>TATE P May 1945 E-655 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION *-/-; BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE A REVIEW OF THE INSECTICIDAL USES OF ROTENONE AND' ROTENOIDS FROM DERRIS, LONCHOCARFUS (CUBE AND TIMBO), TEPHROSIA, AND RELATED PLANTS. Part XI: ACAHINA By R. C. Roark, Division of Insecticide Investigations l/ CONTENT'S Page Introduction 2 Acarina 2 Argasidae - '■ 2 , Derma.nyssidae '■ 2 Eriophyidae 2 Gamasidae 3 Ixodidae 4 Parasitidae ; : 9 Pediculoididae ■ = 9 Penthaleidae — 9 Sarcoptidae 9 Tarsonemidae 12 Tstranychidae 12 Tvroglyphidae 36 Tict^s in general 39 Liter? ture cited 42 Junior author index 59 Index of mites, ticks, and insects 60 1/ The manuscript of this publicetion was resd "by the following research divisions of the Bureau and helpful suggestions were contributed: Fruit Insect Investigations, Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, Cotton Insect Investigations, Insects Affecting Man and Animals, Insect Identifi- cation, Control Investigations, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations, and Bee Culture. The reviewers in these divisions were, respectively, B. A. Porter, C. A. Weigel, R. W. Harned, F. C. Bishopp, C. F. W. iiucse- beck and the specialists in his division, J. Franklin Yenger, C. M. Packard, and J as. I. Hambleton . MAY 9 - 1945 -2~ INTRODUCTION This is the eleventh in a series of papers designed to revier all available information on the insecticidal uses of rotenone and the rotenoids, Parts I-X have reviewed tests with derris, cube, timbo, Tephrosia, Mundulea, and their constituents on members of the Collembola, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Odonata, Isoptera, Corrodentia, Mallophaga, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, Plemiptera, Anoplura., Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Kymenoptera, Eiptera, and Siphonaptera. Apparently no tests with the rotenone plants upon Thysanura, Ephemeroptera, or Plecoptera have been recorded. Part XI, the present paper, reviews the tests and recommendations for use on Acarina (Class, Arachnida) . ACARINA Argasidae Argas miniatus Koch, the fowl tick Little (93) in 1931 reported that laboratory tests on adults of the fowl' tick showed both devil' s-shoestrings and derris. to be ineffective, Ornithodoros moubata Murray 0. tartakovskyi Olenev Mironoff et al. ( 106 ) in 1940 reported tests with rotenone against ticks. The nymphs of these two species were resistant to derris powder. Dermanyssidae Ophionyssus serpentium Hirst Schroeder (135) in 1934 reported that a solution of derris (acetone extract of derris added to water) is effective as an acaricide for dipping snakes. Such a dip does not interfere with the physiological function of shedding, is not toxic to the snake, yet is entirely efficient in the de- struction of snake mites, Eriophyidae Epitrimerus vitis Nal, Stellwaag (141) in 1938 recommended a pyrethrum-derris spray as a spring -7— treatment for the control of the mites, including this -species, which cause curly-leaf disease of grapes in Germany. •Eriophyes sheldoni E^ing '' Boyce and Maxwell (13) in 1938 reported that oil sprays, either alone or with rotenone-bearing materials, gave promising results for the control of the citrus "bud mite -in California.' Phyllocoptes oleivorus (Ashm.), the citrus rust- mite Winston ( l70 ) in 1936 reviewed information on Derrisol for the benefit of Florida citrus growers. ' If a grower who is spraying with lime-sulfur solution for rust mites should find.' any aiohids* nresent , an addition of Derrisol 1:800 will enable him to control this pest with one spraying. Lenfest 1 91) in 1926 x^rote that lime— sulfur mixed with Derrisol will kill the rust mites, as well as the aphids, on citrus. Phyllocoptes viti cuius Pant. P. vitis Nal. Stellwaeg ( 141 ) in 1938 recommended a pyrethrum derris spray as a spring treatment for the control of these two sp-ecies. Gamasidae Dermanyssus gallinae (Deg.), the chicken mite Mclndoo, Sievers, end Abbott (94) in 1919 reported that when derris r>owder was freely dusted over chicken mites confined in jars all were killed within 24 hours, but when used under practical conditions in a badly infested chicken house not all the mites were killed. Davidson (50) in 1924 reported the results of tests ^ith derris powder and derris extract against the chicken mite. The 'composition of these materials was not known. Four infested chicken houses inhabited 'by the common chicken red mite were dusted with the finely ground powder- of derris roots. Undiluted dust was efficient in one house- and temporarily so in another. In a third house a 75-percent dust was only moderately efficient; in a fourth test a 50-percent dust 'was inefficient. Flour- "as used'es a diluent. David.son con- cluded that derris pov/der is a remedy of value, but aroparently t^o or more applications are necessary and it' loses its efficiency if diluted more than 25 percent. It acts on larvae and adult mites by stupefying them, the individuals dropping to the ground and dying after 2 or 3, days. The material is rather unpleasant to apply. A commercial extract of derris, 16 percent, diluted 1:1,000 and 1:500, <-'ith the' addition of whale-oil soap, applied at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 gallons, was inefficient. Schmitt ( 134 ) in 1930 reported -that dustins with dry powder of the finely pulverized root of De rris elliptica was effective against chicken mites. Ixodidae B oophilus annulatus (Say); the- cattle tick Kraneveld (89) in 1936 conducted two types of experiments to study the toxicity of aqueous derris-powder suspensions to ticks Of 'this species. . r | 1. Ticks were immersed in suspensions containing various quantities of derris ponder for 5 tolO seconds and also fgr 15 to 20 seconds. They were then 'removed, dried, and placed in tubes containing blood-saturated cotton wads, to offer them an opportunity to eat. The' ticks' were -observed twice each day to determine how lone; they lived after this, treatment. Controls were run on ticks dipped' ih' water, and oh untreated ticks. The results . . . indicate that the derris-T>6wder suspension must contain more than 0.076 -percent of rotenone to be effective. 2. A steer infested with ticks was sprayed with a derris Suspension containing 0.1 percent of rotenone. Several dead ticks were found, on the animal 2 days after this treatment, but living ticks could be found even 3 weeks after the treat- ment. A second steer was washed with* a suspension containing 0.2 percent of rotenone. Most of the ticks ^ere dead on the following day, and all were dead 3 weeks after the treatment. Meither animal- suffered any ill effects from this treatment. Kraneveld concluded that, since the : jothe£ treatments now used to free animals of ticks are effective and cheap, the price of derris would have to be Very low to be .practical end suggested that derris powder containing small quantities of rotenone that . could not be used for 'other purposes could be used to kill -ticks on cattle. . Kraneveld' s work was reported by D. W. Smith ( 138 ) , American Trade Commissioner at Batevia, Java, in 1938. D ermacentor andersoni Stiles (syn., D. venustus Banks) According to a release* by the Interdepartmental Safety Council published in the United State's Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Exchange (147) , if there is an animal pet in the family, it should be searched for ticks and should be dusted with 'derris powder. D ermacentor nigrolineatus -(Pack.), the brown winter tick Babcock (6) reported in 1936 that, in some preliminary tests with Te ohrosie r virginirna , examination on the third day after the "animal had been treated onoe showed that ell D. nigrolineatus infesting a horse had been killed. All but One of -a number of ticks of this snecies -placed in a box containing the -powdered material were^killer* in 31 hours. ■ • < Parish (118) in 12 40 reported that spraying cattle infested with the brown winter tick at Menard,' Tex.; "'ith the following mixture resulted in \ -5- ■■' little or no kill: lettable sulfur, 100 pounds; derris ponder (5 percent rotenone), 10 pounds; water, 1,000 gallons. This is the formula found effective as a dip for controlling the short-nosed cattle louse. D erma cent or variabilis (Say), the American clog tick .C. N« Smith, in a typewritten quarterly 'report to the Division of Insects Affecting Man and Animals, Bureau of Entomology and Flant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, for the period July- September, 1937 „ gave the results of tests made at Vineyard Haven,' Mass., on the control of the American dog tick. Tests were made with derris as a wash to kill .and repel adult ticks on dogs and horses. In general, it ap-ears that a dip made of 2 to 4 ounces of derris (rotenone 4 percent) to the gallon will kill all flat ticks and most of those partially engorged. Treatment of .animals every 5 or 6 days should be sufficient to prevent engorgement of ticks, as the animals are protected for 3 or 4 days, and ticks attached 1 to 3 days ere easily killed. No animals were made sick by the dip, as animals' occasionally are by breathing derris dust. Although the dip leaves the dog 1 s hair feeling somewhat greasy, no objections were made by the owners. The United States Department of Agriculture in a Press Release dated lA ay 18, 1938, issued information on how to avoid dangerous tick bites.' Keeping ti'eks from engorging themselves on the blood of dogs is a projective measure. A pair of forceps is all that is needed to' remove ticks from dogs if only a few have attached themselves thereto. Dusting every 5 days with derris powder is necessary for dogs supporting a large number of ticks. Bishopp and Smith (10) in 1938 recommended application of a derris dip to dogs to control the American- dog tick, or common wood tick, which is the principal vector of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the Central and Eastern States and is also capable of carrying rabbit fever (tularemia). Derris dip is made by mixing 2 ounces of fine derris powder (containing at least 3 percent rotenone), 1 ounce of neutral soap, and 1 gallon of tepid water. The dip may be applied by putting the dog in a tub containing it, or it may be brushed in thoroughly. The dip should be allowed to dry on the dog or, if necessary, the surplus liouid may be removed with a towel. The dip can be kept for at least a week without deteriorating. If the dip cannot be used conveniently, derris powder may be applied next to the skin on all infested parts. To prevent ticks from engorging, the powder must be applied every other day. The persistence of either the dip or the dust depends on the type of dog, and the interval between treatments can be determined best by experience. Do not permit the powder or dip to get into the eyes. These authors ( 11 ) again in 1938 recommended derris for the control of the American dog tick. The thorough application of derris as a powder or wash is effective in destroying the ticks already attached and in preventing the reinfestation of dogs for short periods. Application is easier when the powder is used, and ticks that actually come in contact with the derris will be killed, but the animals are less thoroughly covered than when the material is used as a wash or dip. In addition to giving a more complete treatment at -6-.. .. ticks then against the fully 3d the time of application-, the- derris wash, is retained on the hair and sk~ir. longer than the ponder and has a more extended repellent action. Then used j "by either method, - derris is more effective against flet or slightly ehgorgedJ females; therefore, in order to prevent all reproduction, treatments z'r. iuld "be given before females "become well engorged. The powder should "be applied at intervals of 2 or 3 days and the wash or dip at intervals of 5 or Lays. ..The derris powder should have a rotenone content of at least 2 percent. (3ee Bishopp and Smith ( 10 ). ,■ p. 5.) C. N. Smith (13?) in 1939 reported tests with derris against the American dog tick. . Laboratory tests with derris powder dips (see Bishony and Smith (10) p. 5) indicated that none of the mixtures wi 11 kill the inactive stages -f the adult ticks; 16 percent of the females and 33 percent of the males active tut unfed in nature were killed; 92 rercent of fed males and slightly engorged and fully engorged- females were killed, as were 44 percent of the females that were from one-eighth to one-third engorged,' and 50 percent of the females that were half engorged. Ixodes holocyclus Newm. Ross ( 130 ) in 1936 reported tests with "both rotenone- and derris against ticks, Ixodes holocyclus . Both derris powder and derris infusion were highly lethal." Infusions were made "by soaking 1 percent of derris powder by weight in cold water overnight, and the following morning- adding sufficient soap or soap powder to make a good lather. By one application of such solutions, or or the dry powder rubbed well. into the coat, newly attached ticks were found to be dead or dying in 4 to 8 hours, 'but semigorged specimens may remain alive for 24 hours, though in almost every case they are obviously sick in this time, then they gradually dry up and finally fall out. An anonymous writer (3) in 1939 wrote that dogs in Queensland, Australia, may be protected against the scrub or bottle tick if given every 5 or 7 days either a. dusting with derris powder or a wash in a derris infusion. Ixodes ricinus (L.), the castor-bean tick Little (93) in 1931 reported that powdered root of Tephrosia virginiana proved to be effective in the control of the castor-bean tick. MacLeod (95) in 1933 described tests made with derris against the sheep tick in Scotland. Tests were made with dip solutions containing 0.2 percent of arsenic trioxide, 0.35 percent of phenol, and 0.21 percent of toxic extract of Ferris, respectively, on shee-n infested with the sheep tick. His con- clusions were as follows:. "Derris at a bath-strength of 0.21 percent of toxic extract, "hen mixed with a soan solution, forms a highly satisfactory tick - dip. A solution prepared from a mixture of derris and soap powder forms en equally satisfactory dip. Derris-dro solution retains to a great extent its properties in the bath for a period of at least 4 days. The 4-day-old dip is not so efficacious as fresh dip, but appears to be practically as destructive to ticks as are fresh solutions of arsenic or carbolic di^s." -7- MacLeod also referred to the introduction of Toowdered derris root to veterinary practice as an acaricide by J. Russell Greig in 1924. In 1938 MacLeod (96) discussed the sheer tick and its control in Great Britain. He suggested that in cases where ordinary sheep—farming methods are not practised end the primary consideration is the removal of the ticks, the sheep . should be dipped at short intervals throughout the tick season (mid- March to the end of May) in a derris wash, or in some other preparation that may he used repeatedly; without harming them. On sheep farms, where it is desirable to increase the farm profits without interfering too greatly with the normal sequence of farming activities, especially during the "busy lambing season, which coincides with the tick season, it is .'suggested that the sheep be dipped in one of the snecial -preparations now available that "ill protect them from reinfestation for 2 to 3 weeks after its application. The two main dippings (one of which is carried out • immediately, before lambing begins and the other about 3 weeks later) may be augmented by : one or two supplementary dippings* For farms where profitable farming is impossible unless ticks are eradicated, s scheme combining starvation of the- ticks with serial dipping of the sheep is recommended. The North East of Scotland Sheep Tick Committee ( 114) ' in 1939 published a. report of work by Walter Moore, of the North of . Scotland 'College "of Agri- culture, in 1938 to control the sheep tick. Various standard sheep dips pre- scribed for sheep scab ^ere tried but none proved to be completely effective. Most of the dips killed the active feeding • stages of the tick, but all failed to kill the ticks that had completed feeding, and also failed to protect the sheep from reinfestation for more than 1 or 2 days, laboratory tests with various insecticides showed that the contact insecticides were very efficient, and of the materials tested derris and pyrethrum gave the most promising results. In conjunction with the Cooper Technical. Bureau, a large-scale field experiment was carried out with a derris din and proved very successful, giving a 100-percent kill at all stages. A 1:500 solution of D erris elliptica root containing 5 percent of rotenone in water -was found to be most efficient and economical. The time of immersing the sheep in the dip bath was found to have an important effect on the protective period. In dipping it is not sufficient to kill only the ticks on the sheep, as this would necessitate repeated appli- cation every 10 days. Enough of the insecticide must be retained on the skin or wool to kill all ticks that attack the animal for several days after dipping. If sheep are immersed in the dipping solution for at least 30 seconds there is a protective period, of from 9 to 10 days during ^hich the animal remains tick- -free. Immersion for 1 minute is recommended. Cameron (39) in 1939 wrote that in Scotland dipping is used to control the sheep tick. In recent years derris has assumed prominence es en acericide because of its rapid lethal action and is included in certain proprietary dips, along with either arsenic or carbolic, or both. The percentage of derris in the bath is about 0.014 of the total extract. Although arsenic alone as an ingredient of dir/ning fluids is effective as an acaricide, its efficacy is increased when it is combined with carbolic acid, which by itself has only very slight toxicity to ticks. Derris alone is quick in its action, but it is -6- not so satisfactory as is combined arsenic-carbolic, which has greater lasting properties. Recent experiments macb "by Stewart (142) in IT o r thumb er land, England, suggest that derris powder applied as a dry dust to the fleeces of youn- lambc is an effective tick deterrent, with obvious advantages over dips in. that it is less troublesome to apply and less likely to cause mis— mothering. Stewart ( 143 ) in 1939 reported on the control of the British sheep tick in Scotland. Di-re^ared, using gum arable, and was anplied to the entire body, except the head and neck, of 20 patients with scabies. After 3 or 4 ap] lications 10 patients were completely cured, although some of them had been unrelieved by various sulfur treatments. Of the others, 9 were relieved and 1 failed to complete the treatments. One patented dermal parasiticide contains rotenone as the active agent, Tarsonemidae H em iter son emus latus (Banks), the broad mite G-onggrijp (66) in 1929 reported comparative tests with sulfur, akar toela extract -prepared by the Deli Proefstation te Medan, Sumatra, and Neoton against mites, ( Tersonemus translucens ) He mi tarsonemus latus (Banks), on young rubber trees in a nursery. The Neoton was used at the rate of 22.5 gm. , added to a solution of 45 gm. of soft soap dissolved in 700 cc. of water at 60° C. This ,n ss stirred to a homogeneous emulsion and then diluted to 18 liters for spraying upon the trees. The derris -preparations appeared to kill mites only by aetual contact, but the effect of sulfur is attributed to the formation of volatile sulfur compounds. Sulfur gave the best and. quickest results at one-third to one-fourth of the cost of the other materials. Ta rsonemus pellidus Banks, the cyclamen mite The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station ( 116 ) in 1934 reported, that Hotecide used at the rate of 1:400 on begonia slants gave good results in the control of the cyclamen mite. Flower production was increased more than 100 percent on the treated plots, as compared with the checks. T arsonemus sp. The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station (120) in 1938 reported that these mites '"ere not controlled by pyrethrum and derris dusts and sprays. Tetranychidae Bryobia praetiose Koch, the clover mite Andries (5) in 1932 recommended Perrisol at 1:800 as a. summer spray against -13- . the '"briobia 'mite." ■.',-.■'..• Hamilton (59) in 1934,- 'Pfteri describing., the Aerna^e done by the clover mite, ( Br yob i f. prat ensis ' ' G-arman) • ' By pr^eticsa Koch, stated that sprays containing the active principle of derri's' ro*ot are- effective. The diluted enray should contain 0.0025 nercent of roten^ne plus the other constituents, of derris root. If the spray contains little or no wetting agent it may be advisable to add : sufficient soap to make about' 0.5 percent- ; of soap in the diluted spray. Ordinarily 1 ounce, of pondered soao or 2.5 ounces of a 40-p'ercent liquid soap to 2 gallons of the diluted spray will give good results. Ke o t e tr anychus buxi Garman • . " ■• : Ivies ( 127 ) in 1935 -reported that Black -Arrow Bust, Red Arrow, Cubcr, and Cubor Bust had no effect on boxwood plants and that 'these dusts killed this mite as follows*.' ■ '■■'•■■■■ Material " '• Mortality ' . . . , ■■ ,: Adults (24- hours); Eggs (10 days) Black Arrow H e d- Arrow ( 1:100) Cubor • Cubor Bust Percent . Percent 98.4 28 93.3 19 95.0 27 97 25 Paratetranychus simolex Banks, the date mite Bowscn (54) in 1935 reported the results of trials of sulfur, lime-sulfur, petroleum, derris, derris + sulfur, nyrethrum, '.nicotine, and other materials against date mites (apparently (Oligonychus ) Paratetranychus simplex Barks). From 5 to 10 8-year-old palms' of the Hallawi, variety ; were either dusted (l/2 to 8 oz. per palm) -or sprayed (l gal. per palm). Only dusting sulfur killed all mites with one application, Berris does not control the mite, Paratetranychus bicolor Banks »-.,..'. '■ See Hamilton (69) under Bryobia praetiosa. on -p8f^e 13. Paratetranychus citri (McG>) 1 the citrus red mite . See Boyce snd Prendergast (14) under Tptranychus bimaculatus Harv.. on pegc 24- Boyce (12) in 1925 reported the results of tests of various insecticides -14- against the citrns red mite in California. Various concentrations and combinations of rotenonq, finely powdered derris, finely powdered cube root, pyrethrum extract, finely poudered pyrethrum flowers, free. nicotine, and nicotine sulfate were tested under field conditions. None of these products as used, even at concentrations that are commercially prohibitive, showed sufficient toxicity to the citrus red mite or its eggs to be considered promi- sing in control. ? r- r -' t e t r o n y chu s ilicis McG. , the southern red mite 7 Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station (103) in 1931 reported that Derrisol at 1:300 plus 2 pounds of Ivory soap per 100 gallons killed the active raspberry mites that r-ere fairly hit by the spray. In 1932 this station ( 104 ) reported that for the control of raspberry mites many sprays were tried, among them glue, oils, nicotine, r)yre thrum, derris soap, end as many combinations as time permitted. It was finally demonstrated that summer oils used at the rate of 1 percent, either alone or in combination with bordeaux, controlled this pest, Paratetrenychus pilosus C. & F. , (syn. Oligonychus ulmi Koch), the European red mite See Moore et al. ( 107 ) under T e trenychus pacif icus &cG. on pagp33. See Hamilton (69) under B ryobie prartiosa on page 13. Turner ( 146 ) in 1932 reported that cube extract 1:25,000, emulsified in 2 percent cf oil with a sulfonate emulsifier, killed 86.9 percent of European red mite eggs, whereas the check oil killed 89,6 "ercent. Heal (73) in 1936 reported field tests made in He*" Jersey for the control of the European red mite on apples. Derris was supplied in three forms, a dust containing 1 percent of rotenone, a dust containing 0,75 percent, and a finely ground root containing 4 percent. Aresket, Areskap, Aresklene, skim milk, and soap were used as wetting agents. The most satisfactory- combination consisted of 1,25 to 2 pounds of derris root (4 percent. rotenone) and 10 ounces- of Aresket or Areskap to 100 gallons of spray. The outstanding feature of this spray, beyond its toxicity to the pest, was its compatibility with sulfur and lead arsenate deposits on the foliage, the presence of the former precluding the use of any oil spray, and the presence of the latter estopping the use of any spray containing soap. Two applications spaced from 1 to 2 weeks apart were necessary to effect control. A dust made from derris and. containing 1 percent of rotenone was valueless. Clay residues on apples at picking time were objectionable. When used so as to give equal rotenone content per unit of spray, derris root of 4 percent rotenone content gave better kill than did the 1 percent derris dust. As wetting agents, Aresket at 10 ounces per 100 gallons and soap at*.'. T)ercent were eaual, and both were superior to skim milk at 2 pounds per 100 gallons. . -15- In 1937 Heal's work was referred to "by C. L. Smith ( 136 ) , who stated that the control obtained by Mr. Heal in these tests after two applications amounted to 99 percent. the Petherbridge and Thomas ( 121 ) In 1937 recommended the following spray lor / control of the fruit-tree red spider ( Paratetranychus piiosus_) : Mineral oil emulsion 3-l/5 pints (85 percent oil by weight) Perris Water 13 ounces 1+0 imperial gallons Garman and Townsend (6U) in 193? reported that derris or cube sprays gave fair kills of the European red mite. These sprays do not affect the eggs and within a week are probably lost as killing agents for young, recently hatched mites. Some growers have reported successful control with derris or cube extracts combined with the regular sprays. Partial' success was observed at Lebanon in 1936 with powdered root, and somewhat better results were obtained at Cheshire a year or two previous, on prunes . When combined with the usual spray ingredients, rotenone extracts were not especially successful in the experiments of 1938. '^ e 1938 experience indicated that thorough applications of sujnmer oil alone give good clean-up without additional materials. Botenone extract 1:800, applied on July 25 to a single apple tree, per- mitted an increase in the number of adult females per 100 leaves from 1U3 before spraying (July 19) to 180 on July 28 and 230 on August 3. Rotenone extract 1:800 applied at the same time to another apple tree caused the number of adult females per 100 leaves to range from llU on July 19 to 50 on July 28 and 130 on August 3» A test was also made with rotenone extract 1.5:800 ^- dry lime-sulfur 3 pounds per 100 gallons + manganese sulfate l/U pound per 100 gallons + lead arsenate 2 pounds per 100 gallons. Results were as follows: Time of examination Mites per 100 leaves Eggs i Adults July 28, before spray— August 2, after -spray — August 12, after spray- Number Number 3,320 980 4,390 190 2,490 680 Perris powder (h percent rotenone) at U pounds per 100 gallons- killed 90 percent of the European red mites present. Jary and Austin (_8l) in 1938 reported that during 1937 derris-petroleum -oil sprays gave a high degree of control of the fruit-tree red spider, which was otherwise xsry severe on plums. -16- Kearns and Martin (86) in 1939 discussed the use -of postdormant combined sprays on fruit crops in England. r, -otenone-containing sprays, excluding those containing high-boiling petroleum oil, give somewhat erratic results in red spider control at the petal-fall stage. Eggs are not killed. If most cf the spiders are active at the time of the application, control is satisfactory; hut should a large nunber of them he molting, the control is frequently unsatis- factory. The following spray is recommended for the control of . the plum saw- fly and fruit-tree red spider: 1 gallon of petroleum-oil emulsion (67 percent oil) enough rotenone-containing material to give O.COU percent of crystalline rotenone in the wash, and enough water to make 100 gallons of spray. Robertson (l2_9) in 1939 reported that Rotox with Stantex oil at 1:100 was tried against the European red mite on Yellow Newtown apple trees, but was less effective than "Cosmic sulfur" at 1:200, and equally as effective as 10-percent commercial summer oil. Paratetranychus yothersii McG. , the avocado red mite See He. r rdlton (695 under Bryobia ' praetiosa , on page 13. Paratetranychus sp. Petti t and Hutson (122) in 1931 reported that the red spider mite (belonging to the same. group as the Paratetranychus that was feeding on the Michigan holly, but distinct from it) infesting raspberry plants was finally controlled through the use of a Perrisol-soap solution (Derrisol about 1: SCO with Ivory soap U pounds to 100 gallons of water). As earlier tests in controlling this mite had apparently failed because of inadequate pressure* this application was made at a pressure of 200 pounds. Te.tranychus bi macula tus ilarv. See Hamilton (69)under Bryobia praetiosa, on page 13. Mclndoo, Sievers and Abbott (9^) in 1919 reported that derris applied as a dust was of no value against red spiders. "The California Agricultural Experiment Station (20) in 1923 stated that Derrisine (an extract of derris) was found to be inefficient against the red spider. De Ong and White (53) in I92U reported the results of tests with derris in v/hich a commercial derris extract of l6-percent concentration, diluted 1:300, gave a maximum control of 25 percent of the red spider. lienfest (91) in 1926 reported that lime-sulfur mixed with Derrisol will kill red spiders on citrus, . . -17- The Florida Agricultural Experiment Station (6l) in 1929 reported that on Asparagus plumosus Derrisol spray gave "better control of red spiders than did ordinary flowers of sulfur. Garlick (63) in 1929 reported experiments made in Ontario for 'the control of the red spider on raspberries and "black currants. Derrisol was tried at 1:200 plus 1 pound of fish-oil soap per ko imperial gallons. This had practically no effect on the red spider. Finely powdered derris at the rate of 2 pounds per Uo gallons of watpr plus 1 pound of soap gave some' results, hut the mites very soon came hack. The. derris left on the leaves apparently had no toxic effect on the mites. Often the mites actually preferred parts of the leaf where particles of derris were thickest. Eggs laid under such conditions hatched normally, and the immature forms were able to develop. This was true even when the dry derris particles were. so thick as almost to obscure the leaf tissue. The fish-oil soap was used as a spreader. In order to find out whether it had any effect on the spiders, a -spray composed of 5 pounds .of the soap in ho gallons of water was tried. It had little or no effect on the mites. According to an anonymous writer (l) in 1930, the milky colloidal solution of resins and other compounds obtained by extracting the roots and stems of Derris elliptica with water has been found effective against red spiders. The powdered, material may be applied as a dust with equal effect. Compton (^3) i n 1930 recommended Derrisol for the control of the red spider on acacia, achyranthes, ageratum, alternanthera, cineraria, gerbera, hydrangea, lace flawer, lantana, larkspur, lupine, petunia, primrose, rose, salvia, and schizanthus- in greenhouses. Compton stated that Derrisol may be used with safety on all greenhouse plants at the dilutions recommended by the'manu- "tur facturers. Davidson (^l) in 1930 reported the results of spraying and dusting tests with rotenone on a variety of insects. Pure rotenone, recrystallized from alcohol, was tested in the form of ^1) suspensions produced by adding an acetone solution of rotenone to water, and (2) diatomaceous-eari.h powders containing 1 or 2 percent of very finely divided rotenone. Aqueous suspensions were not effective against red spiders on beans. This inefficiency against the red spider appeared, to be due more to lack of penetrating power in the suspensions used than to absence of intrinsic toxicity, and would probably be remedied by incorporating rotenone in a penetrating carrier, such as an oil. .of rotenone The contact insecticidal act ion /on active red spiders on beans growing in a greenhouse, applied as a .suspension in water, was as follows: Concentration (gm. /.cc. ) Net mortality (percent ) 1:90 73.6 1:1,000 6U.5 1:2,000 60.7 1:20000 "-SxbJSSSboabd -18- A dust containing 2 percent of rotenone killed none of the active red spiders on beans growing in a greenhouse. Davidson (52) in 1930 compared the value of aqueous suspensions of rotenone, deguelin, tephrosin, and toxicarol when used against insects living. on potted plants in a rreenhouse. ' Their relative contact insecticidal value was in the order given, rotenone "being the most potent. An aqueous suspension of rotenone (l:?P00) killed 6o„7 percent of the red spiders on beans. Deguelin and toxicarol at the sane concentration killed 10 and 18 percent, respectively, and Tephrosin at 1:5,000 killed 10 percent. The Florida Agricultural Experiment Station (62) in 1931 reported that Derrisol has been found to be an effective spray for the green mite on Asparagus p lumosus . Yothers and Keck ( 172 ) in 1930 reported that sprays containing 5 percent of derris extract were more effective than those containing nicotine sulfate, kerosene emulsion, lubricating-oil emulsion, or pvrethrum extract in controlling the red spider on asparagus pluxr.'cus in Florida fernorie's.. Derris spray kill? very slowly and very little mo.rtaxity is obtained in 4 or 5 hours. In some cases it is greater in 48 hours than in 24. Compton (44) in 1931 recorded tests with Derrisol and rotenone against the red spider in greenhouses, Derrisol in a concentration of 1:400 killed from 72 to 81 percent of red spiders on greenhouse plants. When Penetrol in a concentration of 1;200 was added to this solution from 98 to 100 percent of the red spiders were killed. Penetrol containing 0.1 gm. of rotenone per 100 cubic centimeters at a dilution of 1:100 (equivalent to 1:100,000 of rotenone killed from 58 to 64 percent, Derrisol at 1:400 combined with Penetrol at 1:200 killed from 87 to 93 percent of the eggs of the red spider. Mixtures of Der.'-;sol and Penetrol in other proportions were less effective. The mortality figures are based on the number that were dead at the end of 24 hours, as no appreciable increase in percentage of kill was observed after this period. Commercial tests with this mix-ture were made in eight greenhouses in Cook County, 111. , and excellent control of red spiders was obtained with two applications made 8 days apart. Darle.y (49) in 1931 reported comparative tests with rotenone, nicotine, and pyrethrum on the common red spider. Rotenone was used in the form of a solution consisting of. 0.2 ■ gm. of rotenone, 5 cubic centimeters of benzol, and 95 cubic centimeters of Penetrol. Rotenone at 1:50,000 killed 89. 8 percent of the common red spider. The check mortality was 6.4 percent. Jones and Davidson '(82) in 1931 reported that rotenone and derris extracts prepared with fish oil have a high toxicity to red spiders. Little (93^) in 1931 gave a detailed account of the insecticidal properties of devil 's-shoestrings. .Dried and powdered (100-mesh) roots were suspended -19- in water and tested against many kinds of insects, in the laboratory. Observations showed that, with, the dosagejs used, the red spider suffered only a light mortality. . Wilson ( l69 ) in 1931- reported tests with sulfur dusts, nicotine, pyrethrum extract, derris extract, soap-and-white-oil emulsions, and miscible oils against the two-spotted mite on Asparagus plumosus in Florida. White-oil emulsion (1:100), thoroughly applied at 7-day intervals, was the. safest and cheapest insecticide. The sulfonated-oil derivative [Penetrol?] was used as a spreader. with a compound of derris, but after a few days the plants showed severe burning. Sprays in which the derris compound (1:^00) was used gave good controls and no burning effects. When the derris- compound was used at. a dilution of 1:600, 85 percent of the mites were killed. Brooks, Watson, and Mowry (17) in 1932 stated that in Florida dusting strawberry plants with-flowers of sulfur is the quickest and most economical way of combating red spiders. Nicotine sulfate, pyrethrum, and derris compounds are also good insecticides for red spiders. ■■ Campbell (Uo) in 1932. reviewed work by H. H. Richardson, of the Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, and others, with rotenone as. an acaricide. Richardson proved that wetting and spreading agents greatly increased the effectiveness of rotenone suspensions against the common red spider on a .kudzu vine in a greenhouse. The experiments were carefully controlled and mortality counts were made after- 2^ hours. Rotenone at 1:5.000 killed 12 percent of the adult mites; at 1:5.000 + potassium oleate (l: U00) , from 5^ to 78 percent. The soap solution alone killed from 9 to 11 percent, a mortality not much greater than that : in the untreated checks. .. The increased -effectiveness of the rotenor?e-soap mixtures was there- fore due to rotenone, aided in some checmical or ; physical way by potassium oleate. Rotenone at 1:1,000 with potassium oleate (l:U00) killed only 67 and 83 percent of the mites, a fivefold increase in concentration producing very little increase in mortality. W. M. Davidson, of the Food and Drug Administration, United ^States Department of Agriculture, killed 6U. 5 percent of the mites with rotenone at 1:1,000 without a wetting and spreading agent but, since his methods are not described, his result does not necessarily contradict those of Richardson. By adding Penetrol to rotenone suspensions, Darley killed 75 percent of the mites in 2k hours with rotenone at 1:100,000 and 90 percent at 1:50,000 — much greater dilutions than those used by Richardson. Whether Penetrol increages the effectiveness of rotenone sus- pensions more than does potassium- pleate can be determined only by paired experiments. Richardson also tested sulfonated castor oil as a wetting and spreading agent for rotenone suspensions, and found it less effective than potassium oleate. Both Richardson and M. M. Darley, of the Division of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations, found that rotenone with wetting and spreading agents was more effective against the common red spider than .were the pyrethrins or nicotine with the same agents. -20- Richardson ( 124 ) in 1932 compared the insecticidal value of rotenone, the oyrethrin's, and: nicotine against the greenhouse red spider mite. Tithout the addition of some netting agent, the oyrethrins, rotenone, and nicotine, even at high concentrations, have little toxicity to the greenhouse red spider mite. With the addition of 0.25 percent of potassium oleate soap, rotenone at 0.02 percent Is slightly more toxic then the ^'yrethrins (0.02 percent); nicotine is much less toxic than either of these two*, aoproximately 0.66 percent being necessary to produce a mortality equivalent to that produced "by the above "mentioned concentrations of the other t*vb poisons-. With sulfonated castor oil as the 'letting agent,' the- ^yrethrins and rotenone' at 0.02 percent are about equivalent in toxicity; nicotine again is much less toxic, about 0.2 percent being necessary to equal the insecticidal efficiency of the other t^o at* the concentrations given above; ''Potassium oleate soao at 0.25 percent and 0.5 percent is approximately equivalent in' toxicity to sulfonated castor oil at 0.5 percent and 1.0 percent, respectively. Soap is more efficient than sulfonated castor oil as a wetting agent for rctenohe and the pyrethrins. With nicotine, however, the reverse appears to be true. 'Nicotine (1: 500) makes distinctly' alkaline the almost neutral 0.5 perce'nt of 'sulfonated castor oil, but has a relatively slight effect on the already' alkaline soao solution. Alcoholic extracts of the pyrethrins have an acidic effect rhen added to either sulfonated castor :oil or soap solution.- Acetone solutions of rotenone have very little effect on the pH-of either of these 'wetting agents. Hutson (76) in 1932 reported that' summer oils used at 1-percent strength, alone or in combination with bordeaux, arrnlied 2 or 3 times at intervals of 5 days, controlled the greenhouse red snider in southwestern Michigan. Nicotine and Penetral, Derrisol.and soap, end t :lue vere three other successful sprays. Webster ( 158 ) in 1932 reported that freedom from red spider injury was conspicuous during the 1931 season on blocks of trees in the Wenatchee, Wash., experimental orchard, ^hich had." bpen "sprayed with rotenone, oil-nicotine, 'or the oil-pyre thrum combination.- • -Turner ( 146 ) in 1932 reported that cube extract 1:12,500, emulsified in 1 percent of oil with pondered milk, killed 70 percent of the red spaders in greenhouses., whereas the check oil killed 14 percent.' G-nadinger (65) in the first edition of his "Pyrethrum Plovers," published in. 1933, cited unpublished work by Ginsbura; Hii-ch indicates that rotenone is more .toxic to red sliders" than are the oyrethrins. According to a. statement made by its manufacturers, Penick and Company ( 119 ) in : 1936, Foliafume is a balanced pyr.e thrum- derris plant spray with spreader. The use of Foliafume at 1:400 is recommended for insects of inter- mediate, resistance, such as the red spider. At this concentration the avers mortality was .87 percent- after 48 hours. . ' Richardson (125) in 1934 reported tests "*ith an acetone extract of- derris containing 5.7 arc. of rotenone and 18.1 cm.- of total extractives per 100- re. In greenhouse and. small field tests derris extract <"ith snlfonr-.el castor oil -21- showed promise in control of red slider mites on roses and other plants. Richardson (126) in 1935 reported on the control of the red spider on greenhouse plants. Sprays made from commercial acetone extracts of derris (see Jour. Econ. Ent. 26: 995. 1933) and sulfonated .castor oil (turkey-red oil) have been found to.be toxic to the common red spider in smsll-scele tests on infested tomato plants in the greenhouse. Dilutions giving rotenone contents, respectively, of 1:15,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000 'by Height and total extractives of approximately 1:4,000, 1:6,250, end 1:12,500 in water containing 0.25 percent (l:400) by 'volume of sulfonated castor oil, 75-pereent product, gave 100. 0-, 98.3-, and 93.7-percent mortality. Considerable trouble has been experienced with commercial acetone extracts that have deteriorated during . storage. They are not only much less effective in insecticidal and acaricidal action, when added to the spray, but they produce large quantities of resinous precipitates, even though first diluted with an equal volume of acetone. These precipitates tend to clog the sprayer and pump valves, making such extracts unsuitable for practical use. Undeteriorated derris extracts are much more toxic to -the red s-oider than are equivalent quantities of pure rotenone. A dust containing derris extract in diatomaceous earth, orepared to give 0.5 percent of rotenone or 1.8 percent of tcrtal derris extractives, had little effect against the red spider on hollyhocks in the greenhouse (2 percent kill of 321 mites). • : Suspensions of finely ground- derris root (2.9 percent of rotenone and 16.7 percent of total carbon tetrachloride extractive's) at a concentration of 0.25 percent by weight (rotenone approximately 1:14,000) in combination with 0.25 percent by volume of sulfonated castor oil (1:400) were found to give very high kills of the red spider on cucumber plants. Two series of small-scale' tests, 5 replications each, killed averages of 92.4 and 99.2 percent of the adults and 86.2 and 97.6 percent of the nymphs. More sulfonated castor oil (0.5 percent) was used in the second series. These sprays also killed the onion thrips__jaiL. cucumber. Suspensions of powdered cube- root (5.3 percent of rotenone and 17.3 percent of total carbon tetrachloride extractives) at the rate of 0.25 percent (rotenone approximately 1:8,000), in combination with 0.25 percent by volume of sulfonated eastor oil, also gave high mortality. Cube killed 97.2 percent of the adults end 96.6 percent of the nymphs, as compared with 99.2 and 99.5 percent kill, respectively, for adults and nymphs by the same Concentration of derris' with 0.5 pereent of sulfonated castor oil. The derris-root powder suspensions (0.5 percent by neieht) ™ith sulfonated «astor oil (0.25 percent) seemed to be stable, as they were just as toxic to the mites 6 days after preparation as Hien freshly prepared. There appeared to be no advantage in soaking the powder in cold ™ater before spraying, or in boiling the suspension (in 1/8 the final volume of spray) for a few minutes and then diluting it in the spray. The suspension was much less effective when used without a wetting agent. In a heavily infested cucumber greenhouse, the same derris at -a concentration of 0.12 percent (rotenone = 0.0034 percent) plus ■sulfonated castor oil at 1:300 killed 98.4 nercent of the adults and 96.4 percent of the nymphs. This work by Richardson was reviewed by Roark ( 128 ) in 1938. -22- The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station ( 116 ) in 1934 reported that Rotecide at 1:400 in water £ave a 92-percent kill of red spider with no observable injury to the soybean slants in a greenhouse* Howard, Mason, and Davidson (74) at the meeting of the ^hio Vegetable Growers Association held January 31, 1935, at Columbus, Ohio, reported that tests "dth derris dust had been made against the red spider, but in e/ery instance the infestation was too li^ht to draw conclusions. The Rubber Service Laboratories Company, Inc. ( 131 ) in 1934 and again (132) in 1935, issued suggestions for the use of Areskap and Aresket in insecticidel sprays. A mixture of 7 parts by weight of derris resin, 33 parts by weight of Dry Areskap, end. 60 parts by weight of either pine oil or oleic acid has been found to be effective at 1:400 for control of the red spider. The Polytechnic Institute of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (4) in 1935 stated that derris mixed with sulfur is effective against red spiders. Derris dust should contain at least 0.5 percent of roten:ne. Weigel and Richardson ( 165 ) in 1935 reported that the proportion- of sulfonated castor oil is en important factor in the. effectiveness of derris sprays against the red spider. Tests conducted against red spider mites at Earberton, Ohio, indicated that a spray composed of derris-root powder in water (rotenone approximately 0.0034 percent), which had not proved entirely effective, showed a marked increase - in effectiveness when the proportion of sulfonated castor oil was increased from 1:400 to 1:300. With this proportion, kills of 98.4 percent of the adults and 95.4 percent of the nymphs were, obtained. It was observed that increasing the rotenone content to 0.0052 percent without increasing the proportion of sulfonated castor oil did not appreciably increase the effectiveness. Similar results were obtained when cube— root powder in r-ater, containing approximately 0.0095 percent of rotenone, was used with the sulfonated castor oil. Murphy ( ill ) in 1936 reported that beta-butoxy-beta'-thiocyano-diethyl -ether (the active constituent of Lethane 420 and Le thane 440) was more effective against the greenhouse red spider than pyre thrum or derris sprays. One commercial derris spray killed 61 percent of the sliders at 1:200 and another killed 74 percent at 1:500; whereas the tfaiocyanate killed 76 percent at 1:1,000 and 95 percent at 1:800, when used with a spreader at 1:200. The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station ( 117 ) in 1936 reported that for the control of the red spider the rotenone sprays were the most satisfactory of the materials used, when effectiveness, freedom from pi ?n t injury, and costs are all considered. A new sulfated alcohol spreader and sticker, when used at 1:500 with various commercial rotenone sprays, served to increase the kill over tha t produced by the same rotenones when used with various soaj spreaders, at 1:250, by approximately 11 percent in a number of tests. Van Gundie ( 152 ) in 1936 reported excellent control of the red spider with a rotenone' formula that carried approximately 30 percent of sulfur in the form of fused bentonite sulfur, which aids as a. sticker for the rotenone and also acts as an activator. It should not be applied to conifers until the new growth for the season has ceased. If the tips are young, tender, and growing, some conifers, particularly hemlock, will be soorched.- Consumer' s Research, Inc. (45) , in 1937 recommended rotenone products for use against red spiders. . Derrisol controls red spiders, according to advertising literature issued by the manufacturers, William Cooper and Nephews, and enclosed in a letter dated November 16, 1937, to R. C. Roark. ■ ' C. L. Smith ( 136 ) in 1937 reported tests of derris sprays against -several species of insects. Small-plot tests were made and the derris powder (90 -to 95 percent passing a 200-mesh sieve; rotenone 4 percent)" plus a "40-T>ercent coconut- oil soap was applied with a knapsack sprayer. Against red spiders on delphinium plants in the. field, results we're as follows: Application "' . Reduction in' 48 hours .-.,.' ' Percent Derris 3 IK, soap 40 oz. ('anhydrous . - ■ r basis) , per 100 gal. ' '..'.. 81 Derris, 1.5 lb., soap 30 oz. (anhydrous basis) , wettable sulfur 1.5 lb. 90, Dust, rotenone 0.75 percent 62 Against red spiders on hydrangea, derris 2 pounds and soap 30 ounces (anhydrous basis) per 100 gallons caused 96-percent reduction, as revealed in a count made every 24 hours. C. L. Smith's work was reviewed by-Manschke ( 97 ) in 1937. W e igel and Nelson ( 163 ) 'in 1937 reported that experiments performed against the red spider on greenhouse-grown tomato and curumber plants, in which four sprays were applied at 4-day intervals, §:eve the following results: A derris spray having a rotenone content -of 0.Q056 percent was -as effective as one with 0.0112-percent-rotenone content; the derris 'sprays used were superior to cube sprays of the same rotenone content, the differenee being -explainable on the basis of the total-extractives content, ^hich was 18.6 percent for the derris and .12.3 percent for the cube; the addition of -oyrpthrum extract did not improve. the effectiveness of the sprays against the red spider'; with sprays of the same rotenone content, containing sulfonated castor oil 'as a spreader, the result was a better kill than when either alkylphenylberazenesulfonic acid or rosin residue was used. In a second series of experiments the same insecticides that were used in the first series, but applied four times at weekly intervals, gave approximately the. same results, except' that on tomatoes the spray contain- ing derris, pyrethrum, and alkylphenylbenzenesulfonie acid appeared to be as -24- effective as the sulfonated castor-oil sprays. None of the sprays except lauryl thiocyanate caused any permanent injury to either tomato or cucumber • Boyce and Prendergast (14) in 1938 reported that, aside from the regular oil spray, there are several materials or combinations of materials including oil at low dosage plus rotenone-bearing materials, that may be used in the control of the citrus red mite. Combinations of rotenone-bearing materials, such as derris, cube, tira'bo,, ,and others with a low dosage of oil (0.5 to 0.7 percent), have been in use for several years. Such combinations have generall:, afforded satisfactory control of the black scale but have been definitely inferior to a regular dosage of oil in red snider control. Experimental work with these combinations, together with extensive field observations of commercial treatments, indicates that when from 1/2 to 2/3 of 1 percent of licht-medium oil is used with anv of the more commonly used rotenone-bearing materials the average length of time that red slider control may be expected is about 3 months. With thorough application, the kill of ell stages, except the egg, is usually as good with these materials as with the full dosage of oil. The amount of egg kill, however, appears to be directly related to the amount of oil deposited and the nature of the deposit. Therefore, the period over which these materials effect satisfactory control is largely determined by climatic conditions and other factors affecting the development of the spider after treatment. The oil-rotenone mixtures are relatively expensive when considered in the control of the red spider alone; however, when considered in the combined control of aphids, the red spider, and the "off-hatch" black scale during the spring, they are very practical. Of the available materials (Selc- cide excepted) that may be used at this season for red spider control, the 0.5 percent light-medium oil plus rotenone-bearing materials is nerhaps the safest and is generally most effective. Hamilton (70) in 1938 reported the results ofjtests of cube and derris ponders (4 percent rotenone and 15 to 18 percent total extractives), applied as a spray at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 gallons, with the addition of 4 pounds of rosin-residue emulsion. Cube powder appeared to be as effective as derris powder in the rosin-emulsion spray, both as a contact poison and as a repellent. These tests were made- by members of the National Shade Tree Con- ference under a cooperative project -ith'the Hercules Ponder Company, manufact- urers of rosin residue, and 5 of the principal suppliers of derris and cube powders. Sufficient spr^y material to make from 500 to 1,000 gallons of diluted spray was sent to each of 38 cooperators in 14 States, together with instructions for using the spray and a report blank to be used in giving the results of the tests. In 4 out of 6' tests, the sprays were satisfactory agains- snider mites on spruce, juniper, and privet., but probably were not effective against the eggs. The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station (99) in 1^37 reported that further- studies of pyrethrum and cierris extracts as us*d in commercial sprays showed that the red spider mite is not satisfactorily controlled by pyrethrum extracts, but that extracts, of derris, either as rotenone or as other extracted resins, principally deguelin, terhrosin, and toxicarol, gave satis- factory control, when used in the proper concentration. The emulsified extracts containing 10 percent of sulfated alcohol as a netting and spreading agent wer._ diluted 1:200 for application. A snray' containing 1.5 percent of ^yrethrins ha< -25- •Dractically no effect on the red s-nider, end "hen the pyrethrins " T ere increased to 2 percent, a relatively hi^h concentration, the mortality '"as only 9.52 percent. The addition of 0.5 percent of rotenone to the 1.5 percent of pyrethrins killed 37 -percent of the red solders "hich is poor control "but indicates an increased toxicity of 35 percent due to the rotenone. One percent of pyrethrins end 1 percent of rotenone com- bined caused an average mortality of 79.65 percent; end 2 percent of rotenone without pyrethrins killed 87.16 percent of the red spiders and was the most effective formule used in this series. S-nrey mixtures con- taining "other extracted resins" of derris were .-pproximetely one-half es toxic to the red spider as was rotenone, and when used at t^ice the concentretion produced en equal or slightly greater mortality of this pest. A summary of results is es follows: Pyrethrins Other derris resins Percent Percent Percent 1.5 0. 1.0 1.0 2.0 0- 4.0 . . 1.5. o. 0. 2.0 0. 0.- 1.5 0, 5 1.0 1. . 2. Avere^e mortality of the red slider Percent 62.24 84.25 86.77 1.81 9.52 37.09 79.65 87.16 -26- In 1938 the same station ( 100 ) reported that in studies of insecticides used for the control of the red spider on carnations and greenhouse plants, materials containing rotenone continued to show a high toxicity against this pest and generally became more effect-ive as the temperature increased. The addition of wettable sulfur as a fungicide to one of the rotenone sprays caused no material change in the number of red spiders killed. In comparable tests most of the newer commercial insecticides containing rotenone were inferior to the older standard mixtures or to laboratory preparations. Sus- pensions of derris, cube, or pyrethrura powder in water were less effective than the extracts of these materials, and the addition of a netting agent did not increase their effectiveness in the laboratory. This station ( 101 ) in 1939 reported that experiments with sprays containing extractives from derris and cube indicated that effective sprays of this nature for combating the common red spider, and capable of consistently giving better than 90 percent contol, should contain 0.03 percent of total extractives (0.0075 percent rotenone). This is equivalent to a stock mixture containing 1.5 percent of rotenone and 4.5 percent of other resins, diluted 1:200. Sprays containing these active ingredients are slightly more consistent in effective- ness if combined with brown camphor oil, rather then with soluble pine oil or sulfonated castor oil. The addition of 0.2 percent of Karaya gum increased the effectiveness about 5 percent, apparently by building up the deposit on the leaves; but ^hen both gum and spreader were added the run-off was increased and no benefit from the gum resulted, flhen the temperature was 80° F. the effectiveness against the red spider was from 25 to 40 percent greater than at 60°. An alcoholic extract of derris containing 0.0075 percerv of rotenone and 0.0225 percent of other extractives was 10 percent more effective than a similar extract containing 0.005 percent of rotenone. The addition of 0.005 percent of pyrethrins not only failed to increase the mortality of the red spider but actually gave an average decrease of 5 percent in three experiments. The New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station ( 112 ) in 1938 reported that during the last few years the greenhouse red sr>ider has done much damage to roses. In 1937 studies of the effect of derris-oil emulsions on this arthropod indicated that these are very satisfactory and cheap materials for red spider control. By the use of derris, the amount of oil necessary to effect control has been greatly reduced and the danger of damage to the rose plants correspondingly decreased. This materiel destroys all stages, including the eggs. Weigel and Nelson ( 164 ) in 1938 tested derris and cube with various wetting agents (including alkylphenylbenzenesulfonic acid, sulfonated castor oil, and ammonium caseinete + rosin-residue emulsion) for control of the common red spider on greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers. The authors concluded that a. derris spray having a rotenone content of 0.0056 percent is as effective as one '"ith a 0.0112-percent-rotenone content when sulfonated cestcr oil is used as a spreeder; that the derris spreys used in these tests are superior to cube spreys of the same rotenone content, the difference being explainable on the besis of the total e^trectives: that the addition of pyrethrum extract does not improved the effectiveness of the spray against . -27- the red spider; that "dth sprays of the same rotenore content with sulfonatec castor oil as a spreader the kill is better than with either alkylphenylben- zene sulfonic acid or ammonium ca seine te with rosin residue; and that pro- prietary thiocyenate spray is as effective as the derris spray plus sulfonate castor oil. None of the derris or cube sprays plus the spreader or the pro- prietary thiocyanate caused any permanent injury to either tomatoes or cucum- bers. The lauryl thiocyenate spray with a sodium oleyl sulfate, plus syn- thetic resin as a spreader, caused severe injury to both the foliage and the fruit of tomatoes. This work was referred to by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine ( 150 ) in 1933. Weigel and Johnson ( 159 ) in 1939 reported the results of tests made at Beltsville, Md. , on the control of red spider on cucumbers. The results of mortality counts of red spiders on greenhouse-grown cucumber plants after six sprays were applied, the first two of which were applied 4 days apart and the remainder at weekly intervals, indicated that in sprays containing 0.0056 percent of rotenone and 0.01 percent of total y-r/rethrins with sulfonated castor oil (l:300) a greater kill resulted than when an alkylphenylbenzene- sulfonic acid was used as a spreader. The addition of pyrethrum to a. derris and sulfonated castor-oil spray did not increase its effect against red spiders. Sulfonated castor oil diluted 1:300 when used alone did not possess much toxicity to the "Voider mites. A proprietary thiocyanate gave a good kill of red spiders. Three applications of tartar emetic and brown sugar gs^c a kill of. 100 percent of the spiders, but caused serious injury to the cucumber plants and reduced the yield of fruit. Fnen peanut oil was used with derris and pyrethrum at the strength indicated above, 98.5 percent of the s-oiders were killed after four applications, but the treatment caused a yellowing of the cucumber foliage. No positive correlation was found between the yield of cucumbers and the control of red spiders obtained with the various sprays. In August 1939 I7eigel and Johnson ( 150 ) reported that a proprietary compound containing derris, an organic thiocyanate compound, pine oil, petroleum, and an emulsifier was less effective- than was tartar emetic with either bro—n sugar or glycerin when used against the red spider on chrysanth- emum cuttings in the laboratory. In November 1939 these authors ( 161 ) reported, that tests made at Beltsville, Md.lf indicate that, on the basis of examinations made of all living red sliders found on representative- samples of cucumber foliage from greenhouse-gro^n plants,, which were given a total of nine applications of a derris-pyrethrum-sulf onated castor-oil spray, this combination" proved superior to an equal number of applications of sprays composed of a commercially prepared thiocyanate. This confirmed the results obtained during the preceding three seasons. Under the conditions of this .experiment no differences ^ere revealed in the numerical production of cucumbers from plants treated ^ith these t™o sprays, but the per-plant pro- duction was considerably reduced in the check plots. It should be emphasized, however, that the plants in the Check plots produced a higher percentage of Grade No. 1 cucumbers than the plants subjected to either of the spray treat- ments, indicating the possibility Of mechanical injury to the flowers or young cucumbers by the spray. The derris-pyrethrun-sulfonated castor-oil spray did -28- not cause detectable injury to the cucumber -plants, but those to which the thiocyanate spray was applied suffered some injury directly attributed to the treatment. Weigel end Johnson ( 162 ) in 1940 reported that white- oil emulsion is more effective than sulfonated castor oil as a spreader for derris-pyre thrum spray against red spider. Small-scale toxicity tests against Tetrenychus bimaculetus were made on potted cucumber seedlings, and "ere designed to determine whether certain spreaders could be substituted for sulfonated castor oil in the derris-pyrethrum-sulfonated castor-oil sr>ray without reducing the effectiveness of the spray combination against this pest. The test plants were uniformly treated by spraying both sides of all leaves with a small atomizing electric sprayer held at a. distance of 15 feet from the leaves during application. In all derris-pyre thrum spray mixtures tested the concentration was 0.0056 percent of rotenone and 0.01 percent' of pyrethrins, m hile the derris spray alone contained 0.0056 percent of rotenone. All mortality counts of red spiders were made 2 days after treatment. The mortality of red spiders ranged from 71.9 to IOC percent for the 11 spray combinations used in the tests. Both the derris spray and the derris-"oy- rethrum spray, to which had been added white-oil emulsion, 1:100 by weight, gave 100-percent mortality of the spiders, as compared with 82.2 and 83 percent from derris-pyre thrum sprays to which had been added sulfonated castor oil at the rates of 1:200 and 1:400 by .volumi, respectively. 'Water sprays containing only the white-oil emulsion at concentrations of 1:100 and 1:200 by weight resulted in mortalities of 97 a 3 and. 92,1 percent, respective- ly. A derris-pyrethrum spray containing sodium oleyl sulfate 1:1,000 by volume gave a mortality of 78.7 percent, whereas one containing the sodium oleyl sulfate plus synthetic resins, 1:1.000 by volume, gave 87.6 percent mortality. Another derris-pyro thrum spray containing sodium lauryl sulfate, 1:3,000 by weight, resulted in a mortality of 71,9 percent; for the same period of observation there was an average mortality of 5.3 percent of the red spiders on untreated cucumber seedlirgs and 23.3 percent on plants sprayed with plain water. Apparently the white-oil emulsion 1:100 by weight was considerably more effective than sulfonated castor oil 1:300 or 1:400 in the derris-pyrethrum spray. The white-oil emulsion alone, 1:100 or 1:2CC by weight, was very effective against the spiders. There ^cs probably little, if any, real difference between the effectiveness of sodium oleyl sulfate 1:1,000 by volume, sodiua oleyl sulfate plus synthetic resins 1:1,000 by volume, sodium lauryl sulfate 1:3,000 by weisht, and sulfonated castor oil 1:300 or 1:400 by volume, in the rotenone-pyrethrum si)ray. Crosby, Chupp, and Leiby (47) in February 1939 discussed the control of diseases and insects affecting vegetable cro-ns on Lon< Island. Experimental results indicated that the red spider mite on lima beans can be controlled by dusting with a sulfur-rotenone dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone. The rotenone is included in the formula under the assumption that the vines would be dusted for the control of. the Mexican bean beetle at the same time that efforts to control the red spider mite are being made. If a spray is desired, 4 pounds of rotenone-bearin^; powder (4 percent rotenone) in 100 gallons of water probably will control this pest satisfactorily. The dust -29- most of or spray must hit the mites on the -under side of the leaves, where they do/ their feeding. If it is desired to control downy mildew, along with the bean beetle and the red spider, the rotenone spray should be combined with a copper spray. The 4 pounds of a 4-percent- rotenone ponder should be added to each 100 gallons of a bordeaux mixture or other copper spray, as advised for mildew control. A copper-rotenone spray should be applied soon after it is mixed. ' '...-* Hamilton (71) in 1939 recommended derris- or cube-extract sprays as contact poisons for the control of the red spider On house olents. According to % J. Haude, in advertising literature published by John Powell & Co., New York, N. Y. , in 1939, derris-oil sprays have been success- fully used for red spider control in the coastal areas; however, this use has not been extensive, except in areas where the black scale is also a factor. Sprays containing rotenone are effective for the control of the red spider on ornamentals. A contact spray containing the equivalent of 1 percent of rotenone may be diluted at the rate of 1 part to 400 parts of water. It is advisable that such a spray "hen diluted contain at least 0.5 percent of a nonalkaline retting agent. Busts are apparently not so effective as sprays. The addition of derris or cube to sulfur dusts "ill increase their efficiency against the red slider on cotton. O r Brien ( 115 ) .in 1940 wrote that, according to McDaniel of Michigan State College, red spiders dislike any preparation that contains derris or its derivative, rotenone. He recommends dusting with a copper-derris compound, which can be bought in commercial mixture, or spraying with a mixture of sulfonated' castor oil and derris powder. To 1 gallon of water, use a little less than a teblespoonful of the oil end a teespoonful of the derris. Brannon ( 15 ) in 1940 reported that a derris-pyrethrum-sulfur dust mixture is promising as an all-purpose dust mixture for the combined control of several species of insects commonly attacking beans, including the Mexican bean beetle, the bean leaf beetle, the potato leaf hopper, and the common red spider, and for the prevention of powdery mildew. Coleman and Lyle (42) in 1940 reported the results of tests with a large number of materials to determine the most effective and. economical control for red spiders, thrips, mealybugs, and aphids in greenhouses. The three most effective were Loro, Lethane, and derris extract. Derris extract diluted 1:200 killed 98 percent of the red spiders, but it cost nearly 2.4 times as much as the same amount of Loro, which at 1:800 killed 97.8 percent of this insect. . . Morrison end Mote ( 110 ) in 1940 reported that a dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone plus 2 percent of sodium lauryl sulfate killed 35 percent of red spiders on hops in Oregon; whereas a dust containing 1 percent of dinitro-ortho-cyclohexylohenol killed 99 percent. Rotenone "as compatible with the proprietary DN dust (1 percent DN on "elnut-shell flour) but did not contribute added toxicity. -30- steted The California Fruit Growers Exchange, Bureau of Fest Control, (21)/ in the November 1935 issue of their Pest Control Circular that Ortho Derris and Tox-X are less effective than oil spray against the red SDider. In the August 1936 issue of this circular (22) it is stated that Ortho Derris and Tox-X are composed of a pondered insecticide containing derris added to a lo*~ dosage of light-medium oil, usually from 1/2 to 2/3 of 1 percent. At slightly higher oil dosages, up to 1.0 or 1.25 percent, they kill red spiders and es-zs, bat have not given control for such long periods as have the oil s-orays normally recommended; however, they will check spiders for at least a few months. The article says further: However, in orchards '"here red scale i b a problem and red spider is important, in the light of present knowledge it ^ould appear that these s-orays, even with the higher dosages of oil, should not "be substituted for the regular oil spray and fumiga- tion program. If a grower in this area (Jlivera-Dou-ney-^ittier area] must treat over-mature fruit for slider, and so much of his crop remains that he does not desire to treat over it with li^ht-medium oil, the other possible treatment in this area is one of the so-called derris sprays with 0.5 percent of light-medium oil. To date, derris sprays with 0.5. percent of light— medium oil have sho^n little oil deposit, no interference with color, will control the black scale satisfactorily, end handle the spider for several months; but, unless conditions are very favorable, additional slider control will have to be made within the year. ^Shile light- medium oil applied at this time will give a longer spider control than derris sprays, it is not recommended over mature fruit. The Exchange (23) in the September 1936 issue of its Pest Control Circular, stated that it is uncertain whether derris-oil sprays at 0.5 to 1.0 percent of light-medium oil will hold the red soider (in checkj for more than a few months. The Exchange (24) wrote as follows in July 1937: Oil sprays, while the most effective of any materials against red spider, are not advisable, even at the low dosage of 1 t>ercent light-medium oil," o^ing to the danger of causing excessive drop of the young crop should the weather become hot. Even the so-called derris-oil spr'eys, made up of 0.5 percent of a light-medium oil and derris ponder, although a-oplied on a large acreage of oranges during the last few' months without apparent damage, cannot be recommended, for the same reason. A sudden hot spell following application of this materiel might hasten the drop of small fru.it. However, where growers feel justified in using oil, at present it appeers to be the safest oil type. In November 1937 the Exchange (25) stated that the most dependable material for control of red sliders on Vplencia oranges at that time of the year is light-medium oil, preferably 1-1/2 to 1-2/3 percent emulsion. Fhere -31- growers prefer less oil, even with the possibility of shorter control, the better known oil-rotenone combi nations, sv.ch as Botcmo-iR or Tox-X, may bo usod. For growers who refuse to accept the risk attendant on the use of miscible oil and lime-sulfur on navel oranges, an alternative is low-dosage oil-rotenone. With this material, however, there is the possibility of retarded fru.it coloration, which may necessitate late shipment. In December 1937 the Exchange (26) recommended rotenenc-oil sprays for the control of the red spider on lemons and oranges. These sprays are usable in all districts, whereas the use of miscible oil and lime-sulfur is limited to interior areas, Rotcnone-oil products were recommended by the California. Fruit Growers Exchange (|27) in January 1938, for the control of red spider on lemons in the coastal areas' and on' oranges in the interior. In February 1938, the Exchange (28) recommended oil-rotenone combinations for combating the red spider, the citrus aphid, and the immature black scale. A suitable spray is made from' 0,5 to 0,75 gallons of light-medium oil, 1 tc 4 pounds (depending on the brand) of rotenone powder, and water to make 100 gallons. In March 1938, the Exchange (2S) reported that the beginning : stages of water rot- became evident the last week in December in seme oil-sprayed Thompson Navel Orchards in eastern Los Angeles County, but the rot was arrested by drying weather. There appeared to be no outstanding difference between orchards sprayed with emulsion and those sprayed with emulsiblc oil's, Oil-rotenone combinations containing less oil showed less damage than the regular oil sprays; in- fact, the extent of watcr-rot development was largely in proportion to the percentage cf cil used. Sprays carrying less than 1 percent of cil showed much less ret than sprays carrying 1.5 percent cr more. For the control of red spiders en oranges in the coastal c.r r a of California it was stated that, since aphid s are almost always present at this time of year along with the r cd spider, one of the rctenone-oil sprays with 0,5 percent of light-medium oil she- Id bo the preferred treatment and will control both pests. The most widely used rotencne-oil sprays of known value arc Botanc-R, Tox-X, and Rctox, In Kay 1038 the California Fruit Growers' Exchange (30) discussed the red spider situation* Fcr lemons, in groves where there is a considerable amount of maturing fruit cr where spring fumigation has been practiced, light-medium oil (1,5 to 1.67 percent) , or one of the rotoncne-oil sprays at 0,5 tc 0.67 percent of light-medium oil, night be given preference. In July 1938, • tho Exchange (31) advised growers of oranges in Ventura ' County as follows: "If spray is used en oranges fcr black scale, low-dosage derris-oil will handlo the black scale, and in most cases the red spider, and is easier on the trees and fruit." The Exchange (32) in January 1939 recommended rotencme-oil for use against red spiders on lemons in coastal areas. In April 1939 it (33) recommended one of the rotenono-oil sprays with l/2 of 1 percent of lights-medium oil as tho preferred treatment to handle both aphids and the red spider on oranges in the coastal areas. In July 1939 the Exchange (54) recommended rotcnone-oil sprays using l/2 to 2/3 of 1 pcrtcent of light-medium oil for the control of the black scale and the red spider in Ventura County, where treatment must be made over rips fruit. In August 1B39 it (35) discussed the control of the red spider in coastal citrus orchards. In areas where a sprr.y is rise necessary f^r black -32- scalc control, straight oil spray will also control the red spider • llihero rotcnonc is used with a light dosage of oil, the control wiliL. he only temporary unless aided greatly by weather unfavorable tc the /spider. In April 1940 the Exchange (36) reported or. control of red spiders oranges. In coastal areas, if aphid's beccno a pest altn ■ with the red spider, one of the rotenone-oil sprays rath 0.5 percent of light-nediun oil should be the preferred treatment to handle both pests. The formula given: Light-medium oil l/2 to 3/4 gallon, rotcnone powder 3/4 pound to 3 pounds (depending on the brand), and water to make 100 gallons. The Exchange (37) in January 1941 reported on the control of red spiders or citrus fruits. If scales are also present in immediate coastal areas, light-medium oil or cil-rotenonc night be used. In March 1941 the Exchange (3c) recommended one of the DK dusts as the preferred treatment at that time of year. If rain falls soonerj n than 3 or 4 days after tho application, its effec- tiveness is greatly reduced./ Valencia areas along the ccast, where aphids may be a post along rath red spiders, one cf the rotenone-oil sprays at 0.5 tc 0.75 percent of light-medium oil ' is the preferred treatment to control both insects. T.hcrc oil is used fcr scales on lemons, it will also control tho red spider. Tetranychus althaea® v. Hanst." . De3ussy ct al. (1C) in 1936 reported that (Epi tetranychus ) Tetranychus althaeae was not Controlled by derris dust and was imperfectly controlled by dcrris spray, which was more effective than pure rotencne (both on a basis of rotcnonc 1:3,000). In each spray material 0.05 percent of lethalato was added as a spreader. Tetranychus mcd anieli T.cG. The Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station (103) in 193]. reported that Derrisol at 1:800 plus 2 pounds cf Ivory soap per 100 gallons killed active raspberry mites thai; were fairly hit by the spray; and in 1932 this station ( 104 ) reported that many sprays were tried fcr the control of this species, among then glue, oils, nicotine, pyrethrum, derris, soap, and as many combinations as time permit-ted. It was finally demonstrated that summer oils used at the rate of 1 percent, cither alone or in combination with bordeaux, controlled this pest. Hutson (77) in 1933 reported that in tests of single applications of insecticides, Derrisol 1:800 plus 2 pounds of Ivory soap in 100 gallons was sprayed on raspberries with an orchard sprayer developing 250 pounds pressure. Alter this treatment 247 live mites of this species wore found per 100 loaves, as compared with 822 on the check. The host control, 114 live mites per 100 leaves, was obtained with glue at the rate of 15 pounds in 100 gallons cf water. Tetranychus pacif icus T.'cG. , the Pacific mite The Washington State College Extension Service ( 1 55 ) in 1940 stated that rotcnone material (powdered dcrris, cube, and Timbo) containing not less -33- than 3.6 percent of rotenone, when used at the rate of 1 pound per 100 gallons with 3 quarts of kerosene, is effective in reducing infestations of the Pacific mite. Moore et al. (107) in 1941 reported on control of the Pacific mite and the European red mite on apples. Although mites have been a serious pe-st on apples in Washington for many years, no satisfactory method of control hajs/hertof ore ! been found. Infestations present early in the spring are generally kept down by the regular codling moth spray program; the sprays, applied under high pressure, wash some of the mites off the trees. In July, when the oodling-moth spray program tapers off, the mite infestations build up. At this time it is dangerous to use more than 0,75 percent of oil on the trees and this is not sufficient to kill both mites and eggs, for which about 1.5 percent of oil is necessary. The use of derris, with 0.5 to 0.75 percent of oil, increases the kill of mites somewhat, but does not kill the eggs; hence the infestation soon builds up again. Because of climatic conditions and the use of oil in codling moth sprays it is dangerous to use sulfur compounds for mite control in Washington. Tctranychus telarius L. The Experimental and Research Station of the Nursery and Market Garden Industries' Development Society Ltd., of Cheshunt, Herts, England (_57) in 1934 reported tests -with spray fluids, purporting to contain rotenone, for the con- trol of the red spider mite on potted plants of Arum and tomato. A dosage of 1/2 fluid ounce of concentrate to 1 gallon of water was applied. On the Arum foliage about 1 percent of the adults remained alive 2h hours after spraying. On the tomatoes several adults and deutonymph resting stages were alive 12 days after spraying. Infested plants in a greenhouse were thoroughly sprayed with 7 fluid ounces of concentrate to 12 gallons of water. Ten days later a consider- able number of mites were alive on the sprayed foliage. Tomato shoots infested with mites were sprayed with an emulsion consisting of 0,12 percent of rotenone, 5 percent of acetone, and 1 percent of saponin. After 2h hours all the mites appeared to be dead except one larva, which probably hatched after spraying had been finished. After Us hours the following mites were collected: Dead, 5 females, many young stages; moribund, 3 females; alive, 1 female and 12 larvae. Five days after spraying many mites were alive and had migrated to the upper surface of the foliage. The conclusion reached was as follows: "A reasonably good control on commercial nurseries is certainly not to be expected from sprays containing this substance [rotenonej . " The same station ( 5%) , in 193° reported that many commercial derris sprays and dusts had been tried for the control of the. red spider mite on young tomato plants. Dusts containing derris were without appreciable action on the mite, but several s;orays containing emulsified derris extracts, or finely ground derris, together with a wetting agent, showed considerable toxicity to the mite in small -scale trials conducted early in the season. Control of the pest was obtained in February by two applications of these sprays to badly infested cucumber and tomato plants. Extended trials throughout the season, nowever, showed that a - 3 U- satisfactory control of the pest was unobtainable during the summer, ever, if the same insecticides were applied at two or more tines the strength found effective in the first instance. Consequently sprays containing dcrris as the active principle appear unlikely to replace petroleum-oil emulsions for general use, and further work is necessary "before they can he recommended for use early in the season when risk of edena is greatest. This station (oO) , in 1938 reported that dcrris extract added to a petroleum-oil emulsion was more effective against red spider mites than derris only. Miles and Miles (lC_5) in 1935 reported that recent work had indicated that sprays containing derris or extract of pyrethrum may prove of value in control ling red spiders. Derris sprays '"ere used extensively against red spiders on hops. With derris sprays there is no risk of injury to delicate plants. In this publication Polvosol was advertised by Cooper, KcDougall, and Robertson, Ltd. Talding, Kent, for the control of red spiders. Polvosol is a highly concentrated liquid preparation of derris, which kills at 1:U00 and is particularly suitable for plants susceptible to edema. Jary (79) in 1935 reported tests of insecticides against the red spider on hops, "indications were that the toxicity of a derris spray to the mite may be greater some hours after' its preparation than when freshly prepared. k derris st>ray of O.OO56 percent of rotenone content enc containing O.O30 percent of* sulfonated Lorol appeared to give a complete control at the second application, whereas it failed to do so at the first. Jary (80) in 1936 agair reported the results of spraying potted hop plants for control of this mite. Two derris extracts diluted to 0.005 percent and 0.002 percent of rotenone, respectively, were without appreciable effect when two applications were made with a knapsack sprayer. Pyrethrum extract also proved ineffective. Lime -sulfur 1:79 S ave the tost resu lts in pot experiments, and proved successful in the field when a wetter '"as added. Tctranyc.hidae (unidentified spocies) Carlos (Hi) in I92S reported that red spiders are among the chief pests that can be easily exterminated by the application of insecticides containing derris or its products. The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (78) Tokyo, Japan, in 1927 reported that Nootoh, at the rate of 1 pound per 80 imperial gallons of water, killed 100 percent of the red spiders. Schmitt ( 13U ) in 1930 reported that dusting with dry powder of the finely pulverized root of Derris eiliptica "as not effective against red spiders. Andries (5) in 1932 recommended Derrisol and Katakilla for use against red sniders in South Africa. -35- Kearns, Marsh, and Pearce (84) in 1933 reported that derris spray gives a good measure of control of the red spider. Commercial experience with derris as a means of controlling apple pests in England is limited end the results have "been variable. The indifferent results ere probably due to the use of too low a concentration of the toxic principle (rotenone) . Derris is used mainly in two forms for the preparation of washes: Finely ground derris root added to a week soap solution, and en oil emulsion consisting of a derris extract in a mineral or vegetable oil. The, duration of effective toxicity after the application of some preparations may he several days, but critical data on this point are not available for apple pests. . Derris dusts have not been used to any extent on apples. Keerns, Marsh, and Martin ( 83 ) in 1935 reported trials carried out the wrevious year at Long Ashton, England, with combined sprays for the simul- taneous control of the red snider, caterpillars, end the plum sawfly on plums. At Finvin trials ^ere carried out on trees of the variety Czar. Double spraying was enroloyed, and t^o types of spray were tested in the second application. For the first amplication, on May 11, 7 days after petal fell, the following mixed spray was used: Colloidal lead arsenate 2 pints, nicotine 8 ounces, lethelete netting -preparation 8 ounces, and water 100 gallons. The second application was made on May 29, when half the trees previously sprayed on May 11 received the following spray: Refined petroleum-oil emulsion 1.5 gallons, lead arsenate powder 4 wounds, and water 100 gallons. The remaining half of these trees was sprayed on May 29 with a derris-arsenate spray of the following composition: Ground derris root (2 percent crystalline rotenone) 2 wounds, lead arsenate -powder 4 wounds, lethalate wetting prep- aration 8 ounces, and water 100 gallons. The control of the red spider was satisfactory in both types of treatment employed, end no foliage damage was recorded. Van der Lean ( 90 ) in 1936 reported that Tetrenychid.ae are sensitive to derris. The East Mailing Research Station, England (55) in 1936 reported that a proprietary derris powder was used in the routine spraying program in 1935 for the red spider on apples (l-l/4 pounds -f- 5 pounds of soft soap per 100 imperial gallons of water) . Steer ( 140 ) in 1936 published a summary of the use of derris as an insecticide in England. On damsons in 1934 derris and soap, applied on May 18, was substantially as effective as lime-sulfur for the control of red spiders. The reduction caused by these sprays in the amount of red spider injury, and the reduction in numbers of summer eggs subsequently laid on the leaves, was 92 and 97 percent, respectively. Derris showed great promise and is worthy of trial for the control of red spiders where lime-sulfur eannot be used with safety. The University of Bristol, Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station at Long Ashton, England ( 16 ) , in 1936 reported that derris was the most satisfactory' spray for the control of the red spider. -36- ^ri tor According to an anonymous/ (2) for the long A* t ° n ^»f^ < * t S ^"°?U l ^ ennuefopen day of , the University of Bristol Resea ,* t=Uo t I ^Ajht« -as held on May 6, 1937, the control of the pin* sa-fl «nft the red spide -as demonstrated by the use of combined sprays containing -hite-oil e.,.alsi and rotenone-conta.ining substances. Kearns and Martin (85) in 1938 recommended a spray con^talng 0.67 gallon of actual oil and 1 pound of derris or ^oncnoternue ground root (rotenone 4 percent) to 100 gallons of rater for ^e cpntrol of the plua Ufly. One drenching application -4e ^efore the h ch n of-J^ the esrcs controls not only the olu-n sawfly hut also refl spin „ „, derect of Lonchocernus nicou ?ave a more potent combined spray t nan did tr.e pow root. The Nev Jersey Agricultural Diriment Station (n|) in 19S J '^fdded that derris or cube ponder in-eter to "W*.'"^"!^ "s^ut there killed the adults and young of several species ef spider mites, out did not seen- to be much kill of the eggs. ' The b. Zealand Department of Scientific ^^^ZZ'teXToti in^ in 1940 reported that derris. ^^'J^^^^^^J^Z. various concentrations, gave only partial control 01 reo » - f Derris products of this type 'Cannot be regarded- es suitable substitute summer oil. Tyroclyphidae Caloqlyphus kramerii Berl. Mil. and Miles (105) in 1935 reported that dusting ^^*£ h ££ derris and pyrethrum dusts may give some relief ^ « **£* ** "** mites ( Caloglyphus kramerii Berl. is the most, common) is sevoia T yroglynhus longior Gerv. The E^rimantel and Research Station (59) of Cheshunt Herts ,*&**> in 1938 reported that several taste ^^^Z??™^! of Vr cdvcha. nicotine were tried end found unsatisfactory for tne control lyr & lone-ior in mushroom "beds. Unidentified species of Acarina See Preston (123) under ticks, on pa,:;e 41. . , i -, ■ Ai -o riiprct (\^7>) in 1928 recommended The Wo.eningen W"*?""**'^^^" foHhe control of mites. Erysit S derris preparation?! and rhytopnmne ScKmitt (134) in 1930 reported that g^^^^^t'^S of the finely pulverized root of Berris elllytice , cats, do..s, ra chickens were freed from mites within 3 to 5 hours. -37- Berneles, Bemberen, and Maldonedo (7) in 1932 reported on the therapeutic uses of cube in Peru. The first case of me.nge treated was one of generalized scebiosis, with en edema more or less diffuse, dyspneal, end olioiretic. Rubbings vere given with a rotenone solution ("Sernol") es the only treatment, changing the underclothes of the patient as frequently as is customary in these cases. The sick person stated that from the first day of treatment the itching had diminished and by the third day the edema began to decrease and the diuresis to increase. By the sixth day there were no traces of dropsical phenomena and the skin affection had disappeared. In view of this result, the remedy was used on 20 more patients, including each sex and various ages and conditions, and it invariably effected a cure after 4 or 5 daily rubbings. In a case in which mange vras complicated with skin lice the curative success in the two diseases was shown. "Piojol" (a pro- prietary rotenone preparation) not only kills the body louse ( Pedi cuius humanus corpois Beg.) with certainty, but also destroys the eggs, or nits. Hanson (72) in 1932 reported that a mixture of 1 part of fresh, finely ground derris root and 2 -certs of flour, tac, or some other carrier, applied as a dust, is a cood remedy for the control of the usual species of flea found on foxes. In discussing this paper C. W. Bower stated that good results asainst ear mites in foxes and cats had been obtained by scabbing the ears and bathing the head. and. neck in an 8- to 10-percent active solution of derris root. Generally one application was sufficient. Dr. Hanson replied: As regards derris root for ear mites, Br. w . L. Chandler, of Michigan State Collere, apparently was the first to introduce this drug as a remedy for ear mites. He proposed its use in a soap solution. This, like the aqueous solution,- fails, however, to possess ability to cut and dissolve eerwax, an ability which is a desirable, if not essential," property of an ear-manrie remedy in order that it prove effective and practicable. . Gotze (67) in 1933 compared derris suspension with oil of birch and another proprietary "Oil aa" for control of "Grabmilbenreu.de" [sarcbptic mangefj on 1-1/ 2- year- old bulls. This derris was applied as for warble fly larvae, end produced excellent results, with no disturbance to the health of the animals; whereas the oils, while giving equal control, produced reddening and swelling of the skin, as ^ell as other general disturbances. The derris can be applied without sheering the enimels. Spoon ( 139 ) in 1933 concluded thet rotenone cen be of service in horti- culture for the control of spider mites on various plants. The Wageningen Plentenziektenkundige Dienst ( 154 ) in 1933 reported the results of tests on spider mites in the Netherlands. The derris powder used in the experiments contained 2 percent of rotenone, end was added to 50 parts of 1-percent soap solution (l part rotenone to 2,500 perts of water). Pure rotenone was dissolved in 25 parts of acetone, and the acetone solution was added to 200 parts of water (l part of rotenone to 5,000 parts of water). ■33- The follo^ina: results were obtained in 1932: Rotenone concen- tration Insect Host RpSUlt Locality Is 5,000 Spider 1:2,500 do. 1:5,000 do 1:2,500 do* 1:5,000 do. 1 : 2 , 500 do' 2 percent 4-1 percent soap do Do. do ., Rose No result do do Grape and pear do do . do . do. do. do Aalsmeer Do. Naaldwijk Do. Unsatisfactory Goes i Do. Stringbeen Satisfactory Amsterdam Cucumber do. Do. 1 percent-^ 1 percent of soap do :. do' Not satisfactory Do. In 1934 the Wageningen Plantenziektenkundige Dienst ( 155 ) reported tests T-rith rotenone and derris. Rotenone, with the addition of 0.1 percent of Agral I, was sprayed with the following results: At Amsterdam this material at the rate of 1:5,000 was satisfactory against mites on pears and mites on grapes; 1:5,000 was satisfactory against mites on pears and mites on grapes; 1:5,000 kills the mites but not the eggs, therefore repeated spraying is neeessary. Rotenone, without the addition of Agral I, seve results as follows: At Pancras 1:10,000 against mites on grapes killed abput 70 percent of the mites; at Naaldwijk 1:2,500 on nonbearins: pears was satisfactory for control of mites at Eoskoop 1:5,000 did not give satisfactory control of mites in cucumlers, when sprayed during the day on May 27; enH 1:5,000 0.1 peroent of Agral I, sprayed during the da ir on June 6, was also unsatisfactory. TThen used at a concentration of 1:10,000 with 0.1 percent of Agral I, however, and sprayed in the evening on July 19, no living mites coul^ be found on July 20. The same plot was sprayed in the evening regularly each reek with rotenone 1:10,000 0.1 percent of Agral I. Cucumbers were harvested from this plot for 3 weeks longer than from the untreated plot, and commanded a higher price because they ^ere practically free fron insect injury. Alvesco derris dust did not give satisfactory results in the control of the " spint" (a mite) on grapes at Naaldwijk. DeEussy, Van der Laan, and Jacobi (19) in 1935 reported the results of tests with derris powder and rotenone on a number of insects in the Nether- lands. Thirty- t"-o species were found to be sensitive to dusting with derris -39- powder containing 2 percent of rotenone, end 15 species were found to be not sensitive. Derris or rotenone suspensions at a concentration of 1:5,000 or 1:6,250 were effective in the control of "spintmijt" (a spider mite). At Utrecht Klarenbeek and others investigated the effect of derris on parasites of dogs, cats, and foxes and found that the prospects of using it successfully against mange mites appeared good. They advised that a ^a-tery extract be made by boiling the derris ponder (2 percent rotenone) in 300 parts of water for half an hour, then adding a little soan to promote contact with the skin. The derris powder, mixed rath 40 parts of French chalk, may be rubbed in and gives, satisfactory results. The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine ( 150 ) in 1938 gave the results of much work with rotenone products. Tests made against mites and other pests in the mushroom houses at Beltsville, Md., with a number of drenches, including free nicotine (40 percent), nicotine sulfate (40 percent), alcoholic extract of pyrethrum (2 percent total pyrethrins) , hellebore ponder, and derris— root uo^der, demon- strated that the drenches containing free nicotine or the alcoholic extract of pyrethrum geve the best results, as judged by yield. Moore et a.l. ( 106 ) in 1939 reported on the control of mites infesting apple trees in the State of "eshineton. Derris powder (3.6 nercent rotenone) was extracted for 15 minutes with kerosene (l lb. to 3 qt.) and this extract was added to the resrular cryolite spray used, to control the codling moth. The reduction of mites was 95.6 percent* Ticks in General Daniels (48) in 1905 reported that in British Malaya derris was known to be useful in destroying ticks on dogs. Probably the earliest published account of the use of cube as an insecticide occurs in an article by Klinge (87) published 1910 at Lima, Peru. A translation from the Spanish is as follows: At present I am studying ^nd testing out a liquid for the control of ticks on llamas, of rrhich I spoke in one of my recent letters. There is a plant here called "Cube" in the Quechuan dialect, i-'hich is used for catching fish in dammed-up streams by poisoning the ^ater rrith the root. From tests that I made * * * maceration produces an effective insecticide, -"'hich destroys the tick; but I do not know whether it will be toxic to the llejnas, if these animals should take it internally, as would be the case in a dip-oing process. I am making solutions by crushing and maceration in various proportions, in order to find one, if possible, which kills the tick and is not To;.isonous to the llamas Q^hen usecp in quantities larger than 1 liter, which is the maximum that can be taken during a dipping bath. -40- ... Wood ( 171 ) in 1912 reported that a prepare tion made by soaking 2 pounds qf crashed fresh derris root in 2 imperial gallons of boiling water for a few hours, adding 1 quart of .this to 2 gallons of rater, readily killed ticks on do.-rs bathed in it. Dogs suffering from nance should not be treated ruth den-is solution. On June 15, 1921, W. R. Allen wrote -N. E. Mclndoo, of the Division of Insecticide Investigations, Bureau of Entomolory and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, that cube was used in Peru as a wash for killing parasites. He enclosed a snapshot "-hich showed the ^ashing of a cow to kill ticks. The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (78) , Tokyo, Japan, in 1927 reported results obtained with Neoton at seven agricultural experiment stations in Japan, The following tests were made at the Animal Husbandry Experimental Station, Chiba, Japan: A solution of 1/2 pound of Neoton and 1 pound of soap in 20 imperial gallons of water was painted on the skin of nine calves of Holstein-Ayrshire strain. All ticks were killed m ithin 28 hours. Ho injurious action on the calves ^*es noted during and .after the experiment,. A solution of 1/2 n'ound of Neoton and 1 pound of soap in 24 or 28. imperial gallops of water killed all ticks on one mature and three young Yorkshire pigs 1 hour after application. This pamphlet on Neoton also records tests by Ito, of Bolivar, Argentina, who reported in 1926 that three or four applications of Neoton will exterminate skin diseases (sarna or kraze) of cattle, and that Neoton has been found to be the most effective of all the medicaments now being used in that country. . Howes (7j5) in 1930 wrote that en infusion of the roots of Tephrosia macro-poda with water was commonly used by early settlers in Natal as a wash for freeing dogs from fleas and ticks. The IColonieal I n stituut (88) of Amsterdam in 1930 stated that there is a good, ground for believing thet derris root contains active materials other than rotenone. for instance, some Sumatra root from ^-hich no rotenone could be obtained was active. Experiments ^ere made at. the Handelsmuseum of this Instituut to test the conclusions arrived at in other countries concerning the effectiveness of derris. When dinped in the emulsion, all ticks were killed. Schmitt ( 134 ) in 1930 reported' that cats, dogs, rabcits, and chickens were freed from ticks within 3 to 5 hours after being dusted ^ith dry powder of the finely pulverized root of Derris elli^tica . Watt and Breyer-Brand^ijk (157) in 1932 st=ted that the Zulus use Tephrosia ma cr op oda as a vermin killer. The leaves of _T. vorelii pre said to be an efficient parasiticide against fleas, lice, and ticks, and are commonly used for this purpose by Europeans in Rhodesia. The Thonart of cube powder and 100 parts of oil cured mange on llamas. ¥illiams ( 168 ) in 1934 reported that the latex from the roots of Lon- ■cho carpus" nicou is used in the Andean highlands as a wash to kill ticks on cattle. ■ • "' * • " ' ; Meyer ( 102 ) in 1938 described the treatment of animals afflicted with scab by the use of timbo. A severe outbreak of scab among rabbits led to a trial of the toxic principle of timbo. The favorable results obtained led subsequently to the application of this substance in the treatment of various types of the disease in dogs, cats, swine, and other animals. A great improvement of the condition, and in many cases a complete cure, w a s obtained. The preparation used in the treatment of rabbits was an ointment made of 200 gm, of powdered timbo roots, extracted in 2 liters of ether for 2 days. Two •hundred cc. of this solution was mixed with 1kg. of vaseline, which produced an ointment slightly yellow in color. ' The 'application of this ointment was found to be ^referable to wa.shing, because it left the'fur in better con- dition. On the other hanu, do^s, cats, and swine were treated with a liquid solution of 400 gm. of the powdered roots dissolved in 1 liter of 95-percent •alcohol, or 200 cc. of ethereal extract diluted in 800 cc,' of 95-percent alcohol. Incidentally, with the treatment of the' scab infection, a large proportion of the insect pests and ticks affecting these animals at the same time were destroyed. Literature 8ited •1.- ANONYMOUS 1930. Powdered derris root. Pharm. 'Jour, and Pharm. (London] 124: 568. 2. 1937. Long Ashton Research Station. Nature {jLondonJ 139:874-875. Noted in the Daily Digest, U.S. Dept. Agr. , 65 (53): 2. -42- 3. 1939. The scrub tick. Queensland A§r. Jour. 51 (l): 97. 4. ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 1935. The use of derris in controllins carden insects. Ale. Polytech. Inst. Cir. May 20, 1935, 2 pp. [Processed.] 5. ANLRIES, H. E. 1932. Controlling Plant Pests in Southern Africa. 199 pp., illus. Johannesburg. 5. BABCOCK, 0. G. 1936. Ground devil' s- shoestrings £ives promise as a tickicid.e. U. S. Dept. Agr» , Pur. Ent. and Plant Guar. Ne^s Let. 3 (4): 14. [Processed.] 7. BERNALES, J. V., BAMBAEEN, C. A., and MALDONADC, A. 1932. Aplicaciones terepeuticas del cube o barbasco. Cr5n. Ivied. Lima 49: 309-311. 8. EISHOPF, F. C. 1931. The br'own dos; tick, with suggestions for its. control. U. S. Lept. Agr'*, Pur.. Ent. E-292, 2 pp. [Processed.] 9. 1939. The brown do£ tick, with suggestions for its control. U. S. Dept. Ajzr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine E-292, revised 3pp., illus. [Processed.] 10. and Smith * 1938. Combating the American dO£ tick, carrier of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the Central and Eastern' States. U. S. Dept. A^r. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. E-454, 5 ppi, illus. [Processed,] 11. end SMITH, C. N. 1938. The American do.: tick, eastern carrier of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. U. S. Dent. Aer. , Cir. 4?8, 25 dp. , illus. 12. BOYCE, A. M. 1936. The citrus red mite Paratetranychus citri McG. in California, and its control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29: 125-130. -43- 13. and MAXWELL, K. E. 1938. The new citrus bud mite. Calif. rCitros. 23 (3): 109, 152. 14. end PRENDERGAST, D. T. 1938, Control of citrus red mite (spider). Calif. Citrog. 23 (9): 370,, 398-400. 15. BRANNON, L. W. 1940. . Derris-pyrethrum-sulfur dust mixture effective against "bean leaf beetle and associated insects on "beans. U.S. Kept. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. News Let. 7 (7) : 22. [Processed.] .16*. BRISTOL [ENGLAND] UNIVERSITY 1936. Report on advisory work 193-1-35. Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Hpt. 1935: 220-247. 17. BROOKS, A. N., WATSON, J.R. , .and MOW, B. 1932. Strawberry production. Fla. Univ. Agr. Ext. Bui. 63, 51 pp., illus. 18. . BUSSY, L. P. de, LAAN, P. A. van der, and DIAKONOFF, A. 1936. Bestrijding van nederlandsche insecten met derris. Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten. 42: 77-100, illus. 19. : LAAN, P. A. van der, end JACOBI, E. P. 1935. Resultaten van proeven met derrispoeder en rotenone op nederlandsche insecten. Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten. 41: 33-50, illus. Also in Amsterdam Kolon. Inst., Afd. Handelsmuseum Ber. 91, 25pp.-, illus.;. and Indische Mercuur 58: ,103-104, 119-121. • 20. CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1923. Insecticidal value of derr.is. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bien. Rpt. 1922-23; 132. . 21. CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS EXCHANGE ... . ' 1935. Preliminary results of new. citrus sprays, against black scale. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 11: 1-3. 22. — 1936. . So-called "non-oil", sprays.. The use of Selocide in the Rivera-Downey- Whittier area.. Cglif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 20: 2-3. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30, 31. 32. 33. -44- 1936. Red spider. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch . Pest Control Cir. 21: 2. 1937. Red spider persists in some areas. Calif. Fruit Grocers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 31: 2. 1937. Red spider. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 35: 2. 1937. The red spider situation. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 36, 4 pp. 1938. Red spider. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Fest Control Cir. 37: 4. 1938. Importance of vinter red scale treatment. Calif. Fruit Grocers Exch. Fest Control Cir. 38: 2-3. 1938. Water rot e.~ain appears in oil-sprayed navel orchards. Red spider. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 39: 5 1938. . Present, spider condition. Calif. Fruit Grocers Exch. Fest Control Cir. 41, 4 pp. 1938. [Derris-o.il.] Ca.lif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 43: 4. 1939. [ Red spider.] Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 49, 4 pp. 1939. Red spider.. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. . 52: 3.. -45- 34. 1939. •The summer pest control program. -Calif.. Fruit Growers Exch. , Pest Control Cir. ,55, 6 .pp. . , 35. 36. 1939. Red spider. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 56: 2. 1940. The citrus aphis.. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 64, 4 pp. 37. 1941. Red spider. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. .. 73,, 4 pp. . 38. ' 1941. Red spider. Calif. Fruit Growers Exch. Pest Control Cir. 75: 39. CAMERON, A. E. , . • 1939. Insect and other pests of 1938. .Highland and Agr,. Soc. Scot. Trans. (5) 51: 135-174. 40. CAMPBELL, F, L. 1932. Review of information on the insecticide! value of. rotenone. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. E-298, 28 pp. [Processed.] 4i. CARLOS, A. S, 1926. Derris and its uses as an inse^tioide. Fert. , Feed. Stuffs, and Farm Supplies Jour. 11: 161. 42. COLEMAN, .S. H. , and.LYLE, C. 1940. Insecticides for greenhouse pests. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers Proc. 41: 116-117. 43. COMPTON, C. C. . • * 1930. Greenhouse pests, a manual of practice. in. the control of insects and other pests attacking ornamental plants and flowers croi-n .under glass in Illinois.. 111. Nat. Hist. '. Survey Cir. 12, 112 mj . , illus. 44. 1931. Red spider control in greenhouses. Jour. Econ. Ent. 24: 1094-1097. -46- 45. CONSUMERS* RESEARCH, Inc. 1937. Gardening. VI. Insecticides end fungicides. Consumers' Res., Inc., Gen. Bui. 3 (9): 13-20. 46. CRANE, D. B. 1933. Rotenone - A new parasiticide. Cornell V e t. 23 (l): 15-31. 47. CROSEY, C. R. , CHUPF , C, and LEIEY, R. W. 1939. The control of diseases and insects effecting vegetable crops on Long Island. N. Y. Agr. Col. (Cornell) Ext. Bui. 278, revised, 07 pp.,illus. 48. DANIELS, C. 77. 1905.. A plea for the scientific study of native drugs and poisons. Malaya Branch Brit. Med. A s soc. Jour. [Singapore.] (n.s.) 2: 3-5. [Reviewed in Brit. Med. Jour. 2373: 1475. ] 49. BARLEY, M. M. 1931. Some comparative tests with rotenone, nicotine, and pyrethrum, Jour. Econ. Ent. 24: 111-115. 50. DAVIDSON, W. M. 1924. Results of experiments with miscellaneous substances against the chicken mite. U. S. Deot. Agr. Bui. 1228:' 5,7. 51, 1930. Rotenone' as a contact insecticide. Jour. Econ. Ent. 23: 868-874. 52. 1930. The relative value as contact insecticides of some con- stituents of derris. Jour. Econ. Ent. 23: 877-879. 53. De ONG, E. R. , and TCIITE, L. T.W. 1924. Further studies of derris as an insecticide. Jour. Econ. Ent 17: 499-501. 54. DOWSON,' V. H. W. 1935. Notes on insecticide trials with date palms, Kut As-sayvid Estate, 1934. H a dar 8 (6): 174-175. -47- 55. EAST MAILING RESEARCH STATION 1936. Routine spraying nrogramme. East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1935) 23: 22-25. 56. EASTMAN, D. A. : •. -' •' ' ' ' 1935. Follicular mane:e in dogs. North Amer. Vet. 16 (8): 44-47. 57. EXPERIMENTAL AND RESEARC" STATION, CHESHUNT, HERTS. 1934. .[ Rotenone.}' Cheshunt Expt. and Res. Sta. Ann. Rot. (1933) 19: 70. 58. 1936. Red spider mite. [Cheshunt] Expt. and Res. Stai Ann. Rpt. (1935) 21: 73 59. 1938. Derris. [Cheshunt] Emt. and Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1937) 23: 61-65. 60. 1939. Derris. [Cheshunt] Expt. and Res. Sta. Ann. ' Rnt. (1938) 24, 108 pp. 61. FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1929. Derrisol. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Arn. Rpt. 1928: 5R-123R. 62. 1— 1931. Derrisol. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann.* Rpt. 1930: 72. 63. GARLICK, W. G. 1929. Notes on the red spider on hush fruits, Tetranychus, telarius L. Ent. Soc. Ontario, Ann. Rpt. 59:' 86-93. 64. GARMAN, P., and TO^NSEND, J . F. 1938. The European red mite" and its control. Conn. (State) Agr. Exnt. Sta. Bui, 418, 34pp., illus. 55. GNADINGER, C. B. 1933. Pyrethrum Flowers* 269 pp., illus. Minneapolis. -48- 66. GONGGREFP, I. H. 1929. Hij tenbestrijding op hevea k^eekbedden. Arch. v. Rubbercult, Nederland. -Indie 13 (2): 79-97. Also in Al§. Proefsta. der A. V. R. 0. S. Rubber Ser. 67: 19. \A-bstract in Expt. Sta. Rec. 62: 457. 67. GOTZE, R. 1933. tTber die Derrisvurzel und ihre An^endun? zur Eekampfunc von Ektoparasiten bei Rindern. Deut. Tiera'rztl. Wchnschr. 41: 129-131. 68. 1933. Die Behandlung der Rinderraude mit Derris-Taschmitteln. Berlin. Tiferarztl. Wchnschr. 49: 789-792. 69.- HAMILTON, C. C. 1934. Control of qider mites on ornamental plants. N. J. Agr. Exot. Sta. Cir. 334, 4 pp. ?0. 1938. Tests ^ith derris ponder or cube povder in rosin residue emulsion sprays for the control of shade tree insects. Natl. Shade Tree Conf. proc. 13: 140-147. 71. 19.39. Controlling house plant -oes*ts. N. J. Arr. Exnt. Sta. Cir. 388 , 4 ptd . 72. . HANSON, K. B. 1932. Parasites of ranch foxes and their treatment. Amer. Yet. Med. Assoc. Jour. 80: 202-212. 73. HEAL, R. E. 1936. Derris insecticides. VI. Summer control of European red mite on apple vr ith derris and neutral ^ettin- agents. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29: 550-556. 7 1. HOwARD, N. F. , i.vASON, F. C, and DAVIDSON, R. H. 1935. Derris for the control of certain vegetable insects. Ohio Ve™. Growers' Assoc. Proc. 20: 21-25. -49- 7 5. HOWES, F. N. 1930. Fish poison plants. Kew Hoy. Bot. Gard. Bui.. Misc. Inform. "4: 129-153. 75. HUTSON, R. 1932. Tests sho^' way to control raspberry mites. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Quart. Bui. 14 (3): 191-193. 77. 1933. Experiments on the control of mites infesting raspberries. Jour. Econ. Ent. 26: 425-430. 73. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL -AND CHEMICAL RESEARCH 1927. "Neoton" what it means to agriculturists. [Tokyo] Inst. Phys. and Chem. Res. Bui. 12 pp. 79. JARY, S. G. i ' l • 1935. Some observations upon the "Red spider" , Tetrenychus telarius L., on hops and its control, with notes on some predatory insects. Ann. Appl. Biol. 22: 538-543. 80. - 1935. Further experiments on the control of the hop red slider , mite, Tetranych us telarius L. Ann. Appl. Biol. 23: 606-611 81. end AUSTIN, 11. D. 193C. Department of Entomology. Southeast. Agr. Col. Jour. 41: 9-14. 82. JONES, H. A., and DAVIDSON, T .7. M. 1931. Preparations containing rotenone for use as insecticides. I. Aqueous suspensions. Jour. Econ. Ent. 24: 244-257. 83. KEARNS, -H. G. H. , MARSH, ?..'¥. , and MARTIN, H. 1935. Combined washed Progress Report. Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort. Res Sta Ann- Ent. 1934: 109-125. 84. MARSH* R. * ._ ana P-tAUCE, T. J. F. 1933. Experiments wifa combined insecticide- fungicide sprays for apples, Fiy-i'c.",, Pvpr>rt- Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta-. Ann. Rpt. 1932: 66-85. LIBRARY STATE PLANT BOARD -50- 85. — end MAHTIN, H. 1938. The control of plum savfly ( Ho-plocemne fleva L.) Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort.'Res. Sta. Ann. Bpt. 1927: 78- . 86. ■ and MARTIN, H. 1939. The position of combined washes in the* post-dormant s^ray program. II. The use of po*st-dormant combined rashes in fruit crops. Sci. Hort. [Wye, Kent] 7: 105-118. 87. KLING-E, G. ' 1910. Ligeros apuntes sobre el velle de Htiancayo. [Peru] Min. de Fomento, Dir. Agr. y Ganad. 8 (2): 43-45. 88. KOLONIAAL INSTITUUT TE AMSTERDAM 1930. Toeba-rortel. Inlichtinren en onderzoekin~en van de afdeeling handelsmuseum in 1929. Amsterdam Kolon. Inst. Afd. Handelsmuseum Meded. 26 (8): 91-99, illus. 89. KRANEVELD, P. C. 1936. Overzicht over t>roeven inzak<^ de tekendoodende werkinc van derrisr-ioeder-extracten. Nederland. Indische El. v. Diergeneesk. 48: 97-102, 90. LAAN, P. A. van der 1936. Verslag ven de Negen— en-Zest i--ste T7intervergaderin~ der N e derlandsche Entomologische VereenisincT," Ameterdam, February 23, 1936. Tijdschr. v. Ent. 79: 52-58. 91. LENFEST, R.E. 1926. Citrus comments. Citrus Indus. "7 (4):. 20. 92. 'LESSER, M. A. . 1940. Dermal parasiticides. Dru-T end Cosmetic Indus. 47 (l): 33-35, 37, 47. 93. LITTLE, V. A. 1931. A preliminary report on the insecticidal properties of. devil's shoestring, Cr^cca vir -iniana Linn.. Jour. Eccn. Ent. 24: 7 13-754. 94. MelNDOO, N. E. , SIEVERS, A. F., and ABBOTT, V. S. 1919. Derris as an insecticide. Jour. Agr. Res. 17: 177-200. -51- 95. Mar LEOD, J. . 1933. The use of derris against the sheep tick. Scot. Jour. Agr. 16: 84-86. ■■".*. 96. Mac LEODj J. 1938, The sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus) and its control in Great • Britain. Coop"er Tech. -Bur. Bui.. 2, 27 pp., i.llus. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (B) 26: 108.] 97. MANSCHKE, R. , t 1937. Schadlinsrsbekampfung mit Trass erigen Derrispulver-Losungen. Obst u. Gemusebau 83 .('4): 54. 98. MARNEY, U. E. . ' 1932. Controlling the Drown dog tick. North Amer. Vet, 13 (8): 22-24. • : ' 99. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1937. : [Derris.] Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1936) . 339: 36-40 46-61. • • 100. 1938. [Derris.] Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1937 (Bui. 347) , 99 pp. 101. 1939. [Derris.] Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta. 2ul. 355; 40, 60, 63. 102. MEYER, J. R. . 1938. Tratamento das sarnas dos animals pelo timbo. Biologico 4 (3): 257-261. 103. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . 1931. jperrisol.] Mich. Asrr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1931: 11. 104. 1932. [Derris.] Mich. Agr.. Exot. Sta.- Bien. Rpt. Dir. 1932; 31. -52- 105. MILES, H. W. , and WILES, M. 1935. Insect pests of glasshouse crops. 174 pp., lllus. Surtitor. Surrey, England. 106. MIRONOFF, W. , HABOKOIT, W. , and KATCHALOVA, E. 1940. Derris and its insecticidal properties. Med. parasitol. and Parasitic Dis. 9 (l-2): 106-108. 107. MOORE, J. B., GNADINGER, C. B. f COULTER, R.W. , and FOX, C.C. 1941. Control of Pacific mite and European red mite on apples. Jour. Econ. Ent. 34: 111-116.' 108. WEBSTER, R. L. , GROVES, K., and FALLSCHEER,. H. 1939. [Rotenone. ] Investigations on codling moth and mite control Wash. State Hort. Assoc. Proc. 35: 95-105. 109. MORRIS, M. L. 1936. Demodex folliculorum C^anis ) , its diagnosis and treatment. Amer. V e t. Med. A s soc.>Tour« 88' (4): 460-474. 110. MORRISON, H. E. , and MOTE, D. C. 1940. DN dusts on hops for control of the red soider. J cur. Econ. Ent. 33: 614-619. 111. MURPHY, D. F. . 1936. Insecticidal activity of aliphatic thiocyanates. III. Red sliders, and mites. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29: 606-611. 112. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION" 1938. [Rotenone.] H. J. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Hpt. (1938) 59: 46-47. 113. NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 1940. [Derris.]. Nev Zeal. Dept. Sci. and I n dus. Res. Bui. 14: 65. j 114. NORTH EAST OF SCOTLAND SHEEP TICK COMMITTEE 1939. North East of Scotland Sheei^ Tick Committee Report, 1938. 55 p-o. Aberdeen. 115. O'BRIEN, H. R. 1940. Diary of a plain dirt gardener. Better Homes & Gardens. 19 (1): 10, 63. -53- 116. OHIO AGRICCTMXIRAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1934. [Hotecide.] Ohio A^r. Exnt. St?. Ann. Rpt. (1933) 532: 43. ' 117. 1936. Entomology. Ohio Agr. Expt. Ste. Ann. Rpt. (1935) 561: 43- 51. 118. PARISH, H. E. 1940. Sulfur-cube ineffective against brown winter tick. U. S. Dept„ Agr. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Guar. Ext. Ent. 4(2): 14. 119. PENICK, S.C., and COMPANY 1936. Derris, the New Safe Insecticide. Ed. 4, 14pp., illus. New York. 120. PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1938. [ Derris.] Pa. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1938 51: 59. 121. FETHERBRIDGE, P. R- , fnd THOMAS, I. 1937. Spraying for plumsawfly. [ Gt. Brit.] Min. A^r. and Fisheries Jour. 44 (9): 858-865. 122. PETTIT, R. 1. , and HUTSON, R. 1931. The insect situation in Michigan. Ent. Soc. Ontario Ann. Rpt. 61: 33-35. 123. FRESTON, H. 1935. El cube como narasiticida. [Peru] Dir. de Agr., Ganad., y Colon.. Bol. 4 (13-16): 95-97. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (B) 23: 174.] 124. RICHARDSON, H. H. 1932. A preliminary study of the insecticidal efficiency of the pyrethrins, nicotine, and rotenone against the greenhouse red spider mite. Jour. Econ. Ent. 25: 592-599. 125. 1934. Studies of derris, nicotine, paris green, and other poisons in combination with molasses in the control of the gladiolus thrips. Jour. Agr. Res. 49: 359-373. -54- 126. 1935. The effectiveness . of various .derris end cute products for control of the red snider .on greenhouse plants. Jour. Econ. Ent. 28: 1076-^1078, .127. HIES, D. T. 1935. A nev7 mite ( Neotetrenychus buxi , n. s. Garman) on boxwood. Jour. Econ. Ent. 28: 55-62. 128. ROARK, R. C. 1938. • Derris versus cube -.Is cube equal. -to derris as an insecticide? Soap 14 (l): 111-113, 120. 129. ROBERTSON, W. H. 1939. Report of Horticultural Branch. Brit. Columbia Dept. A^r. , Ann. Rpt. (1938) 33: 27-42. 130. ROSS, I.e. 1935. Tick paralysis: A fatal disease of doss and other animals in eastern -Australia. Austral. Council Sci. and Indus. Res. Jour. 8 (1): 8-13. 131. RUBBER SERVICE LABORATORIES COMPANY, Inc. 1934. The use of Aresco and.Aresket in insecticidal sprays. GLH 634, 5 pp. [Processed.] 1935. The use of Areskan and Aresket in insecticidal sprays. Rubber Service Laboratories Co., Inc., GLH 634,' 5 pp. [Processed. ] 133. SCHEINER, A. ■ . ' • 1934. Versuche zur Bekampfunc der Rinderraude. II. ?c-itra,§:. Derris-praparate (Panderran und Eerrisol) , Auli'n. 39 pp. Hannover. (inau^.-Diss.) 134.' SCH'IITT, N.- ' • . 1930. Derris ellintica Benth. , ein ve^etabilischer und ungiftiger Insecticidlieferant. An^e^. Bot. 12: 453-463." -55- 135. SCHROEDER, C. H. 1934, The snake mite ( Qphionyssus sementium Hirst). Jour. Econ. Ent. 27: 1004-1014. 136. SMITH, C. L. 1937. Studies on the use of derris powder in the form of an aqueous suspension. Canner 84 (5): 38, 38, 40. 137. 1939. Resistance of American doe; tick to derris dins. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Eur. &rit. and Plant Guar. News Let. 6 (8): 20. [Processed.] 138. SMITH, 'D. W. 1938. Insecticidal effect of derris powder extracts. Econ. and Trade Note No. 390, 2 pp. Batavia, Java. 139. SPOON, jr. 1933. Het insecticide rotenon in de nederlandsche praktijk, eerste proefjear. Amsterdam Kolon, Inst. Afd. Hendels- museum Per. 83, 17 pp., illus. Also Indische Hercuur 56 (51): 805-807. 140. STEER, 17. 1936. Insecticides and fungicides. The use of derris root as an insecticide. -East Mailing Kent Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1935) 23: 225r-227. 141. STELLT7AAG, F. 1938. Die I.iiloenkrauselkrankheit der Rebe und ihre Bekamofun^. Piol. Reichanst. f. Land u. Porstw. Flubgl. 102, ed. 2, 8 pp. , illus. 142. STEHART, W. L. '1939.' [Derris.] The tick problem. Vet. Rec. 51 (4): 93-98. 143. 1939. ' The economic importance of Ixodes ric inus L. (British sheep tick).- Vet. Jour. 95 (9): 341-349. -56- 144. SWAN, D. C. 1934. The red-legged earth mite, Halotydeus , des tract or (Tucker) in South Australia: With remarks upon Pen thai eus ma^ :r (Luge's).. So. Austral. Deist. Agr. Jour. 33 (3): 353-367. 145. THOMAS, C. C. , and MILLER, E. E. 1940. Rotenone in the treatment of scabies. Am-r. Jour. Med. Sci. 199 (5): 670-674. 146. BURNER, N. 1932, Notes on rotenone as an insecticide. Jour. Econ. Ent. 25: 1228-1237. 147. Utf-I TED- -STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1940. Ticks and spotted fever. U. S. Dept. Agr. Employee Activ., Agr. Exch. 11 (17): 1-2. [Processed.] 148. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY 1940. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Eur. Animal Indus. Ann. Rpt. 1940: 81-82. 149. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY 1933. [Derris.] U. S. Dept'. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann. Rpt. 1933, 47 pp. 150. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 1938. [Derris.] U. S.Dept. Agr. , Pur. Ent. and Plant Guar. Ann. Rpt. 1938, 84 pp. 151. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION 1936. [Derris.] U. S. De-ot. Agr., Food and Drug. Admin., Ann. Rpt. 1936; 20-21. 152. VAN GUNDIA, G. K. 1936. Possibilities of dusting shade trees for pest control. • Natl. Shade Tree Conf. Proc. 12: 161-167. 153. WAGENINGEN PLANTENZIEKTENXUNDIGE DIENST 1928. Het spint (roode spin). Wageningen plantenziektenkundige vlugschr. 36, 4 pp. 154. •57- 1933. Rotenon en aftreksel van Derris elliptica (Akar toeba) . Wageningen plantenziektenkund . Dienst Verslag. en I/ieded. 72: 96-99. ■ 155. 1934. [ Rotenone. ] Wageningen Plantenziektenkund. Dienst Verslag. en 1/Ieded. 76, 116 pp., illus. 156. WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE 1940. Rotenone. Recommendations for codling moth and orchard mite control in Washington for 1940. Wash. State Col., Ext. Serv. Bui. 252: 10. 157. WATT,-. J. M., and BREYER-BRANDWIJK , Mv G. 1932. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern Africa. 314 pp., illus. Edinburgh. 158. WE3STER, R. L. 1932.- Red spider control. Wash. State Hort. Assoc. Proc. (1931) 27: 17-21; Northwest Pruit Grower 3 (12): 8, 12, 15; and Better Pruit 26 (8): 10-11. 159. WETGEL, C. A., and JOHNSON, G. V. ■ 1339.- Control of red spiders on cucumbers. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Guar. News Let. 6 (l) : 20. [Processed.] 160. and JOHNSON G. V. » 1939. Glycerine and tartar emetic effective against red spider. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. News Let. 6 (8): 20. r Processed.] 161. .— and JOHNSON, G. V. 1939. Control of red snider on greenhouse cucumbers. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. News Let. 6 (ll): 24. • [processed.] 152. and JOHNSON, G. V. • ■ 1940. • H'hite-oil emulsion more effective than sulfonated castor oil as spreader for d err is-pyre thrum sr>ray against red spider. U. -S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. Ne^s Let. 7 (10) : 17-18, [Processed.] • ■ - - - - • : -.-. trol for reel r: ;; :: - rips r. - - roa- rs. V. ~. Dept. :.t.. Bar. Sat. 1 r. Hews _et. -z U : 21. P r 1938. [hsecticidal tests aeeir." red - i / ar thri t n:us€ tmatces and cucunbers. J:\ir. I?:r. Int. 211-216. 155. „-_-,._.:-,. f ., - ,. ;l Effectiveness :: ierris sprays r~air.H* : ider. V. ~. I :. A^r., Bar. Sat. and Plant .l-.ar.. " = -3 1.:.. 2(11): 21 '?:::vH:ti," — - • .-._ , _• 1:3;. VersuchE --r Bekanpfnna; ier 7_=-::ie bei Rindern Hit Derris- s rat en. -I — . Hannover. Ir.e -j.-r.-Ii = s.) ' a : : : : - in iiilchw. Literatur'ber. Ill: 411. I 167. 19 27 . II zlz~ 1 : .' t. : -ru; o : sou y ; tr : s bar base s en 1 Peru, Lima, Peru, I;":. Ex pt. Agr. --: La . Una. Bol. 11, 11" pp., illxts. [Abstract in P-ev. Appl. --.-.. .-. 760-761.] 193-r. A. Peruvian fish i- r. . - i 1 -:m _ "7e~ : --. -~ — . - Z' - '.---\ -.--■'- -\:. retranychos telarius 1. t .-.-■■ ' r - - ~- - ~~ -' . -la. .-. r r. ^.~:. ~'.? . Bui. 17*0. 5TISWW, J. I. ~-Yc z , . Deirisol, a nc aphid sprey. 3iti Cndos. (2): 32. 171. - -.;:. -. i. L2 . Tuba root. 7 . I I - t. At. Bol. 1: 164- " E :.".-.. and KECK, :. B. 1930. Red spider in Ins is f ex riee. South. 71 :r is t 25) s 7 -c, .-.:::'.-, '.■". S. See Erlr.i::, E, -. , ~~ Bazlcarer. , S. A. See 3ernales, J. 7., 3reyer-3rar.ivi;;>, E. 3. 5:e watt, J". 3., 2 r ~ 3hupp, T. See Crosby, T . ?.. , *±7 S:\E.:er, 3. V. S-:-: '.:r.. J. 3., IS" 3arii = :r., 3. H. See E-ward, 3. F. , 7** Dariis-n, «. :;. See Jonas, H. A., 52 Diakonoff, A. See 3us=v, 1. 2. ie, IS Frllscheer , E. Sec >i::re, 3. 3.. 12.5 Pox, 3. T. See Moore, Jf, 3., 107 3. linger, S. 3. See ..: re, J. 3., IT" 3r:~es. 3. Sre :.:r?. 3. 3., 108 Eutson, 3. See rettit, 3. E. . 122 3::':i, 3. 3, See 3u.ssy, 1. 3. ie, 15 --=--.• > - . . ■> — w j j Katchalova, 3. See Kirrr.cff, w . , i , _ ?.i- r. , - . .-. , , ar. ~ . r . ~ c c - - s s , , _ . - . _ - , _ £ , _ - £eiby, 3. jf. See Srrsiy, :. 3.. -" Lv_e, -. see ., :_er.rr. , ~. ~. . — - Maldonado, A. See Bercr3.es, 3. 7., 3;r=2., 3. r. See leams, E. 3, E. . S3i -~ Martin, E. See Kearns, E. 3. E. . 53, .", 3: Eascr, E, S. See E: :.ri, 3. 3., 7^- 3:: 12, 3. 3. See 3:;:e, A. E. , 2" Miles, ::. Sre Miles, E. "V. . E: Miller, 1. 3. See 3E:r.:e, . . :., 2- z Mote, 3. T. See Morrison, E. 3., 2 2 2 Eevrv, E, See -r:v:-. A, ;. ., 1 - - - ,, :=3, -- r-v -* 2 ree, 2. 3. 3. See Eerrr.s. E. 2. E. . f- 3rerie r^- st , 3. 3. See 3:;.ce, ^. 2., 2- ?.icaaris:r., E. E. See VTeigc-1, 2. .-.. Schofield, D. See rfille, 2., 2;~ Sievers, A. 2. See Eclr_icc, 3. 2., -- 5 ith, :. 3. See Bishopp, 3. !. . 10, 11 ". See 2-r-r-ar., 3.. r- Fat son, 3. 3. See Brooks, A. 3., 2" Srbauer, A. See 13:, 3.. Ie" =trr, 3. 1. See 3:: re, 3. 3., 22 S ftiite, 1. 3. i. See 3e Err, 3. 3. . =;- " -60- Index of Mites, Ticks, and Insects Page Acarus "bubal us ^-------, — : • : ]_]_ American dog tick -, : — - ' 5,6 Aphid -__!___ ___! 3,2U,29,31,32 Argasidae ■<----: •■ 2 Argas niniatus ■ _:._-: : 1_ 2 Arachnida — : — 2 Avocado red mite --- : l6 Bean leaf beetle *- — - — — - — °9 Black scale — -r.-r-— r -anntiiatn-s 2k »30 >3-,3 2 Boophilus annul at us *■_- ' V Bottle tick ---- 1 — ; 6 ' British sheep tick -^_- — ._ ■- o,S Bryobia mite— ■-- ; * 13 Broad mite ' 12 Brown — ,.•••• . ... dog tick -—-— 8,9 winter tick — '■ k Bryobia — " praetiosa i-j— — > : > ■— 12 ' pratensis . See B, praetiosa , ' ' . Caloglyphus kramerii ; ■ ■ '■ 36 Castor bean tick -'- — ■' ! .'6 Caterpillar ~ : — ' — 35 Cattle tick :-—— : if Chicken mite --' ' . 3 Chorioptes bovis . ' * — 9 Citrus — aphid ■'- ' '-- 31 bud mite -' ' : : ' ' — 3 red mite '-' ' > ' — — 13 , 2U rust mite '-*- — ' ' ' 3 Clover mite < — -' ' ' — 12 Codling moth '-'---'- — ' ' ' 33 Common — red mite of chicken. See Chicken mite. ' red slider '-' ' 1 6-20, 22, 28-32 wood tick :_•__-- — __. _- R ? 6 Cyclamen mite '-' ' Date mite - : - : '■ 13 Demodex — f olliculorum bovis 10 folliculorum canis -- 10 Dermacentor — andersoni *+ nij;rolincatus ^ variabilis 5 venustus. See D. andersnni. - 61 - Page Dermanyssidae ■ -~— ---- — - : — — • 2 . Derma nyssus gallinae ' - 3 Dog- follicle mite ■ . 10 tick. See Brown dog tick. 3ar mite ■ 37 3nj tetranychus althaeae , See Tetranychus althaeae . Epitrimerus vitis - — -- 2 I^riophyes sheldoni ---. • — .- 3 Sriophyidne . • , — . 2 European red mite — : — '• ! __.__.__- T*i, 15, 16,33 Fleas — . — — 37,^0 Fowl tick :—__—__ ; ■ _ „_ 2 Fruit tree red spider — — . ._ ,-. lH~i;6 Gall mite — :_~ 2 Gamasidae ■ 3 Green mite -- • — - . lb.,18 . Greenhouse red spider 16,1% 20,26 Halotydeus destructor- ■■ '<■ 9 Earn, cheese, or flour mite ]>& Hemitarsonemus latus — '■ 12 Human itch mite -r 11' Ixodes — holocyclus ' 6 ricinus 6,8 Ixodidae h Lice . 37,^0 Mange mite . _ ip ,11, Ui Mealybug — — 23 Mexican bean beetle 23,29 Kite ?, 3, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 32, 33, 3^,36, 37,32,39 Mushroom mite 3" Neo t et ranyc hus buxi 13 Oak mite- — : = r f 13 Oligpnychus — simplex — 13 ulmi. See Pa ra tetranychu s pilosus . Onion thrips r 21 Ophionyssus serpent ium . 2 Ornithodoros — -.•'." moubata 2 tartakovskyi _ ■ .___.,- 2 -. 62 - Page Pacific mite 32 Paras itidae -— ■ =•____=.- o, Paratet r anychas; — bicolor 13 citri 13 ilicis 1*+ -pilosus 1^- sr>. l6 12 thersii lb Pediculoidida© 9 v PtKliculus corporis 37 Pen thai eidae 9 Phyllocoptes — cleivorus 3 viticulus 3 vitis 3 P i ?Tr.v--. eoriho rus sp. 9 Plun sawfly 16,35,36 Potato leaf hopper 29 Psoroptes sp. 11 Raspberry mite 1 4 ,32 Red— legged earth mite 9 Red— - mite on apples 3" scalc^T-?^- — j^-»~T(fW--~--~< » •*- 30 spider. See . also Common red. spider-. snider mite. See Red spider. Rhipicephalus sanguineus 8 Rust mite — '~ 3 Ssrcoptes — ocabiei ~ H sp.™ 11,12 Sarcoatidae — 9 Scale ™ 30-32 Scrub tick b ( Seiulus) Lasioseius pomi 5 Sheep tick °,7,8 Snake mite 2 Saider- — See Red spider, oite 3l,32,35,37r39 Spotted fever tick *+ Spruce mite lb Tnrsonemidae 12 Tarsonemus — pallidus 1 o sp. 12 t ran slue ens. See Hemi tarsonemus lntus . Tetranychidae 12,3^,35 Tetrnnychus — althaeac 32 bimaculatus 13 »lo - ?3 - Tage Tetrrnychus — Continued. ncdnnieli- 3 2 pacificus 1*+ ,32 telarius 33 Thrips 29 Ticks ^-9,36,39-1+1 Two-spotted mite. See Red spider. Tyroglyphidae 3" Tyroglyohus longior 3^ Vermin 1+0 Warble fly 37 UNIVERSITY OF PLORIDA 3 1262 09230 4137