LIBRARY 
 STATE PLANT BOAR* 
 
 Technical Series No. 8. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. - 
 
 WpBlMOI TOWARD 4 MONttfM OF THE AMERICAN 
 
 ALEURODIDI 
 
 BY 
 
 A. L. QUAINTANCK, AT. S'., 
 
 Biologist aud Horticulturist of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga. 
 
 THE RED SPIDERS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 (TETRANYCHUS AND STKJM.EUS). . 
 
 NATHAN BANKS, M. S., 
 
 Assistant, Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
 PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST 
 
 SB 
 
 llll 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERN Mi: NT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1 9 00. 
 
I 
 
Technical Series No. 8. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE AMERICAN 
 
 ALEUR0DID1 
 
 A. L. QTJAINTANCE, M. S., 
 
 Biologist and Horticulturist of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, Experiment, Q-a. 
 
 THE RED SPIDERS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 (TETRANYCHUS AND STIGM^US). 
 BY 
 
 NATHAN BANKS, M. S., 
 
 Assistant, DiTision of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
 PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 (iOVKRXMKXT PKIXTIX(; OFFICE, 
 
 1 1)00. 
 
LETTER OP TRANSMITTAL 
 
 United States Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 Washington, D. C, April 10, 1900. 
 . Sir: I have the honor to submit for publication No. 8 of the tech- 
 nical series of bulletins of this Division. It contains two articles, the 
 one prepared by Mr. A. L. Quaintance, biologist and horticulturist, 
 Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and the other, at the writer's 
 suggestion, by Mr. Nathan Banks, of this Division. The subjects con- 
 sidered, namely, the so-called white flies (Family Aleurodidae) and the 
 so-called red spiders (the Acarid genera Tetranychus and Stigmseus), 
 are both groups of very considerable economic importance, some of 
 the white flies doing considerable damage to Southern horticulture, 
 and the red spiders being known as greenhouse pests in all parts of 
 the country and as outdoor enemies to certain crops in the warmer 
 States. With these groups, as with the others which have been pre- 
 viously treated in a monographic way in the earlier bulletins of this 
 series, there has existed, up to the present time, so much confusion 
 as to the differentiation of forms that the economic worker has not 
 been able to know with any certainty the exact form upon which he 
 might happen to be at work from the remedial standpoint. It is 
 hoped that these papers will clear the field so that this uncertainty 
 need no longer exist. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 L. O. Howard, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
 Hon. James Wilson, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 3 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Contributions Toward a Monograph of the American Aleurodid^e. 
 
 Introduction 9 
 
 Family Aleurodidie 11 
 
 Genus Aleurodes 11 
 
 Table of the American species of Aleurodes 12 
 
 Genus Aleurodicus 43 
 
 Table of species of Aleurodicus 43 
 
 The Red Spiders of the United States [Tetoranychus and Stigmueus) . 
 
 History 65 
 
 Structure...! 1 66 
 
 Habits 69 
 
 Important American bibliography 70 
 
 Tetranychidse 70 
 
 Tetranychus Dufour 70 
 
 Siigmseus Koch 77 
 
 Index of Genera and Species 79 
 
 5 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2013 
 
 http://archive.org/details/contributionstowOOquai 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PLATES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plates I-VIII. Aleurodidas 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64 
 
 TEXT FIGURES. 
 
 Fig. 1. Tetranychus bimacidatus 65 
 
 2. Tetranychus: mandibular plate 67 
 
 3. Tetranychus: cephalothorax from above 67 
 
 4. Tetranychus: mouth parts 68 
 
 5. Tetranychus: genital organs 69 
 
 6. Tetranychus: leg 69 
 
 7. Tetranychus mytUaspidis: claws 71 
 
 8. Tetranychus bicolor: claws 72 
 
 9. Tetranychus tumidus: palpus 73 
 
 10. Tetranychus bbnamlatus: palpus 74 
 
 11. Tetranychus biviaculalus: claws 74 
 
 12. Tetranychus telarius: palpus and plate 75 
 
 13. Tetranychus sexmaculatus: palpus 75 
 
 14. Tetranychus desertorum: palpus and plate 76 
 
 15. Tetranychus gloveri: palpus and plate 76 
 
 16. Stigmwus Jloridanus 77 
 
I 
 
 It 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF 
 THE AMERICAN ALEURODID.l:. 
 
 By A. L. Quaint ance. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The writer's attention was called to this much neglected family of 
 Homopterous insects about four years ago by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, 
 since which time considerable material has been collected, or sent in 
 by correspondents, and during the past year I have had the pleasure, 
 through the kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard, of studying the collection 
 of Aleurodidae of the Division of Entomology of the United States 
 Department of Agriculture. A considerable number of species have 
 been met with that are undescribed, several of which are characterized 
 in the present paper. So far as I have been able to ascertain, all 
 American species of Aleurodidae are indicated in the following pages ; 
 Aleurodes vaporariorum is included in this list ; although originally 
 described from Europe, it has now become quite common in green- 
 houses, in various parts of the eastern United States at least. In all 
 cases reference is made to the original description of a species, and to 
 such other references as are of any importance from a systematic 
 standpoint. From a study of this literature it is at once apparent 
 that the as yet meager study of American Aleurodidae has been, for 
 the most part, done during recent years. In the United States, for 
 example, there were but three species recorded previous to 1884. 
 Forbes, in 1884:, described from Illinois Aleu radix accrix, which, how- 
 ever, should now be known as forbe&ii Ashmead, since ace? v is is pre- 
 occupied by a European species. 1 In 185)3 Riley and Howard described 
 Aleurodes citri, previously briefly described by Ashmead in the 
 
 1 Monograph N. Anier. Proctotrypidiv, Bui. 45, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 294. 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 Florida Dispatch, November, 1885. Aleurodes pyrolce Gillette and 
 Baker, was described in L895; Aleurodes herbericola Cockerell, in 
 IS ( .H>; Aim ,-<></<* ruhnrum Cockerell, and Aleut-ode* uureocineta Cock- 
 erell, in 1897. Since 1897 to date four species have been described 
 from the United States, giving a total of thirteen, one an Aleurodicus 
 and twelve belonging to Aleurodes. From the West Indies, Mexico, 
 Centra] and South America twenty species have been recorded, seven 
 of w hich are species of the genus d [I < u /-odious and thirteen of Aleu- 
 rodes, Of these, six were described before 1895. It is evident, there- 
 fore, to any one who has observed the variety of forms in this family 
 that our knowledge of American Aleurodida3 is still very imperfect, 
 and, with the exception of Aleurodes citri, our knowledge of their life 
 history and habits is even more incomplete. 
 
 The specific characters in the genus Aleurodes are derived mainly 
 from the pupa-case, the adults, except in species with banded or 
 spotted wings, offering but very little of use in characterization. In 
 Aleurodicus, on the other hand, the most valuable specific characters 
 are to be found in the adults, although to me there has appeared to be 
 more variation in the pupa-case than has been generally stated. Ordi- 
 narily, the founding of species on the characters derived from imma- 
 ture stages of insects is unwarranted; but with this family, however, 
 particularly in Aleurodes, as has been pointed out by Maskell and 
 others, the pupa-case offers by far the more valuable characters, and it 
 is doubtful if species could be satisfactorily separated, except in a 
 few cases, from adult characters alone. Moreover, it is in the pupal 
 stage that these insects are most frequently observed and collected, the 
 minute "white-flies " that may be flying around being usually not asso- 
 ciated with the stationary scale-like insects on the leaves. Again, 
 injury is caused by these insects it is likely, mainly, in their immature 
 stages, which fact, from an economic standpoint, renders it necessary 
 that these stages be characterized. For these reasons the writer 
 believes that the characterization of species of Aleurodes, at least, 
 should be based largely on pupal characters; there is as much varia- 
 tion, probably, in the pupa-case <>f differenl species of Aleurodes as 
 there is in the species of Asjti.dtni Myt //<v.sy>/.v, Vhionttxpts, or other 
 genera of the ( '<,<•<•!, ht. The w riter by no means favors the disregard 
 of the imagoes, and especial effort should be made by collectors to 
 Secure this Stage. 'Phis ordinarily may be easily done, where the 
 pupie are somewhat numerous, by placing the leaves in a jar for a few 
 day-, to allow the more mature pupa 4 to develop into adults. 
 
 To preserve Aleurodida 1 satisfactorily for study it is advisable to 
 keep two series. As soon as material is collected, specimens of all 
 stages should be mounted in xylol balsam on slides, after careful 
 
 live notes" have been taken, particularly with reference to the col- 
 oration of the differenl parts, and with adults as to the division or not 
 
11 
 
 of the eyes. Soon after mounting, the relative lengths of the joints of 
 the antennae of adults are much more readily distinguished than later. 
 The other series should consist of adults preserved dry in vials, and 
 the infested leaves so pinned that the waxy secretion from the larva 1 
 and pupa-cases will not be in any way damaged. 
 
 I am under obligations to Prof. T. D. A. Coekerell for bibliographic 
 references, numerous specimens sent, and other courtesies; and I have 
 been much aided by the careful entry notes made by Mr. Theodor Per- 
 gande on the material received by the Division of Entomology and 
 kindly furnished me by Dr. L. O. Howard. 
 
 Family ALETJRODIDiE. 
 
 Small to minute insects infesting the leaves of plants, usually on 
 the lower side; the immature stages scale-like; the adults with two 
 pairs of wings, and covered or dusted with a whitish meal-like secre- 
 tion of wax. 
 
 In the immature stages the body may be more or less covered by a 
 secretion of wax, frequently quite copious. The most distinctive 
 Aleurodid character in the larval or pupal stages is in the presence of 
 a subovate, triangular or semicircular opening on the dorsum of the 
 last abdominal segment, known as the "vasiform orifice." This con- 
 sists of the orifice; the operculum, a more or less lid-like structure 
 attached to the rim of orifice cephalad, and the lingula, a more or less 
 slender tongue r strap-shaped organ, attached cephalad within the 
 orifice and extending frequently quite beyond its caudal margin. 
 
 In the adults the mentum is three segmented, inclosing the three 
 rostral setae; antennae seven jointed, the first two joints short and 
 thick, the others slender and numerously ringed. Eyes usually some- 
 what constricted near the middle, dumb-bell shape or reniform, or 
 even completely divided. Above each eye is a single ocellus. Tarsi 
 two jointed, with three terminal claws, the middle one of which is 
 short and small. The wings when at rest are nearly horizontal, extend- 
 ing caudad considerably beyond the abdomen, rounded distally. Both 
 fore and hind wings may he immaculate or variously spotted or banded, 
 usually with dusky or reddish. 1 
 
 Genus ALEURODES Latreille. 
 
 AVith the characters of the family. Adults, with hut a single basal 
 branch to vein of fore wings; hind wings, with but a single vein. 
 
 1 For a more detailed account of the characters of Aleurodidie, see Maskell, Trans. 
 N. Z. Inst., 1895, p. 415. 
 
12 
 
 TABLE OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF ALEURODES. 
 
 I. Pupa-case usually but little hidden by secretion; with lateral fringe— i. e., any 
 secretion from marginal wax tubes. 
 
 II. Pupa-case usually hidden by a mass of hairy, waxy or flocculent secretion. 
 HI. Papa-case evident, and without lateral fringe. 
 
 I. Pupa-case usually but little hidden by secretion; with lateral fringe—?, e. anv secre- 
 tion from the marginal wax tubes. ' - 
 Pupa -case uniformly brown or black. 
 
 With dorsal secretion of wax. Dorsal secretion cottony or mealv in 
 appearance. 
 
 Pupa-case dark brown to black, elliptical, slightlv convex, about 
 0.85 mm. long. Dorsum covered with white meal, frequently 
 becoming quite solid. Lateral fringe, all around, agglomerated 
 a most into a solid plate, of unequal length, giving a star shape of 
 about 8 rays. Operculum subcircular, covering about one-half of 
 orifice; hngula obsolete stellaia Mask. (37.) 
 
 Pupa-case black, elliptical, convex, 1.8 mm. long. Margin thick 
 with conspicuous groove on dorsal surface, and short fringe of 
 wax on ventral surface. Around vasiform orifice, a large, nearlv 
 transparent, hemispherical area, but dusted with white secretion 
 Around lateral margin, a row of about 32 sharp sword-like hairs' 
 Adult 9 with basal half and portions of rest' of wing smoky. 
 
 •d . . fumipemiis 4Iempel (18.) 
 
 Pupa-case shiny black; size about 0.92 by 0.61 mm.; subelliptical 
 moderately convex; lateral fringe rather short, truncate; dorsal 
 secretion of 3 longitudinal stripes of cottony or mealy wax. 
 
 -d, ti.,,, acaci.-en.sp. (3.) 
 
 Pupa-case .dull black; subelliptical; 0.81 by 0.52 mm.; the copious 
 lateral fringe, about twice the width of case in length. A slight 
 »H*aly secretion may occur on dorsum; with tube-like- longitudinal 
 'n^o-dorsal elevation, cephalad, arrow-shaped; along aWominal 
 segments, suggesting a trachea, with a glottis caudad. 
 
 t» , • tracheifer n. sp. (38 ) 
 
 'T^T S,m, . y bhW,k > ,lat ' '"^at,; 0.95 by 0.81 nn,,; clphalo- 
 ateral n.arg.ns on each side with an indenture and thickening, 
 lateral trmge sem, transparent; a very light mealv secretion of 
 wax may occur along body segments. Dorsum uith small black 
 
 U'itlw „t *i • 'Jiia'ci<*-<uju<iticiv n. sp. (33) 
 Without dorsal secretion oi wax. • 
 
 Eaten] binge gelatinous looking (translucent). 
 
 I'upa-ease pi, eh black, oval, hardly one millimeter long. The gela- 
 ""•.T f 7"^ "^<-"<lingout iron, ease, rather more than one-half 
 w.dth oi case, and raising it upsomewhat. From eephalo-lateral 
 " ride "«»'" caudal end a pencil of white wax 
 rvstmg on gelatinous rim gdaHnonu OkU, (19) 
 
 </»"■„,.<-,,,,„„/„,,■ n .» v . See above, 
 lateral fringe a series of distinct radiating waxy ribbons 
 
 I'lipa-cane intense black, oval, hardly over a millimeter long. The 
 ateral fr,n,e of 12 broad ribbon-like rays of glassy wax, yellow 
 l»a>ally, a | MMlt JLS Umf , ^ <>f ^ vklKmM ^ Qkn (4J) 
 
13 
 
 Lateral binge a narrow, continuous rim of white waxen filaments. 
 
 Pupa-case dense black, broadly elliptical, 1.2 mm. long. Moderately 
 
 convex, with rounded median ridge » cockeretti v. Ihering. (9) 
 
 Lateral fringe a more or less copious cottony secretion. 
 
 Pupa-case shiny black, elliptical, about 0.7 by 0.55 mm. A copi< >Ufl 
 white cottony fringe all around, continuous nasally, but ragged 
 distally. Case moderately convex, with evident rounded median 
 ridge. Fore-wings of adults marked with red and brownish 
 black'. mori Q. (24) 
 
 "Larva (Pupa-case?) flavous, the disk of the larger individuals 
 dark brown ; the margin is ciliate with white." Wings of adults 
 immaculate corni Hald. (10) 
 
 Pupa-case shiny black, subelliptical 0.7 by 0.55 mm. Dorsal disk 
 larger than ventral, and the marginal rim of wax tubes bent 
 downward and inward. The scant cottony secretion from mar- 
 ginal wax tubes appearing as a vertical fringe, .abnormis n. sp. (1) 
 
 tracheifer n. sp. See above. 
 Pupa-case yellowish, or greenish. 
 
 Dorsal secretion simply a submarginal series of brittle curved waxen 
 rods from distinct pores or papilla;. 
 
 Pupa-case pale yellow, elliptical, about 0.56 mm. long, flattish. 
 Margin minutely crenulated, the wax tubes bearing a short fringe 
 of straight white tubes. Within the submarginal series of papillae 
 on dorsum, are 8 large circular orifices : 2 on cephalic, 4 on 
 
 thoracic, and two on abdominal region erigerontis Mask. (12) 
 
 Dorsal secretion a submarginal series of curved waxen rods from dis- 
 tinct pores or pustules, and a more central secretion of thin, brit- 
 tle, yellow wax, usually fragmentary. 
 
 Pupa-case, yellow, the median region at length darkening, ellip- 
 tica?, about 0.75 mm. long. With two lateral depressions on each 
 side, similar to those in a Lecanium. Lateral fringe short, frag- 
 mentary. Within submarginal series of pustules on dorsum are 
 12 other pustules : 2 large on cephalic region, 2 large on thoracic 
 region, 4 large on abdominal region, 2 large on caudal region, 
 
 and 2 small at vasiform orifice nicotians Mask. (26) 
 
 Without dorsal secretion. 
 
 The lateral fringe, a delicate, white, band-like secretion. 
 
 Pupa-case pale greenish, oval, with margins anteriorly very sinu- 
 ous; 0.5 mm. long. Within margin all around a parallel line the 
 intervening space crossed by equidistant straight lines; a second 
 parrallel line, often faint, within the first, the space thus formed 
 also crossed by lines closer and shorter than in first zone. On 
 ventral surface, near middle line are five pairs of strong setaceous 
 hairs, all very long, and projecting mostly beyond the margin. 
 Wings of adults immaculate; eyes large, black, bean-shaped... 
 
 filiciinn, Grdldi (13) 
 
 The lateral fringe consisting of but three curling, white waxen filaments, 
 from long thickened tubular pores, opening, one on each side in 
 cephalc-lateral region, and one at caudal end of case. 
 Pupa-case pale greenish yellow to yellowish, broadly oval, but 
 little convex, applied close to leaf, and inconspicuous; 1.4 by 
 0.8 to 1 mm.; margin minutely crenulated, and with radiating 
 lines extending mesad. Vasiform orifice, small, subeircular; 
 Operculum short, Concave distally. Adults with immaculate 
 wings citri K. & II. (8) 
 
14 
 
 II. Pupii-casc usually hidden by a mass of hairy, waxy, or flocculent secretion. 
 
 The secretion white, felt-like, or hairy. 
 
 Pupa-ease black, oval, 0.94 mm. long. Flat, but dorsum with a 
 median ridge, and several transverse furrows. Margin with 
 double erenulation. Vasiform orifice and operculum hemispher- 
 ical; operculum small, not filling orifice. Wings of adult 9 
 immaculate parvus Hempel. (27) 
 
 Larva yellowish green, somewhat roundish, 0.5 mm. long. Margin 
 w it 1 1 double crenulations which are pointed distally. Ventral sur- 
 face with five pairs of bristles along middle line, about as long as 
 one-third width of body. Pupa case with 10 to 12 long radiating 
 w ax threads, star-like goyabx Goldi. (20) 
 
 larva similar to goyabm, but only the caudal pair of bristles readily 
 discernible. Pupa-ease scantily covered with the unequal curling 
 waxen threads. A submarginal series of equally spaced short 
 
 bristles ai-pim Goldi. (4) 
 
 The secret u>n yellowish, long, hair-like. 
 
 Pupa-ease light yellow, elliptical, 1 mm. long, flat. Denuded of 
 the yellowish hair-like secretion, a longitudinal median, and 
 submarginal secretion on each side of white wax is evident, 
 Vasiform orifice subelliptical. Operculum hemispherical, nearly 
 fitting orifice, the caudal end notched. Adult 9 with wings 
 
 immaculate, eyes black hoiridus Hempel. (22) 
 
 The secretion white, flocculent. 
 
 Pupa-ease dull yellow, elliptical, 0.56 to 0.84 mm. long, slightly 
 convex. Margin conspicuously crenulated, the wax tubes bear- 
 ing besides the flocculent matter a moderately ltrng fringe of 
 straight, white wax tubes. Dorsum with six long slender cylin- 
 drical spines, the caudal pair frequently bearing a pencil of white 
 wax. Vasiform orifice twice as broad as long; operculum short, 
 
 broad; lingula obsolete jloccam Mask. (15) 
 
 The secretion of very long, curling bundles of snowy white wax in the 
 form of a rosette. 
 
 Pupa-case yellowish, elliptical 0.78 by 0.5 mm.; the curling bundles 
 of white wax from submarginal area, and a more er less columnar 
 central secretion. A submarginal series of glassy, curved, waxen 
 
 rods, from distinct papilhe ; case raised on vertical fringe 
 
 pergandei n. sp. (28) 
 
 The secret ion a submarginal scries of broad waxy ribbons with a more 
 central secretion, more or less columnar in appearance. 
 
 Pupa-case shiny black, sub-elliptical; 0.72 by0.4<> mm. The copious 
 secretion, as a whole, rosette-like, the ribbons of wax rather long, 
 curving outward and downward. Lateral fringe semi-transparent 
 am! agglomerated phnnosa n. sp. (31) 
 
 III. Pupa-case evident, and without lateral fringe. 
 
 Pupa-case more or less marked with brown or black, but not uniformly. 
 With dorsal secretion of wax from distinct po res or papilla). 
 The secretion, a submarginal scries, of brittle more or less curving 
 waxen rods. 
 
 Pupa-ease yellowish to whitish, with broad longitudinal medio- 
 donal band of dark-brow n; elliptical, 0.7 by 0.48 mm.; raised on 
 vertical fringe fitchill.ep. (14) 
 
 Pupa ea-e greenish white, but writ ha row on each side of more or 
 les> brownish spots; elliptical, 0..s:j by 0.57 mm. The glassy rods, 
 
15 
 
 from very closely set submarginal papilla , and frequently as long 
 
 as ease is wide Jloridntsis n. sp. (16) 
 
 Pupa-case with a longitudinal medio-dorsal stripe, and a sub-mar- 
 ginal area of varying width whitish, otherwise brown, deepest 
 lateral of central stripe; elliptical, 0.75 by 0.52 mm. The sub- 
 marginal series of waxen rods rather short. No vertical fringe.. 
 
 vittata n. sp. (42) 
 
 The secretion in part a submarginal series of sheathed bundles of small, 
 curling, w hite waxen rods, from distinct groups of rather small 
 pores. 
 
 Pupa-case with marginal, somewhat wedged-shaped, da«hes of 
 brown; two broad, longitudinal, interrupted, sub-dorsal bands of 
 brown; subovate; 1.79 by 1.26 mm. A central and two lateral 
 longitudinal matted exudations of wax. A very high vertical 
 
 fringe altissima n. sp. (5) 
 
 The secretion a submarginal series of glassy, curved, waxen rods from 
 papillae or pores, and similar rods more or less promiscuous on 
 dorsum from circular pores. 
 
 Pupa-case yellowish to whitish, but with frequently a brownish 
 coloration along dorsi-meson; elliptical; 0.72 by 0.45 mm. On the 
 thorax the pores are promiscuous, but along abdomen are inclined 
 to occur in longitudinal rows. Adults with wings marked with 
 
 smoky black rolfsii Q. (34) 
 
 Dorsal secretion when present in form of a whitish, mealy exudation, or 
 in extreme cases a matted plate of wax covering entire dorsum. 
 
 Pupa-case brown to brownish black, with 3 more or less evident 
 transverse stripes of whitish: one at cephalic end, one at middle, 
 and one at caudal end, crossing vasiform orifice. Ovate, to 
 broadly elliptical, about 1.5 mm. long. Case raised quite high on 
 vertical fringe of wax, about as high as one-half width of case. 
 
 .forbesii Ash. (17) 
 
 Without dorsal secretion of wax. 
 
 Pupa-case yellowish-brown, and with more or less interrupted 
 strips of dark brown along dorsi-meson; oblong to elliptical; 1 by 
 0.46 mm. On each side of median rounded keel, along abdomen, 
 are large, irregular, toothed depressions, usually a pair to each 
 segment. In adult $ wings immaculate; eyes divided; antenna 
 with a long terminal process graminicola Q. (21) 
 
 "Larva (pupa-case?) plane above and beneath; elevation about 
 one-third the length, periphery vertical; pale flavous; the larger 
 individuals with a conspicuous dorsal vitta" .abuttionea HakL (2) 
 
 Pupa-case, dorsally black but with a very broad lemon-yellow or 
 whitish marginal area; oval, somewhat over a millimeter long, 
 Adult $ , with eyes completely divided; wings with suffused 
 
 dusky spot, at end of vein, more evident on cephalic pair 
 
 aureocinctu Ckll. (6) 
 
 Pupa-case uniformly black. 
 
 The dorsal secretion, a submarginal series of glassy, curling waxen rods 
 from distinct pores or papilla*. 
 
 Pupa-case ovate, about 0.8 mm. long. The glassy waxen rods in 
 some cases almost if not quite as long as case is wide. Case with 
 conspicuous vertical fringe. Adults with immaculate wings, eyes 
 
 not completely divided rufxmtm Gkll. (35) 
 
 The dorsal secretion, a submarginal series of short, truncate, white, 
 waxy ribbons, with a more central secretion of columnar appearance. 
 
16 
 
 Pupa-case shiny black, subelliptieal, 0.92 by 0.66 mm. The sub- 
 marginal ribbons, extending out at an angle of about 45°, givingj 
 
 appearance of an elliptical crown coronata n. sp. (11)1 
 
 Pupa-case, uniformly yellowish or whitish. 
 Without waxy secretion of any kind. 
 
 Pupa-case, pale straw-yellow, somewhat darker towards center, 
 elliptical, 1.25 by 1 mm. Margin finely and densely wrinkled all 
 around, the wrinkles extending radially inward to about one- 
 half the length to the middle line, on the sides. Vasiform 
 
 orifice darker than surrounding area, unequally triangular 
 
 pyrolae G. & (32) j 
 
 Pupa-case (empty) colorless, oval, 0.75 mm. long. Margin radiately ! 
 striate. Vasiform orifice an elongated triangle, the two sides I 
 nearly straight, and nearly twice as long as base. Operculum I 
 hemispherical or semilunar, concave at base. Lingula elongate, | 
 sub-spatulate. No conspicuous submarginal orifices. Adult 9 
 with immaculate wings; head and entire body deep orange- 
 yellow; legs pale lemon yellow. Eyes jet black, each one com- 
 pletely divided berbericola Ckll. (7) 
 
 Pupa-case whitish, elliptical, 1 by 0.61 mm. Flat, marginal wax 
 tubes evident, Vasiform orifice sub-cordate without corrugations; 
 lingula terminating in subcircular lobe. . .nephrolepidis n. sp. (25) 
 
 Pupa-case yellow to lighter, ovate, narrowed caudad; 0.81 by 0.55 
 nun. Somewhat convex, marginal wax tubes obscure. Vasiform 
 orifice subtriangular, inner lateral margins corrugated; lingula 
 
 arrow-shaped distally inconspicua n. sp. (23) 
 
 Secretion present. 
 
 Dorsal secretion a submarginal series of glassy, curved, waxen rods from 
 distinct pores of papilla?, and a more dorsal secretion of very long, 
 tapering, curved, waxen rods, in pairs, from large circular pores. 
 
 Pupa-case yellowish, oval to elliptical; about 0.76 by 0.48 mm. 
 The submarginal wax tubes rather short, and blunt. The very 
 long rods from dorsum occurring: a pair very close to cephalic 
 margin, a pair on cephalic region, a pair on thoracic region; two 
 pain on abdominal region; a pair at caudal end, and a pair just 
 within margin, from caudo-lateral region. In adults rostrum 
 
 reaching nearly to abdomen. Wings immaculate 
 
 raporariomm Westw. (34) 
 With a rather copious, white, dorsal secretion. 
 
 Pupa-case yellowish, elliptical, 0.86 by 0.53 mm. With a short, 
 downward curving, pearly white submarginal secretion of wax, 
 hiding margin of case, and .'5 prominent, more central, inward- 
 curving columns set in a triangle. Operculum considerably 
 broader than long; lingula spatulate, with L> pairs of set;e near 
 distal end persex &. sp. (29) 
 
 pcrynnrfri n. sp. See above. 
 Dorsal secretion a variable submarginal scries of glassy, curved rods 
 from distinct pores or papilla'. 
 
 Pupa-case yellowish, elliptical. 0.65 by 0.:>0 nun., raised on vertical 
 fringe of white \v;ix. Vasiform orifice with rounded indenture, 
 caudad; lingula four-lift lis length of orifice, with X pairs of lateral 
 
 Lobes and a distal lobe. In adults, wings immaculate 
 
 rariahilix n. sp. (40) 
 
 I nlfst . See above. 
 
17 
 
 Without dorsal secretion. 
 
 Pupa-case yellow, broadly elliptical, convex, 1.15 by 0.83 mm. A 
 short, more or Lees slanting, fringe all around of white wax, doubt- 
 less homologous with vertical fringe. Vasiform orifice broadly 
 ovate, lingula spatulate. Dorsum void of pores and papillae. In 
 adults, wings with a distal dusky spot xpirxoides n. sp. (36) 
 
 It has not been possible to indicate in the above table, the Alewrodrs 
 ph(rtcmoides of Blanehard, reported from Chile, in 1840. The descrip- 
 tion is meager, and based on the adult. In the Division of Entomology 
 collection, are specimens of an Aleurodes, received through Professor 
 Cockerell, from Mr. F. Lataste, Chile, under the name Alcurod^ 
 plmhwoides Lataste. Possibly this is meant for Blanchard's />/m/<i- 
 xwidi s. Until more information is obtained on this point, and pending 
 the finding of Lataste's description, it may be well not to consider A. 
 phalaroides Lataste, as a distinct species. 
 
 1. Aleurodes abnormis n. sp. (Plate I, figures 1-3.) 
 
 Pupa-case, — Size, about 0.7 by 0.55 mm.; dense black, and cleared 
 only after prolonged boiling in KOH. Shape, subelliptical, varying 
 somewhat in outline. There is no lateral fringe, in the ordinary sense. 
 The pupa-case becomes at length comparatively thick, and the dorsal 
 disk is larger than the ventral. The marginal rim of wax tubes is 
 bent downward and inward to the ventral surface of case, thus con- 
 necting, the ventral and dorsal disks by an inward slanting rim. From 
 this reflexion of the marginal rim the lateral wax tubes open directly 
 against the surface of leaf, and the white cottony exudation of wax 
 appears at first sight as homologous to the vertical fringe of wax, or 
 palisade by which, in many species, the pupa-case is elevated from 
 surface of leaf. This exudation is light, and does not elevate the case 
 to tiny extent from the leaf. On the reflexed marginal rim the flirt- 
 ings of the wax tubes may be observed with varying distinctness up 
 to the dorsal surface of case.. Dorsum void of exudation of any kind. 
 In immature specimens dorsum is concave, and there is a furrow all 
 around just within margin of dorsum, the rim being quite prominent 
 as a raised boundary line. Case at length becomes moderately convex. 
 There is a pair of setae on caudal end of case, and a pair just cephalad 
 of gasiform orifice. Under hand lens the abdominal segments .appear 
 moderately distinct, and the 4 straight suture, extending from third 
 thoracic segment cephalad to margin of case, is quite distinct, and 
 the margins on either side minutely sculptured. The vasiform orifice 
 seen in boiled specimens is small, Bubcircular, with semielliptical 
 operculum and small obscure lingula. 
 
 Adult 9 .—Length, about 0.77 mm.; fore-wing, 0.89 by 0.36 mm.; 
 hind tarsus, <>. 17 nun. ; hind tibia, 0.2fl nun. ( Jolor of body uniformly 
 yellow, legs and antenna' paler. Eyes not quite divided, dorsal lobe 
 21400— No. 8 2 
 
18 
 
 bright red, ventral lobe very dark reddish-brown. Fore-wings with 
 smoky markings. There are two spots near middle of length of wing, 
 one on the vein, and the other just within caudal margin; on the distal 
 portion of wing are three spots, one at distal end of vein just within 
 margin, and one on each side of vein. There is usually, also, an obscure 
 spot just caudad of basal veinlet; hind- wings without spots. Antennae 
 of seven joints. Joint 1, short, wider than long, cup-shaped; joint 2, 
 of usual subpyriform shape, about one-half as broad as long; joint 3, 
 long, equal in length to distal joints together; joint -1, short, about 
 one-half length of 5th; 5, 6, and 7, subequal in length; joint 7, some- 
 what fusiform. Front tibia two-thirds length of hind tibia; hind tarsus 
 but little longer than front tarsus; hind femur about three-fourths 
 length of hind tibia. Genitalia ordinary. Basal veinlet of fore-wings 
 arising at base of wing and apparently distinct from main vein. 
 
 This species has been collected from various parts of Florida by the 
 writer, on leaves of such trees as Querem aquatica, Q. virens, Q. <-<ft<*- 
 bad, Ilex opaca, Magnolia glauca, and Persea carolinensis. The pupa- 
 cases are much scattered and rarely occur more than two on a single 
 leaf, and usually but one. Adult females bred out hy the writer. 
 Type in Div. Ent., U. S. D. A. Described from numerous pupa-cases 
 and three 9 specimens. 
 
 2. Aleurodes abutilonea Haldeman. 
 
 " White, body pale flavous, with a tinge of greenish; wings each 
 with a single nervure, the superior ones with two irregular obscure 
 bands across them, and a circular apical spot: eyes black, double upon 
 each side, inferior ones large and prominent; thorax above, with large 
 irregular fuscous spots; abdomen with 3 or 4 transverse lines of the 
 same color; rostrum as long as the head, bi-artieulate, apex black; 
 antenna' with the basal articulation robust; feet with short hairs, 
 slender, dimerous, one-half line long. 
 
 "Zdt/rm oval, plane above and beneath, elevation about one-third 
 the length, periphery vertical; pale flavous, the larger individuals 
 with a conspicuous dark dorsal vitta. 
 
 "Found upon the lower surface of the leaves of Sida (AbutUon) 
 abutilon, to which the Larva is immovably attached. It is sometimes 
 so abundant that there are prom 50 to 100 in half an inch square, 
 causing the leaf to curl and die. The perfect insect is very active, 
 walking and Hying readily, and leaping from 1 to 1£ inches. It seems 
 aearest allied to A. Mfasciatus Steph. When the imago first appears 
 
 the wings are more translucent and the dark fascia' are entirely want- 
 ing, so that it might be taken for a distinct species. 
 
 "Burmeister's figure of A. i>r<>!< tella Linn, exhibits 2 aervures, 
 probably because the wings were in contact when drawn, which, on 
 account of their translucency, would allow the aervures of both to be 
 
19 
 
 seen at the same time. Found in Pennsylvania from August to the 
 middle of October." (Haldeman.) 
 
 Am. Jn. of Sci. and Arts., Vol. IX, 1850, p. 108. Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. 
 Entom. de France, Dec, 1867, p. 397. 
 
 3. Aleurodes acacise n. Bp. (Plate I, figures 4-7, and Plate VII, figure 68.) 
 
 Egg. — Size about 0.18 by 0.092 mm. ; curved, yellowish, and marked 
 with rather indistinct polygons. Stalk short, and attached somewhat 
 to one side of the end, on the convex curve. 
 
 Larva. — Full-grown larvae are difficult to separate from pupa-cases. 
 Larva? are brownish yellow, even when quite small, and secrete the 
 marginal fringe of wax as in pupa-case. In older larvae the marginal 
 rim is quite evident, and the cylindrical tubercles are present, though 
 not so numerous as in pupa-case. 
 
 Pupa-case. — Size about 0.92 by 0.61 mm.; shape subelliptical, nar- . 
 rowed somewhat, cauded and cepnalad. Color on leaf, under hand 
 lens, when wax is removed, shining black. Under microscope, by 
 transmitted light, dark brown. In less mature specimens, ease is flat, 
 but later becomes moderately convex. There is a rather short and 
 squarely trimmed marginal fringe all around from the lateral wax 
 tubes, extending out flat on the surface of leaf. In the older speci- 
 mens there is a dorsal white waxy secretion, which typically occurs in 
 three longitudinal lines, a broad central one and a narrower stripe. on 
 each side. These lateral stripes may not extend but along the abdomi- 
 nal region, or frequently quite along the entire dorsum and more or 
 less parallel to margin of case, forming somewhat of an ellipse. A 
 transverse stripe of this exudation may occur on dorsum, thus uniting 
 the three stripes. 
 
 Dorsum of case is much corrugated. In younger specimens a 
 medio-dorsal ridge is evident, and on each side is a furrow. Cen- 
 trally, the abdominal segments are quite distinct. There is a distinct 
 and wide marginal rim. somewhat wider on the sides. This rim is 
 plainly demarked from dorsum by a thickened line all around. The 
 lateral wax tubes are quite prominent and extend mesad to Dear this 
 thickened rim; the margin is crenulated, the incisions quite uniform 
 and acute. There is on this marginal rim a row all around of short 
 cylindrical papilhe. These are truncate distally and appear as short 
 circular discs when seen from above. On caudal end of dorsum, just 
 within margin, is a pair of slender seta' projecting somewhat beyond 
 margin. The caudo-lateral pair is present, though slender and longer 
 than usual. There is also on cephalic margin of case a pair of seta' 
 quite similar to these latter. 
 
 Vasiform orifice small, tubercle like. Orifice suheircular, about 18 
 broad as long. Operculum relatively large, of the same outline as ori- 
 fice, which it almost tills. Lingula about four-fifths length of orifice. 
 
20 
 
 though it la made out with difficulty. On ventral surface, rudimentary i 
 feet quite distinct. 
 Adults unknown. 
 
 Received bv the Division of Entomology at Washington from Dr. 1 
 Vasey. of the Department of Agriculture, specimens on leaves of 
 Acarhi (mes(mite) from Chilhua, Mexico, January 27, 1886; from! I 
 \Y. E. Collins. Ontario. Oil., on Acacia, October 6, 1889; again on 
 Acacia from Los Angeles, Cal., and on Bemera microphylla, Carmen j 
 Isle, off Lower California. This same species, it is stated in Mr. 
 Pergande's notes, was found on leaves of mesquite from Bastophilus, I 
 Mexico: Div. Bnt. No. 3863. No. 587b is doubtless this same species, 
 from Fullerton, Oil., July 30, 1893, on an undetermined plant. Type 
 3863, from Chilhua, Mexico. Described from numerous pupa-cases. 
 
 4. Aleurodes aepim Goldi. 
 
 Mittlu-il. Bchweitz. entom. Gesellsch., VII, 1886, p. 250. 
 On "Aepim" (" Mandioca doce") Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 5. Aleurodes altissima n. sp. (Plate I, figures 8-12, and Plate VII, figure 70.) 
 
 La/rva. -Size about <>.S9 by 0.52 mm.; yellowish white. A series 
 all around of about 30 setae. On dorsum are 5 pairs of moderately 
 developed setae, a pair on cephalic segment, a pair on each of the 
 thoracic segments, and a pair at vasiform orifice. Margin of ease 
 slightly crenulated. On the dorsum a few pores may occur somewhat 
 promiscuously, and there are a few groups of pores around the mar- 
 gin. This stage in many respects approaches quite close in structure 
 to the pupa-case. 
 
 Pujxt-case. — Size about 1.79 by 1.26 mm. ; subovate, narrowed ceph- 
 alad Color of younger pupae, yellowish to white, and usually with- 
 out other coloration. In more mature examples the color may vary 
 from whitish to those more or less mottled with brownish, with 
 extreme cases almost uniform brownish black, though in these latter 
 08868 such examples have plainly been parasitized, and this color may 
 have resulted from this fact. Typically, this brownish coloration 
 occurs in dashes, from the outer margin inward, varying distances, 
 and more or Less radially. Along the dorsi-meson there is a more or 
 less <'M'ar Longitudinal central stripe, with an interrupted stripe ol 
 dark brown on each side, these latter varying considerably in extent 
 and distinctness In well-marked specimens the radial wedge-shaped 
 dashes ma\ extend quite into these subdorsal bands of dark brown. 
 
 Pupa case, when young, with moderately rounded keel, otherwise 
 flat; at Length becoming somewhat convex, and raised on an unusually 
 high yertical fringe of white wax. There is no lateral fringe, but 
 
 just w ithin the margin all around there is a series of groups of waxen 
 
 rods. These rods arise from groups of from usually 22 to 26 circular 
 pores, Bach bundle of rods Ls surrounded with a rather short cylin- 
 
21 
 
 fler of wax, forming a sheath at base. Individually, the rods are 
 rather small, glistening white, and inclined to curl at tip. These wax 
 bundles vary considerably in Length, bui are. as a w hole short, curi- 
 ng outward and downward from the case. Along central dorsal 
 region is a broad and somewhat matted secretion of wax extending 
 from vasiform orifice to cephalic end and covering the rounded keel. 
 On each side of this central dorsal secretion is a curved and narrower 
 lecretion extending from just laterad of vasiform orifice to cephalic 
 end. These three dorsal lines of wax may he much interrupted trans- 
 versely, particularly in younger examples, hut in older cases each is 
 usually continuous. 
 
 There is a very narrow marginal rim and the margin of case is 
 minutely crenulated. Just within the margin all around i- a -eric- of 
 rather long and slender tubercled setae, about 30 in all. or 15 on each 
 side. The pores of the submarginal groups are rather small, simple, 
 and circular. These may vary considerably in number in the different 
 groups, and an occasional pore occurs outside of group. These groups 
 of pores are usually in the brownish coloration extending in from the 
 margin. There is usually a group of very small pores on each side of 
 gasiform orifice, and a very pretty group on each side of the second 
 abdominal segment. This consists of an irregular circle of small pores 
 with a central rotate figure. The usual series of brownish eolored 
 compound pores with cylindrical rim and central rod are present, 
 though comparatively small. On caudal end 1 of these pores occur in 
 almost a transvers 1 row. caudad of orifice, and from this 3 extend 
 cephalad on each side to about the fourth abdominal segment. 
 
 Vasiform orifice 1 cordate, about as wide as long. Operculum sub- 
 rectangular, about twice as wide as long. Lingula large, broad, spatu- 
 late shaped, extending quite 4 to caudal margin of orifice and bearing 
 the usual two pairs of subterminal seta 1 . Margin of orifice extended 
 upward all round, hut more pronounced caudad. into a thin and some- 
 what tinted rim. Operculum and lingula minutely setose or punctured. 
 On the ventral surface the reduced legs and antennae are quite distinct. 
 
 Adults unknown. 
 
 When the adult is discovered it will very likely prove to he an 
 Aleur odious. 
 
 Collected by Mr. C. EL T. Townsend, July. L897, at San Francisco 
 (hi Peal, Tabasco, Mexico, on a plant called 66 Palo de Gusano." Div. 
 Knt.. No. 7*. ♦ 7i *. Described from numerous pupa cases. 
 
 6. Aleurodes aureccincta (oekerell. 
 
 Jn. X. Y. Knt. Sue, 1897, p. 42. Od Aquilcgia, Onjan Mountains. New Mexico. 
 
 7. Aleurodes berbericola Cockerell. 
 
 Jn. N. Y. Knt. Boc, 1896, p. 207. On a shrubby Hn-lx-ris, Mescalero Reservation, 
 Tularosil Creek, New Mexico. 
 
2 2 
 
 8. Aleurodes citri Riley and Howard. 
 
 Insect Life, Vol. V (1893), pp. 219-226. 
 Pood plants: Orange, Melia azederach, Vtburmtm nudum, Capejas- 
 samine, and occasionally on Querem <K/i«iti<-<i. Florida, Louisiana, and 
 greenhouses generally. 
 
 9. Aleurodes cockerelli von Ihering. 
 
 •( Piolhos Vegetaes do Brazil." Revista do Museu Paulisto, N. II., 1897, 
 p. 393. <>n Baccharis pcBUciflosctUa, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 
 
 10. Aleurodes corni Ilaldenian. 
 
 "Size and general appearance of A. almtilonea; Body pale flavous; 
 eve- black; wings pure white, without bands. Pennsylvania in Sep- 
 tember and October; the larva and imago on the inferior surface of 
 the leaves of Comus sericea. 
 
 " Larva flavous, the disk of the larger individuals dark brown; the 
 margin is ciliate with white. A great many are destroyed in the larva 
 state by „ Vmitvs corni Hald." 
 
 Am. Jn. of Bd and Arts, Vol. IX (1850), p. 109. Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Entom. 
 de France, Dec, 1867, p. 398. 
 
 11. Aleurodes coronata n. Bp. (Plate II, figures 13-15, and Plate VII, figure ) 
 
 Egg. Size about 0.2 by 0.092 mm.; yellowish, considerably convex 
 on one side: unmarked, stalk short, attached to egg at one side of 
 basal end. 
 
 Larva. Size about o.;>r> by 0.37 mm.; pale yellowish white; subel- 
 Liptical, becoming narrower caudad; abdominal segments but moder- 
 ately distinct across the middle. No distinct marginal rim. Margin 
 Crenulated, the lobes somewhat truncate 1 , and separated by linelike 
 incisions. 
 
 There i> a pair of seta' at vasiform orifice, and a pair just within 
 Caudal margin of case. There is also a pair on caudo-lateral margin of 
 case and on the cephalic margin. There is no dorsal exudation of 
 \\a\. Vasiform orifice practically as in pupa case. Legs and antenme 
 obsolete'. Eye spots quite small and reddish. 
 
 /*itjHicax<. Size about 0.1*2 by 0.68 nun.; shape Bubelliptical as a 
 role, somewhat pointed cephalad, and broadly rounded caudad; widest 
 about the middle, <>r just caudad of middle. Under hand lens case 
 i- shim Mack in color; dark In-own by transmitted light under micro- 
 SCOpe. There IS ordinarily no lateral fringe, but there is a beautiful 
 ellipse of white waxy hands <»r ribbons from the submarginal area of 
 the dorsum. These project from the case more usually at an angle of 
 about \:> . and are hut little curved; they are truncate distally, 
 of varying width, and rarely as long as the case is wide. There are 
 ah.ng the longitudinal dorsal region three distinct white waxy secre- 
 tion-: at \ asi form orifice i> a concave shell-like plume or ribbon, one 
 on each side of orifice, forming at base a much flattened tube, the 
 
23 
 
 halves of which become spread out into a continuous broad ribbon at 
 distal end. From the middle line of abdominal segments a perpen- 
 dicular exudation arises which meets cephalad, a short, transverse, but 
 thick column arising from last thoracic segment. At cephalic end is 
 a pair of ribbons, rather narrow, and appressed together at top. The 
 whole appears as an elliptical rosette or crown when viewed dorsally. 
 Some specimens have what appears to be a secretion from the lateral 
 pores. This is closely applied to leaf all around, and of a gelatinous 
 appearance. 
 
 Margin all around finely crenulated with a double rim, the dorsal 
 rim much more distinct and the incisions acute; the ventral rim of 
 wax tubes are bluntly rounded and the incisions shallow and rather 
 wide. 
 
 There is a narrow marginal rim of varying distinctness, with a 
 Series, within the margin, of small disk-like tubercles, quite similar to 
 those in acacia, but smaller. There is also on the dorsum, on each 
 side of middle line, a row of these tubercles; on the abdominal sutures 
 there is a pair to each segment of dark-brown spots. On the margin, 
 at cephalic end, is a pair of minute setae, and the usual caudo-lateral 
 pair; on the dorsum, at cephalic end of vasiform orifice, there is a pair 
 of stout setae, and a pair about midway between orifice and caudal end 
 of case. 
 
 Dorsum slightly raised along dorsi-meson of abdominal segments 
 and gradually sloping to margins. There are no submarginal furrows 
 on dorsum as in acM d(B. 
 
 Vasiform orifice broadly elliptical, about four-fifths as wide as long. 
 Operculum very short and obscure. Lingula quite short, stout, almost 
 rudimentary. Operculum and interior of orifice thickly covered with 
 minute black dots, possibly spine-like tubercles. On ventral surface 
 rudimentary feet very distinct. 
 
 Received by the Division of Entomology, at Washington, D. C, from 
 D. W. Coquillett, Los Angeles, Cal., December 5, 1887, on leaves of 
 Quercus ctgrifolia, and again from Mr. Coquillett, same locality and 
 same host plant. March 31, 1888; also from S. A. Pease, Pomona, Cal., 
 on same host plant, September 14, 1896. Specimens of this insect 
 were received also from Prof. J. H. Comstock. from Santa Rosa, 
 Cal., on leaves of "live oak," October T, 1880. Div. Knt. No& 4238 
 and 7l>(». 
 
 This Aleurodid occurs in great abundance on the lower surface of 
 leaves of Qtu-rcux a</r!foJ !<i , and an occasional specimen may be 
 observed on the upper surface. There is considerable variation in the 
 amount of the white waxy secretion, particularly in younger pup®, 
 in which the dorsum may be almost bare. Described from numerous 
 pupa cases. Type 4238, Los Angeles, Cal.. December 5, 1887. 
 
24 
 
 12. Aleurodes erigerontis Maskell. 
 
 Trans. N. Z. Inst. , 1 895, p. 429. Entom. News, Vol. VII, p. 247. On an Erujenm, 
 Escalon, Mexico. 
 
 13. Aleurodes filicium Goldi. 
 
 Mittheil. Schweitz. Entom. Gesellsch., VII (1886), p. 247. See also Ent. Mo. 
 Mag., 1891, p. 44. On Asplenium cuneatum and other Brazilian ferns, in the 
 botanic garden at Kio de Janeiro; also on Olcandra articulata and Pteris quad- 
 riolata in the fern house, Kew Gardens. 
 
 «^ 14. Aleurodes fitchi n. sp. (Plate II, figures 16 and 19, and Plate VII, figure 71.) 
 
 Larva. — Size about 0.49 by 0.27 mm. ; subelliptical in shape, narrow- 
 ing somewhat caudad. Color clear whitish, Avith irregular blotches of 
 orange. Eye spots reddish. There is no marginal fringe and the lat- 
 eral wax tubes seem to be wanting, though the margin is somewhat 
 undulate. Dorsum void of tubercles and pores and without waxy exu- 
 dation of any kind. Vasiform orifice practically as in pupa-case. On 
 caudal end there is a pair of strong tubercled setae. 
 
 Pupa-case. — Size about 0.7 by 0.43 mm.; shape elliptical. Margin 
 of case whitish. There is a broad longitudinal dorsal band of dark 
 brown or smoky black, which will vary somewhat in width and dis- 
 tinctness, usually occurring on the entire medio-dorsal area of case. 
 In extreme cases this coloration may be all but absent. There is no 
 marginal fringe, though there is a narrow but well-marked rim' of mar- 
 ginal wax tubes. The incisions between wax tubes very shallow, and 
 the tubes distally are well rounded. In immature specimens the pupa- 
 case is applied quite closely to leaf; in older specimens the case is 
 raised on a vertical fringe or rim of white wax, which in some cases 
 may be 0.2 mm. high. Dorsum almost flat, except a slight medio- 
 longitudinal rounded keel or ridge. There is a submarginal jow or 
 series of short, broadly conical papillae all around, varying considera- 
 bly in position and number. From these papilke rather short, more 
 or less curved, glassy, waxen rods are produced, forming a fringe all 
 around. There LS a subdorsal series on each side of very minute cir- 
 cular transparent spots and a row on each side of keel, of depressions 
 of irregular out line but bounded cephalad. usually, by the si raight mar- 
 gin of the preceding segment. In this respect this species approaches 
 grammicola, though the depressions are smaller. Just within caudal 
 margin there is a pair of well-developed setse and a much smaller pair 
 at vasiform orifice. Less usually there may be a pair of small seta? on 
 the firsl abdominal segment and on the cephalic segment. Vasiform 
 orifice subovate with caudal end somewhat truncate apparently, but 
 under high power is -ecu to have a rounded indenture, thus producing 
 two rounded lobes. Operculum about one-half length of orifice, sub- 
 elliptical, broader than long. Lingula about three-fourths length of 
 orifice; distalh it is lobed, and distal four-fifths setose. From caudal 
 
25 
 
 end of Lingula arises a pair of upward-curving setae. A narrow furrow 
 extends caudad from orifice to margin of case. 
 
 Adult 9- — Length, about 0.84 mm. ; fore-wing, L.07 by 0.49 mm.; 
 hind tibia. 0.37 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.28 mm.; color of body, uniformly 
 yellow, except the frons, which is deep brownish black, and the caudal 
 margin of head, and certain thoracic scleritos; antenna 1 and legs paler; 
 eves dee}) red, constricted in the middle. Wings marked with two 
 irregular bands of reddish brown. The proximal band crosses the 
 wing near the middle of its Length. Caudad of vein it has an irrregular 
 V -shape j the apex of the V distad. Cephalad of vein tin 1 marking 
 is of an irregular rhomboid shape. The distal band is somewhat nar- 
 row and interrupted as it crosses the vein. It crosses wing at about 
 its widest part. A short distance distad of the caudal flexure of vein 
 begins a narrow strip of this reddish-brown color, which extends along 
 vein to its distal end, where it terminates in an enlarged spot. At 
 base of wing, just caudad of veinlet, is also a small spot. 
 
 Antennae 7-jointed; joint 1, short subpyriform; joint 2, also sub- 
 pyriform, but much larger; joint 3. long cylindrical, four-fifths length 
 of distal four together; joint 4. short, about one-half length of fifth; 
 joint 6, somewhat shorter than T. Mentum usual. Hind tarsus but 
 slightly longer than anterior tarsus. Anterior and middle tarsi sub- 
 equal in length. Operculum, when elevated and seen in lateral aspect, 
 subcorneal, though somewhat more slanting cephalad than caudad. 
 Lingula protruded, tapering, and with a sickle-like curve. 
 
 $ . — Length, a'bout 0.07 mm.; genitalia ordinary; in other respects 
 essentially as in female, but proportionately smaller. 
 
 Collected by Dr. C. V. Riley on cotton plant in his garden. Wash- 
 ington, D. C, October 4. 18?9 3 and later at Selma. Ala. Also col- 
 lected on leaves of cotton plant at Columbus, Tex., in July, 1879, and 
 received by the Division of Entomology. United States Department of 
 Agriculture, August 27 and September 14. 1895, from S. B. Mullen. 
 Harrisville. Miss., also on cotton. The leaves received from S. B. 
 Mullen are quite thickly covered on the lower surface with the pupa- 
 cases. Concerning what is probably this same species in Mississippi, 
 on cotton. Mr. W. H. Ashmead says: 1 
 
 "This species lives on the leaves, and toward the latter part of July and the mid- 
 dle of August becomes exceedingly numerous, many hundreds occurring on a single 
 plant, and when disturbed they fly up in powdery clouds. The eggs, from titty to 
 a hundred or more, are laid on the underside of a leaf without any regard t>» order, 
 resembling those of the orange Aleurodes, only somewhat smaller, with a short 
 pedicel, paler color, and with the surfac e perfectly smooth and shiny. These hatch 
 in from four to five days, and the young larv;c attach themselves to the leaf and 
 begin feeding on its juices. Although occurring by thousands, I could detect but 
 slight injury caused by these insects." 
 
 'Insect Life. Vol. VII. 1( . 323. 
 
2fi 
 
 I am unable to agree with Mr. Ashmead, in referring this species to 
 Fitch's Aleurodes (Aspidiohis) gossypii. From a study of the single 
 type specimen of Aleurodes gossypii, Avhich was received by Dr. Fitch 
 from Nlgapo, China, certain important differences have appeared. 
 There is no dark medio-dorsal stripe . in gossypii, and the series all 
 around of submarginal pores and waxen rods is also wanting. In 
 gossypii the pupa-case is quite convex and the marginal area is 
 strongly reflexed down to the margin of the leaf, much after the man- 
 ner of a Leca/nvum. Ynfitchi, however, the case is scarcely at all con- 
 vex, regularly elliptical in shape, and is raised on a vertical fringe all 
 around of white wax. The two species are scarcely of the same type. 
 
 From the convexity of the single specimen of Aleurodes gossypii, I 
 am inclined to regard it as representing the pupal stage, and not the 
 larval, as regarded by Mr. C. L. Marlatt. (Ento. News, Vol. X, p. 146.) 
 Div. Ent, Nos. 1163 and 1178. Type of larva and pupa-case, 1178, 
 Harrisville, Miss., September 11, 1895. Described from numerous 
 larvae and very many pupa-cases. Type of adults, 1163, slide 
 2-1-47. Described from 3 9 and 2 $ specimens. 
 
 15. Aleurodes floccosa Maskell. 
 
 Trans. X. Z., Inst., 1895, p. 432. From Jamaica, on Lignum vitse, in company 
 with A. stellata. 
 
 16. Aleurodes floridensis n. sp. (Plate II, figures 20-22.) 
 
 Pupa-case, — Length about 0.83 mm.; width about 0.57 mm.; vary- 
 ing somewhat in size and the subelliptical shape. Color of fresh pupa- 
 case, according to Mr. Pergande's note (Division of Entomology, No. 
 6962), " pale, semitransparent, greenish, marked on thorax and abdo- 
 men with subdorsal rows of blackish spots. Margin of body and anal 
 plates yellowish." Dried specimens on leaf are pale lemon yellow, 
 and the spots are deep red. In balsam the color of case is pale lemon 
 yellow , and in more mature specimens there is more or less of orange, 
 due. without doubt, to the developing imago. 
 
 There is no marginal or lateral fringe, in the strict sense of the 
 wok! that is. coming from the Lateral pores but on the extreme 
 outer margin of dorsum all around there is a very closely set row of 
 conical papillae, Prom w hich originates a beautiful fringe composed of 
 long, slightly curved, glassy, waxen rods a rod from each papilla. 
 These papillae are very closely set. touching each other at their bases, 
 and the rods are frequently Dearly as long as the pupa-case is wide, and 
 
 -how basally, minute tile-like serrations. The fringe is more or less 
 Separated into ray- of rods extending mesad quite to case. There are 
 usually from 3 to 8 Pods in each ray. and these individual rays become 
 somewhul curved, independent of the others. 
 
 Margin of case crenulated, the incisions between wax tubes usually 
 
 quite -hallow and a< ute. Pupa-case applied closely to leaf, and quite 
 
27 
 
 flat at tirst. but as the pupa-case approaches maturity it becomes some- 
 what more convex. In dried specimens, part icularlv those that are 
 immature, the dorsum shows two Longitudinal ridges a^reein^- with 
 the two rows of colored pustular spots. Abdominal segments distinct 
 hut not extending more than halfway to margin. The entire dorsum 
 is marked with more or less radially arranged thickenings or reticula- 
 tions. The two rows of pustular spots extend cephalad, on each side, 
 from near caudal end to the head segment, forming an irregular ellipse, 
 approximately parallel with margin of case. There are usually about 
 ten of these spots on each side, though the Dumber varies consider- 
 ably, partieularly in the thoracic region. In the abdominal region 
 they an 4 more distinct than elsewhere, where they occur approxi- 
 mately, one on each side, to each segment. Just within this series of 
 spots, on the abdomen, somewhat smaller markings may occur. Dor- 
 sum with four pairs of minute tubercled setse — one pair on cephalic 
 portion, one pair on first abdominal segment, one pair at vasiform 
 orifiee, and one pair just within caudal margin. 
 
 Vasiform orifiee cordate, but very little longer than broad. Caudal 
 end bluntly rounded, but with a minute indenture. Operculum 
 broadly cordate, about three-fourths as long as orifice, and minutely 
 setose distally. Lingula moderately stout, spatulate, setose distally, 
 and bearing on each side three small lobes, with a larger terminal one. 
 
 On ventral surface, rudimentary feet indistinct. 
 
 Adult. -Unknown. 
 
 Collected by the writer in August of 1898 on leaves of guava 
 {P&dium gua va) at Lakeland and Punta Gorda, Fla. Received by the 
 Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 
 from H. G. Hubbard, Crescent City, Fla., January 8, 1896, and from 
 H. J. Webber, Eustis, Fla., January 25, 1896, in both cases on leaves 
 of guava. Also collected by J. H. Comstock, Arcadia, Fla., on "alli- 
 gator pear." Div. Ent., Nos. 6962 and 413. Type 6962. Described 
 from numerous pupa-cases. 
 
 17. Aleurodes forbesii Ashmead (aceris of Forbes) . 
 Fourteenth Rept. 111. St. Ent. (1884), p. 110. 
 
 This is the common large, box-like species, on leaves of Acer dasycarpum, in many 
 parts of the North— Ithaca, N. Y.; Washington, D. C; Urluina, III. 
 
 18. Aleurodes fumipennis Hempel. 
 
 Psyche, vol. 8, No. 280, p. 394. On undetermined grass growing on swampy 
 ground, S. Paulo, Brazil. 
 
 19. Aleurodes g-elatinosus Oockerell. 
 
 Can. Ent., Vol. XXX, p. 264. Dripping Spring, Organ Mountains. New Mexico, 
 on what is probably Quercu* (mzomoa. 
 
 20. Aleurodes g-oyabse ( ioldi. 
 
 Mittheil. Sehweitz. entom. Oesellsch., Vol. VII (1886), p. M8. On ftfcftutn 
 goyalxi and Laurux jn'rxio, Rio de Janeiro. 
 
28 
 
 21. Aleurodes graminicola Quaintance. 
 
 Can. Rat., Vol. XXXI. p. 89. On an undetermined grass, Lake City, Fla. 
 
 22. Aleurodes horridus Hempel. 
 
 Psyche, vol. 8, No. 280, p. 394. On Iridium sp., S. Paulo, Brazil. 
 
 23. Aleurodes inconspicua n. sp. (Plate II, figures 23-25.) 
 
 Egg. — About 0.17 mm. long. Oval in shape, uniformly brownish 
 in color; unmarked. Pedicel very short. 
 
 Larva. — Size about 0.5 by 0.3 mm. Elliptical, tapering slightly 
 caudad. In color light yellow, with a deep orange spot on each side 
 of abdomen. Body flat, no marginal fringe, and without dorsal exu- 
 dation. Margin of case practically as in pupa-case. There is a pair 
 of well-developed setae, projecting caudad from caudal margin of 
 case, arising apparently on the margin. Dorsum void of setae. Vasi- 
 form orifice practically as in pupa-case, but the furrow extending 
 caudad from orifice to margin in the pupa-case seems to be wanting 
 in the larva. There are two small reddish-brown pigment spots in 
 cephalic region, marking the eyes. 
 
 Pupa-case. — Size about 0.83 by 0.55 mm. but varying somewhat. 
 Oval in shape, broadest cephalad, and light }^ellow in color, the color- 
 ation deepening as the developing insect approaches maturity. Empt} T 
 pupa-case colorless. On each side of abdomen in } T ounger pupa-cases 
 there is an irregular, oblong spot of deep orange yellow, evidently 
 glands, within the body. As the pupa develops these spots tend to 
 disappear. Case applied closely to leaf, at first flat, but later becom- 
 ing somewhat convex. From its flatness and color it is quite incon- 
 spicious on the leaf. There is apparently no lateral fringe, and the 
 vertical fringe raising the case from the surface of leaf, so common 
 in aleurodids of this type, is in this species absent. Marginal wax 
 tubes but Little evident, and the incisions usually short and acute. 
 From these incisions thickenings extend mesad some distance, pro- 
 ducing an irregularly marked margin. There is a pair of small seta 1 
 on the 1 caudo-lateral margin of case. Dorsum without exudation of 
 wax: there is a more or less evident dorsal keel along dorsi-meson, 
 more pronounced along abdomen. Some specimens show three rows 
 of large circular pores; a row along dorsi-meson and a subdorsal row 
 on each side. These pores vary much in position and number, and 
 
 are more frequently not discernible. Dorsum without seta-, except a 
 well-developed pair, arising from tubercles jusl within caudal margin 
 of dorsum. 
 
 Vasiform orifice, subtriangular about three-fourths as w ide as long; 
 cephalic and lateral margins nearly straight lines. Lateral margins, 
 with corrugations or folds, extending downward and inward. At 
 caudal end of orifice there is a decided ental bend, or loop, of the rim, 
 the orifice thus opening into a furrow which extends caudad to margin 
 of case, between the two tubercled seta'. 
 
29 
 
 Operculum subelliptical, about fchree*-fourths as long as wide and 
 not quite one-half Length of orifice. Lingula about Give-sixths length 
 of orifice, the distal two-fifths somewhat enlarged, and arrow-shaped, 
 thickly setose, and terminating in two straight seta 1 , w hich reach quite 
 to caudal end of orifice. Rudimentary feet on ventral surface quite 
 distinct. 
 
 Advlty . Length, about 0.74 mm.; fore-wing, 0.846 by 0.35 nun., 
 hind tibia, 0.32 nun.: hind tarsus. 0. IT nun.; color. bright yellow, 
 abdomen paler, with a deep reddish-orange spot, due to visceral gland; 
 legs and antenna' pale yellow. Wings immaculate. Eyes undivided, 
 hut somewhat constricted above the middle; dark brownish-red in 
 color. Mentuxn usual; tirst joint, long, slender, widening gradually 
 distad; second joint, short, thick, about one-third length of distal joint; 
 distal joint, stout, gradually tapering from second joint to the blunt, 
 brownish-colored point. Fore-tibia, six-elevenths length of hind-tibia; 
 middle tarsus, four-fifths length of hind tarsus. 
 
 Vasiform orifice triangular. Operculum, when elevated and seen 
 in lateral aspect, bluntly conical, and the caudal margin appears 
 minutely setose. Lingula long, stibcylindrical, tapering abruptly to 
 an acute point; slightly curved, the convexity cephalad. Lingula 
 apparently somewhat serrate, due doubtless to obscure seta3. In fore- 
 wing, main vein nearer cephalic than caudal margin, extending distally 
 about eight-ninths length of wing. Basal veinlet arising at very base 
 of wing, apparently distinct from main vein, and extending obliquely 
 caudad to margin f wing. Genitalia ordinary. 
 
 $ . — Unknown. Collected by the writer on leaves of a species of 
 PhysaUs at Bartow, Fla., July, 1897, and again in August of 1898 on 
 leaves of cultivated okra at same place. Received by the Division of 
 Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, from Mr. E. 
 L. Eames, Pomona, Fla., on leaves of sweet potato; Diy. Ent. No. 6421. 
 Adult females were bred out by the writer from pupae collected on 
 okra in L898. Type of immature stages 6421, described from numer- 
 ous specimens. Type of adult 9 . specimens bred out by writer from 
 okra. August L5, L898, 8 specimens. Types in Div. Ent. collection. 
 
 24. Aleurodes mori Quaintance. 
 
 Can. Ent., Vol. XXXI, pp. 1-4. On MbruiSp. at Tampa, Flu., and at Lake City. 
 Fla., on TUia (tmrrinma, CnUicarpa ameriauia, JJquUUnnlnr sti/racijhia, Ihx apnea, 
 and less frequently on Pewa ruro/inensis. 
 
 25. Aleurodes nephrolepidis a. Bp. (Plate III, figures 26-30.) 
 
 Egg. — Size about o.lM by o.oiw mm.; subelliptical. Stalk attached 
 to one side of center of basal end. scarcely as long a> egg is wide; 
 stalk appears to be jointed, and barbed at basal end. Kgg unmarked, 
 yellowish. 
 
 Pupa-case. — Size about 1 by 0.61 mm.; elliptical; color, dirty w hite 
 
 to yellowish. Empty cases in balsam are very pale yellow; eyes of 
 
30 
 
 developing pupa bright red. There is no marginal fringe, or but very 
 rudimentary. Margin of case crenulated, the wax tubes bluntly 
 rounded: the incisions between tubes are but moderately deep and 
 acute; rather light thickenings extend in from margin, and the thick- 
 ened margins of the wax tubes maybe discerned extending a short dis- 
 tance mesad. There is no distinct marginal rim. Pupa-case applied 
 quite closely to leaf, and there is no vertical fringe. Dorsum almost 
 Mat. and void of waxy exudation, tubercles, or pores. Abdominal 
 segments rather obscure, evident only about the middle one-half of 
 case. There is a pair of well-developed seta? arising within caudal 
 margin of case, extending dorso-caudad some distance beyond the 
 margin. There is a pair of small setse on cephalic margin of case, and 
 a pair on caudo-lateral margin. 
 
 Yasiform orifice subelliptical in outline, and comparatively small. 
 Operculum medium, subcircular, broader than long, about one-half 
 length of orifice; cephalic margin straight. Lingula quite as long as 
 orifice, frequently protruded, with distal subcircular enlargement, 
 which is minutely setose; on ventral surface, legs moderately distinct. 
 
 Adult ? . — Length about 0.97 mm.; length of hind tibia, 0.38 mm.: 
 size of fore-wing, 1.12 by 0.43 mm.; length of hind tarsus 0.22 mm. 
 Color, pale yellowish; eyes brown, slightly constricted at middle. 
 Wings unspotted. Antennas of seven joints. Joint 1 small, cup- 
 shaped; 2, unusually long, somewhat more than three times length of 
 first, pyriform; joint 3, slightly more than twice the length of second. 
 Mentum. slender at base; first joint comparatively long, longer than 2 
 and 3 together; second short, not quite one-half length of third; third 
 gradually tapering distad, but slightly constricted just proximad of 
 the brownish black point. 
 
 Vasiform orifice cordate. Operculum not one-half length of orifice, 
 convex dorsally, and on caudal margin concave, the margin thickly set 
 with rather long setae. Lingula protruded, and strongly bent as it 
 extends out of orifice, gradually tapering from base to the strap-like 
 distal portion, very thickly set with seta 4 . 
 
 In fore-wing, basal vein let rather obscure, and arising apparently 
 distinct from main vein. Margin of wings all around yellowish, but 
 deepest on cephalic margin, where the color becomes somewhat reddish. 
 
 Received by the Division of Entomology al Washington from George 
 C. But/. Pennsylvania State College, November L9, 1898, on Nephro- 
 lepis with the statement that hundreds of the winged form are living 
 around in the conservatory of the college. A few of the imagos were 
 bred oul November 25 from the pupae sent, by Mr. Perganda, from 
 which the description of the adult stage has been made. This species 
 is interesting as occurring on a fern. Div. Ent. No. 8210. Pupa-case 
 described from numerous specimens; adult ?. from 3 specimens. 
 
81 
 
 26. Aleurodes nicotianae Maskell. 
 
 Trans. X. Z. Inst., 1895, p. 4.'W; Entoin. News, VII, p. 247. On Xirotiaua talxintm, 
 ( ruanajuato, Mexico. 
 
 27. Aleurodes parvus Hempel. 
 
 Psyche, vol. 8, No. 280, p. 395. On Maytenw Bp., S. Paulo, Brazil. 
 
 28. Aleurodes pergandei u.sp. I Plate III, figures 34-37, and Plate VII, figure 72.) 
 Papa-case. SizeaboutO.78 by 0.5 mm.; regularly elliptical in shape; 
 
 pale yellow in color, but the empty case almost colorless. The most 
 striking character of this species is the exudation from the dorsum of 
 long, white, curled filaments or bundles of wax. forming a beautiful 
 and relatively large rosette. Near the margin on dorsum is a series 
 of long, curled, and slightly flattened bundles, which, extending out- 
 ward and downward, touching surface of leaf, becoming irregularly 
 eoiled at the free end. So copious is this exudation that it may have 
 a diameter of 3 mm., although the pupa-case itself is but 0.78 mm. 
 long. From the central dorsum there is usually a stouter form of 
 exudation, somewhat columnar, but not extending very high from 
 case. 
 
 These bundles of wax are eomposed of many very minute glassy 
 threads of wax. which in the longer lateral bundles become quite loose 
 and separated on the lower surface of bundle. 
 
 On the dorsum, but very close to margin all around, is a series of 
 rather closely set, more or less circular, pores. These occur about the 
 diameter of a pore apart. From this series of pores is produced a 
 fringe of rather long, tapering, and somewhat curved glassy rods. 
 These project out laterally, around the pupa-case, as is usual in species 
 of this type, but are hardly discernible until after the removal of the 
 copious rosette of white wax from the dorsum. There is no fringe 
 from the marginal wax tubes, although these form a distinct lateral 
 rim. The margin is crenulated, with the incisions acute. There is a 
 moderately developed vertical fringe, raising the pupa case up some- 
 what from surface of leaf. On caudal margin there is a pair of 
 moderately developed setae, and the usual small caudo-lateral pair of 
 seta? is present. There is a pair of small setae also at vasiform orifice. 
 Vasiform orifice broadly ovate, almost as broad as long: cephalic 
 margin straight, caudal end very broadly rounded. Operculum but 
 little more than one-half the length of orifice, and wider than long; 
 cephalic margin straight, and almost coincident with margin of orifice. 
 Lingula about five-sixths length of orifice, stout, and broadly spatulate. 
 Distal portion with three pairs of lateral lobes and a terminal lobe: 
 also bearing a pair of seta 4 , which project caudad out beyond orifice. 
 Distal portion of lingula setose in the usual way. 
 
 Advlt 9. — Length about <>.77 mm.; fore-wing L07 by <>."> mm.: 
 length of hind tibia 0.87 mm.: length of hind tarsus 0.23 mm. Color 
 
32 
 
 of body light yellow, legs and antennae paler. Eyes reddish brown, 
 and apparently barely divided, each part subequal and subcircular 
 in outline. Wings immaculate. Antennse of 7 joints: Joint 1, short, 
 usual; joint 2, subpyriform and obliquely truncated distally; joint 3, 
 long, subcylindrical, about four-fifths as long as joints 5, 6, and 7 
 together; joints 5 and 6, subequal. and somewhat longer than joints 
 •i and 7. which are subequal. In hind legs, femur about three-fifths 
 length of tibia, middle tarsus three-fourths length of hind tarsus. 
 In fore-wing, basal veinlet arising at very base of wing, and appar- 
 ently distinct from median. Genitalia usual. 
 
 Collected on the grounds of the Department of Agriculture at 
 Washington, D. C, by Mr. Theodor Pergande on P><<ni<>i>'m radicans, 
 September 3, 1881; at Washington, D. C, Crataegus, September 22, 
 1SS2; in Virginia, on Hydrangea, September 27, 1897. This same 
 species was collected by the writer on plum, at Pomona, Ga., May 20, 
 L899, and on Crataegus, Flint River, Spalding County, Ga., during 
 August, 1899. 
 
 This insect occurs either singly or in groups of three or four on the 
 under surface of the leaves. It is at once one of our prettiest and 
 most striking Aleurodids. I have pleasure in naming this species for 
 M r. Pergande. Div. Ent., Nos. 1002, 2861, and 7800. Type, No. 1002^ 
 Pupa-case described from numerous specimens; adult 9 from 3 
 specimens; slide 1-32-39. 
 
 29. Aleurodes perseae n. sp. (Plate IV, figures 38-40.) 
 
 Larva. — (Very } T oung. probably in first stage.) Size about 0.338 
 by <>.18 mm.; s u belli ptical, very slightly narrowed caudad. Pale yel- 
 lowish white, with more or less rectangular spots of orange in the 
 abdominal region. Eye spots reddish. On the margin, cepbalad of 
 eye-, are six setse, and on lateral margins of thoracic region are three 
 on each side. On caudal margin are six setae, the middle pair of which 
 Is considerably longer than others. On ventral surface, just within 
 margin, all around, is a series of sparsely set small tubercled seta 1 . 
 Legs and antenna' well developed. Vasiform orifice practically as in 
 
 pupa-case. 
 
 Pupa-COie.- -Size about as*l by 0.53 mm.; shape sulx'lliptical, w ith 
 slightly undulate outline. Color under hand lens, yellowish brow n; 
 empty pupa-case practically colorless. There seems to be no Lateral 
 fringe, and the margin is not perceptibly crenulated, or but very indis- 
 tinctly: no Lateral wax tubes are to be observed, though there is a 
 thickened line on the margin. There is a profuse dorsal exudation: 
 First, ;i rather short, downward-curving fringe of pearly white wax, 
 all around, arising from just w ithin margin, and curling outward and 
 downward over margin to near surface of leaf. 'This Cringe is hardly 
 
 continuous but is more or Less split apart into ribbons or bands. Sec- 
 
33 
 
 ond, a more dorsal exudation, composed of three thick, inward, and. at 
 the tip, downward-curving" columns. These occur in a triangle, one 
 on each side and one at end. These columns of white wax are about 
 as high as pupa-case is wide. The pupa-case is almost obscured by 
 this exudation, when viewed from above. There is a short vertical 
 fringe elevating the case somewhat from the surface of leaf. On the 
 dorsum are 5 pairs of cup-shaped compound pores, four pairs on 
 caudal third of case, and the lifth pair on cephalic segment, one m ar 
 each cephalo-lateral margin of ease. The margin or rim of each cup 
 is thickened, and from within the cup then 4 arises a rather large fluted 
 cvlindrical tube, extending upward, about one-half its length beyond 
 rim of cup. Within tube at base is a short conical elevation. The 
 entire structure is brownish in color. Dorsum void of well-developed 
 setae save a pair just within caudal margin. A pair of minute setae 
 occur on margin, near caudal end of case. There is. however, just 
 within margin of case, all around a sparsely set row of minute, brown- 
 ish colored, tubercled seta3. Vasiform orifice subcordate, about as 
 long as wide, cephalic margin straight, coinciding with cephalic- mar- 
 gin of operculum. Operculum sub rectangular, the lateral margins 
 somewhat rounded; considerably wider than long, and w ith caudal 
 margin almost straight. Lingula relatively large, particularly distally, 
 where it becomes broadly spatula te; longer than orifice, and bearing 
 distally two pairs of setae, the smaller pair proximad. Abdominal 
 segments moderately distinct. Rudimentary feet and antennae very 
 evident. 
 
 Adult. — The following note is by Mr. Pergande. made at the time 
 of receiving the material at the Division of Entomology at Washing- 
 ton : "Wings of insect, of which one was found, transparent, color- 
 less, without airy marking, and they are covered with a white secretion, 
 which gives them a milk-white appearance. The body is yellow, 
 slightly reddish toward the tip of abdomen. Kvos dark brown." 
 This specimen, mounted on a tag, had. unfortunately, become detached 
 before it came into the writer's hands, but from the general structure 
 of the pupa-ease, particularly the vasiform orifice, and in the presence 
 of the dorsal cup-shaped compound pores, it will probably prove to 
 be an Alturodivus. 
 
 On Piersed oaroUnensis^ from Dr. li. S. Turner, Fort George, Kla., 
 April 22, 1880. Div. Ent. No. 496. Larva described from numerous 
 specimens; pupa-ease from three specimens. 
 
 30. Aleurodes phaloenoides Blanchard. 
 
 Infl. Voy. du Chile, deGtty., 1840, p. 31tt. Alw, wo Ann. do la S««-. Km. «lr 
 France, Dec, 18(>7, p. 399. 
 
 31. Aleurodes plumosa D. Bp. (Plato III, figures 31-83.) 
 
 Pupa-cane. — Size about O.T2 by 0.46 mm.; shape Bubelliptical, bat 
 somewhat variable in outline. The shiny, black case, as seen under a 
 21490— No. 8 8 
 
84 
 
 hand lens, is much hidden by the dorsal exudation of whitish waxen 
 ribbons or plumes. Under microscope the case is very dark brown. 
 These waxy ribbons, in perfect specimens, are quite twice as long as 
 the case is wide: these occur usually from 3 to 4 on each side of dor- 
 sum and more or less continuous at base, extending upward and out- 
 ward. There is also a central, upright, thick column, composed of 
 the united exudations from the more cephalic of the abdominal seg- 
 ments. In the caudal pair the plumes are semi-tubular. From the 
 suture extending cephalad to margin of case from the third thoracic 
 segment, there arises on each side a thin ribbon of wax, the two 
 united cephalad, and spreading distally into a broad wavy plume, and 
 from between which arises a thin but broad plume. There is a lateral 
 fringe of amorphous wax extending out in considerable quantity on 
 the leaf, all around margin of case. Margin of case crenulated with 
 a double row of wax tubes, the dorsal series somewhat within the 
 lower. Just within the rim all around is a series of small dark-colored 
 disc-like tubercles or dots, and small dots of this character may occur 
 in transverse rows across the dorsum at about the middle of the seg- 
 ment-. There are two pairs of well-developed, brownish-colored seta? 
 at caudal end. a pair just within caudal margin, and a pair at vasit'orm 
 orifice; on the margin of case there is a small pair in the usual caudo- 
 lateral region, and a pair at cephalic end. Under high power of 
 microscope the subdorsal area is seen to be covered with minute pores, 
 from which is exuded the ribbons of wax. These pores also occur 
 along the central abdominal line. Vasiform orifice subcordate, almost 
 as I » road as long; cephalic margin nearly straight, caudal end bluntly 
 rounded. Operculum about one-third the length of orifice; lingula 
 quite rudimentary, short, not more than half the length of operculum. 
 Pupa-case but little convex, even at maturity. Body segments moder- 
 ately distinct. On ventral surface, feet quite distinct. 
 
 Adult? — Length about 0.80 mm.; fore-wing 0.95 by 0.33 mm.; 
 length of hind tibia 0.24 mm.; length of hind tarsus 0.17 mm.; color, 
 Lemon yellow, legs and antenme paler. Byes but little divided, dorsal 
 portion reddish; central, deep brownish red; wings immaculate. Joint 
 1 of antenna 1 short, not quite one-half length of second; joint 2, pear- 
 shaped, about one-half as wide as long; joint 3, about as long as the four 
 remaining joints together; joint 4, about two-thirds length of fifth; 
 joint - 5, ♦'». and 7. subequal in length; joint 5, somewhat swollen dis- 
 tally; joint 7. with a BtrictureOD one side about the middle of its length, 
 
 tapering to an acute point. Omentum of three joints, usual. Operca 
 Lum seen in lateral aspect and w hen elevated, subcorneal; Lingula con- 
 siderably protruded subcylindrical, with an upward bend near middle, 
 and aearer end there is another bend, but down to the horizontal. 
 
 A rather common species in Florida hammocks and higher wood- 
 lands; on leav es of various plants, as Pci'xcd curoluwiixiis, Miujnoli ( 
 
35 
 
 grandiflora; M.glauca; Ilexopaca; Vtburnwn nudum and Vaccinium 
 spp. Adults have been bred out by the writer. Pupa-case described 
 from numerous examples; adult 9 from two specimens. Types in Div. 
 Ent. collection. 
 
 32. Aleurodes pyrolae Gillette and Baker. 
 
 Prelim. Rep. Hemip. Colo., p. 125 (Colo. Agrl. Exp. Sta., Bui. 31, Tech. Ser.). 
 On Pyrola rotund if olia, Four Mile Hill, 8 miles south of Steamboat Springs, 
 Colo. 
 
 33. Aleurodes quercus-aquaticae n. sp. (Plate IV, figures 41-44.) 
 Pupa-case. — Size about 0.95 by 0.81 mm.; shape very broadly sub- 
 ovate, broadest about the middle. On the margin of case, on each 
 side, in the cephalo-lateral region, there is an indenture, and a thick- 
 ened and darker colored area on the marginal wax tubes. Oephalad 
 from this rounded indenture the ease is considerably narrower. Color 
 under hand lens, shining black; under microscope by transmitted light, 
 the color is brown, with the sutures dark brown. Pupa-case very 
 flat, scarcely at all convex. There is a lateral continuous fringe 
 all around somewhat longer than one-half the width of case. This 
 fringe is applied closely to leaf, and is semi-gelatinous in appearance, 
 the rods more or less indistinct basally, and frequently appearing as a 
 structureless semi-transparent rim. From the indentures on the 
 cephalo-lateral margin, on each side, and from the caudal end of case, 
 pencils of white wax are exuded out into the semi-gelatinous fringe, 
 and by contrast are somewhat conspicuous. On the dorsum, there 
 may be a light and fragmentary exudation of wax along the body seg- 
 ments, but this is frequently absent. Margin of case, distinctly cren- 
 ulated, and there are two series of wax tubes all around on the 
 margin; these are quite close together, the dorsal series being almost 
 superimposed. The somewhat transparent lines between the dorsal 
 series of wax tubes, extend mesad with varying distinctness to a very 
 faint line all around, morphologically equal to the inner margin of 
 rim. Lisrht-colored lines may extend mesad from this line. Laterally, 
 to the body segments, but hardly continuous with the lines between 
 wax tubes. Dorsum with very small black dots, occurring in a broad 
 and loose band on each side of dorsum, the bands of each side termi- 
 nating oephalad at the transparent eye spots, and coalescing caudad at 
 the vasiform orifice*. Along the sutures of body Segments narrow 
 lines of these dots occur, usually on both sides of the suture. 
 
 Centrally, the body segments are quite distinct; the third thoracic 
 segment bends cephalad on each side to near the thickened area- on 
 the marginal indentures of case. On the dorsum, near tin* outer limit 
 of the abdominal segments, is a row on each side of very small trans- 
 parent spots. There is a pair of small BCtflB just cephalad of vasi- 
 form orifice, and a pair just within caudal margin of case, a seta on 
 each side of the thickened marginal patch of tabes, from which orig- 
 
36 
 
 inates the caudal pencil of white wax previously mentioned. Vasi- 
 fonri orifice can not be made out with certainty, hut it is relatively 
 small, short, and about twice as wide as long, and is surrounded with 
 an obscure fluted rim. 
 
 Adult $ . — Length about 0.86 mm.; fore-wing 1 by 0.46 mm.; 
 immaculate. Body yellow, eyes reddish and dumb-bell shape, not 
 divided. Antenna', joint 1, short, cup-shaped; joint 2, subpyriform, 
 about two-thirds as wide as long; joint 3. quite long and relatively 
 large, cylindrical, except at base, where it is tapering, not quite as long 
 as joints 5, 6, and 7 together; joint 4, short, about one-half length of 
 fifth; joints 5 and 6, subequal in length; joint 7, slightly longer than 
 joint 4. Mentum much reduced in size, plainly abnormally reduced. 
 Genitalia usual; valves strong and clasping at tip; penis curved upwards, 
 tapering, and enlarged at base. 
 
 This specie- occurs more or less singly on leaves of Qua res aquatica, 
 on the campus of the Florida Agricultural College, at Lake City. 
 Pupa-case described from numerous specimens; adult bred out by the 
 writer, from one specimen. Types in Div. Ent. collection. 
 
 34. Aleurodes rolfsii Quaintance. 
 
 Can. Ent. Vol. XXXI, p. 90. From Upola, Fla., on cultivated Geranium. 
 
 35. Aleurodes ruborum Cockerell. 
 
 .In. X. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. V., No. 11, p. 96. See also Ann. Kept. Fla. Agr. 
 Bxpt Sta., 1898, p. 66. On cultivated Rubus, Lake City, Fla. Also occurs on 
 Rubus cuneifolius at Lake City and San Mateo, Fla. 
 
 36. Aleurodes spiraeoidesn. Bp. (PlatelV, %nres 45-49, and Flate VIII, figure 74.) 
 
 Larva.- Size about 0.78 by 0.52 mm. ; subelliptical in shape, becom- 
 ing aarrower caudad. Color, light yellow. In very young larvae 
 there is a rather narrow cottony marginal fringe, but in older specimens 
 this La in most cases wanting. The margin is Hat and closely applied 
 to leaf. Abdominal segments moderately distinct; thoracic segments 
 obscure. Margin of case delicately crenulated, the ends of the wax 
 tubes rounded, and the shallow indentures acute. Dorsum void of 
 pores, papillae, and seta'. There are. however, three pairs of setae on 
 margin: A Bmall pair at cephalic end, a well-developed pair at caudal 
 
 end, and a small pair at caudal end. a seta on each side of larger pair. 
 There i- n<> marginal rim. Vasiform orifice essentially as in pupa- 
 case. On ventral surface the legs are quite obscure. The small eye 
 spots are reddish. 
 
 Pupa-case. Size, about 1. L5 by 0.83 mm.; broadly elliptical in shape, 
 and bright lemon-yellow in color. In the more mature specimens there 
 
 i> more or less of reddish coloration, due to the developing pupa within, 
 Pupa case rajher strongly convex, and but little flattened at the mar- 
 gin. There is do lateral fringe, but a more or less slanting waxen rim 
 
 is present in older specimens, raising the case a short distance from 
 
37 
 
 surface of leaf. This waxen rim is doubtless homologous to the verti- 
 cal fringe of certain species, and may vary in direction from vertical, 
 underneath the case, to a lateral fringe, having the general appear- 
 ance of a true lateral fringe. In the removal of dried specimens, this 
 waxen rim usually remains attached to the leaf. Margin of case cren- 
 ulated by a narrow rim of closely set wax tubes. On cephalic margin 
 a pair of small setae may occur, and a pair also on caudal margin. 
 Just within caudal margin on dorsum, caudad of vasiform orifice, there 
 is a somewhat larger pair. Dorsum without pores and papillae, and 
 there is no dorsal waxy secretion. The abdominal segments are but 
 moderately distinct; thoracic segments obscure. 
 
 Vasiform orifice broadly ovate, almost as broad as long. Opercu- 
 lum less than one-half length of orifice, subtrapezoidal, cephalic mar- 
 gin straight, caudal end truncate. Lingula extending nearly the 
 length of orifice, spatulate, the enlarged distal portion minutely setose. 
 Distal end bearing two small lobes. Two long seta' arise from ventral 
 surface of distal end of lingula and project caudad out beyond the ori- 
 fice. Just cephalad of vasiform orifice is a bow-shaped thickening of 
 the tegument of case. 
 
 Adult $. — Length about 0.95 mm.; fore-wing, 1.38 by 0.56 mm.; 
 length of hind-tibia, 0.46 mm.; length of hind tarsus, 0.3mm. Color,, 
 as given by Mr. T. Pergande, on fresh material: "The winged insects 
 are covered with a white bloom; the front wings have two rather indis- 
 tinct dusky spots, one a little beyond the middle and the other near 
 the apex, and one near apex of posterior wings; this bloom is easily 
 rubbed off, and the insect appears then to be yellow or greenish- 
 yellow. The eyes are reddish-brown and the legs and antennae more 
 or less dusky. The thorax is marked with blackish, and the abdomi- 
 nal segments 3 to 7 have each a blackish transverse band, which 
 becomes gradually broader toward the end of the body. Vertex and 
 front of head blackish. Veins slightly yellowish." 
 
 Antennae of 7 joints: Joint 1 short, subglobular; 2, about twice 
 length of l,and subpy rit'orm. obliquely truncate distally; 3, long, sub- 
 cylindrical, as long as joints 4, 5, and 6 together. Joints 5, 6, and 7 
 subequal. Joint 4, slightly shorter than 5. Mentum with three joints, 
 usual. Tibia of second pair legs two-thirds length of tibia of third 
 pair, the latter about equal in length to an antenna. Operculum con- 
 vex, more than twice as broad as long. Lingula protruded, rather 
 swollen, cylindrical, and bluntly rounded, protruding about one and 
 one-third times the length of^ operculum. 
 
 Eyes much constricted near the middle, but hardly divided. Wings 
 obscurely marked with dusky; On fore-wing an obscure spot may 
 occur along main vein at its distal end, and another spot a little distad 
 of middle. On hind-wing there is an obscure spot at distal end of vein. 
 Jn fore-wing, basal \ einlet arising from base of wing, and apparently 
 
38 
 
 distinct from main vein. Genitalia forcipate; valves rather short and 
 stout. Penis about four-fifths length of valves, somewhat enlarged at 
 base, where it curves upward: distally it becomes abruptly narrowed 
 to an acute and curved point. 
 
 Insects received by the Division of Entomology at Washington, from 
 several correspondents in California, as: Alexander Craw, Los Angeles. 
 October 23, L880, on leaves of Fuchsia, which, it is reported, were badly 
 infested: D. W. Coquillett, Los Angeles, October 21, 1887, on Son- 
 okus; A. Koebele, Alameda, during November of 1887, on Convolvu- 
 lus occidentalism A. Koebele, Alameda, November 5, 1885, on Malvia 
 rotundifoMa. Specimens also collected by Prof. J. H. Comstock, on 
 Iris, October 20, 1880 (locality not given). Div. Ent. Nos. 750 (on 
 [ris); 741 (on Fuchsia); 328 (on Convolvulus occidentalis) ; 4218 (on Son- 
 chus), and 37 (on Malvia rottindifoUa). 
 
 Pupa-case approaches citri in color and outline, but is much more 
 convex, and differs in having a vertical fringe, in the absence of the 
 eephalo-lateral and caudal indentures and thickenings of the margin, 
 and the vasiform orifice is widely different. It also approaches spi* 
 of Douglas, but differs in the absence of abdominal rows of tuber- 
 cles and in the presence of seta' at vasiform orifice. (Div. Ent. Nos., 
 37, 32S. 74 1 . 7r>< >. and 421 8. ) Type of all stages 741. Immature stages 
 described from numerous specimens; adult $ « from six specimens. 
 
 37. Aleurodes stellata Maskell. 
 
 Trans. X. Z. Inst. 1895, p. 442. On Lignum vUx, in company with A. jloccosa, 
 Jamaica. 
 
 38. Aleurodes tracheifer n. sp. (Plate V, figures 50-5 2, and Plate VIII, figure 73.) 
 
 Pupa-case.- Size about 0.81 by 0.52 mm.: subelliptical, slightly nar- 
 rowed cephalad. Color, under hand Lens, rather dull black: under 
 microscope, deep brownish in color, with the narrow marginal rim all 
 around much lighter. There is a copious, white, somewhat cottony, 
 lateral fringe, which may extend out, flat on the leaf, quite twice the 
 width of pupa-case. Basally this forms a continuous fringe all around, 
 hut becomes separated into several Lobes from about the basal third 
 out. Lateral wax tubes very prominent, rounded distally: the inci- 
 sions about as deep as tubes are wide and rounded at base. On the 
 dorsum there may occur, along the middle line, a light mealy exuda- 
 tion. There is along the dorsi-meson an evident rounded keel extendi 
 ing cephalad from vasiform orifice to margin of case, but not so 
 pronounced in the thoracic region, where cephalad, it becomes widened 
 out suddenly into* an arrow-shaped figure? Along the abdominal seg- 
 ments it is semitubular, and merges caudad Into an ovate rim around 
 the vasiform orifice, the whole producing somewhat the appearance of 
 a trachea (windpipe), with voice box (the vasiform orifice) attached. 
 There Is In the thoracic region on each side, a short distance within the 
 margin, a curved, depressed line, extending caudad to about thu sec- 
 
39 
 
 ond abdominal segment. Abdominal segments distinct, extending out 
 to marginal rim, and Btrongly reflexed caudad. 
 
 Dorsum with four pairs of well-developed seta 1 ; a pair on cephalic 
 region; a pair on metathorax; a pair at vasiform orifice, a seta on each 
 side, and a pair on tin 1 ' caudal (Mid of the large, thickened, subovate 
 rim. surrounding the vasiform orifice. There is a pair of minute white 
 setffi on the cephalic margin of case, and the usual caudo-lateral pair 
 is present. Vasiform orifice semicircular, as broad as Long; cephalic 
 margin almost straight. Operculum subsemicircular, hut broader 
 than Long, minutely setose distaHy. Lingula moderately developed, 
 reaching caudal margin of operculum; enlarged distally and minutely 
 setose. The operculum and lingula are made out with difficulty. 
 
 Adults. — Unknown. 
 
 Sent to the Division of Entomology at Washington, June 2, 1 si >7. 
 on "Escabillo," collected at Las Minas, Tobasco, Mexico, by Mr. 
 C. I [. T. Towusend; Div. Ent. No. 7817. Described from specimens. 
 
 39. Aleurodes vaporariorum WVstwood. 
 
 Gard. Chron., 1856, p. 852; Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, Dec, 1867, 
 p. 387; W. E. Britten, Ninth Ann. Rept. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1895, Ft. II, 
 p. 203. 
 
 A species widely distributed in Europe, and has been recorded on 
 Gonolobus, Tecvma, Bignonia, Aphelandra, Solamun, Tomato, &<ilr!<i 
 splendens, and LarUana Commara. Specimens have been received by 
 the Division of Entomology, United States Departmentof Agriculture, 
 of what appears to be this species, from the following localities in the 
 United States: Fre , ehold,N. J., on Fuchsiu t; Fairburg, 111., on Fuchsia; 
 Boston, Mass., on Fuchsia, Pi largondum, and other plants; New Haven. 
 Conn., on Tomato; Storrs, Conn., on house plant; West Grove, Pa., 
 on Otcalis, and what is probably the same species, from Goshen. Ind. 
 These insects, to a considerable extent, occur on greenhouse plants, 
 which fact probably has a bearing on their present distribution. 
 
 Div. Ent. Nos. L192, 2124, 2224, 4.354. 4590,4895, and <;;:>:>. 
 
 40. Aleurodes variabilis n. Bp, (Plate V, figures 53-55.) 
 
 Egg. — Length, exclusive of stalk. 0.2 mm. ; width one-fifteenth mm. ; 
 shape oblong, tapering toward apical end. which is bluntly rounded, 
 and about one-half the width of egg at widest part; unmarked; color 
 whitish when fresh; with advanced embryo, yellowish. Stalk about 
 one-sixth length of egg, attached to center at base, bearing several 
 short irregular prongs. 
 
 Larva. — Length, 0.5 mm.; width, 0.3 mm.; regularly elliptical in 
 outline, flat. Color, uniformly light yellowish. Wax tubes, seen from 
 above, rounded distally. No marginal fringe. Abdominal segments 
 moderately distinct; thoracic, less so. Noporesor papilhe. as in pupa- 
 case. There is a pair of well-developed, brownish-colored seta 1 aris- 
 ing from caudal margin, and extending dorso-caudad, as in pupa-ca>e; 
 
40 
 
 a pair of minute setae is sometimes present on second abdominal seg- 
 ment and on prothorax near dorsi-meson. Vasiform orifice practically 
 as in pupa-case. 
 
 Pupa-case— Length, 0.65mm.; width, 0.36 mm., varying' somewhat; 
 regularly elliptical. Under hand-lens on leaf, small, yellowish, due to 
 developing pupa within; more or less mottled with orange. Empty 
 (base, dear white. Very young pupa-case flat; after drying, may become 
 concave. Older pupa? raised on vertical fringe of white waxen rods, 
 the length of which varies with the age of the pupa. Mature 
 pupa-case, somewhat convex above; inclosed pupa bright yellow, with 
 the eyes brownish red. Margin of case crenulated, somewhat irregu- 
 larly! by shallow incisions between the wax tubes. No marginal 
 fringe* a pair of small seta? near caudo-lateral region. A narrow 
 marginal rim may be distinguished. Abdominal segments moderately 
 distinct; those of thorax less so. Four pairs of brown setae may 
 occur near dorsi-meson. These may be all long and equally developed, 
 or any or all pairs may be reduced to mere traces. Usually the cau- J 
 dal pair is well developed; it is situated within the caudal margin and j 
 extends dorso-caudad some distance beyond case. The first pair, sit- 1 
 uated on thorax, is usually reduced, or quite obliterated, as may be j 
 also, but less frequently, the second pair on the second abdominal seg- J 
 ment. The third pair is situated near the vasiform orifice, a seta on j 
 each side, near its cephalic margin. This pair is not infrequently as 1 
 well developed as caudal pair, but usually less so. There may be a j 
 submarginal row all around of rather closely set papillae, each bear- 
 ing a white, waxen, curved rod. Circular pores may also occur in 
 this row of papillae, the two intcrgrading. Just mesad of this row of 
 papilhe, pores may occur irregularly, similar to those in the submar- 
 ginal row. and from which also arise white, waxen, curved rods. Usu-J 
 ally these papillae and pores are not discernible, or but faintly; those I 
 of the caudal and cephalic margins persist longest. When but dis- j 
 cernible, there are no rods. All gradations may occur from the entire 
 absence of pores and papilla 1 to a complete set, bearing rods. 
 
 Vasiform orifice large, ovate, broad end cephalad; a rounded inden- 
 ture OH caudal end. Orifice about four-fifths as wide as long. From 
 the inside, of the lateral and caudal margin distinct corrugations, or 
 folds, extend downward and inward in the orifice cavity. Operculum 
 somewhat semielliptical in outline, about two-fifths the length of 
 Orifice and about twice as wide at base as long. Lingula well devel- 
 oped, about four-lift lis as long as orilice; the basal part is about one- 
 fifth of its length, with thickened, centrally curving margins; the 
 succeeding two-fifths LS subrectangular in outline as seen from above; 
 distal two-fifths enlarged, with three lobes on each side and a distal 
 lobe; distal four-fifths, setose, thicker on distal portion; from distal 
 end arises below a pair of well-developed upward curving seta\ pro- 
 
41 
 
 jecting caudad to margin of orifice. Just cephalad of orifice are two 
 sets of crescent-shaped thickenings. A shallow furrow extends caudad 
 from orifice to margin of pupa-case. On ventral surface, the reduced 
 legs may be made out with difficulty. 
 
 Adult 9 . — Length about 0.833 nun. : Length of front wing, 0.95 mm. ; 
 width, 0.33 mm.; Length of antennae, about 0.25 mm.; length of hind 
 tibia, 0.3 mm.; length of hind tarsus, 0.216 nun.; color, lemon yellow; 
 feet and antennae, lighter; wings, immaculate, anterior margin of both 
 paii-s. reddish. Eyes, brownish black. Antennae, seven jointed; joint 
 1. very short, about one-third as long as second, subcorneal, distally 
 somewhat obliquely truncate: joint 2, pear shaped, not quite twice as 
 long as wide, oblique distally: joint 3, long, slender, as long as 4, 5, 
 6, and 7 together, subcy lindrical. bearing distally on outer side a group 
 of setae; 5 and 6, club-shaped; 7, somewhat fusiform, but tapering 
 abruptly, distally bearing a terminal seta on distal oblique margin. 
 Joints 3 and distad, coarsely ringed. 
 
 Hind femur two-thirds length of tibia; tarsus about two-thirds 
 length of tibia; distal joint of tarsus, excluding claw, two-thirds length 
 of proximal: trochanter bearing two long setae on caudal side. Men- 
 turn, three jointed: basal joint about as long as other two, gradually 
 widening distally: second joint a 1 tout one-half as long as third; third 
 joint tapering gradually to blunt point, which is tipped with black. 
 
 Vasiform orifice, subcircular, as seen from above; operculum slightly 
 Convex; concave on caudal margin, which is minutely setose; lingula 
 protruding, gradually enlarged distally. minutely setose. Genitalia, 
 usual. Eyes oblong, somewhat constricted near middle. In first pair 
 of wings the main vein is long, extending nearly to tip. becoming 
 gradually fainter from distal half. A basal veinlet arises from base of 
 wing, and extends obliquely backwards to margin. Margins of both 
 pairs of wings delicately beaded all around. A short row of seta' on 
 cephalic margin of second pair at base, the distal two of which are 
 three or four times longer than the others. 
 
 $ . — Length about 0.5 mm.; proportionately smaller than female. 
 Genitalia forcipate, the valves strongly curved at tip: penis tapering, 
 a little more than one-half the length of valves, strongly curved 
 upward, the strongest curve near base. 
 
 This species is exceedingly abundant on the common papaw {Carioa 
 papwva) at Miama. Florida. The under surface of the leaves of the 
 plant are frequently quite covered with the pupa- cases, larva 1 , and 
 eggs. The adults are also exceedingly abundant, usually resting on the 
 under surface of the younger leaves. The different stages described 
 from numerous specimens. Types in Div. Knt. Collection. 
 
 41. Aleurodes vinsonioides Cockerell. 
 
 Psyche, Vol. S, No. L>IM>, p. L'L'ti; Fnmtera, Tabasco, Mexico. 
 
 On undetermined tree 
 
42 
 
 42. Aleurodes vittata n. sp. (Plate V, figures 56-58.) 
 
 Egg. — Size 0.25 by 0.09 mm.; slightly curved; color, pale yellow, 
 unmarked. Stalk very short. 
 
 La/rva. — Size 0.52 by 0.33 mm.; shape subelliptical, somewhat 
 narrowed caudad. Color whitish, very flat, and closely applied to 
 leaf. No lateral fringe; margin finery crenulated, but without distinct 
 marginal rim. Dorsum void of waxy exudation. From caudal end 
 projects a pair of moderately stout tubercled setae. Vasiform orifice 
 practically as in pupa-case. 
 
 Pupa-case. — Size about 0.75 by 0.52 mm.; shape elliptical. Color 
 dark brown, with the margin of dorsum all around, and a broad stripe 
 down dorsi-meson, whitish. The coloration is usually deepest just 
 Laterad of the central dorsal stripe, and gradually fading toward the 
 margin. 
 
 Body segments quite distinct, the thoracic more so than abdominal, 
 appearing as white lines extending across the dorsum. 
 
 There is no marginal fringe, although the lateral wax tubes are well 
 developed. Just within the margin, all around on the dorsum, is a 
 closely set series of short papillae, or pores, from which is produced a 
 fringe of rather short, slightly curved, glassy waxen rods. These are 
 longest on cephalic and caudal margins. Along lateral margin, at 
 more or less regular intervals, longer and stouter wax rods are pro- 
 duced. Just within this submarginal series of papillae is an irregular 
 row all around of small transparent spots, and these may also occur 
 somewhat promiscuously over the dorsum, but are most numerous 
 over the central dorsal portion. Around the sub-dorsal area the case 
 ismarked with more or less reticulated lines, which extend out plainly 
 to the sub-marginal series of pores. Pupa-case applied quite closely 
 to leaf, and there seems to be no vertical fringe. On the margin, at 
 caudal end of case, there is. on each side of the furrow from the vasi- 
 form orifice, a moderately stout seta, and the usual caudo-lateral pair 
 is present on margin of case. Vasiform oritice subovate. about four- 
 fifths as wide as long; the inner Lateral margin much corrugated. 
 ( Operculum subelliptical, scarcely one-half the length of orifice. Lin- 
 gula about three fourths length of orifice, subspatulate, the distal part 
 with three pairs of lateral Lobes and a terminal lobe. Two setse arise 
 from caudal end of lingula, and project caudad to margin of oritice. 
 Both operculum and lingula minutely setose distally. 
 
 Adults. — Unknown. 
 
 This species occurs on Leaves of chaparral, and has been received 
 i»\ the Division of Entomology at Washington, I). C., from W. E. 
 ( lollins, ( )nt ai io. Cal., July. L894; A. .1. ( Jook, ( Jlaremont, Cal., August 
 1 I. L894; Mud from S. A. Pease, Pomona, Cal., August 30, L894. Div. 
 Ent. No. 631 1. Described from three eggs, three larva.', and numerous 
 
 pupa-caae*. 
 
43 
 
 Genus ALEURODICUS Doug-las. 
 
 With the genera] characters of the family, but differing from 
 Aleurodes in having the vein in both pairs of wings with a distal and 
 basal branch. 
 
 TABLB OF BPBCDBB OF ALEUBODICUB. 1 
 
 Whip-; of adults immaculate. 
 
 9 — Length 2.1 nun.; wing expanse 4.1 mm.; length hind tibia 0.78 mm. ; 
 length hind tarsus 0.36 mm. ; dull honey yellow with eyes darker. Joint 
 3 of antenna 1 as long as the three distal joints together, and twice as 
 long as joints 1 and 2 together. Pupa-ease secreting an abundance of 
 white wax and very long glassy filaments, ovate, or very broadly ellipti- 
 cal; compound pores smaller than in anonx; operculum but moderately 
 concave on caudal margin; lingula broad, tapering to rounded end; not 
 
 notched distally cocofo Curtis (4) 
 
 Similar to preceding, but larger. Length of fore-wing 3 mm; length hind 
 tibia 0.90 mm.; Length hind tarsus 0.47 mm. Pupa-case more nearly 
 elliptical and the compound pores larger than in <■<><•<>!*; operculum on 
 caudal margin suddenly indented and then straight; lingula compara- 
 tively narrow, notched distally, and tapering to rather acute point. 
 
 anonx Morgan (1) 
 
 Wings with a dark spot in angk of distal bifurcation of vein. 
 
 Head, thorax, and abdomen pale yellowish white. The dark spot of fore- 
 wings, an obtuse angle, opening distally. Posterior wings with similar 
 but fainter spot. Eyes brown, two-parted. Tarsi long, exceeding two- 
 thirds length of tibia. Pupa-case secreting a white downy wax. 
 
 amrumis Shinier (2) 
 
 Similar to amitimis, but with body and legs of deep chrome yellow; eyes not 
 divided, but dumb-bell shape. Fore-wing 2 mm., noticeably iridescent; 
 spot on fore-wings of rather indistinct outline, and extending cephalad 
 to margin of wing as a very dilute clouding. Hind-wings" unspotted. 
 Pupa-case dark gray or plumbeous, varying to brownish, surrounded by 
 abundant cottony secretion; along midrib of leaf, as mpulvinata; oper- 
 culum very broad, broadly truncate distally; lingula spatulate, tapering 
 to a rather rounded point Wideza us Coekerell (ti) 
 
 $ — Both pairs of wings with a distinct brownish-black spot; fore-wings with 
 an ill-denied clouding all around margin, appearing centrally as an 
 oblique, very obscure band. Length 0.86 mm.; fore-wing 1.1 by 0.52 
 mm. Eyes reddish, not divided. Genitalia very much reduced, valves 
 short and stubby. Pupa-case subelliptical; cephalic and caudal pairs of 
 compound pores largest; operculum well rounded on caudal margin; 
 lingula spatulate, gradually tapering to somewhat rounded point. 
 
 minima n. sp. (7) 
 
 Wings variously spotted or banded with gray or blackish. 
 Wings with more or less rounded spots. 
 
 Color bright yellow, legs and antenna* paler. Length, 1.23 mm.; length fore- 
 wing. 2.4 mm. : with submarginal series of blackish spi its, and more circular 
 
 1 Aleurodicux {AleurtMlr*) jnilrimittt Maskell is not indicated in the table, and is 
 referred to Aleurndirus on the authority of Coekerell (Psyche, v. S. No. 2<>h\ p. 22<>) . 
 If a description of the adult stage of this species has been made. 1 have not been able 
 to lind it. 
 
44 
 
 spote between forkings of vein. Vertex of head acute and margined with 
 brownish-red, continuous with eyes of same color. Pupa-case very flat, 
 
 subovate and with but little secretion of wax cockerilli n. sp. (3) 
 
 Wings banded with gray. 
 
 Length from head to tip of wings somewhat over 2 mm. Forewings with 5 
 broad transverse bands of gray and a longitudinal band extending from 
 the outermost band to margin of wing, a little below the apex. On 
 cephalic margin of wing the bands are mostly straight and equi-distant, 
 but mostly enlarged about middle of wing. The third and fourth bands 
 are joined together by inward prolongation of longitudinal band. Third 
 baud interrupted below its middle, and its lower part is joined to second 
 band, of which it appears an oblique branch. The true prolongation of 
 second band bends obliquely inward, and is joined at one point to the 
 first band. The second band is also joined to first by a thin process in the 
 legion of the central nervure... ornatus Cockerell (9) 
 
 Length, 1.66 mm.; forewing, 2.25 by 1.5 mm.; similar to ornatus, but mark- 
 ings of forewings of different pattern. There are four gray bands cross- 
 ings the wings, of which only the third and fourth are joined by a longi- 
 tudinal band. The basal band bends abruptly inward caudad of main 
 nervure, which branches so near base of wing that there are prac- 
 tically 2 nervures, the first gray band failing in the angle between them 
 but strong again before the second. Second band broad as far as the 
 cephalic nervure; just beyond it interrupted broadly, but continued as 
 a large nearly circular gray patch, the greater part of which is cephalad 
 of caudal nervure, and passing thence as an oblique narrow band to the 
 margin. Third band resembling second as far as cephalic nervure, 
 w hich it meets at its fork; after that failing, but reappearing a little 
 way down the lowest branch of the nervure, and thence passing down- 
 ward, becoming very faint, Fourth band broad, passing across end of 
 fork, bent inward, joining continuation of third band after the break, 
 itself forking at its lower end. The curvure of fourth band leaves a 
 white apical area in which there is a gray spot. There is also a gray 
 spot at tip of second nervure dugesi Cockerell. (5) 
 
 Body of male about 2 mm. exclusive of forceps. Fore-wing slightly over 2 mm. 
 long by about 1.33 mm. broad, white, with 2 very pale gray bands, the 
 first crossing wing just before fork of median vein, but interrupted for a 
 space below the vein. The second a dilute transverse cloud not far from 
 apex of wing. Externally pupa-case appears as a large mass (5 to 10 mm. 
 long) of snowy white cottony tufts, irregularly disposed, from which spring 
 very long curved white waxen threads miratMis Cockerell. (8) 
 
 1. Aleurodicus anonaoe Morgan. 
 
 Fnt. Mo. Mag., Second Scries — Vol. Ill (1892), p. 32. On Anona muricata; A. 
 equamotd, Ficut, and Richardia paeifiea, Demerara. Received by the Div. Ent., 
 U. S. Dept. Agric.,on Anona, from IVrnanibuco, Brazil, and on Anoint rcticttfata, 
 Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. 
 
 ( 2. Aleurodicus ( Aleurodes) asarumis Shimer. 
 
 "Whitish, farinose, downy, especially on the wings. Head, thorax, 
 and abdomen pale yellowish -white. Wings laid flat on the black in 
 repose, shorl and broadly rounded at the apex; near the extremity, 
 where the strong centra] vein branches, a dark macula in the form of 
 an obtuse angle, opening posteriorly toward the apex of Shewing. 
 
 The posterior wing has a similar but rainier spot. Antenna 4 six- 
 
45 
 
 jointed, firsl thick, clavate. Eyes brown, two-parted. Tarsi long, 
 exceeding two-thirds the tibiae. I find these insects during the entire 
 Summer on the under side of Ami rum mnmlenxt (wild ginger). In 
 September I have seen them very numerous in all stages, the Larva 
 and pupa presenting the usual scale-like form of this family; at this 
 time the under side of the leaf that has reared a good colony is 
 covered with a white downy secretion. The imago when slightly dis- 
 turbed flies away, acting not much like small Tineina. hence it may 
 often be found on tree-, etc.. hut 1 have observed the larva only on 
 the above-named plant, and believe it to be entirely confined to it." 
 
 Mt. Carroll, 111., August 24, 1867, Shinier. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, p. 281. 
 See also Insect Life, 1893, p. 219. 
 
 3. Aleurodicus cockerellii sp. (Plate VI, figures 59-62) . 
 
 Pupa-case. — Size about 1.03 by 1.23 mm.: subovate in shape, 
 smaller end cephalad. Color uniformly yellowish. There is but Blight 
 waxy exudation from dorsum, which is more or less mealy. No wax 
 rods have been observed. Dried specimens separate easily from leaf, 
 Leaving usually a ring of white mealy wax of the size and shape of 
 case; extending from the periphery inward are light lines of this 
 mealy wax. more or less distinctly* marking the position of the abdomi- 
 nal sutures of the case. Dorsum of pupa-case almost flat, but as seen 
 under a hand lens is much wrinkled transversely in dried material. 
 These fold- or ridges occur mainly along the body segments, and pos- 
 teriorly become much curved around the vasiform orifice. Under the 
 microscope the abci >minal segments are indistinct and scarcely elevated, 
 except in the medio-dorsal line, where a slight rounded keel may be 
 observed. Margin of case practically entire. Very slight furrow- or 
 thickenings extend mesau a short distance from margin of case, rather 
 marking the margin into more or less distinct rectangular figures. 
 Just within the margin all around is a series of very small disc like 
 pores, usually one to each of these marginal rectangles. Dorsum void 
 of well-developed seta 1 , except a pair just within the caudal margin; 
 but there is a pair of small seta 1 at vasiform orifice, and very minute 
 seta' occur here and there on the dorsum. The five or more pairs of 
 large compound pores, so usual on dorsum of pupa-ease of Ah ur<»l<rus. 
 seem to be absent in this species, but very many minute transparent 
 pores may be detected on dorsum under high power of microscope. 
 
 Vasiform orifice subcordate. somewhat longer than wide: cephalic 
 margin straight; at caudal end there is a short, stout, spine-like pro- 
 trusion. Operculum subrectangular, about half length of orifice; 
 cephalic and caudal margins practically straight, lateral margins 
 rounded; lateral and caudal margins thick; minutely setose. Lingula 
 quite as long as orifice, very broad, and bearing distally two pairs of 
 seta 1 , the smaller pair proximad: minutely setose. 
 
 Rudimentary Legs and antenna 1 on ventral surface quite distinct. 
 
46 
 
 Distal joint of Legs with a straight and truncate spine. Antennae usual, 
 minutely ringed. 
 
 Adult ? . — Length, about L.96 mm. ; fore-wing, about 2.4 by 1.6 mm. ; 
 Length of hind tibia, 0.8 mm.; length of hind tarsus, 0.56 mm.; length 
 of front tarsus, 0.32 nun.; color, bright yellow, legs and antennae paler; 
 wings very broad, and rounded distally. Wings marked with more or 
 less circular spots of brownish black. In fore-wings, along cephalic 
 margin, are three spots about equidistant, and farther distad, on curve 
 of wing, is a spot somewhat farther from the third spot than are two 
 and three from each other. There is a spot on the margin of outer 
 caudal curve of wing and three spots on the caudal margin, which, 
 however, are not equidistant, as in the spots on cephalic margin. 
 Within the area bounded by the distal fork of the vein are two spots, 
 and within the area bounded caudad by the proximal branch are from 
 three to five spots. In hind-wings there is a spot on outer cephalic 
 margin, and on the outer caudal margin are two spots. There are two 
 spots in the area bounded by the distal fork of vein, and likewise two 
 spots in the area bounded caudad by the proximal branch of vein. 
 Head as seen from above acute cephalad, and margined with deep red- 
 dish or brownish black, continuous with eyes which are of same color. 
 Joint 1 of antenna 1 short, subcylindrical, distal end irregularly notched 
 or toothed. Joint 2, thick, club-shaped, about three times longer than 
 basal and bearing two or three setae on outer lateral surface. Joint 
 3 quite long — quite twice the length of fourth. Distal joint short, 
 terminating in a single seta. 
 
 Received by the Division of Entomology at Washington from Dr. 
 F. Xoack, Institute Agronomico, Campinas. EstadodeS. Paulo, Brazil, 
 on leaves of a myrtaceous plant, March 30, 1898, and again from Dr. 
 Noack, on same plant, June li, 1898. The writer has also received 
 specimens of this insect from Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, to whom they 
 had been sent by Dr. Xoack. The adults are unique, in the genus 
 Aleurodicus, from the more or less circular spots on the wings. Div. 
 Ent., Nos. solo and 81 L5. 'Type pupa-case, 8010, described from nine 
 specimens, and specimens on leaf, trom Prof essor Cockerell. Type, 
 adult ? . 81 If), described from two specimens. 
 
 4. Aleurodicus (Aleurodes) cocois Curtis. 
 
 Gard. Chron,, 1 <S4<>, p. 2S4. A good description by Riley and Howard, with fig- 
 ures, occurs iii Insect Life, Vol. V (1893), p. .'514. On cocoanut trees, dp Bar- 
 bados and Demerara; <m guava, Isle of Trinidad; on guava, Caracas, Vene- 
 zuela; on guava, Para, Brazil. 
 
 5. Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell. 
 
 Can. Ent., vol. 28 (IK'M)), p. M()l\ On Hibiscus rosu-sitwusis, lieyon.ht, and other 
 plants, Guanajuato, Mexico. 
 
 6. Aleurodicus iridescens OockerelL 
 
 Psyche, vol. 8, n<». 266, p. 226. 
 
47 
 
 7. Aleurodicus minima ii. Bp. (Plate VI, figures 63-67.) 
 
 Pupa-case. Size about 1.17 by 0.71 nun., subelliptical, many speci- 
 mens are somewhat narrowed cephalad. Case usually widest across 
 region of second abdominal segment. Color yellowish, varying to 
 brownish. Empty Case semi-transparent, except for the irregular 
 brown coloration on margin, and at the dorsal pores. Margins 
 slightly crenulated, with very shallow indentures between the lateral 
 wax tubes. There is do marginal rim. Just within the margin, all 
 around, is a closely set row of short disk-like tubercles or papillae, 
 from which is produced a fringe of almost straight, tapering, glassy 
 waxen rods from one-third to one-half as long as pupa-case is w ide. 
 On the more ((Mitral dorsal region a light mealy waxen exudation may 
 occur. Pupa-case slightly raised from surface of leaf by vertical 
 fringe of wax. which usually remains attached to leaf on removal of 
 dried specimens. On the dorsum, nearer the margin than center, is a 
 row on each side of seven round and well-defined compound pores. 
 Considered transversely, these occur in pairs; a pair on cephalic seg- 
 ment; a pair on me ta thorax; three pairs along the abdominal segments, 
 and two pairs in the region latero-caudad of the vasiform orifice. The 
 caudal pair is somewhat the largest, with the cephalic pair next in 
 size; the rest are subequal. These pores, individually, consist of a 
 cylindrical, brownish-colored rim with a central, white, rod-like struc- 
 ture. On cephalic margin of case is a pair of seta' and a pair on the 
 caudo-lateral region, a seta on each side. There is a pair of small, 
 tubercled seta' jr t within caudal margin. Around the margin, just 
 within the submarginal series of papillae, is a row of small tubercled 
 seta', usually from 24 to 28 in all. 
 
 Vasiform orifice elongate-cordate; about three-fourths as broad as 
 long; cephalic margin straight, caudal end bluntly rounded. Oper- 
 culum, subelliptical, cephalic margin straight, about one-third as long- 
 as oitfice. Lingula usual, broad, extending quite to caudal end of 
 orifice, hearing two pairs of setae distally. On ventral surface, rudi- 
 mentary feet and antenna' quite distinct. 
 
 Adult $ . — Length, about 0.80 mm.; fore-wing, 1.1 by 0.52 mm.; 
 length of hind tarsus, 0.21 mm.; Length of hind tibia, 0.38 mm.; Length 
 of hind femur. 0.26 mm. : color, -yellowish white, with dorsum of thorax 
 brownish. Eyes reddish, undivided, though with a pronounced con- 
 striction. Joint 1 of antenna' short, not one-half the length of second. 
 Joint 2, narrow at base, truncate at distal end, widest centrally. Joint 
 3 long, longer than remaining joints together, distal joint ending in 
 an attenuated process, hearing a terminal seta. Anterior tarsus about 
 three-fourths length of posterior. Distal tarsal joint of firsl pair legs 
 two-thirds length of distal joint of mentum. Wings slightly clouded 
 around margin and w ith a very dilute oblique transverse hand centrally: 
 at fork of distal branch of vein i- a pronounced spot of brow nish-black 
 
48 
 
 coloration, otherwise wings without spots. Margins of wings and the 
 veins somewhat yellowish. Genitalia quite short for this genus; valves 
 short and stout. 
 
 Adult 9. — Unknown. 
 
 This species approaches in some particulars quite close to Cocker- 
 ell's iridesceris, but it is much smaller, and the pupa-case differs in 
 several particulars. It is quite similar also to Shimer's asarumis. His 
 description is so meager that it will hardly be possible to locate his 
 species unless, peradventure, the type has been preserved. 
 
 Specimens received by the Division of Entomology at Washington, 
 January 28, 1889, on "Guayaba," from A. Biisck, Bayamon, Puerto 
 Rico. Mr. Pergande remarks that quite a large number of the insects 
 (pupae had been killed b}^ a very curious fungus. Div. Ent., No. 8422. 
 Pupa-case described from numerous specimens; adult $ from two 
 specimens. 
 
 8. Aleurodicus mirabilis Cockerell. 
 
 Psyche, vol. 8, No. 266, p. 226; also Psyche, vol. 8, No. 277, p. 360. On a plant 
 called "laurel," at Boca del Lestumacinta, Tabasco, Mexico; also on Anona, 
 Minatitlan, Mexico. 
 
 9. Aleurodicus ornatus Cockerell. 
 
 Ent. M<>. Mag., 1893, p. 105. On Capsicum, Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 10. Aleurodicus (Aleurodes) pulvinata Maskell. 
 
 Tran*. N. Z. Inst., 1895, p. 439. On Jatropa sp., Trinidad. 
 Psyche, vol. 8, No. 266, p. 226. 
 
21490 No. 8 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I, 
 
 Aleurodes abnormis. 
 
 1. Pupa-case. 
 
 2. Diagram of cross section of pupa-case, to illustrate the downward and inward 
 
 curved marginal rim. 
 
 3. Fore-wing of adult. 
 
 Aleurodes acacite. 
 
 4. Pupa-case. 
 
 5. Egg. 
 
 6. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 7. Portion of marginal rim of pupa-case. 
 
 Aleurodes altissima. 
 
 8. Pupa-case. 
 
 9. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 10. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 11. A compound pore, from dorsum of pupa-case. 
 
 12. Circle of pores, and rotate figure on dorsum of pupa-case. 
 
 50 
 
Aleurodid/e Quaintance. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 
 
 Aleurodes coronata. 
 
 13. Pupa-case. 
 
 14. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 L5. Vasiform orifice of pupa-case. 
 
 Aleurodes fitchi . 
 
 16. Pupa-case. 
 
 17. Fore-wing of adult. 
 
 is. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 19. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 Aleurodes foridensis. 
 
 20. Pupa- case. 
 
 21. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 22. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 Aleurodes inconspicua. 
 
 23. Pupa-case. 
 
 24. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 25. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 52 
 
Tech. Series No. 8, Div. of Entomology, Dept. of Agnculture. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Aleurodid^e Quaintance. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. 
 
 Aleurodes nephrolepidis. 
 
 26. Pupa-case. 
 
 27. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 28. Fore-wing of adult. 
 
 29. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 30. Egg. 
 
 Aleurodes plumosa. 
 
 31. Pupa-case. 
 
 32. Vasiform orifice, and operculum of pupa-case. 
 
 33. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 Aleurodes pergandei. 
 
 34. Pupa-case. 
 
 35. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 36. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 37. Fore-wing of adult. 
 
 54 
 
Tech. Series No. 8, Div of Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture, 
 
 Aleurodid^e-Quaintance. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 
 
 Aleurodes persex. 
 
 38. Pupa-case. 
 
 39. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 40. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 Aleurodes quercus-aquoticae. 
 
 41. Pupa-case. 
 
 42. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 43. Outline of vasiform orifice, with the surrounding fluted rim. 
 
 44. Fore-wing of adult. 
 
 j 1 le u rodes sp irxo ides. 
 
 45. Pupa-case. 
 
 46. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 47. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 48. Fore-wing of adult. 
 
 49. Hind-wing of adult. 
 
 56 
 
Tech. Series No. 8. Div. of Entomology, Dept. of Ag-iculture. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. 
 
 Aleurodes tracheifer. 
 
 50. Pupa-case. 
 
 51. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 52. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case with the surrounding 
 
 and spines. 
 
 A leurodes va riabilis. 
 
 53. Pupa-case. 
 
 54. Fore-wing of adult. 
 
 55. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 Aleurodes viUata. 
 
 56. Pupa-case. 
 
 57. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 58. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 58 
 
Tech. Series No. 8, Div. of Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 ALEURODID/C Quaintance. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 
 
 Aleurodicus cockereUi. 
 
 59. Pupa-case. 
 
 60. Fore-wing of adult. 
 
 61. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 62. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 Aleurodicus minima. 
 
 63. Pupa-case. 
 
 64. Fore-wing of adult, 
 
 65. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case. 
 
 66. A compound pore from dorsum of pupa-case. 
 
 67. Portion of margin of pupa-case. 
 
 60 
 
ALEURODID/E - QUAINTANCE. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. 
 
 68. Aleurodes accidie. 
 
 69. Aleurodes coronata. 
 
 70. Aleurodes altissima. 
 
 71. Aleurodes fitchi. 
 
 62 
 
Tech. Series No. 8, Div. of Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 Aleurodid>e Quaintance. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. 
 
 72. Aleurodes pergancL i. 
 
 73. Aleurodes tracheifer. 
 
 74. Alewrodes *//irxoides. 
 
 64 
 
Tech. Series No. 8, Div. of Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 Aleurodid-£ Quaintance. 
 
THE RED SPIDERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 {Tetranychus and Stigmxus.) 
 
 By Nathan Banks. 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 The genus Tetrcmychus was established in 1832 by Dufour for a small 
 mite found living gregariously on ('lumps of gorse. He noticed that 
 there was a milky whitish irregular web or mesh of threads upon 
 which craw led tiny red objects, which, by the aid of a glass, he discov- 
 ered were mites. He kept specimens in 
 a bottle, and saw them produce a similar 
 web. Since then these creatures have 
 been known as ''spinning mites." Simi- 
 lar mites were known from the time of 
 Linnaeus, and one described by him as 
 Acarns t<l<n'i>ix is considered identical 
 with Dufour's form. These spinning 
 mites were found oil a great variety of 
 plants, and showed gtifferences in size and 
 color, which, coupled with their different 
 habitat, led the naturalists of that day to 
 consider these forms as separate species. 
 Gradually, it was discovered that certain 
 species were extremely variable in color, 
 and occurred on more than one plant. 
 This overthrew the old classification, and 
 since then it has never been determined 
 what was a species in this genus. The 
 best two modern authorities working on 
 the same (Italian) fauna reach quite differ- 
 ent results. Certain forms of these mites 
 have caused considerable injury to plants, 
 especially in greenhouses,. and from the red color of most of them, 
 have been termed u red spiders." A- some of the early accounts <<>n- 
 sidered the common red species a- T. telanrivs Linn., this name ha^ 
 been applied indiscriminately to all red spiders, bottl in Europe and 
 21490 — No. s 5 
 
 Fig. i. 
 
 ■T< trail ijcli «■* hi inncnlnltin—vu- 
 lar^'id (original). 
 
66 
 
 this country. So it happens that throughout our economic literature 
 there occur accounts of Tetrcmychus telarius without any consider- 
 ation as to whether the form mentioned was identical with the Euro- 
 pean species of that name, The first break from this custom was 
 made by Dr. Riley, who, in 1889, recognized that the form occurring 
 on oranges was different from T. telarius. In 1893 Professor Harvey 
 described a form found in greenhouses in Maine and New York as T. 
 bimaculatus. With these two exceptions Tetrcmychus telarius is still 
 considered responsible for all "red spider" damage. In 1877 Prof. 
 A. Targioni Tozzetti, in a paper on the mouth and feet of Tetnnnj- 
 chus^ showed that the form known as T. socius differed from T. telarius 
 in the nature of the tarsal claws. In the latter, as in many other 
 forms, the claw is suddenly bent before the middle and the apical 
 part four-cleft; in T. socius the claw is less curved and simple. Simi- 
 lar differences obtain in certain of our species, as will be noticed 
 below. In Prof. A. Berlese's recent work, Acari Italiani, he draws 
 attention to a hitherto unused character, namely, the small projections 
 on the tip of the " thumb" of the palpus. These vary in number, size, 
 and shape, and, I believe, form good characters for the discrimination 
 of species. 
 
 STRUCTURE. 
 
 The mites are an order in the class Arachnida. In this order there - 
 have been various divisions, yet Tetmriychus has always been kept in 
 ass< x iation with certain other well-known forms, as Tromhidiunu Brf< lla, 
 Eapodes, ErytJirteus^ etc*. This association or group of forms has 
 received various names, such as Trombididce and Prostigmata. AVith 
 Tetrcmychus has been associated certain other genera to form a fam- 
 ily — TetranychidciB -the limits of which are uncertain, and according 
 to Canestrini (Pros. Aearqfauna Ital.) can not be denned. But the 
 genus Tetranychus can be separated on fairly definite characters. They 
 are spinning mites; the body is ovate, roughly oblong, or pyriform; 
 clothed above with about 24 to 36 bristles, usually long, and arranged 
 somewhal roughly in Pour rows. The legs are never much longer 
 than the body, and the joints are never enlarged. The anterior third 
 of the body shows a slight constriction, which marks the division 
 of the body into cephalothorax and abdomen. On the underside 
 there is no division, but if the natural division is vertical (which 
 I think improbable) the third and fourth pairs of legs arise from the 
 abdomen. The body is broadest at the base of the abdomen. The 
 
 cephalothorax is somewhal semicircular in outline. On each side about 
 
 halt* way and near (he margin is an eye-spot, containing usually, pos 
 
 sibly always, two ocelli. Some authors have figured but one ocellus 
 each side. The fore pari of the cephalothorax incloses the mouth- 
 parts. Above, there is a plate about twice as long as broad, and 
 
67 
 
 broader behind than in front; it can be retracted into the cephalo- 
 thorax just below the dorsal surface. This plate is divided by a median 
 line or sulcus; on each side below and toward the tip there arises a 
 long and slender curved stylet. This plate appears to be formed 
 by the union and flattening of the basal joints of the mandibles. 
 
 Fi<;.-2.— T(t, 
 
 mandibular plate, dorsal and lateral views: a, plate 
 l>;ilpus— highly magnified (original). 
 
 b, stylet; 
 
 Below this plate 4 is a rather large and conical rostrum, from each side of 
 the base of which arises a palpus, each composed of five joints. The 
 penultimate joint ends in a large claw; the last or "thumb" projects 
 little if any beyond this claw, and bears one or more projections or 
 "fingers™ on its tip or sides. In some species, perhaps all, tin 4 palpus 
 of the male has a short, 
 curved spine on the tip of 
 the upper side of the third 
 joint. The rostrum at tip 
 has a cylindrical projec- 
 tion, rather enlarged at 
 the end. consisting of a 
 piece each side, which i- 
 possibly the maxilla. The 
 opening between the two 
 is the mouth. At the tip 
 of the abdomen on the 
 ventral surface Is the anal 
 opening, often showing 
 from above at the tip of a nice 
 sliffhtlv in front of the ana 
 
 Fig. 3.— T> tranychu* : eephalothorax from above: <\. paljNM; 
 b, mandibular plate : r. frontal bristle : '/. subfrontal I>ri«.tle ; 
 t, eyes — highly magnified (original). 
 
 an pointed projection. < hi the venter 
 orifice is the genital opening. In the 
 female it is surrounded with variously curved 8tri»; iii the male it 
 is much less conspicuous a simple slil inclosing a ratlin- -lender 
 
 curved penis. The vulva in the various forms appears somewhat 
 different, although on the same plan. Bui the difficulty of exam in- 
 
68 
 
 ing these organs in a large series of specimens as well as in the various 
 species precludes the present possibility of using them for specific 
 distinction. I am inclined to believe that there is some variation in 
 the form of the vulva, due to the condition of the specimen. The lines 
 and ridoes are in a soft tissue, and so are liable to modification and 
 distortion. 
 
 There are four pairs of legs in the adult; in the young, as in the 
 young of most other mites: but three pairs are present. Each leg 
 consists of at least six joints, a coxa, more or less anchylosed to the 
 body: a small trochanter; a femur, the longest joint; a patella, about 
 one-half the length of the femur; a tibia, slightly longer than the 
 patella: a tarsus, longer than the tibia and tapering to a fine point. 
 The tarsus, near its tip, has a division more or less distinct, the small 
 terminal piece being called the onychium; from the tip of this arises 
 the claw, which is usually cleft into four slender parts, whence the 
 name of the genus — Tetranychus — four-claw. The first pair of legs is 
 the longest, though often scarcely longer than the fourth pair; the 
 second and third pairs are plainly shorter than the other two and sub- 
 
 Fiu.4. — Tetranychus: mouth parts, lateral and ventral views— highly magnified (original). 
 
 equal in length. On the ventral surface the basal limits of the coxa 1 
 arc not well defined, hut the coxa 1 are rather widely separate. 
 
 The surface of the body is very finely and often regularly striate, 
 mostly in a transverse manner. The hairs or bristles are minutely 
 serrate, those on the anterior part of body curve forward, those on 
 the posterior portion of body bend backward: the long ones on the 
 legs appear to stand nearly erect in life, and doubtless have some 
 sensory function. 
 
 There appears t<> be much uncertainty regarding the spinning appa- 
 ratus, and an examination of a large number of specimens does not 
 throw much light on the subject. Dujardin, Pagenstecher. and Don- 
 □adieu believed that the thread issued Prom the mouth or in its close 
 vicinity. Dufour and Duges asserl that it comes Promtheanal end of 
 th< i body. Claparede found some glands opening on the tips di the 
 palpi which he considered as silk glands. The thread is not produced 
 during the ordinary wanderings of the mitt 4 , but at certain times. 
 When mites first attack a leaf there are only a few scattered threads 
 lying close to t he Btirface of the leaf, which are attached here and there 
 
69 
 
 Fig. 5.— T<1mnychus . 
 
 genital organs— highly magnified (origi- 
 nal). 
 
 to the leaf and to the P£*»'s. The mites walk about without using 
 them. As the leaf curls by loss of juices the threads become more 
 separated from the leaf, SO that sonic mites arc under and some on the 
 web. which seems to be in their way. Since the thread seems to he 
 
 of use at firsl in keeping the eggs in place, it may be that it issues 
 from the genital opening at about the time of oviposition. 
 
 HABITS. 
 
 Attention IS usually drawn to these mites when they become excess- 
 ively numerous during a drought in summer. Little is known about 
 the other portion of their 
 
 lives. They are sup- .. .-^r-^r-^^}^. 
 
 posed to pass the winter 
 
 in the adult condition 
 under and among dead 
 leaves; in the spring 
 ascending trees and start- 
 ing new colonies. It is 
 quite probable that only 
 females hibernate; if these females have not been fertilized the first 
 coo- they lay produce only males, which when adult will pair with 
 the females, ami the latter will then lay eggs producing both sexes. 
 Various observations have been made on t in 4 rapidity of their increase. 
 The ovneral results are that the female lays from five to ten coos p er 
 day for a period of eight to twelve days; the e<>-o\s hatch in about two 
 to seven days (three days is probably tin 4 most common period); the 
 
 young at first have but six 
 legs; after a few days they 
 molt and have eight legs; two 
 more molts occur a few days 
 apart, and then they are adult. 
 
 Their movements are ordi- 
 narily slow, but when dis- 
 turbed they sometimes stir 
 quite rapidly. Forthegreater 
 part of the time they remain in 
 one place sucking the juices 
 from the leaf. Bu1 migration 
 is probably not wholly dependent on food supply, since plants are 
 found scantily infested in various parts and the mites are not abundant 
 anywhere. Although they spin threads they have never been ob- 
 served to hang by or climb up one. The thread is extremely fine and 
 not perceptible to the unaided eye. Yet a web or mesh of threads i- 
 so dense as to form a tissue plainly visible at a considerable distance. 
 The web La usually upon the under side of the leaf, attached here and 
 
 Fig.6.— T>trt tn i/ch a*: leg, a, coxa; />. trochanter; c, femur 
 d, patcila; <, tibia; /, tarsus; <i, ouyehiuin ; //, clau- 
 
 niuch enlarged (original). 
 
70 
 
 there to projecting hairs, veins, and the edges of the leaf. Many 
 exuviae of the mites are found entangled in this web, and certain 
 authors think that the mites molt while on the web, but such is cer- 
 tainly not always the case with all species. The mites usually show 
 a preference for the under side of the leaf, but in some cases they 
 are more abundant on the upper side. Occasionally in the spring they 
 attack the opening buds. 
 
 IMPORTANT AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Riley, C.V. — The six-spotted mite of the orange. — Insect Life, Vol. II. 
 
 Jan. -Feb., 1890, pp. 225-226, 1 fig. 
 Riley. C.V. — The six-spotted mite of the orange. — Rept. of Entom.. 
 
 t'. 1881), in Ann. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric. f. 1889 (1890), pp. 
 
 340-345, 1 plate. 
 
 Haryey, F. L. — The two-spotted mite. — Ann. Rept. Maine Agric. 
 
 Exp. Sta. f. 1892 (1893), pp. 133-144, 1 plate. 
 Perkins. G. H. — Report of the Entomologist. — 10th Ann. Rept. Vt. 
 
 Agric. Exp. Sta., 1896-97 (1897), pp. 75-86. 1 plate. 
 Morgan, H. A. — Observations on the cotton mite. — Bui. No. 48, La. 
 
 Agric. Exp. Sta., 1897, pp. 130-135. 
 
 TETRANYCHID^a. 
 
 As previously indicated, this family includes a number of genera; 
 only a few of them, however, are known as "red spiders." But two 
 genera have been observed in material collected in this country as red 
 spiders. These two genera are abundantly distinct in many points. 
 
 In Tei/rcmychus the body is subpyriform, in StigmcBm elongate and 
 subcylindric, in the former with many long, stiff bristles, in the latter 
 provided with only a few short hairs. 
 
 Tetranychus Dufour. Ann. Sci. Nat., XXV, 274, (1832). 
 DUtigmatus Donnadieu. Rech. Hist. Tetran., (1875). 
 PhytocoptesJ>OTmadieJi. Rech. Hist. Tetran., (1875). 
 Hetenmyckm Can. ek Fanz. Acari Ital., (1877). 
 Oiigonychus Berlese. Acari dann. piante coltiv., (1886). 
 
 The principal characters lie in the general shape of the body; clothed 
 with bristles, with simple, moderate legs— with mandibles having the 
 bases flattened and united in a retractile plate, with distal joints ex- 
 tremely long and slender, and with a palpus having the penultimate 
 joint ending in a claw, while the last joint forms a "thumb" bearing 
 one 01 more " lingers. " 
 
 Our species as far as known may be tabulated as follows: 
 
 1. Bristles <>f body arise from prominent tubercles 
 
 Bristles of body do not arise from tubercles 3 
 
 2. Lege of avenge length, apparently two daws at tip ol each tarsus — mytilmpidw 
 
 LegB very slender, one claw, t'< nir-clcft beyond the middle gracMpei 
 
71 
 
 Tarsus with hut one claw, which is only slightly curved and simple, lege rather 
 
 short 4 
 
 Tarsus with hut one claw, which is strongly hcnt near its middle and beyond 
 
 is four-cleft 5 
 
 1. A plate or lamella at inner base of thumb, the thumb with several line hair- .mi 
 
 tip (often indistinct), mandibular plate emar^inate at tip tricolor 
 
 No such plate or lamella, tip of thumb with three lingers modedut 
 
 5. I>ut one ingef OB tip of thumb, and one toward the base on the upper side <> 
 
 Three lingers on tip of the thumb 7 
 
 »i. The finger at tip of thumb is very stout, almost as broad at base as is the thumb 
 
 al the tip, palpi rather short lumidui 
 
 The finger at tip of thumb is much more slender bmacukUuS 
 
 7. Sees in Bide view the lower finger appears the largest, not yellowish, with six 
 
 dark spots trtarius 
 
 Seen in side view the middle tinker appears the largest S 
 
 S. Yellowish, with six dark spots, on orange sr.nnarulafus 
 
 Not so marked 9 
 
 i>. Mandibular plate tapers considerably toward the tip; on desert plants. .<h s, riorum 
 Mandibular plate less tapering; on cotton gloveri 
 
 Tetranychus mytilaspidis Riley. 
 
 Penthalodn WiytiUupidis Riley. — Hubbard, Orange Insects (1885), p. 216. 
 
 Rather larger than most species; body quite broad behind; bristles 
 stout, each arising from a prominent tubercle; the subfrontal pair are 
 very long, more than twice (nearly three times) longer than frontal 
 pair and farther apart; they have the usual arrange- 
 ment. The palpi are short and stout, the last joint very 
 short, with a short thumb, upon which is a rather clavate 
 finger, a smaller finger near base on the upper side, and 
 a hair at the upper tip. The mandibular plate is broad, \, 
 broadly rounded at tip, scarcely emarginate in the mid- 
 dle, with the stylet beneath. Legs rather short, bristles chus~^a^i- 
 not especially long: the femur of leg I is longer than ,lis: cUw«, 
 usual, fully twice the length of the patella; tibia I only a (^1^^ 
 little longer than patella. Tin 4 tarsus terminates in a 
 claw which, seen from below, appears simple; seen from the side, 
 shows two claws, the principal one but little curved, the other much 
 more curved and arising (apparently) from below and near the middle 
 of the principal one; these t WO claws appear to lie in the same plane. 
 
 Color blood red. dark spots each side; legs paler red; bristles pah- 
 reddish; eggs globular, reddish. 
 
 This species is a true Tetraavytihus and not a Pen&halodes. It is 
 closely related to the European T.pUosus C. o<: F. Specimens come 
 from several parts of Florida on orange and on Limoniwn trifoluUum^ 
 also on peach from Mardiallvillo. (ia. Kih-y states thai there are 
 three claws, and Be rlese figures the European T. j>lhtsu.s with the lower 
 claw cleft; but on careful observation I can nol discern any di\ igioo t ( > 
 
 the lower claw in the many specimens examined, some of which are 
 evidently Riley's types. Little i- known of the habit- of this species. 
 
72 
 
 Hubbard believed that it fed on scale insects or their eggs. It is 
 undoubtedly a Tefra/nychus^ and probably feeds, like the other species 
 of the genus, on plant juices. Hubbard says (Orange Insects, p. 83): 
 "The eggs are sherry-brown color, quite large and globular, and are 
 usually deposited singly upon the leaf or strung like amber beads 
 upon strands of spider's silk, which harbor the mites and their young. M 
 Tetranychus gracilipes n. sp. 
 
 Body with the usual bristles stouter than in most of the species, 
 the lateral ones extending more outwardly than usual; all are situated 
 on the elevated tubercles. Body a little broader than usual. The 
 beak is more elongate than in any other species, which is also the case 
 with the palpi, which are rather closely applied to the beak, the last 
 joint very slender, ending in a stout claw; thumb stout, truncate, 
 with one linger. The legs are slender, especially the tirst pair, which 
 is much longer than the body ; femur 1 fully live times as long as broad; 
 on the joints above, toward the tip, is a stout bristle-like spine; very 
 few other bristles on legs except close to the tip of tarsus. The claw is 
 at tirst simple, strongly bent near the middle, and then four cleft 
 (similar to T. Mmaculatus). The mandibular plate is longer and more 
 slender than usual, tapering slightly to the tip, where it is broadly 
 rounded, and apparently without a median notch. 
 
 Phoenix, Ariz. Prof. Cocke rell found this on the leaves of a species 
 of Sphaeralcea. The leaf bears stellate hairs, to which the mite has a 
 decept i ve resemblance. 
 Tetranychus bicolor Banks. 
 
 Tetranychm bicolor Bank^. — Trans*. Amer. Ent. Soc, 1894, p. 218. 
 Body mostly red, often pale in front, and with some dark marks 
 each side on abdomen; legs pale yellowish; eyes red; bristles white. 
 
 Body (9) rather broader than usual, the legs plainly 
 shorter than in most of the species; cephalothorax and 
 abdomen with bristles in the usual positions and of 
 ordinary length; mandibular plate broad, scarcely taper- 
 ing toward tip. which is broadly rounded and usually 
 ,,„, 8_ Tetrany distinctly emarginate in the middle. Palpi short, male 
 chm bicolor: w Jth a tooth above on inner tip of tibia; the thumb has 
 (iriSnI?) lftIged several line hairs on its tip (but indistinct); the claw is 
 thick and much curved, and at inner base of thumb 
 there is a thin plate or lamella (not seen in any other species). The 
 tarsus is short; there is but one claw, which is long, curved only 
 toward the tip, and not cleft. 
 
 The typical specimens were found on the upper side of chestnut and 
 
 oak Leaves in the woods near Sea Cliff, N. Y. Other specimens have 
 been seen from oak at Washington, I). C, and from Geneva, N. Y., 
 
 on a Norway spruce hedge. 
 
7:; 
 
 Tetranychus modestus n. sj>. 
 
 Head, palpi, and legs are brownish, the body yellowish, with quite 
 large blackish irregular spots across middle of thorax, a large lateral 
 spot in region of last pair of Legs, and a broad irregular border around 
 (Mid of body. Body rather more elongate than usual; bristles in the 
 usual arrangement; Legs short; femur 1 Fully twice as Long as broad; 
 tibia I only a trifle Longer than patella I: tarsus short, ends in a long, 
 simple daw. curved only toward tip. in all respects like that of 71 
 bicclor. Mandibular plate of moderate Length, not much narrowed 
 toward tip. which LS broadly rounded. Palpi short, thumb not as Long 
 as claw, with three nearly equal fingers on the tip: there is no plate or 
 lamella. On each side of the anal opening there is a pair of tine hairs. 
 
 Found in August at Washington, D. C, causinga rust-like appear- 
 ance on the blades of corn. Closaly allied to the preceding, bul 
 distinct by characters of palpi. 
 
 Tetranychus tumidus n. Bp. 
 
 Dark red and somewhat pruinose. marked across the thorax with a 
 dusky hand, terminating each side in a rather Large dusky spot, a 
 similar spot on each side near end of body: in some 
 specimens there is an additional spot each side between 
 the two; tegs and mouth parts pale reddish. Xoung 
 specimens art 1 paler, with spots more distinct and con 
 fluent. Eggs, are pale red. Body moderately broad; / A 
 
 bristles rather l novr than USUal, quite stout, all in the ti^l—Tetrany- 
 usual arrangement, subfrontal pair not twice as long ' ; " * tufnid**: 
 as the frontal pair. Palpi of average Length, thumb is ^J^ii^ 1 ? 8 ^ 
 short and stout, on its tip is a large short cylindrical 
 finger whose base is not much smaller than the tip of thumb, at the 
 inner upper corner is a short hair, and on the upper side near base 
 is a slender finger. Mandibular plate about twice as Long as broad, 
 narrowed toward tip. the sides before tip slightly concave, broadly 
 rounded at tip. with a small yet distinct emargination in the middle 
 Legs moderate: femur 1 fully twice as long as broad; tibia I plainly 
 Longer than patella; tarsus of moderate Length, terminating in a claw 
 which is strongly bent near middle and four-cleft beyond. 
 
 Collected at Kustis. Fla.. on the leaves Of water hyacinth, by II. J. 
 
 Webber. It is closely allied to T. bimaoulatus I Ian . . but distinguished 
 by the very large finger <>n the tip of thumb. 
 
 Tetranychus bimaculatus Harvey. 
 
 THrctto/cftui bimaetUahtt Harvey. — Ann. Repi.Me. Agric. Exp. Sta. t L808 (1803 . 
 p. 183, PL HI. 
 
 There are several styles of coloration, one is pale greenish yellow, 
 with a large group of blackish dots each side on base of abdomen, 
 sometimes a median group of dote; another style i> dark crimson red, 
 
 with black spots along each side of the body: Legs, and hair- pah- red- 
 
74 
 
 dish, almost colorless. Body broadest at shoulders, tapering behind; 
 bristles long and tine, in the usual arrangement, subfrontal pair not 
 twice as long as frontal pair. Thumb of palpus rather long; on its tip is 
 a cylindrical finger; on its upper corner is a hair, and on the upper side 
 tow ai d base is a small linger; in male above on inner tip of tibia of pal- 
 pus is a spine or spur. Mandibular plate about twice as long as broad, 
 tapering forward, broadly rounded at tip, with a small although 
 distinct notch in the middle. Legs of moderate length, 
 femur I fully twice as long as broad, tibia a trine longer 
 than patella, tarsus rather slender, terminating in a 
 claw which is suddenly and strongly bent near the mid- 
 dle and four-cleft beyond. 
 
 It is quite probable that this species is the one called 
 by Boisduval (Entom. Horticole, p. 84) Tetranychus 
 fig- 10.— Tetrany- the descriptions of that author in this 
 
 chusbimactdatus: genus are useless for identification. Quite possibly 
 ^oii^inaiT^ 1 ^ 1 several of his names apply to this species. The forms 
 found in the greenhouse do not appear to differ from 
 those on garden vegetables and horticultural plants. It appears to be 
 abundant all through the Eastern States and in several localities in the 
 West. Specimens have been studied from Orono, Me., on various 
 greenhouse plants; from Washington, D. C, on violets in greenhouse, 
 on peach (curling the leaves), on Datura, on squash, on corn, and on 
 strawberry: from Punta Gorda and Key Largo, Fla.. on eggplant; on 
 watermelon f rom Eustis, Fla.; on beans at Auburn, Ala.: and on roses 
 from Weiser, Idaho. Professor Harvey records it from greenhouses 
 in Ithaca. X. Y.. New York City, and Westgroye, Pa. 
 
 The color and size are extremely variable. Yet in a 
 lot from one plant and one region the adults are usually 
 of one coloration and one size. Other lots from other 
 localities have a much different appearance, but when 
 mounted and examined do not disclose any structural 
 difference. The specimens from Florida and those on 
 Datura and violets from Washington, D. C, are red; m 
 those from Orono, Me., on squash and peaches from chut bimacuia- 
 the District of Columbia, and on rose from Idaho are ;«*.-t'ittw S -en- 
 
 . . larged (origi- 
 
 greenish, more or less marked with dark. The speei- n&i>. 
 mens from squash and Datura had made a considerable 
 amount of web. much more than those on greenhouse plants. 
 
 This species has. more than any other, stood for the "red spider," 
 T< Iran i/chus telarius. Harvey remarks that specimens sent to him as 
 the genuwu "red spider" did not differ structurally from his species. 
 
75 
 
 Bristles in the usual 
 near the front margin 
 
 Fig. 12. — Tctronychui tekwiut: 
 palpus and mandibular plate- — 
 
 enlarged (original'). 
 
 Tetranychus telarius Linn. 
 
 Acantt t.hirius [inn, -Fn. Soec., 481', No. l ->74. (!7<>h. 
 Tetranyckiu Knteariut Dufcror. -Ann. Sci. Nat.. WW p. 276. 
 Color variable, often yellowish green, with black spots at sides of 
 body, and sometimes at tip; legs pale; eyes red. Body rather broad 
 in 9 . considerably tapering behind in the i . 
 arrangement, the frontal and subfrontal pair as 
 as in other species (Berlese figures them much 
 farther back), subfrontal pair twice as long as 
 frontal. The palpi are quite prominent, the 
 male has a spur above on tip of the tibia, the 
 thumb bears on its tip three fingers; seen from 
 tin* side the lower one is plainly Larger than 
 the others -those nearer the claw. The man- 
 dibular plate is about twice as long as broad, 
 not much tapering toward tip. broadly rounded 
 at tip. and with a faint median notch; the 
 stylet i> split nearly to plate. The legs are 
 moderately long; femur I over twice as long 
 as broad; tibia I plaiidy longer than patella I; 
 tarsus quite long, ending in a claw strongly 
 bent near middle and four-cleft beyond. I am 
 
 not certain that this is the European species, but it has the characters 
 of T. A /<//•///*. and does not differ, SO far as I can see. from a specimen 
 of T. t, hi f!"s <h'om Italy. The legs are a trifle more slender than in 
 our other species. Specimens have been studied from Melrose High- 
 lands. Middlesex County. Mass.. on ash; from Waterville. N. Y.. on 
 hops; and from Fore Collins, Colo., on maple. Apparently it is not 
 a very common species with us. 
 Tetranychus sexinaculatus Riley. 
 
 Tt'tfitni/rhtis i iiKictihihis Riley. — Insect Life, Vol. II, p. 225. 
 Pah 1 greenish-yellow, with six usually large dusky patches above, 
 three on each side; legs and palpi pale. Palpi of moderate length; in 
 male with a -pur above on inner tip of tibia. The thumb is quite stout 
 and bears on its tip three fingers, of which the middle 
 
 one (seen from the side) is the largest. Mandibular 
 
 plate rat her -lender, narrowed toward dp, which 16 broadly 
 rounded. Scarcely a trace of the median notch: bristles 
 of body in the usual arrangement, the subfrontal pair 
 scarcely twice a- long as the frontal pair. Leg- rather 
 -bolter than in /'. fa&IPUft, the tibia 1 plainly longer than 
 patella I; tar-u- 1 shorter than u-ual. the claw strongly 
 bent near middle ami four-cleft beyond, 
 from various parts of Florida on orange, and -<>nie 
 
 Fig. 13. — Tctrany 
 elms si jemaculn 
 tits: palpus — 
 
 enkuvad(Offgt 
 mil ). 
 
 Specimen' 
 
 marked San Diego, Cal . , on orani 
 
 appeal - to be BDJalleT 
 
76 
 
 than the other species of this group. It has at times been extremely 
 abundant and an orange pest of much importance. An article on the 
 species from an economic view is found in the Report of the Ento- 
 mologist for L889. They occur on the under surface of the leaves; the 
 eggs are colorless or pah 1 greenish-yellow 
 Tetranychus desertorum n. sp. 
 
 Dark red, with black spots along each side, and a central spot before 
 the middle; legs pale. Body quite broad, with the usual bristles, the 
 
 frontal pair about one-half as long as the sub- 
 frontal. The palpi are longer than usual; 
 there is a spur on the tibia of male as usual; 
 the thumb not as long as claw and with three 
 slender lingers on the tip, the middle one (seen 
 from the side) is the largest. The mandibular 
 plate is long and slender, narrowed toward 
 tip; at middle of tip a small but distinct deep 
 notch; stylet below the plate appears to be 
 cleft only for a short distance. The legs are 
 quite stout, the femur I more than twice as 
 long as broad; tibia I plainly longer than 
 patella I; tarsus slender, ending in a claw, 
 which is strongly bent near middle and four- 
 cleft beyond. 
 Specimens come from Mesilla Park, N. Mex., 
 on Larrea tridmtata and Phacelia <T< inihit<t. It is closely allied to the 
 other species of this group, but the plate is more tapering than usual. 
 Tetranychus gloveri n. sp. 
 
 Red. with irregular dark confluent spots each side of body; legs 
 yellowish. The body, though broad at the shoulders, tapers behind 
 even in the female; bristles long and 
 fine, the subfrontal pair more than twice 
 the length of the frontal pair; all in the 
 usual arrangement. The palpi are of 
 average length, the thumb not so long 
 as » la\\ ; on its tip are three lingers, the 
 median one (seen Prom the side) plainly 
 larger than the others. The mandibular 
 plate is rather broad, its sides concave 
 
 near the tip. and almost truncate, some- 
 times apparently broadly, though not 
 deeply, emarginate; tin- median notch i 
 air quite slender, femur I more than twice as long as broad; tibia I 
 plainly longer than patella I; tarsus quite long, ending in a claw, which 
 
 is stronfflv bent near its middle and four-cleft beyond. 
 
 Fig, 14. — Tetranychus desertorum: 
 palpus and mandibular plate— 
 enlarged (original). 
 
 Fig. 15. — Tetranychwi gloveri: palpus and 
 mandibular plate — enlarged (origi- 
 nal). 
 
 scarce 
 
 lv visible. The legs 
 
77 
 
 This Species was figured by Glover in his Cotton Insects, and has 
 been treated recently by Professor Morgan. Specimens have been 
 examined from Baton Rouge, La. 
 
 Stig-maeus Koch. — CJebersicht «lcs Arachnideiiyystems, III, |>. 5.S, 1842. 
 
 This genus differs much from Tetranychus in structure, bul is closely 
 allied in habits, the species living in colonies on leaves. The anterior 
 and posterior pairs of legs are more widely separated than in Tetrany- 
 chus; the body is more elongate and is usually more or less constricted 
 near the middle; there are no rows of long bristles above; the tarsus 
 ends "m two equal claws, which in our species are deeply cleft. The 
 mandibles in our species appear to be extremely long and styliform. 
 The palpi seems to be simple, the last joint very slender. But one 
 species has been observed in our country. 
 Stigmaeus floridanus n. Bp. 
 
 Body elongate, more than twice as large as broad, blunt-pointed at 
 each end. constricted somewhat before the middle, the posterior part 
 rather broader than the anterior, constricted slightly between the III 
 and IV legs, four short 
 curved bristles near apex, 
 one on each anterior side of 
 the posterior part and one 
 on each side near theapica 
 third of the anterior part. 
 The legs are short and 
 stout, scarcely as long as 
 the width of body, the an- 
 terior pairs rather longer 
 than the hind pairs; the 
 tarsus ends in a pair of dou- 
 ble claws, the outer branch / , 
 Longer and less curved 
 than the inner branch. 
 
 Living in colonies upon 
 
 the bases of the imbricated 
 
 leaves of the pineapple in 
 
 Florida. A speciesof con- 
 siderable economic impor- 
 
 pdttance owing to the fact thai its punctures giv< 
 
 Pig 
 
 Saguunu fioridaDuu: mite, mouth 
 enlarged (original). 
 
 and ckvArB— 
 
 fungi access to the tii 
 
 •ertain desl ructive 
 tue of the leaf . In Australia Mr. II. Tryon has 
 recorded a quite different mite affecting the pineapples in that colony. 
 He claim- that it often carries the spores of the fungous disease, He 
 calls the mite Tarsonernus ananas, 1 Professor Rolfs has published 1 
 on the habits of this Stigma us and the damage it leads to in Florida. 
 
 Queonslaml Agric. Jour., •"• ilSi»si, N... ii. pp. t.'»s 
 Bul No. 60, Kla. Agric Exp. Bta., May, L899. 
 
INDKN OF (} EX ER A AND SRKAMES. 
 
 Aleurodes 11 
 
 ftboonala 17 
 
 abutilouea 18 
 
 acacia; 19 
 
 acpim 20 
 
 altissima JO 
 
 aureocincta '21 
 
 berbericola '21 
 
 citri r 22 
 
 cockerel li 22 
 
 corni 22 
 
 corona ta 22 
 
 erigeroutis 24 
 
 filicium , '21 
 
 fitchi 24 
 
 floccosa '20 
 
 florideusis 26 
 
 forbesii '27 
 
 fumipcunis '27 
 
 gelatinosus 27 
 
 goyabce 27 
 
 gauninicola . 28 
 
 horridus 28 . 
 
 inconspicua 28 
 
 mori 29 
 
 nepbrolepidis 29 
 
 uieotiaiue 31 
 
 parvus 31 
 
 pcrgandei 31 
 
 pcrseiu 32 
 
 plialauoides 33 
 
 plumosa 33 
 
 pyrolir 85 i 
 
 <|U«Tciis-aiiuatic;>' 35 
 
 Page. 
 
 AJeurodes — Continued . 
 
 rolfsii 38 
 
 ruborum 3(1 
 
 spinvoides 3(> 
 
 stellata 38 
 
 tracheifer 88 
 
 vaporariorum 39 
 
 variabilis 39 
 
 vinsonioides 41 
 
 vittata 42 
 
 Aleurodieus 1:; 
 
 anonase 44 
 
 asarumis 44 
 
 cockerellii 46 
 
 cocois. 46 
 
 dugesi 46 
 
 iridesceus It". 
 
 minima 17 
 
 mira bilis , 48 
 
 oruatus 48 
 
 pulviuata 48 
 
 Stiguuvus 77 
 
 floridauus 77 
 
 Tetranychus 70 
 
 bicolor 72 
 
 bimaculatus 73 
 
 desertorum 78 
 
 gloven 70 
 
 gracilipes 72 
 
 modestus 73 
 
 uiytilaspidis 71 
 
 sexiuaculatus 7*> 
 
 telarius 7."> 
 
 tuiuidus 73 
 
 o 
 
! 
 
 t, 
 
 r 
 
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA