1,025.0 
 
 125. 2 
 2.7 
 
 Grams. 
 
 52.3 
 
 .6 
 
 40.7 
 
 24. 5 
 
 5.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 9. 2 
 47.7 
 
 1.1 
 
 10.5 
 
 .3 
 
 Carbo- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 
 Total ration 1 
 day. experi- 
 ment No. 23. .. 
 
 Supplemental ra- 
 tion. 
 
 Rock candy 
 
 Total ration 1 | 
 day, experi- 
 ment No. 24. . . 
 
 26i>.* 
 
 130 
 
 ...1,269.8 
 
 123.0 
 
 68.8 
 
 68. S 
 
 Grams. 
 
 54.2 
 145. 7 
 36.2 
 40.0 
 
 2. 5 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams 
 
 s. 38 
 
 35. 35 
 
 .09 
 
 38. 03 
 
 6. 55 
 
 46. 44 
 
 3.94 
 
 86.95 
 
 .82 
 
 18.63 
 
 
 16.84 
 
 .06 
 
 2.70 
 
 Car- Hydro- 
 bon. gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 combus- 
 tion. 
 
 27s.o 
 
 130. 
 
 408.6 
 
 19.84 244.94 
 
 54. 72 
 
 19.84 299.60 
 
 Grams, 
 
 5.05 
 
 5. 79 
 6.67 
 
 12. 34 
 
 2. 78 
 
 2. 59 
 
 .18 
 
 Calories. 
 
 395 
 441 
 462 
 896 
 183 
 158 
 11 
 
 35.40 
 
 43.82 
 
 2.540 
 
 515 
 
 3.001 
 
 Table 70. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces — Metabolism expert 
 
 ments Nos. 23 mid 24. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 
 feces. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 
 Carbo- 
 Fat. hy- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hvdro- 
 
 Heat of 
 
 combus- 
 gen - tion. 
 
 3035 
 
 3036 
 
 Experiment Xo. 23. 
 
 Total, 6 days 
 
 Average, 1 day... 
 
 Experiment Xo. 2U. 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day... 
 
 Grams. 
 
 425. 7 
 70. 9 
 
 Grams. 
 
 295. 
 
 49.2 
 
 Grams. 
 
 42.1 
 
 7.0 
 
 Grams. (Trams. 
 
 22.1 36.2 
 
 3. 7 6. 
 
 Grams. Grams. Grams. Calories. 
 6.77 61.47 8.81 6S5 
 
 1.13 10.25 1.47 114 
 
 270.0 
 
 204.4 
 
 24.5 
 
 13.2 
 
 14.6 
 
 3.91 
 
 31.43 
 
 4.46 
 
 347 
 
 90.0 
 
 68. 1 
 
 8.2 
 
 4.4 
 
 4.9 
 
 1.30 
 
 10. 48 
 
 1.49 
 
 116 
 
 a This period includes the 3 days of the experiment proper and 3 days of a preliminary experiment 
 not reported. here. 
 
 The urine in these experiments, as in those preceding, was collected 
 at intervals throughout the day. Instead of dividing the 24 hours 
 into four equal periods, however, the da} T was subdivided into two 
 periods of 6 hours, one of 4 and one of 8 hours. The object of this 
 was to avoid waking the subject at 1 o'clock at night, since he experi- 
 enced some difficulty in dropping to sleep readily afterwards. Tables 
 71 and 72 give the data for the amount and composition of the urine 
 during these experiments. The urine was not collected after the close 
 of the experiments. The urine had begun to decompose before the 
 heats of combustion of the daily samples could be determined, con- 
 sequently the daily elimination of energy has been computed accord- 
 ing to the manner followed under similar circumstances in experi- 
 ments Nos. 13 and 14. 
 
62 
 
 Table 71. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of uriru by 6-hour periods — Metab- 
 olism experwu nts Nos. 93 and S4. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 Amount 
 of urine. 
 
 Specific 
 gravity. 
 
 Nitrogen content 
 
 Mar. 16-17 
 
 E.C]/> rinu ut Nii, 
 
 7 a. in. to 1 p. Ill 
 
 1 p. in. to 7 i>. m 
 
 7 p.m. t<> 11 p. in 
 
 Grams. 
 
 844.8 
 374.6 
 
 581 . 1 
 
 1.011 
 1.010 
 1.020 
 
 1.010 
 
 /'/ r a ut. 
 .83 
 
 :..7J 
 1.82 
 
 
 11 p. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ V|l 
 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. in. to 1 p.m 
 
 1 p. 111. to 7 ]>. in 
 
 _ _ ■ 
 
 
 
 l.oia 
 
 .81 
 
 18.62 
 
 17-18 
 
 402. 9 
 
 345.2 
 697.6 
 
 1.017 
 
 l.oll 
 
 l.on 
 
 1.010 
 
 1.14 
 . 82 
 
 4. 59 
 
 
 7 p.m. toll p.m 
 
 11 p.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total by compo>ite 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 
 
 2,280.0 
 
 1.012 
 
 - 
 
 19.61 
 
 18-19 
 
 312.7 
 
 588. 1 
 432. 1 
 
 1.018 
 
 1.010 
 1.017 
 1.013 
 
 1.31 
 .63 
 . 96 
 
 1 . 05 
 
 4.10 
 4.18 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 11 p. m 
 
 5 65 
 
 
 11 p.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 4.51 
 
 
 
 
 
 l 1 * 47 
 
 
 Total by composite- 
 
 Expert in' nt No. 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 I p.m. to 7 p.m 
 
 7 p.m. to 11 p.m 
 
 II p.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1.013 
 
 .91 
 
 18.17 
 
 Mar. 19-20 
 
 409.9 
 770.3 
 285. 2 
 
 76a i 
 
 1.010 
 
 1.012 
 1.017 
 1.010 
 
 1.12 
 .76 
 
 1.16 
 .75 
 
 4.58 
 
 5.85 
 3.31 
 5.70 
 
 
 
 19 4"i 
 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 2, 225. 5 
 
 1.014 
 
 .80 
 
 19 81 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m '. 
 
 1 p.m. to7p.ni 
 
 
 20-2] 
 
 344.4 
 661.8 
 
 294. 2 
 570. 5 
 
 1.018 
 
 1.013 
 1.019 
 1.011 
 
 1.19 
 .-7 
 
 1.20 
 .82 
 
 4.10 
 5 76 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 11 p.m 
 
 11 p. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 3.53 
 1.68 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 07 
 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 i a. m. to ] p.m 
 
 I p.m. to 7 p. in 
 
 7p.m. toll p. m 
 
 II p. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 1,870.9 
 
 1.013 
 
 .96 
 
 17.96 
 
 21-22 
 
 490.0 
 651.6 
 
 257.1 
 462. 8 
 
 1.012 
 1.014 
 1.017 
 
 l.on 
 
 .84 
 
 .85 
 1.12 
 1.02 
 
 4.12 
 1.72 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 26 
 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 1,861.5 
 
 1.014 
 
 .94 
 
 17.56 
 
 Sample decomposed before percentage of nitrogen was accurately determined. 
 b Nitrogen in composite taken for computations. 
 
63 
 
 Table 72. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine — Metab- 
 olism experiment* Nos. 23 and 24- 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount 
 of urine. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Heat of combus- 
 tion. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per gram. Total. 
 
 1899. 
 Experiment No. 
 
 Mar. 16-17 
 
 Grams. 
 2, 299. 1 
 2,280.0 
 
 1,996.2 
 
 2,225.5 
 
 1,870.9 
 1,861.5 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 :::::: 
 
 Grams. 
 12.11 
 12. 62 
 11.90 
 
 12. 53 
 11.64 
 
 11.11 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 Gram*. 
 3. 55 
 
 3.70 
 3.49 
 
 3.67 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 2. 234. 3 
 2,212.4 
 1,932.5 
 
 Calorie. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 140 
 
 17-18 
 
 
 146 
 
 18-19 
 
 
 137 
 
 Experiment No. 9U. 
 Mar. 19-20 
 
 2,158.5 
 
 
 145 
 
 20-21 
 
 3.41 
 
 3. 26 
 
 L,808.6 
 1.802.0 
 
 
 134 
 
 21-22 
 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 9 days» 
 
 18, 540. 8 
 
 0.58 
 
 107. 53 
 
 0.17 31.52 96.9 17.965.3 1 0.067! 1,242 
 
 1,1 
 
 »This period includes the 6 days of experiments 23 and 24 and 3 days of a preliminary experiment 
 not reported here. 
 
64 
 
 The results of the determination of carbon dioxid and water in the 
 ventilating- air current are given in Tables 73-75: 
 
 Table 73. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber 
 at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 
 expi /•'//" nts Nos. 28 and 24. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1S99. 
 Mar. 16-17 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 End of period. 
 
 Gain(+) 
 
 Total orloss(-) 
 
 amount in 
 chamber. 
 
 17-18 
 
 18-19 
 
 Mar. 19-20 
 
 20-21 
 
 Experiment No. 2S. Qram8 
 
 7 a. m 24.5 
 
 lp.m 44.3 
 
 7 p. m 40.9 
 
 la. m 29.8 
 
 7 a . m 25. 2 
 
 Total 
 
 lp. m 39.9 
 
 7 p. m 36. 3 
 
 1 a. m 26.7 
 
 7 a. m 25.0 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p. m 45.0 
 
 7 p. m 42.1 
 
 la. m 27.3 
 
 7 a, m 26.4 
 
 Total 
 
 Experimt ni No. %k. 
 
 lp.m 40.3 
 
 7 p. m 34.9 
 
 1 a. m 26.6 
 
 7 a. m 27. S 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 over pre- 
 ceding 
 period. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 +19.8 
 -3.4 
 -11.1 
 -4.6 
 
 Water. 
 
 Total 
 amount of 
 vapor re- 
 maining in 
 chamber. 
 
 Grams. 
 35.2 
 40.5 
 43.2 
 45.6 
 37.7 
 
 + 
 
 +14.7 
 -3.6 
 -9.6 
 - 1.7 
 
 .2 
 
 +20.0 
 -2.9 
 -14.8 
 - .9 
 
 40.1 
 41.8 
 37.4 
 33.5 
 
 Gain ( 
 
 v Total 
 
 { I amount 
 
 orlossV-V am0U1 
 or loss (— ) eainecK+i 
 
 over pre- 
 
 ceding 
 
 period. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -5.3 
 - 2.7 
 + 2.4 
 -7.9 
 
 or lost( — j 
 
 during the 
 
 period. 11 
 
 Grams. 
 
 2.5 
 
 + 2.4 
 + 1.7 
 - 4.4 
 -3.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 39.2 
 
 39.7 
 38.4 
 34.5 
 
 1.3 
 3.9 
 
 + 1.4 
 
 +13.9 
 
 - 5.4 
 -8.3 
 
 - 1.2 
 
 37.9 
 35.1 
 39.0 
 38.9 
 
 3. 4 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.9 
 
 .1 
 
 + \3 
 
 - 2.7 
 
 - 2.4 
 -7.9 
 
 + 1. 
 
 1.4 
 3.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 3.9 
 
 - 3. 
 
 
 - 1.4 ... 
 
 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 
 
 45. 6 
 
 +17.8 j 
 
 40.2 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 38.6 
 
 - 7.0 
 
 41.5 
 
 + 1.3 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 29.1 
 
 - 9.5 
 
 41.1 
 
 - .4 
 
 - .4 
 
 24.1 
 
 - 5.0 
 
 36. 7 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 21-22 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 41.2 
 
 + 17.1 
 
 39.6 i 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 44.4 
 
 - 3.2 
 
 44.6 | 
 
 + 5.0 
 
 + 5.0 
 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 26.5 
 
 -17.9 
 
 44.3 
 
 - .3 
 
 - .3 
 
 
 
 30.4 
 
 + 3.9 
 
 46.,, 
 
 — 2. 5 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 - ('». ?, 
 
 
 +10.1 
 
 +10.1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 »The variations in the weights of the absorbers were so small as to be within the limits of error in 
 weighing. They are not taken into account in the calculations. There was no drip. 
 
65 
 
 r 4. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current- 
 
 Xos. 23 and 24. 
 
 Metabolism experiments 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Ventila- 
 tion 
 (number 
 of liters 
 of air). 
 
 
 
 Carbon dioxid 
 
 
 
 (h) 
 
 
 In incoming 
 air. 
 
 (d) 
 
 In out- 
 going 
 air. 
 
 (0 
 Total 
 excess 
 in out- 
 going 
 
 air, 
 d-c. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Correc- 
 tion for 
 amount 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 chamber. 
 
 (g) 
 
 Cor- 
 rected 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 by sub- 
 ject, 
 e+f. 
 
 Total 
 weight 
 
 Date. 
 
 (&) 
 
 Per 
 
 liter. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total, 
 axb 
 
 of car- 
 bon ex- 
 haled, 
 <7X T \. 
 
 1899. 
 
 Experiment No. 23. 
 
 Liter)-. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 16-17 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m ... 
 
 24. 857 
 
 0.700 
 
 17.4 
 
 234. 9 
 
 217. 5 
 
 4-19.8 
 
 237. 3 
 
 64.7 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m... 
 
 20.329 
 
 .706 
 
 18.6 
 
 245.9 
 
 227. 3 
 
 - 3.4 
 
 223. 9 
 
 61.1 
 
 
 7 p. m to 1 a.m. .. 
 
 27, 749 
 
 .609 
 
 16.9 
 
 233. 3 
 
 216. 4 
 
 -11.1 
 
 205. 3 
 
 56.0 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m .. 
 
 27, 618 
 
 .567 
 
 15.7 
 
 151.3 
 
 135. 6 
 
 - 4.6 
 
 131.0 
 
 35.7 
 
 
 106, 553 
 
 
 
 68.6 
 
 865. 4 
 
 796.8 
 
 4- .7 
 
 797. 5 
 
 217. 5 
 
 17-18 
 
 27, 110 
 
 .566 
 
 15.4 
 
 236. 3 
 
 220.9 
 
 + 14.7 
 
 235. 6 
 
 64. 2 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. .. 
 
 26, 569 
 
 .556 
 
 14.8 
 
 232. S 
 
 218. 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 214.4 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .. 
 
 28, 339 
 
 . 582 
 
 16.5 
 
 225. 7 
 
 209. 2 
 
 - 9.6 
 
 199.6 
 
 54.4 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m .. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m .. 
 
 28, 209 
 
 
 16.6 
 
 152. 1 
 
 135. 5 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 133.8 
 
 36.5 
 
 
 110. 227 
 
 
 63.3 
 
 846.9 
 
 783. 6 
 
 - .2 
 
 783.4 
 
 213. 6 
 
 18-19 
 
 26, 108 
 
 .566 
 
 14.8 
 
 248. 3 
 
 233. 5 
 
 +20. 
 
 253. 5 
 
 69.1 
 
 
 1 p. m to 7 p. m . . 
 
 26, 608 
 
 .548 
 
 14.6 
 
 227.4 
 
 212. S 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 209. 9 
 
 57.2 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m . 
 
 27. 694 
 
 .577 
 
 16.0 
 
 235. 9 
 
 219. 9 
 
 -14.8 
 
 205.1 
 
 55.9 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. . 
 
 Total 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 Experiment No. 2U. 
 
 27, 572 
 
 .578 
 
 15.9 
 
 148.7 
 
 132.8 
 
 - .9 
 
 131.9 
 
 36.0 
 
 
 107, 982 
 
 61.3 
 
 860. 3 
 
 799.0 
 
 + 1.4 
 
 800.4 
 
 218. 2 
 
 
 324, 762 
 
 
 193. 2 
 
 2.572.6 
 
 2, 379. 4 
 
 + 1.9 
 
 2.381.3 
 
 649.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19-20 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m .. 
 
 27, 538 
 
 .580 
 
 16.0 
 
 241.6 
 
 225. 6 
 
 +13.9 
 
 239. 5 
 
 65.3 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m .. 
 
 27.829 
 
 .557 
 
 15.5 
 
 243. 3 
 
 227. 8 
 
 - 5.4 
 
 222. 4 
 
 60.6 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m . . 
 
 27. 889 
 
 . 655 
 
 18.2 
 
 248.6 
 
 230. 4 
 
 - 8.3 
 
 222. 1 
 
 60.6 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m .. 
 
 27, 385 
 
 .639 
 
 17.5 
 
 153.7 
 
 136. 2 
 
 - 1.2 
 
 137.4 
 
 37.5 
 
 
 110, 641 
 
 
 67.2 
 
 887. 2 
 
 820. 
 
 + 1.4 
 
 821.4 
 
 224. 
 
 20-21 
 
 26, 295 
 
 .564 
 
 14.8 
 
 256. 4 
 
 241. 6 
 
 + 17.8 
 
 259. 4 
 
 70.7 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m . . 
 
 26, 624 
 
 .572 
 
 15.2 
 
 251.0 
 
 235. 8 
 
 - 7.0 
 
 228. 8 
 
 62.4 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .. 
 
 27, 671 
 
 .601 
 
 16.6 
 
 237.5 
 
 220. 9 
 
 - 9.5 
 
 211.4 
 
 57.6 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m .. 
 
 • Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m .. 
 
 27, 938 
 
 .549 
 
 15.3 
 
 159. 9 
 
 144.6 
 
 - 5.0 
 
 139.6 
 
 38.1 
 
 
 108, 528 
 
 
 
 61.9 
 
 904.8 
 
 842. 9 
 
 -3.7 
 
 839.2 
 
 228.8 
 
 21-22 
 
 26, 162 
 
 .609 
 
 15.9 
 
 249.4 
 
 233. 5 
 
 +17.1 
 
 250. 6 
 
 68.3 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 
 26, 049 
 
 .582 
 
 15.1 
 
 243. 4 
 
 228. 3 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 231. 5 
 
 63.1 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m .. 
 
 27. 71S 
 
 .575 
 
 15.9 
 
 277.7 
 
 261.8 
 
 -17.9 
 
 243.9 
 
 66.5 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m .. 
 Total 
 
 Total. 3 .lays 
 
 27, 370 
 
 .571 
 
 15.6 
 
 165.2 
 
 149.6 
 
 + 3.9 
 
 153.5 
 
 41.9 
 
 
 107, 299 
 
 
 62.5 
 
 935.7 
 
 873. 2 
 
 + 6.3 
 
 879.5 
 
 239. 8 
 
 
 326, 468 
 
 
 191.6 
 
 2, 727. 7 
 
 2,536.1 
 
 + 1.0 
 
 2,540.1 
 
 692. 6 
 
 13007— No. 109—02- 
 
66 
 
 Table 75. — Record of water in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiments Nos. /•> 
 
 and 24. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 Ventilation | num- ^ 
 her of liters of "a 
 air). 
 
 Water in 
 incoming air. 
 
 Water in outgoing air. 
 
 (</) 
 »* 
 
 correction for water 
 rem uini n^ in > 
 chamber, 
 
 Total water of n 
 ration and perspi 
 
 ration, g \ h. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (6) 
 
 u 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 (c) 
 
 X 
 
 e 
 
 
 (d) 
 
 i = 
 
 z — 
 
 — ~ 
 - i -. 
 
 g BO N 
 
 = z '- 
 
 --■- 
 < 
 
 Amount not 
 condensed • 
 in Ereezera 
 
 (/) 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Total excess nut 
 in outgoing a 
 
 f-c 
 
 
 Experiment 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899. 
 
 No. 23. 
 
 Lid rs. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 til-itm*. 
 
 <ifl HIS. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 16-17 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m.. 
 
 24,857 
 
 0.830 
 
 20.6 
 
 180.1 
 
 35.5 
 
 215. 6 
 
 195.0 
 
 + 5.3 
 
 200.3 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. in.. 
 
 26, 329 
 
 .787 
 
 20.7 
 
 193.5 
 
 35.5 
 
 229.0 
 
 208. 3 
 
 • 2.7 
 
 211.0 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27,749 
 
 .719 
 
 20.0 
 
 232. 1 
 
 42. 3 
 
 274.7 254.7 
 
 + 2.4 
 
 257. 1 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. in.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27,618' 
 
 .730 
 
 20.2 
 
 208.4 
 
 35.6 
 
 244.0 223.8 
 
 - 7.9 
 
 215. 9 
 
 
 106, 553 
 
 81.5 
 
 814.4 
 
 148.9 
 
 963.3 881.8 
 
 + 2.5 
 
 884.3 
 
 17-1 S 
 
 27, 110 
 
 .730 
 
 19.8 
 
 190.1 
 
 38.8 
 
 228. 9 209. 1 
 
 - 2.4 
 
 211.5 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m.. 
 
 26,569 
 
 .718 
 
 19.1 
 
 193.3 
 
 33.9 
 
 227.2 208.1 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 209. 8 
 
 
 7 p. m. tol a.m.. 
 
 28, 339 
 
 .712 
 
 20. 2 
 
 201.1 
 
 42.6 
 
 243. 7 223. 5 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 219. 1 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. tol p. m.. 
 
 28,209 
 
 .718 
 
 20.2 
 
 177.6 
 
 36. 6 
 
 214. 2 194. 
 
 - 3.9 
 
 190.1 
 
 
 110,227 
 
 79.3 
 
 762.1 
 
 151.9 
 
 914.0 .S34.7 
 
 1.2 
 
 830.5 
 
 18-19 
 
 26, 108 
 
 . 758 
 
 19.8 
 
 169. 6 
 
 36.7 
 
 206.3 186.6 
 
 + 5.7 
 
 192.2 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m.. 
 
 26, 608 
 
 .778 
 
 20. 7 
 
 184.7 
 
 33.9 
 
 218.6 197.9 
 
 
 198.4 
 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m.. 
 
 27, 694 
 
 .776 
 
 21.5 
 
 197.0 
 
 42. 6 
 
 239.6 
 
 218.1 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 216. 8 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. in.. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3days. 
 Experimi nt 
 
 27,572 
 
 .771 
 
 21.3 
 
 189.2 
 
 35.6 
 
 224.8 
 
 203. 5 
 
 - 3.9 
 
 199.6 
 
 
 107, 982 
 
 
 83.3 
 
 740. 5 
 
 14S.8 
 
 889. 3 806. 
 
 - 1.0 
 
 807.0 
 
 
 324, 762 
 
 
 244.1 
 
 2,317.0 
 
 449. 6 
 
 2, 766. 6 2. 522. 5 
 
 ^0.7 
 
 2,521.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 2U. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 19-20 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27, 538 
 
 .802 
 
 22.1 
 
 183.3 
 
 40.0 
 
 223.3 
 
 201.2 
 
 4- 3.4 
 
 204. 6 
 
 
 l p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,829 
 
 .785 
 
 •21.8 
 
 195.3 
 
 36.7 
 
 232.0 
 
 210.2 
 
 - 2.8 
 
 207. 4 
 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m.. 
 
 27, 889 
 
 .759 
 
 21.2 
 
 220.0 
 
 41.9 
 
 261.9 
 
 240. 7 
 
 4- 3.9 
 
 211. 6 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. in.. 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27, 385 
 
 .744 
 
 20.4 
 
 209.6 
 
 33.7 
 
 243. 3 
 
 222. 9 
 
 - .1 
 
 222. s 
 
 
 110,641 
 
 
 85.5 
 
 808. 2 
 
 152. 3 
 
 960. 5 875. 
 
 + 4.4 
 
 879. 1 
 
 20-21 
 
 26, 295 
 
 .749 
 
 19.7 
 
 191.6 
 
 35.5 
 
 227. 1 
 
 207.4 
 
 + 1.3 
 
 21 is. 7 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 26, 624 
 
 .706 
 
 18.8 
 
 204.9 
 
 32.0 
 
 236. 9 
 
 218.1 
 
 + 1.3 
 
 219. 1 
 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m.. 
 
 27, 671 
 
 .689 
 
 19.1 
 
 214. 
 
 40.7 
 
 25}. 7 
 
 235.6 
 
 - .4 
 
 235. 7 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27, 93S 
 
 .702 
 
 19.6 
 
 204.4 
 
 35.3 
 
 239. 7 
 
 220. 1 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 215.2 
 
 
 108, 528 
 
 
 
 77.2 
 
 814.9 
 
 143.5 
 
 958. 1 
 
 881.2 
 
 - 2.2 
 
 879. 
 
 21-22 
 
 26, 162 
 
 .702 
 
 18.4 
 
 186.8 
 
 34.3 
 
 221.1 
 
 202. 7 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 205. 6 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 i>. m.. 
 
 26, 049 
 
 .693 
 
 18.1 
 
 200.1 
 
 31.0 
 
 231.1 
 
 213.0 
 
 4-5.0 
 
 218.0 
 
 
 7 p.m. tol a. in.. 
 
 27, 718 
 
 .717 
 
 19.9 
 
 253. 
 
 41.0 
 
 294.0 
 
 271.1 
 
 - .3 
 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. . 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days. 
 
 27, 370 
 
 .733 
 
 20.1 
 
 246. 6 
 
 35.9 
 
 282. 5 
 
 262.4 
 
 + 2.5 
 
 261.9 
 
 
 107,299 
 
 
 76. 5 
 
 B86.6 
 
 142.2 
 
 L.028.7 
 
 952. 2 
 
 + 10.1 
 
 962. 3 
 
 
 326, 468 
 
 
 239. 2 
 
 2, 509. 6 
 
 43S. 
 
 2, 947. 6 
 
 2, 708. 4 
 
 + 12.3 
 
 2, 720. 7 
 
67 
 
 Table 76 shows the amount of heat carried away in the water cur- 
 rent and in the water vapor in successive 6-hour periods of experiments 
 Nos. 23 and 24. 
 
 Table 76. — Summary of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiments Xos. 23 
 
 and 24. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Heat 
 measured 
 in terms 
 
 Of Coo. 
 
 (6) 
 
 Change 
 of tem- 
 perature 
 of calo- 
 rimeter. 
 
 (0 
 
 Capacity 
 correc- 
 tion of 
 calo- 
 rimeter, 
 6x60. 
 
 ! Correc- 
 tion due 
 ' to tem- 
 perature 
 of food 
 
 and 
 dishes. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Water va- 
 porized 
 equals 
 total 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 
 less 
 amount 
 
 con- 
 densed in 
 chamber. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Heat 
 used in 
 
 vaporiza- 
 tion of 
 water. 
 
 ex 0.592. 
 
 Total 
 heat de- 
 ter- 
 mined, 
 a+c+d 
 +/• 
 
 1899. 
 
 Mar. 16-17 
 
 Experiment No. 23. 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 
 
 > 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 
 
 1 a.m.to7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days. 
 
 Experiment No. tU. 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m 
 
 1 p.m.to7 p.m 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 
 
 7 p.m. tol a.m 
 
 1 a.m. to7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days. 
 
 Calories. 
 485. 4 
 
 521. 4 
 452. 2 
 252. 
 
 Degree. 
 +0.21 
 
 - .07 
 
 - .05 
 
 + .05 
 
 Calories. 
 +12.6 
 
 - 4.2 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 Calories. 
 
 - 17.5 
 
 - 23.9 
 
 Grams. 
 
 200.3 
 211.0 
 257. 1 
 215. 9 
 
 Calories. 
 118.6 
 124. 9 
 152. 2 
 127. 8 
 
 Calories. 
 599.1 
 618.2 
 601.4 
 382.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,711.0 
 
 + .14 
 
 + 8.4 
 
 - 41. 4 1 884. 3 
 
 523. 5 
 
 2. 201. 5 
 
 17-18 
 
 477.4 
 502.4 
 418.1 
 302.4 
 
 + .01 
 
 - .6 
 
 — 18.6 
 
 - 28.7 
 
 211.5 
 
 209.8 
 219.1 
 190.1 
 
 125. 2 
 124. 2 
 129.7 
 112. 5 
 
 584.0 
 
 598.5 
 547.8 
 414.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1, 700. 3 
 
 - .01 
 
 - .6 
 
 - 47.3 
 
 830. 5 
 
 491.6 
 
 2, 145. 2 
 
 18-19 
 
 513.8 
 510.0 
 448.9 
 277.7 
 
 
 
 - 16.0 
 
 1Q-> 
 
 113.8 
 
 117.5 
 128.3 
 118. 2 
 
 611.6 
 598. 2 
 578.4 
 392. 3 
 
 
 - .02 
 + .02 
 
 - .06 
 
 - 1.2 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 - 28.1 : 198.4 
 
 ' 216.8 
 
 199.6 
 
 
 1,7.50.4 
 
 - .06 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 - 44.1 | 807.0 
 
 477. 8 
 
 2, 180. 5 
 
 
 5,161.7 
 
 - .09 | 
 
 + 5.4 
 
 -132.8 2,521.8 
 
 1.492.9 
 
 6, 527. 2 
 
 Mar. 19-20 
 
 497.6 
 
 510. 9 
 450. 5 
 
 278.8 
 
 - .01 
 
 + .05 | 
 
 + .6 
 
 + 3.0 
 
 - 18.5 
 
 - 29.9 
 
 204.6 
 207. 4 
 244.6 
 222. 8 
 
 121. 1 
 122. S 
 144.8 
 131.9 
 
 600.8 
 606.8 
 595. 3 
 412 5 
 
 
 - .03 ! 
 
 - 1.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,737.8 
 
 + .09 
 
 - 5.4 
 
 — 48.4 j 879.4 
 
 520. 6 
 
 2,215.4 
 
 20-21 
 
 520. 9 
 515.8 
 436.8 
 279.2 
 
 - .01 
 
 - .04 
 + .02 
 
 - .06 
 
 + .6 
 
 - 2.4 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 - 14.3 
 
 - 31.8 
 
 208.7 
 
 219. 4 
 235. 2 
 
 123. 5 
 129.9 
 139.2 
 127. 7 
 
 630.7 
 611.5 
 577 2 
 
 
 
 215. 7 
 
 403.3 
 
 
 
 
 1,752.7 
 
 -.07 1 
 
 - 4.2 
 
 - 46.1 ' 879.0 1 
 
 520.3 , 
 
 2, 222. 7 
 
 21-22 
 
 590.0 
 443.1 
 569.5 
 248.9 
 
 + ,04 
 
 - 2.4 
 
 - 14.7 205.6 
 
 - 29.9 918 n 
 
 121.7 
 129.1 
 1621 
 
 156.8 
 
 699.4 
 542. 3 
 731 
 
 
 + .01 : 
 
 - .6 
 + .6 
 
 
 273. 8 
 264.9 
 
 
 
 406 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,851.5 
 
 + .04 
 
 + 2.4 
 
 - 44.6 962.3 
 
 569.7 
 
 2. 379. 
 
 
 5,342.0 | 
 
 + 06 
 
 + 3.6 
 
 -139..1 2,720.7 
 
 1,610.6 , 
 
 6,817.1 
 
68 
 
 Balance of imcoine and outgo of matter and energy. — The income 
 and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy in experiments 
 Nos. 23 and 24 are shown in Tables 77-80. 
 
 Table 77. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon- 
 
 cmd 24> 
 
 Metabolism experiments Xos. 23 
 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 (6) 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 (e) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 J<9 
 
 Gam 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 loss 
 (-),o- 
 
 (b+c). 
 
 (e) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 (/) ■ 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 iff) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 (h) 
 In re- 
 spira- 
 tory 
 prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 (*) 
 
 Gain 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 loss( — ), 
 
 e-(f+ 
 
 9+h). 
 
 1899. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment Xo. 23. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 
 
 19.8 
 
 1.1 
 
 18.8 
 
 -0.1 
 
 244.9 
 
 10.2 
 
 12.1 
 
 217. 5 
 
 + 5.1 
 
 17-18,7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 19.9 
 
 1.2 
 
 19.6 
 
 - .9 
 
 245.0 
 
 10.3 
 
 12.6 
 
 213.6 
 
 + 8.5 
 
 18-19,7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 19.8 
 
 1.1 
 
 18.5 
 
 + .2 
 
 244.9 
 
 10.2 
 
 11.9 
 
 218.2 
 
 + 4.6 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 59.5 
 
 3.4 
 
 56.9 - .8 
 
 734.8 
 
 30.7 
 
 36.6 
 
 649.3 
 
 + 18.2 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 19.8 
 
 1.1 
 
 19.0 
 
 - .3 
 
 244.9 
 
 10.2 
 
 12.2 
 
 216.4 
 
 + 6.1 
 
 Experiment No. 2k. 
 
 Mar. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 20-21,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 19.8 
 19.9 
 19.8 
 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 
 19.4 - .9 
 18.1 + .5 
 17.3 +1.2 
 
 299. 7 10. 5 
 
 299.6 10.5 
 
 299.7 10.5 
 
 12.5 
 11.7 
 11.1 
 
 224. 
 
 228.8 
 239.8 
 
 + 52.7 
 + 48.6 
 + 38.3 
 
 59.5 
 19.8 
 
 3.9 
 
 1.3 
 
 54.8 
 18.2 
 
 + •» 
 + .3 
 
 899.0 
 299.7 
 
 31.5 
 10.5 
 
 35.3 692.6 +139.6 
 
 11.8 
 
 : 
 
 230.9 - 46.5 
 
 Table 78. — Income and outgo of water and. hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Nos. £3 
 
 and 24. 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 In food. 
 
 (6) 
 
 In drink. 
 
 In feces. 
 
 In urine. 
 
 (c) 
 
 In respira- 
 tory prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Apparent 
 loss, 
 
 n~b- 
 {c+cl+e). 
 
 1899. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment Xo. 23. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1, 269. 8 
 
 1,362.8 
 
 49.2 
 
 2,234.3 
 
 884.3 
 
 - 535.2 
 
 17-18,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 1, 269. 8 
 
 1,379.2 
 
 49.2 
 
 2,212.4 
 
 830.5 
 
 - 443.1 
 
 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1,269.8 
 
 1, 378. 
 
 49.2 
 
 1,932.5 
 
 807.0 
 
 - 140. 9 
 
 Total. 3 davs 
 
 3, 809. 4 
 
 4, 120. 
 
 147.6 
 
 6, 379. 2 
 
 2, 521. 8 
 
 -1,119.2 
 
 
 1, 269. 8 
 
 1,373.3 
 
 49.2 
 
 2, 126. 4 
 
 840.6 
 
 - 373. 1 
 
 
 
 Experiment Xo. 2k. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1,269.8 
 
 1,376.0 
 
 68.1 
 
 2,158.5 
 
 879.4 
 
 - 460.2 
 
 20-21,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 1,269.8 
 
 1,382.4 
 
 68.1 
 
 1, 808. 6 
 
 879.9 
 
 - 103.5 
 
 21-22,7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1,269.8 
 
 1,373.4 
 
 68.1 
 
 1,802.0 
 
 962.3 
 
 - 189. 2 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 3, 809. 4 
 
 4,131.8 
 
 204.3 
 
 5, 769. 1 
 
 2, 720. 7 
 
 - 752. 9 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 1,269.8 
 
 1,377.3 
 
 68.1 
 
 1, 923. 
 
 906.9 
 
 - 250.9 
 
 
 
69 
 
 Table 78. — Ircome and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Xos. 23 
 
 and 24 — Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 iff) 
 
 In food. 
 
 (h) 
 In feces. 
 
 (*) 
 
 In urine. 
 
 (*) 
 
 Apparent 
 
 gain, g— 
 
 (h + i). 
 
 (m) 
 
 Loss from 
 water, 
 /-9. 
 
 (n) 
 
 Total 
 
 gaiii(-) 
 
 or loss 
 
 (-).l+m. 
 
 1899. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. 23. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 'Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 35.1 
 
 1.5 
 
 . 3.5 
 
 + 30.4 
 
 - 59.5 
 
 -29. 1 
 
 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a . m 
 
 35.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 3.7 
 
 + 30.3 
 
 - 49.2 
 
 -18.9 
 
 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 35.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 + 30.4 
 
 - 15.7 
 
 +14.7 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 106. 2 
 
 4.4 
 
 10.7 
 
 4- 91.1 
 
 -124.4 
 
 -33.3 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 35.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.6 
 
 + 30.4 
 
 - 41.5 
 
 -11.1 
 
 Experiment Xo. 2U. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 43.8 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.7 
 
 + 3S.6 
 
 - 51.1 
 
 -12.5 
 
 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 43.8 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.4 
 
 + 3S.9 
 
 - 11.5 
 
 ^27.4 
 
 21-22, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 43.8 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.3 
 
 + 39.0 
 
 - 21.0 
 
 +18.0 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 131.4 
 
 4.5 
 
 10.4 
 
 +116.5 
 
 - 83.6 
 
 +32.9 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 IS. 8 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 + 38. S 
 
 - 27.9 
 
 +10.9 
 
 Table 79. — Gain or loss of protein (XXG.^o), fat, and water 
 
 Xos. 23 and 24. 
 
 Metabolism experiments 
 
 Time. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost(-). 
 
 (6) 
 
 Protein 
 gained 
 (+) or 
 lost (-), 
 ax6.25. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total car- 
 bon 
 gained 
 (+)or 
 
 lost (-). 
 
 (d) 
 
 Carbon in 
 protein 
 gained 
 (+)or 
 
 lost (-), 
 bx0.53. 
 
 (e) 
 
 Carbon in 
 
 fat, etc.. 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (-), 
 
 c-d. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Fat 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (-), 
 
 6-5-0.761. 
 
 18S9. 
 
 Experiment No. -23. 
 
 Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 17-18,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average-, 1 day 
 
 Experiment No. U 
 
 Mar. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 20-21. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 21-22, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m .... 
 
 Total. 3 days . . 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 Grams. 
 
 + .2 
 
 + .8 
 + .3 
 
 Grams. 
 -0.6 
 -5.6 
 +1.3 
 
 Grams. 
 + 5.1 
 + 8.5 
 + 4.6 
 
 Grams. 
 
 0.0 
 
 -3.0 
 
 Grains. 
 + 5.1 
 + 11.5 
 + 3.9 
 
 Grams. 
 + 6.7 
 + 15.0 
 + 5.1 
 
 -4.9 + 18.2 
 -1.6 +6.1 
 
 -2.3 
 
 + 20.5 ; + 26.8 
 + 6.9 +9.0 
 
 - .9 
 
 -5.6 i 
 
 + 52.7 
 
 -3.0 
 
 + 55.7 
 
 + 72.8 
 
 + .5 
 
 +3.1 
 
 + 48.6 
 
 +1.6 
 
 - 47.0 
 
 + 61.5 
 
 +1.2 
 
 +7.5 
 
 + 38.3 
 
 ^4.0 
 
 + 34.3 
 
 + 44.8 
 
 +5.0 
 -1.7 
 
 +139.6 
 
 - 46.5 
 
 +2.6 
 + .9 
 
 +137.0 +179.1 
 + 45. 7 - 59. 7 
 
70 
 
 Table 79. — Gain or loss of protein (NX6-86), fat, and water— Metabolism experiment* 
 
 Not. :■; and 94— Continued. 
 
 Tinie. 
 
 (<7) 
 
 Total hy- 
 drogen 
 
 gained ( + ) 
 <t lost (-). 
 
 (A) d) (*) (0 
 SS3S "CgS" ™? water 
 or lost (-), orlost(-,) 1+) or lost orlost(-), 
 &X0.07. J /X0.118. ** 9 - 
 
 1899. 
 Experiment No. 
 Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Greims. 
 -29. 1 
 
 Oram, 
 
 on 
 
 Grams. 
 + 0.8 
 
 + 18 
 
 Gram.-'. 
 -29.9 
 9n a 
 
 Gram.-'. 
 269 1 
 
 17-l s . 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 -18.9 - .4 
 +14.7 + .1 
 
 18z 7 
 
 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 • -14.0 
 
 +126.0 
 
 
 Total, 3 davs 
 
 -33.3 - .3 I + 8.2 -36.2 
 -11.1 - .1 ; -r 1.1 -12.1 
 
 | 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 -108.6 
 
 Experiment No. 
 
 Mar. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 -12.5 
 4-27. 1 
 4-18.0 
 
 - .4 
 
 '+ .2 
 
 -4- .5 
 
 4- 5.4 
 
 -20. 8 
 +19.8 
 + 12.1 
 
 187 2 
 
 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 +178 2 
 
 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 
 
 +108.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 3 davs 
 
 -32.9 - .8 4-21.5 +11.1 
 
 + 99.9 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 4-10.9 - .1 - 7.1 -3.7 
 
 
 Table 80. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism expt rinu nts Nos. 33 and /-/'• 
 
 Time. 
 
 UO (6) 
 
 Stood k5 » 
 
 "eaten 15 ° ffe ^- 
 
 (c) 
 
 Heat 
 
 of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 urine. 
 
 (el) , (c) 
 Esti- F • 
 
 heatSf »"** 
 h %*™ heat of 
 
 (-). ; ( ->- 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 energy 
 
 of ma- 
 terial 
 oxi- 
 dized 
 in the 
 bodv. a 
 -(b+c 
 +d+e). 
 
 (SO 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined. 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 greater 
 ( + )or 
 less (— ) 
 than 
 esti- 
 mated. 
 
 u-f- 
 
 (*) 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 greater 
 ( + )or 
 less(-) 
 
 than 
 
 esti- 
 mated, 
 
 h+f. 
 
 1899. 
 
 Experiment No. 
 
 Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7a.m... 
 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . . . 
 1^-19.7 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 2,546 
 
 2,546 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 114 
 
 114 
 
 114 
 
 Calo- 
 ries, ties. 
 
 140 j - 4 
 146 -32 
 
 137 j +8 
 
 ries. 
 
 + 63 
 + 141 
 - 18 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2,233 
 
 2.177 
 2 239 
 
 Calo- 
 ries 
 
 2, 202 
 
 2,146 
 
 2,181 
 
 - 31 
 
 - 32 
 
 - 58 
 
 a nt. 
 -1.4 
 -1.5 
 -2.6 
 
 Total. 3 davs 
 
 7,638 342 423 —28 |+ 252 
 
 6,649 
 2. 216 
 
 6 528 
 
 2. 176 
 
 -121 
 - 40 
 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 Experiment No. .",. 
 
 Mar. 19-20. 7 a. m. to 7a.m... 
 20-21 . 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . . . 
 21-22,7 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 2,646 114 141 - 9 
 
 -1.8 
 
 ; ).", -32 
 
 - - &79 
 3,061 116 128 4-43 - 421 
 
 2,148 
 
 2, 214 
 2,353 
 
 2,216 
 
 + 9 
 - 26 
 
 +3.1 
 + .4 
 
 1.1 
 
 9,183 348 
 3,061 116 
 
 407 +29 +1,684 
 
 136 +10 ,+ 561 
 
 6,715 
 
 6,817 
 2,272 
 
 +102 
 + 34 
 
 +1.5 
 
71 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 25. 
 
 Suhjvft. — J. F. 8., a chemist, 29 years of age, weighing with under- 
 clothing about 61 kilograms (111 pounds). 
 
 Occupation during experiment. — Reading, writing, and miscellaneous 
 observations with the apparatus, with as little muscular activity as was 
 practicable. 
 
 Duration. — Three days, beginning at 7 a. m. January 23, 1900. The 
 usual preliminary period of 1 days duration preceded the metabolism 
 experiment. The subject entered the calorimeter on the evening of 
 January 22, thus spending four nights and three days in the respira- 
 tion chamber. 
 
 Diet. — Inasmuch as experiment No. 25 was the first with this sub- 
 ject, the experiment was somewhat of a preliminary nature. The 
 average food consumption of the subject had been determined by pre- 
 liminary tests, and the diet was so arranged as to furnish approxi- 
 mate^ the nitrogen and the energy it was believed the subject required. 
 It was intended to make this the first of a series of three experiments, 
 in which about one-fifth of the energy of the diet should be furnished 
 by isodynamic amounts of different materials. Unfortunately an acci- 
 dent to some of the machinery necessitated the stopping of the experi- 
 ment shortly after the close of the first of the series of experiments. 
 The diet consisted of a so-called basal ration furnishing about 110 grams 
 of protein and 2,391 calories of energy, to which was added 63 grams 
 of butter daily, furnishing 1 gram of protein and 505 calories of energy. 
 
 The kinds and quantities of food served for each meal and the quan- 
 tity of drink consumed at different periods of the day are as follows: 
 
 Table 81. — Diet in metabolism experiment No. 25. 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Supper. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grams. 
 30 
 35 
 300 
 90 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 Grains. 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 300 
 
 120 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 85 
 
 Butter 
 
 28 
 400 
 90 
 25 
 35 
 10 
 
 98 
 
 Milk 
 
 1.C00 
 
 Bread 
 
 300 
 
 Parched cereal 
 
 50 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 35 
 
 70 
 
 Sugar 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 DRINK. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 drams. 
 
 100 
 200 
 200 
 300 
 
 10.30 p. m 
 
 Total for day 
 
 Grams. 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 10.00 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 900 
 
 3.00 p. m 
 
 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 
 
 
72 
 
 Daily routine. — The daily routine was essentially the same as that 
 in previous experiments with other subjects, with the exception that 
 the subject observed his pulse and body temperature at more frequent 
 intervals. The general routine was as follows: 
 
 Table 82. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiment No. 25. 
 
 6.50 a. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 3.00 p. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 Pass urine, weigh self, weigh 
 
 6.00 p. m 
 
 Supper. 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 6.50 p. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 7.45 a. m 
 
 Breakfast, drink 100 grams 
 
 7.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine, weigh self, weigh ab- 
 
 
 water. 
 
 
 sorbers. 
 
 10.00 a. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 Drink 300 grams water. 
 
 12.50 p. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 10.20 p. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 1.00 p. in 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 10.30 p. m 
 
 Drink 100 grams water, retire. 
 
 1.15 p. m 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 1.00 a. m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 Table 83 summarizes the most important statistics in the diary kept 
 b} T the subject. He weighed himself in underclothing twice each day. 
 The reasons for not removing all the clothing in weighing, as was done 
 in previous experiments, were two. It was desired to avoid the mus- 
 cular work involved in dressing and undressing. It has also been 
 found that the sudden increase of radiation of heat from the skin when 
 the clothing was removed caused a decided rise of the temperature 
 inside the chamber and thus disturbed the accuracy of the heat meas- 
 urements to some extent. There was extremely little muscular exer- 
 cise and no sensible perspiration. Hence the differences in weight 
 from time to time may be considered to represent very nearly the 
 actual changes in body weight. 
 
 The determinations of pulse rate were made, of course, by the sub- 
 ject himself, when either sitting or reclining, after several minutes' 
 rest. The measurement at 6.50 to 7 a. m., however, was made just 
 before rising. 
 
 The body temperature was determined by means of a mercury ther- 
 mometer. The temperature was, as a rule, taken in the axilla, although 
 numerous sublingual observations were made. The thermometer was. 
 as a rule, left in place ten minutes before reading. While the records 
 of body temperature thus taken are probably not as accurate as might 
 be desired, later observations with an electrical rectal thermometer 
 since devised for continuous and accurate observations of internal 
 body temperature a lead us to believe that the daily curves for the two 
 are nearly parallel. 
 
 In previous experiments a hygrometer had been placed in the 
 chamber, and readings with dry and wet bulb were taken at frequent 
 intervals. Inasmuch, however, as these readings were not used in the 
 computations of results, and as it is desirable in rest experiments to 
 
 a Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 88 (1901), No. 9-10, p. 492. 
 
73 
 
 avoid all unnecessary exercise, even that of rising and reading the 
 h\ T grometer, these observations were not made in the experiments of 
 1900. 
 
 Table 83. — Summary of the diary — Metabolism experiment No. 25. 
 
 
 Weight 
 of sub- 
 ject in 
 under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse 
 
 rate 
 per 
 min- 
 ute. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Weight 
 of sub- 
 ject in 
 under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse 
 rate 
 per 
 min- 
 ute. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Axil- 
 lary. 
 
 Sublin- 
 gual. 
 
 °F. 
 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 97.9 
 
 98.3 
 
 
 98.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 Axil- 
 lary. 
 
 Sublin- 
 gual. 
 
 1900. 
 January 88. 
 
 Kgs. 
 
 63.79 
 
 73 
 
 89 
 
 °F. 
 97.2 
 98.3 
 98.5 
 
 97. S 
 •97.5 
 97.9 
 97.6 
 
 1900. 
 Jan.2U— Cont'd. 
 12.30 p. m 
 
 Kgs. 
 
 63 
 
 78 
 
 °F. 
 
 °F. 
 97.7 
 
 
 1.52 p. m 
 
 
 
 9 05 a. m 
 
 
 1.55 p. m 
 
 
 
 98.5 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2.25 p. m 
 
 
 
 98.3 
 98.4 
 98.6 
 98.6 
 
 98.8 
 98.5 
 98.3 
 98.3 
 98.2 
 
 
 11.30 a. m 
 
 2.45 p. m 
 
 3.23 p. ra 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 m 
 
 
 72 
 
 3.45 p. m 
 
 
 
 12.10 p. m 
 
 
 3.46 p. m 
 
 
 82 
 
 98.6 
 
 12.25 p. ni 
 
 
 97.7 
 98.3 
 
 98.0 
 
 98.8 
 
 98.7 
 98.1 
 97.9 
 98.3 
 
 4.10p.m 
 
 
 
 12.50 p. m . 
 
 
 4.30 p. m 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 4.55 p. m 
 
 
 
 2.35 p. m 
 
 
 5.15 p. m 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 2.40 p. m 
 
 
 78 
 86 
 
 82 
 
 5.30 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 3.50 r>.m .. 
 
 
 5.48 p. m 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 
 
 
 •5.57 p. m 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 5 p. m 
 
 
 73 
 
 6.49 p. m 
 
 
 98.5 
 
 
 6.53 p. m 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 5.35 p. m 
 
 
 6.57 p. m 
 
 7.30 p.m 
 
 65. 13 
 
 
 
 6.45 p. m. 
 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 98.2 
 
 
 
 64.63 
 
 7.38 p.m 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 
 
 98.4 
 98.3 
 
 98.2 
 
 97.4 
 
 98.1 
 98.3 
 98.6 
 
 98.2 
 98.4 
 
 97.6 
 97.7 
 
 8 p.m 
 
 
 
 98.2 
 98.1 
 
 
 8.30 p. m . . . 
 
 
 75 
 
 8.25 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 8.40 p. m 
 
 8.30 p. m 
 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 97.7 
 
 9.35 p.m...*. 
 
 
 68 
 
 97.7 
 97.7 
 97.6 
 97.7 
 
 9.21 p.m 
 
 
 
 10 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 97.5 
 97.5 
 
 
 10.10 p. m 
 
 
 
 10.10 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 10.15 p. m 
 
 10.25 p. m 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 83 
 
 10.20 p. m 
 
 
 64 
 
 97.0 
 
 10.20 p.m 
 
 
 97 
 
 January 2U. 
 
 6.55 a. m 
 
 8.30 a. m 
 
 64.21 
 
 10.25 p.m 
 
 
 64 
 
 71 
 
 .. 
 
 97.2 
 
 January 25. 
 
 
 
 8.40 a. m .*.. 
 
 
 7.03 a. m 
 
 7.38 a.m 
 
 64.49 
 
 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 
 98.6 
 98.6 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 9.25 a. m 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 98.4 
 
 
 9.30 a. m 
 
 
 8.37 a.m .. 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 9.35 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 8.50 a.m 
 
 
 98.5 
 
 
 9.55 a. m 
 
 
 
 98.2 
 97.9 
 
 97.2 
 98.3 
 
 98.2 
 
 8.53 a.m 
 
 
 82 
 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 
 68 
 80 
 74 
 84 
 81 
 69 
 
 
 
 
 98 5 
 
 10.40 a.m 
 
 
 9.37 a. m .. 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 11 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 3 
 
 11.25 a.m 
 
 
 10.29 a. m 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 11.35 a.m 
 
 
 10.40 a.m 
 
 
 '98.0 
 
 
 11.55 a. m 
 
 
 10.45 a. m 
 
 
 71 
 74 
 
 
 12.17 p. m 
 
 
 10.54 a.m 
 
 
 
 
 
74 
 
 Table 83. — Summary of the diary — Metabolism experiment No. 25 — Continued. 
 
 
 Weight 
 of sub- 
 ject in 
 under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse 
 rate 
 per 
 min- 
 ute. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 
 Weight 
 
 Pulse 
 rate 
 per 
 min- 
 ute. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Axil- 
 lary. 
 
 Sublin- 
 gual. 
 
 Time. ject in 
 under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Axil- 
 lary. 
 
 Sublin- 
 gual. 
 
 1900. 
 Jan. 85— Cont'd. K 
 11 10 a. m 
 
 
 o F 
 
 98.0 
 
 °F. 
 
 1900. 
 January 26. K 
 6.55 a.m 
 
 70 
 
 °F. 
 
 °F. 
 
 11.13 a. m 
 
 72 
 74 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 
 98. 1 
 
 11 9 5 a in 
 
 
 
 
 7.04 a.m j 64.43 
 
 8.33 a.m 
 
 
 
 11.35 a.m 
 
 98.1 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 11.39 a.m 
 
 
 72 
 69 
 
 8.39 a.m 
 
 88 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.41 a.m 
 
 
 
 12.09 p. m 
 
 
 98.0 
 
 
 8.42 a.m 
 
 97.9 
 98.5 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 9.26 a. m 
 
 
 
 12.27 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 9.30 a. m 
 
 91 
 
 
 12.45 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 9.72 a.m i 
 
 
 98.5 
 
 12.47 p.m 
 
 
 
 98.1 
 
 10 a.m 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 
 2 11 p m 
 
 81 98. 7 
 
 i 10.27 a. m 
 
 87 
 
 
 2.37 p. m 
 
 
 
 98.7 
 98.1 
 
 98.8 
 
 10.32 a. m 
 
 98.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.44 a.m i 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 11.01 a.m 
 
 
 98.2 
 98.1 
 97.9 
 
 97.7 
 97.9 
 97.9 
 
 
 3.19 p. m 
 
 
 11.12 a.m 
 
 
 
 
 3 26 p. m 
 
 
 82 
 
 11.30 a.m 
 
 
 
 
 3 28 p.m 
 
 
 
 98.0 
 98.3 
 98.4 
 98.5 
 
 11.33 a.m 
 
 
 82 
 
 97.9 
 
 3.31 p.m 
 
 
 
 11.55 a.m 
 
 
 
 3.33 p.m 
 
 
 
 j 12.05 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 12.28 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98.4 
 98.5 
 98.3 
 98.3 
 98.3 
 98. 2 
 
 12.34 p.m 
 
 
 72 
 76 
 
 
 4.10 p.m 
 
 
 
 12.51 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 ' 12.56 p.m 
 
 
 97.9 
 
 
 4.48 p. m 
 
 
 1.56 p.m 
 
 
 82 
 
 
 5.06 p. m 
 
 
 
 2.04 p.m 
 
 
 98.2 
 98.4 
 
 
 5.23 p. m 
 
 
 73 
 
 2.16 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 6.04 p.m 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 2.27 p.m 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 6.43 p.m 
 
 6.46 p.m 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 2.28 p.m 
 
 
 98.5 
 98.5 
 
 
 98.4 
 
 2.45 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 6.59 p. m 
 
 7.48 p.m 
 
 65. 19 
 
 
 3.07 p. m . . 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 98.4 
 
 3.08 p. m 
 
 
 98.6 
 
 
 7.51 p.m 
 
 7.55 p. m 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 3.12 p.m 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 97.9 
 
 3.21 p. m 
 
 
 98.5 
 98.7 
 98.7 
 98.6 
 
 
 8.22 p. m 
 
 
 
 97.7 
 
 3.33 p. m 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 8.46 p.m 
 
 
 
 97.8 ! 
 
 
 
 
 8.49 p.m 
 
 
 70 
 
 4 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 8.51 p.m 
 
 
 
 97.7 
 
 4.39 p.m 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 9.16 p. m 
 
 
 
 97.8 
 97.8 
 97.8 
 
 
 
 
 98.7 
 98.6 
 
 
 9.31 p.m 
 
 
 
 5.23 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 9.46 p.m 
 
 
 
 5.28 p.m 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 9.49 p.m 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 
 10.10 p.m 
 
 
 97.4 
 
 G.37 p.m 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 10.17 p.m 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 6.49 p.m . 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 
 10.20 p.m 
 
 
 97.2 1- 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 65.18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
75 
 
 Detailed data of incorru and outgo. — The quantities of nutrients 
 and energy in the daily diet in this experiment are shown in Table 84, 
 and the total and daily elimination of matter and energy in the feces in 
 Table 85, 
 
 Table te— Weight, 
 
 composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Metabolism experiment 
 Xo. 25. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 S165 
 3166 
 3169 
 3164 
 3168 
 3167 
 
 | Food materials. 
 
 Weight 
 per day. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Car- ! 
 bohy- j 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 combus- 
 tion. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Butter 
 
 Milk, skimmed. 
 
 Bread 
 
 Parched cereal 
 Ginger snaps... 
 Sugar 
 
 Total 
 
 Grams. 
 85 
 98 
 1,000 
 300 
 50 
 70 I 
 20 
 
 Grams. 
 
 53.4 
 
 8.6 
 
 894.0 
 
 115.8 
 2.8 
 
 8.4 
 
 Grams. 
 
 28.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 43.0 
 
 27.3 
 
 5.9 
 
 4.5 
 
 Grams. 
 2.8 
 84.4 
 4.0 
 6.3 
 .9 
 6.0 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 
 51.0 
 
 146.7 
 
 39.o 
 
 54.9 
 
 20.0 
 
 Grams. 
 4.56 
 
 .25 
 6.80 
 4.38 
 
 .94 
 
 Grams. 
 16.68 
 62.10 
 47.60 
 84.12 
 21.10 
 30.91 
 8.42 
 
 Grams. 
 2.35 
 9.81 
 6.70 
 12. 09 
 2.97 
 4.49 
 1.30 
 
 Calories. 
 185 
 
 841 
 
 207 
 
 310 
 
 79 
 
 1.623 1,078.0 j 110.8 
 
 104.4 312.2 17.65 270.93 39.71 
 
 2, 896 
 
 Table 85. — Weight, composition, and Jteat of combustion of feces — Metabolism experiment 
 
 Xo. 25. 
 
 Lab- 
 or a - 
 torv 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 of feces. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro " Pat 
 tein. * at - 
 
 ■Shy- «£r 
 
 drates. &eu - 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 WvHrn Heat 0f 
 
 gel °" combus- 
 gen - tion. 
 
 3171 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day... 
 
 Grams. 
 211.4 
 
 70.5 
 
 Grams. 
 
 145.8 
 
 48.6 
 
 Grams. 
 
 18.2 
 
 6.1 
 
 Grams. 
 8.0 
 2.7 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 23. 4 2. 92 
 
 7.8 ! .9/ 
 
 Grams. 
 
 29. 02 
 
 9.67 
 
 Grams. 
 4.27 
 1.42 
 
 Calories. , 
 332 
 111 
 
 The urine was collected and the nitrogen determined in the usual 6- 
 hour periods each day. The usual aliquot portions of the urine during 
 each period of the day were taken for the preparation of a composite 
 sample for the day. The nitrogen and heat of combustion of this 
 composite sample were determined. Aliquot portions of the urine for 
 each day were taken for the preparation of a composite sample for 
 the whole period of the experiment. Inasmuch as it was intended that 
 this experiment should form a part of a series continuing for 9 days, 
 a composite sample of the urine for the 3 days of experiment Xo. 25 
 was not made, but a corresponding sample for 5 days was prepared 
 and analyzed in the usual manner. The statistics are shown in Tables 
 86 and 87. The quantities of carbon dioxid and water found in the 
 ventilating air current during the different days of this experiment 
 are shown in Tables 8S-90. Table 90 summarizes the calorimetric 
 measurements during the experiment. 
 
76 
 
 Table 86. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by 6-hour periods — Metab- 
 olism experiment No. 2-5. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 &SEL £££ Nitrogen content. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Jan. 23-24 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m . 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 24-25 
 
 25-26 
 
 26-27 
 
 ----- 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite. 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. in. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a. in. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite. 
 
 7 a. ni. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 281.1 
 
 1.027 
 
 1.40 
 
 3.94 
 
 314.6 
 
 1.029 
 
 1.60 
 
 5.03 
 
 201.5 
 
 1.032 
 
 2.03 
 
 4.09 
 
 178.0 
 
 1. 028 
 
 1.90 
 
 3.38 
 
 975.2 
 
 
 
 16.44 
 
 975. 2 
 
 L.0285 
 
 1.69 
 
 16.48 
 
 256. 6 
 380.3 
 225. 8 
 349.3 
 
 1,212.0 
 1,212.0 
 
 355. 2 
 
 430.7 
 
 1.026 
 1.032 
 1.027 
 1.016 
 
 1.022 
 1.019 
 
 1.51 
 1.27 
 1.79 
 1.06 
 
 1.09 
 1.08 
 
 3.87 
 4.83 
 4.04 
 3.70 
 
 16.44 
 16.48 
 
 3.87 
 4.65 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m ... 
 
 
 
 303.8 
 
 1.021 
 
 1.34 
 
 4.07 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m ... 
 
 
 
 461.1 
 
 1.014 
 
 ;82 
 
 3.7S 
 
 Total 
 
 1.550.8 
 
 
 
 16. 37 
 
 Total by compos 
 
 ite 
 
 1,5-50.8 
 
 1.019 
 
 1.07 
 
 16. 59 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m ... 
 
 
 
 402. 6 
 
 1.019 
 
 .92 
 
 3.70 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m ... 
 
 
 
 441.3 
 
 1.018 
 
 1.00 
 
 4.41 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m ... 
 
 
 
 375. 6 
 
 1.017 
 
 1.0S 
 
 4.06 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m ... 
 
 
 
 305. 6 
 
 1.019 
 
 1.12 
 
 3. 42 
 
 Total 
 
 1. 525. 1 
 
 
 
 15. 59 
 
 Total by com 
 
 posite 
 
 1, 525. 1 
 
 1.0185 
 
 1.03 
 
 15. 71 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m .. 
 
 331.8 
 
 1. 021 
 
 1.16 
 
 3.85 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m .. 
 
 
 
 448.3 
 
 1.019 
 
 1.07 
 
 4. -0 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m .. 
 
 
 
 405. 
 
 1.017 
 
 1.15 
 
 4.66 
 
 1 a. m. to 7a. m .. 
 
 
 
 280.3 
 
 1.020 
 
 1.24 
 
 3.47 
 
 Total 
 
 1,465.4 
 
 
 
 
 16.78 
 
 Total by com 
 
 posite 
 
 by composite 
 
 1.465.4 
 
 1.019 
 
 1.15 
 
 16. 85 
 
 Total, 5 (lavs 
 
 G. 72a 5 
 
 
 1.21 
 
 8L41 
 
 
 
 
 Table 87. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine — Metab- 
 olism experiment No. 
 
 Date. 
 
 of urine. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Heat of com- 
 bustion. 
 
 gSn, Totel - 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900. 
 
 1 
 
 I Grams. 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. IP. ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 P. d. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - " lories. 
 
 Jan. 23-24.. 
 
 
 | 975.2 
 
 
 12.88 
 
 3.12 
 
 
 913.1 
 
 0.142 138.5 
 
 24-25.. 
 
 
 1,212.0 
 
 
 12.87 
 
 3.12 
 
 1, 150. 
 
 .121 146.6 
 
 25-26.. 
 
 
 1,550.8 
 
 
 
 12.82 
 
 3.10 ■ 
 
 1,489.0 
 
 . 100 155. 1 
 
 26-27.. 
 
 
 1,525.1 
 
 
 12.21 
 
 2.96 
 
 1. 466. 2 
 
 .096 146.4 
 
 27-2^.. 
 
 5 days 
 
 1.4G5.4 
 
 
 13.14 
 
 3.18 
 
 1, 402. 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 6,728.5 0.95 
 
 63. 92 0. 23 
 
 15.48 95.42 6.420.3 
 
77 
 
 Table 88. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber 
 at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 expi riment No. 25. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Jan. 23 
 
 End of period 
 
 < a. 
 lp. 
 7 p. 
 
 la. 
 
 1 p. 
 7 p. 
 
 1 a. 
 7 a. 
 
 lp. 
 7 p. 
 la. 
 
 Total 
 
 m 
 
 Total 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 
 in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gram*. 
 27.-4 
 36.7 
 45.6 
 27. 6 
 26.6 
 
 Water. 
 
 Gain ( + ) 
 orloss(— ), 
 
 Total 
 
 amount 
 
 of vapor 
 
 over pre 
 ceding 
 
 P eriod - ch€ nber. 
 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 
 Gain ( + ) 
 orloss( — ) 
 over pre- 
 ceding 
 period. 
 
 Grami 
 
 4-9.3 
 
 + 8.9 
 -18.0 
 -1.0 
 
 Grams. 
 36.5 
 42.9 
 44.1 
 43.9 
 37.4! 
 
 +6.4 
 +1.2 
 
 -6.5 
 
 .8 
 
 38. 6 
 44.6 
 26.0 
 24.9 
 
 +12.0 
 
 41.8 
 
 -6.0 
 
 39.3 
 
 -18.6 
 
 41.2 
 
 - 1.1 
 
 35.0 
 
 -4.4 
 -2.5 
 + 1.9 
 -6.2 
 
 -2.4 
 
 Change 
 in weight 
 of ab- 
 sorbers, 
 gain ( + ) 
 orloss(-). 
 
 Grami 
 
 Total 
 
 amount 
 
 gained ( + ) 
 
 or lost ( — ) 
 
 during the 
 
 period. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 +11 
 + 10 
 
 -11 
 
 -10 
 
 
 
 -17.4 
 -11.2 
 -11.2 
 -16.5 
 
 D. i 
 .5 
 .1 
 
 8.2 
 
 m 
 
 
 35. 5 
 46. 7 
 
 26.8 
 26.4 | 
 
 +10.6 
 
 -11.2 
 -19.9 
 - .4 
 
 40.3 
 43.5 
 40.3 
 36.5 
 
 +5.3 
 
 -3.2 
 -3.8 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 4.3 
 + 3.2 
 
 m 
 
 - 3.2 
 
 m 
 
 - 3.8 
 
 
 3 davs 
 
 
 Total 
 
 ! 
 
 + 1.5 . 
 
 
 +1.5 
 
 - 1 
 
 + .5 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 
 - 1.0 . 
 
 
 
 
 - 3 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 Table 89. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiment 
 
 Xo. 25. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 («) 
 
 Ventila- 
 tion 
 (number 
 of liters 
 of air). 
 
 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 
 (h) 
 
 Date. 
 
 In incoming 
 air. 
 
 id) 
 
 In out- 
 going 
 air. 
 
 (e) 
 Total 
 excess 
 in out- 
 going 
 
 air, 
 d-c. 
 
 Correc- 
 tion for 
 amount 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 chamber. 
 
 (9) 
 Corrected 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 by sub- 
 ject, 
 e+f. 
 
 Total 
 weight 
 of car- 
 
 
 (6) 
 
 Per 
 
 liter. 
 
 (c) 
 Total, 
 a x 6. 
 
 haled, 
 g x &. 
 
 1900. 
 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Jan. 23-24 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m ... 
 
 25, 652 
 
 0. 624 
 
 16.0 
 
 244.9 
 
 228. 9 
 
 + 9.3 
 
 238. 2 
 
 65.0 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m ... 
 
 26,430 
 
 .593 
 
 15.7 
 
 247. 3 
 
 231.6 
 
 + 8.9 
 
 240. 5 
 
 65.6 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a.m ... 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .561 
 
 15.3 
 
 226.6 
 
 211. 3 
 
 —18.0 
 
 193.3 
 
 52.7 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m ... 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m ... 
 
 26,430 
 
 .539 
 
 14.2 
 
 144.0 
 
 129.8 
 
 — 1.0 
 
 128. 8 
 
 35.1 
 
 
 105. 720 
 
 61. 2 
 
 862. 8 
 
 801.6 
 
 - .8 
 
 800.8 
 
 218.4 
 
 24-25 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .011 
 
 16.1 
 
 238. 8 
 
 222. 7 
 
 +12. 
 
 234. 7 
 
 64.0 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m ... 
 
 27,208 
 
 .598 
 
 16.3 
 
 233. 4 
 
 217. 1 
 
 + 6.0 
 
 223. 1 
 
 60.8 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m ... 
 
 27, 985 
 
 ..560 
 
 15.7 
 
 235. 
 
 219.3 
 
 -18.6 
 
 200.7 
 
 54.7 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m ... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m ... 
 
 27,985 
 
 .549 
 
 15.4 
 
 150.7 
 
 135.3 
 
 - 1.1 
 
 134.2 
 
 36.6 
 
 
 109, 608 
 
 
 
 63.5 
 
 857.9 
 
 794.4 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 792.7 
 
 216. 1 
 
 25-26 
 
 27. 207 
 
 . 572 
 
 15.6 
 
 224. 8 
 
 209. 2 
 
 +10.6 
 
 219.8 
 
 59.9 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m ... 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .588 
 
 15.5 
 
 233. 4 
 
 217. 9 
 
 +11.2 
 
 229. 1 
 
 62.5 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m ... 
 
 27,985 
 
 .584 
 
 16.3 
 
 235. 6 
 
 219. 3 
 
 -19.9 
 
 199.4 
 
 54.5 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m ... 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 da vs. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .548 
 
 14.9 
 
 156.6 
 
 141.7 
 
 - .4 
 
 141.3 
 
 38.4 
 
 
 108, 830 
 
 
 62.3 
 
 851 >. 4 
 
 788.1 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 789.6 
 
 215. 3 
 
 
 324, 158 
 
 
 
 187.0 
 
 2,571.1 
 
 2,384.1 
 
 - 1.0 
 
 2, 383. 1 
 
 649.8 
 
78 
 
 Table 90. — Record of water in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiment No. 2 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 So 
 
 a t 
 
 —s a; 
 
 = •- 
 p 
 
 > 
 
 Water in in- 
 coming air. 
 
 Water in outgoing air. 
 
 (flO 
 
 S.S3 
 
 (h) 
 
 £ be 
 
 S-2 
 
 a O h 
 
 I** 
 
 lag 
 
 gno 
 O 
 
 (i) 
 
 8 8^ 
 
 °§* 
 
 111 
 
 o —' 
 
 H 
 
 Date. 
 
 (b) 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 (c) 
 
 .0 
 
 X 
 
 e 
 
 2 
 
 c 
 
 (d) 
 "■dg 
 
 — 'J. N 
 
 3 d « 
 
 < 
 
 («) 
 
 lie 
 
 (/) 
 
 + 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 IB C 
 
 a> o 
 
 1900. 
 Jan. 23-24 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m. 
 1 p. m.to 7 p. m. 
 7 p. m.to 1 a. m. 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m.to 1p.m. 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 7 p. m.to la. m. 
 1 a. m.to 7 a. m. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m.to l.p. m. 
 1 p. m.to 7 p. m. 
 7 p. m.to 1 a. m. 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days. 
 
 Liters. 
 25, 652 
 26, 430 
 27, 208 
 26, 430 
 
 Mg. 
 
 0.877 
 .870 
 .862 
 .819 
 
 Grams. 
 22.5 
 23.0 
 23.5 
 21.6 
 
 Grams. 
 191.9 
 210.1 
 212.9 
 190.9 
 
 Grams. 
 46.6 
 37.8 
 42.3 
 36.2 
 
 Grams. 
 238. 5 
 247. 9 
 255.2 
 227.1 
 
 Grams. 
 216. 
 224. 9 
 231. 7 
 205.5 
 
 Grams. 
 +17.4 
 + 11.2 
 -11.2 
 -16.5 
 
 Grams. 
 233.4 
 236. 1 
 220. 5 
 189.0 
 
 
 105, 720 
 
 
 90.6 
 
 805.8 162.9 
 
 968.7 
 
 878. 1 
 
 + .9 
 
 879.0 
 
 24-25 
 
 26, 430 
 27, 208 
 27, 985 
 27, 985 
 
 .887 
 .864 
 .834 
 .859 
 
 23.4 
 
 23.5 
 23.3 
 24.0 
 
 193.7 1 40.2 1 233.9 
 209.1 39.3 248.4 
 218. 5 43. 7 262. 2 
 189.7 ! 39.5 ' 229.2 
 
 210. 5 
 224. 9 
 238.9 
 205.2 
 
 + 5.4 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 - .1 
 
 - 8.2 
 
 215.9 
 223.4 
 238.8 
 197.0 
 
 
 109, 608 
 
 94. 2 
 
 811.0 162.7 j 973.7 
 
 879. 5 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 875.1 
 
 2.5-26 
 
 27,207 
 26, 430 
 27, 985 
 27,208 
 
 .853 
 
 .873 
 .841 
 .812 
 
 23.2 
 23.1 
 23.6 
 22.1 
 
 188.7 43.9 
 197.7 ' 37.0 
 
 199.7 43.3 
 
 181.8 36.3 
 
 232.6 
 234. 7 
 243.0 
 
 218.1 
 
 209. 4 
 211. 6 
 219. 4 
 196.0 
 
 + 4.3 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 - 3.2 
 
 - 3.8 
 
 213.7 
 214. 8 
 216. 2 
 192.2 
 
 
 108, 830 
 
 92. 
 
 767.9 160.5 928.4 
 
 836.4 
 
 + .5 
 
 836.9 
 
 
 321,158 
 
 
 
 276.8 
 
 2,384.7 
 
 486.1 
 
 2, 870. 8 
 
 2, 594. 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 2,591.0 
 
 Table 91. — Summary of calorimetric measurements 
 
 — Metabolism experiment i\ 
 
 o. 25. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat 
 meas- 
 ured in 
 terms of 
 
 C 2 o- 
 
 (6) 
 
 Change 
 of tem- 
 perature 
 of calo- 
 rimeter. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Capacity 
 correc- 
 tion of 
 calorim- 
 eter, 
 6x60. 
 
 id) 
 
 Correc- 
 tion due 
 
 to tem- 
 perature 
 
 of food 
 and 
 
 dishes. 
 
 (e) 
 Water va- 
 porized 
 equals 
 total 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 
 less 
 amount 
 
 con- 
 densed in 
 chamber. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Heat 
 used in 
 vaporiza- 
 tion of 
 water, 
 ex 0.592. 
 
 (9) 
 
 Total 
 heat de- 
 termined, 
 a+c+d 
 
 +/■ 
 
 1900. 
 Jan 23 24 
 
 7 a. m.to 1 p.m... 
 1 p. m.to 7 p. m... 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m . . . 
 1 a. m.to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m.to 1 p.m... 
 1 p. m.to 7p.m... 
 7 p. m.to 1 a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m... 
 1 p. m.to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 1 a. m.to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days. 
 
 Calories. 
 588.0 
 490.6 
 447.1 
 248. 5 
 
 Degree. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 - 0.5 
 
 + 5.9 
 
 Grams. 
 
 •2-2-2. 1 
 226. 1 
 231.5 
 199.0 
 
 Calories. 
 131.7 
 133.8 
 137.1 
 117.8 
 
 Calories. 
 719. 2 
 
 
 -0.01 
 
 -0.6 
 
 621.6 
 590. 1 
 
 
 
 
 366.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,774.2 
 
 - .01 j -0.6 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 879.0 
 
 520.4 
 
 2, 297. 2 
 
 24-25 
 
 542. 2 
 467. 2 
 443.7 
 239. 
 
 
 
 + 0.3 
 - 3.0 
 + 6.1 
 
 214.9 
 222.4 
 240. 8 
 199.0 
 
 127.2 
 131.7 
 142. 6 
 
 117.8 
 
 669.7 
 
 
 
 
 595.9 
 
 
 
 
 592.4 
 
 
 + .04 
 
 +2.4 
 
 359. 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,692.1 
 
 + .04 
 
 +2.4 
 
 + 3.4 
 
 877. 1 
 
 519.3 
 
 2,217.2 
 
 25 26 
 
 520. 2 
 495. 7 
 430. 2 
 270.9 
 
 
 
 + 0.2 
 - 2.2 
 + 6.6 
 
 214.7 
 214.8 
 216. 2 
 192.2 
 
 127. 1 
 127. 2 
 128.0 
 113.8 
 
 647.5 
 
 
 
 
 620.7 
 
 
 
 
 564.8 
 
 
 + .03 
 
 +1.8 
 
 386.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,717.0 
 
 + .03 1 +1.8 
 
 + 4.6 
 
 837.9 
 
 496.1 
 
 2,219.5 
 
 
 5, 183. 3 
 
 
 +3.6 
 
 +11.2 
 
 2,594.0 
 
 ] , 535. 8 
 
 6, 733. 9 
 
 
 
 
79 
 
 Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy. — Tables 92-95 
 summarize the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, h} T drogen, and 
 energy. 
 
 Table 92.— Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiment No. 25. 
 
 
 Nitrogen. Carbon. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 (6) 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 (C) 
 
 In 
 
 urine. 
 
 (d) 
 
 Gain 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 loss ( — ) 
 
 a— 
 (b+c). 
 
 (e) 
 
 In 
 
 food. 
 
 (/) 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 (9) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 (h) 
 In 
 respira- 
 tory 
 prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 Gain 
 ( + )or 
 
 loss ( — ) 
 
 €~(f+ 
 
 g+h). 
 
 1900. 
 Jan. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 
 24-25, 7 a. rn. to 7 a. m. . 
 25-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . . 
 
 Grams. 
 17.7 
 17.6 
 17.7 
 
 Grams. 
 1.0 
 
 .9 
 1.0 
 
 Grams. 
 16.4 
 16.4 
 16.4 
 
 Grams. 
 +0.3 
 + .3 
 + .3 
 
 Grams. 
 270.9 
 270. 9 
 270.9 
 
 Grams. 
 9.7 
 9.6 
 9.7 
 
 Grams. 
 12.9 
 12.9 
 12.8 
 
 Grams. 
 218. 4 
 216.1 
 215. 3 
 
 Grams. 
 +29.9 
 +32.3 
 +33.1 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 53.0 
 
 2.9 
 1.0 
 
 49.2 
 16.4 
 
 + .9 
 + .3 
 
 812.7 
 
 29.0 
 
 38.6 
 12.9 
 
 649.8 -+-95.3 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 17.7 
 
 270. 9 
 
 9.7 
 
 216.6 
 
 +31.7 
 
 Table 93. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiment No. 25. 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 
 In 
 
 food. 
 
 (6) 
 
 In 
 drink. 
 
 (c) 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 (d) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 (e) 
 
 In 
 
 respiratory 
 
 products. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Apparent 
 
 loss, 
 
 a+b- 
 
 (c+d+e). 
 
 1900. 
 
 Jan. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. rn 
 
 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 25-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grams. 
 1,078 
 1,078 
 1,078 
 
 Grains. 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
 Grams. 
 48.6 
 48.6 
 48.6 
 
 Grains. 
 913.1 
 1, 150. 
 1,489.0 
 
 Grams. 
 879.0 
 875.1 
 836.9 
 
 Grams. 
 + 137.3 
 - 95.7 
 -396. 5 
 
 Total, 3 davs 
 
 3, 234 
 
 1,078 
 
 2, 70G 
 
 145.8 
 
 3,552.1 2.591.0 
 1,184.0 863.7 
 
 -354.9 
 
 
 900 
 
 48.6 
 
 -118.3 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 (9) (h) 
 
 In In 
 food. feces. 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 (0 
 
 Apparent 
 
 gain, 
 
 9-{h+i). 
 
 (m) 
 
 Loss from 
 water, /-h 9. 
 
 (») 
 
 Total 
 
 gain( + ) 
 
 or loss (— ), 
 
 l+m. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Jan. 23-24, 7a.m.to7a.ra 
 
 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 25-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grams. \ Grams. 
 39.7 1.4 
 39.7 1.4 
 39. 7 1. 5 
 
 Grams. 
 3.1 
 3.1 
 3.1 
 
 Grams. 
 + 35.2 
 + 35.2 
 + 35.1 
 
 Grams. 
 +15.3 
 -10.6 
 -44.1 
 
 Grams. 
 +50. 5 
 +24.6 
 - 9.0 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 119.1 i 4.3 
 39.7 ! 1.4 
 
 9.3 
 3.1 
 
 +105.5 
 + 35.2 
 
 +39.4 
 
 +13.2 
 
 +66.1 
 
 
 +22.0 
 
 
 
80 
 
 Table 94. — Gain or lo88qfprotein(NX6.25),fat } and water — Metabolism experiment No. 25. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) (b) (c) (rf) (e) 
 
 Protein Total Carbon in Carbon in F 
 
 Itrogen W}* A?™ protein fat, etc., LJX*,, 
 
 ined(+) ? ain ed( + ) c*™ ^ gaill ed(+) gained( + ) ^ ain ^ d ^ 
 
 J?f , lost(-), or , «* . ww x ! lost(-), 
 
 Ni„_ 
 
 gained 
 
 or 
 
 10St( '• ox 6.25. 
 
 or 
 
 lost (- , 
 
 oxO.53. 
 
 lost(-), 
 c-d. 
 
 lost 
 
 e* 0.761. 
 
 1900. 
 Jan. 23-24. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 24-25. 7 a. in. to 7 a. in 
 25-26. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 Gram. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 +0.3 1 
 
 4-1.9 
 
 -29.9 
 
 -1.0 
 
 +28.9 
 
 + 38.0 
 
 - .3 
 
 +i.8 : 
 
 +32.3 
 
 +1.0 
 
 -31. 3 
 
 - 41.1 
 
 - .3 
 
 -1.9 
 
 +33. 1 
 
 +1.0 
 
 +32.1 
 
 4- 42.2 
 
 - .9 
 
 +5.6 
 
 i-95.8 
 
 -3.0 
 
 +92. 3 
 
 -121.3 
 
 + .3 
 
 +1.9 
 
 +31.8 
 
 +1.0 
 
 -30. 8 
 
 - 40.4 
 
 Date. 
 
 1900. 
 Jan. 23-24. 7 a. in. to 7 a.m. 
 24-25. 7 a. m. to 7 a. in. 
 25-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in. 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 (9) 
 
 Total 
 hydrogen 
 gained( + ) 
 or lost ( — ). 
 
 (h) 
 Hydrogen 
 in protein 
 gained ( 
 
 or lost C - 
 6x0.07 
 
 (0 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 in fat 
 
 (*) 
 
 Hydrogen 
 in water, 
 etc., 
 
 } orfoSY-V Sained' ( + 
 ' 0r ,l nV, ( fi } ' orlost(-) 
 
 /x 0.118 
 
 ) 
 9-(h+i). 
 
 Grams. 
 +50.5 
 -24. 6 
 - 9.0 
 
 -66.1 
 
 -22.0 
 
 Gram. 
 +0.1 
 + .1 
 - .2 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 - 4.5 +45.9 
 
 + 4.8 -19.7 
 
 + 5.0 -14.2 
 
 (0 
 
 Water 
 gained (+) 
 or lost (-), 
 
 Jrx9. 
 
 - .4 
 
 - .1 
 
 14.3 
 - 1.8 
 
 +51.4 
 
 -17.1 
 
 Grams. 
 -413.1 
 -177.3 
 -127.8 
 
 -462.6 
 -1-54.2 
 
 Table 95. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiment No. 25. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat of 
 
 com- 
 bustion 
 of food 
 eaten. 
 
 1900. 
 Jan. 23-24, 7 a. m.-to 7 a. in 
 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 25-26,7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2,896 
 
 2,896 
 
 8,688 
 2,896 
 
 (6) 
 
 (c) 
 
 Heat of Heat of 
 
 com- com- 
 bustion bustion 
 
 of of 
 
 feces. ' urine. 
 
 Calo- 
 rics. 
 
 Ill 
 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 138 
 
 147 
 155 
 
 (d) 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 heat of 
 
 com- 
 bustion 
 of 
 
 (e) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 heat of 
 
 com- 
 bustion 
 
 ESS *& 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + ) 
 or lost 
 
 (-)• I 
 
 ( + ) 
 or lost 
 
 (-)• 
 
 (/) 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 energy 
 of ma- 
 terial 
 oxi- 
 dized 
 in the , 
 body, i 
 a-(6+c 
 d+e). 
 
 (9) 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 
 Caln- 
 
 I >'.s. 
 
 +11 
 
 +10 
 +11 
 
 332 
 111 
 
 440 
 147 
 
 +32 
 
 -11 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 + 362 
 
 - 392 
 
 + 403 
 
 (h) 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 
 greater 
 I ( + )or 
 less(-) 
 than 
 esti- 
 mated, 
 OS- 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2, 274 
 
 2,237 
 
 2,216 
 
 + 1,157 I 6,727 
 
 2. 242 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 2,297 
 
 2,217 
 
 2,220 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 +23 
 
 -20 
 
 - 4 
 
 6.734 + 7 
 
 2,244 - -1 
 
 (i) 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 greater 
 (+)or 
 less(-) 
 
 than 
 
 esti- 
 mated, 
 
 h+f. 
 
 Perct 
 
 +1.0 
 - .9 
 + .2 
 
 - .3 
 + .1 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS NOS. 26 AND 28. 
 
 Subject. — J. F. 8-, as in the previous experiment, weighing with 
 underclothing about 61 kilograms (141 pounds). 
 
 Occupation during > xpt riment. — Reading, writing, and miscellaneous 
 observations within the apparatus, with as little muscular activity as 
 practicable. 
 
81 
 
 Duration. — Experiments Nos. 26 and 28 form the first and last of a 
 series of 3 experiments which were made for the purpose of studying 
 the relative replacing power of isodynamic amounts of different mate- 
 rials; the intermediate experiment is not reported here. The usual 
 preliminary period of ± days duration began with breakfast February 
 10, 1900, and ended with supper February 13. The subject entered 
 the calorimeter on the evening of February 13 and experiment No. 26 
 began at 7 a. m. February 14, continuing 3 days. Experiment No. 28 
 began at 7 a. m. February 20, and continued until 7 a. m. February 23. 
 
 Diet. — The diet consisted of a basal ration furnishing about 99 
 grams of protein and 1,982 calories of energ}^ per day. To this, in 
 experiment No. 26, was added 63.5 grams of butter, furnishing 1 gram 
 of protein and 508 calories of energy. In experiment No. 28 the 
 material added consisted of 128 grams of cane sugar, furnishing 507 
 calories of energy per day. The protein and energy were thus prac- 
 tically the same in both of the experiments. The kinds and quantities 
 of food in the basal ration as served for each meal, the character and 
 amount of the supplemental ration in the different experiments, and 
 the quantity of drink consumed at different periods of the day in each 
 experiment were as follows: 
 
 Table 96. — Diet in metabolism experiments Nos. 26 and 28. 
 
 FOOD— BASAL RATION. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Supper. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grams. 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 300 
 
 50 
 
 Grams. 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 400 
 
 100 
 
 30 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 85 
 
 Butter 
 
 8 
 
 300 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 Milk 
 
 1,000 
 200 
 
 Bread 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 60 
 
 Parched cereal 
 
 25 
 15 
 
 50 
 
 Sugar 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 FOOD-SUPPLEMENTAL RATION. 
 
 Experiment No. 26 63.5 grams butter per day. 
 
 Experiment No. 28 128 grams sugar per day. 
 
 DRINK. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Grams. 
 100 
 200 
 200 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 9 p. m 
 
 Grams. 
 
 300 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 Total for dav 
 
 
 
 
 800 
 
 3 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 13007— No. 109—02- 
 
82 
 
 Daily routine. — The general routine of the experiment was as follows: 
 Table 97. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiments Xos. 26 and 28. 
 
 6.50 a. in 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 6.00 p.m 
 
 Supper. 
 
 7.00 a.m 
 
 Rise, pass urine. weigh self. weigh 
 
 6.50 p.m 
 
 7.00 p.m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 
 absorbers. 
 
 Pass urine, weigh self, weigh ab- 
 
 7.45 a.m 
 
 Breakfast, drink 100 grams water. 
 
 
 sorbers. 
 
 10.00 a. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 Drink 300 grams water. 
 
 12.50 p. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 10.20 p.m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 1.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 10.30 p. m 
 
 Retire. 
 
 1.15 p.m 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 1.00 a.m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 3.00 p. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 
 
 The more important statistics in the diary kept by the subject dur- 
 ing experiments Xos. 26 and 28 are summarized in Table 98. 
 
 Table 98. — Summary of the diary — Metabolism experiments Xos. 26 and 28. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Weight Pulse 
 of subject rate per 
 in under- 1 min- 
 
 clothes. ute. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Weight 
 of subject 
 in under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse 
 rate per Temper- 
 min- ature. 
 ute. 
 
 1900. 
 Experiment No. 26. 
 
 Feb 14. 7.00 a.m 
 
 Kge. 
 64 
 
 68 
 78 
 67 
 64 
 
 : F. 
 97.8 
 98.3 
 98.1 
 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 
 
 97.9 
 98.5 
 98. 5 
 98.5 
 
 1890. 
 ExpLNo.2&— Cont'd. 
 
 Feb. 15. 5.30 p. m 
 
 Kgs. 
 
 
 98.0 
 
 8.36 a. m 
 
 5.49 p. m 
 
 6.30 p. m 
 
 
 69 
 69 
 68 
 75 
 67 
 
 
 10.27 a. m 
 
 98.2 
 
 12.27 p. m 
 
 6.55 p. m 
 
 7.30 p. m 
 
 64.87 
 
 98.2 
 
 12.33 p. in 
 
 98.1 
 
 12.53 p. m 
 
 61 
 
 8.30 p. m 
 
 
 97.6 
 
 1.00 p.m 
 
 8.54 p.m 
 
 
 
 2.27 p m . . 
 
 77 
 
 9.00 p.m 
 
 
 97.5 
 
 3.47 p. m 
 
 9.30 p. m.... 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 4.30 p. m... 
 
 72 
 
 67 
 
 9.35 p. m 
 
 
 ^7.4 
 
 5.30 p. m... 
 
 9.51 p. m 
 
 
 
 97.6 
 
 
 98.7 
 
 10.15 p. m 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 6.17 p.m 
 
 8.13 p.m... 
 
 64.88 
 
 
 10.20 p. m 
 
 
 97.5 
 
 
 97.6 
 
 97.5 
 97.7 
 
 Feb. 16, 6.55 a. m 
 
 
 71 
 
 82 
 
 
 8.30 p. m 
 
 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 69 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 8.32 a. m 
 
 64.01 
 
 98.1 
 
 9.29 p. m... 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.40 a. m 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 Feb. 15, 6.50a.m... 
 
 
 98.1 
 
 9.30 a.m 
 
 9.37 a. m 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 700a m 
 
 64.18 
 
 98.2 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 10.31 a.m 
 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 98.3 
 
 7.39 a m 
 
 
 98.3 
 98.5 
 
 11.26 a. m 
 
 
 
 8.33 am.. 
 
 
 82 
 80 
 
 11.30 a. m 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 9 28 a m 
 
 
 12.27 p.m 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 9 30 a. m 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 12.30 p. m 
 
 
 98.1 
 
 10.33 a m 
 
 
 71 
 
 12.58 p. m 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 10.46 a m . 
 
 
 98.5 
 98.1 
 
 1.00 p. m 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 11.30 a. m... 
 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 2.01 p. m 
 
 
 80 
 79 
 
 81 
 
 98.2 
 
 12.31p.m... 
 
 
 2.30 p. m 
 
 
 9S.2 
 
 12 37 p m 
 
 
 9S.4 
 
 3.35 p.m 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 12 54 p m 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 1 00 p. m 
 
 
 98.2 
 98.2 
 98.5 
 
 4.27 p. m 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 1.59 p m 
 
 
 75 
 81 
 
 77 
 76 
 
 4.30 p. m 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 2.28 p. m.. 
 
 
 5.30 p. m 
 
 
 75 
 80 
 
 98.5 
 
 3.35 p. m 
 
 
 5.43 p. m 
 
 6.32 p. m 
 
 
 98.7 
 
 4.28 p m 
 
 
 
 4.30 p. m 
 
 
 98.1 
 
 6.42 p.m 
 
 
 98.4 
 
'83 
 
 Table 98. — Summary of the diary — Metabolism experiments Xos. 26 and 28 — Continued. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Weight Pulse 
 of subject rate per 
 in under- ruin- 
 clothes, ute. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Weight Pulse 
 of subject rate per Temper- 
 in under- min- ature. 
 
 clothes. ute. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 86. 
 
 Feb. 16, 7.00 p. m 
 
 Kgs. 
 
 04. 73 
 
 77 
 75 
 
 °E. 
 
 98.5 
 
 1900. 
 Expt. No. 98— Cont'd. 
 Feb. 21. 1.54 p. m 
 
 Kf/s. 
 
 3 
 
 °F. 
 
 2.01 p. m 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 7.40 p. m 
 
 
 
 9S 
 98.3 
 
 97.8 
 97.8 
 
 "'"' l 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 2.34 p. m 
 
 
 9S.5 
 
 8.26 p. m 
 
 8.30 p. m... 
 
 
 71 
 
 3.52 p. m 
 
 
 S6 
 
 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 9.31p.m.... 
 
 Experiment N . 18. 
 Fel>. 20. 6.55 a. m 
 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 88 
 
 4.35 p. m 
 
 
 76 
 79 
 75 
 
 77 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 9^.2 
 
 5.28 p. m 
 
 
 98.5 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 63. 71 
 
 98. 1 
 
 6.32 p. m 
 
 
 
 7.32 a. m 
 
 6.59 p. m 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 
 98. 4 
 
 7.00 p. m .... 
 
 .64.63 
 
 
 8.30 a. m 
 
 
 91 
 
 81 
 
 97.7 
 
 8.31 a. m 
 
 98. 4 
 98.7 
 98.4 
 98. 2 
 
 
 
 97.9 
 
 9.30 a. m 
 
 
 99 
 84 
 81 
 78 
 70 
 
 8.27 p. m 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 
 8.30 p.m 
 
 
 97.7 
 
 11.30 a. m 
 
 
 9.27 p.m 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 11.36 a. m 
 
 
 97.6 
 
 12.27 p. m j 
 
 
 Feb. 22, 6.55 a. m 
 
 
 69 
 
 So 
 
 
 12.33 p. m ' 
 
 98.1 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 63. 85 
 
 98. 1 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 12.59 p. m 
 
 
 98. 1 
 
 7.40 a. m 
 
 
 97.9 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 8.28 a. m 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 98.3 
 98. 2 
 9^.1 
 
 8.33 a. m 
 
 
 98.3 
 
 3.34 p. m 
 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 71 
 
 9.°7 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 4.30 p. m 
 
 
 9.30 a. m 
 
 
 98. 2 
 
 5.32 p. m 
 
 
 10.29 a. m.... 
 
 10.30 a. m 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 5.41 p. m 
 
 
 98 
 
 9<.4 
 
 6.35 p. m 
 
 
 77 
 
 11.36 a. m 
 
 
 82 
 74 
 
 
 6.40 p. m 
 
 
 98.1 
 
 12.27 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 72 
 
 12.30 p. m 
 
 
 98. 2 
 
 7.00 p. m 
 
 7.30 p. m 
 
 64. 32 
 
 98.1 
 97.8 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 12.58 p. m 
 
 
 98 2 
 
 8.28 p. m 
 
 
 2.07 p. m 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 8.30 j». m... 
 
 
 97.7 
 
 
 
 98.6 
 
 9.30 p. m... 
 
 
 67 
 
 2.30 p. m 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 9.32 p. m 
 
 
 97.3 
 
 2.50 p. m 
 
 
 98. 4 
 
 10.18 p. m 
 
 
 67 
 
 3.30 p.m 
 
 
 84 
 78 
 73 
 
 98. 4 
 
 10.20 p. m. 
 
 
 97.2 
 
 4.29 p. m 
 
 
 98.4 
 
 Feb. 21, 6.55 a. m 
 
 
 73 
 
 87 
 
 5.30 p. m 
 
 
 
 7 00 a. m... 
 
 63.83 
 
 98.1 
 
 
 
 98.2 
 
 7.29 a. m 
 
 6.30 p. m 
 
 
 73 
 76 
 74 
 
 98.4 
 
 7.30 a. m 
 
 
 98.1 
 
 
 
 98.3 
 98.3 
 
 6.57 p. m 
 
 7.27 p. m 
 
 64.77 
 
 98.1 
 
 8.29 a. m. 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 8.30 a. m 
 
 
 7.31 p.m 
 
 
 97.7 
 
 9.30 a. m 
 
 
 101 
 
 87 
 
 8.32 p.m 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 10.30 a. m 1 
 
 8.42 p. m 
 
 
 97.5 
 
 10.33 a. m \ 
 
 98.4 
 
 9.27 p.m 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 11.27 a. m 1 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 97.3 
 
 11.31 a. m 1 
 
 97.9 
 98.1 
 
 10.20 p.m 
 
 
 70 
 76 
 
 97.1 
 
 12.31 p.m 1 
 
 77 
 73 
 
 Feb. 23, 6.55 a. m 
 
 
 
 1.00 p. m ' 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 64.05 
 
 98 1 
 
 
 
 
84 
 
 Detailed data of income and outgo. — The quantities of nutrients in 
 the basal ration which were used for the experiments and the quantities 
 in the supplemental ration in the two experiments are shown in Table 
 99. The elimination of matter and energy in the feces was determined 
 in each experiment and the results are recorded in Table 100. 
 
 Table 99. 
 
 Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Metabolism experiments 
 Nos. 26 and 28. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Weight WatPT 
 
 per day. Uater ' 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Carbo- 
 hy- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat 
 
 Of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion. 
 
 3176 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grams. Grama. 
 
 53. 1 
 
 30. 3. 
 
 1,000.0 900.0 
 
 200.0 78.fi 
 
 Grams. 
 
 28.7 
 
 Grams. 
 2.4 
 
 Groins. 
 
 47.0 
 97. - 
 47.9 
 39.5 
 15.0 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 4.60 16.62 
 
 'Trams. 
 2.30 
 3.01 
 6.30 
 
 3.97 
 2.97 
 
 .97 
 
 Colo- 
 187 
 
 3177 
 
 Butter 
 
 .5 
 42.0 
 17.8 
 
 3.7 
 5.9 
 
 25.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.2 
 
 5.0 
 
 .9 
 
 .08 
 
 6.70 
 
 2.84 
 
 .60 
 
 .94 
 
 19. 51 
 46.30 
 55. 52 
 26.59 
 21.10 
 6.31 
 
 240 
 
 3179 
 3180 
 
 Milk, skimmed 
 
 Bread 
 
 462 
 561 
 
 3181 
 3168 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 Parched cereal 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Total basal ration.. 
 
 EXPERIMENT NO. 26. 
 
 Butter (supplemen- 
 tal ration) 
 
 Total ration, 1 day. 
 
 EXPERIMENT NO. 28. 
 
 Total basal ration 
 
 Sugar (supplemen- 
 
 60.0 
 50.0 
 15.0 
 
 2.5 
 2.8 
 
 266 
 
 207 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3177 
 
 1,440.0 1,040.0 
 
 63.5 6.3 
 
 I 
 
 98.6 
 1.0 
 
 40.3 
 54.5 
 
 247. 2 
 
 15. 76 
 .16 
 
 191. 95 
 41.29 
 
 27.50 
 6.36 
 
 1,982 
 
 .508 
 
 
 1,503.5 
 
 1,046.3 09.6 94.8 247.2 
 
 15.92 233.24 33.86 2.490 
 
 
 1,440.0 
 128.0 
 
 1,040.0 
 
 98.6 
 
 40.3 
 
 247. 2 
 128.0 
 
 15.76 191.95 
 53. SS 
 
 27.50 
 8.29 
 
 1,982 
 
 507 
 
 
 Total ration, 1 day. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,668.0 1.040.0 98.6 40.3 , 375.2 
 
 15.76 245.83 i 35.79 2,489 
 
 Table 100. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces — Metabolism experiment* 
 
 Nos. 26 and 28. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 
 Weight ' Pro- <**?■ 
 of feces. Water tern. F ^ ^ 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 TT,. Hrri Heat of 
 
 gen combu *- 
 &eu - tion. 
 
 3183 
 
 Experiment No. 26. 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day... 
 
 Experimenl No. 25. 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day... 
 
 Grams. Grama. 
 
 286.5 171.0 
 
 78.8 57.0 
 
 Grams. Grams. Grams. 
 
 20. 6 8. 5 20. 1 
 
 6.9 ' 2.8 6.7 
 
 Grams. ! Grams. 
 3.26 28.33 
 1,09 9.44 
 
 Grams. Calories. 
 3. 41 317 
 1.14 106 
 
 3185 
 
 219.9 155.2 23.3 12.1 ; 16.1 
 73.3 51,7 7.8 4.0 5.3 
 
 0. 71 29. 93 
 1.25 9.98 
 
 4.02 335 
 1.34 112 
 
 The usual statistics of outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, water, 
 and energy in the urine are given in Tables 101 and 102. The urine 
 was collected in the usual periods for twenty-four hours following the 
 close of experiment No. 28. The elimination of nitrogen in these 
 periods was 3.48, 5.25, 4.74, and 2.96 grams, respectively, or a total of 
 16.43 grams. 
 
85 
 
 Table 101. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine- 
 
 26 and 28. 
 
 Metabolism experiments Nos. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Amount 
 of urine. 
 
 Specific 
 
 gravity. 
 
 Nitrogen content. 
 
 1900. 
 Feb. 14-15 
 
 Experiment No. 26. 
 7 a. ni. to 1 p. m. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 326. 7 
 297. 6 
 264. 8 
 
 327. 4 
 
 1.0225 
 1. 0245 
 1.0225 
 1.017 
 
 Per cent. 
 1.31 
 1.57 
 
 1.54 
 1.10 
 
 Grams. 
 4.28 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 4.67 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. in 
 
 4.08 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 3.60 
 
 
 Total . 
 
 
 
 1,216.5 
 
 
 
 16.63 
 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. ni 
 
 1, 216. 5 
 
 
 
 1.021 
 
 1.38 
 
 16. 7^ 
 
 15-16 
 
 451.4 
 356.7 
 274.3 
 443.7 
 
 1.017 
 1.021 
 1.021 
 1.0115 
 
 .83 
 1.23 
 
 1.35 
 .73 
 
 3. 75 
 4.39 
 
 
 
 3.70 
 
 
 
 3.24 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,526.1 
 1,526.1 
 
 
 
 15. 08 
 
 
 
 1.0175 
 
 .99 
 
 15. 11 
 
 
 
 
 16-17 
 
 381.6 
 400.2 
 266.2 
 292.4 
 
 1. 0185 
 1. 0185 
 1.020 
 1.017 
 
 .91 
 1.04 
 1.35 
 1.10 
 
 3.47 
 
 
 
 4. 16 
 
 
 
 3.59 
 
 
 
 3.22 
 
 
 Total . 
 
 
 
 1. 340. 4 
 1,340.4 
 
 
 
 14.44 
 
 
 
 1.0185 
 
 1.09 
 
 14.61 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,083.0 
 
 4, 083. 
 
 
 
 46. 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 46.00 
 
 
 Experiment No. 28. 
 7 a. in. to 1 p>. m 
 
 
 
 
 Feb 20-21 
 
 379.2 
 327. 3 
 207. 1 
 2.56. 2 
 
 1.0185 
 1.021 
 1.0255 
 1.018 
 
 1.12 
 1.39 
 1.82 
 1.30 
 
 4. 25 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 4.55 
 
 
 
 3.77 
 
 
 
 3.33 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,169.8 
 1, 169. 8 
 
 
 
 15. 90 
 
 
 Total b v composite 
 
 1.020 
 
 1.37 
 
 16.03 
 
 
 
 
 21-22 
 
 340.7 
 267. 7 
 276.8 
 407.0 
 
 1.018 
 1.024 
 1. 020 
 1.011 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.60 
 1.41 
 
 .82 
 
 
 
 3.71 
 
 
 
 4. 28 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. in 
 
 3.90 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 3.34 
 
 
 - Total . 
 
 
 
 1, 292. 2 
 1, 292. 2 
 
 
 
 15. 23 
 
 
 Total bv composite 
 
 1.017 
 
 1.19 
 
 15. 38 
 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 
 22-23 
 
 302. 8 
 258.5 
 234.7 
 408.5 
 
 1.0185 
 1.023 
 1.022 
 1.012 
 
 i.n 
 
 1.58 
 1.62 
 
 .84 
 
 3.36 
 
 
 
 4.08 
 
 
 
 3.80 
 
 
 
 3.41 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,202.5 
 1, 202. 5 
 
 
 
 14. 65 
 
 
 Total bv composite 
 
 1.018 
 
 1.23 
 
 14.79 
 
 
 Total . 3 da vs, b v periods 
 
 
 
 3.664.5 
 3, 664. 5 
 
 
 45. 78 
 
 
 Total bv composite 
 
 | 
 
 46.20 
 
 
 Total, 9 days, 8 by composite 
 
 
 
 
 11, 998. 8 
 
 1.019 
 
 1.19 
 
 138. 84 
 
 
 
 
 'Including 3 days of an experiment not here reported. 
 
86 
 
 Table 102. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and erxrgy in urine — Metab- 
 olism experiments Xos. 26 and 28. 
 
 Date. 
 
 p . -, Amount 
 fenoci. Qf urine _ 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 Heat of com- 
 bustion. 
 
 
 gr P am. Total - 
 
 1900. 
 Feb. 14-15 
 
 15-16 
 16-17 
 
 Experiment No. 26. Q ramSm 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m...: 1,216.5 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m... 1,526.1 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m... 1,340.4 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams.' P.ct. 
 
 11.93 
 
 10.82 
 
 10.36 
 
 Grams. 
 
 2.87 
 2.61 
 2.50 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. Calorie. 
 
 1. 157. 3 0. 103 
 
 1.472.4 .082 
 1,289.0 .101 
 
 Oalorit s 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 135 
 
 
 Total, 3 days.. 4,083.0 
 
 33.11 
 
 7.98 
 
 
 3,918.7 385 
 
 Feb. 20-21 
 21-22 
 22-23 
 
 Experiment No. 88. 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m... 1,169.8 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m... 1,292.2 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m... i 1,202.5 
 
 
 
 11.40 
 
 10.92 
 
 10.51 
 
 2.75 
 2.63 
 2.53 
 
 
 
 1,113.2 .102 
 1,238.0 .103 
 1,1.50.3 .110 
 
 119 
 133 
 132 
 
 
 Total, 3 days.. 1 3,664.5 
 
 
 32.83 
 
 7.91 
 
 
 3,501.5 
 
 384 
 
 
 Total.9days«. 11,998.8 0. S3 
 
 1 
 
 99. 59 0. 20 
 
 24.00 | 95.88 
 
 11,. 504. 5 .095 1,141 
 
 a This period includes the 6 days of experiments Nos. 26 and 28 and 3 days of an intervening experi- 
 ment not reported here. 
 
^7 
 
 Tables 103-105 show the quantities of carbon dioxid and water 
 found in the ventilating air current in these two experiments. 
 
 Table 103. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber 
 at th> beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 riments Nos. 96 and 28. 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Date. 
 
 End of period. 
 
 Gain - 
 Total or loss \ - ) 
 amount in over 
 chamber, preceding 
 period. 
 
 Total c ■ , Total 
 
 amount of ^,^.,\ amount 
 
 vapor orl ^-i;-' gained (+) 
 
 remaining r . rt _^ il1tT or losl 
 
 in cham- P^Sf 8 during the 
 
 ber. 
 
 period. 
 
 period. 1 
 
 1900. 
 Feb. 14 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 
 jLxptruntm jvo. -,'o. 
 7 a. m 
 
 Grams. 
 22. 2 
 32. 3 
 35. 7 
 22. x 
 25. 3 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 36.3 . 
 36.9 
 38.4 
 35.5 
 33.6 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 +10. 1 
 
 - 3.4 
 -12.9 
 
 - 2.5 
 
 - 0.6 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 - 2. 9 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 - 0.6 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 
 
 
 - 3.1 . 
 
 
 — 2.7 
 
 07 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 34.4 
 34.8 
 
 24. 1 
 
 - 9.1 
 
 - 0.4 
 -10.7 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 37.4 
 36. 9 
 
 34. 8 
 32.3 
 
 — 3. ;*• 
 
 - 0.5 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 — 2.5 
 
 + 3. v 
 - 0.5 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 
 
 - 2.7 . 
 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 30. *> 
 39. 5 
 21.5 
 
 23. 
 
 + 8.7 
 -18.0 
 - 1.5 
 
 35.9 
 38.8 
 34.4 
 31.4 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 -3.6 
 - 2.9 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 , a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Experiment No. . - 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 
 
 - 0.4 . 
 
 
 - 0.9 
 
 - 0.9 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 26.4 
 35.2 
 
 37. 2 
 24.1 
 24.1 
 
 + 8.8 
 
 - 2.0 
 
 -13.1 
 
 
 
 32.9 . 
 39.9 
 40.1 
 34. 8 
 30. 8 
 
 - 7.0 
 
 - 0.2 
 
 - 5.3 
 
 - 4.0 
 
 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 
 1 p.m 
 
 - 7.0 
 
 - 0.2 
 
 - 5.3 
 
 21 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 Total... 
 
 - 4.0 
 
 
 
 - 2.3 . 
 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 2 1 
 
 
 l p.m 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 38.0 
 
 19.0 
 26. 4 
 
 -13.9 
 -19.0 
 
 - 7.4 
 
 — 2. 5 
 
 40.3 
 30.2 
 36.1 
 35. 5 
 
 - 9. 5 
 -10.1 
 
 - 5.9 
 
 - 0.6 
 
 -r 9.5 
 
 -10.1 
 5 9 
 
 22 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 7 p.m 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 - 0.6 
 
 
 
 + 4.8 
 
 
 - 4.7 
 
 -4.7 
 
 •22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 
 36.7 
 39. 7 
 26. 
 28, 7 
 
 - 3.0 
 -13.7 
 
 39.3 
 36.5 
 33.4 
 
 — 3. 3 
 + 0.5 
 
 — 2. y 
 
 — 3.1 
 
 - 3.3 
 + 0.5 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 
 
 - 0.2 
 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 - 2. 1 
 
 
 
 
 »The differences in weight of the absorbers were so small as to be within the limit of error of the 
 weighing apparatus. There was no drip. 
 
88 
 
 Table 104. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current — Metabolism experirnenU 
 
 Xos. 26 and 28. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1900. 
 Feb. 14-15 
 
 15-16 
 
 16-17 
 
 Feb. 20-21 
 
 21-22 
 
 Experiment No. 26. 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m . . . 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. in ... 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. in . . . 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m . . . 
 
 Total 
 
 22-23 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. in 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 1 p. m. to 7 p.m 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Experiment No. 28. 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m ... 
 1 p. m.to7 p. m ... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m ... 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m ... 
 
 (a) 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 In incoming 
 Ventila- air. 
 
 tion 
 
 (number {b) (c) 
 
 of liters 
 of air] 
 
 Liters. 
 28,762 
 28,762 
 30. 316 
 
 Per 
 
 liter. 
 
 Total, 
 axb. 
 
 Mg. Grams. 
 
 0.529 15.2 
 
 .568 16.3 
 
 .568 17.2 
 
 (d) 
 
 In out- 
 going 
 air. 
 
 28,762 .555 I 16.0 
 
 Grams. 
 212. 1 
 215.9 
 204.1 
 144.2 
 
 (0 
 
 Total 
 excess 
 in out- 
 going 
 air, 
 d-c. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 1 196.9 
 
 199.6 
 
 186.9 
 
 128.2 
 
 116, 602 
 
 64. 
 
 (/) 
 Correc- 
 tion for 
 amount 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 chamber. 
 
 776.3 
 
 ■11.6 
 
 Grams. 
 +10.1 
 + 3.4 
 -12.9 
 
 + 2.5 
 
 Cor- 
 rected 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 by sub- 
 ject. 
 e+f. 
 
 (A) 
 
 Total 
 weight 
 of car- 
 bon ex- 
 haled, 
 <7X r 3 T . 
 
 Grams. 
 207.0 
 203. 
 174.0 
 130.7 
 
 Grams. 
 56.5 
 55.4 
 47.4 
 35.6 
 
 + 3.1 
 
 714. 
 
 27, 985 . 556 
 
 29. 541 . 561 
 
 30, 316 . 550 
 
 30, 316 . 555 
 
 15.6 
 16.6 
 16.7 
 16.8 
 
 220. 
 226.7 
 204.0 
 145.2 
 
 118, 158 
 
 .1 65.7 795.' 
 
 29,540 .582 17.2 209.2 
 
 30,316 .571 ! 17.3 225.4 
 
 29,540 .551 16.3 202.6 
 
 30,316 .559 16.9 144.8 
 
 119, 712 
 
 782. 
 
 204. 4 
 210. 1 
 187.3 
 128.4 
 
 730. 2 
 
 + 9.1 
 + .4 
 -10.7 
 - 1.5 
 
 213. 5 
 210.5 
 176. 6 
 126. 9 
 
 2.7 
 
 727. I 
 
 192.0 
 208.1 
 
 127.9 
 
 + 8.2 
 + 8.7 
 -18.0 
 + 1.5 
 
 200.2 
 216. 8 
 168.3 
 129.4 ! 
 
 714.3 
 
 ■14. 
 
 3.54,472 198.1 
 
 27, 985 
 27,208 
 28, 762 
 28, 762 
 
 .572 
 .576 
 
 .578 
 . 557 
 
 16.0 
 15.7 
 16.6 
 16.0 
 
 2,354.2 i2,156.1 
 
 2. 156. 9 
 
 240.0 
 231. 6 
 214. 1 
 
 1.54. 6 
 
 224. 
 215.9 
 197.5 
 138.6 
 
 + 8.8 
 
 + 2.0 
 
 -13.1 
 
 
 
 232.8 
 217.9 
 184.4 
 138.6 
 
 Total 112,71' 
 
 64.3 i 840.3 776.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 773.' 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total. 3 da vs. 
 
 26,430 
 
 .614 
 
 16.2 
 
 231.0 
 
 214.8 
 
 + 7.8 
 
 222.6 
 
 27,208 
 
 .609 
 
 16.6 
 
 225. 
 
 208.4 | 
 
 + 3.0 
 
 211.4 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .560 
 
 16.1 
 
 220.2 
 
 204.1 
 
 -13.7 
 
 190.4 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .609 
 
 17.5 
 
 154.4 
 
 136.9 [ 
 
 + 2.7 
 
 139.6 
 
 111, 162 
 
 
 66.4 830.6 
 
 764. 2 
 
 - .2 
 
 764.0 
 
 332. 709 
 
 
 
 198.3 
 
 2, 514. 2 
 
 2, 315. 9 
 
 + 2.3 
 
 2,318.2 
 
 194.9 
 
 58.2 
 •V7.4 
 48.2 
 34.6 
 
 198.4 
 
 54.6 
 59.1 
 45.9 
 35.3 
 
 194.9 
 
 588. 2 
 
 63.5 
 "-.9. 4 
 .50.3 
 37.8 
 
 211.0 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .64U 
 
 16.9 
 
 229. 6 
 
 212.7 
 
 +13.9 
 
 226. 6 
 
 61.8 
 
 27,208 
 
 .637 
 
 17.3 
 
 235. 5 
 
 218. 2 
 
 -19.0 
 
 199.2 
 
 .54.3 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .597 
 
 17.2 
 
 227. 6 
 
 210.4 
 
 + 7.4 ! 
 
 217.8 
 
 59.4 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .612 
 
 16.2 
 
 150.6 
 
 134.4 
 
 + 2.5 • 
 
 136.9 
 
 37.3 
 
 108, 830 
 
 
 67.6 : 
 
 843. 3 
 
 775. 7 
 
 + 4.8 
 
 780.5 
 
 212. 8 
 
 60.7 
 57.6 
 51.9 
 38.1 
 
 208. 3 
 
 632.1 
 
89 
 
 Table 105. — Record of water in ventilating air current- 
 
 and 28. 
 
 Metabolism experiments Nos. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 £^ 
 11 
 
 ll 
 
 BIS 
 
 ll 
 
 Water in in- 
 coming air. 
 
 Water 
 
 n outgoing air. 
 
 (9) 
 
 £ to 
 
 I'l 
 -1 - 
 
 Correction f o r ^ 
 water remaining > 
 in chamber. 
 
 O 9) . 
 
 !» 
 
 Date. 
 
 0) 
 
 (c) 
 
 X 
 
 e 
 
 (d) 
 
 C 5c n 
 
 S c o 
 O y p 
 
 < 
 
 (c) 
 
 fl « <D 
 
 +>S3 
 
 I SB 
 
 < 
 
 Grams. 
 
 if) 
 + 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 26. 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Gravis. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Fell. 11-15 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m . 
 
 28, 762 
 
 0.816 
 
 23.5 
 
 197.3 
 
 47.6 
 
 244.9 
 
 221.4 
 
 + 0.6 
 
 222. 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m . 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .852 
 
 24.5 
 
 196.1 
 
 42.2 
 
 238. 3 
 
 213.8 
 
 + 1.5 
 
 215. 3 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m . 
 
 30, 316 
 
 .828 
 
 25.1 
 
 184.6 
 
 49.0 
 
 233.6 
 
 208.5 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 205. 6 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 Total 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .833 
 
 24.0 
 
 171.3 
 
 40.8 
 
 212.1 
 
 188.1 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 186.2 
 
 
 116, 602 
 
 
 97.1 
 
 749.3 
 
 179. 6 
 
 928.9 
 
 831.8 
 
 - 2.7 
 
 829. 1 
 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m . 
 
 
 15-1(3 
 
 27,985 
 
 .867 
 
 24.3 
 
 179.7 
 
 42.7 
 
 222. 4 
 
 198.1 
 
 + 3.8 
 
 201. 9 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 
 
 29. 541 
 
 .890 
 
 26.3 
 
 195.0 
 
 43.0 
 
 238.0 
 
 211. 7 
 
 - .5 
 
 211.2 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1a.m. 
 
 30, 316 
 
 .860 
 
 26.1 
 
 185. 5 
 
 47.6 
 
 233. 1 
 
 207. 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 204.9 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m . 
 Total 
 
 30, 316 
 
 .828 
 
 25.1 
 
 174.1 
 
 42.1 
 
 216.2 
 
 191.1 
 
 - 2.5 
 
 188.6 
 
 
 118, 158 
 
 
 101.8 
 
 734.3 
 
 175.4 
 
 909.7 
 
 807.9 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 806.6 
 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m . 
 
 
 16-17 
 
 29, 540 
 
 .828 
 
 24.5 
 
 182. 3 
 
 44.7 
 
 227. 
 
 202.5 
 
 + 3.6 
 
 206.1 
 
 
 1 p. m. to "p.m. 
 
 30, 316 
 
 .820 
 
 24.9 
 
 188.8 
 
 43.0 
 
 231.8 
 
 206.9 
 
 + 2.9 
 
 209.8 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m . 
 
 29, 540 
 
 .824 
 
 24.3 
 
 184.9 
 
 45.2 
 
 230.1 
 
 205.8 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 201. 4 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m . 
 Total 
 
 30, 316 
 
 .795 
 
 24.1 
 
 168.9 
 
 40.4 
 
 209.3 
 
 185.2 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 182.2 
 
 
 119, 712 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 724. 9 
 
 173.3 
 
 898.2 
 
 800.4 
 
 - .9 
 
 799. 5 
 
 
 Total, 3 days... 
 Experiment No.28. 
 
 
 
 354, 472 
 
 
 296.7 
 
 2, 208. 5 
 
 528.3 
 
 2, 736. 8 
 
 2, 440. 1 
 
 - 4.9 
 
 2, 435. 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 20-21 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m . 
 
 27,985 
 
 .836 
 
 23.4 
 
 204.6 
 
 43.7 
 
 248.3 
 
 224.9 
 
 + 7.0 
 
 231. 9 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m . 
 
 27,208 
 
 ..845 
 
 23.0 
 
 203.6 
 
 37.6 
 
 241.2 
 
 218,2 
 
 + .2 
 
 218.4 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m . 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .850 
 
 24.4 
 
 191.4 
 
 43.1 
 
 234.5 
 
 210.1 
 
 - 5.3 
 
 204.8 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 Total 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .836 
 
 24.0 
 
 170.2 
 
 39.3 
 
 209.5 
 
 185.5 
 
 - 4.0 
 
 181. 5 
 
 
 112, 717 
 
 
 94.8 
 
 769. 8 
 
 163.7 
 
 933. 5 
 
 838.7 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 836.6 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m . 
 
 
 21-22 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .848 
 
 22.4 
 
 186.4 
 
 38.9 
 
 225. 3 
 
 202. 9 
 
 + 9.5 
 
 212.4 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m . 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .806 
 
 21.9 
 
 201.4 
 
 38.2 
 
 239.6 
 
 217. 7 
 
 -10.1 
 
 207.6 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m . 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .867 
 
 24.9 
 
 187.9 
 
 43.9 
 
 231.8 
 
 206.9 
 
 + 5.9 
 
 212.8 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 Total 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .796 
 
 21.0 
 
 166.7 
 
 35.9 
 
 202.6 
 
 181.6 
 
 - .6 
 
 181.0 
 
 
 108, 830 
 
 
 90.2 
 
 23.8 
 
 742. 4 
 
 156.9 
 
 899.3 
 
 809.1 
 
 + 4.7 
 
 813.8 
 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m . 
 
 
 22-23 
 
 2G, 430 
 
 .899 
 
 185. 2 
 
 39.2 
 
 224. 4 
 
 200. 6 
 
 + 3.3 
 
 203.9 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m . 
 
 27,208 
 
 .890 
 
 24.2 
 
 194.8 
 
 37.4 
 
 232.2 
 
 208. 
 
 + .5 
 
 208. 5 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m . 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .917 
 
 26.4 
 
 183.7 
 
 43.9 
 
 227.6 
 
 201.2 
 
 - 2.8 
 
 198.4 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m . 
 Total 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .816 
 
 23.5 
 
 167.0 
 
 39.4 
 
 206.4 
 
 182.9 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 179.8 
 
 
 111, 162 
 
 
 97.9 
 
 730.7 
 
 159.9 
 
 890.6 
 
 792. 7 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 790.6 
 
 
 Total. 3 days... 
 
 
 
 332, 709 
 
 
 282.9 
 
 2, 242. 9 
 
 480.5 
 
 2, 723. 4 
 
 2, 440. 5 
 
 - .5 
 
 2, 441. 
 
90 
 
 The heat carried away by the water current and the latent heat of 
 vaporization of water in experiments Xos. 26 and 28 are shown in 
 Table 106. 
 
 Table 106. — Sam/nary of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiments Xos. 26 
 
 and §8. 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (c) 
 
 (d) 
 
 (e) 
 Water 
 
 (/) 
 
 iff) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Heat 
 measured 
 in terms 
 
 of Co . 
 
 Change 
 of tem- 
 perature 
 of calo- 
 rimeter. 
 
 Capacity 
 correc- 
 tion of 
 calo- 
 rimeter, 
 6x60. 
 
 Correc- 
 tion due 
 to tem- 
 perature 
 of food 
 
 and 
 dishes. 
 
 vapo- 
 rized 
 equals 
 total 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 
 less 
 amount 
 
 con- 
 densed 
 
 Heat 
 used in 
 
 vapori- 
 zation of 
 
 water, 
 ex 0.592. 
 
 Total 
 heat 
 
 deter- 
 mined, 
 
 u-c- 
 d+f. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 chamber. 
 
 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment Xo. 26. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Degree. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Grants. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 Feb. 14-15 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m .. 
 
 525. 5 
 
 -0.2 
 
 -1.2 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 222. 
 
 131.4 
 
 653.6 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m .. 
 
 453. 2 
 
 - .1 
 
 - .6 
 
 - 3.9 
 
 215.3 
 
 127.5 
 
 576. 2 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m .. 
 
 350.9 
 
 - .1 
 
 - .6 
 
 + 7.7 
 
 205. 6 
 
 121.7 
 
 479.7 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 Total 
 
 254. 5 
 
 + .5 
 
 +3.0 
 
 
 
 186.2 
 
 110.2 
 
 367.7 
 
 
 1,584.] 
 
 + .1 
 
 + .6 
 
 + 1.7 
 
 829. 1 
 
 490.8 
 
 2. 077. 2 
 
 15-16 
 
 16-17 
 
 Feb 20-21 
 
 21-22 
 
 22-23 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m . . 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total. 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m .. 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m .. 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m .. 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3days. 
 
 Experiment Xo. -2S. 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m .. 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m .. 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. rn .. 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m .. 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m .. 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m . . 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m .. 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m .. 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m .. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days. 
 
 522.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + • - 
 
 201. 9 
 
 119.5 
 
 642. 5 
 
 465. 5 
 
 
 .1 
 
 - .6 
 
 - 3.8 
 
 211.2 
 
 125.0 
 
 586.1 
 
 388.2 
 
 + 
 
 .1 
 
 -f .6 
 
 + 6.1 
 
 204. 9 
 
 121. 3 
 
 516.2 
 
 241. 8 
 
 + 
 
 .3 
 
 + 1.8 
 
 C 
 
 188.6 
 
 111.7 
 
 355.3 
 
 1.618.3 
 
 + 
 
 .3 
 
 + 1.8 
 
 + 2.5 
 
 806.6 
 
 477.5 
 
 2, 100. 1 
 
 510. 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 3.1 
 
 206.1 
 
 122. 
 
 635. 8 
 
 468.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — . 7 
 
 209. 8 
 
 124. 2 
 
 592, 4 
 
 371.4 
 
 + 
 
 .1 
 
 + .6 
 
 + 9.6 
 
 201.4 
 
 119.2 
 
 500.8 
 
 241.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 182. 2 
 
 107.9 
 
 349.2 
 
 1,592.3 
 
 + 
 
 .1 
 
 +0.6 
 
 +12. C 
 
 799.5 
 
 473.3 
 
 2. 078. 2 
 
 4.7V»4.7 
 
 +3.0 
 
 + 16.2 
 
 2, 435. 2 
 
 1.441.6 
 
 6. 255. 5 
 
 526.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - .3 
 
 231.9 
 
 137.3 
 
 663.0 
 
 472. 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - .8 
 
 218. 4 
 
 129. 3 
 
 601.0 
 
 361.9 
 
 - 
 
 .3 
 
 -1.8 
 
 + 3.9 
 
 204. 8 
 
 121.2 
 
 485.2 
 
 239. 1 
 
 + 
 
 .3 
 
 +1.8 
 
 
 181.5 
 
 107.4 
 
 348.3 
 
 
 
 1,599.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 2.8 
 
 836.6 
 
 495. 2 
 
 2. 097. 5 
 
 501.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 2.1 
 
 212. 4 
 
 125. 7 
 
 628. 8 
 
 141.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 207.6 
 
 122.9 
 
 560. 8 
 
 393.6 
 
 + 
 
 .2 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 + 4.1 
 
 212. 8 
 
 126. 
 
 524.9 
 
 253. 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 181.0 
 
 107. 2 
 
 360.8 
 
 
 
 
 1.589.7 
 
 + 
 
 .2 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 + 2.6 
 
 M3.8 
 
 481.8 
 
 2.075.3 
 
 507.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 1.0 
 
 203.9 
 
 120.7 
 
 629.4 
 
 456.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 7.0 
 
 208.5 
 
 123. 4 
 
 572. 6 
 
 378.6 
 
 + 
 
 .1 
 
 +0.6 
 
 + 8.2 
 
 198.4 
 
 117.5 
 
 504.9 
 
 251. 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 179.8 
 
 106.4 
 
 35a i 
 
 
 
 1.594.2 
 
 + 
 
 .1 
 
 +0.6 
 
 + 2.2 
 
 790.6 
 
 468.0 
 
 2, 065. 
 
 4. 783. 4 
 
 
 
 4-1.8 
 
 + 7.6 
 
 2,441.0 
 
 1,445.0 
 
 6.237.8 
 
91 
 
 Balance of vnconu and outgo of matter and energy, — Tables 107-110 
 summarize the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and 
 energy in this series of experiments. 
 
 Table 107. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiments Nos. 96 
 
 and 28. 
 
 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 (6) 
 
 In 
 
 feces. 
 
 (c) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 {el) 
 Gam 
 
 or loss 
 
 (-), 
 
 a - 
 
 (& + C). 
 
 (c) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 (/) 
 
 In 
 feces. 
 
 (0) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 (h) 
 
 In 
 respir- 
 atory 
 prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 (*) 
 
 Gain 
 
 ( + ) 
 
 or loss 
 
 (-), 
 
 e-(f+ 
 
 9+h). 
 
 1900. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment Xo. 26. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Feb. 14-15. 7 a. in. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 15.9 
 
 1.1 
 
 16.6 
 
 -1.8 
 
 233. 2 
 
 9.4 
 
 11.9 
 
 194.9 
 
 +17.0 
 
 15-16,7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 15.9 
 
 1.1 
 
 15.1 
 
 -0.3 
 
 233. 2 
 
 9.5 
 
 10.8 
 
 198.4 
 
 +14.5 
 
 16-17,7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 15.9 
 
 1.1 
 
 14.4 
 
 +0.4 
 
 233.2 
 
 9.4 
 
 10.4 
 
 194. 9 
 
 +18.5 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 47.7 
 
 3.3 
 
 46.1 
 
 -1.7 
 
 699.6 
 
 28.3 
 
 33.1 
 
 588. 2 
 
 +50.0 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 15.9 
 
 1.1 
 
 15.4 
 
 -0.6 
 
 233. 2 
 
 9.4 
 
 11.0 
 
 196.1 
 
 +16.7 
 
 Experiment Xo. 28. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 
 
 15.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 15.9 
 
 -1.3 
 
 245.8 
 
 10.0 
 
 11.4 
 
 211.0 
 
 +13.4 
 
 21-22.7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 15.7 
 
 1.3 
 
 15. 2 
 
 -0.8 
 
 245. 8 
 
 10.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 212.8 
 
 +12.1 
 
 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 15.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 14.7 
 
 -0.1 
 
 245. 8 
 
 10.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 208. 3 
 
 +17.0 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 47.3 
 
 3.7 
 
 45.8 
 
 -2.2 
 
 737.4 
 
 30.0 
 
 32.8 
 
 632.1 
 
 +42. 5 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 15.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 15. 3 
 
 -0.7 
 
 245.8 
 
 10.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 210. 7 
 
 +14.2 
 
 Table 108. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism expi riments Xos. 26 
 
 and 28. 
 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 
 Date, 
 
 (a) 
 In food. 
 
 (6) 
 
 In drink. 
 
 (c) 
 
 In feces. 
 
 (d) 
 In urine. 
 
 (e) 
 In respir- 
 ator y 
 products. 
 
 Apparent 
 
 loss, a+b 
 
 -(c+d+ 
 
 e). 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment Xo. 26. 
 
 Feb. 14-15, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Grams. 
 1,046.3 
 1,046.3 
 1,046.3 
 
 Grams. 
 800 
 800 
 800 
 
 Grams. 
 57.0 
 57.0 
 57.0 
 
 Grams. 
 1,157.3 
 1, 472. 4 
 1,289.0 
 
 Grams. 
 829. 1 
 806.6 
 799.5 
 
 Grams. 
 -197.1 
 
 15-16, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 -489. 7 
 
 16-17,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 —299. 2 
 
 
 
 Total. 3 davs 
 
 3,138.9 
 1,046.3 
 
 2.400 
 800 
 
 171.0 
 57.0 
 
 3,918.7 
 1,306.2 
 
 2, 435. 2 
 
 811.7 
 
 -986.0 
 
 
 -328. 6 
 
 
 
 Experiment X<>. 98. 
 
 Feb 20-21,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 21-22, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1,040.0 
 1,040.0 
 1,040.0 
 
 800 
 800 
 800 
 
 51.7 
 
 51.8 
 51.7 
 
 1,113.2 
 1,238.0 
 
 1,150.3 
 
 836.6 
 
 813.8 
 790.6 
 
 -161.5 
 —263.6 
 
 22-23, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 -152.6 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 dav 
 
 3.120.0 
 1,040.0 
 
 2,400 
 800 
 
 155.2 
 51.7 
 
 3,501.5 
 1,167.2 
 
 2,441.0 
 813.7 
 
 -577. 7 
 -192.6 
 
 
 
92 
 
 Table 108. — Incorm 
 
 and outgo of vjater and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Nos. 26 
 a nd 28 — Cont inued . 
 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (9) (h) 
 In food. In feces. 
 
 (i) (I) (m) 
 
 Apparent Loss from 
 In urine, gain, {g— water, / 
 [h+i). h-9. 
 
 (n) ■ 
 
 Total 
 
 gain( + ) 
 
 or loss 
 
 (-).M-wi. 
 
 1900. 
 Experiment Xo. 26. 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 33.9 ; 1.1 
 
 33.8 1.2 
 
 33.9 1.1 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 2.9 +29.9 
 2.6 , +30.0 
 2.5 +30.3 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - 21.9 
 
 - -54.4 
 
 - 33.2 
 
 Gravis. 
 
 + 8.0 
 
 
 -24. 4 
 
 16-17,7 a. m. to 7 a.m 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 
 
 Total, 3 davs 
 
 101.6 3.4 
 33.9 1-1 
 
 8.0 j +90.2 
 2.7 1 +30.1 
 
 -109. 5 
 - 36.5 
 
 —19.3 
 
 Average. 1 dav 
 
 -6.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. 28. 
 
 Feb. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 21-22,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 22-23,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 35.8 
 35. 8 
 
 35.8 
 
 1.3 
 1.4 
 1.3 
 
 2.8 +31.7 
 2.6 1 +31.8 
 2.5 +32.0 
 
 - 17.9 
 
 - 29.3 
 
 - 17.0 
 
 +13.8 
 - 2.5 
 -15.0 
 
 Total. 3 davs 
 
 107.4 
 35.8 
 
 4.0 
 1.3 
 
 7.9 +95.5 
 2.7 ! +31.8 
 
 - 64.2 
 
 - 21.4 
 
 -r31.3 
 
 
 -10.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 109. — Gain or loss of protein {NX 6.25), fat, and water — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Nos. 26 and 28. 
 
 Date, 
 
 (a) 
 
 Nitrogen 
 gained 
 
 < - | or 
 lost (-). 
 
 m 
 
 Protein 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost (-), 
 ax6.25. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total 
 carbon 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost (-). 
 
 (d) 
 Carbon 
 in pro- 
 tein 
 gained 
 ( + ) or 
 lost (-), 
 6x0.53. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 in fat, 
 
 etc.. 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (-), 
 
 c-d. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Fat 
 
 gained 
 
 (+) or 
 
 lost (— ), 
 
 e-^0.761. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 26. 
 
 Feb. 14-15, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grams. 
 -1.8 
 - .3 
 + .4 
 
 Grams. 
 -11.2 
 - 1.9 
 + 2.5 
 
 Grams. 
 -17.0 
 +14.5 
 
 +18.5 
 
 Grams. 
 -5.9 
 -1.0 
 +1.3 
 
 Grams. 
 +22.9 
 +15. 5 
 +17.2 
 
 Grams. 
 +30.1 
 
 
 -20. 4 
 
 
 +22. 6 
 
 
 
 Total , 3 davs 
 
 -1.7 
 - .6 
 
 -10.6 
 - 3.5 
 
 +50.0 
 +16.7 
 
 -5.6 
 -1.8 
 
 -55.6 
 
 4-18. 5 
 
 +73.1 
 
 
 +24.4 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. 28. 
 Feb. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 -1.3 
 
 - .8 
 
 - .1 
 
 - 8.1 
 
 - 5.0 
 
 - .6 
 
 -13.4 
 + 12. 1 
 +17.0 
 
 -4.3 
 -2.7 
 - .3 
 
 + 17.7 
 
 -14.8 
 -17.3 
 
 -23.3 
 
 21-22,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 -19.4 
 
 22-23,7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 -22. 7 
 
 
 
 Total. 3 da vs 
 
 -2.2 
 
 — . 7 
 
 -13.7 
 
 - 4.5 
 
 +42.5 
 + 14.2 
 
 -7.3 
 -2.4 
 
 +49.8 
 +16.6 
 
 -65. 4 
 
 
 -21. 8 
 
 
 
93 
 
 Table 109. — Gain m loss of protein (NX6.g5) 1 fat, and water — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Xos. 96 and 98 — Continued. 
 
 Date 
 
 is) 
 
 Total 
 hydrogen 
 gained ( + ) 
 or lost 
 
 (A) 
 
 Hydrogen Hydrogen 
 in" protein in fat 
 gained (+) gained - 
 orlost( — ). orlost(-), 
 6x0.07. /X0.118. 
 
 (*) 
 
 Hydrogen 
 in water. "Water 
 etc.. trained gained (, + ) 
 ( + ) or lost or lost ( — ), 
 
 (-), *x9. 
 g-{h- 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experinu nt No. 96. 
 
 Feb. 14-15, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grams 
 
 - 8.0 
 -24. 4 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 Gram. 
 - .1 
 
 Grams. 
 -3.6 
 +2. 4 
 j_2 7 
 
 Grams. 
 + 5.2 
 
 -26.7 
 — 5. S 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - 46. S 
 
 
 -240.3 
 
 
 - 52.2 
 
 
 
 Total . 3 da vs 
 
 -19.3 
 
 - 6.4 
 
 — • " 
 
 — 2. it 
 
 -27.3 
 - 9.1 
 
 -245.7 
 
 
 - SI. 9 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. - 7 >. 
 Feb. 20-21. 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 +13. 8 
 + 2.5 
 +15. 
 
 - .6 
 
 - .3 
 
 +2.7 
 -2.3 
 +2.7 
 
 +11.7 
 + .5 
 +12. 3 
 
 +105. 3 
 
 
 - 4.5 
 
 22-23. 7a.rn.to7a.rn 
 
 +110.7 
 
 
 
 Total . 3 days 
 
 -31.3 
 +10.4 
 
 - .9 
 
 - .3 
 
 -2. 5 
 
 +24.5 
 
 + S.2 
 
 -220. 5 
 + 73.5 
 
 
 
 Table 110. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiments No*. 96 and 98. 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 : 
 
 (o) (d) | (e) 
 
 if) 
 
 iff) 
 
 (A) 
 
 (0 
 
 Date. 
 
 Heat 
 of com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 food 
 eaten. 
 
 Heat 
 of com- 
 bus- 
 tion of 
 feces. 
 
 Esti- | Esti- 
 mated mated 
 heat of heat of 
 Heat ' com- com- 
 ofcom- bustion bos- 
 bos- of pro- tion of 
 tion of tein fat 
 urine, gained gained 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 energy 
 of ma- 
 terial 
 oxi- 
 dized 
 in the 
 bodv. 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined. 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 greater 
 (+ \ or 
 less(-) 
 
 than 
 
 esti- 
 
 Heat 
 deter- 
 mined 
 greater 
 ( + )or 
 lea -) 
 than 
 esti- 
 
 
 
 
 
 V-t- I ui 
 
 lost 
 
 (-). 
 
 lost 
 
 a-(b+ 
 c+el 
 
 -e). 
 
 
 mated. 
 
 o-f- 
 
 mated, 
 
 1900. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 Calo- 
 
 
 ries. 
 
 ries. 
 
 ries. 
 
 ries. 
 
 ries. 
 
 rus. 
 
 ries. 
 
 ries. 
 
 Per. et. 
 
 Feb. 14-15. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . . 
 
 2.490 
 
 106 
 
 125 
 
 -64 
 
 +287 
 
 2.036 
 
 2. 077 
 
 + 41 
 
 +2.0 
 
 15-16. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . . 
 
 2.490 
 
 106 
 
 125 
 
 -11 
 
 +195 
 
 2. 075 
 
 2.100 
 
 - 25 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 16-17. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . . 
 
 2. 490 
 
 106 
 
 135 
 
 -14 
 
 +216 
 
 2.019 
 
 2. 07^ 
 
 + 59 
 
 +2.9 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 7.470 
 
 318 
 
 
 -61 
 
 +698 
 
 6. 130 
 
 6. 255 
 
 +125 
 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 2,490 
 
 106 
 
 128 
 
 -•20 
 
 -233 
 
 2. 043 
 
 2,085 
 
 + 42 
 
 -2. 
 
 Experinu nt No. - • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 20-21. 7 a. m. to 7a.m... 
 
 2,489 
 
 112 
 
 119 
 
 -47 -222 
 
 - S 
 
 2.097 
 
 + 14 
 
 + .7 
 
 21-22. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . . 
 
 
 112 
 
 133 
 
 -29 +185 
 
 2,088 
 
 2,075 
 
 - 13 
 
 - .6 
 
 22-23.7 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 2, 189 
 
 112 
 
 132 
 
 - 3 -217 
 
 2. 031 
 
 2. 065 
 
 - 34 +1.7 
 
 Total. 3davs 
 
 7,467 
 
 336 
 
 384 
 
 -79 -624 
 
 6.202 
 
 6. 237 
 
 + 35 
 
 Average,! day 
 
 2, 489 
 
 112 
 
 128 
 
 -26 +208 
 
 2.067 
 
 2. 079 
 
 - 12 + .6 
 
94 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS NOS. 29 AND 31. 
 
 Subject. — J. F. S., the same person as in experiments Nos. 25, 26, 
 and 28, His weight, with underclothing', was about 64.5 kilograms 
 (142 pounds). 
 
 Occupation during experiment. — Worked 8 hours a day upon a sta- 
 tionary bicycle arranged as an ergometer, as described on page 20. 
 The voltage of the electric current generated was measured, and the 
 average number of pedal revolutions per minute observed. The cur- 
 rent generated was passed through resistance within the chamber and 
 thus transformed into heat, which was measured with the heat given 
 off by the subject. The actual amount of work done each day was 
 found by determining the watts required to drive the bicycle ergometer 
 at the rate maintained by the subject during the experiment. 
 
 Duration. — Experiments Xos. 29 and 31 were the first and third 
 of a series of 3, each of 3 days* duration. The intervening experiment 
 is not reported here. The usual preliminary period continued •! days, 
 beginning with breakfast March 12, 1900. On the evening of the 
 fourth day. March 15, the subject entered the calorimeter. Experi- 
 ment No. 29 began at 7 a. m. March 16, and ended at 7 a. m. March 19. 
 Experiment No. 31 began at 7 a. m. March 22, and ended at 7 a. m. 
 March 25. 
 
 Diet. — The aim of this series of experiments was to study the rela- 
 tive replacing power of isodynamic quantities of different materials 
 when the subject was at active exercise. There was. as usual, a basal 
 ration supplemented by different materials. This basal ration was the 
 same in both experiments, with the exception of slight differences due 
 to variations in the composition of the milk consumed. It furnished 
 approximately 100 grams of protein and 2,980 calories of energy per 
 day. To this ration was added 128 grams of cane sugar per day. fur- 
 nishing 507 calories of energy in experiment No. 29. and 63.5 grams 
 of butter per day, furnishing 1 gram of protein and 511 calories of 
 energy, in experiment No. 31. The kinds and quantities of food 
 served at each meal and the quantities of drink at different periods 
 of the day were as follows: 
 
 Table 111. — Diet in metabolism experiments Xos. 29 and 31. 
 FOOD— BASAL RATION. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Supper. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Beef .. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 58 
 
 23 
 
 300 
 
 150 
 
 25 
 
 Gnms. 
 
 Grams. 
 58 
 
 Butter 
 
 12 
 300 
 75 
 25 
 37.5 
 12.5 
 
 12 
 300 
 75 
 25 
 37.5 
 12.5 
 
 47 
 
 Milk, whole 
 
 900 
 
 Bread 
 
 300 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
95 
 
 FOOD— SUPPLEMENTAL RATION. 
 
 Experiment No. ?9, March 16-18. — One hundred and twenty-eight grams of cane sngar daily in the 
 form of loaf sugar, taken with and between meals. This amount also supplemented the basal ration 
 
 during the preliminary experiment March 12-15. 
 
 Experiment No. SI. March S8-ZU.— The additional energy during this experiment was furnished by 
 63.5 grams butter. 
 
 DRINK. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 1 Grams. 
 
 Breakfast 150 
 
 10.15 a. m 200 
 
 Dinner 200 
 
 4.00 p. m 200 
 
 Supper 150 
 
 Gra7ns. 
 
 9.00 p. m 200 
 
 10.20 p.m 150 
 
 Total for day 1. 250 
 
 Daily routine. — The general plan of the series of experiments is 
 indicated in the following schedule: 
 
 Table 112. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29 and 31. 
 
 6.50 a. in 
 
 Take pulse and temperature 
 
 •4.00 p.m 
 
 Stop work, drink 200 grams water. 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 Pass urine, weigh self, collect 
 
 4.15 p.m 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 
 drip, and weigh absorbers. 
 
 6.15 p.m 
 
 Stop work, change underclothing. 
 
 7.30 a. m 
 
 Breakfast.drink 150 grams water. 
 
 6.20 p.m 
 
 Supper, drink 150 grams water. 
 
 8.15 a.m 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 6.50 p. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 9.15 a.m 
 
 Stop work. drink 200 grams water. 
 
 7.00 p.m 
 
 Pass urine, weigh self, collect 
 
 10.30 a.m 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 
 drip, and weigh absorbers. 
 
 12.30 p. m 
 
 Stop work. 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 12.50 p.m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 1.00 p. m 
 
 Pass urine, collect drip, and 
 
 10.10 p.m 
 
 Arrange bed. 
 
 
 weigh absorbers. 
 
 10.20 p.m 
 
 Drink 150 grains water. 
 
 1.25 p.m 
 
 Dinner, drink 200 grams water. 
 
 10.30 p.m 
 
 Retire. 
 
 2.00 p.m 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 1.00 a.m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 Table 113 gives a condensed summary of the more important statis- 
 tics in the diary kept by the subject. 
 
96 
 
 Table 113.- 
 
 -Summary of the diary — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29 aid 31. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Weight of 
 subject in 
 under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse 
 
 rate per 
 minute. 
 
 106 
 
 112 
 
 111 
 
 86 
 
 Temper- 
 ature. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Weight of 
 subject in 
 under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse 
 
 rate per 
 minute. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Preliminary obser- 
 vation. 
 
 Mar. 15, 9.40 a. m 
 
 Kgs. 
 
 °F~. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 29— 
 Continued. 
 
 Mar 18, 10.20 p. m... 
 
 Kgs. 
 
 66 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 
 10.25 p. m... 
 
 
 96 4 
 
 12m 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. 31. 
 
 Mar. 22, 6.55 a. m.... 
 7 a. m 
 
 64.09 
 
 65 
 
 
 12 55 p. m... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 64.51 
 
 
 97.6 
 
 92 
 
 87 
 
 71 
 
 90 
 85 
 87 
 90 
 79 
 101 
 108 
 102 
 88 
 83 
 82 
 66 
 92 
 96 
 94 
 94 
 74 
 93 
 98 
 93 
 94 
 77 
 76 
 
 99.0 
 98.4 
 
 97.6 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 93 
 87 
 90 
 87 
 67 
 99 
 93 
 97 
 93 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 63.85 
 
 11 a. m 
 
 
 
 Experiment No 29. 
 
 12 m 
 
 
 
 Mar. 16, 7 a. m 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 3 p. m 
 
 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 m 
 
 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 
 98.5 
 
 6.55 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 64.55 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 70 
 67 
 68 
 
 97.5 
 
 
 
 
 9 p. m 
 
 
 97.0 
 
 
 
 
 10.12 p. m... 
 Mar 23 6 55 a. m 
 
 
 96.5 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 64.78 
 
 
 97.6 
 
 98.2 
 97.4 
 
 7 a. m 
 
 64.24 
 
 
 Mar. 17, 7 a. m 
 
 64.76 
 
 100 
 92 
 89 
 89 
 97 
 94 
 89 
 90 
 74 
 75 
 68 
 66 
 65 
 89 
 95 
 86 
 88 
 68 
 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 m 
 
 
 
 12 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7p.m 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 64.68 
 
 97.6 
 
 
 
 
 97.5 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 8 08 p m . 
 
 65.12 
 
 97.9 
 
 
 
 
 10.10 p. m... 
 
 
 
 
 
 97.6 
 97.4 
 
 Mar. 24, 6.55 a. m.... 
 
 64.38 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 69 
 
 
 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 96.9 
 97.3 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 18, 7 a. m 
 
 64.76 
 
 65 
 88 
 93 
 91 
 92 
 69 
 91 
 95 
 95 
 93 
 79 
 74 
 
 12 m 
 
 
 
 12.55 p. m... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 
 
 
 3 p. m 
 
 
 98 
 98 
 91 
 90 
 76 
 73 
 71 
 
 
 12 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 64.90 
 
 97.4 
 
 
 
 
 97.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 64.96 
 
 97.8 
 
 
 
 96.9 
 
 10.05 p. m... 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 97.4 
 97.2 
 
 10.10 p. m... 
 
 
 96.7 
 
 9.15 p. m ... 
 
 
 77 
 
 Mar. 25, 6.55 a. m 
 
 64.49 
 
 68 
 
 97.9 
 
97 
 
 Amount of work done. — The total number of miles registered by the 
 cyclometer on the different days of this series of experiments and the 
 heat equivalent of the work done each day are shown in Table 114. It 
 is altogether improbable that the amount of work done could have 
 been as large as would be required to propel a bicycle, under ordinary 
 conditions, the distance indicated by the cyclometer. 
 
 Table 114. — Record >>/ work dont — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29 and 31. 
 
 Date and time. 
 
 Cyclometer 
 reading. 
 
 Number Actual 
 of miles. duration 
 of work. 
 
 (b) 
 Rate. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Heat 
 equivalent, 
 
 0.2378 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment y 89. 
 
 8.15 a.m 
 
 Mar. 16 
 
 16. 10.15 a.m... 
 
 12.30 p.m... 
 
 16. 4.00p.m... 
 
 16. 6.15p.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 Mar. 17. 10.15 a.m. 
 
 17. 12.30 p. m . 
 
 17. 4.00 p.m. 
 
 15 p.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 Mar. In 10.15 a.m. 
 1>. 12 
 
 In 4.00p.m. 
 15 p.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 Mar. 2 
 
 Mar. 
 
 23. 10.15 a.m.. 
 
 23. 12.30 p.m.. 
 
 23. 4.00 p.m.. 
 
 1'p.m.. 
 
 
 
 Mar. 
 
 24. 10.15 a.m. 
 21. 12.30 p.m. 
 24. 4.00p.m. 
 24. 6.15 p.m. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total. 3 days. 
 
 666.0 
 
 57 
 708. 4 
 
 ■_ 3 
 751.1 
 
 - 1 - 
 
 m 
 
 906.9 
 
 930. 4 
 
 nds. Watts. Calories. 
 
 21.5 7.200 42.0 72 
 
 20.9 7.2lX> 39.7 68 
 
 21.4 7.200 09.5 
 21.3 37.7 
 
 85.1 28,560 270 
 
 35. 5 
 
 6 7. 200 37. 
 
 2 4. 9S0 42. 4 
 
 24.8 7.200 39.0 
 
 - - - 340 239 
 
 23.9 7,200 36.5 62 
 
 23.2 7,200 35. 7 61 
 21.9 7.200 37.4 04 
 
 23.5 J - 40.0 69 
 
 •- ' 28,800 2-56 
 
 _ L4 B3.700 765 
 
 772. 3 
 
 21.2 
 
 
 35.5 
 
 59 
 
 795. 9 
 
 23. 6 
 
 7. 200 
 
 37.0 
 
 63 
 
 813. 1 
 
 17.2 
 
 4. 9S0 
 
 42.4 
 
 50 
 
 Experiment No. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22. 10.15 a.m 
 
 1.194.4 
 
 21.2 
 
 7,200 
 
 37.4 
 
 64 
 
 22. 12.30 p. m 
 
 1,218.0 
 
 23. 6 
 
 7.200 
 
 
 
 22. 4.00 p. m 
 
 1.240.9 
 
 22. 9 
 
 7.200 
 
 39.0 
 
 
 22. 6.15/p. m 
 
 1,262.9 
 
 22. 
 
 7. 200 
 
 37.0 
 
 63 
 
 Total ..." 
 
 
 - ■ " 
 
 28,800 ... 
 
 
 260 
 
 L.2S 3 
 
 1,306.8 
 
 1.329.9 
 1. 351. 4 
 
 _ - 
 17.1 
 23.1 
 
 21. 5 
 
 7. 200 
 
 7.200 
 7. 200 
 7.200 
 
 >8 - 
 
 96.0 
 
 27. -40 
 
 37.0 
 37.4 
 34.4 
 
 1,375 • 
 
 24.4 
 
 7. 200 
 
 37.0 
 
 63 
 
 1.400.7 
 
 24.9 
 
 7. 200 
 
 3^.7 
 
 61 
 
 1.423.7 
 
 23.0 
 
 6. 240 
 
 3-5.7 
 
 53 
 
 1.447.4 
 
 23. 7 
 
 7.200 
 
 34.9 
 
 60 
 
 - 
 
 
 13007— No. 109—02- 
 
98 
 
 Detailed data of income and outgo. — The quantities of nutrients 
 in the basal and supplemental rations during 1 this series of experi- 
 ments are shown in Table LI 5. The outgo of matter and energy 
 in the feces during the successive experiments is shown in Table 11(3. 
 Tables 117 and 118 show the amount and composition of the urine in 
 experiments Nos. 29 and 31. 
 
 Table 115. — Weight, composition, and heal of combustion of foods — Metabolism experi- 
 ments Nos. 29 and 31. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Weight 
 per day. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Pat. 
 
 Carbo- 
 hy- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat 
 
 of 
 com- 
 bus- 
 tion. 
 
 3186 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grams. 
 58 
 47 
 300 
 75 
 75 
 25 
 
 Grams. 
 
 35. 
 
 4.3 
 
 109.5 
 
 3.1 
 
 3.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 20.7 
 
 .6 
 
 28.2 
 4.7 
 9.0 
 
 drams. 
 1.7 
 40.6 
 6.0 
 6.2 
 1.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 152. 4 
 
 59. 9 
 60.4 
 25. 
 
 Grams. 
 3.32 
 
 .09 
 4.50 
 
 . 75 
 1.44 
 
 Grams. 
 12. 12 
 30.60 
 ST. 42 
 33. 24 
 32. 04 
 10. 52 
 
 Grams. 
 
 1.73 
 * 4.91 
 12.90 
 4.96 
 4.72 
 1.62 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 135 
 
 3187 
 3192 
 
 Butter 
 
 378 
 879 
 
 3181 
 
 
 333 
 
 3193 
 
 Parched cereal 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Basal ration, exclu- 
 sive of milk 
 
 EXPERIMENT NO. 29. 
 
 Milk, whole 
 
 Total basal ration.. 
 Loaf sugar (supple- 
 mental ration) 
 
 Total ration, 1 day. 
 
 EXPERIMENT NO. 31. 
 
 Basal ration, exclu- 
 sive of milk 
 
 Milk, whole 
 
 Total basal ration.. 
 Butter (supplement- 
 
 315 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3189 
 
 580 
 900 
 
 155. 
 760.5 
 
 63.2 
 36.9 
 
 55.6 
 50.4 
 
 297. 7 
 45.0 
 
 10.10 
 5.94 
 
 205. 94 
 73.80 
 
 30.84 
 11.34 
 
 2, 139 
 
 s41 
 
 
 1,480 
 128 
 
 915.5 
 
 100.1 
 
 106.0 
 
 342. 7 
 128.0 
 
 16.04 
 
 279. 74 
 53.89 
 
 42. is 
 
 8 29 
 
 2, 980 
 
 .",1)7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,608 
 
 915.5 
 
 100.1 
 
 106.0 
 
 470.7 
 
 16.04 
 
 333.63 
 
 50.47 3.4S7 
 
 3191 
 
 580 
 900 
 
 155.0 
 760.5 
 
 63.2 
 36.9 
 
 56. 6 
 50.4 
 
 297. 7 
 45.0 
 
 10.10 
 5.85 
 
 205. 94 
 74.25 
 
 30. 84 2, 139 
 11.34 845 
 
 3187 
 
 1,480 
 63.5 
 
 915.5 
 
 5.8 
 
 100.1 
 
 .8 
 
 106.0 
 54.8 
 
 342.7 
 
 15.95 
 .13 
 
 280. 19 
 41.34 
 
 42.18 
 6.63 
 
 2, 984 
 ' SI 1 
 
 
 Total ration, 1 day. 
 
 
 
 1,543.5 
 
 921.1 
 
 100.9 
 
 160.8 
 
 MM 
 
 16.08 
 
 321. 53 
 
 4S.S1 
 
 3.495 
 
 Table 116. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces — Metabolism experi- 
 ments Nos. 29 and 31. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 of feces. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- .,. ^v; 1 " 1 - Xitro- 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 combus- 
 tion. 
 
 Experiment No. 29. 
 
 3195 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day . . . 
 
 Grams. 
 
 177.0 
 59.0 
 
 Grams. 
 
 123.7 
 
 41.2 
 
 Grams, annus. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 
 
 15.9 9.D 18.2 2.55 25.01 3.6 
 
 5. 3 | 3. 6. 1 . 85 8. 34 1 . 2 
 
 Calories. 
 
 279 
 93 
 
 Experiment No. SI. 
 
 3197 Total. 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day... 
 
 160.1 108.1 15.2 8.2 
 53.4 36.0 5.1 2.7 
 
 18.1 2.43 
 6.0 .81 
 
 24. 32 3. 4 
 8.11 1.1 
 
 272 
 91 
 
99 
 
 Table 117. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine, by 6-hour periods — Metab- 
 olism experiments Xos. 29 and 31. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Amount 
 of urine. 
 
 Specific 
 
 gravity. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 content. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Mar 16 17 
 
 Experiment Xo. 29. 
 
 Grams. 
 169. 5 
 215. 7 
 171.2 
 138.5 
 
 1.032 
 1.032 
 1. 035 
 1.034 
 
 Per cent. 
 2.14 
 1.99 
 2.39 
 2.33 
 
 Grams. 
 3.63 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 
 
 4.29 
 
 4.09 
 3. 23 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 694.9 
 694.9 
 
 
 
 15. 24 
 
 
 1.034 
 
 2.21 
 
 15.36 
 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 "A. m 
 
 
 17-18 
 
 189.2 
 252. 6 
 183.6 
 151.8 
 
 1.031 
 1.031 
 1.033 
 1.032 
 
 2.05 
 1.83 
 2.26 
 2.28 
 
 3.88 
 4. 62 
 4.15 
 3.46 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 
 
 777.2 
 777. 2 
 
 
 16.11 
 
 
 1.031 
 
 2.06 
 
 16.01 
 
 18-19 
 
 227. 5 
 342.0 
 182. 1 
 139.2 
 
 1.029 
 1.029 
 1.032 
 1. 032 
 
 1.75 
 1.44 
 2.15 
 
 2.27 
 
 3.98 
 
 4.92 
 3.91 
 3.16 
 
 
 890.8 
 890.8 
 
 
 
 15. 97 
 
 
 1.030 
 
 
 
 1.80 
 
 16. 03 
 
 
 Total 3 days, by periods 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 Experiment No. 31. 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 
 
 2,362.9 
 2, 362. 9 
 
 
 
 47. 32 
 
 
 
 
 47. 4U 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 22-23 
 
 252. 3 
 247.3 
 172.3 
 140.4 
 
 1.027 
 1.030 
 1.033 
 1.031 
 
 1.62 
 1.83 
 2.39 
 2.36 
 
 4.09 
 4. 53 
 
 4.12 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 . Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m • 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 la.rn.to7a.rn 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 Total 3 days, by periods 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 3.31 
 
 
 812.3 
 812.3 
 
 
 
 16. 05 
 
 
 1.030 
 
 1.99 
 
 16. 16 
 
 23-24 
 
 213. 2 
 267. 
 173.3 
 137.0 
 
 1.029 
 1.028 
 1.031 
 1.032 
 
 1.84 
 1.62 
 2.22 
 2. 29 
 
 3.92 
 4.33 
 3.85 
 3.14 
 
 
 790.5 
 790.5 
 
 
 
 15.24 
 
 
 1.030 
 
 1.91 
 
 15. 10 
 
 21-25 
 
 240. 3 
 293. 5 
 188.0 
 158.2 
 
 1.028 
 1.028 
 1.033 
 1.032 
 
 1. 55 
 1.40 
 2.04 
 2.12 
 
 3.72 
 4.11 
 3.84 
 3.35 
 
 
 880.0 
 880.0 
 
 
 
 15. 02 
 
 
 1.030 
 
 1.72 
 
 15.14 
 
 
 2, 482. 8 
 2,482.8 
 
 
 
 46. 31 
 
 
 
 
 16. 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,006.2 
 
 
 1.78 
 
 142 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 Including 3 days of an experiment not here reported. 
 
100 
 
 Table 118. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine — Metab- 
 olism experiments Nos. 29 and 31. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Amount 
 
 of urine. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 Heat of com- 
 bustion. 
 
 
 Per 
 gram. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1900. 
 Mar. 16-17 
 17-18 
 18-19 
 
 Experiment No. 29. 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Grams. 
 694.9 
 777.2 
 890.8 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 10.78 
 11.39 
 11.29 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 2.86 
 3.03 
 3.00 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 641.0 
 720.3 
 834.3 
 
 Calorie. 
 
 0.193 
 
 .173 
 
 .150 
 
 Calories. 
 134 
 134 
 134 
 
 
 2, 362. 9 
 
 
 33.46 
 
 
 8.89 
 
 
 2, 195. 6 
 
 
 402 
 
 
 Experiment No. 31. 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a.m 
 
 Total 
 
 
 22-23 
 23-24 
 24-25 
 
 812.3 
 790.5 
 880.0 
 
 
 11.35 
 10. 78 
 10.62 
 
 
 3.01 
 2.86 
 2.82 
 
 
 755. 6 
 736.6 
 826.9 
 
 .162 
 .163 
 .145 
 
 132 
 129 
 128 
 
 
 2, 482. 8 
 
 
 32.75 
 
 
 8.69 
 
 
 2, 319. 1 
 
 i 389 
 
 
 Total, 9 days «. 
 
 
 
 8, 006. 2 
 
 1.28 
 
 102. 49 
 
 0.34 
 
 27.22 
 
 93.6 
 
 7,493.8 
 
 1 1,211 
 
 "Including 3 days of an experiment not here reported. 
 
 The quantities of carbon dioxid and water in the ventilating air cur- 
 rent are given in detail for experiments Nos. 29 and 31, in Tables 119- 
 121, which follow. Table 122 shows the amount of heat given off dur- 
 ing the successive 6-hour periods of the two experiments. 
 
101 
 
 Table 119. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber 
 at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 i xperimenls No8. 29 and 31. 
 
 
 End of period. 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 
 in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain ( + ) 
 
 or 
 loss ( — ) 
 
 over 
 preced- 
 ing 
 period. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 of vapor 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain ( + ) 
 
 or 
 loss (— ) 
 
 over 
 preced- 
 ing 
 period. 
 
 Change 
 in weight 
 of ab- 
 sorbers, 
 gain( + ) 
 
 or 
 loss (-). 
 
 Drip 
 from 
 absorb- 
 ers. a 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost(-) 
 during 
 
 the 
 period. 
 
 1900. 
 Mar 16 
 
 Experiment No. 29. 
 
 Grams. 
 25.5 
 75.1 
 79.0 
 30.4 
 25.7 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 46.7 
 53.8 
 53.0 
 50.2 
 47.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 16 
 
 lp.m 
 
 +49.6 
 + 3.9 
 -48.6 
 - 4.7 
 
 + 7.1 
 
 - .8 
 
 - 2.8 
 -3.1 
 
 + 98 
 +194 
 
 - 69 
 
 - 69 
 
 130.0 
 
 236.0 
 
 22.7 
 
 12.0 
 
 +235. 1 
 
 16 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 +429.2 
 
 17 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 — 49.1 
 
 17 
 
 
 - 60.1 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 + .2 
 
 
 + .4 
 
 + 154 
 
 400.7 
 
 — 555. 1 
 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 85. 3 
 77.1 
 26.4 
 23.8 
 
 + 59.6 
 
 - 8.2 
 -50.7 
 
 - 2.6 
 
 53.6 
 
 52. 4 
 48.3 
 44.7 
 
 + 6.5 
 
 - 1.2 
 
 - 4.1 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 + 18 
 + 17 
 
 - 93 
 
 - 94 
 
 180.0 
 
 281. 9 
 
 31.9 
 
 19.2 
 
 +204. 5 
 
 17 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 +297. 7 
 
 18 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 - 65.2 
 
 18 
 
 
 - 78.4 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 
 - 2.4 
 
 -152 
 
 513.0 
 
 +358.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 83.2 
 81.9 
 28.5 
 26.8 
 
 +59.4 
 
 - 1.8 
 -53.4 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 51.7 
 54.5 
 50.7 
 
 48.1 
 
 + 7.0 
 + 2.8 
 
 - 3.8 
 
 - 2.6 
 
 + 169 
 + 83 
 -110 
 -110 
 
 120. 
 
 370.2 
 
 54.2 
 
 40.0 
 
 +296. 
 
 18 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 +456. 
 
 19 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 — 59.6 
 
 19 
 
 
 — 72.6 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 + 3.0 
 
 
 + 3.4 
 
 + 32 
 
 584.4 
 
 +619.8 
 
 
 Experiment No. SI. 
 
 
 
 
 Mar 22 
 
 26.4 
 78.9 
 75. 2 
 26.2 
 25.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 1 a.m 
 
 7 a.m 
 
 +52.5 
 
 - 3.7 
 -49.0 
 
 - .5 
 
 55.3 
 52.4 
 48.1 
 45.2 
 
 +10.1 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 - 4.3 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 +198 
 
 - 17 
 
 - 88 
 
 - 88 
 
 150.0 
 
 369. 2 
 
 29.6 
 
 20.0 
 
 +358.1 
 +349. 3 
 
 - 62.7 
 
 - 70.9 
 
 
 
 - .7 
 
 
 
 + 5 
 
 568.8 
 
 +573. 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 75.6 
 76.8 
 25.1 
 
 24.7 
 
 +49.9 
 + 1.2 
 
 —51.7 
 
 - .4 
 
 54.6 
 
 52.8 
 50.2 
 45. 2 
 
 + 9.4 
 
 - 1.8 
 
 - 2.6 
 
 - 5.0 
 
 +180 
 
 - 15 
 
 - 83 
 
 - 83 
 
 120.0 
 ■ 357. 7 
 
 26.4 
 18.0 
 
 +309. 4 
 +340.9 
 
 - 59.2 
 
 - 70.0 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 522. 1 
 
 +521. 1 
 
 24 
 
 78.1 
 70.3 
 25.5 
 27.6 
 
 +53.4 
 
 '- 7.8 
 -44.8 
 + 2.1 
 
 54.9 
 52. 4 
 
 48.3 
 47.9 
 
 + 9.7 
 
 - 2.5 
 
 - 4.1 
 
 - .4 
 
 +173 
 
 - 5 
 
 - 76 
 
 - 76 
 
 135. 
 
 364.4 
 
 28.9 
 
 19.0 
 
 +317.7 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 +356. 9 
 - 51.2 
 
 25 
 
 
 — 57.4 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 + 2.9 
 
 
 + 2.7 
 
 + 16 
 
 547. 3 
 
 +566. 
 
 
 
 
 »The drip was collected and weighed but once a day. The volume was roughly observed at 
 1 p.m., 7 p.m., and 7 a.m., and this volume taken as a rough indication of the actual weight of drip 
 for the different periods. The small amount of drip observed at 7 a. in. was divided equally between 
 the two night periods. The figures in this column also include the perspiration in clothes, which 
 amounted to 21, 23.8, 20.4, 18.3, 15.3, and 18.8 grams on the successive days of the series. The amount 
 for each day has been divided equally between the periods ending at 1 p. m. and 7 p. m. 
 
102 
 
 Table 120. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Nos. 29 and SI. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Venti- 
 lation 
 (num- 
 ber of 
 liters of 
 airl. 
 
 
 
 Carbon dioxid 
 
 
 
 </<) 
 
 
 In incoming 
 air. 
 
 (d) 
 
 In out- 
 going 
 air. 
 
 («) 
 
 Total 
 
 excess in 
 
 outgoing 
 
 air, 
 
 rf-c. 
 
 (/) 
 Correc- 
 tion for 
 amount 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 chamber. 
 
 (9) 
 Corrected 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 by sub- 
 ject, 
 e+f. 
 
 Total 
 weight 
 
 
 (b) 
 Per 
 liter. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total, 
 axb. 
 
 ft car- 
 bon ex- 
 baled. 
 9 ■ ft- 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 29. 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 G rams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 16-17 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 0.598 
 
 16.3 
 
 406.2 
 
 389.9 
 
 +49.6 
 
 +439.5 
 
 119.9 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 . 575 
 
 16.1 
 
 471.3 
 
 455. 2 
 
 + 3.9 
 
 459. 1 
 
 125. 2 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .597 
 
 16.7 
 
 282. 3 
 
 265. 6 
 
 -48.6 
 
 217. 
 
 59. 2 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .592 
 
 16.1 
 
 146. 9 
 
 130. 8 
 
 - 4.7 
 
 126. 1 
 
 34.4 
 
 
 110, 386 
 
 
 65.2 
 
 1,306.7 
 
 1.241.5 
 
 + .2 
 
 1,241.7 
 
 338.7 
 
 17-18 
 
 25, 653 
 
 .592 
 
 15.2 
 
 396. 5 
 
 381.3 
 
 +59. 6 
 
 440.9 
 
 120. 2 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,208 
 
 .591 
 
 16.1 
 
 450. 6 
 
 434. 5 
 
 - 8.2 
 
 426. 3 
 
 116.3 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 28, 762 
 
 . 595 
 
 17.1 
 
 258. 3 
 
 241 . 2 
 
 -50. 7 
 
 190. 5 
 
 52.0 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 ]>. m.. 
 
 28, 762 
 
 . 594 
 
 17.1 
 
 147.3 
 
 130.2 
 
 - 2.6 
 
 127. 6 
 
 34. 8 
 
 
 110, 385 
 
 
 
 65.5 
 
 1, 252. 7 
 
 1,187.2 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 1,185.3 
 
 323. 3 
 
 18-19 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .564 
 
 15.4 
 
 415. 1 
 
 399.7 
 
 +59.4 
 
 459.1 
 
 125.2 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,208 
 
 .514 
 
 14.0 
 
 492. 8 
 
 478.8 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 477.5 
 
 130.2 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .601 
 
 16.8 
 
 262. 1 
 
 245. 3 
 
 -53.4 
 
 191.9 
 
 52. 3 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 Experiment No. 31. 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .576 
 
 15.2 
 
 1 15. 2 
 
 130.0 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 128.3 
 
 35.0 
 
 
 108,831 
 
 
 61.4 
 
 1,315.2 
 
 1,253.8 
 
 + 3.0 
 
 1,256.8 
 
 342. 7 
 
 
 329, 602 
 
 
 
 192.1 
 
 3,874.6 
 
 3, 682. 5 
 
 + 1.8 
 
 3, 683. 8 
 
 1,004.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 22-23 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m . . 
 
 25, 652 
 
 .578 
 
 14.8 
 
 387. 5 
 
 372.7 
 
 +52.5 
 
 425. 2 
 
 116.0 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 26,430 
 
 .600 
 
 15.8 
 
 447.7 
 
 431.9 
 
 3.7 
 
 128. 2 
 
 116.8 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .580 
 
 16.2 
 
 232.0 
 
 215. 8 
 
 -49.0 
 
 166.8 
 
 45. 5 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. in.. 
 
 26,430 
 
 .563 
 
 14.9 
 
 143.0 
 
 128.1 
 
 — .5 
 
 127.6 
 
 34. 8 
 
 
 106, 497 
 
 
 61.7 
 
 1,210.2 
 
 1,148.5 
 
 ^ .7 
 
 1,147.8 
 
 313.1 
 
 23-24 
 
 25, 652 
 
 .578 
 
 14.8 
 
 381.7 
 
 366. 9 
 
 +49.9 
 
 416.8 
 
 113.7 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 25, 652 
 
 .589 
 
 15.1 
 
 443. 4 
 
 128.3 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 429. 5 
 
 117.1 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .567 
 
 15.9 
 
 243. 3 
 
 227. 4 
 
 -51.7 
 
 175. 7 
 
 17.9 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. ml. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 28, 762 
 
 . 555 
 
 16.0 
 
 155.2 
 
 139.2 
 
 - .4 
 
 138.8 
 
 37.9 
 
 
 108, 051 
 
 ; 61.8 
 
 1,223.6 
 
 1,161.8 
 
 - 1.0 
 
 1,160.8 
 
 316. 6 
 
 24-25 
 
 25, 652 
 
 .568 
 
 14.6 
 
 378. 5 
 
 363.9 
 
 +53.4 
 
 417.3 
 
 113.8 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .581 
 
 15.8 
 
 455. 4 
 
 439.6 
 
 - 7.8 
 
 431.8 
 
 117.8 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .574 
 
 16.1 
 
 235. 
 
 218. 9 
 
 -44.8 
 
 174.1 
 
 47.5 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .564 
 
 15.8 
 
 155. 6 
 
 139.8 
 
 + 2.1 
 
 141.9 
 
 38.7 
 
 
 108, 830 
 
 
 62.3 
 
 1,224.5 
 
 1,162.2 
 
 + 2.9 
 
 1,165.1 
 
 317.8 
 
 
 323, 378 
 
 
 185. 8 
 
 3, 658. 3 
 
 3,472.5 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 3. 473. 7 
 
 947.5 
 
103 
 
 Table 121. — Record of wetter in ventilating air current — Metabolism eocperiments Xos. 
 
 29 and SI. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 = " 
 
 E 00 
 
 O^ 
 
 so 
 
 "z. -■- 
 
 > 
 
 Water in in- 
 coming air. 
 
 Water 
 
 in outgoing air. 
 
 (9) (h) 
 
 ~~ '-- 
 s-S s as 
 
 S3 - -~~ 
 - o ■ - -- 
 
 14 lis! 
 
 U) 
 
 j it 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 (c) 
 
 X 
 
 e 
 
 "3 
 o 
 
 Amountcon- ^ 
 densed in a< 
 freezers. 
 
 §8.5 
 < 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 fa§ 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 89. 
 
 Lit* rs. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grain*. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mai. 10-17 
 
 7a. m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27,208 
 
 0.850 
 
 23. 1 
 
 250. 5 
 
 46. 1 
 
 296.6 
 
 273.5 +235.1 
 
 508. 6 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 . 823 
 
 23.0 
 
 268. 
 
 44.7 
 
 312. 7 
 
 289.7 +429.2 
 
 718.9 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 . 825 
 
 23.1 
 
 257. 5 
 
 45.1 
 
 302. 6 
 
 279.5 - 49.1 
 
 230. 4 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .756 
 
 20. 6 
 
 249. 5 
 
 40.8 
 
 290. 3 
 
 269.7 - 60.1 
 
 209. 6 
 
 
 Total 
 
 7a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 110, 386 
 
 
 
 89. 8 
 
 1,025.5 
 
 176.7 
 
 1,202.2 
 
 1,112.4 1+555.1 
 
 1,667.5 
 
 17-18 
 
 25, 653 
 
 . 832 
 
 21.4 
 
 233.1 
 
 42.6 
 
 275.7 254.3 4-204.5 
 
 458.8 
 
 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m.. 27,208 
 
 . 849 
 
 23. 1 
 
 268. 8 
 
 43.6 
 
 312. 1 289. 3 -297. 7 
 
 587. 
 
 
 7p.m. to 1 a.m.. 28,762 
 
 .840 
 
 24.2 
 
 247.2 
 
 49.5 
 
 296.7 272.5 - 65.2 
 
 207. 3 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .780 
 
 22.4 
 
 243. 4 
 
 43.7 
 
 287.1 , 264.7 - 78.4 
 
 186. 3 
 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 110,385 
 
 91.1 
 
 992. 5 
 
 179.4 
 
 1.171.9 1,080.8 +358.6 
 
 1,439.4 
 
 18-19 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .826 
 
 22. 5 
 
 243. 
 
 46.6 
 
 289. 6 
 
 267.1 +296.0 
 
 563. 1 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,208 
 
 .847 
 
 23. 
 
 282. 
 
 42.9 
 
 324.9 
 
 301.9 +456.0 
 
 757.9 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .875 
 
 24. 5 
 
 265. 
 
 17.8 
 
 312. 8 
 
 288.3 - 59.6 
 
 22^.7 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 Experiment No.Sl. 
 
 26,430 
 
 .861 
 
 22.8 
 
 243. 9 
 
 38.3 
 
 282. 2 
 
 259.4 - 72.6 
 
 186.8 
 
 
 108,831 
 
 92. 8 
 
 1,033.9 
 
 175.6 
 
 1,209.5 1,116.7 4-619.8 
 
 1,736.5 
 
 
 329,602 
 
 273. 7 
 
 3,051.9 
 
 531.7 
 
 3,583.6 3,309.9 4-1,533.5 
 
 4,843.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. '22-23 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 25, 652 
 
 . 828 
 
 21.2 
 
 247. 7 
 
 40.4 
 
 288.1 266.9 4-358.1 
 
 625. 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .857 
 
 22.6 
 
 259. 4 
 
 39.8 
 
 299.2 276.6 +349.3 
 
 625. 9 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27,985 
 
 .816 
 
 22. s 
 
 246. 3 
 
 41.2 
 
 287.5 264.7 - 62.7 
 
 202. 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. in.. 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .779 
 
 20.6 
 
 241.0 
 
 35.0 
 
 276.0 255.4 l- 70.9 
 
 184. 5 
 
 
 106,497 
 
 87. 2 
 
 994. 4 
 
 156.4 
 
 1,150.8 1,063.6 1+573.8 
 
 1.637.4 
 
 23-24 
 
 25,652 
 
 . 865 
 
 22. 2 
 
 240. 5 
 
 40.8 
 
 281.3 
 
 259.1 +309.4 
 
 568. 5 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 25, 652 
 
 .881 
 
 22. 6 
 
 253. 3 
 
 37.8 
 
 291.1 
 
 268.5 +340.9 
 
 609. 4 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 . 826 
 
 23.1 
 
 252. 
 
 43. 2 
 
 295. 2 
 
 272.1 - 59.2 
 
 212.9 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 28,762 
 
 .780 
 
 22. 4 
 
 253. 2 
 
 38.5 
 
 291. 7 
 
 269.3 - 70.0 
 
 199. 3 
 
 
 108,051 ! 
 
 90.3 
 
 999. 
 
 160.3 
 
 1,159.3 
 
 1,069.0 +521.1 
 
 1 , 590. 1 
 
 24-25 
 
 25, 652 
 
 . 843 
 
 21.6 
 
 241.7 
 
 40.7 
 
 2S2. 4 
 
 260.8 +317.7 
 
 578. 5 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 . 851 
 
 23. 2 
 
 269. 8 
 
 40.3 
 
 310. 1 
 
 286.9 +356.9 
 
 643. 8 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27,985 
 
 .802 
 
 22. 4 
 
 247. 5 
 
 43.5 
 
 291.0 268.6 - 51.2 
 
 217.4 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 Total 
 
 27,985 
 
 . 768 
 
 21.5 
 
 256. 
 
 3S.1 
 
 294.1 272.6 - 57.4 
 
 215.2 
 
 
 108,830 
 
 88.7 
 
 1,015.0 
 
 162. 6 
 
 1,177.6 ;l,088.9 +566.0 
 
 1,654.9 
 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 323.378 
 
 266. 2 
 
 3, 008. 4 
 
 479.3 
 
 3,487.7 3,221.5 +1,660.9 
 
 4,882.4 
 
104 
 
 Table 122. — Summary of oal&rimetric measurements — Metabolism experiment? Nos. ?9 
 
 and 31. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat 
 
 measured 
 
 in terms. 
 
 of Cao- 
 
 (6) 
 
 Change 
 of tem- 
 perature 
 of calo- 
 rimeter. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Capacity 
 correc- 
 tion of 
 calorim- 
 eter, 
 6x60. 
 
 {&) 
 
 Correc- 
 tion due 
 
 to tem- 
 perature 
 
 of food 
 
 and 
 dishes. 8 
 
 (e) 
 Water 
 vaporized 
 equals 
 total 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 
 leas 
 amount 
 
 con- 
 densed in 
 chamber. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Heat 
 used in 
 
 vaporiza- 
 tion of 
 water. 
 
 ex 0.592. 
 
 {g) 
 
 Total 
 heat de- 
 termined, 
 0+C+ 
 
 d+f. 
 
 1900. 
 Mar. 16-17 
 
 Experiment No. 29. 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. .. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p. m.tol a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p. m.tol a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Experiment No. 31. 
 
 7 a. m.tol p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m.to7 a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. tol p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. tol a.m... 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. tol a.m... 
 1 a.m.to7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 C.lni i:s, 
 
 1,113.0 
 1,139.0 
 
 4'.'.\:; 
 2.50.1 
 
 Degree. 
 +0.02 
 + .09 
 + .01 
 
 - .01 
 
 Catorics. 
 + 1.2 
 + 5.4 
 + .6 
 + .6 
 
 Calories. 
 + 1.7 
 - 2.6 
 + 6.3 
 
 Grams. 
 280.6 
 288.9 
 276. 7 
 266.6 
 
 Calories. 
 
 166.1 
 171.0 
 163.8 
 157.8 
 
 Calories. 
 
 1 . 282. 
 
 1.312.8 
 
 666.0 
 
 408.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,997.4 
 
 + .13 
 
 + 7.8 
 
 + 5.4 
 
 1,112.8 
 
 658.7 
 
 3,669.3 
 
 17-18 
 
 1,074.3 
 
 1.078.3 
 
 414.1 
 
 216.3 
 
 + .01 
 
 + .05 
 
 
 
 + .03 
 
 + .6 
 
 + 3.0 
 
 
 
 + 1.8 
 
 + 2.8 
 - 4.7 
 + 5.4 
 
 260. 8 
 288.1 
 268.4 
 261.1 
 
 154.4 
 
 170.6 
 158.9 
 
 154.5 
 
 1 . 232. 1 
 
 1,247.2 
 
 578.4 
 
 372.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 783. 
 
 + .09 
 
 + 5.4 
 
 + 3.5 
 
 1,078.4 
 
 638. 4 
 
 3.430.3 
 
 18-19 
 
 1,116.2 
 
 1.195.8 
 
 468.5 
 
 208.0 
 
 + .04 
 
 + .11 
 + .02 
 
 - .03 
 
 - 2.4 
 + 6.6 
 + 1.2 
 
 - 1.8 
 
 + 7.2 
 
 - 7.0 
 + 5.8 
 
 274. 1 
 304.7 
 284.5 
 256. 8 
 
 162. 2 
 180.4 
 168. 4 
 
 152. 
 
 1 . 288. 
 
 1,375.8 
 643. 9 
 361.8 
 
 
 2, 988. 5 
 
 + .20 
 
 +12.0 
 
 + 6.0 
 
 1,120.1 
 
 663. 
 
 3, 669. 5 
 
 
 8, 768. 9 
 
 
 +25.2 
 
 + 14.9 
 
 3,311.3 
 
 1,960.1 
 
 10. 769. 1 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 22-23 
 
 1,082.2 
 1,087.6 
 
 405. 9 
 221.9 
 
 
 
 
 + .01 
 
 - .6 
 
 
 
 
 
 + .6 
 
 + 3.1 
 + 3.1 
 
 277. 
 273. 7 
 260.4 
 252.5 
 
 164.0 
 162.0 
 1.54.1 
 149. •"> 
 
 1.248.7 
 
 1 . 245. 5 
 
 563.1 
 
 372. 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. 797. 6 
 
 
 
 + 2.1 
 
 1,063.6 
 
 629. 6 
 
 3. 429. 3 
 
 23-24 
 
 1,058.7 
 
 1.103.K 
 
 394.1 
 
 224. 3 
 
 + .01 
 
 + .02 
 
 
 
 4- .01 
 
 - .6 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 
 
 + .6 
 
 + 1.5 
 - 5.6 
 
 + .8 
 
 268. 5 
 266. 7 
 
 269. 5 
 264. 3 
 
 159.0 
 
 157. 9 
 159. 5 
 
 156. 4 
 
 1,219.8 
 
 1.257.3 
 
 554. 4 
 
 381.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 780. 9 
 
 + .04 
 
 + 2.4 
 
 - 3.3 
 
 1,069.0 
 
 632. 8 
 
 3. 412. B 
 
 24-25 
 
 1.071.0 
 
 1, 094. 6 
 
 378.5 
 
 218.1 
 
 
 
 + 1.1 
 + 2.3 
 + 4.9 
 
 270. 5 
 284 1 
 264.5 
 
 272. 2 
 
 160.1 
 168.4 
 156.6 
 161.0 
 
 1,232.2 
 
 
 + .01 
 - .01 
 + .01 
 
 + .6 
 
 - .6 
 
 - . 6 
 
 1,265.9 
 539.4 
 379.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 762. 2 
 
 + .01 
 
 + .6 
 
 - B.3 
 
 1,091.6 
 
 646. 1 
 
 3.417.2 
 
 
 8. 340. 7 
 
 
 + 3.0 
 
 + 7.1 
 
 3.224.2 
 
 1,908.5 
 
 10. 259. 3 
 
 a Including correction for 4.8 calories introduced during each day period by the current used to 
 magnetize the fields of the dynamo. 
 
105 
 
 Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy, — The income and 
 outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy in experiments Nos. 
 29 and 31 are shown in Tables 123-126. 
 
 Table 123. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29 
 
 and 31. 
 
 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 (&) 
 
 In 
 
 feces. 
 
 (0 
 
 In 
 urine." 
 
 (d) 
 Gain 
 (+)or 
 
 loss 
 
 -16- 
 
 (0 
 
 In food. 
 
 (/) 
 
 In 
 
 feces. 
 
 (9) 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 (ft) 
 
 In res- 
 pira- 
 
 prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 (*) 
 Gain 
 (+)or 
 
 loss 
 
 -(f+9 
 +h). 
 
 1900. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < riment No. 29. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 16-17, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m . . 
 
 16.0 
 
 0. 9 15. 4 
 
 -0.3 
 
 333. 6 
 
 8.3 
 
 10. S 
 
 338. 7 
 
 -24. 2 
 
 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a.m .. 
 
 16.1 
 
 16.3 
 
 -1.0 
 
 333. 7 
 
 B.4 
 
 11.4 
 
 323. 3 
 
 - 9.4 
 
 18-19, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m .. 
 
 16.0 
 
 . 9 16. 2 
 
 -1.1 
 
 333. 6 
 
 8.3 
 
 11.3 
 
 342.7 
 
 -28.7 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 48.1 
 
 2. 6 47. 9 
 
 -2.4 
 
 1.000.9 
 
 25. 
 
 33. 5 
 
 1.004.7 
 
 -62. 3 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 16.0 
 
 16.0 
 
 - .8 
 
 333. 6 
 
 8.3 
 
 11.2 
 
 334.9 
 
 -20.8 
 
 Experiment No. 31. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . . 
 
 16.1 
 
 16.3 
 
 -1.0 
 
 321. 5 
 
 8.1 
 
 11.3 
 
 313.1 
 
 -11.0 
 
 23-24,7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 16.0 
 
 15. 4 
 
 
 321. 6 
 
 8.1 
 
 10.8 
 
 316.6 
 
 -13.9 
 
 24-25, 7a.m. to 7a.m.. 
 
 16.1 
 
 . 8 15. 2 
 
 - .1 
 
 321.5 
 
 8.1 
 
 10.6 
 
 317.8 
 
 -15.0 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 4s. 2 
 
 2.4 46.9 
 
 -1.1 
 
 964.6 
 
 24. 3 
 
 32. 7 
 
 947. 5 
 
 -39.9 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 16.1 
 
 15. 6 
 
 - .3 
 
 321. 5 
 
 8.1 
 
 10.9 
 
 315. 8 
 
 - 13.3 
 
 a Including nitrogen in perspiration, amounting to 0.2 gram per day. 
 
 Table 124.— -Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29 
 
 and Si. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 99. 
 
 Mar. 16-17. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m... 
 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m... 
 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 Experiment No. 31. 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 
 23-24. 7 a. m. to 7 a. in.. 
 24-25. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 Water. 
 
 («) 
 
 (6) 
 
 In food. In drink. 
 
 Grams. 
 915. 5 
 915. 5 
 915. 5 
 
 Grams. 
 1.2-50 
 1.2-50 
 1.2.50 
 
 (o) 
 
 (d) 
 
 {e) 
 
 (/) 
 
 Apparent 
 T Inres - l<»ss, 
 
 In feces. In urine, piratorv a+b— 
 product's. 
 
 Grams. 
 41.2 
 41.3 
 41.2 
 
 Grams. 
 641.0 
 
 720. 3 
 834. 3 
 
 Grams. 
 1,667.5 
 1,439.4 
 1,736.5 
 
 Grams. 
 184.2 
 
 35. 5 
 446. 5 
 
106 
 
 Table 124. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29 
 
 and SI — Continued. 
 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (9) 
 In food. 
 
 In feces. 
 
 (0 
 In urine. 
 
 (I). 
 
 Apparent 
 
 gain, g- 
 
 (A+& 
 
 (TO) 
 
 Loss 
 from wa- 
 ter/-9. 
 
 (n) 
 
 Total 
 
 gain ( + ) 
 
 or loss 
 
 (-)l+m. 
 
 1900. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. ~9. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Mar. 16-17. 7 a. in. to 7 a. m 
 
 50.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 2.9 
 
 + 48.4 
 
 -20. 5 
 
 - 
 
 17-18. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 50.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 3.0 
 
 - 16.3 
 
 - 3.9 
 
 -42.4 
 
 18-19, 7a. m. to 7 a. in 
 
 50.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 3.0 
 
 + 46.3 
 
 -49.6 
 
 - 3.3 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 151. 5 
 
 3. 6 
 
 8.9 
 
 + 139.0 
 
 -74.0 
 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 50. 5 
 
 1.2 
 
 3.0 
 
 + 46.3 
 
 -24. 6 
 
 -21.7 
 
 Experiment No. SI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. '22-23. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 48.8 
 
 1.1 
 
 3.0 
 
 - 44.7 
 
 -28.6 
 
 +16.1 
 
 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 48, 8 
 
 1.2 
 
 i. 
 
 - 44.7 
 
 -21.3 
 
 ^23. 4 
 
 24-25. 7 a. in. to 7 a. m 
 
 48.8 
 
 . 1.1 
 
 2.8 
 
 - 44.9 
 
 38.5 
 
 — 6.4 
 
 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 146.4 
 
 3.4 
 
 8.7 
 
 +134.3 
 
 -88.4 
 
 +45.9 
 
 Average, l day 
 
 48. 8 
 
 1.1 
 
 2.9 
 
 - 44.8 
 
 -29.5 
 
 +15.3 
 
 
 
 Table 125. — Gain or lass of protein (XX6.25), fat, and water — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Nos. 29 and 31. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (o) 
 
 Nitrogen 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (--). 
 
 (b) 
 Protein 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost (-), 
 ax 6.25. 
 
 [€) 
 
 Total 
 
 carbon 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (-). 
 
 id) 
 
 Carbon in 
 
 protein 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost | - i, 
 6x0.53. 
 
 Carbon in 
 
 fat. etc.. 
 
 gained 
 
 1 - i or 
 
 lost (-). 
 
 c-d. 
 
 if) 
 
 Fat 
 gained 
 ( + )<H 
 
 e^0.761. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 29. 
 
 Mar. 16-17. 7 a. m. to7a.ni 
 
 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -0.3 
 -1.0 
 -1.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 - 6.2 
 
 - 6.9 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -24. 2 
 - 9.4 
 
 -28.7 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -1.0 
 -3.3 
 
 -3.7 
 
 Grams. 
 -23.2 
 
 - 6.1 
 
 -25.0 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -30. 5 
 - 8.0 
 -32.9 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 -2.4 
 
 - .8 
 
 -15.0 -62.3 : -8.0 —54.3 -71.4 
 - 5.0 ' -20.8 ' -2.7 -18.1 1 -23.8 
 
 Experiment No. SI. 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 
 23-24. 7a.rn.to7a.rn. 
 
 24-25. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 •1.0 
 - .2 
 • .1 
 
 - .3 
 
 6.2 
 1.3 
 
 11.0 
 -13.9 
 15.0 
 
 -6.9 
 
 - 2.3 
 
 -39.9 
 13.3 
 
 3.3 
 .3 
 
 3.7 
 1.2 
 
 13.2 
 15.3 
 
 -36.2 
 -12.1 
 
 -10.1 
 -^7.3 
 20. 1 
 
 -47.5 
 15.9 
 
107 
 
 Table 125. — Gain or loss of protein (XX6. 25) , fat, and water — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Xos. 29 and 31 — Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (SO 
 
 Total 
 hydrogen 
 gained (+) 
 
 or lost (-). 
 
 or lost (— ),or lost | — ) 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment, No. S9. 
 
 Mar. 16-17. 7 a. m. to 7a.m.. 
 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .. 
 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . . 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 Experiment Xo. 31. 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . . 
 23-24. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .. 
 24-25, 7 a. ra. to 7 a. m . . 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 Grams. 
 
 +25. 9 
 +42. 4 
 - 3.3 
 
 +65.0 
 
 fa. 7 
 
 H) 
 
 (A) 
 
 Hydrogen 
 in protein 
 
 Hydrogen 
 in fat 
 
 (*) 
 
 Hydrogen 
 in water, 
 
 (I) 
 
 Water 
 
 6 X0.07. 
 
 Grams. 
 -0. 
 
 /xO.118. 
 
 or lost (- 
 l g-(h+i). 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 +29. 6 
 -43.7 
 + 1.1 
 
 1.0 
 .3 
 
 + 74.4 
 
 +24.8 
 
 16.1 
 
 - .4. 
 
 23. 4 
 
 - .1 
 
 6 4 
 
 
 -1.2 
 -2.0 
 -2. 4 
 
 17.7 
 25. 5 
 
 8.8 
 
 +45.9 
 +15.3 
 
 -5.6 
 
 -1.9 
 
 52.0 
 17.3 
 
 kx\ 
 
 Grams. 
 -266.4 
 +393.3 
 
 -669.6 
 
 -159.3 
 229.5 
 
 - 79.2 
 
 -468.0 
 156.0 
 
 Table 126. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29 and si. 
 
 Date. 
 
 «0 
 
 Heat of 
 
 com- 
 bustion 
 of food 
 eaten. 
 
 (6) 
 
 Heat of 
 
 com- 
 bustion 
 of feces. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment Xo. 29. 
 
 Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 
 17-18, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 18-19, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 Experiment No. Si. 
 
 Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 
 
 23-24. 7 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 24-25. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 3,487 
 
 3,487 ! 
 
 3,487 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 93 
 
 93 
 
 93 
 
 (c) (d) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 
 heat of 
 Heat of com- 
 
 com- bustion 
 bustion of pro- 
 of tein 
 urine, gained 
 ! ( + )or 
 lost 
 (-)• 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 134 
 
 134 
 
 134 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 -11 
 
 -35 
 
 -39 
 
 (e) 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 heat of 
 com- 
 bustion 
 of fat 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 -291 
 
 - 76 
 -314 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 energy 
 of ma- 
 terial 
 
 oxi- 
 dized 
 in the 
 bodva— 
 (6+c+ 
 d+e). 
 
 Calo- 
 rics. 
 
 3,562 
 
 3.371 
 
 3,613 
 
 to) 
 
 10, 461 
 3,487 
 
 279 
 93 
 
 402 
 134 
 
 -681 10,546 
 -227 3,515 
 
 (?<) (i) 
 
 Heat Heat 
 deter- deter- 
 mined, mined, 
 H pot greater greater 
 deter- , ~ )or ( + ) or 
 
 esti- esti- 
 mated, mated, 
 g-f. h+J. 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 3,669 
 
 3,430 
 
 3,669 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 +107 
 
 + 59 
 
 + 56 
 
 10. 768 +222 
 3,nS9 - 74 
 
 Per ct. 
 +3.0 
 -1.7 
 + 1.5 
 
 2.1 
 
 3,495 
 
 91 
 
 132 
 
 —35 
 
 - 96 
 
 3, 403 
 
 3, 429 
 
 + 26 
 
 + .8 
 
 3,495 
 
 90 
 
 129 
 
 _ 7 
 
 -165 
 
 3,448 
 
 3,413 
 
 - 35 
 
 -1.0 
 
 3,495 
 
 91 
 
 128 
 
 + 3 
 
 -192 
 
 3,465 
 
 3, 417 
 
 - 48 
 
 -1.4 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 10,485 
 3,495 
 
 272 
 91 
 
 389 
 
 129 
 
 -39 
 -13 
 
 -453 
 -151 
 
 10. 316 
 3, 439 
 
 10,259 
 3,420 
 
 
 Average,! day 
 
 -19 - . 
 
 METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS NOS. 32 AND 34. 
 
 Subject. — J. F. S.j who was also the .subject of several preceding 
 experiments. His weight, with underclothing, was about 66.6 kilo- 
 grams (145i pounds). 
 
 Occupation 'hiring experiment. — Worked 8 hours a da}' upon a sta- 
 tionary bicycle, as in the previous series of experiments. 
 
108 
 
 Duration. — -These two experiments, each of which continued 3 days, 
 form the first and third of a series of 3. The intermediate experiment, 
 also of 3 days* duration, is not reported here. A preliminary period of 
 4 days preceded the series, beginning with breakfast April 16, 1900. 
 The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of April 
 19, and experiment No. 32 began at 7 a. m. April 20 and ended at 7 
 a. m. April 23. Experiment No. 31 began at 7 a. m. April 26 and 
 ended at 7 a. in. April 29. 
 
 Diet. — These experiments were intended to be as nearly as possible 
 a repetition of experiments Nos. 29 and 31, with the exception that 
 the order in which the supplemental materials were added to the basal 
 ration was reversed. The basal ration was practically the same in 
 both experiments, differing slightly owing to the difference in the 
 composition of the milk. It furnished approximately 100 grams of 
 protein and 2,980 calories of energy per day. To this basal ration 63.5 
 grams of butter per day. furnishing 1 gram of protein and 509 calories 
 of energy, was added in experiment No. 32, and 128 grams of cane 
 sugar, furnishing 507 calories of energy, was added daily in experi- 
 ment No. 31. The total ration therefore in these experiments furnished 
 approximately 100 grams of protein and 3,190 calories of energy per 
 day. The kinds and quantities of food served for each meal and the 
 quantities of drink at different periods of the day were as follow^: 
 
 Table 127. — Diet in metabolism experiments Nos. SB and $4. 
 
 FOOD-BASAL RATION. 
 
 Food materials. 
 
 Breakfast. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Supper. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Beef 
 
 Grants. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 58 
 
 150 
 
 25 
 
 Grains. 
 
 GraiM. 
 
 58 
 
 Butter 
 
 9 
 75 
 
 37.5 
 17.5 
 340 
 
 9 
 
 75 
 25 
 
 37.5 
 17.5 
 340 
 
 35 
 
 Bread 
 
 300 
 
 Ginger snaps 
 
 
 
 
 Sugar 
 
 
 35 
 
 Milk, whole 
 
 340 
 
 1.020 
 
 
 
 FOOD— SUPPLEMENTAL RATION. 
 
 Experiment No. 32. April 20-22.— Sixty-two grams butter added to basal ration. This amount also 
 supplemented the ration during the preliminary period. 
 
 Experiment No. 3U. April 26-2S — -The basal ration during this experiment was increased by the ftddi" 
 tion of 128 gram- of cane sugar. 
 
 DRINK. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 Grams. 
 150 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 150 
 
 10.15 a. m 
 
 9.00 p. m 
 
 200 
 
 Dinner 
 
 10. 20 p. m 
 
 150 
 
 
 Total for day 
 
 
 4.00 p. m 
 
 1.250 
 
 
 
 
 
109 
 
 Daily routine. The general plan of the series of experiments was 
 identical with that of the previous series, and is shown in the follow- 
 ing schedule: 
 
 Table 12S. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiments Nos. 38 and 34- 
 
 6.50 a. m 
 
 7.00 a. m 
 
 7.30 a. m .. 
 
 8.15 a.m . 
 10.15 a. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 Pass urine, weigh self-dressed, 
 collect drip, and weigh ab- 
 sorbers. 
 
 Breakfast: drink 150 grams wa- 
 ter. 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 Stop work: drink 200 grams wa- 
 ter. 
 
 4.00 p. m 
 
 4.15 p.m . 
 6.15 p. m . 
 6.20 p. m . 
 6.50 p. m . . 
 7.00 p.m. 
 
 Stop work: drink 200 grams wa- 
 ter. 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 Stop work: change underclothing. 
 
 Supper: drink 150 grams water. 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 Pass urine, weigh self-dn ss 
 collect drip, and weigh absorb- 
 ers. 
 
 12.30 p.m 
 
 Stop work. 
 
 9.00 p.m 
 
 Drink 200 grams water. 
 
 12.50 p. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 10.00 p. m 
 
 Take pulse and temperature. 
 
 1.00 p.m 
 
 Pass urine, collect drip, and 
 
 10.10 p.m 
 
 Arrange bed. 
 
 
 weigh absorbers. 
 
 10.20 p.m 
 
 Drink 150 grams water. 
 
 1.25 p.m 
 
 Dinner: drink 200 grams water. 
 
 10.30 p. m 
 
 Retire. 
 
 2.00 p. m 
 
 Begin work. 
 
 1.00 a.m 
 
 Pass urine. 
 
 Table 129 gives a condensed summary of the diary kept by the sub- 
 ject during the experiment. 
 
 Table 12v». — Summary of the diary — Metabolism experiments Nos. 32 and 34- 
 
 Weight p. 
 
 of sul> rate 
 Time. ject in ™i e 
 
 SSL ■£* 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Weight 
 of sub- 
 Time, ject in 
 under- 
 clothes. 
 
 Pulse 
 rate Tempera- 
 
 per ture. 
 minute. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. 3t. ,- 
 
 Apr. 20. 7 a. m 66. 19 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 66 
 
 °F. 
 
 97.8 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment . 
 
 Apr. 26. 7 a. m 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 Kgs. 
 
 64. 94 
 
 : F. 
 68 97. 7 
 102 
 
 
 65 
 
 97.7 
 
 
 
 66 97. 7 
 
 4 p. m 87 
 
 7 x>. m 66. 95 72 
 
 10 p. m 62 
 
 
 
 
 m; 
 
 96. 6 
 
 7 p. m 65.44 
 
 10 p. m 
 
 77 97.7 
 69 97. 2 
 
 Apr. 21. Til. m 66. 36 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 64 ' - 
 -^ 
 
 Apr. 27. 7 a. m 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 10 p. m 
 
 Apr. 28, 7 a. m 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 10 p. m. 
 
 65.09 
 
 65. 34 
 61 98 
 
 65.37 
 
 65 97. 6 
 98 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 7 p. m 66. 27 
 
 10 p. m 
 
 Apr. 22, 7 a. m 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 67 
 97 
 
 98.0 
 
 71 9s. 3 
 99 
 
 74 
 
 66 
 
 - 
 
 96 
 
 e 
 
 104 
 79 
 67 
 
 97.9 
 96.6 
 
 97.7 
 
 97.7 
 
 97.7 
 96.9 
 
 73 97. 7 
 97.3 
 67 97. 9 
 98 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 7 p. m 65.59 
 
 10 p. m 
 
 66 97. s 
 102 
 
 73 97. 
 69 97. 3 
 
110 
 
 Amount of work done. — The total number of miles registered by the 
 cyclometer and the heat equivalent of the work done each day are 
 shown in Table 130. 
 
 Table 130. — Record of work done — Metabolism experiments Nos. H2 and 34. 
 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 (6) 
 
 (c) 
 
 Time. 
 
 Cyclometer 
 reading. 
 
 Number 
 of miles. 
 
 Actual 
 duration 
 of work. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Heat 
 
 equivalent, 
 axbx 
 0.2378. 
 
 1900. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. 82. 
 
 
 
 Seconds. 
 
 Watts. 
 
 Calories. 
 
 
 1,510.4 
 1,527.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 20. 10.15 a. m 
 
 16.8 
 
 7,200 
 
 18.8 
 
 32 
 
 20, 12.30 p. ra 
 
 1,546.5 
 
 19.3 
 
 7,200 
 
 21.0 
 
 36 
 
 20, 4 p. m 
 
 1,562.8 
 
 16.3 
 
 7,200 
 
 16.7 
 
 29 
 
 20, 6.15 p. m 
 
 1,579.1 
 
 16.3 
 
 7,200 
 
 17.4 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 68.7 
 
 28, 800 
 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 21, 10.15 a. m 
 
 1,599.2 
 
 20.1 
 
 7,200 
 
 21.0 
 
 36 
 
 21, 12.30 p. m 
 
 1, 626. 
 
 26.8 
 
 7,200 
 
 25.8 
 
 44 
 
 21, 4 p. m 
 
 1,654.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 7,200 
 
 30.5 
 
 52 
 
 21, 6.15 p. m 
 
 1,681.7 
 
 27.7 
 
 7,200 
 
 29.6 
 
 51 
 
 Total 
 
 
 102. 6 
 
 28, 800 
 
 
 183 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 22, 10.15 a. m 
 
 1,711.6 
 
 29.9 
 
 7,200 
 
 36.2 
 
 62 
 
 22, 12.30 p. m 
 
 1,744.6 
 
 33.0 
 
 7,200 
 
 47.4 
 
 81 
 
 22, 4 p. m 
 
 1,774.5 
 
 29.9 
 
 7,200 
 
 38.1 
 
 65 
 
 22, 6.15 p. m 
 
 1, 806. 1 
 
 31.6 
 
 7,200 
 
 40.0 
 
 69 
 
 Total 
 
 
 124.4 
 
 28, 800 
 
 
 277 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 3 davs 
 
 
 295. 7 
 
 86, 400 
 
 
 587 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. 3£. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 26, 10.15 a. m 
 
 2, 166. 9 
 
 28.9 
 
 7,200 
 
 34.3 
 
 59 
 
 26, 12.30 p. m 
 
 2, 196. 7 
 
 29.8 
 
 7,200 
 
 35.4 
 
 60 
 
 26, 4 p. m 
 
 2,226.1 
 
 29.4 
 
 7, 200 
 
 34.3 
 
 59 
 
 26, 6.15 p. m 
 
 2, 254. 1 
 
 28.0 
 
 7,200 
 
 33.7 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 116.1 
 
 28,800 
 
 
 236 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 27, 10.15 a. m 
 
 2, 283. 8 
 
 29.7 
 
 7,200 
 
 35.7 
 
 61 
 
 27. 12.30 p. m 
 
 2, 318. 7 
 
 34.9 
 
 7,200 
 
 36.8 
 
 63 
 
 27, 4 p. m 
 
 2, 347. 6 
 
 28.8 
 
 7,200 
 
 38.1 
 
 65 
 
 
 2,379.0 
 
 31.5 
 
 7, 200 
 
 38.7 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 124.9 
 
 28, 800 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 28. 10.15 a. m 
 
 2, 409. 6 
 
 30.6 
 
 7,200 
 
 37.4 
 
 64 
 
 28, 12.30 p. m 
 
 2,441.5 
 
 31.9 
 
 7,200 
 
 38.1 
 
 65 
 
 28, 4 p. m 
 
 2, 472. 6 
 
 mi 
 
 7,200 
 
 38.1 
 
 65 
 
 28, 6.15 p. m 
 
 2, 503. 8 
 
 31.2 
 
 7,200 
 
 38.1 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 124.8 
 
 28, 800 
 
 
 259 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 3 davs 
 
 
 365.8 
 
 86, 400 
 
 
 750 
 
 
 
 
 
Ill 
 
 Detailed data of inconu and 'outgo, — The quantities of nutrients 
 in the basal ration and the quantities in the supplemental rations 
 for the two experiments are shown in Table 131 and the outgo of 
 matter and energy in the feces in Table 132. 
 
 Table 131. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Nos. 32 and 34- 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 No. 
 
 3205 
 
 3206 
 3204 
 3207 
 3193 
 
 Food material* 
 
 Weight WatpT 
 perday. Water - 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 C ^°- Xitro- 
 diates. S en - 
 
 Beef 
 
 Butter 
 
 Bread 
 
 Ginger snaps... 
 Parched cereal 
 Sugar 
 
 Grams. 
 
 58 
 35 
 
 300 
 
 35 
 
 lira in*. 
 
 37.4 
 
 2.9 
 
 113.4 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 Gram*. Grams. 
 
 18.6 
 
 .4 
 25. - 
 
 4.1 
 9.0 
 
 1.6 
 30. 7 
 
 5.4 
 1.1 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 2. 98 
 
 .07 
 
 149.4 4.14 
 61.2 
 
 60.4 1.44 
 
 35.0 ! 
 
 Basal ration, exclu- 
 sive of milk 
 
 57.9 46.3 306.0 9.29 
 
 EXPERIMENT NO. 32. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat 
 of 
 
 bus- 
 tion. 
 
 Gram.<. 
 10.76 
 22. 95 
 -4.-1 
 32.90 
 32.04 
 14.74 
 
 Grams. 
 
 1.-54 
 3.63 
 12.90 
 5.40 
 4.73 
 2. 27 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 120 
 
 287 
 
 861 
 333 
 315 
 139 
 
 198.20 30.47 2.055 
 
 321X1 
 
 Milk, whole 
 
 Total basal ration.. 
 
 Butter < supplemental 
 ration i 
 
 Total ration, lday.. 
 
 EXPERIMENT NO. 34. 
 
 Basal ration, exclu- 
 :' milk 
 
 1.020 
 
 871.1 
 
 41.8 
 
 51.0 
 
 47.9 
 
 6.73 
 
 81.09 
 
 12. 14 
 
 923 
 
 3206 
 
 1.59s 
 62 
 
 1.030.7 
 5.2 
 
 99.7 
 .8 
 
 97.3 
 
 353.9 
 
 16.02 
 .12 
 
 279. 29 
 40.66 
 
 42. 61 
 6.43 
 
 2, 97s 
 ■509 
 
 
 1.660 
 
 1.035.9 
 
 100.5 
 
 151.6 
 
 353.9 
 
 16.14 
 
 319.95 
 
 49.04 
 
 3.4S7 
 
 
 578 
 
 1.O20 
 
 159. 6 
 869.0 
 
 57.9 
 
 41. s 
 
 46.3 
 53. 
 
 306.0 
 43.9 
 
 9.29 
 6.73 
 
 198.20 
 
 83.64 
 
 30.47 
 12.34 
 
 2, 055 
 
 3202 
 
 Milk, whole 
 
 Total basal ration.. 
 
 Sugar | supplemental 
 ration | 
 
 'Total ration, lday.. 
 
 931 
 
 
 1 . 598 
 
 12 - 
 
 1,028.6 
 
 
 99.3 
 
 349.9 
 128.0 
 
 16.02 
 
 281.84 
 53.89 
 
 42. 81 
 8.29 
 
 _ 10 
 507 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.726 
 
 1.028.6 
 
 99.7 
 
 99.3 
 
 477.9 
 
 16.02 
 
 335.73 
 
 51.10 
 
 3.493 
 
 Table V.V2. — Weight, composition, and heat tf combustion of feces — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Nos. 32 and 34. 
 
 Lab- 
 ora- 
 tory 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Weight 
 
 of feces. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pro- 
 tein. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 22. 3 
 
 7.4 
 
 Carbo- 
 Fat. hy- 
 drates. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Car- 
 bon. 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Heat of 
 combus- 
 tion. 
 
 Experiment No. .>.'. 
 
 Total. 3 day- 
 
 Average. 1 day ... 
 
 Grams. 
 
 293. 3 
 
 97. 8 
 
 Grams. 
 
 214. 7 
 
 71.6 
 
 Grams, drams. 
 
 13.2 28.2 
 
 4.4 9.4 
 
 Grams. 
 3.55 
 
 1.1s 
 
 Grams. 
 37. 75 
 12. 58 
 
 Grams. 
 5.46 
 
 1.-2 
 
 calories. 
 425 
 142 
 
 Experiment No. 54. 
 
 3211 Total, 3 days.... 
 Average, 1 day .. 
 
 179. 9 
 B5. 3 60. 
 
 22.0 
 
 14. s 
 
 23. 3 
 
 
 34.70 
 
 4.94 
 
 4.9 
 
 7.- 
 
 1.1s 
 
 11.57 
 
 1.65 
 
 377 
 126 
 
112 
 
 The statistics of the quantity and composition of the urine eliminated 
 
 on different days and different periods of the day are shown in Tables 
 
 133 and 134. The statistics of measurements of carbon dioxid and 
 
 water in the ventilating air current for 6-hour periods are given in 
 
 Tables 135-137. 
 
 Table 133. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by 6-hour periods — Metabo- 
 lism experiments Nos. 82 and 84. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Amount 
 of urine. 
 
 Specific 
 
 gravity. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 content. 
 
 1900. 
 Apr. 20-21 
 
 Experiment No. 32. 
 
 Grams. 
 279.6 
 371.1 
 324.8 
 262. 1 
 
 1.026 
 1.022 
 1.018 
 1.018 
 
 Per cent. 
 1.41 
 1.26 
 1.21 
 1.28 
 
 drams. 
 3.94 
 
 
 4.68 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 3.93 
 
 
 
 3 35 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,237.6 
 1,237.6 
 
 
 
 15 90 
 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 1.021 
 
 1.28 
 
 15. 84 
 
 21-22 
 
 446.6 
 586.5 
 240.0 
 
 214.8 
 
 1.015 
 1.015 
 1.022 
 1.021 
 
 .85 
 
 .74 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.49 
 
 3.80 
 4.34 
 3.60 
 3.20 
 
 
 1,487.9 
 1,487.9 
 
 
 
 14.94 
 
 
 1.018 
 
 1.01 
 
 15.03 
 
 22-23 
 
 404.3 
 358. 2 
 192. 5 
 149.1 
 
 1.020 
 
 ' 1.023 
 
 1.030 
 
 1.029 
 
 .94 
 1.20 
 2. 02 
 2. 15 
 
 3 80 
 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 Total, 3 days, by periods 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 4.30 
 3.89 
 3. 21 
 
 
 1,104.1 
 1,104.1 
 
 
 
 15. 20 
 
 
 1.024 
 
 1.39 
 
 15.35 
 
 
 3,826.6 
 
 3,829.6 
 
 
 
 46.04 
 
 
 
 
 46.22 
 
 
 Experiment No. 9k. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 26-27 
 
 243.4 
 271.2 
 192.7 
 144.1 
 
 1.027 
 1.029 
 1.030 
 1. 029 
 
 1 . 75 
 1.83 
 
 2. 29 
 ■1. 35 
 
 4.26 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 4.96 
 
 
 7 p. m . to 1 a. m 
 
 4.41 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 
 
 3.39 
 
 
 851.4 
 
 851 . 4 
 
 
 
 17.02 
 
 
 1.030 
 
 1.98 
 
 16.86 
 
 27-28 
 
 257.2 
 
 301.6 
 200.1 
 150. 1 
 
 1.024 
 
 1.027 
 1.029 
 1. 028 
 
 1.59 
 
 ,.« 
 
 1.93 
 
 2. it; 
 
 4.09 
 4.67 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 la. m. to 7a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 
 
 :.;. 86 
 3.24 
 
 
 909.0 
 909.0 
 
 
 
 15. 86 
 
 
 1.026 
 
 ] . 70 
 
 15.45 
 
 28-29 
 
 280.4 
 £56. 3 
 302. 5 
 156. 2 
 
 1.025 
 1.024 
 1.021 
 1.027 
 
 1.43 
 1.28 
 
 1.44 
 1.99 
 
 4.01 
 
 
 
 4. 56 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 
 
 4.36 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 3.11 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Total by composite 
 
 Total, 3 davs, by periods 
 
 
 
 1,095.4 
 1.095.4 
 
 
 
 16.04 
 
 
 1.024 
 
 1.45 
 
 15.88 
 
 
 2. 855. S 
 2, 855. 8 
 
 
 
 48. 92 
 
 
 Total bv composite 
 
 
 
 18. 19 
 
 
 Total, 9 days, » by composite 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.910.0 
 
 1.024 
 
 1.46 
 
 144.79 
 
 Including 3 days of an experiment not here reported. 
 
113 
 
 Table 134. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, miter, and energy in urine — Metabo- 
 lism , xperimenU Nos. 32 and 34. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Amount 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heat of com- 
 bustion. 
 
 Period. Qf urine 
 
 
 
 Per 
 gram. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Apr. 20-21 
 21-22 
 
 22-23 
 
 Experiment No. 3f. 
 
 7 a. m. to 7 a. m... 
 
 7 a. in. tn 7 a. m... 
 7 a. ru. io 7 a. m... 
 
 Grains. 
 1,237.6 
 1,487.9 
 
 1,104.1 
 
 ' 1 
 P.et. Grams. P.ct. 
 
 11.35 
 
 ...... 10.67 
 
 10.85 
 
 Grams. 
 3.13 
 2.95 
 3.00 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 Grams. 
 1, 179. 7 
 1,433.4 
 1,048.7 
 
 Calorie. 
 
 0.104 
 
 .076 
 
 .105 
 
 Calories. 
 129 
 113 
 116 
 
 
 Total, 3days. 
 
 3.>2y.6 
 
 32.87 
 
 9.08 
 
 3.661.8 
 
 358 
 
 Apr. 26-27 
 27-28 
 28-29 
 
 Experiment No. $U. 
 7 a. m. m 7 a. m... 
 7 a. m. tn7a.ni... 
 7 a. m. to 7 a. m... 
 
 Total. 3 days. 
 Total, 9 days". 
 
 851 . 4 
 
 909.0 
 
 1,095.4 
 
 12.15 
 
 I 11.32 
 
 11.45 
 
 3.36 
 3.13 
 3.16 
 
 
 
 789.4 
 
 851.2 
 
 1,036.9 
 
 .154 
 .137 
 .112 
 
 131 
 125 
 123 
 
 
 2,855.8 
 
 34.92 
 
 9.65 
 
 '2,677.5 379 
 
 ! 
 
 
 9,910.0 
 
 1.05 104.06 0.29 28.74 
 
 94.64 
 
 9, 378. 8 
 
 .111 1,090 
 
 a Including 3 days of an experiment not here reported. 
 
 1300T— Xo. 109—02 8 
 
114 
 
 Table 135. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and vmter in the chamber 
 at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism 
 experiments Xos. 82 and 34- 
 
 
 End of period. 
 
 Carbon dioxid. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pate. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 
 in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain ( + ) 
 or loss 
 
 (-) over 
 preced- 
 ing 
 period. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 of vapor 
 remain- 
 ing in 
 chamber. 
 
 Gain ( + ) 
 or loss 
 
 (— ) over 
 preced- 
 ing 
 period. 
 
 Change 
 in weight 
 
 of ab- 
 sorbers, a 
 
 gain i -r 1 
 
 or 
 loss ( — ) . 
 
 Drip 
 from 
 absorb- 
 ers. 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 Lost 1 -) 
 during 
 
 the 
 period. 
 
 1900. 
 Apr. 20 
 20-21 
 
 Experiment No. 32. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 27.0 
 70.7 
 64.6 
 27.6 
 27.6 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 39.0 
 49.0 
 48.6 
 44.5 
 43.1 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 +43.7 
 - 6.1 
 -37.0 
 
 + 10.0 
 
 - .4 
 
 - 4.1 
 
 - 1.4 
 
 -127 
 + 30 
 
 — 55 
 
 - 55 
 
 35. 7 
 
 130.0 
 8.0 
 8.0 
 
 + 172. 7 
 
 
 
 + 159. 6 
 
 
 1 a . in 
 
 7 a. m 
 
 Total 
 
 - 51.1 
 
 4> 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + .6 
 
 
 + 4.1 
 
 + 47 
 
 181.7 
 
 232 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21-22 
 
 83.4 
 86.6 
 27.2 
 30.4 
 
 +55.8 
 + 3.2 
 -59.4 
 + 3.2 
 
 ■2. 3 
 52.6 
 46.2 
 49.4 
 
 - 9.2 
 + .3 
 
 - 6.4 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 + 190 
 + 12 
 
 - 86 
 
 - 85 
 
 94.0 
 
 424. B 
 
 28.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 + 293. 2 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 la. m 
 
 7 a. ra 
 
 Total 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 + 437. 1 
 
 - 64.4 
 
 - 53. 8 
 
 
 
 
 + 2.8 
 
 
 + 6.3 
 
 + 31 
 
 574. 8 
 
 + 612. 1 
 
 
 
 22-23 
 
 92.5 
 86.8 
 28.5 
 27.0 
 
 +62.1 
 
 - 5.7 
 -58.3 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 58.1 
 53.8 
 49.6 
 46.7 
 
 + 8.7 
 
 - 4.3 
 
 - 4.2 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 +192 
 
 - 26 
 
 - 70 
 
 - 70 
 
 334.8 
 
 595.0 
 
 40.0 
 
 40.0 
 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 + 564. 7 
 
 
 
 34 2 
 
 
 
 — 32.9 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 - 3.4 
 
 
 - 2.7 
 
 + 26 
 
 1,009.8 
 
 - 1 - 1,033 1 
 
 
 Experiment No.SU. 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 26 
 26-27 
 
 26.0 
 81.3 
 
 78.3 
 28.1 
 26.2 
 
 
 46.0 
 54.9 
 53.4 
 47.9 
 46.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 + 55.3 
 
 - 3.0 
 -50.2 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 + 8.9 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 - 5.5 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 +184 
 
 - 19 
 
 - 72 
 
 - 71 
 
 231.5 
 
 433.2 
 
 11.0 
 
 11.0 
 
 - 424. 4 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 + 412. 7 
 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 - 66.5 
 
 
 
 61 7 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 + .2 
 
 
 
 + 22 
 
 686. 7 
 
 + 708. 9 
 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 
 
 27-28 
 
 82.1 
 74.5 
 25.3 
 25.8 
 
 +55.9 
 - 7.6 
 -49.2 
 + .5 
 
 54.7 
 53.0 
 44.5 
 45.0 
 
 + 8.5 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 - 8.5 
 + .5 
 
 +155 
 
 - 6 
 
 - 84 
 
 - 84 
 
 247.2 
 
 461.8 
 18.0 
 18.0 
 
 + 410. 7 
 
 
 
 - 454. 1 
 
 — 74.5 
 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 
 7 a. m 
 
 — 65. 5 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 - .4 
 
 
 — 1.2 
 
 - 19 
 
 745.0 
 
 - 724.8 
 
 
 1 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 28-29 
 
 81.9 
 78.1 
 26.0 
 25. 1 
 
 +56.1 
 
 -52. 1 
 - .9 
 
 53.6 
 52.4 
 46.4 
 43.5 
 
 + 8.6 
 
 - 1.2 
 
 - 6.0 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 +177 
 
 - 78 
 
 - 78 
 
 215. 6 
 
 456. 3 
 
 13.0 
 
 13.0 
 
 - 401.2 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 + 448. 1 
 
 
 1 a. m 
 
 - 71.0 
 
 
 7 a. m 
 
 - 67.9 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 - • ? 
 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 - 14 
 
 697. 9 
 
 + 710. 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Absorbers were not weighed between 7 p. m. and 
 time is divided equally between the two periods. 
 
 a. m. The change in the weight during this 
 
115 
 
 Table 136. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Xos. S3 and 34. 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 Carbon diox 
 
 d. 
 
 
 (h) 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 - a 
 
 a t 
 
 flSJ 
 
 si's 
 
 > 
 
 In incoming 
 air. 
 
 be 
 c 
 
 
 
 Total excess 
 in outgoing ~T 
 air, d—c. 
 
 Correction for 
 amount re- q 
 mainlng In 3" 
 chamber. 
 
 (9) 
 
 - v ~ 
 
 ~ z- ~ 
 
 '- 3*0 w 
 oil® 
 
 OT3 
 
 Date. 
 
 (6) 
 
 1 
 
 (c) 
 
 o e 
 
 'I - 
 
 1 
 
 O o Ca 
 
 Eh 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment No. Si. 
 
 Liters. 
 
 Mg. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Apr. 20-21 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 25, 652 
 
 0.559 
 
 14.3 
 
 350.9 
 
 336.6 
 
 +43.7 
 
 380.3 
 
 103.7 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 26,430 
 
 .620 
 
 16.4 
 
 393.9 
 
 377.5 
 
 - 6.1 
 
 371.4 
 
 101.3 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .608 
 
 17.0 
 
 243. 9 226. 9 
 
 -37.0 
 
 1S9.9 
 
 51.8 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27,208 
 
 .675 
 
 18.4 
 
 157.1 : 138.7 
 
 
 138.7 
 
 37.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 107, 275 
 
 
 66.1 1,145.8 1,079.7 
 
 + .6 
 
 1,080.3 
 
 294.6 
 
 21-22 
 
 25, 952 
 
 . 675 
 
 17.5 
 
 385.1 
 
 367.6 
 
 +55.8 
 
 423. 4 
 
 115.4 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 25, 952 
 
 .640 
 
 16.6 
 
 472.8 
 
 456. 2 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 459.4 
 
 125. 3 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .583 
 
 15.4 
 
 257. 2 
 
 241.8 
 
 -59.4 
 
 182. 4 
 
 49.7 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .614 
 
 16.7 
 
 158.3 
 
 141. 6 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 144. S 
 
 39.5 
 
 
 1G5, 542 
 
 
 66.2 
 
 1,273.4 1,207.2 
 
 + 2.8 
 
 1,210.0 
 
 329.9 
 
 22-23 
 
 26, 730 
 
 .590 
 
 15.8 
 
 439.9 
 
 424.1 
 
 +62.1 
 
 486. 2 
 
 132.6 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 25, 952 
 
 .599 
 
 15.5 
 
 499.6 
 
 484.1 
 
 - 5.7 
 
 478.4 
 
 130.4 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .599 
 
 15.8 
 
 267.7 
 
 251.9 
 
 -58.3 
 
 193.6 
 
 52.8 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 Experiment No. $U. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .601 
 
 16.3 
 
 151.9 135.6 
 
 -1.5 
 
 134.1 
 
 36.6 
 
 
 106, 320 
 
 
 63.4 1,359.1 1,295.7 
 
 - 3.4 
 
 1,292.3 
 
 352.4 
 
 
 319. 137 
 
 195.7 3,778.3 3,582.6 
 
 
 
 3, 582. 6 
 
 976.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 26-27 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 26, 730 
 
 . 582 
 
 15.6 
 
 418.1 
 
 402. 5 
 
 +55.3 
 
 457.8 
 
 124.8 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,508 
 
 .578 
 
 15.9 
 
 483.8 
 
 467.9 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 464.9 
 
 126. 8 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .575 
 
 15.6 
 
 252.4 
 
 236.8 
 
 -50. 2 
 
 186.6 
 
 50.9 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .620 
 
 16.9 150.7 
 
 133.8 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 131.9 
 
 36.0 
 
 
 108, 654 
 
 64.0 1,305.0 
 
 1,241.0 
 
 + .2 
 
 1,241.2 
 
 338.5 
 
 27-28 
 
 28, 285 
 
 . 568 
 
 16.1 440.0 423.9 
 
 +55.9 
 
 479.8 
 
 130. 9 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,507 
 
 . 582 
 
 16.0 
 
 499.0 
 
 483.0 
 
 -7.6 
 
 475. 4 
 
 129.7 
 
 
 7p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 29,540 
 
 .580 
 
 17.1 
 
 262. 
 
 244. 9 
 
 -49. 2 
 
 195.7 
 
 53.3 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 28,762 
 
 .587 
 
 16. 9 152. 1 
 
 135.2 
 
 + .5 
 
 135.7 
 
 37.0 
 
 
 114, 094 
 
 66.1 1,353.1 1,287.0 
 
 - .4 
 
 1,286.6 
 
 350.9 
 
 28-29 
 
 27, 985 
 
 .561 
 
 15.7 434.5 
 
 418.8 
 
 +56.1 
 
 474.9 
 
 129. 5 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,985 
 
 .553 
 
 15. 5 498. 
 
 482. 5 
 
 - 3.8 
 
 478.7 
 
 130.6 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .593 
 
 17.1 256.7 
 
 239. 6 
 
 -52.1 
 
 1-7.5 
 
 51.1 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. . 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 29, 540 
 
 .632 
 
 18.7 150.5 
 
 131. 8 
 
 - .9 
 
 130.9 
 
 35.7 
 
 
 114, 272 
 
 67.0 1,339.7 
 
 1,272.7 
 
 - -7 
 
 1,272.0 
 
 346.9 
 
 
 337, 020 
 
 1 197.1 3,997.8 
 
 3, 800. 7 
 
 
 3, 799. 8 
 
 1,036.3 
 
116 
 
 Table L37. —Record of water in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiments Nos. 38 
 
 and .;;. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 = '- 
 
 z L 
 
 - - 
 
 I- - 
 > 
 
 Water in 
 incoming air. 
 
 Water in outgoing air. 
 
 (9) 
 
 is 
 
 H - 
 " z 
 
 : 
 
 ■-'- 
 -"3 c 
 
 £ t~ 
 o - - 
 o 
 
 (0 
 
 Date. 
 
 (b) 
 
 (c) 
 
 ■d 
 
 X 
 
 s 
 
 "5 
 
 (d) 
 
 ~ / ^ 
 
 - - N 
 
 - - w 
 
 < 
 
 (e) 
 
 - ' . 
 
 - = X 
 
 = = — 
 < 
 
 (/) 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 Total water of r, 
 
 piration and p» 
 spiration, // + //. 
 
 1900. Experiment No. SS. //7m> . 
 
 Mgs. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Apr, 20-21 7 a. m. to 1 p. m.. 25, 652 
 
 0.999 
 
 
 207.8 
 
 45.6 
 
 253.4 
 
 227. - 
 
 172.7 
 
 400.5 
 
 1 p.m. toT p. in. . 
 
 26, 430 
 
 .972 
 
 25. 7 
 
 225.6 
 
 43.3 
 
 268.9 
 
 243.2 +159.6 
 
 402.8 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27,985 
 
 .936 
 
 26.2 
 
 229.6 
 
 44.6 
 
 271.2 
 
 248.0 - 51.1 
 
 196.9 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m.. 
 
 27,208 
 
 .859 
 
 23.4 
 
 231.0 
 
 37.5 
 
 268.5 
 
 245.1 - 48.4 
 
 196.7 
 
 
 107.275 
 
 
 100. 9 
 
 894.0 
 
 171.0 
 
 1.065.0 
 
 964.1 +232.8 
 
 1,196.9 
 
 21-22 
 
 25,952 1.041 
 
 27.0 
 
 222. 1 
 
 46.7 
 
 269.1 
 
 242.1 +293.2 
 
 535. 3 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7p.m.. 
 
 25,952 1.060 
 
 27.5 
 
 213.4 
 
 51 . 8 
 
 265. 2 
 
 237.7 i:;7. 1 
 
 674.8 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a. m. . 
 
 26,430 .886 
 
 23. 4 
 
 241.2 
 
 11.2 
 
 285. 1 
 
 262.0 64.4 
 
 197.6 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m.. 
 
 27,208 1.818 
 
 22.2 
 
 240. 2 
 
 278. 7 
 
 256. 5 
 
 - 53". 8 
 
 202.7 
 
 
 105,542 
 
 100.1 
 
 917.2 
 
 18L2 L.098.4 
 
 998. :'» 
 
 +612.1 
 
 1,610.4 
 
 22-23 
 
 26, 730 
 
 1.085 
 
 29.0 
 
 252. 
 
 48.5 
 
 300.5 
 
 271.5 
 
 
 807.0 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 25,952 
 
 1.169 
 
 30.3 
 
 260. 1 
 
 46.8 
 
 306.9 
 
 276. 6 
 
 
 841.3 
 
 
 7 p. m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 26,430 1.022 
 
 27.0 
 
 241. 7 
 
 42.0 
 
 283.7 
 
 2.56. 7 
 
 - 34.2 
 
 222. 5 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 Total 
 
 27,208 .879 
 
 23.9 
 
 241.0 
 
 39.3 
 
 280.3 
 
 256. I 
 
 - 32.9 
 
 223. 5 
 
 
 106,320 
 
 110.2 
 
 994. 8 
 
 176.6 
 
 1,171.4 
 
 1,061.2 
 
 +1,033.1 
 
 2,094.3 
 
 
 Total, :](lays 
 
 319, 137 
 
 311.2 
 
 2. 806. 
 
 528. 8 
 
 3,331.8 
 
 3,023.(1 1,878.0 
 
 4,901.6 
 
 
 Experimt »i No. • •",. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 26-27 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 
 
 26, 7:50 
 
 .910 
 
 24.3 
 
 248.2 
 
 44.4 
 
 292.6 
 
 268. 3 
 
 +424.4 
 
 692.7 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,508 
 
 .973 
 
 26.8- 
 
 261.6 
 
 46.0 
 
 307.6 
 
 280.8 
 
 +412.7 
 
 693.5 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 27, 208 
 
 .859 
 
 23.4 
 
 239.3 
 
 40.6 
 
 279.9 
 
 256. 5 
 
 - 66.5 
 
 190.0 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a.m.. 
 
 27,208 
 
 . 776 
 
 21.1 
 
 246.8 
 
 35.6 
 
 282. 4 
 
 261.3 
 
 - 61.7 
 
 199.6 
 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m. to 1 i>. m.. 
 
 108, 6.54 
 
 
 95.6 
 
 995. 9 
 
 166.6 1,162.5 
 
 1,066.9 +708.9 
 
 1,775.8 
 
 27-28 
 
 28, 285 
 
 .938 
 
 26. 5 
 
 2.50.2 
 
 45.6 
 
 295. 8 
 
 269.3 +410.7 
 
 680.0 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 
 
 27,507 
 
 1.004 
 
 27.6 
 
 271.4 
 
 42.5 
 
 313.9 
 
 286.3 
 
 1-454.1 
 
 740.4 
 
 
 7 p. in. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 2^,540 
 
 .827 
 
 24.4 
 
 254.0 
 
 46.1 
 
 300.1 
 
 27:.. 7 
 
 - 74.5 
 
 201.2 
 
 
 1 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p. m.. 
 
 28,762 .764 
 
 22.0 
 
 250.6 
 
 39.6 
 
 290.2 
 
 268.2 
 
 
 202.7 
 
 
 114,094 
 
 100. 5 
 
 1,026.2 
 
 173. 8 
 
 1.200.0 
 
 1,099.5 
 
 -724.8 
 
 1,824.8 
 
 28-29 
 
 27, 985 . 927 
 
 25.9 
 
 253. 5 
 
 46.7 
 
 300.2 
 
 274.3 
 
 +401.2 
 
 675. 5 
 
 
 1 p.m. to 7 p. m.. 
 
 27,985 1.031 
 
 28.8 
 
 269.0 
 
 46.3 
 
 315.3 
 
 286.5 
 
 +448. 1 
 
 7: '.1.6 
 
 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 
 
 28, 762 
 
 .904 
 
 26.0 
 
 246.0 
 
 45.9 
 
 291.9 
 
 265.9 
 
 - 71.0 
 
 194.9 
 
 
 1 a.m. to 7 a. in.. 
 
 29,540 
 
 .828 
 
 24.4 
 
 253. 3 
 
 U.6 294.9 
 
 270.5 
 
 - 67.9 
 
 202. 6 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 114,272 
 
 105. 1 
 
 1,021.8 
 
 180.5 1.202.3 
 
 1,097.2 
 
 + 710.4 
 
 1,807.6 
 
 
 337, 020 
 
 301.2 
 
 3,043.9 i 
 
 520.9 3,564.8 
 
 <. 263. 6 
 
 2,144.1 
 
 5, 407. 7 
 
117 
 
 Table 138 shows the amount of heat given off during the successive 
 6-hour periods of the two experiments. 
 
 Table 138. — Summary of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiment* Nos. 82 
 
 <i ml 34. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Period. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Heat 
 
 measured 
 
 in terms 
 
 of Coo- 
 
 (6) 
 
 Change 
 of tem- 
 perature 
 of calo- 
 rimeter. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Capacity 
 correc- 
 tion of 
 calorime- 
 ter, bx 60. 
 
 (d) 
 
 Correc- 
 tion due 
 to tem- 
 perature 
 of food 
 
 and 
 dishes a . 
 
 (e) 
 Water va- 
 porized 
 equals 
 total 
 amount 
 exhaled 
 
 less 
 amount 
 condens- 
 ed in 
 chamber. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Heat 
 used in 
 vaporiza- 
 tion of 
 water, 
 ex 0.592. 
 
 (0) 
 
 Total 
 heat 
 deter- 
 mined, 
 a+c+d 
 +/. 
 
 1900. 
 Apr. 20-21 
 
 Experiment Xo. 32. 
 
 7a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 la. m.to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 la. m.to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m.to 1 p.m... 
 1 p. m.to 7 p.m... 
 7p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 la. m.to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Experiment No. Sh. 
 
 7 a. m.to 1 p.m... 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 1 a. m.to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7 a. m.to 1 p.m... 
 1p.m. to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 la. m.to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 7a.m. to 1 p.m... 
 1 p. m.to 7 p.m... 
 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 
 la. m.to 7 a.m... 
 
 Total 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Calories. 
 979.0 
 968.3 
 444.4 
 274.6 
 
 Degree. 
 +0.14 
 + .16 
 
 Calories. 
 
 + 8.4 
 + 9.6 
 
 Calorics. 
 
 - 1.3 
 
 - 8.7 
 + 4.0 
 
 Gi-ams. 
 237.8 
 242. 8 
 243.9 
 243.7 
 
 < 'aJories. 
 140.8 
 143.7 
 144.4 
 144.3 
 
 Calories. 
 
 1,126.9 
 
 1,112.9 
 
 592. 8 
 
 
 + .02 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 420.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 666. 3 
 
 + .32 
 
 +19.2 
 
 • - 6.0 
 
 968.2 
 
 573.2 
 
 3, 252. 7 
 
 21-22 
 
 1,076.6 
 
 1, 204. 1 
 
 427.0 
 
 251.7 
 
 + .04 
 + .02 
 
 + 2.4 
 
 + 1.2 
 
 - .2 
 -10.6 
 + 4.0 
 
 251.3 
 238.0 
 255.6 
 259.7 
 
 148.8 
 140.9 
 151.3 
 153.7 
 
 1,227.6 
 
 1,335.6 
 
 582.3 
 
 
 + .01 
 
 + .6 
 
 406.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 959. 4 
 
 + .07 
 
 + 4.2 
 
 - 6.8 
 
 1, 004. 6 
 
 594.7 
 
 3,551.5 
 
 22-23 
 
 1,276.9 
 
 1,299.5 
 
 455.0 
 
 243.8 
 
 - .03 
 + .03 
 
 - 1.8 
 + 1.8 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 -14.7 
 + 3.8 
 
 280. 2 
 272.3 
 252.5 
 253. 5 
 
 165.9 
 161.2 
 149. 5 
 150.1 
 
 1,439.5 
 
 1,447.8 
 
 608.3 
 
 
 
 
 393.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3, 275. 2 
 
 
 
 -12.4 
 
 1,058.5 
 
 626.7 
 
 3, 889. 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8, 900. 9 
 
 
 +23. 4 
 
 -25.2 
 
 3,031.3 
 
 1,794.6 
 
 10, 693. 7 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 26-27 
 
 1,159.4 
 
 1,151.8 
 
 408.0 
 
 229.5 
 
 - .07 
 
 - 4.2 
 
 - .6 
 -10.9 
 
 + 3.8 
 
 277. 2 
 279.3 
 251. 
 259.6 
 
 164.1 
 165.3 
 148.6 
 153.7 
 
 1,318.7 
 1, 306. 2 
 
 
 
 
 560.4 
 
 
 
 
 383.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 948. 7 
 
 - .07 
 
 - 4.2 
 
 - 7.7 
 
 1,067.1 
 
 631.7 
 
 3, 568. 5 
 
 27-28 
 
 1,158.9 
 
 1,205.8 
 
 396.6 
 
 228.6 
 
 - .06 
 
 - .05 
 
 - 3.6 
 
 - 3.0 
 
 - 1.0 
 
 - 4.4 
 
 + 4.7 
 
 277.8 
 284. 6 
 267.2 
 
 268. 7 ■ 
 
 164.4 
 
 168.5 
 158.2 
 159. 1 
 
 1,318.8 
 
 1,366.8 
 
 559. 5 
 
 
 
 
 387.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 989. 9 
 
 - .11 
 
 - 6.6 
 
 - -7 
 
 1,098.3 
 
 650.2 
 
 3, 632. 8 
 
 28-29 
 
 1,158.2 
 1,171.8 
 
 392. 
 
 202. 1 
 
 - .01 
 + .01 
 
 - .01 
 
 - .6 
 + .6 
 
 - .6 
 
 + .7 
 -12.1 
 
 282. 9 
 285. 3 
 259. 9 
 267.6 
 
 167.4 
 168.9 
 153. 9 
 
 158.4 
 
 1,325.7 
 
 1, 329. 2 
 
 545. 3 
 
 
 
 360. 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 924. 1 
 
 - .01 
 
 - .6 
 
 -11.4 
 
 1,095.7 
 
 648.6 
 
 3, 560. 7 
 
 
 8, 862. 7 
 
 
 -11.4 
 
 -19.8 
 
 3,261.1 
 
 1,930.5 
 
 10, 762. 
 
 
 
 
 R Including correction for 4.8 calories introduced during each day period by the electric current 
 used to magnetize the fields of the dynamo. 
 
118 
 
 Balana of income and outgo of nuttier and energy. — From the pre- 
 ceding statistics the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, 
 and energy on the different days of the two experiments are computed, 
 
 and the results are shown in Tables 139-142. 
 
 Table 139. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiments Xos. 
 
 and 34- 
 
 32 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 1900. 
 Experiment No. St. 
 
 Apr. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 
 
 21-22. 7 a.m. to 7a.m. 
 22-23. 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 Experiment No. Sk. 
 
 Apr. 26-27, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m. 
 27-28, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 28-29, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 16.1 
 16.2 
 16.1 
 
 (6) 
 
 (C) 
 
 In In 
 
 urine. a 
 
 Grams. 
 1.2 
 1.2 
 1.2 
 
 48.4 
 
 16.1 
 
 3.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 Grams. 
 16.3 
 15.3 
 15.6 
 
 (d) 
 Gain 
 ( + )or 
 
 loss 
 
 (-).a- 
 (b+e). 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 (e) 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 (/) 
 
 In 
 
 feces. 
 
 (0) 
 
 In 
 
 urine. 
 
 (h) (ft) 
 
 In Gain 
 
 respira- ( + ) or 
 
 toty loss(-)» 
 
 prod- \e-(f+ 
 
 ucts. , g+h). 
 
 Grams. Grams. Grams. 
 
 1. i 
 
 320. 
 320. 
 320. 
 
 12.6 
 12. 6 
 12.6 
 
 Grams. 
 11.3 
 10.7 
 10.9 
 
 Grams. 
 294.6 
 329.9 
 
 352. 4 
 
 Grams. 
 4- 1.5 
 -33.2 
 -55.9 
 
 Total, 3 days... 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 16.0 
 
 , 2 
 
 16.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 16.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 4>.0 
 
 3.6 
 
 16.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 17.4 
 16. 3 
 16.4 I 
 
 -2.6 
 -1.5 
 1.6 
 
 960.0 
 320. 
 
 37. 8 
 
 12. 6 
 
 32.9 
 11.0 
 
 976.9 -87.6 
 325. 6 -29. 2 
 
 335.7 
 335.8 
 335.7 
 
 11.6 
 11.5 
 11.6 
 
 12.2 
 11.3 
 11.4 
 
 .50.1 
 16.7 
 
 5.7 1.007.2 
 1.9 335.7 
 
 34.7 
 11.6 
 
 34.9 
 11.6 
 
 338. 5 -26. 6 
 350. 9 -37. 9 
 346.9 -34.2 
 
 1,036.3 
 345. 4 
 
 -98.7 
 32.9 
 
 a Including nitrogen in perspiration, amounting to 0.4 gram per day. 
 
 Table 140. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Xos. 3? 
 
 and 34. 
 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 In food. 
 
 In drink. 
 
 (c) 
 In feces. 
 
 (d) 
 In urine. 
 
 (c) 
 
 respira- 
 tion prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 (/) 
 Appar- 
 ent loss, 
 ai-b- 
 (c-fd+e). 
 
 1900. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. .52. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Greuns. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Apr. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1 , 035. 9 
 
 1,250 
 
 71.6 
 
 1,179.7 
 
 1,196.9 
 
 162.3 
 
 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1.035.9 
 
 1,250 
 
 71.5 
 
 1.433.4 
 
 1,610.4 
 
 829. 4 
 
 22-23. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1.035.9 
 
 1,250 
 
 71.6 
 
 1.048.7 
 
 2, 094. 3 
 
 '.'2-. 7 
 
 Total. 3 days 
 
 3,107.7 
 
 8. 750 
 
 214.7 
 
 3,661.8 
 
 4,901.6 
 
 1 . 920. 4 
 
 Average. 1 dav 
 
 1,035.9 
 
 1.250 
 
 71.6 
 
 1,220.6 
 
 1, 633. 8 
 
 640. 1 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. 34. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 26-27, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1,028.6 
 
 1,2-50 
 
 60.0 
 
 7-9. 4 
 
 1,775.8 
 
 346.6 
 
 27- v 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 1,028.6 
 
 1.250 
 1,2.50 
 
 59.9 
 
 851.2 
 
 1,824 3 
 
 456. ^ 
 
 28-29, 7a.rn.to7a.rn 
 
 1,028.6 
 
 60.0 
 
 1,036.9 
 
 1,807.6 
 
 625. 9 
 
 Total. 3 dav- 
 
 3,085.8 
 1,028.6 
 
 3 750 
 
 179 9 
 
 2.677.5 
 ^92. 5 
 
 5. 407. 7 
 
 1.429.3 
 
 Average. 1 'lav 
 
 1.250 
 
 60.0 
 
 1.-02.5 
 
 476.4 
 
 
 
119 
 
 Table 140. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen- 
 
 and 34 — Continued. 
 
 -Metabolism experiments Xos. 32 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 (flO (h) 
 
 In food. 
 
 In feces. 
 
 (0 
 
 In urine. 
 
 (0 
 
 Appar- 
 ent gain, 
 g-(h+i), 
 
 (m) 
 
 Loss 
 from 
 water, 
 /-9. 
 
 (») 
 
 Total 
 gain ( + ) 
 
 or 
 loss ( — ), 
 
 l+m. 
 
 1900. 
 
 E.rjK riment No. 32. 
 
 Apr. 20-21 .7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 Total, 3 days... 
 Average. 1 day. 
 
 Experiment No. Si 
 
 Apr. 26-27, 7 a. m. to 7 a. rn . . . 
 
 27-28,7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 28-29, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average. 1 day 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 49.0 1.8 
 
 49.0 1.8 
 
 49.0 1.8 
 
 Grams. 
 3.1 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 Grams. 
 
 + 44.1 
 + 44.2 
 + 44.2 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - 18.0 
 
 - 92.2 
 -103.2 
 
 147.0 
 49.0 
 
 5.4 
 1.8 
 
 9.1 
 3.0 
 
 +132. 5 -213. 4 
 + 44.2 - 71.1 
 
 51.1 
 51.1 
 51.1 
 
 1.7 
 1.6 
 1.7 
 
 153.3 
 51.1 
 
 5.0 
 1.7 
 
 3.4 
 3.1 
 3.2 
 
 46.0 
 46.4 
 46.2 
 
 9.7 
 3.2 
 
 +138. 6 
 + 46.2 
 
 38.5 
 50.8 
 69,5 
 
 -158. 8 
 - 52.9 
 
 Grams. 
 +26.1 
 -48.0 
 -59.0 
 
 26.9 
 
 - 4.4 
 -23.3 
 
 -20. 2 
 - 6.7 
 
 Table 141. — Gain or loss of protein (X X6.25), fat, and water — Metabolism experiments 
 
 Xos. 32 and 34. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost(-). 
 
 (6) 
 
 Protein 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost(-), 
 ax 6.25. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Total 
 carbon 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost(-). 
 
 (d) 
 Carbon 
 in pro- 
 tein 
 gained 
 ( + )or 
 lost(-), 
 6x0.53. 
 
 (e) 
 
 Carbon, 
 in fat 
 
 etc., 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost(-), 
 
 c-cl. 
 
 (/) 
 
 Fat 
 
 gained 
 
 ( + )or 
 
 lost (-), 
 
 e^-0.761. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment Xo. 32. 
 
 Apr. 20-21. 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 
 
 22-23, ~r a . m. to 7 a . m 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -1.4 
 - .3 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - 8.7 
 
 - 1.9 
 -4.4 
 
 Grams. 
 + 1.5 
 -33. 2 
 -55.9 
 
 Grams. 
 
 - 4.6 
 
 - 1.0 
 _ 93 
 
 Grams. 
 + 6.1 
 -32.2 
 -53.6 
 
 Grams. 
 + 8.0 
 
 - 42.3 
 
 — 70 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . 3 davs 
 
 -2.4 -15.0 
 
 - .8 1 - 5.0 
 
 -S7.6 - 7.9 
 _oo O _ 9 fi 
 
 -79.7 
 
 — 9fi fi 
 
 104 7 
 
 Average, 1 dav 
 
 — 34 9 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment No. SU. 
 Apr. 26-27, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 — 2.6 i — 1fi.S 
 
 -26.6 - S.6 
 37 9 5 
 
 -18.0 
 32 9 
 
 — 23 7 
 
 
 -1.5 
 -1.6 
 
 - 9.4 
 -10.0 
 
 43 2 
 
 7 a.m. to 7 a. m 
 
 -34.2 5 3 
 
 9K Q 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 3 davs 
 
 -5.7 
 -1.9 
 
 —35.7 
 
 —98 7 —18 9 
 
 -79.8 
 -26.6 
 
 104 9 
 
 
 11 9 
 
 3-> 9 « * 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
120 
 
 Table 141. — Gain or loss of protein (X X6.25), fat, and water — MetaboU^n experiments 
 
 Nos. 82 and 34— Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 (<7) 
 
 Total 
 
 W 
 Hydrogen 
 hydrogen "* protein | in fat etc., gained 
 gained < °^ gained + gained ( + ) (+ Sr lost 
 Slo?U-S ) orlost(-).orlost (-), YJ) - 
 I 6x0.07. /x 0.118. , k (£#) 
 
 Hydrogen 
 Hydrogen in W ater, 
 in fat 
 
 Water 
 gained 
 
 orlo-- 
 A-X9. 
 
 1900. 
 Experiment No. 32 
 
 Apr. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 
 21-22. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 22-23. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 Experiment No. Sh 
 
 Apr. 20-27, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 27-28, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 28-29, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 
 
 Total, 3 days 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 Grams. Grams. 
 
 +26. 1 -0. 6 
 
 -48.0 - .1 
 
 -59.0 - .3 
 
 -26.9 
 
 + 7.5 
 -4.4 
 -23.3 
 
 -20.2 
 
 Grams. 
 + 0.9 
 
 - 5.0 
 
 - 8.3 
 
 Grams. 
 -25. 8 
 -42.9 
 -50.4 
 
 •1.0 
 
 -12.4 
 
 - 4.1 
 
 -67.5 
 -22. 5 
 
 -1.1 
 
 -2.8 
 -5.1 
 -4.5 
 
 -11.4 
 + 1.4 
 -18.1 
 
 -z. o 
 
 - .8 
 
 -12.4 
 - 4.1 
 
 -5.3 
 
 -1.8 
 
 Grams. 
 
 -232.2 
 
 — 453.6 
 
 -607. 5 
 
 +102.6 
 - 12.6 
 -162. 9 
 
 - 47.7 
 
 - 15.9 
 
 Table 142. — Income, and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiments Nos. 3? and 34- 
 
 Date. 
 
 (a) 
 
 (6) 
 
 (c) 
 
 Heat of Heat of Heat of 
 com- com- com- 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 
 heat of 
 com- 
 bustion 
 
 bustion bustion bustion of pro- 
 of food of 
 eaten, feces. 
 
 («) 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 heat of 
 
 com- 
 bustion 
 
 Esti- 
 mated 
 
 energy 
 of ma- 
 terial 
 
 1900. 
 
 Experiment Xo. 32. 
 
 Apr. 20-21, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 21-22, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 22-23,7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Total, 3 day- 
 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 Experiment No. SU. 
 
 Apr. 26-27, 7 a.m. to 7a.m. 
 27-28,7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 28-29, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. ; 
 
 3,487 
 
 3,487 
 
 3, 487 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 142 
 
 141 
 
 142 
 
 of 
 
 tein 
 
 SSlti dizedin mined. 
 
 urine, gained ?**??£ the 
 ( + )or ( + > or body, a 
 lost , ios ? -(6+c| 
 
 (-)• 
 
 (-)• 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 129 
 
 113 
 
 116 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 - 35 
 
 3 - 
 11 - 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 77 
 
 404 
 
 672 
 
 +d+e) 
 
 Calo- 
 
 3,174 
 3,634 
 3,912 
 
 10,461 425 
 
 3.4-7 142 
 
 358 
 119 
 
 43 - 
 14 - 
 
 333 
 
 10, 720 10, 694 
 3, 573 3, 565 
 
 493 
 493 
 
 Total, 3 days... 
 Average, 1 day 
 
 126 
 
 131 
 
 - 79 
 
 - 226 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 - 40 
 
 - 413 
 
 126 
 
 123 
 
 - 43 
 
 - 363 
 
 3. -541 3, 568 
 3, 6% 3, 6:33 
 3, 6-50 3, 561 
 
 10,479 
 3, 493 
 
 126 
 
 379 
 126 
 
 -162 1-1,002 10,887 10,762 
 - 54 - 334 3,629 3.587 
 
 - 27 
 
 - 63 
 
 -1.7 
 
 -2.4 
 
 125 
 42 
 
 1.1 
 
121 
 
 SUMMARY AND RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATIONS. 
 
 Number of experiments and experimental days. — Between February. 
 1896, and April. L900, inclusive, 34 experiments, covering a period of 
 114 days, were made with the respiration calorimeter. 
 
 The tirst four of these, covering a period of 21 days, were desig- 
 nated as experiments Nos. 1-1. and the results were published in a 
 previous bulletin. 1 ' Nine of the 12 days covered by experiment No. 1, 
 however, really comprised three separate experiments, distinguished 
 from one another by difference in occupation of the subject: these, for 
 convenience, may be designated as la. lb. and 1c. In all these 
 experiments (Xos. l-4c) the income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon 
 and the income of energy were determined, but the heat given off 
 from the body was not measured. Since they show only the bal- 
 ance of income and outgo of matter, including the material excreted 
 in the breath, they are termed ;% respiration" experiments. 
 
 The results of six other experiments. Xos. 5-10. covering a period 
 of 24 days, have also been published. b In these, and all later experi- 
 ments, the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, 
 and energy was determined, and they are. therefore, termed "respira- 
 tion calorimeter" or •• metabolism" experiments. 
 
 Of the remaining 24 experiments. 13, covering a period of 41 days, 
 are reported in detail in the present bulletin: the results of the other 
 11 experiments, covering a period of 2^ days, and belonging to another 
 investigation, are reported elsewhere. 
 
 Accordingly, the total number of respiration calorimeter experi- 
 ments thus far decribed. including those in the present report, is 30, 
 covering 93 days. Besides these. 14 experiments, covering 41 days, 
 made in the winter and spring of 1900-1901, are now completed and 
 nearly ready for publication, thus making 44 experiments. Xos. 4-4S, 
 covering 134 days, in which the balance of nitrogen, carbon, hydro- 
 gen, and energy has been directly measured. Adding the respiration 
 experiments, included in Xos. l-4c and covering 21 days, we have 48 
 experiments, covering 155 days, in which the balance of nitrogen and 
 carbon was determined. 
 
 Each metabolism experiment, or series of experiments, was imme- 
 diately preceded by a digestion experiment of several days' duration, 
 in which the subject had the same diet as in the metabolism experi- 
 ment, the purpose being to bring the body into approximate nitrogen 
 
 *U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 44. 
 
 ! U. S. Dept. Aer.. Office of Experiment Stations Bills. 63 and 69. 
 
 e Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. VIII. Sixth Memoir, 1902. 
 
122 
 
 and carbon equilibrium before the beginning of the metabolism experi- 
 ment proper, and at the same time to secure a more nearly accurate 
 measure of the digestibility of the food. It is almost impossible to 
 obtain exact nitrogen equilibrium since physiological factors, little 
 understood and not easily controlled, cause more or less fluctuation in 
 the elimination of nitrogen, even when the amount in the diet is 
 uniform. These preliminary digestion experiments were generally 
 of 1 days' duration. Experiments Xos. 1-4, however, were both pre- 
 ceded and followed by digestion periods of 3 days, while some later 
 experiments were preceded by periods more or less than 1 days. In 
 these preliminary digestion experiments the income and outgo of nitro- 
 gen were determined, so that the nitrogen metabolism was measured, 
 and in this sense they are metabolism experiments, although they are 
 not here so designated. There were altogether 14 digestion and nitro- 
 gen metabolism experiments which accompanied or made a part of the 
 31 experiments with the respiration calorimeter. They covered 201 
 days. Only a small number of the results of these digestion experi- 
 ments, viz, those belonging to respiration experiments Xos. 1-1, have 
 yet been published. 
 
 Questions studied.- — Although the larger part of the seven years' 
 work in connection with the respiration calorimeter in this laboratory 
 has been devoted to the developing and perfecting of apparatus and 
 experimental methods, yet during the progress of the inquiry a mass 
 of data has accumulated and results bearing upon a variety of ques- 
 tions have been obtained. A proper discussion of the results would 
 include a consideration of the following and other topics: (1) The 
 kinds, amounts, and digestibility of the food; (2) the quantity and 
 composition of the excretory products; (3) the daily elimination of 
 water, carbon dioxid, and heat, and the rates of elimination at different 
 periods of the day and under different conditions; (1) the kinds and 
 amounts of material actually oxidized by the different subjects under 
 different conditions of rest and work; (5) the estimated amounts of 
 oxygen used and the estimated respiratory quotients; (6) the demands 
 of different persons for nourishment under different conditions: (7) 
 the functions of the different nutrients and their mutual replacing 
 power, or the nutritive values of different food materials; (8) the energy 
 of the food and of the material oxidized as compared with that given 
 off from the body: and. finally (9), the general bearing of the results 
 upon the metabolism of energy. A number of collateral topics would 
 also call for discussion, such as (10) the effects of different conditions 
 of food, rest, and work upon bodily temperature; (11) the composition 
 of the air in the chamber as related to the rate of ventilation and the 
 well-being of the occupant, and as bearing upon the general hygiene of 
 ventilation, (12) details of the apparatus, and (13) methods of experi- 
 mental inquiry. 
 
123 
 
 While none of these topics pan be discussed to the best advantage 
 until the publication of further experimental data, or without due con- 
 sideration of the results of research elsewhere, brief reference may be 
 made to a few of them in order to illustrate some of the ways in which 
 the experiments are throwing light upon the fundamental questions 
 of the metabolism of matter and energy in the body, and consequently 
 upon the general laws of nutrition. Accordingly, the data already 
 reported are here used for a preliminary discussion of a number of 
 problems of general interest. These include (1) food materials -up- 
 plied and consumed and the difference in the amounts of nutrients 
 demanded by men at rest and at work. (2) the elimination of water. (3) 
 the elimination of carbon dioxid. (4) the elimination of energy, and 
 (5) the income and outgo of energy and the action of the law of the 
 conservation of energy in the body. The text-books and treatises bear- 
 ing on these subjects contain more or less detailed statements and 
 conclusions. It appears that in numerous instances the commonly 
 quoted figures and conclusions rest upon much less experimental evi- 
 dence than- is furnished by the experiments with the respiration calo- 
 rimeter just referred to. In the construction of this apparatus it was 
 possible to make use of the experience and results of earlier investi- 
 gators; the facilities have permitted the obtaining of more accurate 
 and extensive data than had previously been practicable: and it is 
 believed that the results are of sufficient interest to warrant their 
 publication even though future research may call for more or less modi- 
 fication of the inferences deduced from them. 
 
 Brief summaries of results are given on the following pages. These 
 results are derived from the statistics of experiments Nos. 5-11. 13, 
 14. 21. 23-26. 28, 29. 31. 32. and 34. The result.- summarized in 
 Table 144. p. 129. include, in addition, the results of experiments 
 Nos. 1-4. in which the outgo of energy was not determined. 
 
 Subjects of the experiments. — Four different men. E. O., O. F. T., 
 A. W. S... and J. F. S.. have served as subjects in these experiments. 
 They were all in excellent health. E. O. was a laboratory assistant, 
 a native of Sweden, who had been a number of years in this country. 
 At the time of the experiments here recorded he was about 32 years 
 old and weighed not far from 70 kilograms. A. W. S. was a phys- 
 icist, a native of New England. 25 years old. and weighed about 70 
 kilograms. O. F. T.. a chemist, the subject of but one experiment, 
 No. 3. was also a native of New England. 24 years old. and weighed 
 about 60 kilogram- J. F. S.. a chemist, was a native of Canada. 29 
 years old. and weighed about 65 kilograms. 
 
 Rest and work experiments. — In the rest experiments the subjects 
 were as quiet a- they well could be. Practically their only muscular 
 exercise was that involved in dressing and undressing, folding and 
 
124 
 
 unfolding the bed. chair, and table, eating, caring for the excretory 
 products, and weighing themselves and the absorbers. They did 
 more or less reading and writing to pass the time. In the work 
 experiments they spent a number of hours, generally 8 each day. 
 driving a stationary bicycle.* It was their purpose to do a reasonable 
 but not excessive amount of work. 
 
 Experiments Nos. 1 and 2 with E. O., No. 3 with O. F. T., and Nos. 
 4a and 4b with A. W. S., were rest experiments, while No. 4c with 
 A. W. S. was a work experiment. In none of these experiments were 
 satisfactory determinations made of the outgo of energy. The experi- 
 mental days began at different hours, and were not divided into 
 6-hour experimental periods, as was done in all experiments after 
 No. 4c. Taking into account the 19 experiments, summarized in the 
 following tables, in which the measurements of the outgo of energy 
 were considered satisfactory, there were 9 rest experiments with 
 E. O., covering 33 days; 1 rest experiment with A. W. S., covering 3 
 days, and 3 rest experiments with J. F. S., covering 9 days, making 
 altogether 13 rest experiments, covering 45 days. There were also 2 
 work experiments with E. O., covering 8 days, and 4 work experi- 
 ments with J. F. S., covering 12 days, making together 6 work 
 experiments, covering 20 days. Altogether the 19 rest and work 
 experiments covered a total period of 65 days. In addition, 9 rest 
 experiments covering 22 days and 2 work experiments covering 6 
 days were completed during this time in connection with a separate 
 investigation. 
 
 Division of experimental days into periods. — Each of these experi- 
 ments is divided into da} T s of 24 hours, beginning and ending at 7 a. m. 
 Each day is divided into 4 periods of 6 hours each; the first 2, called 
 day periods, extending from 7 a. m. to 1 p. m. and from 1 p. m to 7 
 p. m. ; the last 2, called night periods, extending from 7 p. m. to 1 a. 
 m. and from 1 a. m. to 7 a. m. 
 
 The chief reason for beginning the experimental day in the morning 
 is found in the belief that the condition of the bod^v in respect to the 
 amounts of material in the alimentaiw canal and of carbohydrates (glyco- 
 gen) andoxvgen in "the tissues and fluids would be more nearly the same, 
 from day to day, at the end of the period of rest and sleep than at any 
 other time. 
 
 !l Excepting in experiment ISo. 4b, in which the subject raised and lowered a 
 weight attached to a rope which passed over a pulley. 
 
125 
 
 SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 In Table 143. below, are summarized the results of the experiments 
 made with the respiration calorimeter which have been thus far 
 reported by this Department. a The table shows the balance of income 
 and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, and energy, as well as the computed 
 gain or loss of body protein and fat. 
 
 'During the interval between the first and last of the experiments here reported 
 nine experiments were carried on under the auspices of the Committee of Fifty for 
 the Investigation of the Drink Problem in connection with an independent investi- 
 gation concerning the effect of alcohol in the diet. For convenience in keeping labo- 
 ratory records all the experiments were numbered consecutively. These experi- 
 ments, in which alcohol formed a part of the diet, comprised Xos. 7, 10, 12, 15-20, 
 22, 27, 30, and 33. The details of the first two were published in U. S. Dept. 
 Alt.. Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 69; those of the remaining eleven will be 
 found in the Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. VIII, Sixth 
 Memoir, entitled An Experimental Inquiry into the Nutritive Value of Alcohol, 
 1902. 
 
126 
 
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128 
 
 The experiments are grouped in Table 113 according to their char- 
 acter, whether rest or work, and subgrouped according to the person 
 serving as subject. AVith E. O. there were made 9 rest experiments 
 covering 33 days, of which two. Nos. 7 and 10. reported in an earlier 
 bulletin of this Office* were made for a special purpose. In Table 
 113 the results are averaged both with and without these two experi- 
 ments. One rest experiment was made with A. W. S. and 3 with J. 
 F. S. In all these experiments the ration was determined as far as 
 possible by the food requirements of the subject under the particular 
 conditions. The amount of nitrogen in the food in the rest experi- 
 ments with E. O. averaged 18.8, with A. W. S. 15.5, and with J. F. 
 S. 16.5 grams per clay. The amount metabolized was approximately 
 in the same proportion. The amounts of carbon and energy in the 
 food were also larger with E. O. than with the other subjects, but 
 there was comparatively little difference in the amounts actually 
 metabolized. The daily amount of energy averaged 2,280 calories 
 with E. O., 2,304 with A. W. S., and 2,117 with J. F. S. 
 
 Two work experiments covering 8 days were made with E. O., and 
 •1 covering 12 days with J. F. S. The quantity of nitrogen, carbon, 
 and energy in the food and in the material actually oxidized was greater 
 in the case of E. O. than J. F. S. The amount of muscular work per- 
 formed was also larger. The quantity of nitrogen in the food and in 
 the material actually metabolized was, however, not greatly different 
 from the corresponding amounts in the rest experiments. The energy 
 of material oxidized averaged 3,805 calories with E. O. and 3,517 
 calories with J. F. S. The agreement between the values for net in- 
 come and net outgo differed through limits which are doubtless within 
 the range of experimental error and physiological uncertainties. 
 
 Further discussion of the results obtained in the experiments will 
 be found in the more general tables following. 
 
 FOOD MATERIALS SUPPLIED AND CONSUMED, AND THE DIFFER- 
 ENCE IN DEMAND BY MEN AT REST AND AT WORK. 
 
 One of the objects of these experiments is to accumulate informa- 
 tion regarding the demands of the body for food with different per- 
 sons and under different conditions of rest and work. Data bearing 
 upon these questions are found in all of the experiments. The 
 detailed tables show the total amounts and the composition of the 
 food, drink, and excretory products. The figures in Table 114 sum- 
 marize very briefly some of the principal results. 
 
 a TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 69. 
 
129 
 
 Table 144. — Income and outgo of material in the body, and gains and 
 and fat with different diets — Amounts per dag. 
 
 of protein 
 
 .Subject, duration, and character of experiment. 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Energy. 
 
 Protein : 
 
 (NX6.25). 
 
 Fat. 
 
 REST EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. ()., 11 experiments, 37 days, average: 
 
 Grams. 
 17.7 
 18.5 
 
 Grams. 
 231.5 
 218.6 
 
 Calories. 
 2,459 
 2,297 
 
 Grams. 
 Ill 
 116 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - .8 
 
 + 12.9 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 + 20 
 
 
 
 
 0. F. T., 1 experiment, 5 days, average: 
 
 14.4 
 13.7 
 
 216. 5 
 219.9 
 
 2,442 
 2,505 
 
 90 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + .7 
 
 - 3.4 
 
 
 + 4 
 
 - 7 
 
 
 
 
 A. W. S., 3 experiments, 9 days, average: 
 
 14.7 
 
 13.7 
 
 214. 3 
 229. 1 
 
 2,344 
 2,293 
 
 92 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gain ( + ) or loss ( — ) in body 
 
 + 1.0 
 
 - 14.8 
 
 
 + 6 
 
 - 24 
 
 
 
 
 15.4 
 
 15.7 
 
 228.7 
 207.8 
 
 2,381 
 2,117 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - .3 
 
 + 20.9 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 + 29 
 
 
 
 
 E.0.,0.F.T.,A.W.S.,J. F. S., 18 experiments, 60 
 days, average: 
 
 16.6 
 16.9 
 
 227. 3 
 218.7 
 
 2, 428 
 2,285 
 
 104 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - .3 
 
 + 8.6 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 + 13 
 
 
 
 
 WORK EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. 0., 2 experiments, 8 days, average: 
 
 17.6 
 17.3 
 
 326.2 
 358. 9 
 
 3, 462 
 3,865 
 
 110 
 108 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gain ( + ) or loss ( - ) in body 
 
 + .3 
 
 - 32.7 
 
 
 + 2 
 
 - 43 
 
 
 
 A. W. S., 1 experiment, 3 days, average: 
 In digested food 
 
 14.8 
 • 14.1 
 
 223. 6 
 371.5 
 
 2, 505 
 4,325 
 
 92 
 
 88 
 
 
 In material oxidized . . 
 
 
 
 
 Gain ( + ) or loss ( — ) in body 
 
 
 -147.9 
 
 
 + 4 
 
 -196 
 
 
 
 J. F. S., 4 experiments, 12 days, average: 
 
 In digested food 
 
 15.0 
 16.0 
 
 306.4 
 330.4 
 
 3, 251 
 3,547 
 
 94 
 100 
 
 
 In material oxidized 
 
 
 
 
 < Jain ( + ) or loss ( — ) in bodv 
 
 - 1.0 
 
 - 24.0 
 
 
 | - 6 
 
 — 27 
 
 
 
 
 E.O., A. W. S., J. F. S., 7 experiments, 23 days, 
 average: 
 In digested food 
 
 15.9 
 16.2 
 
 302.5 
 345.7 
 
 3, 227 
 3,759 
 
 99 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gain ( + ) or loss ( — ) in body 
 
 - .3 
 
 - 43.2 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 — 55 
 
 
 
 
 By ''digestible food" or "digested food" is understood the totai 
 food less the feces — in other words, the sum of the nutrients which are 
 available to the body for the building of tissue and yielding energy. 
 No correction is introduced for metabolic products in the feces, since 
 these were derived originally from the food (or body tissue) and are a 
 
 13007— No. 109—02 9 
 
130 
 
 necessary accompaniment of undigested material. The available energy 
 of the food is the total heat of combustion of the food minus the heat 
 of combustion of the unoxidized materials of feces and urine. No 
 further correction for the labor of chewing and digesting is included. 
 It is assumed that the quantity of carbohydrates in the body is the same 
 at the beginning as at the end of the experiment. The gains and losses 
 of body protein and body fat are computed from the gains and losses 
 of the nitrogen and carbon. 8 Accordingly the figures show the 
 average daily amounts of available protein and energy supplied by the 
 food and the amounts actually used by the body when the subject had 
 a minimum amount of exercise and when he was engaged in decidedly 
 active muscular work. 
 
 The materials actually oxidized in the body are the digested nutri- 
 ents of the food minus the protein or fat gained or plus the protein or 
 fat lost by the body. The data thus show very clearly the demands of 
 the body under the different conditions and the increase in the demand 
 which accompanied the performance of muscular work. 
 
 These experiments simply show the quantities of material and energy 
 metabolized by a small number of men under specific conditions of 
 work and rest. Their bearing upon the general subject of dietary 
 standards can be more advantageously discussed when it is possible to 
 take into account not only these and other experiments with men in 
 the respiration calorimeter, but also a large number of experimental 
 inquiries and observations of dietary usage of people of different 
 classes and occupations in different countries. 
 
 There is no doubt that in many cases the body can be maintained in 
 nitrogen and carbon equilibrium with much smaller quantities of nitro- 
 gen and energy than those actually used by any of the men in these 
 experiments. It is equally certain that in other cases the requirements 
 are much larger. The tentative standards for daily diet which have 
 been proposed by a number of investigators have served a useful pur- 
 pose, but they will doubtless have to be modified as the fundamental 
 data become more exact and numerous. 
 
 One principle which thus far has not received adequate recognition 
 in dietary standards may perhaps be expressed by saying that the 
 standard must vary not only with the conditions of activity and envi- 
 ronment, but also with the nutritive plane at which the body is to be 
 maintained. A man may live and work and maintain bodily equilib- 
 rium on either a higher or lower nitrogen level or energy level. One 
 essential question is. What level is most advantageous ( The answer 
 to this must be sought not simply in metabolism experiments and diet- 
 ary studies, but also in broader observations regarding bodily and 
 mental efficiency and general health, strength, and welfare. 
 
 a By the method previously described, U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Sta- 
 tions Bui. 69, pp. 44, 45. 
 
131 
 
 ELIMINATION OF WATER. 
 
 The water taken into the body in the food and drink and formed 
 within it by the oxidation of hydrogen is excreted by the kidneys, 
 lungs, and skin. The amount eliminated by the kidneys varies with the 
 amounts taken in the food and drink and eliminated in the respiration 
 and perspiration', and is, in consequence, very irregular. The amount 
 of water given off by the lungs and skin appears to depend largely 
 upon the muscular activity of the subject and the temperature of the 
 surrounding air. and to be less affected by the income in food and 
 drink. 
 
 Jncorru and outgo of water per day. — Table 145 recapitulates the 
 figures for the average amounts of water taken in the food and drink 
 and eliminated in the various excretions in the 19 experiments. Nos. 
 o-ll. 13. 14. 21. 23-26. 28, 29, 31. 32. and 34. In all these experiments 
 the days were divided into 0-hour periods. 
 
 Table 145. — Daily income ami outgo of water. 
 
 33 
 
 Days 
 cov- 
 
 Subject and kind of experiment. ^Ex- 
 peri- 
 ments. 
 
 REST EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. 0.. 9 experiments: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 A. W. S., 1 experiment: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 J. F. S., 3 experiments: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 Average of 13 experiments . . 
 
 WORK EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. 0.,2 experiments: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 J. F. -..4 experiments. 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 Average of 6 experiments . . . 
 
 Income. 
 
 Outgo. 
 
 In res- 
 
 In 
 food. 
 
 In 
 drink. 
 
 Total. 
 
 In 
 
 feces. 
 
 In 
 urine. 
 
 piration 
 
 and 
 perspi- 
 ration. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Gram*. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 653 
 
 1.023 
 
 1.945 
 
 35 
 
 1.037 
 
 697 
 
 2. 015 
 
 1,270 
 
 1.-72 
 
 3.047 
 
 98 
 
 3.120 
 
 1. 212 
 
 4,306 
 
 1.037 
 
 1.407 
 
 2. 444 
 
 59 
 
 1,810 
 
 977 
 
 2. -46 
 
 890 
 
 1,384 
 
 2. 274 
 
 46 
 
 1, 628 
 
 821 
 
 2. 496 
 
 890 
 
 1,385 
 
 2. 275 
 
 46 
 
 1,909 
 
 898 
 
 2.853 
 
 890 
 
 1,385 
 
 2.275 
 
 46 
 
 1.743 
 
 859 
 
 2,648 
 
 1.040 
 
 800 
 
 1.840 
 
 19 
 
 913 
 
 791 
 
 1,811 
 
 1.07- 
 
 900 
 
 1,978 
 
 57 
 
 1.489 
 
 879 
 
 2, 345 
 
 1,055 
 
 833 
 
 1,888 
 
 52 
 
 1.219 
 
 830 
 
 2.101 
 
 1.291 2.322 
 
 
 939 
 
 2. 6-4 
 
 951 
 1.3-4 
 1,168 
 
 916 
 
 1.036 
 
 975 
 
 1.200 2,151 
 2.100 3,079 
 1.603 2.771 
 
 1.250 2,166 
 
 1,250 
 
 1,2.50 
 
 1,052 1.391 
 
 2. 225 
 
 91 
 
 815 
 
 100 
 
 1.275 
 
 96 
 
 1.011 
 
 36 
 
 641 
 
 72 
 
 1.433 
 
 52 
 
 905 
 
 1,762 2.912 
 2, 699 3, 981 
 
 2.275 
 
 1.197 
 2, 094 
 1.670 
 
 3.3-2 
 
 2, 201 
 
 3. 215 
 _ 27 
 
 2. 443 
 
 1,912 
 
 2. 929 
 
 The averages given are those for all of the days of the experiments 
 of the given group rather than averages of the average results of the 
 individual experiments. It is to he remembered that there was eon- 
 siderable milk in the daily diet, and this is reckoned as food rather 
 
132 
 
 than drink. How the amounts of water in food and drink in these 
 experiments would compare with those in the average diet in general 
 it is impossible to say for lack of sufficient data. The average daily 
 amount of water in food and drink together in the rest experiments 
 was for E. O. 2,444 grams, for A. W. S. 2,275 grams, and for J. F. S. 
 1,888 grams. In the work experiments with E. O. it was 2,771 grams, 
 and with J. F. S. 2,225 grams. 
 
 The amount of urine excreted per day in the rest experiments aver- 
 aged with E. O. 1,878 grams, containing 1,810 grams of water; with 
 A. W. S. 1,798 grams, containing 1,743 grams of water, and with 
 J. F. S. 1,266 grams, containing 1,219 grams of water. The average 
 for the 45 days of the rest experiments with the three subjects was 
 1,750 grams of urine, containing 1,687 grams of water. In the work 
 experiments the amount of urine excreted averaged with E. O. 1,081 
 grams, containing 1,011 grams of water, and with J. F. S. 961 grams, 
 containing 905 grams of water. The average for the 20 days of work 
 experiments with both subjects was 1,009 grams of urine, containing 
 947 grams of water. 
 
 The variations in the amounts excreted from day to day in experi- 
 ments of the same kind with the same man were very wide. Thus in 
 the rest experiments with E. O. the urine fell on one day to 1,091 
 grams, with 1,037 grams of water, while on another day it rose to 3,208 
 grams with 3,120 grams of water. It is to be observed that these 
 experiments were made at different times during a period of two 
 years, and covered in all 33 days. In the rest experiments with 
 A. W. S.,on the other hand, there is but one experiment, covering 
 3 days. Although the quantities of water in the food and drink 
 were almost exactly the same from day to day, the quantities of urine 
 and water in the urine were irregular, the range being from 1,681 
 grams of urine, with 1,628 grams of water, to 1,965 grams, with 1,909 
 grams of water. In the rest experiments with J. F. S. the quantities 
 ranged from 975 grams of urine, containing 913 grams of water, to 
 1,551 grams of urine, containing 1,489 grams of water. These extremes 
 occurred respectively on the first and third days of the first experi- 
 ment with this subject. 
 
 In the work experiments with E. O., made at intervals of over a 
 } T ear, the water of food and drink ranged from 2,151 to 3,079 grams 
 per da} 7 . There were corresponding variations in the amount of urine 
 and of water in the urine, though the range was not wide, the mini- 
 mum amount of urine being 879 grams, with 815 grams of water, and 
 the maximum 1,350 grams, with 1,275 grams of water. In the work 
 experiments with J. F. S., which were made at short intervals during 
 the same year, the water of food and drink ranged from 2,166 to 
 2,286 grams, and the variation in the amount of urine per dsij was 
 from 695 grams of urine, containing 641 grams of water, to 1,488 
 grams of urine, containing 1,433 grams of water. 
 
133 
 
 In comparing* the averages of the rest and work experiments with 
 both subjects E. O. and J. F. S., it will be observed that while the 
 quantity of water in the food and drink was considerably larger in the 
 work than in the rest experiments, the amounts of urine and water in 
 the urine was larger in the latter than in the former. The differences, 
 however, varied with the two subjects. Thus with E. O. the total 
 income of water was over 10 per cent larger in the work than in the 
 rest experiments, but the outgo in the urine was but little over half as 
 large in the former as in the latter. With J. F. S. the total income 
 in the work experiments was nearly 20 per cent larger than in the 
 rest experiments, but the outgo in the urine was only three-fourths as 
 large in the former as in the latter. With both subjects the amount 
 of solids in the urine was slightly larger in the work than in the rest 
 experiments. • 
 
 Elimination of water by respiration and perspiration. — The differ- 
 ences in the elimination of water in the urine in the rest experiments 
 as compared with the work experiments find a ready explanation in 
 the figures for water in the respiration and perspiration. The amounts 
 of water thus eliminated by E. O. averaged 2,275 grams in the work 
 experiments as compared with 977 grams in the rest experiments; and 
 by J. F. S., 1,670 grams in the work experiments as compared with 
 830 grams in the rest experiments. In other words, the water elimi- 
 nated by the kidneys depends, of course, upon the ratio of water in 
 the food and drink to water of respiration and perspiration. The 
 kidneys rid the body of the water not thrown off by the lungs and 
 skin. 
 
 It is commonly assumed that the expired air is saturated with mois- 
 ture. Supposing this to be a fact, the quantity of water given off 
 from the lungs would be proportional to the amount of expired air. 
 In times of active muscular exercise the volume of this air is larger than 
 in times of, rest, and consequently the amount of water given off from 
 the lungs would be larger. Furthermore, the perspiration from the skin 
 increases greatly with the muscular activity. With E. O. the amount 
 of water excreted per day from the lungs and skin in the work experi- 
 ments was 2i times as large as in the rest experiments. With J. F. S. 
 it was twice as large in the work as in the rest experiments. 
 
 The balance of income and outgo of water is decided not only by 
 the amounts in food and drink on the one hand, and by the kidne} r s, 
 lungs, and skin on the other, but also b} T two other factors. One of 
 these is the amount of water formed within the body by the oxidation 
 of hydrogen. The other is the change in the amount of water in the 
 alimentary canal and in the tissues and fluids of the body. The dis- 
 cussion of this topic is reserved until additional data, which are being 
 accumulated, are available. 
 
134 
 
 One point, however, is so interesting- that a word regarding it may 
 be in place here. Comparisons of figures for amounts of hydrogen 
 oxidized, as given in the tabular details of the experiments, show that 
 if all the water formed by the oxidation of the hydrogen of the food 
 and body material were eliminated through the lungs and skin and none 
 through the kidneys, it would account for only about one-third of the 
 water of respiration in the rest experiments and only about one-fourth 
 of that in the work experiments. It is therefore evident that the 
 increase of water of respiration and perspiration during periods of 
 muscular activity is due not so much to an increased oxidation of 
 hydrogen as to an increased excretion through the lungs and skin of 
 water from some other source. 
 
 The amounts of water eliminated by the lungs and skin in the dif- 
 ferent periods of the day, as compared with the day as a whole, are 
 shown in Table 146. 
 
 Table 146. — Water eliminated by lungs and skin — Amounts per day, and rates and pro- 
 portions for different periods. 
 
 
 2 ■ 
 
 i ; 
 
 ~ = 
 
 - V 
 
 o C 
 
 - V 
 
 M — 
 
 J 8 
 
 Total amount in 
 24 hours. 
 
 
 Rat 
 
 e per hour. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 for 24 
 
 hours. 
 
 Proportion of total for 24 
 hours. 
 
 Subject and kind of ex- 
 periment. 
 
 Day periods. 
 
 Night periods. 
 
 Day periods. 
 
 Night periods. 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 to 
 1 p. m. 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 to 
 7 p. m. 
 
 7 p. m. 
 
 to 
 1 a. m. 
 
 1 a. m. 
 
 to 
 7 a. m. 
 
 7 a. m. 
 
 to 
 1 p. m. 
 
 1 p. m. 
 
 to 
 7 p. m. 
 
 7 p. m. 
 
 to 
 1 a. m. 
 
 1 a. m. 
 
 to 
 7 a. m. 
 
 REST EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. 0.. 9 experiments: 
 Minimum 
 
 
 Grams 
 
 697 
 
 1,212 
 
 977 
 
 821 
 
 898 
 859 
 
 791 
 879 
 830 
 
 Grams 
 32.0 
 55. 9 
 39.1 
 
 35.0 
 37.5 
 36.3 
 
 33.7 
 38.9 
 36.0 
 
 Grams 
 23.4 
 56.4 
 41.8 
 
 35.2 
 37.9 
 36.2 
 
 34.6 
 39.4 
 36.0 
 
 Grams 
 30.4 
 57.7 
 43.7 
 
 34.8 
 39.3 
 37.4 
 
 33.1 
 39.8 
 35. 2 
 
 Grams 
 23.4 
 .50.3 
 38.2 
 
 31.8 
 34.9 
 33.3 
 
 30.0 
 32.8 
 31.1 
 
 Grams 
 29.0 
 50.5 
 40.7 
 
 34.2 
 37.4 
 35.8 
 
 32.9 
 36.6 
 34.6 
 
 Pcrct. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Maximum 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 A. W. S., 1 experiment: 
 
 33 
 
 24.0 
 
 25. 7 
 
 26.8 
 
 23.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 J. F. S., 3 experiments: 
 
 3 
 
 25.3 
 
 25. 3 
 
 26.1 
 
 23.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 26.0 
 
 26.0 
 
 25.5 
 
 22. 5 
 
 
 
 Average of 13 ex- 
 periments 
 
 45 
 
 939 
 
 38.3 
 
 40.3 
 
 41.6 
 
 36.4 
 
 39.1 
 
 24.5 
 
 25.7 
 
 26.6 
 
 23.2 
 
 WORK EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. 0., 2 experiments: 
 
 
 1, 762 
 2,699 
 2,275 
 
 1.197 
 2,094 
 1,670 
 
 89.2 
 147.1 
 120.3 
 
 66.8 
 
 134.5 
 
 98.5 
 
 69.4 
 153.0 
 108.5 
 
 67.1 
 140. 2 
 111.5 
 
 56.8 
 107.7 
 85.6 
 
 31.7 
 
 38.4 
 34.8 
 
 49.7 
 77.2 
 64.8 
 
 30.8 
 37.3 
 33.5 
 
 73.4 
 112. 5 
 94.8 
 
 49.9 
 87.3 
 69.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maximum 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 8 
 
 31.7 
 
 28.6 
 
 22.6 
 
 17.1 
 
 J. F. S., 4 experiments: 
 Minimum 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 12 
 
 35.4 
 
 40.1 
 
 12.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 
 Average of 6 ex- 
 periments 
 
 20 
 
 1,912 
 
 107.2 
 
 110.3 
 
 55.1 
 
 46.0 
 
 79.7 
 
 33.7 
 
 34.6 
 
 17.3 
 
 14.4 
 
135 
 
 In the rest experiments with E. O. the total amount of water of 
 respiration and perspiration per day ranged from 697 to 1,212, and 
 averaged 977 grams. Comparing the 12 hours of the day with the 12 
 hours of the night the amounts of water eliminated were practically 
 the same, being, respectively. 49.7 and 50.3 per cent of the whole. 
 Comparing by periods the largest elimination, 13.7 grams per hour, 
 was in the first night period (7 p. m. to 1 a. m.) and the smaller. 38.2 
 grams per hour, in the last night period (1 a. m. to 7 a. m.). but the 
 differences in the different periods were not large. The amounts with 
 A. W. S. were somewhat smaller, the average daily elimination being 
 859 grams. Here, again, it was equally divided between the day and 
 the night, and the amounts in the 6-hour periods differed but little. 
 although the amount in the first night period was slightly larger than 
 that in the second night period, the latter being little smaller than 
 in either of the day periods, as was the case with E. O. The average 
 daily elimination with J. F. S.. 830 grams, was still less than with 
 A. W. S. In this case the elimination was somewhat larger during 
 the day than during the night periods, being 52 per cent of the whole 
 for the former as compared with 48 per cent for the latter. The aver- 
 age for both the day periods was the same. 36 grams. As was the case 
 with the two other subjects, the average for the first night period was 
 larger than that for the second. Taking the rest of the experiments 
 with the 3 subjects together the daily average for 15 days was 939 
 grams, or 39.1 grams per hour. The amounts per hour in the 1 
 periods were, respectively. 38.3. 10.3. 11.6. and 36.1 grams, or 21.5. 
 25.7, 26.6. and 23.2 per cent of the total for the day. 
 
 In the work experiments in which the subjects E. O. and J. F. S. 
 were engaged in active muscular work 8 hours each day between 7 
 a. m. and 7 p. m.. the average daily outgo of water through lungs and 
 skin was increased to 1.912 grams per day. With E. O. this increase 
 is noticeable in all 4 periods, but is especially marked in the first day 
 period, the average in that period being 3 times as great in the work 
 as in the rest experiment. In the majority of cases the amount grad- 
 ually fell off during the subsequent periods: but even during the last 
 night period the average was nearly If times as large for the work as 
 for the rest experiments. Of the total daily amount 60.3 per cent 
 was given off during the two day periods, and 39.7 per cent during 
 the two night periods. With J. F. S. there was an increase in elim- 
 ination during the day periods only, being most noticeable in the 
 second, in which it was 3 times as large in the work as in the rest 
 experiments. The elimination during the night periods was practi- 
 cally the same in the work as in the rest experiments. Of the total 
 daily amount eliminated by this subject in the work experiments 75.5 
 per cent was given off during the two day periods and 21.5 per cent 
 during the two night periods. In the average of the experiments 
 
136 
 
 with the two subjects the amounts for the 4 periods were, respec- 
 tively, 107.2, 110.3, 55.1, and 46 grams per hour, or 33.7, 34.6, 17.3, 
 and 14.4 per cent of the total. 
 
 The parallelism between muscular work and increased water elimi- 
 nation by the lungs and skin is not close, nor does the increase coin- 
 cide at all with the period of work. The a lag*' in elimination of 
 water, i. e., the length of time between its ingestion in food and drink 
 or its formation by the oxidation of hydrogen on the one hand and its 
 elimination by various channels on the other is decided by factors too 
 complex for full discussion here, and must be discussed in the light of 
 later experiments. 
 
 ELIMINATION OF CARBON DIOXID. 
 
 The carbon dioxid given off from the body is derived from the oxi- 
 dation of the carbon of the food and body material, and hence serves 
 as a measure of the amount of that oxidation. The quantity given off 
 in the urine and feces is very small indeed. It is here neglected, and 
 that given off b} T the lungs and skin is taken as representing the total 
 elimination. The quantity eliminated in a given period depends 
 upon a variety of conditions, among which are (1) the character of the 
 diet and the time which has elapsed since the last meal was taken. (2) 
 the muscular activity of the subject — whether at rest or at work, (3) 
 the external temperature, (4) the age and body weight, and (5) indi- 
 vidual peculiarities of the subject. The accuracy with which the car- 
 bon dioxid eliminated for a given period measures the production for 
 that period depends upon the so-called wt lag" in the elimination, a 
 topic to be discussed in another place. 
 
 In the experiments here reported there are considerable fluctuations 
 in the output. Of the factors which cause these fluctuations, the 
 most important is the muscular activity. The differences in the food 
 were mainly those called for by the differences in the muscular exer- 
 cise. The external temperature, i. e., that of the air in the chamber, 
 was kept as nearly 20° C. as convenient. The subjects were young, 
 healthy, active men, of similar age, height, and weight, but differing 
 slightly in the amounts of food to which they were accustomed, so 
 that there was nothing to imply differences in personal characteristics 
 so great as to affect materially the oxidation of carbon. 
 
 The figures for the daily elimination of carbon dioxid are summa- 
 rized in Table 147, which shows the average amount per hour during 
 each period and for the whole day and the percentage which the out- 
 put for each period makes of the average amount for twenty-four 
 hours. • 
 
137 
 
 Table 147. — Carbon dioxid eliminated by lungs and skin — Amounts per day, and rates 
 and proportions in different jieriods. 
 
 
 If 
 
 00 & 
 
 OS 0> 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 -4-2 
 
 Is 
 
 O 
 
 Kate per hour. 
 
 Proportion of total for 24 
 hours. 
 
 •Subject and kind of 
 experiment. 
 
 Day periods. 
 
 Night periods. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 for 24 
 hours. 
 
 Day periods. 
 
 Night periods. 
 
 7 a.m. 
 
 to 
 1p.m. 
 
 1p.m. 
 
 to 
 7 p.m. 
 
 7p.m. 
 
 to 
 1a.m. 
 
 1a.m. 
 
 to 
 7 a.m. 
 
 7 a.m. 
 
 to 
 1p.m. 
 
 1p.m. 
 
 to 
 7p.m. 
 
 7 p.m. 
 
 to 
 1a.m. 
 
 1a.m. 
 
 to 
 7a.m. 
 
 REST EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E.4 >., 9 experiments: 
 
 
 Gram* Gram* 
 739 32.7 
 879 43.2 
 
 Grams 
 
 33.2 
 
 42.8 
 
 Grams 
 
 31.2 
 42.2 
 36.2 
 
 30.9 
 33.7 
 32.8 
 
 28. 1 
 
 36. 3 
 31 fi 
 
 Grams 
 20.4 
 25.6 
 
 22. 3 
 
 21.8 
 24.3 
 
 23. 2 
 
 21.2 
 23.3 
 22. 3 
 
 Grams 
 30.8 
 36.6 
 33.9 
 
 32.8 
 34.0 
 33.2 
 
 29.8 
 33.4 
 31.8 
 
 Per. ct. 
 
 Per. ct. Per.ct. 
 
 Per. ct. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 803 37.9 37.4 
 
 28. 3 
 
 28. 27. 1 
 
 16.6 
 
 A. W. S.. 1 experiment: 
 
 787 38. 1 
 816 41.5 
 
 797 39. 8 
 
 35.9 
 38.2 
 37.1 
 
 33. 2 
 40 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 3 
 
 29.9 
 
 27.9 24.7 
 
 17.5 
 
 J. F. S.,3 experiments: 
 
 
 715 33.4 
 801 39.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 762 37 fl Rfi 1 
 
 29.1 
 
 28.4 24.9 
 
 17.6 
 
 Average of 13 ex- 
 periments 
 
 WORK EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. 0. . 2 experiments: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 ! — ~ I 
 
 
 
 45 j 794 37. s 
 
 37.2 
 
 35. 
 
 22.4 
 
 33.1 ; 28.6 
 
 28.1 , 26.4 
 
 16.9 
 
 
 1,195 69.4 
 1,510 : 90.2 
 1,316 78.4 
 
 1,080 63 4 
 
 65.0 
 98.2 
 79.5 
 
 33.9 
 42. 2 
 38.4 
 
 27.8 
 36.2 
 31.3 
 
 19.9 
 26.2 
 23.1 
 
 21.0 
 24.1 
 22.3 
 
 49.8 
 62.9 
 54.8 
 
 45.0 
 53.9 
 50.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 8 
 
 J. F. S.,4 experiments: 
 
 35. 7 36. 3 
 
 17.5 
 
 10.5 
 
 ^r 
 
 1,292 81.0 79 « 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 Average of 6 ex- 
 periments 
 
 12 
 
 1,212 73.6 
 
 74.7 
 
 36.5 37.0 15.5 
 
 11.0 
 
 20 
 
 1,253 75.5 
 
 76.6 
 
 34.1 
 
 22. 6 
 
 52. 2 
 
 36.2 36.7 16.3 
 
 10.8 
 
 The elimination of carbon dioxid under conditions of rest averaged 
 803 grams per day, or 33.9 grams per hour, in the 33 experimental 
 days of the 9 experiments with E. O.; 797 grams per day, or 33.2 
 grams per hour, in the 3 experimental days of one experiment with 
 A. W. S., and 762 grams per day, or 31.8 grams per hour in the 9 
 experimental days of 3 experiments with J. F. S. The range was 
 from 739 to 879 grams per day with E. O., from 787 to 816 with 
 A. W. S., and from 715 to 801 with J. F. S. It will be remembered, 
 however, that the experiments with E. O. were made at different 
 times during two } r ears, while those with A. W. S. were in a single 
 experiment. Those with J. F. S. were made at short intervals during 
 the same year. In 8 experimental days of the 2 experiments in which 
 the subject E. O. was engaged in active muscular work for 8 hours 
 each day the output averaged 1,316 grams per day, or 51.8 grams per 
 hour, while in 12 experimental days in which the subject J. F. S. was 
 similarly engaged it was 1,212 grams per day, or 50.5 grams per hour. 
 
138 
 
 During- the rest experiments, in which the subjects had as little 
 muscular activity as possible, there was but little difference in the 
 elimination of carbon dioxid during the two day and first night periods. 
 In the 9 experiments with E. O. the average rate per hour during 
 these three periods was 37.9, 37.4. and 36.2 grams, respectively. In 
 the experiment with A. W. S. there was a slightly larger amount of 
 carbon dioxid eliminated in the first two periods than in the third 
 period, the rates being 39.8, 37.1, and 32.8 grams, respectively. In 
 the 1 experiments with J. F. S. the elimination during the first three 
 periods averaged 37. 36.1, and 31.6 grams per hour, respectively. 
 During the second night period, when the subject was generally asleep 
 for nearly the whole time, the output fell off with E. O. to 22.3, with 
 A. W. S. to 23.2, and with J. F. S. to 22.3 grams per hour. Not only 
 are the averages with the 3 men in close accord, but the range of varia- 
 tion in the different da} T s and experiments is decidedly narrow for all. 
 In the average of the 13 experiments the proportion given off in each 
 of the four periods of the da} 7 is 28.6, 28.1, 26.1, and 16.9 per cent, 
 respectively. 
 
 The elimination of carbon dioxid in the two day periods of the work 
 experiments was more than twice as large as in the two day periods 
 of the rest experiments. With E. O. the average amounts given off 
 were 78.4: grams in the first and 79.5 in the second day period when at 
 work, as compared with 37.9 and 37.1 grams, respectively, when at 
 rest. With J. F. S. the amounts averaged 73.6 and 74.7 grams in the 
 day periods of the work experiments, as compared with 37 and 36.1 
 grams in the corresponding periods of the rest experiments. The 
 elimination in the two night periods averaged with E. O. 38.1 and 23.1 
 grams in the work experiments, as compared with 36.2 and 22.3 grams 
 in the rest experiments, the differences being small; with J. F. S. 
 the amounts w x ere practically identical, being 31.3 and 22.3 grams in 
 the work experiments, as compared with 31.6 and 22.3 grams in the 
 rest experiments. 
 
 The uniformity in the amounts of carbon dioxid given off during 
 the second night period in all the experiments is very noticeable. 
 Such data ma} T perhaps be taken as an approximate measure of the 
 metabolism of carbon in the body of an active healthy man when at its 
 lowest ordinaiy ebb. 
 
 ELIMINATION OF ENERGY. 
 
 Measurements of energy. — The kinetic energy given off by the body 
 is measured in these experiments as the sum of three quantities: (1) The 
 heat taken up by the water current in its passage through the cham- 
 ber; (2) the latent heat of the water vapor given off by the body — i. e., 
 of the water vaporized by its heat and carried out in the air current, 
 
139 
 
 due corrections being- made for water condensed upon the absorbers; 
 and (3) the heat equivalent of the muscular work done. 
 
 In the measurements of energy of income and outgo of the body 
 the temperature of the interior of the chamber, generally about '20 
 degrees, is taken as the basis for computations of the heat removed or 
 given off by food, drink, and excretory products in the chamber. a 
 
 (1) The heat carried away by the water current includes (a) the heat 
 given off from the skin by radiation and conduction: (b) that brought 
 out of the body in the feces and urine and given off in the cooling of 
 these excretory products to the temperature of the chamber: (e) that 
 brought out of the body in the air. carbon dioxid. and water excreted 
 by the lungs and skin and given off in their cooling to the same tem- 
 perature: ('/) the latent heat of vaporization of so much of the water 
 of c as is permanently condensed on the absorbers (mainly collected as 
 drip water); and (e) the heat produced by the transformation of the 
 external muscular work. The heat of <u l>. <\ and e finds its way by 
 radiation and conduction to the surface of the copper absorbers and 
 passes with that of d into the water current by which it is carried out 
 of the chamber. 
 
 (2) Although the air current enters and leaves the chamber at the 
 same temperature, it carries out more heat than it brings in. The extra 
 heat carried out is the latent heat of the water vapor added to the air 
 of the chamber by the subject. 13 The amount of this heat is learned 
 from the amount of water vapor and its latent heat of vaporization at 
 the given temperature. 
 
 (3) The external muscular work is measured and the heat equivalent 
 calculated. Before leaving the chamber it is transformed into heat, 
 which is carried away by the water current as above stated. 
 
 Energy g iven off in different ways as heat and as external muscular 
 work. — The average amounts of energy given off by the body per day 
 in the different ways are shown in Table 118. 
 
 The figures in the second column are obtained by subtracting the 
 sum of the quantities of heat given off by the feces and urine in cool- 
 ing and by the water in condensing on the absorbers and the heat 
 equivalent of the external work (b-\-d-\-e above) from the total heat 
 taken from the chamber by the water current. Accordingly they rep- 
 resent the sum of quantities of heat given off by the skin directly and 
 by the product of respiration and perspiration in cooling to the tem- 
 perature of the room (a -f- c above). It is hoped that it will be possible 
 later to make at least approximate estimates of the latter quantity and 
 thus show the amount of heat given off by the skin alone. 
 
 a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 69, p. 20. 
 b The differences in specific heat of the air due to loss of oxygen and gain of carbon 
 dioxid are here assumed to be negligible. 
 
140 
 
 Table 148. — Energy given off by the body in different ways — Amounts per day. 
 
 Subject and kind of experiment. 
 
 Days 
 
 covered 
 
 by 
 
 experi- 
 
 ments - duction. 
 
 Heat eliminated. 
 
 Heat 
 
 By radia- 
 tion and 
 
 In urine 
 
 and 
 
 feces. 
 
 lungs. 
 
 Total. 
 
 REST EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 £. O., 9 experiments: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 A. W. S., 1 experiment: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 J. F. S., 3 experiments: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 Average of 13 experiments. 
 
 WORK EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. O., 2 experiments: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 J. F. S., 4 experiments: 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Average 
 
 Average of 6 experiments . 
 
 33 
 
 Calories. 
 1,479 
 1,835 
 1,675 
 
 1,710 
 1,782 
 1,739 
 
 1,564 
 1,759 
 1,622 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 Calories. 
 19 
 56 
 33 
 
 30 
 34 
 31 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 23 
 
 1,669 
 
 2. 045 
 2,521 
 2, 249 
 
 2,185 
 2,400 
 2,296 
 
 2, 277 
 
 Calories. 
 412 
 
 715 
 570 
 
 486 
 531 
 509 
 
 468 
 520 
 491 
 
 Calories. 
 
 31 
 
 550 
 
 1,041 
 1,560 
 1,332 
 
 1,240 
 988 
 
 1,126 
 
 Calories. 
 2,062 
 2,452 
 
 2, 278 
 
 2,226 
 
 2,348 
 2. 279 
 
 2, 065 
 
 2, 297 
 2,136 
 
 193 
 270 
 228 
 
 127 
 277 
 238 
 
 234 
 
 2, 250 
 
 3.473 
 4,287 
 3,829 
 
 3, 253 
 3,890 
 3, 540 
 
 3. 656 
 
 The figures for the heat given from the urine and feces, as shown 
 in the third column in Table 148, are calculated from the weights of 
 these excreta, their fall in temperature, and their specific heats. The 
 weights are found by the balance. The fall in temperature is the dif- 
 ference between the temperature of the body and that of the interior 
 of the chamber. This difference averages about 17 degrees. The 
 specific heats are arbitrarily assumed, that of feces being taken as 0.9 
 and of urine 1.0. 
 
 The figures in the fourth column represent the latent heat of vapor- 
 ization of the water given off by the lungs and skin. For the rest 
 experiments this water is in general that carried out of the chamber 
 in the air current in excess of that brought into the chamber by the 
 same current. In a few rest experiments, however, and in all the 
 work experiments more or less water is condensed on the absorbers 
 and is not carried out by the air current. The figures in the third 
 column include the heat given off in the condensation of this water 
 vapor upon the absorbers, along with the latent heat of vaporization of 
 the water in the air current. The reason why little or no water was 
 condensed on the surfaces of the absorbers in the rest experiments is 
 
141 
 
 that the temperature of the incoming water current was as a rule above 
 the dew point of the air inside the chamber. 
 
 The fifth column shows the heat equivalent of the external muscular 
 work done in the work experiments. It is measured by the bicycle- 
 dynamo apparatus by which the mechanical work is transformed into 
 electrical energy and into heat. 
 
 According- to the figures of Table 148, in the 45 days of the 13 rest 
 experiments the average amounts of heat given off per day from the 
 skin (together with that in the expired air) was 1,669, in urine and 
 feces 31, and in the water evaporated from the lungs and skin 550 
 calories, making the whole daily elimination 2,250 calories. With 
 E. O. the range in total heat eliminated was from 2,062 to 2,452 and 
 the average 2,278 calories. With A. W. S. the range was from 2,226 
 to 2,348 and the avereage 2,279 calories. With J. F. S. the range was 
 from 2,065 to 2,297 and the average 2,136 calories. Taking into 
 account the experiments with all the subjects, the average amounts of 
 heat given off in different ways may be expressed in percentages as 
 follows: 
 
 Table 149. — Percentages of total energy given off from the body in different icays. 
 
 Heat. 
 
 In rest 
 experi- 
 ments. 
 
 In work 
 experi- 
 ments. 
 
 From skin by radiation and conduction (and in exhaled air) 
 
 In urine and feces 
 
 In water vaporized from lungs and skin 
 
 Heat equivalent of external muscular work done 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 74.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 24.4 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 62.3 
 
 .5 
 
 30.8 
 
 6.4 
 
 Total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Energy given off from the body in different periods of the day. — Table 
 150 summarizes the data for the outgo of energy during the different 
 periods of the day in the 13 experiments covering 45 experimental 
 days. As in the two previous tables, the figures for heat eliminated 
 include (1) the quantity given off from the body and measured by the 
 calorimeter; (2) that given off in the water vaporized during the same 
 periods — i. e., carried awa} T from the bod} T in water vapor; and (3) the 
 heat equivalent of the external muscular work done. The temperature 
 of the body and the amount of material it contains varies somewhat 
 from time to time. a It is assumed that at the hour when the experi- 
 mental day begins and ends — 7 a. m. — the} T will be very nearly the 
 same from day to day. If they are the same at these times, the total 
 quantit} T of heat in the bod}^ at the beginning and end of each experi- 
 mental day will be the same. The total quantity of energy given off 
 
 a In order to obtain more accurate data regarding variations of body temperature 
 and corresponding changes in the store of energy in the body from hour to hour, 
 special apparatus lias been devised for measuring the temperature of the body. See 
 Arch. Physiol.. [Pfliiger], 88 (1901), No. 9-10, p. 492. 
 
142 
 
 from the body during the day will in this case be equivalent to the 
 total amount liberated within the body and will be closely parallel with 
 the amounts of carbon and hydrogen oxidized. Taking each of these 
 four periods of the day by itself, the differences between the amounts 
 of heat stored in the body at the beginning and end will probably be 
 larger than is the case for the whole day. For individual periods, 
 therefore, the parallelism between the amounts of carbon oxidized and 
 heat given off will hardly be as close as for the whole day. 
 
 'Table 150. — Heat given off by body, including for the work experiments the heat equiva- 
 lent of the external muscular work — Amounts per day and rates and proportions for 
 different periods. 
 
 
 >> 
 
 a 
 
 Rate per hour. 
 
 Proportion of total for 24 
 
 
 Days covered 
 experimen 
 
 Total anioun 
 24 hours. 
 
 Day periods. 
 
 M . , . . , 
 
 
 Subject and kind of 
 experiment. 
 
 
 Aver- 
 
 Day periods. 
 
 Night periods. 
 
 7 a. m. 1 p. m. 
 
 to to 
 1 p. m. 7 p. m. 
 
 7 p. m. 
 
 to 
 1 a. m. 
 
 1 a. m. 
 
 to 
 7 a. m. 
 
 age 
 for 24 
 hours. 
 
 7 a. m. 1 p. m. 7 p. m. 1 a. m. 
 
 to to to to 
 1 p. m. 7 p. m. 1 a. m. 7 a. m. 
 
 REST EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. 0., 9 experiments: 
 
 
 Calo- 
 rzzz 
 
 2, 062 
 
 2, 452 
 
 2. 278 
 
 2,226 
 2, 348 
 
 2. 279 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 94.5 
 
 116.6 
 
 103. 7 
 
 111.6 
 119.8 
 114. 5 
 
 104.8 
 119.9 
 109.0 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 90.4 
 
 124.0 
 
 105.0 
 
 101.6 
 106.9 
 104.5 
 
 93.5 
 103.6 
 98.7 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 83.9 
 
 121.8 
 
 101.8 
 
 91.9 
 94.3 
 93.3 
 
 80.0 
 98.7 
 88.2 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 62.8 
 
 77.8 
 
 69.2 
 
 62.7 
 70.4 
 67.5 
 
 58.1 
 64.4 
 60.2 
 
 Calo- 
 ries. 
 
 85.9 
 
 102. 2 
 
 95.0 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 27.3 
 
 27.7 
 
 26.8 
 
 18.2 
 
 A. W. S., 1 experiment: 
 
 92.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 95.0 
 
 86.0 
 95.7 
 89.0 
 
 30.1 
 
 27.5 
 
 24.6 
 
 17.8 
 
 J. F. S., 3 experiments: 
 
 
 2, 065 
 2, 297 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 2.136 
 
 30.6 
 
 27.7 
 
 24. S 16. 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average of 13 ex- 
 periments 
 
 45 2,250 
 
 105.5 103.7 
 
 98.5 ' 67.3 93.8 
 
 28.1 
 
 27.7 26.3 17.9 
 
 WORK EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 E. 0., 2 experiments: 
 
 
 3,473 
 4,287 
 3,829 
 
 3,253 
 
 195.3 
 240. 5 
 212.2 
 
 192.8 
 281.8 
 231.5 
 
 108.0 
 128.8 
 120. 5 
 
 89.9 
 
 111.0 
 
 97.2 
 
 68.8 
 79.6 
 74.0 
 
 60.1 
 
 144.7 
 178.6 
 160.0 
 
 135.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 35.2. 
 
 36.3 
 
 18.9 
 
 11.6 
 
 J. F. S,, 4 experiments: 
 
 187.8 185.5 
 239. 9 '>41 . 3 
 
 
 
 
 3,890 
 
 70. 162. 1 
 64.2 147.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 20 
 
 3,540 212.0 216.7 
 
 35.9 
 
 36.7 
 
 16.5 
 
 10.9 
 
 
 
 Average of 6 ex- 
 periments 
 
 3,050 212.0 222.5 
 
 100.5 08.2 152.3 34.8 
 1 
 
 36.5 
 
 17.5 
 
 11.2 
 
 From the quantities of heat given off from the body in the different 
 periods of the day, as summarized in Table 150, it will be noted that 
 in the 15 days of the 13 rest experiments with E. O., A. W. S., and 
 J. F. S. the average amounts of heat given off per hour in the 1 suc- 
 cessive 6-hour periods from 7 a. m. to 7. a. m. were 105.5, 103.7, 98.5, 
 and 67.3 calories, respectively, the average hourly rate for the whole 
 day being 93.8. The percentages of the whole amount for the day, 
 
143 
 
 given off in the several periods, are 28.1, 27. 7^ 26.3, and 17.9, 
 respectively. 
 
 The average hourly rate for the 20 days of the 6 work experi- 
 ments with E. O. and J. F. S. was 152.8 calories. The rates for the 
 different periods, beginning with 7 a. m.. were 212. 222.5. 106.5, 
 and 68.2 calories, respectively. The corresponding percentages are 
 34.8, 36.5, 17.5. and 11.2. 
 
 It thus appears that in the two day periods in which the subjects 
 were engaged in active muscular exercise for 8 hours the quantity of 
 heat given off was more than twice as much as in the corresponding 
 periods of the rest experiments. In the first night period the amount 
 per hour in the work experiments was not greatly in excess of that in 
 the rest experiments (106.5 as compared with 98.5 calories). In the 
 second night period the quantities were nearly the same (68.2 in the 
 work experiments and 67.3 calories in the rest experiments). 
 
 The uniformity in the amounts of heat given off during the second 
 night period calls for special notice. In the rest experiments with 
 E. O.. covering 33 days, the range is from 62.8 to 77.8 and the aver- 
 age 69.2 calories per hour. In the experiment with A. W. S.. covering 
 3 days, the range per hour is from 62.7 to 70.1 and the average 67.5 
 calories. In the 12 days of the work experiments with E. O. the 
 amounts are a little larger than in the rest experiments with the same 
 subject, ranging from 68. 8 to 79.6 and averaging 74 calories per hour. 
 That the elimination of heat during this period is larger in the work 
 than in the rest experiments is perhaps explained by the fact that 
 while the subject was decidedly tired at night, and supposed that 
 he slept more soundly than in the rest experiments, he moved more, 
 and to the observers outside the chamber he appeared more rest- 
 less. In the work experiments with J. F. S. also the amounts dur- 
 ing this period are slightly larger than in the rest experiments, rang- 
 ing from 60.1 to 70 and averaging 64.2 calories per hour. It is 
 noticeable that the rate in the second night period is smaller with 
 J. F. S: than with E. O.. the ratio of the former to the latter being 
 about the same in both work and rest experiments 
 
 From the results obtained in the second night periods in these exper- 
 iments it would seem that from 65 to 70 calories per hour might be 
 not far from representing an average elimination of heat by a healthy, 
 active man in the time of minimum bodily activity. 
 
 Relation between dif/iination of heat ami of carbon dioxid. — The 
 rates of elimination of heat and of carbon dioxid in the different periods 
 are nearly parallel, as will be seen by comparing the figures of Tables 
 147 and 150. Both these values in the two day periods of the work 
 experiments are largely in excess of the similar values in the same 
 periods of the rest experiments. The values for both thesr factors in 
 the second night periods of the same experiments, which was one of 
 quiet sleep, were small and noticeably uniform. 
 
144 
 
 INCOME AND OUTGO OF ENERGY. 
 
 Perhaps the most interesting results of these experiments, both 
 because of their novelty and because of their bearing upon the metab- 
 olism and the conservation of energy in the living organism, are those 
 which compare the amounts of potential energy in the materials actually 
 oxidized in the body with the amounts of kinetic energy given off from 
 the body, either as heat alone in the rest experiments or as heat and 
 external muscular work in the work experiments. In the rest experi- 
 ments there was no considerable amount of external muscular work. , 
 The little that was done would naturally be converted into heat — as. for 
 instance, in the impact of the foot upon the floor in stepping, or of the 
 body upon the chair or bed in sitting or lying down. The heat thus 
 imparted to the floor, chair, or bed would naturally find its way to the 
 absorbers, and would thus be carried out with the heat given off as 
 such by the body. Roughly speaking, we may say that all the poten- 
 tial energy made kinetic in the body by the oxidation of food and body 
 material left the body as heat. This is shown by the agreement of the 
 amount of heat given off from the body with the heat of oxidation of 
 the material oxidized in the body. These data are summarized in 
 Table 151. 
 
 Table 151. — Comparison of income and outgo of energy in 19 experiments covering 65 
 expt rimental days — Amounts per day. 
 
 Subjects and kinds of experiments. 
 
 Xet income 
 berof ^P° tentia ! 
 expert energy ot 
 - material 
 oxidized 
 in body). 
 
 Xum- 
 
 mental 
 days. 
 
 Net outgo 
 (kinetic en- 
 ergy given 
 
 off from 
 bodvi. 
 
 Difference i in terms 
 of net incomei. 
 
 REST EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 Experiments with E. O.: 
 
 Experiment in which the net outgo falls 
 farthest below the net income (Xo. 5): 
 
 average for the whole experiment 
 
 Experiment in which the net outgo is far- 
 thest above the net income (Xo. 14 i: aver- 
 age for the whole experiment 
 
 Average for 9 experiments 
 
 Experiments with A. W. S. : Average for 1 experi- 
 ment 
 
 Experiments with J. F. 8.: Average for 3 experi- 
 ments 
 
 Experiments with E. O.. A. W. S.. and J. F. 8.: 
 Average for 13 experiments 
 
 WORK EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 Experiments with E.O.: Average for 2 experi- 
 ments 
 
 Experiments with J. F. 8.: Average for 4 experi- 
 ments 
 
 Experiments with E. O. and J. F. 8. : Average for 
 
 6 experiments 
 
 Rest and work experiments: Average for 
 19 experiments 
 
 Calories. 
 2,482 
 
 2, 131 
 
 2,288 
 
 2.304 
 2. 118 
 2,255 
 
 3,865 
 3, 539 
 3,669 
 
 2, mo 
 
 Calories. 
 2. 379 
 
 Calories. 
 -103 
 
 2. 193 
 
 
 2, 278 
 
 - 10 
 
 2, 279 
 
 - 25 
 
 2. 136 
 
 - 1- 
 
 2. 2.50 
 
 3,540 
 3, 656 
 2,682 
 
 - 36 
 
 - 1 
 
 - 13 
 
 - 8 
 
 -4.1 
 
 .4 
 ■1.1 
 • .8 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 - .4 
 
 - .3 
 
145 
 
 The figures for income and outgo* of energy require a word of 
 explanation. A distinction is here ma*de between the total a income, 
 which is represented by the potential energy of the food, and the net a 
 income, which is the energy of the material actually oxidized in the 
 body. This energy of net income is represented by the available 
 energy of the nutrients of the food (i. e.. potential energy of total food 
 less that of the urine and feces) minus the potential energy of the 
 material gained or plus that of material lost by the body when 
 the latter is not in nitrogen and carbon equilibrium. The total energy 
 of outgo would be the kinetic energy given off from the body in heat 
 and external muscular work plus the potential energy of the unoxi- 
 dized materials in the urine and the feces. The net energy of outgo 
 consists of the heat given off and the external muscular work done. 
 The balance of income and outgo is best shown by the net rather than 
 the total quantities. These ma}' be seen in the table given above 
 (Table 151). The averages for the groups of experiments are for the 
 number of days covered by the whole group — i. e., they are not aver- 
 ages for individual experiments. 
 
 It is to be remembered that the figures for net income of energy 
 represent the heat of combustion of the material actually oxidized. 
 This material consists mainly of the available portion of the food of 
 which the amount and heat of combustion are found by direct deter- 
 mination. To its heat of combustion is added that of the material 
 lost, or from it is subtracted that of the material gained by the body. 
 The amounts of material o-ained or lost are determined from the o-ain 
 
 © © 
 
 or loss of nitrogen and carbon, and their heats of combustion are cal- 
 culated by the use of factors based upon direct determinations of the 
 heats of combustion of similar substances. The fimires for net outo-o 
 
 © © 
 
 are the results of direct experimental measurement. In other words, 
 the net income of energy is mainly and the net outgo entirely the 
 result of direct determinations. 
 
 A common usage is followed in applying the term "potential 
 energy** to the energy latent in the food and body material oxidized. 
 Whether chemical energy would or would not be a more correct expres- 
 sion no attempt is here made to decide. Ordinary usage is also fol- 
 lowed in expressing potential energy in terms of heat— i. e.. as cal- 
 ories — thus employing a unit of kinetic energy for the measure. This 
 discrepancy is unavoidable, since we have neither the means for meas- 
 uring potential energy as such, nor a unit for expressing such measure- 
 ments if they were made. The use of heat of oxidation for the meas- 
 ure is especially appropriate here, since the energy is liberated mainly 
 by oxidation and appears chiefly or entirely as heat. 
 
 a The terms "total" and "net" here applied to income and outgo of material and 
 energy are used for present convenience, and may in future reports be replaced by 
 more satisfactory expressions. 
 
 13007— No. 109—02 10 
 
146 
 
 The conservation of energy in'the body. —If the law of the conserva- 
 tion of energy obtains in the living organism, the net income and the 
 net outgo of energy should be the same. In such physiological experi- 
 menting, however, it would be hardly fair to expect the figures for the 
 two to agree for each day of a given experiment or for each experiment 
 as a whole, even if the measurements with the respiration and bomb 
 calorimeters are exact. There may be errors in the estimates of the 
 amounts and heats of combustion of the materials actually oxidized. 
 Variations due to irregularities of the physiological processes of the 
 body are unavoidable and may materially affect the results. For 
 instance, the calculations assume that the quantities of material in the 
 alimentary canal and of carbohydrates in the body as a whole are the 
 same at the end as at the beginning of each day or experiment, whereas 
 they may differ considerably, and the differences would materially 
 affect the results. But it might be hoped that, if the methods are 
 correct, these errors would tend to counterbalance one another in a 
 series of experiments, and that, in the average of a sufficiently large 
 number, the errors would thus be eliminated, so that the income and 
 outgo would be very nearly the same. 
 
 Exactly this is the case in the data here reported. The variations 
 for individual days, and even those for the individual experiments, as 
 shown in the detailed tables in this and the previous bulletins, are not 
 inconsiderable, but in the average of all the experiments the agree- 
 ment is very close. Thus, in the 33 days of the 9 rest experiments 
 with E. O. , according to the figures for the individual days the net 
 outgo varies from 165 calories below to 194 calories above the net 
 income. Expressed in percentages of net income, the range here is 
 from —6.5 to +9.1 per cent. Both these extremes occurred on the 
 first days of the respective experiments. In general, the results for 
 the first day of an experiment are found to be less satisfactory than 
 those for the succeeding da3 T s. Considering each experiment as a 
 whole, and comparing the averages of the several experiments one 
 with another, the range of variation is less. Here the net outgo varies 
 from 103 calories below to 62 calories above the net outgo per day. 
 Expressed in percentages of net income, the range is from —4.1 to 
 +2.9 per cent. But in the average for the 9 experiments the figures 
 for the net income and outgo are practically the same, being 2,288 and 
 2,278 calories, respectively. In the average of the 2 da}^s of the rest 
 experiment with A. W. S. there is a disparity of 1.1 per cent, and in 
 the average of the 9 days of the 3 rest experiments with J. F. S. the 
 difference is 0.9 per cent. Taking the 45 days of the 13 rest experi- 
 ments together, the average income is 2,255 and the average outgo 
 2,250 calories; the difference is 0.2 per cent. In the average of the 
 8 days of the 2 work experiments with E. O. the net income and 
 outgo are 3,865 and 3,829 calories, respectively, the difference being 
 
147 
 
 0.9 per cent, and in the average of the 12 days of the 4 work experi- 
 ments with J! F. S. the net income and outgo are 3,547 and 3.540 
 calories, or a difference of 0.2 per cent. Taking into account the 6 
 work experiments with E. O. and J. F. S., the net income is 0.5 per 
 cent larger than the net outgo. The averages for the 65 days of the 
 19 experiments are: Income, 2,691; outgo. 2.682 calories. The dif- 
 ference, 0.3 per cent, is far within the limits of experimental error 
 and physiological uncertainty. 
 
 In experiments of this kind, which represent only the work of a 
 period during which experience with new apparatus and methods is 
 being accumulated, individual discrepancies such as those above 
 recorded seem no larger than might naturally be expected. The 
 agreement of the average results is much closer than was hoped for, 
 and we regard it as by no means certain that future averages will show 
 so exact a balance. 
 
 At the same time it is to be noted that when, to the results of the 19 
 experiments here summarized, those of the 11 others above referred 
 to as published elsewhere are added, the agreement is almost absolute. 
 The 30 experiments covered, all told, 93 days. The average daily 
 income was 2,719 calories and the outgo 2.716 calories. It thus 
 appears that, with increase in the number of experiments, the differ- 
 ences due to unavoidable errors more and more nearly counterbalance 
 one another. 
 
 The general subject of metabolism of energy in the living organism 
 will be more profitably discussed when data not yet published are 
 available. Meanwhile it is safe to say that the results thus far obtained 
 fall very little short of definite demonstration of the action of the law 
 of the conservation of energy in the living organism. 
 
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