3'£Wf issued December -.',. li>US. U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN No. 84, PART V. H. w. wiley. Chief of Bureau. INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES AND .ARTIFICIAL COLORS ON DIGESTION AND HEALTH. V.— FORMALDEHYDE. By H. W. WILEY, M. p., WITH THE COLLABORATION OF W. D. BIGBLOw! p. | WEBER, AM' OTHBRS. / trm\ U.S. DEPOSITORY WASHING r< BRNMENT PRINTING OFFIOB, L908. ORGANIZATION OF BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. IL W. Wiley, Chemist and Chief of Bureau. F. L. DVNLAP, Associate Chtmist. W. D. Bigelow, Assistant Chief of Bureau. F. B. Linton, Chitf Clerk. A. L. Pierce, Editorial Clerk. M. W. Taylor, Librarian. Division of Foods, W. D. BlGELOW, Chief. Food Inspection Laboratory, L. M. Tolman, Chief. Food Technology Laboratory, E. M. Chace, Chief, and Assistant Chief of Division, Oil, Fat, and Wax Laboratory. [Not appointed.] Division of Drugs, L. F. Kebler, Chief. Drug Inspection Laboratory, G. W. Hoover, Chief. Synthetic Products Laboratory, W. O. Emery, Chief. ;tial Oils Laboratory. [Not appointf a.] Pharmacological Laboratory. [Not appointed.] Chief Food and Drug Inspector, W. G. Campbell. Miscellaneous Division, J. K. Haywood, CI Water Laboratory, \V. \V. Skinner, Chief. ■ .rain Investigations Laboratory, J. S. Chamberlain, Chief. Insecticide and Fungicide Laboratory, <". ('. McDonnell, Chief. Laboratory, Under Chief of Division. Contracts Laboratory, 1'. 1 1. \V w.ki.k, Chief. Dairy Laboratory, 0. E. PATRICK, Chief. Food Research Laboratory, M. K PENNINGTON, Chief. , Leather and Paper Laboratory, F. P. Veitcii, Chief. Microchemical Laboratory, B. J. Howard, Chief. Sugar Laboratory, A. H. BBTAN, In Charge. Nitrogen Section, T. C. Trescot, In Charge. Special Investigations: A Chemistry (Animal), F. ('. Weber, In Charge. (Vegetable), J. A. LeClerc, In Charge. i.rnistry, G. W. Stiles, /;; Charge. Etiological Chemistry, YV. B. AXWOOD, In Charge. Food and Drug Inspection Laboratories: :iih, (huj. New Orleans, C. W. TIarrisox, Chief. Buffalo, W. L. Dubois, Acting. New Yatk, B B. Dooltttlb, Chief. \ L.y/QrtOV, Chief. Omalia S. II. Koss, Acting. Cincinnati, 15. K. Hart, Acting. Philadelphia, C. S. BrTNTON, Chief. '. A. 1.. l.i \< ii, Chief. Pittsburg, M C. A.J BBJ i H, Acting. !i. l. fckan \.\/.. Acting. Portland, Oreg., a. i.. Knn.i.v, Acting. [Noi appointed.] St. bums Noi appointed.] lulu n. i i:. \. in man, Acting. st. Paul ^. B. Mitchell, ChUf. I I '. Mo., A \ . II. Mum . Acting. San FranotSOO It. I. GOULD, Chit J. .die. [Not appointed.] Savannah, w . ( . ihknet, Acting. .■ tie, II. M J.uumis, Acting. - . 1908. U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN No. 84, PART V. H. W. WILEY, Chief of Bureau. INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES AND ARTIFICIAL COLORS ON DIGESTION AND HEALTH. V.— 1 OK3I ALDEHYDE, Bi II. W, WILEY, H. D., WITH THE COLLABORATION OF W. D. BIOELOW, P.C. WEBER, AND OTHERS WASHING 3 O V ] PRINTING OF! 1 9 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/influhealtpOOunit LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C, March 26, 1 90S. Sir: I have the honor to transmit for your approval the results of the investigations which have been made in tins Bureau to deter- mine the effects of formaldehyde on digestion and health. The work is a continuation of that reported in Parts I, II, III, and IV of Bulletin 84, dealing, respectively, with boric acid and borax: salicylic acid and salicylates; sulphurous acid and sulphites, and benzoic acid and benzoates, and I recommend that this investigation be published as Part V of thai bulletin. As in the previous investigations, the analyses of the foods and feces were made under the supervision of W. D. Bigelow, Chief of the Divi- sion of Foods; the microscopic examinal ions were conducted by B. J. Howard, while the urinalyses, the study of the body weight, and the conduct of the food tabic were under the supervision of F. C. Weber. Acknowledgment is also due to the Bureau of Statistics for the valuable aid rendered in calculating and compiling the analytical data. Respectfully, II. W. Wiley, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of AgricuUurt . in CONTENTS Page. Introduction — 1295 SERIES IX. Administration of the preservative L298 Schedule of administration L298 Method of administration L299 Daily medical and clinical notes L299 Individual data L300 Discussion of temperature chart L307 Conclusions 1310 Body weights 1310 Variations in body weights L310 Ratio of food weight to body weight L313 Weight and water content of the feces L322 Individual data 1322 Summaries 1324 The urine L330 Volume, specific gravity, and total solids L330 Indi vidua 1 data L330 Summaries L332 Presence of albumin and reaction of the urine L337 Quantity of urea and ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen in the urine L338 Individual data Summaries 1342 Changes in the relative quantities of sulphur compounds in the urine .... L352 Individual data 1352 Summaries L355 Microscopical examination of the urine L370 Microscopical examination of the blood 1378 Individual data Summaries Metabolic processes 1381 Nitrogen balance 1381 lndi\ [dual necessary. The degree of toxicity o( methyl and ethyl alcohol in small amounts is largely in favor of the methyl alco- hol, while if relatively Larger quantities arc employed the methyl alcohol is far more toxic than the ethyl alcohol, and. a- a Corollary from this, formaldehyde under the same condition- should be more toxic than acetaldehyde. Attention should also be railed to the fact that formaldehyde represents the simplest form iA' aldehyde know n - that is, its chemical constitution shows that it is made up iA' carbon and water. Bj multiplying the simple molecule, for instance, bj -i\ the ordinary formula \\>v a sugar is obtained. En other word-, if a chemist could Btart with -i\ molecules of formaldehyde and put 1296 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. them together in a strictly natural way, he would produce sugar, which is a highly nutritious food in respect of its power to furnish heat, energy, and fatty tissue. Physiological botanists suppose that formaldehyde is the first product of chemical synthesis, tending to build up the cellulose, or woody tissue of plants, and forming by condensation the starch and sugar which the plant contains. Its biological activity is supposed by some physiologists to extend even further, so as to be a very important aid in the building up of nitrogenous tissues. In this connection it must be remembered that formaldehyde not only possesses to a marked degree the property of combining with itself to form new bodies, but, as has already been suggested, it unites in a very intimate manner with the proteids. Therefore, when added to milk, which contains a very large proportion of nitrogenous materials, formaldehyde may enter into a chemical combination with these substances. To determine whether any difference would be observed in the activity of the preservative under these condi- tions, the formaldehyde was administered immediately after it was mixed with milk and also after allowing it to stand for forty-eight boms in contact with the milk. This length of time gave ample opportunity for the completion of any chemical reactions which the formaldehyde might undergo in connection with the protein sub- stances. Another point which was carefully considered was that presum- ably, in the case of formaldehyde, we are dealing with a substance universally considered to be of a poisonous character, and for this reason much more care was necessarily exercised in regulating the quantity administered in order that no sudden or unexpected toxic effects might be produced. Another fad worthy of consideration is that inasmuch as milk i> the mosl prone of all ordinary foods to deterioration and requires the nm-t careful treatment, the temptation to use such an efficient preservative as formaldehyde is proportionately greater, especially during the summer months. The arguments which have been advanced in favor of other preservatives in small quantities should theoretically carry more weight in the case of milk than of other common foods, and if these arguments are valid in an\ case, they would be especially SO when applied to dairy products. It is gener- ally admitted that there is no known preservative so effective, so readily employed, and in some respects so likel) to escape detection, a- minute quantities of formaldehyde, and, therefore, all the condi- tions which relate to its use deserve the greater care and considera- tion. It should not be forgotten, however, that a supposititious commercial necessity can not be cited as an excuse for the addition to foods of substances which are Injurious. FORMALDEHYDE. 1297 In this connection it seems not out of place to call attention to the fact that apart from the injurious effects of formaldehyde itself, its use as a preservative would he especially inadvisable in milk or cream because its addition in dilute solution prevents the growth of acid- forming bacteria, but has no effect in retarding the action of many harmful organisms: in other words, the milk is prevented from becom- ing sour and thus indicating its age and the danger signal is thus removed, while the other organisms which are capable of producing disease continue to multiply in the milk with practically the same degree of rapidity as if the formaldehyde were not present. Attention is again called to the proper and legitimate signification of the term "injurious to health," when used in this connection. Tin- phrase doe- not signify that a food which has an injurious sub- stance added to it must in every instance produce notably injurious effects upon the consumer immediately. The question can only be logically and fairly studied by considering the continued or cumu- lative effects, nor are these necessarily of such a character a- to result in objective symptoms. Insidious effect- which are produced on the cells of the organs or on their histological structure are no Less important; in fact, they are more important. These are the injuries which at first escape detection and may go to irremediable ths before any outward symptoms of their existence are mani- fested. All of these points have been kept in view in the consideration of this question, but none of them has had any influence on the observa- tion and recording of the data. A- in all other cases, this part of the work ha- been conducted absolutely without reference to any pre- conceived theory. The sole endeavor has been to control the quan- tity and quality of the food, the nutritive value of the ration, and the course of life of the subject, and to record the effect observed on the health and the metabolic processes in general. This work has been distributed among a Large number of observers, each having control of a particular part of the investigation and working inde- pendently. In thi- case, ;>- in all of the others, it was not until the figures were collated, tabulated, and studied that the tendencies induced by the preservative were known, and not until then could any attempt be made to determine the general effects or to draw conclusions From the data. While it is not to be expected that the ma-- <>f compiled figures presented are absolutely Free From error, the general effects which were produced are unmistakable, and it i- believed the conclusions diaw 11 therefrom are deduced on sound principles of reasoning, and are based on reliable data, the marked uniformitj of the analytical results and the absence of <• » 1 1 1 ladict ion in the indi\idual data being especiall} marked in this experiment. SERIES IX. ADMINISTRATION OF THE PRESERVATIVE. SCHEDULE OF ADMINISTRATION. This series of investigations was begun on the 12th of November 1904, and concluded on the 17th of December, 1904. The fore period covers ten days of observation, the preservative period fifteen days, and the after period ten da} r s. The dates of the several sub- periods are given in Table I. Table I. — Dates of periods and subperiods, Series JX. Period and subperiod. 1904. Nov. i-' ...do... Nov. 17 Nov. 27 Third subperiod Di After period ■'!>> ■<•. s First subperiod do ... Second subperiod Dec. L3 Fore period First subperiod. . . ad Bubperiod Preservative period. . . First subperiod. .. ad subperiod. Date of begin- ning. Date of ending. 1904. Nov 16 Nov. 21 Dec 6 Nov. 26 Dec, 6 Pec. 17 Dec. 12 Dec. 17 a Tn tabulating the results the data for December 7 are omitted owing to the fact that the preservative w;i< administered only on the morning ol that day, and it was then deemed advisable on account of the condition of the subjects to begin the after period. Table II shows the administration of the formaldehyde during the preservative period. The quantity given daily during the firsl pre- servative subperiod is LOO milligrams, during the second preservative subperiod 200 milligrams, and during the third preservative sub- period 200 milligrams, making a total of 2.5 grams administered during the entire preservative period. Table II. Schedule of administration of preservative, Series IX. Period and date (1904). Formaldehyde added to milk Lmme- dia telj before taking. Formaldehyde added to milk two dayi before taking.o No. i No. 6. No. 7. No.8 \o.ni. No.lI ibperiod: \..\ 22 drins. o. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 ii. l .1 . l '.] (inns. arms. ii. 1 ii. 1 .1 .1 druis. 0. 1 .1 arms. 0. 1 . 1 .1 . 1 .1 arms. ii. 1 ! 1 .1 .1 arms. (1. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 arms. 0. l . l .1 . 1 . 1 Orms. ii. l . l .1 .1 . l a i . 1 . 1 .1 . 1 . 1 .1 Total .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 i tore the entire observation waa completed and therefore bis data are omitted. FORMALDEHYDE. 1299 Table II. — Schedule of administration of preservative, Series IX — Continued. Period and date (1904). Formaldehyde added to milk imme- diately before taking. Formaldehyde added to milk two days before taking. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 8. No. 7. No. 8. No.10. No.ll. No.12 Second sub period: Nov. 27 Grms. 0.2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Grms. 0.2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Grms. Grms. Grms. 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 Grms. 0.2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Grms. 0.2 Grms. 0.2 Grms. Grms. Grms. 0. 2 0. 2 U. 2 28 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 _2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .- .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 29 .2 30 .2 .2 Dec. 1 _■ Total 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 l.n 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Third subperiod: Dec. 2 .2 .2 .2 .2 9 !5 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 2 .2 n !i .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .0 , 2 '.2 .2 .2 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 - .2 .2 .1 .2 3 .2 4... .2 6 ._ Total a 1.0 1.0 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 . 7 1.0 -1 .7 l.o 10 a On Dec. 7 those subjects who were still receiving the preservative were given 0.1 gram, but it was deemed inadvisable to continue the preservative period for another five days, and the after period was accordingly begun on Dec. 8, the data for Dec. 7 being disregarded in the tabula t It will bo noted that only Xos. 6, 8, and 10 failed to take the scheduled amount of preservative. Xo. 8 received the smallest amount, taking only 0.1 gram on the first day of the Last subperiod and none thereafter, while Nos. 6 and 10 took only 0.1 gram on the next to the last day of the preservative period and none on the last day, making a total for the subperiod of 0.7 gram. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde was administered in milk. The Btrengtb of a stock solution was determined from time to time and the proper volume to secure the amount required by the schedule was added to the milk taken by the subjects. On account of the liquid nature of this substance it was Dot possible to administer it in any better way. The quantity added in the first subperiod was Dot sufficient to impart any taste to the milk, but in the larger quantities a slightly disagreeable taste was noticeable. In the case of half of the men l Nos. l to 6) the preservative was added to the milk imme- diately before it was drunk; and in order that ample time might be given for any chemical union which might take place between the formaldehyde and the protein constituents of the milk, that admin- istered to Nos, 7 to 12 was added to the milk two day- before con- sumption. DAILY MEDICAL AND CLINICAL NOTES. All the men wh«> became members of the table for testing the effects of formaldehyde on health and digestion were carefully exam- ined before the beginning of the experiment, as in previous cases. The me. lical history of each man was ascertained, n<» one being ad- mitted who was Dot free from organic disease <>r who had suff< 1300 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. from serious illness of any kind within a year or two, who was pre- disposed to any hereditary malady, or who exhibited any feebleness of constitution which would make him an easy victim to disease. The usual daily examinations were made of each man, the temper- ature, pulse, and body weight being recorded. When any variation from the normal was noticed, the observation was checked by an attendant, who was always present and supervised the securing of the data for the clinical and medical history: and any symptoms reported were carefully considered, to determine how far such dis- orders might be attributed to the use of the preservative. INDIVIDUAL DATA. Xo. 1. At the beginning of the fore period Xo. 1 was normal in all respects. The temperature was slightly below the average, while the average pulsation was 70 beats per minute. Xo. 1 passed through the fore period without any notable variation from the normal. On Novem- ber 18 the temperature was slightly higher, namely, 98.6°, but fell the next day. On November 22, the first day of the preservative period, the temperature of Xo. 1 was 1)8.3° and his pulse 68 beats per minute. On the next day the temperature was slightly increased, namely, 98.6°. On the 24th he developed symptoms of headache, which, however, were not very severe and passed away the next day. The temperature was a little below the normal, falling one day to 98 c and on another to 98. 1 °. ( )n November 27 the temperature was only 97.9°. Dining the night of the 29th he was unable 1 to sleep, and was restless, and this restlessness increased the next day, accompanied with a marked thirst. On the 3d of December a troublesome rash was developed over almosl the whole of the chest, and the inability to sleep continued. The rash and the sleeplessness continued through December 1. and on the next day headache and soreness in the legion of the abdomen were reported in addition to the other symptoms. On December 6 and through the firsl day of the after period these symptoms continued and the soreness in the region of the abdomen increased. On the second day and for the remainder iA' the after period, however, the Unfavorable -\ mptoms disappeared and the sub- ject regained his usual state of health. The tnosl pronounced effect of the preservative on Xo. 1 was the development of the rash upon the chest, BOreneSS Ul the abdomen, headache, restlessness, and ina- bility to sleep. Am. Xo. 2 began the experiment in a perfectly normal condition and developed n<> unfavorable symptoms of an} kind dining the fore period, lie entered ih" preservative period in a normal state ami no FORMALDEHYDE. 1301 symptoms of any kind were developed, except a decrease in temper- ature, until December 4, when a general feeling of malaise was ported. On December 5 a severe headache developed, with tender- ness in the region of the liver, and constipation. A condition resem- bling incipient vertigo developed after breakfast on this day. lasting for about two hours. On the following day, however, these symp- toms had disappeared and no further discomfort was experienced until December 8, the first day of the after period, when nausea and a diLrht headache were noted, the tenderness in the region of the liver continuing for several days after the close of the preservative period. On December 13 the symptom- of vertigo or dizziness and nausea recurred, but were of short duration. This fact would not necessarily indicate that the preservative was the cau.se of the disturbance, although it may have had some connection with their recurrence, since Xo. 2 was not subject to such attacks. The data a- a whole, however, indicate thai little or no effect is produced in the case of No. 1 by the administration of the formaldehyde. No. 3 entered the fore period in an excellent state of health with temperature, pulse, and all the other functions of the body normal. No symptoms of a disturbing character were reported during the fore period, although the average temperature was slightly subnormal throughout the observation. Xo symptoms of an unfavorable nature developed until the first day of the third preservative subperiod, when pain in the lumbar region and groin was reported, which 1 throughout the day. On the following day. December -l. the subject was nauseated for about an hour after breakfast and felt again a dull pain in the groin. On December 1 pain in the abdomen and back, and restlessn ompanied with inability to sleep, were reported. At about '.i o'clock <>f this day the subject suffered from an attack of nausea, and the pains in the abdomen and the sleeplessness, together with headache, continued through the night. On the next day, December «'». their was soreness in the region of the stomach, and in the night tin' slight nausea and sleeplessness returned. All these symptoms except slight soreness in the region of the abdomen dis- appeared after the first day n\' the after period. This soreness lasted through December 9, but from that time <>n the subject reported himself in reasonably good condition. These data show the unmis- takable effect of the formaldehy de in developing sleeplessness and a feeling of restlessness, soreness in the abdomen, pain in the lumbar region and groin, and headache. After the withdrawal of the for- maldehyde these symptoms disappeared. 1302 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. No. 4. No, 4 was in good condition when entering the fore period, with normal temperature and pulse, which continued to the close of the period. On the first day of t lie preservative period his temperature registered 98.3° and his pulse 80 beats per minute. No unfavorable symptoms were developed, except a tendency to a somewhat lower temperature, until December 4. On tins day Blight pains in the abdomen accompanied by nausea and loss of appetite were reported. These symptoms practically disappeared on the following day, but on December 6 the headache returned, attended by a severe catarrhal cold, which continued throughout the next day, disappearing on the second day of the after period. From this time until the end of the observation the subject remained in a normal condition. From these data it is seen that No. 4 endured the action of the preservative for a period of time without apparent discomfort. There are then developed the symptoms of nausea, headache, and general malaise. No. 5. No. 5 entered the fore period with normal temperature and a somewhat accelerated pulsation of 84 beats. On the second day he developed a slight cold, which, however, was not attended by a rise in temperature. This cold grew worse, and on November 14 it was accompanied by headache and the temperature of the subject had risen to 100°, while the pulse was 104 beats per minute. On the next day the headache had disappeared, hut the cold still continued and the subject was given 18 grains of quinine within twenty-four hours. In consequence his condition on the next day was improved, the temperature being normal. Again 18 grains were administered. Only a slight COUgh remained, and on the 17th he was entirely normal again, with no unfavorable conditions for the rest of the fore period. At the beginning of the preservat Lve period the temperature and pulse of No. 5 were normal, ami except for a slight decrease in temperature he continued in excellent condition until November 29. At this time he reported pains in the back, in the region of the kidneys. These, however, passed awa\ the next daj and no unfavorable .symptoms appeared until December l. when he suffered pain in the stomach during the night. On December n entering the after period until December 12, when the subject complained of feeling weak and ill. The remainder of the after period, however, passed without further unfavorable Bymptoms. The data in the case of FORMALDEHYDE. 1303 Xo. 5 show a remarkable toleration of the formaldehyde administered until toward the end of the preservative period, when pain in the stomach, the back, and the head were developed. No. 6. Xo. 6 began the fore period in a normal state in every particular, which condition continued until Xovember 19, when a slight cold developed and his temperature rose to 99.4°. On Xovember 20 the temperature was still high, registering 100.5°, pulse 100 beats per minute. The temperature on the following day was 1° above normal and 6 grains of quinine were administered. On November 22 the febrile disturbance and the rapid pulse had disappeared and no effects of the cold remained. This normal condition continued during the preservative, period until Xovember 29. During dinner on that day Xo. 6 was seized with severe cramps in the stomach. Three attacks occurred within an hour, but there was no disturbance either of temperature or of appetite. On December 1 the subject complained of dryness in the mouth and thirst, and on December 3 a dull headache lasting for several hours was reported. Soreness in the region of the stomach was developed on December 4, with a feeling of uneasiness which lasted the whole day. This soreness had increased greatly by the next day and a very severe headache had developed, so that it was deemed advisable to discontinue the administration of the pre- servative. On December 6 the rapidity of the heart action was noted. There was still soreness in the region of the stomach, but to a Less degree, and in the evening a feeling of nausea was reported. On December 7. the second day after the cessation of the administration of the preservative for this subject, there was still a trace of soreness left in the stomach, and on the third day a slight headache. During the next two days the unfavorable symptoms disappeared, hut on December 10 the Boreness in the region of the stomach returned. On the two following days a dull headache was reported, which disap- peared for a day and recurred again on December 1 1. On the Kith slight indigestion was experienced and on the 17th a headache Lasting all day \s as recorded. This subject w as not entirely restored to normal condition at the close of the after period. A general survey of the data of NO. •; shows the development in the latter part of the preservative period of abdominal soreness, nausea, and genera] malaise attended with headache; and these symptoms continued, though with decreas- ing intensity, throughout the after period. Nb. 7 entered the hue period in normal condition as to tempera- ture, pulse, and the general functions of the body. 'There was no disturbance of tin- -tale during the whole of the fore period, ami 1304 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. until the third day of the preservative period, when a feeling of nausea developed at about 7 p. m. which lasted two or three hours and was accompanied by a dry feeling in the mouth and throat. These symptoms passed away on the following day and did not recur again until November 27, when a burning sensation in the throat was reported on drinking the milk which contained the for- maldehyde. On November 30 a rash appeared on the back and on the inside of the thighs, attended by considerable itching-. This rash was similar in character to that developed in the case ^^ \<>. 1. except as to location, and continued during the following days, being- very irritating on the 5th, especially after going to bed. On Decem- ber G pains were developed in the region of the stomach, lasting throughout the evening. On the second day of the after period the rash began to decrease, but on December 13 the lower part of the thigh was still much irritated. On December 15, while the rash still persisted, the irritation had almost ceased and on the last day o( the after period the rash had practically disappeared. These data show the irritating effect of the formaldehyde in the last part of the pre- servative period, and especially do they indicate the tendency o\' the preservative to develop a rash upon the body, which in the case of Xo. 7 was extremely persistent. No. 8. No. s entered upon the fore period in a normal condition as to pulse, temperature, and general bodily functions, which condition continued without change during the whole of the fore period. On the second day of the preservative period, a slight soreness of the throat with a (\vy and parched feeling of the fauces is recorded- and these sensations continued on the following day. During the night of November 24, Xo. 8 was seized with severe pains in the lumbar region which disappeared on the following day but Ins throat -till sore and dry. Normal conditions appear to have been reestablished on November 26, but on the 27th there was a feel- ing of fullness in the head and t he throat was again sore and dry. These symptoms were less marked on the following day; but on November 30 they returned with more force and a rash developed on the outer .side of the thighs. The subject was restless during the night, unable to sleep, and found difficulty during the day in con- cent rai ing his mind upon .study. The pains experienced are described as being of a dull character and accompanied by a feeling of fullness in the head. After eating, very severe pains developed in the abdomen which, however, lasted for only a quarter of an hour. On December '2, though only half the amount of preservative scheduled was taken (i. c, 0.1 gram), there was severe nausea after breakfast, the appe- tite disappeared, and at luncheon time the subjed could not eat at FORMALDEHYDE. 1305 all. Thirst with continued headache was experienced all day and there was more or less rash on the arms as well as on the legs. The administration of the preservative was discontinued on December 3 but nausea was nevertheless developed after breakfast and lasted for about one hour and a half, being attended with considerable vomit- ing. The condition of No. 8 was becoming abnormal and his fur- ther participation in the experiment was abandoned. Later he under- went a successful operation for appendicitis at a local hospital. The data for this subject are accordingly excluded from the summaries, his individual data being submitted as a matter of record. No. 9. The data for No. 9 are omitted, as he left the city before the period of observation was completed, and they are therefore of no value. No. 10. No. 10 entered the fore period with normal temperature and pulse and with no evident disturbance of any of the functions of the body. There was no change in this condition during the entire fore period. The temperature on November 22 was 98.3° and the pulse G7. This normal condition continued through the firsl and second subperiods of the preservative period, and not until December 3 did the subject report any abnormal symptoms. On that day severe pain- of the character of neuralgia developed in his face, which continued on the 4th and became so severe on the 5th that No. L0 was compelled to go to bed during the latter pari of the day. On the 6th he returned to the table feeling generally ill, with temperature -lightly above normal, severe headache, pains in the back, soreness in the stomach. and nausea. Nine grains of quinine were administered during the day. On the 7th the symptoms had somewhat improved, but the temperature was -till -lightly above normal at the beginning of the after period. The unfavorable symptoms, however, soon disappeared and normal condition- had returned by the middle of the after period which were maintained t«» the end of the observation. The data in this case sho^i a fair tolerance of the administration of formaldehyde until toward the end of the preservative period, when a sudden ill- ness occurred and the symptoms which have been noted in the other cases headache, soreness in the stomach, nausea, and genera] malaise -were developed in a high degree. These symptoms, how- ever, passed awaj rapidlj after the withdrawal of the formaldehyde. Vb. //. 'The Functions Of the body were enliivlv normal in the case of No. 11 at the beginning of the observation, the temperature being 9 and the pulse 7 1. These normal conditions continued without any 15428 Ball 84, pi \ (is — u 1306 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. notable change, except slight variations in temperature and pulse, throughout the whole of the fore period. On November 22, Xo. 11 entered the preservative period with a temperature of 98.6° and a pulse of 82. All of the other functions of the body were as before. No disturbance of any kind, except a slight decrease in temperature, were noticed in the case of No. 11 until November 29, when chilly sensations in the lower extremities are recorded. On the next day itching of the skin developed in addition to the chilly sensations and a sore throat is recorded. The temperature was normal but the pulse was slightly accelerated. On December 1 the subject felt a burning sensation on the chest and about the knees. The tempera- ture was normal, but at 4.30 p. m. a severe dull and heavy pain in the region of the heart developed. There was also a slight disturb- ance of the digestion, with belching. On the following day it was difficult for the subject to eat breakfast and he had no appetite at all for dinner. There was slight nausea, also pain, and the itching sensation much like that reported in the other cases, but without marked development of coloration. There seemed to be distinct effects produced upon the heart by the administration of the preserva- tive. The temperature was below normal and the itching and burn- ing about the body continued during December 3, also the sensa- tion of chilliness in the lower extremities. On December 4 the itching became more pronounced, especially after eating, the sensation of cold continued, and on the following day a burning in the throat and a dull headache were added to the other symptoms. The itching and burning continued on December 6, although coloration had dis- appeared, and the headache also persisted. No. 11 entered upon the after period with temperature and pulse normal but with con- tinued itching and burning of the skin, though these symptoms were not so well marked on the first day of the after period as on the lasl day <»f the preservative period. On the second day the sensation of cold in the Lower extremities had almost disappeared and the burning and itching, the symptoms of rash, were much Less pronounced, and on December ( .) they had practically ceased, although the subject reported a -light itching sensation about the hips. By December 11 there was no trace of the symptoms of rash left, although .slight indigestion with fermentation and belching was reported on this day. 'The norma] condition was restored on December L3 and no further symptoms were developed except that, on the Lasl day, No. 11 became nauseated after eating the oysters of the diet, and this nausea WBB repeated to some extent on the following day. These data sho* a marked development of the itching and burning of (he >kin, more severe than in the other two cases, although the coloration was ii"l SO pronounced. FORMALDEHYDE. 1307 No. It. Xo. 12 was in excellent physical condition at the beginning of the fore period, with temperature, pulse, and all the other function- of the body normal. This condition continued until early in the pre- servative period, when there appeared to be a Blight depression of temperature. Xo symptoms of diagnostic value, however, were recorded until December 1, when marked pain in the intestines was experienced after dinner and continued till about midnight. On the third dav thereafter, December 5. thev recurred with greater intensity. Severe cramps in the stomach continued from 3.30 p. m. until midnight, especially on the right side of the stomach, and neu- ralgic pains developed in the face and head. On December 6 pains were experienced throughout the abdominal region, and on the next day, which was the beginning of the after period, the subject suf- fered from pain in the region of the kidneys. Restlessness, insomnia, and an itching sensation in the legs were recorded for the night of December 8, but these symptoms disappeared on the following dav. and from this time until the end of the observation the subject was entirely normal. The data in this case show a considerable disturb- ance developed by the administration of the formaldehyde in the latter part of the preservative period manifested chiefly by abdominal pain, and during the after period as an itching sensation df the skin, recalling the itching sensation and rash experienced by the three other subjects during the administration of the formaldehyde. DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURE CHART. The variations of temperature are a matter of special importance in this case inasmuch as there appears to be a tendency od the part *>{' the preservative to depress the temperature of the body. This is Bhown in 6gs. l and 2, in which the variations in temperature from day to day are recorded for the three periods and also the average temperature for each period, represented as a straight line, in order to -eei i re a better comparison. Though the average decrease is slight, the effect indicated is of interest and the problem presented will be further studied. In the case of Nos. I and 3 only is there a slight increase in tem- perature in the preservative and after periods, while No, \\ shows ik» change throughout, and No. L0 no decrease until the after period, Nos, 2, i. 5, 6, 7. and 12 -how a decrease in temperature in the preservative period, and in t he cases of Nos. (i, 7. and 10 t he decrease ia augmented in the after period. The summary for Nos. l to 6 shows an average decrease in temperature <>\' 0.3 in the preservative period and an increase of 0.1 C in the after period over the preserva- tive period. The >ummar\ for Nos. 7. 10, LI, and L2 shows a de- 1308 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PBESEBVATIVES ON HEALTH. NOVEMBER DECEMBER 'l2 13 W 15 16 17 16 19 20 gl gg 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30" 12 3 4 5 6 6 9 10 II 12 13 IA 15 16 T?" _Zx / v N^r 99°r 97°r • / \ - / 99°r FORE PERIOD PRESERVAf IVE PERIOD AFTER>ERlOD FiQ. I. Daily and average temperature record foi Series [X, Nos. i to 6, and summary FORMALDEHYDE. 1309 crease of 0.1° in the preservative period and a further decrease of 0.2° in the after period, the general summary for all the individuals r\ NOVEMBER 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 I 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 9efF 97 8 F 99°F 98° F 99 F 98V 1 SUMMARY 7-10-1 1-12! — ' — t — I — I — i — — I — t — I — t — t — f SUMMARY I- 2-3-4-5-6-7-10-1 112 FORE PERIOD PRESERVATIVE PERIOD I and miii:- giving a decrease of 0.2 in the preservative period and no further change in t he after period. 131U INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS. A general survey of the medical and clinical his ton' shows that for about eight or ten days no abnormal symptoms of note were produced by the administration of formaldehyde. During the third pre- servative subperiod, however, pain in the stomach and intestines, often attended by cramps and sometimes by nausea and vomiting, occurred in all but two cases. In four cases out of eleven there appeared a well-marked rash on the chest and thighs, attended by itching and great discomfort. In a fifth case slight symptoms of this nature are recorded. The general symptoms, therefore, are headache and abdominal pains, while the tendency to lower the tem- perature is a minor symptom, and the development of a rash, though marked, occurs in only about half of the cases. BODY WEIGHTS. VARIATIONS IN BODY WEIGHTS. Charts have been constructed (figs. 3 and 4) in which the daily variations of weight are recorded for each individual, the mean weight for each period being indicated by a straight line for the easier comparison of the effect produced in the three periods. Summaries for the men receiving the preservative under the same conditions are also given and a general summary for the entire series. In the case of No. 1, it is seen that there is practically no change in the weight of the body throughout the observation, the total increase being negligible, i. e., 0.23 kilogram, or about one-half pound during a period of five weeks. The data for Xo. 2 show a \er\ slight decrease in weight during the preservative period, and this decrease is repeated in the after period. The total decrease amounts to about 1 kilogram. In the case of Xo. 3 there is again a decrease in weight of about half a kilogram during the preservative period, with practically no further change, as compared with the average, in the after period, the total average decrease in weight amounting to only 0.66 kilo- gram. The data for No. \ show a negligible decrease in weight dur- ing the preservative period, there being practically no change. In the case of No. 5 there i^ a very slight increase in weight during the preservative period (0.18 kilogram), and this increase is repeated during the after period, the entire average gain amounting only to 0.29 kilogram. In the case of NO. 6 there is a slight decrease in weight during the preservative period of 0.58 kilogram, which is practical!} restored during the after period, The data for No. 7 show marked daily variations in weight during the preservative period, the average being only 0.17 kilogram, while B decided loss of weight, takes FORMALDEHYDE. 1311 NOVEMBER DECEMBER 53 A!5 5:^^^55S^R!(28;SS!v;Sa§^cv,to^^vo(b^^^^!5S:i5^^ N? I 57 ^^ z s sz V J_l 70rn i— 1 1 1 „>. iv , i i-^^dYA ■ V ^ W^x 1 \ 67 U 1 | | | 1 | | | | 1 1 | | 1 1 L_LJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 70 69 72 71 T"^ r 493 i /-— <^^ » \' y V \_ --w , If-— - N9 4 i S3^=r7 'X /suj-h V ^ -^^ — vy--^ 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 FORMALDEHY SUMMARY N°. 6 1-6 1 DE PLACED IN MILK IMMEDIATELY BEFORE MM TAKING 6^ . . i FORE PERIOD RRESERVATlVE PERIOD AFTER PERIOD LEGEND ■ ow/cy w£r-,r -,- A T\7____":$$~-5""_ -__^____ 6A 63 62 61 58 57 56 €£ 67 66 63 62 64 63 \ N9IO \ X— 7r z±\ZX.-£?X~--& "' ^^ : - ,- z _ 5 --____ V V" s >— 4^*"^ w „ ' "^ ^ ^ A ^£ll /\ . N9I2 1,- * , /^. V --- 2 H _ N/ >,„„_„-^ — ^ — ^ — A > N ^e — r o ^ 'A 1 1 LDEHY s DE F UM 'LAC W EL IARY > l(NJ Mil _K 4°. s 7, IO, II, 1 TWO DAYS, BE F 2 "C R _ 1 TAK , N s SI J ^1 M A R V E :n T F !E c BE :f ?l eis FORE PERIOD PRESERVATIVE PERIOD ^QSllLV W&GHT AFTER PERIOD LEGEND A fa W^2T/7/-^ar VYET/GHT^ I [.,. i. i i.niy and average body watghti lot Bert i \ . Noe. 7 to L2, excluding Noa. R and '.', and ■ummary, together with the genera] summary for the entire m i FORMALDEHYDE. 1313 place during the after period, amounting to 1.15 kilograms, as com- pared with the preservative period. The data for No. 8 are not charted, as the subject was obliged to withdraw from the experiment by reason of illness at the beginning of the third preservative subperiod : notwithstanding this an aver- age gain of weight, amounting to 1.12 kilograms is recorded for the preservat ive period. The data for No. 9 are not charted, as he left the city before the conclusion of the experiment. No. lo shows a decrease in weight during the preservative period of half a kilogram, and this decrease is increased during the after period, the total average loss amount- ing to 1.32 kilograms. No. 11 shows a marked increase of weight in the preservative period (almost 1 kilogram) and another increase of nearly half a kilogram in the after period. No. 12, on the other hand, shows a decrease of about half a kilogram in the preservative period and a still further decrease of 0.61 kilogram in the after period. Though the individual data vary, some increasing and others decreasing in weight, the average weight for Nos. 1 to 6 for the three periods shows a slight decrease, amounting only to 0.23 kilo- gram during the preservative period, while there is practically no further change in the after period. These data are for the subjects to whom the formaldehyde was given immediately after mixing it with the milk. In the general summary for Nos. 7. LO, 11. and 12 (who took milk which had been preserved with formaldehyde for two da the average weights show a decrease during the preservative period so slight as to be practically negligible, while a decrease occurs in the after period amounting to half a kilogram. The genera] average of Nos. l to 12, inclusive excepting Nos. 8 and 9 . shows a Blight progressive I"-- "I weight in the preservative and after periods. The graphic chart, therefore, indicates a tendency on the part of the preservative, whether administered fresh or used after standing in contact with the milk for forty-eight hours, t<» produce a slight lo-- of weight in the preservative period, and this influence continues during the after period. RATIO OF FOOD WEIGHT TO BODY WEIGHT. Ill Table III arc L r i\eli the Weight of | he bo<|\. the actual Weight of moist and the drj food, it i- seen in the case of No. I that the ratio for each period is 0.92 per cent, ana the absolute quantity of drj food administered during these periods is also practically constant, namely, 5 and 522 grams daih . 1314 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. The data for Xo. 2 show also an almost constant ratio (0.90) and but slight variation in the dry food consumed (610, 618, and 609 grams daily for the three periods, respectively). Xo. 3 shows also an almost constant ratio of 0.92, with scarcely any variation in the quantity of dry food consumed (from 636 to 639 grams daily). In the case of Xo. 4 the ratio is again practically constant (about 0.89). The quantity of dry food administered increases 10 grains per day in the preservative period, and there is practically no fur- ther change in the after period. In the case of Xo. 5 the ratio is larger than in any of the preceding cases, amounting to 1.08 in the fore and preservative periods, and 1.05 in the after period. The quantity of dry food is slightly less in the after period than in the preservative period (12 grams daily), but there is no important variation. The data for Xo. 6 show an almost constant ratio (1.02) and that the weight of the food was practically the same in the fore and pre- servative periods, but increased 10 grams daily in the after period. In the case of No. 7 the ratio is practically unchanged throughout, averaging 0.94. The quantity of dry food administered is almost identical in all the periods and amounts to 608 grams daily in the preservative period. In the case of No. 8 the largest ratio indicated in the "series is given, namely, 1.29, but the data for the after period are lacking, as the subject was so ill that he left the table at the beginning d\' the third preservative subperiod. The quantity of dry food adminis- tered varies little between the two periods (708 and 714 grains daily, respectively). In the case of Xo. 10 the ratio diminishes slightly in the preserva- tive period and was increased in the after period, the figures being 0.95, 0.92, and 0.99 for the three periods, respectively. The weight of dry food diminished 26 grams daily in the preservative period and is increased in the after- period to an amount exceeding by 9 grains thai of the fore period, amounting to 608 grams. These variations are not of a magnitude to be of great importance. The ratio in the case in \'<>. 11 is practically constant for the three periods (1.12), and the quantity of dry food administered is also quite constant, increasing 9 grams in the preservative period and amounting to 6 1 1 grams. In the case of No. L2 the ratio is practically constant for the three 4 periods (0.98), and the quantity of dry food administered varies only f) grams, amounting to 659 grams in the preservative period. Summaries arc given for Nos. I to 6, who received formaldehyde directly after it was added to tlic milk, and for Nos. 7, L0, LI, and 12, who took milk that had hecn preserved for two days; a general FORMALDEHYDE. 1315 summary is also given. It will be noticed in the summary of Xos. 1 to 6 that the ratio is 0.95 during the preservative period and 0.94 in the fore and after periods. In the case of Xos. 7. 10, 11. and 12 the ratio in the fore and preservative periods is 0.99 and in the after period 1.00. The general summary shows that there is ao difference in the ratios for the fore and preservative periods (0.96), and the increase of 0.01 per cent in the after period is negligible. It is evi- dent from these data that there has been no measurable effect pro- duced upon the ratio of the weight of the body to the weight of the food consumed by reason of the administration of the preservative. Table III. — Amount of moist and dry food consx med, expressed as percentagi of body IX. [Averages are per day.] ] Mo. 1. Period. Body weight. Average daily body weight. Body weight. Weight Of fOOd. ge daily ratio of food Weight to body weight. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. M<>i>t. Dry. Moist. Dry. Fore period. First rabperiod: Total Kilos. 283.94 283.55 6ft. 71 Grams. 12,099 12,218 Grams. 2,595 519 P. ct. P. ct. 0.91 lulus. 344 51 344. 39 14,621 3,100 021 Second subperiod: : 4.31 .93 Average Entire for" period: 1 c.I.tl 24,317 5,229 4.29 688.90 68.89 ..in 4 31 v.* Preser ubperiod: i fi& 81 13,519 2,51 17 n 661 7,11 4.41 .95 843. is S 1 ■ 15,846 3,160 8,071 598 3,100 riod: Total 4.42 Third subperiod: ; 4 51 Entire preservative period: Potal 7,881 • r i„ riod. ibperiod: i :,I7 17! 10,127 ..11 Avenue Seoond subperiod: ■ 1 . . . . Entire after j- Average 1316 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Taule III. -Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body weight, Strut IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. No. 4. Period. Body weight. Weight Moist. of food Dry. Averag ratio ( weig body \ Moist. e daily f food it to eight. Dry. Body weighl . Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Fort pt r tod. First subperiod: Total Kilos. 351.82 7tt 36 69.91 Grams. 13,434 2,687 13,432 (i nuns. 3,164 633 3,198 640 P. ct. 3. 82 P. ct. 0.90 Kilos. 356.56 71.31 35.5. 49 71 10 Grams. 12, 90S 2 582 13,613 2,723 Grams. 3,062 612 3,190 P. ct. 3 62 P. ct. 11. N, Average Second subperiod: Total Average 91 .; S3 M Km ire fore period: Total 701.38 70. 11 2,687 6,362 636 3. 83 .-.il 712.05 71.21 26,521 2,652 6,252 625 a 72 ss i'r> u rvatii > period. l'iist Bubperiod: Total 347.79 348 21 69 51 13,341 13,725 2,745 13,500 2,700 3,242 648 3,091 618 3,256 651 * a 84 . 93 355. 52 71 10 71.29 13,684 2,737 13,245 2.649 3,226 645 3,071 614 645 .oi Second sul. period: Total 3.94 .89 3. 72 Third subperiod: i otal .94 355.96 13,761 71.19 2,752 a 87 .91 Entire preservative period: Total 1,043.58 .92 71.19 40,690 .' 713 9,524 Average Afhr period. First subperiod: Total 69.33 14,030 [3,668 2,734 3,192 3,167 633 1.05 . 92 355. 53 71.10 71.04 12,813 I 1,328 2,666 3,139 a 60 .S9 Second subperiod: Total. . . . .'.il a 75 38 F:iiir<' after period: Total 2,770 636 :;. 99 . 92 7lii. 77, 71. OS 86,141 2,61 I - 631 FORMALDEHYDE. 1317 Table III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body weight. Series JX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 5. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food' weight to body weight. Body weight. Weight of food. ge daily ratio of food weight to body ■ Dry. /'. ct. 4.74 Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Fort J J'irst subperiod: Total Average : subperiod: Total Average Kilos. 271.75 272.65 54 S3 Grams. 12,874 2,575 12,220 2, 444 Q rn in 8 . 2,931 P.ct. 1.08 1 07 Kilos. Grams 11,614 12,314 1. 01 4. 14 1.00 Entire fore period: Total Average 544.40 54.44 .>., 4.61 108 2,393 1.01 Preservative period. subperiod: Total 54 H :.l 75 273. 30 12 794 12,570 2 514 170 1.10 295. 14 58.99 12,975 11 B40 601 Second Bubperiod: Total 1.05 'l hird Bubperiod: Total Average 4. 60 1.09 A 11 11' Entire preservative period: I Average Blfl 27 8,837 .1 ih r period. Plrsl Bubperiod: i 273. 96 12,752 1.(17 12,510 11,558 3,010 ) 21 Bubperiod: Total Average I 57 1.04 1 01 Entire after period; i Average 25,137 2,51 I 5,770 .'-77 I 56 1.06 6,107 611 1.03 1318 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table III. Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentagt of body weight. Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] S'o. 7. So. 8. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Body weight. Average daily body weight. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Fore period. First suhperiod: Total Kilos. 323. 85 64 77 65. 16 Grams. 9,709 1,942 12,739 2.548 Grams. 3,013 603 3,041 608 P.ct. 3.00 P. ct. 0.93 Kilos. 272. 44 54.49 274. 59 54.92 Grams. 13,869 2,774 14,087 2,817 Grams. 3,523 705 3,553 711 P.ct. 5.09 p. a. 1.29 Second suhperiod: Total 3.91 ...: 93 . 5.13 1.29 Entire fore period: Total 649.64 22.448 64.96 2, 245 6,054 3.46 .93 547.03 54.70 27,956 2,796 7,076 708 5.11 1.29 Preservative period. First suhperiod: Total 324. 98 64.99 325.31 (15. 06 321.56 64. 31 12,838 2,568 12,495 2,499 12,614 2,523 3,127 625 2,949 590 3,047 609 3.95 .96 278 66 55.73 279.50 55.90 14,214 2,843 13,945 2,789 3,606 721 3,534 707 5.10 1.29 Second suhperiod: Total 3. vi .91 4.99 1.26 Third suhperiod: Total 3.92 .95 Entire preservative period: Total 971. 85 64.79 37,947 2,530 9,123 608 3 90 .94 558.16 55. 82 28,159 2,816 7,140 714 5.04 1.28 After period. First suhperiod: Total 319. 40 63.88 317.01 63. 40 12,817 2,563 12,701 2,540 3,036 607 2,983 597 4.01 .95 Average Second suhperiod: Total 4.01 .94 Entire ;ifter period: Total 636 41 63.64 25,518 2,552 6 019 602 4.01 . 06 Average FORMALDEHYDE. 1319 Table III. — Amount of moist and dry jood consumed, expressed as pereentagr of body weight, Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 10. No. 11. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Body weight. Weight Average daily of food rati " body weight. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Dry. Dry. l'orr pi riod. First subperiod: Total Kilo*. 315.87 63.17 313. 49 Grains. 13,622 2,724 14,053 2,811 drams. 2,946 589 3,041 608 p. a. 131 4.48 P. S( r First Bubperiod. Total Average : Bubperiod: Total Average Third Bubperiod: Total Average No. 13 Body weight. Kilos. 1 S Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Moist. Dry. Moist. Pry. Grams. 13. >72 14.243 338.07 67.61 335.96 67. IS 335. OS 67.01 Entire preservative ]>eriod: Total 1, 009. 1 1 Average. i7. 27 First sub period. Total jubi Second subperiod: Total Aver . Entire after period: Total Average Grams. Per cent. Per cent. 3,314 3,316 4.22 28,115 2,812 14, 769 14.39.3 2, S.79 13. 926 - 78E 6,630 663 673 3,312 43,090 2,999 15,280 4 37 1.00 4.2^ .96 4.12 .99 4.27 i 657 30,275 28 4.54 .88 FORMALDEHYDE. 1321 Table III. — Amount of moist and dry food tage of body weight, Series IX — Continu SUMMARIES. [Averages are i>er man per day.] . to Ii. Xos. 7, 10, 11, and 12. Period. Body weight. .Weight of food. ge daflj ratio of food weight to .'■eight. weight. body weight. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Dry. Fort pt riod. subperiod: Total Kilos-. Grams. Grams. - "-' 1,903.M - 63.44 2,629 601 P. ct. 12,611 Average Second Bubperiod: 1 0.93 Average 4.14 Entire fore period: Total 3,809.83 156,433 63.50 597 ! Average 4.1! 4. 24 .99 Preservative period. -ibperiod: Total 18.366 2 Average 612 17,504 63.33 2,701 09 18,248 128 .97 63,10 : subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total 1,2511 4.33 - 4 I.', - Entire preservative period: Total 5,094.11 244,253 54,118 6Q1 - After period. ibperiod: Total Sl. Mil rv.v.i Second subperiod: I 17. 7M 131 Average Entire after period: . . 15429 Bull 84, i»t 7—08- 1322 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table III. — Amount of moist and dry ]<><>< I consumed, expressed as percentage of body ueight, Series IX — Continued. SUMMA HIES— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] ; . 2 3, 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, and 12. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ra- tio of food weight to body weight. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Fore period. First subperiod: Total... Kilos. 1 Grams. 3,166.32 129,096 63. 33 3,163.80 134.212 63.28 2,684 Grams. 30,143 603 30,643 613 Pi rant. Ft r cent. Average 0.95 Second subperiod: Total Average 4. 24 . 97 Entire fore period: Total 6, 330. 12 263. 308 60,786 608 Average 63.30 2,633 4.16 .96 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3, 159. 24 63.18 3, 159. 72 63. 19 3, 150. 99 63. 02 136,607 2,732 135,780 2,716 134, 168 2,683 31,281 626 29,736 595 30,329 607 Average 4.32 .99 Second subperiod: Total 4.30 .94 Third subperiod: Total 4. 26 . 96 Entire preservative period: T tal 9, 469. 95 63. 13 406, 555 2.710 91,346 609 Average .96 After period. First subperiod: Total. 3, 149. 85 63.00 3, 1 & 46 62. -7 137,213 2, 744 135.517 -'. 7in 30,619 612 30,240 605 Second subperiod: Average 4.31 Entire after period: Total 6,293.31 272,730 2, 727 4.33 .97 WEIGHT AND WATER CONTENT OF THE FECES. INDIVIDUAL DATA. In Table IV are found the data relating to the weight and water content of the feces for Series IX. The weight of moist feces dimin- ishes 3 grams dailj in the preservat ive period in the case of No. I and in the after period ii is increased 15 grams, exceeding the amount In the fore period. The percentage of water is very slightly decreased in the preservative period and remains practically the same in the after period. The weight of the dry feces is the same in the fore and preservative periods, but is increased 3 grams in the after period. In this case the decrease in the preservative period is due solely to the moisture, but in the after period the increase is due to dry material. FORMALDEHYDE. 1323 In the case of Xo. 2 there is a slight diminution in the weight of the moist feces in the preservative period and a marked loss in the after period, the figures being 99, 93, and 73 grams daily for the three periods, respectively. This is chiefly due to the decrease in the content of moisture, which diminished about 2 per cent both in the fore and after periods. The quantity of dry feces is very slightly increased in the preservative period and is notably less in the after period, namely, 4 grams daily. The data for the after period for No. 2 show an opposite tendency as compared with those for No. 1. The figures for Xo. 3 show that the quantity of moisl feces is notably increased both in the preservative and after period, and this is due to the increase in the percentage of moisture, as the amount of dry feces is slightly less in the preservative period (1 gram) but is notably increased in the after period (4 grams). No. 4 shows a very large increase in the amount of moisl feces in the preservative period (42 grains), and this increase is practically maintained in the after period. The quantity of moist lire is markedly greater in the preservative period (5.5 per cent), and decreases in the after period to a figure midway between the figures for the fore and preservative periods. The weight of dry matter increases by 3 grains daily in both the preservative and after period.-. In the case of No. 5 the data show a decrease in the moisl U^-c> in the preservative period of 22 grams daily, and another decrease of 12 grams in the after period. This decrease in weight is attended by a decrease in the percentage of moisture in the feces of about 1 and 1.4 per cent for the two periods, respectively. There is only a decrease of 1 gram daily in the weight of the dry feces in the preservative period, but a further Loss in the after period <>!* 2 grams daily. It is seen, therefore, that the decrease in moisture is the most marked effect. In the case of Xo. 6, the moist feces are considerably increased in weight during the preservative period '17 grams daily) and dimin- ished in the after period by 39 grams. There is a correspondingly large increase in the percentage of moisture in the feee^ in the pre- servative period, namely, 6 per cent, and a decrease of about I per cent in the after period. The dr\ matter in the feces Is diminished notably m the preservative period i.~> grams dairj . and in the after period an additional loss of _• -ruin- take- place. The increase, therefor.', i- -ecu to be due entirek to the increase iii moisture. In t lie <;!-<• of \n. 7 there is a diminution in t he weight <^ the moist feces which i- very marked both in the preservative and after period-, amounting to 1 6 and 13 grams, respectively. There is a Blight increase of water in the i'rcc^ during those two period- (about 2 per cent in t he pre-crvat i\ c period), and B notable decrease ^>\' dry matter. amounting to 6 and 3 grams daily, for the preservative and after 1324 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. periods, respectively. In this case, the decreased excretion is due solely to the decrease in solids. The data for No. 8 afford only a partial comparison by reason of the omission of the third preservative subperiod and the whole of the after period. There is an increase in the moist i'vvi^ in the preserva- tive period, amounting to 10 grams daily, while the weight of dry feces remains unchanged. As would he expected the percentage of water is increased about 1 per cent. The data for No. 10 show a decrease in the moist feces in the pre- servative period, amounting to 9 grams daily, and a marked increase in the after period of 19 grams. The percentage of moisture in the feces does not vary greatly for the three periods, decreasing slightly in the preservative period and increasing about 1 per cent, as com- pared with the fore period, in the after period. The dry feces are 2 grams Less daily in the preservative period and slightly greater (1 gram) in the after period than in the fore period. In tins case the decreased excretion is due both to the moisture and the solids, and the increase in the after period is also to be attributed to both sources. In the case of No. 11 there is noted a marked loss in the weight of moist feces in the preservative period, amounting to 32 grains daily, ait ended by a decrease in the percentage of moisture of about 5 per cent. The solids or dry matter in the feces also decreased 2 grains per day. These conditions are partially overcome in the after period, the moist feces and percentage of moisture increasing but not regain- ing the figures of the fore period. There is, however, a larger excre- tion of dry feces in the after period than in the fore period. In the case of \o. 12 there is a marked loss in the weight of the moisl {'eel'- (24 grams) and also in the percentage of moisture (2 per cent) in the preservative period, and this decrease is even more strik- ing in the after period, a loss of 43 grams in moist fe<<^ being recorded. There is little difference in the weight of dry i'orv^ in the fore and preservative periods, bul in the after period a loss of 7 grams daily is shown, indicating in this case that the decrease is due both to the moisl ure and the solids. SUMMARIES. In the summary for Nob. I t<> (>, inclusive, who received formalde- hyde added to milk immediately before it was drunk, results show a slight increase in th«' weight of the moisl feces (7 grams daily), and ;m increase of about 2 per cent in the percentage of water in the pre- servative period. There is a slight decrease in the weight of dry feces, amounting to I gram per day. The data for the after period are almost the same as those for the fore period. In this ease it Lfl seen that the increased excretion is. due entirely to increase in moisture FORMALDEHYDE. 1325 and that the conditions of the fore period are reestablished in the after period. In the summary for Xos. 7, 10, 11, and 12, who took milk that had been preserved for two days with formaldehyde, the quantity of moist feces is notably diminished during the preservative period (20 grams per day) and the moisture therein decreases 1.56 per cent. This diminution in quantity is continued in the after period to a modified degree (5 grams per day), while there is hut little change in the percentage of moisture between the after and the preservative periods. The quantity of dry feces is notably decreased both in the preservative and in the after period, the total average decrease amounting to 4 grams per day. In tins case, both solids and moisture content are decreased in the preservative period and the efl'ert is continued in the after period. A comparison of these two summaries would seem to indicate that the formaldehyde when administered immediately after adding to milk has a less disturbing effect upon the quantity and water content of the feces than that which has stood for forty-eight hours, in the latter case there seems to be a marked tendency to decrease the quantity of both the moist and dry U>i-(^ excreted, which effect i- continued in the after period. The average data for all the members of the table as given in t Ik third summary show a slight decrease in the quantity of moist U'rc^ in the preservative period of 4 grains daily, and a further decrease of 5 grams in the after period. The moisture in the fe be drawn LS that there is a slightly disturbing effect upon the character of the feces produced by the formaldehyde, and that this effect is more marked when the formaldehyde is mixed with milk I'm- a period of forty-eight hours before it-- adniinistration. The results, however, are not of a character t<> wan-ant any important conclusion as t«» the relation between this Blight disturbance of the weight and water content of the fee- and the administration of the presen ;it ive. 1326 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IV. — Weight and water content of feces by periods, S 78.93 173 17 993 99 74.42 254 25 1,097 no 78.03 241 24 Prescrraiire period. First Bubperiod: Total 412 82 73 400 80 495 99 78.40 77.39 79.00 80.20 89 18 83 17 84 17 98 20 401 80 397 79 597 119 415 83 67. 83 72.29 7.',. 71 71.81 129 26 110 22 145 29 117 • 23 592 lis 439 ss 797 159 80.07 v,i 64 S2.18 118 Average .'t Second Bubperiod: Total ss 17 Third Bubperiod: Potal 142 28 Fourth sut (period: Total Entire preservative period: Total 1,179 79 78.29 2.56 17 1,395 93 72.47 384 1,828 1-'.' 81.13 345 23 After period. First Bubperiod: Total 495 99 441 80.20 ::, 96 98 20 106 21 415 83 314 83 71.81 67.20 117 23 103 21 168 94 1,011 202 77.7s 83.18 101 21 Second subperiod: Total 170 34 Entire after period: Total •..I 7 s 21 204 20 729 73 220 22 1,479 1 IS 81.47 271 ■J 7 " These figures are given in round cumbers only. FORMALDEHYDE. 1327 Table IV. — Weight and water content of feces by periods, Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 4. No. . r ). Period. Feces. Dry Feces. Water. Dry Water. Dry Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Grams. 410 82 IK) 73 90 77.17 107 21 126 25 Grams. 634 1_>7 336 Per et. Grams. Ill -- 16 i 107 7ii4 141 Grams. 130 1 55 31 Entire fore period: Total Average :- 78 ? 19 1,241 124 29 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 688 138 744 149 82.12 81.31 80.38 123 120 24 146 74 71. 10 74. 73 90 18 - 17 19 156 164 518 104 . lis Second subperiod: Total 1.S4 Third subperiod: Total Ktf Average 21 Entire preservative period: Total 2,074 138 81.24 - 1,130 75 18 2,117 141 :,ige After period. First subperiod: Total 14:. 7ft 17 142 151 30 341 16 79 16 105 103 21 1 BUDperiod: 1 112 Entire after period: i 137 78 1 ; 293 63 158 16 1328 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IV. — Weight and water content of feces by periods, Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] Xo. 7. No. S. Xo. 10. Period. Feces. Water. Dry feces. Feces. Water. Dry feces. Feces. Wat. r. Dry Fort period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 90 448 90 Per ct. (70. 98) 70. 98 70.98 Grams. (130) - 130 Grams. 7period: Tnt.ll L>ll Third subperiod: Total 93 Average 19 Entire preservative period: Total 1,113 74 72.90 301 20 1,657 166 82.14 2% 30 84 317 21 After period. First subperiod: Total 132 20 479 90 Ml 01 71.97 72. 23 72.18 37 7 133 27 507 101 520 104 70. 13 70. 92 121 AveniK" 24 subperiod: ! 120 J I Entire after period: ! 170 17 1,027 103 70. 53 241 24 FORMALDEHYDE. Table IV. — Weight and water content of feces by periods, Series [Averages are per day.] 1329 IX — Continued. No. 11. 12. Period. Feces. Water. Dry Water. Dry Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 578 116 113 Per rt. 79. 24 80.04 Grams. 120 21 113 23 Grams. 797 159 888 17s 83,06 82.88 Grams. 135 Second subperiod: Total i m 30 Entire fore period: Total 1,144 114 79. G3 233 - Preservative period. First subperiod: Total... 410 £ 323 05 501 100 70.28 7(1. 05 94 19 19 120 24 1,036 207 81.95 1^7 Average Second subperiod: Total 112 Average Third subperiod: Total 11 1 Averape Total. .. 1,234 82 74.88 310 21 2 173 413 After period. First subperiod: Total 439 88 550 110 73.58 78.30 lie. 119 24 113 UN 91 113 Average Total 100 Average Entire after period. Total 24 1.022 L02 213 ^ 21 1330 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IV. — Weight and water rout, , it of feces by periods, Series IX — Continued. SI MM ARIES. [Averages are per man per day.] Period. N os. 1 to 6. Hon. 7 to 12 (omitting Nos. Sand 9). Nos. 1 to 12 (omitting s. Sand 9). Feces. Water. Dry I-Vres. Water Dry feces. Feces. Water. Dry teeea. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grains. - 3,064 102 3.020 lid Per ct. 77.68 77 02 Grams. 684 694 23 Grams. 2,227 111 2,423 121 Per ct. 78.36 78.33 (i nuns. 482 24 525 26 Oram*. 5,291 106 5,443 109 Per ct. 77 96 7" 60 Grams. 1,166 23 Second subperiod: Total 1,219 24 Entire fore period: Total 6,084 101 77 35 l :;7s 23 4,6.50 116 78 34 1,007 25 10,734 107 77.7s 2,385 "4 Preservative period. First subperiod : Total 3,303 110 2,996 100 3,424 114 79.81 70. 37 79. \s 667 22 618 21 713 24 2,353 118 1,693 84 1,730 86 76.43 75 03 510 26 399 20 432 22 5,666 113 4,689 94 5,154 103 79.19 78.31 77.78 1.177 24 Second subperiod: Total 1,017 20 Third subperiod: Total 1,145 rage 23 Entire preservative period: Total 9,723 108 79. 45 1,998 22 96 76.78 1,341 22 15,499 103 78.46 22 After period. First subperiod: Total 96 3,273 109 77.76 77. '.17 643 21 721 24 1,644 82 2,005 100 76.46 76 46 387 19 472 24 1,535 91 5,278 106 77. 29 77.40 1,030 21 Second subperiod: Total 1,193 Average 24 Entire after period: Total 6, 164 103 77. 87 1,364 3,649 91 7(1. 46 859 21 9,813 9S 77. 35 2,223 Average. 23 THE URINE. VOLUME, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND TOTAL SOLIDS. Table V contains the data relating to the volume of urine excreted, it- specific gravity, and the total solids therein. [NDIVEDUAL DATA. There is b notable increase in the volume of the urine in the ease of No. I during ilie preservative period, amounting to 317 cc daily, attended by a decrease in specific gravity of 0.0038. This increase in volume is practically maintained in the after period, and the spe- cific gravity is again decreased. The quantity of solids excreted is larger in the preservative period than in the fore period by .'J grams daily, and in the after period a loss of 2 grams occurs. FORMALDEHYDE. 1331 In the case of Xo. 2 there is an increase in the volume of the urine in the preservative period of 276 cc daily, attended by a decrease in specific gravity. This increase in volume is continued in the after period, and the specific gravity is slightly increased. The total solids excreted are the same in the fore and preservative periods and slightly greater in the after period. In the case of Xo. 3 the volume of urine excreted is almost the same in the preservative period as in the fore period (an increase of only ( .) cc daily), and is very slightly decreased in the after period. The specific gravity is increased slightly in the preservative period and to a greater extent in the after period. The total solids ex- creted in the urine remain almost the same for the three periods, increasing by 1 gram throughout. The data for No. 4 show a very slight increase in the volume of urine in the preservative period, amounting to 47 cc daily, and a very -light decrease in specific gravity. In the after period there is a decrease of 70 cc in the volume of urine and a notable increase in the specific gravity. The quantity of total solids voided daily is the same in the fore and after periods and increased only by 2 grams daily in the preservative period. The data in the case of No. 5 show an increase in the volume of urine in the preservative period (03 cc daily), and this increase is partially maintained in the after period. The specific gravity i- the same for the fore and preservative periods, increasing very slightly in the after period. The quantity of solids excreted daily in the mine i- increased slightly (3 grains | in the preservative period, and is -till further increased by 1 gram in the after period. No. 6 excretes a -mailer quantity of urine in the preservative period than in the fore period and a stil] -mailer quantity in the after period, the difference between the daily average for the fore and after period- being 50 cc. The smallest quantity of urine, how- ever, has the highest specific gravity, the total solid- excreted being the same for the fore and preservative periods, and only decreased by 1 gram in the after period. The data for No, 7 -how an increase in the volume of the urine in the preservative period of 69 cc daily, and a further increase of I in the after period. The specific gravity fall- both in the preserva- tive and in the after period, and the quantity of total solids ex- creted i- i grams less in the preservative period than in the fore period, and then- i- another decrease of I gram in the after period. There is also an increase of 62 <•<• daily in the volume of urine excreted by No. S in the preservative period and a -light decrease ill the -peeilie gravit\ thereof, the total Solids \<»ided increasing 2 grams. Their are qo data for No. s for the after period, and the figures for the preservative period cover onlj ten days. (See pai:<' 1332 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. The data for No. 10 show a marked decrease in the volume of urine in the preservative period, amounting to 109 cc daily, and for the after period practically the same volume as in the fore period is recorded. The specific gravity of the urine during the preservative and after periods is higher than in the fore period. The quantity of total solids excreted is decreased in the preservative period by 2 grams, and is 2 grams greater in the after period than in the fore period. No. 11 shows a very slight decrease in the volume of urine in the preservative period (29 cc) and a notable increase in the after period, exceeding the amount of the fore period by 92 cc. The specific gravity is low throughout, being a little higher in the preservative period than in any other. The quantity of solids excreted is in- creased 4 grains in the preservative period, and an additional in- crease of 3 grams is shown in the after period. The data for No. 12 show a notable increase in the volume of urine in the preservative period, amounting to 153 cc daily, and an additional increase of 180 cc during the after period. This increase in the volume is attended by a steadily diminishing specific gravity. The quantity of total solids excreted is increased 4 grams in the pre- servative period and an additional gram in the after period. SUMMARIES. The summary for Nos. 1 to 6, who received formaldehyde as soon as it was mixed with the milk, shows an excretion of urine in the fore period of 970 cc, in the preservative period of 1,085 cc (an increase of 115 cc daily), and in the after period of 1,062 cc. The specific gravity of the urine is slightly decreased when the larger quantities are excreted, the total solids excreted in the urine being only 1 grain greater in the preservative and after periods than in the fore period. The data, therefore, show a tendency during the administration of the pre- servative to increase the volume <>f urine excreted, to diminish its specific gravity, and to increase slightly the total quantity of solids excreted. The summary for Nos. 7, 10, 11, and 12, who received formaldehyde after two days' contact with milk, shows a very slight increase in the volume of urine in the preservative period (only 21 w daily), and a notable increase in the after period of l is cc. The specific gravity of the urine in the fore and preservative periods is almost the same, but is somewhat decreased in the after period. The quantity of total ^<»li(U excreted is increased 1 gram in the preservative period and an additional 2 grams in the after period. These data show a slight tendency on the pari of the formaldehyde to increase the volume of I he urine and to decrease specific gravity, and also to increase slightly FORMALDEHYDE. 1333 the quantity of total solids excreted in the preservative and after periods. The average effect produced, ascertained by combining in one expression the data for all the subjects except Nbs. 8 and 9, indicates a slight increase in the volume of urine in the preservative period (77 cc daily), followed by an additional increase in the after period. The specific gravity decreases in almost the same proportion as the volume of the urine increases, the quantity of total solids excreted being 58, 59, and 60 grams daily for the three periods, respectively. The general effect of the formaldehyde, therefore, may be regarded as slightly diuretic, considerably increasiii!j; the volume of the urine, especially in the case of Xos. 1 to 6 during the preservative period, while for Xos. 7, 10, 11, and 12 the greater increase occurs in the after period. Practically no influence is exerted on the total solids excreted. Table V. — Urine determi tuitions — Volutin, specific gravity, and total solids. Series IX. [Averages ;i ra per day.] No. 1 No. 2. Period. Vol- ume Specific gravity al C. Total solids (factor Vol- ume Specific gravity el c. Total solids (factor Vol- ume. Specifii u ravin at 1 Total Bolide I factor Fort period. First suhperiod: Total 5,350 1,070 I 560 912 1.0192 1. 0230 Cm ins. 252 50 257 51 5,770 l.l. 14 6,205 1,241 1.0218 1.0211 (i rums. 62 321 1,640 I. k30 892 L0263 1 0267 dm ins. Average Second Bubperiod; Total Average ',s Entire ton period: Total 9,910 99] 1.0211 51 11,975 L0214 1,198 63 9, !<)<> 910 1 rvative period. First Bubperiod: Total 1,097 1,346 7.905 1,581 1.0201 1.0178 L0139 270 :,} 272 54 54 7,315 1,463 1,644 6,670 1,314 1.0173 Lin:.: L0198 310 62 316 63 319 4.. -.10 902 L0274 8 l g Average Second Bubperiod: Total Average Third Bubperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period; Total Average L0173 Ml 54 22, 105 1,474 l.olT-. 919 L0268 GO After pt Hod, FirM Bubperiod: Average 1.0145 ] 0189 261 1.0164 901 LOSS! ..1 Second suhperiod: i otal Average Entire after period: Total Average L0182 1334 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Tabi.k V b term inations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids. Si fit a IX- Continued. [Averages arc per day.] No. 4. No 5. No. 6. Period Vol- ume Specific gravitv at : C. Total solids (factor 0.245). Specific v„,- K-vuy ume. Total solids (factor 0.245). *rTi?v Totel Vol- Lr ' l 1 V ■ solids ume. .ii-o (factor Fore period. First subperiod: Total cc. 4,985 997 ."). 070 1.0228 ! 1.0246 Grams. 278 56 306 61 cc. 4,355 871 4,635 1.0214 1. 0232 Grams. 46 263 63 cc. 4,100 820 Gram*. 1. 025 1 24S Average 50 Second subperiod : Total 1.0284 285 Average 1.014 57 Entire fore period: Total 10,055 1,006 1. 0237 584 58 8,990 L0223 491 49 8,145 815 L0268 534 Average 899 ta Preservative period First subperiod: Total 5. 260 1,082 5,385 1,077 5,150 1,030 1. 0238 1.0227 1. 0238 307 61 300 60 300 60 4,165 1.0252 4,930 1.0219 986 5.330 1.0197 1,066 51 265 53 51 3,860 772 4,040 808 4,005 801 1.0281 266 53 Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average L0273 270 54 1. 0267 52 Entire preservative period: Total Average 15, 795 1,053 1. 0234 907 60 14,425 962 1.0223 77" 52 11,905 7'.M L0274 796 ! M After period. First subperiod: Total 4,805 961 5,020 1,004 1. 0241 1.0242 284 57 298 60 4,720 944 4,770 954 1.0217 1.0235 251 50 275 55 1.0274 1.0276 51 Second subperiod: Total Average 261 Entire after period: Total 983 1.0292 582 58 9,490 1.0226 949 53 7,64* 766 1.0275 516 Average FORMALDEHYDE. 1335 Table V. — Urine determinations- Volume, specific gravity, and total solids, Series IX Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 7. No. 10. Period. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 25°/25° C. Total solids (factor 0.245). Vol- ume. irrawS Total gra Y - solids OflO Ogo 0.24.V. Vol- ume. fe at ■ , solids oco obo (factor c" Fore period. First subperiod: Total cc. 4,820 964 4,820 964 1. 0261 1. 0261 Grams. 308 62 308 62 cc. 6,110 1,222 5,355 1,071 Grams. 1.0217 1.0254 333 cc. 1,332 5,290 1,058 1. 0197 1.0256 Gram*. 321 64 Second subj>eriod: Total 332 Average 67 66 Entire fore period: Total 9,640 964 1. 0261 616 62 • 11. 465 L0296 658 66 11,950 1,195 653 Average 1.147 65 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 5,380 1,076 5,200 1,040 4,920 984 1.0226 L0236 1.0230 298 60 301 60 277 6,090 1,218 1,199 L0228 1.0234 340 68 344 .-.. 470 1,094 :,..-,lo 1,102 6,310 1,062 1.0247 1. 0240 L0222 331 66 Second subperiod: Total 324 Third subperiod: Total Entire preservative period: Total Average 15, .500 1,033 1.0231 - 12,085 1,209 L0231 68 1,086 1. 0236 '.•44 63 After period. ]■ Irsl subperiod: Total 5,325 1,065 1,130 1.0203 1.0217 53 300 60 6,000 1,212 1 . 1 72 L0226 336 Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: ■ Total 1,006 1.0210 11,920 1,192 671 1336 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table V. — Una Volun gravity, and total solids, Serin IX — 1 itinued. [Averages are per day.] Period Fore y< riod. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average No. 11. v'olume. Specific gravity at Tctal solid* (factor No. 12. Volume. 1.0150 6,010 1.0202 53 6, 410 Sj>ecific gravity at -" -" Total solids i factor (i nuns. 1.0207 65 5,990 1 1,198 60 Entire fore period: Total 1,281 L0180 56 12,400 1,240 624 j'ri -' rvatit ' period. First subperiod: Total 6, 150 1,230 1,108 1 . 327 1.0.-1)4 1.0206 307 61 302 60 293 59 1,375 6,875 1,375 7.140 1.0208 350 70 Second subperiod: Total 1.0190 64 Third sabperiod: Total 1.0 ISO 1.0187 3.' 7 65 Entire preservative period: Total 18,775 1 . 252 1. 0197 1.0195 997 After period. First subperiod: Total 6,910 1.0185 309 1,627 7,580 1,518 1.0167 333 Second Bubperiod: Total Average 1.0190 1.0183 340 fter period: : 13,725 1,373 1.0188 631 15,725 1,573 L0175 673 FORMALDEHYDE. 1337 Table V. determinations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids. S, ■■;,.< IX — Continued. SI MM A HIES. [Averages are per man j>cr day.] Nos. 1 to 6. 7 10 11. and 12. No. N Period. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at Total solids (factor Vol- ume. Specific gravity at c. Total solids (factor 0.245 . Vol- ume. cc. - 1.H77 51,140 1,027 gravity at 'Total solids Fore period. First subporiod: Total cc. 29,145 29.030 968 1.0228 1.0248 Grams. 1614 1724 cc. 22,110 1,108 1.0206 1.0231 dram*. 1219 ISM, 1.0219 Average Second subperiod: Total Entire fore period: Total 58,175 970 3338 1.170 1.0218 61 104,070 1.050 - PT( T oho\\ any consistent general tendency on the part of the pre- servative to affect the acidity of the urine, or the presence of albumin therein; though in three cases the occurrence of albumin seems to he increased during the administration of the preservative. QUANTITY OF UREA AND RATIO OF SULPHUR, SULPHATES, AND PHOSPHATES TO NITROGEN IN THE URINE. [NDIVIDUAL DATA. It is important to determine whether or not the administration of formaldehyde had anj notable influence upon the excretion of urea, ;iikI i he relation of t he sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates in the urine to the nitrogen therein. The data for the determination of these point s are given in Table V I. FORMALDEHYDE. 1339 In the case of Xo. 1 there is a larger quantity of nitrogen excreted in the preservative period and a smaller quantity in the after period than in the fore period. The percentage of urea nitrogen based on the total nitrogen is larger both in the preservative and after periods than in the fore period. The ratio of sulphur to nitrogen is very slightly diminished and the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen is notably diminished in the preservative period, with a further decrease in the after period. These data indicate an increase in the excretion of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphoric acid both in the preservative and after periods in relation to the nitrogen. The data for No. 2 show that the percentage of nitrogen occurring as urea in the urine is quite constant throughout the three periods. The quantity of total nitrogen is notably diminished in the preserva- tive period, while the increase in the after period does not bring the number back to the magnitude of the fore period. The total sulphur and sulphur excreted as sulphates are slightly diminished in the pre- servative period, while the quantity of phosphoric acid i> slightly increased both in the preservative and after periods. The ratio of sulphur to nitrogen is* diminished in the preservative period, and the same is true of the ratio of sulphates and of phosphoric acid to nitrogen. In this case I lie quantity of sulphur and sulphates excreted is diminished, but not in proportion to the diminished quantity of the nitrogen in the urine. The increase in the phosphoric acid excreted. together with the decrease in the nitrogen, causes a notable change in the ratio of the phosphoric acid to nitrogen. Again, in this case, there i- shown a greater relative increase in the phosphoric acid excreted, while in the excretion of sulphur there is practically the same decrease a- of the nitrogen. There is a Blight diminution of the total nitrogen excreted in the urine in the case of No. 3 in the preservative and after period-, and the same is true of the urea nitrogen. The percentage of the urea nitrogen in terms of total nitrogen i- decidedly larger in the preserva- tive period. The quantity of urea i- slightly less in the preservative period and decidedly decreased in the after period. The quantity of total Bulphur as S excreted i- less during the preservative period, while \er\ little change is Bhown in the quantity ^( sulphur a- sulphates excreted in the three periods. There 1- a Blight increase in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted both in the pre- servative and after periods. The ratio of the sulphur to the nitrogen is almost the same in the preservative period a- in the fore period and is >lightl\ less in the after period, and the ratio of sulphates to nitrogen decreases \f urea nitrogen is almosl the same in the fore and preservative periods and slightly increased in the after period. The total urea excreted is diminished in the preservative period and increased in the after period. The ratio- -how a very slight decrease in the quantity of sulphur, no change in the quantity of sulphates, and a slight increase in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in relation to the nit rogen in the urine. The data for No. 1 1 show an increase in the total nitrogen excreted both in the preservative and after periods. The percentage of area nitrogen, based on the total nitrogen in the mine, is notably dimin- ished in the preservative period, and though partlj restored in the after period it does not reach the magnitude of the figure for the fore period. The quantity of urea and of urea nitrogen excreted is almost the same in the fore and the preservative periods and i- notabl) increased in the niter period. The absolute quantities of sulphur and sulphates are increased in the preservative period and still fur- ther increased in the after period. The absolute quantity of phos- phoric acid excreted is increased both in the preservative and after periods. The ratios -how a slight increase in the relative quantities of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphoric acid compared with the nitn excreted in the preservative period, in so far as sulphur is concei tin- r< la i ion i- iv \ ersed in the after period as compared with the period, hut it l- maintained for BulphateS and phosphoric acid. 1342 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. The data for Xo. 12 show a slight decrease both in the total nitrogen and in the urea nitrogen during the preservative period, followed by an increase in the after period, the decrease being more than restored in the case of the nitrogen. The percentage of urea nitrogen is diminished both in the preservative and after periods. The total urea excreted is less in the preservative period and this loss is almost restored in the after period. The absolute quantities of sulphur and phosphoric acid are increased in the preservative period and further increased in the after period, while the sulphur as sul- phates is slightly decreased in the preservative period. The ratios show thai the quantities of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphoric acid excreted in relation to the total nitrogen are increased during the pre- servative period, and this relation is practically maintained in the after period. summaries. Three summaries are given, representing the subjects from Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, who received the formaldehyde as soon as it was added to the milk; Xos. 7, 10, 11, and 12, who received formaldehyde which had stood in contact with milk for two days, and the complete summary for Nos. 1 to 12, excluding Nos. 8 and 9. In the first summary, namely for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, the data show a slight diminution in the total nitrogen excreted and a slight increase in the total urea nitrogen in the preservative period. There is a marked diminution oi both in the after period. The percentage of urea nitrogen is greater both in the preservat ive and after periods than in the fore period. The total urea excreted is almost the same in the fore and preservative periods and somewhat less in the after period. The total sulphur excreted is very slightly diminished throughout, while the sulphates are almost the same in the fore and preservative periods and slightly less in the after period. The phos- phoric acid excreted Is notably greater in the preservative period and there is only a very -light diminution as compared with this amount in the after period. The ratio of total sulphur to nitrogen is the same in the fore and preservative periods and slightly less in the after period. In the sulphate ratio there is a very slight decrease in the preservative period and no further change in the after period. The ratio <>f phosphoric" acid to total nitrogen is notably less in the pre- servative period and there Is a slight rurther decrease in the after period. These data -how a tendency on the part of the preservative t<> increase the excretion of sulphates and of phosphoric acid in propor- tion to the total nitrogen excreted in the urine, and this tendency is continued and somewhat accentuated in the case of phosphoric acid ill the after period. 'Hie only marked feature brought out in this FORMALDEHYDE. 1343 summary is the actual and relative increase in phosphoric acid and this is also uniform for each individual. In the summary for Xos. 7, 10, 11, and 12, the data show a slight decrease in total nitrogen and total urea nitrogen excreted during the preservative period and this decrease is practically restored in the after period. The percentage of urea nitrogen, expressed in terms of total nitrogen in the urine, i- slightly diininished in the preservative period, but is restored in the after period to almost the same percent- age as in the fore period. The quantity of urea excreted is dimin- ished in the preservative period and is almost restored in the after period to the figure of the fore period. The total sulphur excreted is almost the same in the three periods, being slightly greater in the after period, while the amount of total sulphates excreted i- notably greater in the preservative period and decreases in the after period to almost the same magnitude as in the fore period. The most marked effect in this case, as in the previous summary, i- exerted upon the pho>phoric acid. The quantity excreted is notably increased in the preservative period and this increase is somewhat accentuated in the after period. The ratios show that the total quantities of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphoric acid excreted in proportion to the nitrogen in the urine are all greater in the preservative period, and that this increase is most marked in the case of the phosphoric acid. The data show a tendency on the part of the preservative to diminish slightly the total quantity of urea excreted and to increase uniformly the relative quantities of sulphur, sulphates, and phos- phoric acid in the urine as compared with the total nitrogen. 'Idie general effect produced on the ten men i- shown in the sum- mary for Xo>, ] to 12, inclusive, omitting Nos. s and ( .» because of incomplete data. This general summary indicates a -lightly -mailer quantity of nitrogen and urea oitrogen excreted during the preserva- tive period, and this diminution is carried further in the after period. The percentage of urea oitrogen excreted, expressed in terms of total oitrogen, i> almost the same in the three periods, being very slightly increased in the preservative and after period- as compared with the fore period. The total urea excreted is -lightly diminished in the preservative and after period-. The quantity of sulphur excreted i- verv slightly decreased in the preservative period and i- further diminished in the after perm. I. 'Idie quantity of sulphates excreted i- almost t he -a me in t he t hree period-, showing a negligible decrease in the preservative period. In phosphoric acid, however, there i- a notable increase both in the preservative and after period- a- com- pared with the fore period. The ratios -how a slightly increased excretion of Bulphur and -ulphate- in relation to the nitrogen in the preservative period, and in the after period the increase is maintained. 1344 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. There is a notable increase in the relative quantity of phosphoric acid excreted, and this increase is slightly augmented in the after period. From the study of the individual data and summaries it would appear that the manner of administering the preservative, that is, directly in milk, and after being in contact with the milk two days, has no appreciable effect on the results. The most marked effect shown is the actual and relative increase of phosphoric acid as com- pared with the nitrogen excreted. There is also a slight tendency manifested to increase the total sulphur and sulphates in relation to the nitrogen, and also to decrease slightly the excretion of urea. FORMALDEHYDE. 1345 1346 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. ;?c i c 6 . is s-Ps -3 02 COM CI N on ~- CI ~ ~ i~ © i - re ci re ci OS-H ©ci re i- 23 i - 3 si S : 8 . i - 9 I ! 3-i - 1 -i — e — 2S 2S I 88 82 S2 I 82 13 •o : o . •c : & : o ; fib d3S s 3S a3s ^ „_-- :;_< Ch "2 _o ■ FORMALDEHYDE. 1347 i 2 O g a -^_ T -- ' s OS! ss ci-5 C £ — X 30 — as 2d ' -. - i — 3 S3 ;W8 S3 ri ei 3£ SK rr ri rt ri — ri — ri c a s - | X ~- x i - SS ri ri V — 2 : S ■ -. — ri ri 5 7 85 o — d ri r. — ;:i — ' r i — ' r i co to — n i'- ri i- i- t- ri i- t- rr f ■- — — F n ri -r -.-. -. ■ — — ~ M i- S3 - s SS 32 d — ^7 -5? J -■ ' ':■' ' ' K o, • £ s /. fl A d 00 V. ■ " b 5 ./ ■ / - . Si SSI r. i - r. ? *- 1 9 3 ! r' ? i d - 1 r - i £ DM — ri RS s! i . i - i - i-i- — /■ ■- ri 7 SB — - i — >-. — * - """ r i — r ! Si 3 t~ Eg: 855 3$£ Ik •• a— a £ - 5 ! - •» i_ r a Bl 7 1348 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. ££*<$ 5 - ' ■■ B ri ri a co Is J — ■-. :: id co c; co s 5 Sa — i- id r-i 853 oc * t < S!2 ;§S CC [- ON OCN cm | ci co I— Os © — i -r cm oco feS 0, ea • t-c OiO COO 82 ._ s ? 55 g O :£ 3 ' - oi»rf H:: 5 re £ go* $ 3 / iO CO C5 i-h io -* »h N ON o oi ^ t- *j m co co I <£>' CO 1* N S3 g€3S £ ■ o ► •g o P fc c <=H sT.C — L. - * 6 < & "C I — ! ~ ~ ~ < 5 H-t c *£ I w :t-< FORMALDEHYDE. 1349 a 1 S 3 > < i 8 L -J e 4 ; &3 .o 02 "» « — go 55 a ^83 -^ -• — r / E'E — - "3 ■w cc n so os ; r 8 s s § -'■ — -' ri d ri : c M « — £ BO tt BO a 60 ri -r ri c: n — rt M'7 7'- - -. - ri ri e i ri BO ~ l a S 1 2 d ft, 5 S3 g 2 g -f ri t' c^ X - ri ? ' J s 3d i - — rr ~ DC r i — i - re s§ is s s • - re — ri EC I- / t - 9) t- BOeri rr n •-; rr — c BO ri / — DO - So I -M c — - .- .- .- -, — / — . n n -i ri 1 3 - ft, ' -rri riri '- —. i - - ri ri i-S n ■;■'- •-. — — : ■ r — ~ E — 5 I- I- : - - :- y i i- ri — » r. i < t — = ••■ J3 - ' 1350 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. CQ - 1 * - ■ £ r J- = - - o D /. f. • ■MM O CO «0 - — CO •>) 2 .- re ;o ~ a — ri cS — ; B«- - •303 CO S» g-~ ~. eg — — . 5 •- — cr. cr. T. T: f I " 30 i-O CO C COX ■j" t-- oosc cc r- oo co t^ co co - 9 fe % e ^ ^ c W FORMALDEHYDE. 1351 Z ■H ■a 00 co BO tM re re • re tO »o . ■d ■ ■d ■d id i-e i-e • ■d d 5« "~ ' rt ; " : " ~~ 1—1 ; ^ "^ " t- to . "" : tO to to to ue) to • ue • — z to to • -^ ■^ -x •^ CO . uO ia CN • X — fc ■d •«r • id ■ — W — T ■- X JJ 'J< '. 1 — : .Ih" — ! — 'J* _ _ c 1 Jl~" "" .ssa Q tN cr- ?i S c tog r S y 5 a : IS e-i i r C '- S Z |n9 -vie U5 1" S^ — I- ri — : r to re w: • : x H e-i ^ ~i s ■«r x ^" C re 1-0 t ss g| iiu ft 3 5<3 co s3: w - — _- — n:i CO S riei ' 1- ri ed P 1 X T re t? 5! -1 / r re e-i id ~i - -1 1 x CO ■ i - — isi - 1- 38 t^-H lit C rii- ax X r .-. 9 S 2£ OS (N O" ■"TO-- ac i-e rr. -.r. S §1 6 /'. < ocj oS SS 2 — — S r. rr- — re A COX ■«»< T Ol .C ^J 1 -' /: i - x - 1 ue — ^r re p — i = i~ O O - y K3 c cc ■V ^" £ § 1 - .-. - X i X X 2 - X 3 CN So tC re X -7 I o d Si-aj • t3 S : 5o : as m X - II f^- s 5 OS a ? u = - - ; T : - ' : ~7J u - - a. £ i V. : C5 x — 3 ■ 55 3 g ei -5 g "3 *-> , OS ^ :i ?i 5S Si 57 oi CO CM* ^ CCQC m cn — X t~ - ■-' ci iff - - 3 - re re Tl -r r- re *c - H ei r-- £ - ?i K "W ■- i = tt ~ ^ OS ^ 32 i-i« 9 ^ Sg - - X 3 T — 1 - A - *S& 8= s- %- CO re ifi -T 1 - T r- Z CO -H SO • 00 • !>• 00 OS X ■"T • t* y. id <* : *r : rr ^ <• : t* - _ S" - 3 / - DO ^3 -H '• ■H • _ ,14 4_ ! 4J JL," — ' ^ ifsg 5 3 1 - .". 1 t^x 8? ga - 7 f>5 fei^ ■fl" to -^ C -r re -r ss > < £&*£ t~ r- r 1- CN MCS -1 ri -r e-1 1- 1- z o — how a notable increase in the neutral sulphur, and a decrease in all the other forms during the preservative period, just the opposite of the results obtained for No 'Hie data for No, 5 >ho\\ <|iiite a i na rked cliiiiimi t ion in the metab- olized sulphur during the preservative period. The neutral sul- phur and the inorganic sulphates are also notably reduced. In this case the quantity of ethereal sulphates shows more variation than 45429 null 84, p1 i 06 1354 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. heretofore, an increase being noted during the preservative period, winch with the decrease in the inorganic sulphates causes the ratio of these two forms to decrease to quite an extent during the preserva- tive period. The ratio of the preservative period is practically maintained in the after period. The percentage results show a decrease in the neutral sulphur and a slight increase in all the other constituents, agreeing in this respect with Xo. 3. In the case of Xo. 6 there is a diminution of 0.035 gram of sulphur as S during the preservative period and of 0.092 gram in the after period as compared with the fore period. The neutral sulphur shows a decrease of 0.095 gram during the preservative period and is still further decreased in the after period. The quantity of ethereal sul- phur is slightly diminished while there is an increase during the pre- servative period in the inorganic sulphates, which accounts for the decided increase in the ratio between these substances. The percent- age figures show a very marked decrease in the neutral sulphur and a slight decrease in the ethereal sulphates, while the total and inor- ganic sulphates show a notable increase. In the case of Xo. 7 there is a gradual decrease in the total sulphur excreted during the observation. There is an increase in the amount of neutral sulphur and a slight increase in the ethereal sulphates during the preservative period and a decrease in both substances in the after period. The inorganic sulphates are notably reduced dur- ing the preservative period and remain the same in the after period. The ratio is therefore somewhat decreased in the preservative and after periods as compared with the fore period. There is quite a marked increase in the percentage figures for neutral sulphur and a slight increase in the case of ethereal sulphates. The total and inor- ganic sulphates are quite markedly reduced. The data are incomplete for No. 8, who became ill on December I, and was consequently dropped from the experiment. The striking feature of the data, obtained is the small quantity of ethereal sul- phates excreted by this subject. No. 10 shows a diminution in actual amount of all t he forms of sul- phur during the preservative period, with the except ion of the ethereal sulphate-, which remain remarkably constant throughout. There i> .-I tendency manifested to return to the normal during the after period, with the exception of the neutral sulphur, which continues to decrease. The ratio of ethereal to inorganic sulphates is quite const nnt, being but slightly less in the preservative period. Only vcrv slight variations are shown by the percentage figures, indicating slight increases in all cases except that of neutral sulphur. This contradiction of the figures lor actual amounts is due to the greater relative decrease of sulphur as S0 8 , on which the percentages are based. FORMALDEHYDE. 1355 In the case of Xo. 11 very nearly the opposite results are shown to those obtained in the case of No. 10. The ethereal sulphates are not quite as constant in this instance, being very slightly Less in the pre- servative and after periods than in the fore period. The percentage figures do not show any great variation, but, with one exception (total sulphates) show the same relations as the figures for actual amounts, namely, an increase in total sulphur and inorganic sulphates, and a decrease in total and ethereal sulphate-. No. 12 shows a slight increase in the amount of total sulphur excreted in the preservative period, and a further increase in the after period. There is a notable increase in the neutral sulphur and a slight decrease in the amount of inorganic sulphates during the pre- servative period, with an increase in both instances in the after period, as compared with the fore period. The ethereal sulphates in this case are again practically constant throughout the observation. Tin 4 ratio shows very little change in the preservative period, though there is a slight tendency to increase it throughout. The percentage figure- show an increase in the amount of neutral sulphur and a decrease in the other forms during the period in which formaldehyde was given, with a tendency to return to the conditions of the fore period in the after period, in all cases except that of ethereal sul- phates, which continue to decrease. MM MARIES. The data are first summarized for Nos. 1 to (>, who received the formaldehyde immediately after it was placed in the milk. In the case of total sulphur, there i^ a very -light decrease in the excretion during the preservative period which is augmented during the after period. Individually this is shown in four out of thesis i for the preservative period. The neutral sulphur is also decreased during the preservative period and still further decreased during the after period. This change is also shown to have occurred in four out of the six cases here averaged. The ethereal sulphates are praci i- callv constant, a fact which was quite noticeable throughout the entire individual data, while the inorganic sulphates arc slightly increased during the preservative period and decreased during the after period. The average ratio of ethereal sulphates to the inor- ganic is l : L3.0 in the fore period. i : 13.3 in the preservative period, and l: 12.5 in the after period, a \ci\ slight decrease in the excre- tion of the ethereal sulphates in relation to the inorganic Sulphates, which condition i^ reversed in the after period. There is a little over l percent decrease in neutral sulphur shown in the figures represent- ing the percentage excretion in the preservative period, and an incn of the same magnitude in inorganic and total sulphates, while the ethereal sulphates are practically the same throughout. During the 1356 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. after period there is a decrease in the percentage amounts of both the neutral and inorganic sulphate-. From the data in this table there is evidence of a slight tendency to derange the normal relations of the sulphur compounds, but not of a magnitude to warrant ascribing the change entirely to the effect of the preservative administered. In the summary for Nos. 7,10,11. and 12, the subjects who received milk preserved two days with formaldehyde, there is no change in the total sulphur during the preservative period and a very slight increase during the after period. There is a notable increase in the quantity of neutral sulphur during the preservative period, which occurs individually in three of the four subjects, while in the after period the average results show a decrease. The ethereal sulphates are constant throughout , while the inorganic sulphates show a slight decrease, rising again in the after period to a. little larger quantity than in the fore period. The ratio conforms to these variations and is slightly smaller in the preservative period and larger in the after period. In this summary there are also shown differences of slightly more than 1 per cent between the preservative and fore periods (ethereal sulphates excepted, which are again constant I. The differences, however, are contrary to the results obtained for Nos. 1 to (>, the neutral sulphur being increased and the inorganic and total sulphates decreased. Thus, there is shown a difference to this extent between these two summaries under the conditions described, but from these data alone the difference is hardly of sufficient magnitude to be ascribed to the form in which the formaldehyde was administered. The summary for the ten men who completed the experiment, and which is a combination of the above summaries, naturally shows practically no change in the distribution of these elements throughout the entire period of observation, inasmuch as the tendencies shown by the two groups counteract each other. The only conclusion which can be drawn from the data is the slight tendency evidenced in the case of the formaldehyde-preserved milk to retard the proteid metabolism. In this connection, it should be observed that the balance sheets -how an increased ingestion of buI- phur in the preservative period, and also a decrease in the excretion of metabolized nitrogen, and a marked increase in the phosphoric acid excreted in t he urine. FORMALDEHYDE. 1357 Table VII. — Uriru determinations-— Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and hi nt rtil sulph IX. [Averages are per day.] No. 1. Xeu- Total Total tral Total Period. sul- sul- sul- sul- Et bo- real sul- . Result a I in p^r cent •° of total sulphur in ten Inor- ethe- ganic real to sul- phur phur phur phates / : (r Neu- ... , E the- ir-. 1 For< , First subperiod: Total Aver; i e Second subperiod: Total Averaf Gms. 4.114 1090 .818 Entire fore period: Total Average 8.204 l'n i r ati < ,'" Hod. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: I otal Average Gms. 10. 273 10.213 _'. 04.-5 20.485 2 158 .851 Entire preservativi perio < V >d: Total Aver in rind. Firsl subperiod: 80 Gms. 1.174 1.123 221 '''- . bui- [; phates. BUl phur. r ,h;,tes - Gms. ffro*. (;«■*. /'.er day. No. 3. Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Total sul- Xeu- Total tral Total sul- sul- sul- phur phur phur phates *";",*"?■ ™r phates. ; Results expressed in per cent _.. , Katio of total sulphur in terms of Ethe- Inor- ethe- S0 3 real ganic real to sul- sul- inor- Neu- tral sul- phur. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Chns. Gms. P. et 5.095 12.722 1.317 11.405 1.199 10.206 1:8.5 10.35 1.019 2.541 2.041 4.908 12.255 1.265 10.990 1.079 9.911 2.45] .253 2. 19S .216 1.982 Total Ethe " Inor_ V ,'_ u real ganic Dhates sul ' vul - P nale ^- phates. phates. P.,t. P. d. P.,t. 89. 05 9.42 B0. 23 Entire fore period: Total Average Preserratire period. First Bubperiod; Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period: Total Average After pt Hod. First subperiod: Total Aver . 1 subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: I otal • rage J 24.977 2.582 22.395 1.000 2.498 .258 2.240 4. 030 11.561 2.312 .811 .102 5.170 12.909 2.075 1.034 2.582 .415 10.750 2. 150 10.834 2.167 5. 5 12.647 1. 190 11.457 1.181 1.013 2.529 .23* 2.291 .236 1. 031 .206 1.094 .219 9.719 1:9.4 1.944 9.740 1:8.9 10.276 1:8.7 37. US 4.077 33.041 3 1:9.0 .991 2.475 .272 2.203 220 1.982 7.01 92. 16.07 9.41 89.02 :.. m: 12.752 1.720 11.032 1.021 2.550 .344 2.206 5.153 12.867 1.136 11.73] 1.031 2.573 .227 2.340 1.226 9.800 1:8.0 13.40 .245 L.961 1.095 .210 10.260 25.619 2.856 22.763 2.321 1.020 2 2.270 .232 2. 127 9 ; 8.83 86.51 91.17 20 142 1:8.8 2.044 ll. 15 8.80 80. 22s l'.012 10.34 89.00 0.12 80.54 8.92 84.07 Si. 03 8, 47 75. 1 81.25 o.oi 78.1 B.51 82.1 9.06 70.70 FORMALDEHYDE. 1359 Table VII. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphate* to ethereal sulphate* and neutral sulphur. Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] >T<>. 3. Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Total Total sul- sul- phur phur as SO:*. XeU - Ft ho tral Total ™*~ sul- sul- Jg phur phates Ratio Inor- ethe- ganio real t<> sul- inor- Results expressed in per cent of total sulphur in tenns ol BO Gms. 4. -J. 7 .961 A. 'MA .993 Gms. 12.003 2.401 12. 39.") 2.479 J££S"|phates|pb.ates game ?!?.' Total E *£?- } r n Z~ Phates.^ Phatea.!^ Gms. Gms 1. lis 10.885 .224 2.177 1.740 10.655 .348 2.131 Gms. 0. 632 . 126 .621 .124 Entire fora period: Total Average Gms. 10.253 2.051 10.034 2.007 9.771 24.398 2.858 21.540 1.253 20.287 .977 2.440 .28(1 2.154 .125 2.029 Preser First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: ' ll Average 4.777 11.928 .478 .090 Entire preservative period: Total Average After period. Fir^t subperiod: Total Average Second Bubperiod: i .til Average 1 Ml 12.095 1.370 2.419 .27 1 4.513 11.209 1.001 .903 2.254 .2(H) 14. 134 .942 2.353 .19(1 Entire after period: Total Average 4.933 12.318 1.400 4.712 11.766 11.450 .625 10.825 2. 290 . 125 2. 105 10.725 2.145 626 10.099 2.054 .129 L.925 32.443 L.895 3a 548 .126 2.037 P. tt. 1:10.2 9.31 1:16.2 14.04 1:16.2 11.71 1:17.3 1:16.1 1:149 4.01 11.33 8.88 :lti. 1 [0.918 2. 161 21.721 2. 172 658 10.260 ,132 2.052 .701 10.102 .140 2.021 15.6 14. I 1:15.0 P. it. P.,t. 5.01 95.99 11.37 88.63 5. 14 3 91. 12 P.er rent of total Milphur in terms ol Period. sul- phate- asSOi. sul- inor- ganic sul- phates. Neu- tral sul- phur. Total Eth f Inor " sui- r " ; ;' s an , u ' pnaces. [ih . Fore period. First subperiod: Total Gms. :',. 863 Gms. 0. c,4t; Gms. 0.849 Gms. 0. 470 Gms. 1:17.7 P.ct. P.ct. «1 ■H\ P. rt. 4 87 Average . 773 1. 929 4.300 in. 752 .861 2.1.50 .170 1.750 .094 1.666 1.471 9.281 .58! - 1 - .294 1.856 .117 1.740 Second subperiod: Total 1:14.9 13.68 - Average Entire fore period: Total 8. 109 °0. 39S 2. 320 .232 18. 078 1.808 1.0.53 ■ 17.025 1.702 1:16.2 Average .817 2.040 Preservative pt nod. First subperiod: ■ Total Average 3.680 . 737 9.204 1.841 . 153 .166 .191 1.688 8.(111 .591 .lis 7.847 1.569 L592 1..-.40 1 : 13. 3 - '- Second subperiod. Total 3.781 9.441 1.888 3.704 .741 1.850 1:12.2 91.21 Average Third subperiod: Total Average 2 . 130 ■ .118 1:13.0 Entire preservative period: Total 11.171 .745 1. 860 25.342 L834 1:12.8 Average .170 1.689 .122 After period. \\t-\ subperiod: Total '4. 131 10.315 .277 - .130 7. 71' 1 - 1:11. s Average Second Bubperiod: Total 1.675 .'lis 0.307 1:14.0 91. 11 .184 1.879 .138 Entire after period: Total .780 1.195 17.770 1.280 .120 1.777 .128 1 - 49 1:12.9 1362 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table VII. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and neutral sulphur. Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.) INTo. 6. Period. N.-u- Total Total tral sul- sul- I sul- phur phur I phur as SO3.I as S0 3 . Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Gms. 3.810 Gms. 9.514 1.903 10.944 . 877 -'. 1 89 Entire fore period: Total Average 8.193 20.458 .819 2. 040 Vr< w rvatix • period. First subperiod. Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third Bubperiod: Total Average 4.041 10.090 his 2.018 3.834 3 885 .777 Entire preservative period: Total Average 3. 573 1.915 9.701 1.940 11.71.0 29.365 2.021 . 7s4 1.968 .135 Gms 1.108 222 I Results expressed in per cent r *u t .I of total sulphur in terms of Ethe- Inor- ethe- go. Total real ganic real to _ ' _^_ sul- sul- sul- inor- *- phates phates phates ganic ,,.;, Total as S0 3 . as SO3. as S0 3 . sul- l . , , P bates ' P hur. Gms. K 4(Ki L681 1.190 9.754 .586 238 1.951 .117 Gms. 0. (127 . 125 2. 298 . 230 L38 After period. subperiod: Total Average 1 subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average 3. 546 8. 854 .709 1.771 .745 9. 304 1.861 7.272 18.158 1.224 .727 1.816 .123 181 .096 .743 . L49 18.1(30 1.213 L.816 .121 9. 409 1.1 1.777 .471 .094 . 494 .099 8.991 .603 1.798 .121 27. 344 1.823 8. 373 1.075 & 561 1.712 1.508 . 105 .599 120 1.150 1.693 .115 Gms. 7. 779 9.168 1.834 16. 947 1.095 1:12.4 1:15.6 1:14.0 5.998 1.800 8.390 1.678 8.3S8 1.677 25. 776 1.718 1:19.1 1:17.0 1:13.9 1:16.4 7.822 1:14.2 1 . a 5 1.592 15.784 L.578 1:13. 1:13.7 P.ct. 11.66 10.87 11.23 6.15 7.20 sul- P.ct. 88.35 89.13 88.77 93. B5 92.80 92.68 5.43 7.99 94.57 92. 01 Ethe- real sul- phates P. ct. 6. 59 5.35 5. 93 4 67 5.16 6.22 Inor- ganie sul- phates. P. ct. 81.76 B2. 84 VS. Is 87.64 s7 78 6.44 6. 33 88.35 B5 ."-7 FORMALDEHYDE. 1363 Table VII. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphate* to ethereal sulphate* and neutral sulphur. Series IX— Continued. [Averages are per day.] :no. 7. Total sul- phur asS. Total sul- phur asS0 3 . Neu- tral sul- phur as S0 3 . Total sul- phates asS0 3 . Ethe- real Inor- ganic Ratio ethe- real to Results expressed in per cent '•I total sulphur in terms of S0 3 . Period. sul- phates sul- phates inor- ganic Blll- phates. Neu- T , Ethe- tral V' "»> sul- £" sul- phur. P nate8< phates. Inor- ganic sul- phates. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total ? Gms. Gms. 4.608 11.506 .922 2.301 4.608 11.506 . 922 2. 301 Gms. 0.762 . 152 .762 .152 Gms. 10.744 2.149 10.744 2. 149 Gms. 0.716 .143 .716 .143 Gms. 10.028 2.006 1:14.0 P. ct. 10.028 2. 006 1:14.0 s7. 16 Average Entire fore period: Total 9.216 23.012 . 922 2. 301 1.524 .152 21.488 2.149 1.432 20.056 1:14.0 A verage .143 2.008 - Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.621 11.539 . 924 2. 308 4.560 11.386 .912 2.277 4.374 10.922 .875 2.184 .922 .185 1. 135 . 227 1.380 . 276 10. 617 2. 123 10. 251 2.050 1.908 9.872 1:13. 3 Second subperiod: Total .149 1.974 .157 1.893 8.786 .151 1.7.-.7 1:12.1 90.03 rage Third subperiod: Total 1:11.6 12.64 Average Entire preservative period: Total 13.555 33.847 3.437 30.410 2.027 28. 124 .152 L875 1:12.3 Average . 904 2. 256 10. 15 After period. First subperiod: Total 1 2 1 1 10. 597 1.083 .216 9.514 1 ana .771 l.Vl 8.835 1:13.0 10.22 M'l 2 111) 1.767 Second rot) period: Total 1506 11.484 .794 10.690 . 159 • Entire after period: Total Average 1 2.208 1 ht; 20 -'"i 1.450 ,188 2.020 .145 18.754 1:12 1 1. 87f 1864 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table VII. — Uriru determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and neutral sulphur, S( ies IX Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 8. Period. Total , Total sul- sul- phur phur as 8. as S0 3 . I nor- tSr Total Etn r sui- sui- ™ g si;r S0 3 . 3 'a s «0 3 .asS0 3 . Fore period. Gms. First subperiod: Gms. Total 5.560 Average 1.112 Second subperiod: Total 5.526 L3.798 Average 1.105 2.760 Gms. Entire fore period: Total 11.086 Average 1.109 Preservative period. 13.883 0.951 _'. 777 . 190 1.399 .280 Gms. 12. 932 2.586 12.3971 2. 479 Gms. 0.524 .105 . 432 Gms 12.408 2. 11.965 2. 393 27.682 2.350 25.329 2. 768 . 235 2. 533 First subperiod: Total 5. 481 Average 1.096 Second subperiod: Total 5.641 Average 1.128 13.686 2. 737 14.086 2.817 041 208 1.185 .237 12. 545 2.509 12.901 2.580 Entire preservative period: Total 11.122 27.772 Average 1.112 2.777 2.326 25.446 . 232 2. 545 956 24. 373 2.437 418 1-'. 127 0S4 2. 425 .421 .084 12. 2.496 .839 24.607 . 084 2. 461 Ratio ethe- real to inor- ganic sul- phates. Results expressed in per cent of total sulphur in terms of S0 3 . Neu- tral Total sul- phur P hates 1.23.7 1:27.7 :25.5 P.ct 6.85 10. 16 S.50 1:29.0 8.34 6 8.41 1:29.3 8.38 P. ct. 93.15 89. 84 91.50 91.66 91.59 91.62 Ethe- Inor- real ganic sul- sul- phates, phates. P. <<. P. it. 3. 77 89. 38 3.13 86.71 3. 45 88. 1 5 3.05 ss. til 2. 99 88. 60 3.02 88.1 FORMALDEHYDE. 1365 Table VII. — Urine determination* — Ratio of 'preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and neutral sulph" IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 1< >. Total Total Neu- ir+i,„ tral Total E™?' sui- sui- n ;' 1 phur phates n ^~ as asS0 3 P?^ s S0 3 . Ratio I nor- ethe- ganic real to sul- inor- ganic asS0 3 . sul- phates. Results expressed la 1 • of total sulphur in terms of S0 3 . Period. phur phur as S. asS0 3 . Neu- tral sul- phur. Total sul- phates. Ethe- real sul- Inor- ganic Mll- P. it. Fore period. First Subperiod: Total Average Gms. Gms. - 14.153 1.134 2.831 : 13.751 1 101 2.750 Gms. Gms. Gms. 1.554 12.599 0.752 .311 2.520 .150 1.505 12.2461 .813 . 301 2. 4491 . 1&3 Gms. 11.847 1:15.8 P. it 10.98 P. ./. P. tt. i subperiod: Total A rerage 11.433 1:14.1 2. 287 10.94 89. or- 5.91 Entire fore period: Total Average 11.175 27.904 3.059 24. 845 1 1:14.9 1.118 2.790 .308 2.484 .156 2.328 iaw i "5*61 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 5.585 13. 94(i 1.551 12.395 .7.") «-f Inor- sul- Fort period. First subperiod: Total Gms. Gms. Gms. 5.083 12.602 1. 130 Gms. 1 1 . 1:15 2 11.13 88.87 Average .999 Si 2.-211 11.154 .991 .137 . 763 Second Bubperiod: ■ .1 1:13.6 .. 17 Entire after period. tal 1.848 : 1 11- . 145 J 079 1114 33 Average. . . 1368 XFLUEXCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table VII. — Uriru determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and m utral sulphur. Series IX — Continued. BUMMARIES. [Averages art' per man per day.] tSTos. 1 to <;. Period. Results expressed in percent Nen- ., . T Ratio f total sulphur in terms of Total Total "tral Total ^f Tn ° r ; .SV^ S ° 3 ' sul- sul- sill- sul- n ' al 8*1110 realm phur phur phur Ml- BUl- inor- as S. asS03 Fore pt riod. First suhperiod: Total Average • ! bud period: Total Average S0 3 . 27 584 «i8. 877 .919 2.296 Entire fore period: Total Average nhates 111U1 ' a a cJT phates phates ganic as b(j3 - as S0 3 . as SO3. sul- phates Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gins. Gms. 26.056 65.062 6.028 59.034 4.353 54.681 2.169 .201 1.968 .145 1.823 7.831 61.046 .261 2.035 4.200 50.846 .140 1.1 :12.6 1:13.5 .': 1. 640 133. 939 13. 859 120. 080 8. 553 111. 527 1 : 13. . 894 2. 232 . 231 2. 001 .143 1 . 859 Preservative period. First suhperiod: [■otal Average Second Bubperiod: Total Average Third suhperiod: Total Average 26.553 66. 303 2.210 Entire preservative period: Total Average After period. First suhperiod: J Average Second suhperiod: Total - Average 26.904 67. 179 .897 2.239 26.364 65.831 . 879 2. 194 79.821 199.313 B87 2. 215 25 B17 861 26. 1 1 1 870 Entire after pei lod: rotal Average . . 64 165 2. 149 65. 199 2. 173 il.928 120.004 2. 101 4.898 61.405 .103 2.047 7.110 tin. 069 .237 2.002 4.009 .134 1.913 ■1. 192 55.877 .140 L.863 1:14.3 0. 103 59.668 4.473 55. 195 .205 1.989 .149 1.840 18 171 L81. L42 12.674 .202 2.013 .141 0. 204 . 209 .177 1:13.3 i':12.'3 168 168 1:13.:' 1.872 Neu- tral sul Total sul- phur. P hates - phates Ethe- I Inor- real | ganic sul- sul- phates. P.et. '.1. 27 P. et. 90.73 11.37 88.63 10.35 89. 7. 39 92. 01 10.58 89 1: 90. 04 P. cf. 9.12 i'ii: 58.201 4.37:; 53.828 1:12.3 9 72 1.940 . no 1 794 59 871 1.996 4 374 lit, 1.850 11.502 lis. 072 8 747109.325 1:12.5 . 193 1.968 in. 1 822 L2.7 8.17 s.Ol 01 S3 P. ,t. 84. 04 LO 6.39 0.05 86.56 6.24 83.18 - - 0.30 84 52 9028 6.78 ..71 v.. 12 0.75 si ;;i FORMALDEHYDE. 1369 Table VII. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphate* and neutral sulphur, Series IX — Continued. SUMMARIES— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] Nos. 7, lO, 11, and 13. Period. Total Total sul- sul- phur phur as 8. asS0 3 . Fore period. First subperiod: Gms. \ Gms. Total 19. 087' 49. 158 Average 984 2.458 Second subperiod: Total 19.140 47.793 Average Entire fore period: Total Average 971 2.424 Presrrnitii < period. First subperiod: Total 19.595 48.929 Average .980 2.446 Second subperiod: Total 19.493 Average 975 2.434 Third subperiod: Total 19. 125 47.755 Average 956 2.388 Neu- tral sul- phur as S0 3 . Gms. 4. 007 .233 5. 170 . 258 9.837 . 246 5. 3.1") .26: Total sul- Ratio Ethe- Inor- ethe- real ganic real to sul- sul- inor Result : m i>er cent of total sulphur in terms of S0 3 . P^A 35 phates phates ganic ft Total ■*•" l ™. asbO3.r0 cm ' 1C o M _ .,,)_ tr;il o,,i real gam as S0 3 . as S0 3 . sul (i ins. Gms. 44.491 2.771 .139 2. 131 . 147 87.114 2. 17s 5. 70* i .143 Mil sul- Blll- ganic sul- P hates " phur. P hates " phat'es. phates Gms. 41.720 39. 688 1.984 1:15.1 P.Ct. P.(t. P.. 09 0. 12 s_>. 74 ... lv 5. 93 85. 19 83 20 6.48 -2.72 6.16 B3 71 6. 33 92 09 ''.31 85.78 9L09 ".32 m .77 MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. The figures used to express the relative numbers o\' microscopic bodies appearing in the urine are the same as in the previous studies, namely, 0, none: l, very few; 2, few; 3, fairly numerous: I. numer- ous; "). extremel) numerous. Five examinations of the urine were made for each subject, one in the fore period and two in both the preservative and after periods, the appearance of microscopic bodies of the various kinds occurring in normal and abnormal urine being noted. In order to bring the data in the tables containing the results of the microscopical observations of the urine into a form convenient Imi comparison the numbers denoting the relative occurrence of the microscopic organisms bave l>ecu added together, multiplied by 100, and divided by the number of observations in each case for the lore period, the preservative period, and the after period. These data arc placed in the tables under the heading " Relative occurrence." FORMALDEHYDE. 1371 URIC-ACID CKYS1 A 1 .8. No crystals of uric acid arc found in any case throughout the observation. I BATES. Urates are found only in one instance, namely, toward the close of the preservative period in the case of No. 11. when a very few crys- tals of urates are observed. CALCIUM-OXALATE ( RYSTAL8, These are observed in every case except in the urine of No. 8, A very few are uniformly found in the urine of No. 1 . except in the latter part of the preservative period, when none is found. In the case of No. 2 none is found in the fore period and very few at each observation in the other periods. No. 3 shows these crystals to he fairl\ numerous in the fore period. a few and a very lew are recorded for the two observations of the preservative period, and the same conditions are maintained in the after period. The record for No. 4 shows the crystals of calcium oxalate to he fairly numerous in the fore period, a few crystals in the first part of the preservative period, and none at the lasl observation, while a lew and a very few occur at the observations in the after period. No. 5 shows a very few crystals of calcium oxalate at all the obser- vations except ill the firs! part of the preservative period, when a few are recorded. Nos. 6, 7. and ll' -how very few in all of the periods except the fore period, when none i- found. Nos. K) and 11 diiiw a very few throughout. There seems to he no relation here between the administration of the preservative and the occurrence of crystals of calcium oxalate in the urine, though the figures for relative occurrence indicate a slight increase throughout by the percentages 5.5, and im for the three periods. c in - i \i i i \ i ru< tSPHA i BS. These bodies are found in a few cases only, none occurring in the urine of No-. 1. 2, t'». 7. 8, and in. Nos. 1 and II -how a \er\ lew and a few. respectively, in the fore period; No. :; shows a few and No-. 1. "). li. and 12 a \ er\ few once in the preservative period and none at the second observation; No (and 12 -how a \er\ few and NO. l a lew at the la-t observation in the after period. The occur- rence of these bodies is not affected in a systematic waj b) the administration of the formaldehyde, the figures for relative occurrence showing the same percentage 27.3) for the fore and preservative periods, with a decrease (20.0 in the alter period. 1372 INFLUENCE OP FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. AMORPHOUS PHOSPHATES. No amorphous phosphates are found in the urine of Nos. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7. 8, and 10. In only two cases (Nos. 4 and 11) were any of these bodies found in the fore period, there being a very few in the former case and numerous particles in the latter. In two casts they occurred in the after period, being extremely numerous at the last observa- tion for Xo. 4 and only a very few present in the ease of No. 12. In the preservative period a few were found at one observation in the case of Xo. 3. The data for Xo. 4 show these bodies to be fairly numerous in the first part of the preservative period and extremely numerous at the second observation. In the case of No. 11 they are fairly numerous in the first part of the preservative period, and then disappear. There seems to be a slight tendency in this case on the part of the formaldehyde to increase the amorphous phosphates in the preserv- ative period, the figures for the relative occurrence being 45.5, 59.1, and 30.0 for the three periods, respectively. But this tendency is not sufficiently marked to warrant any definite conclusion as to the effect produced by the formaldehyde upon the occurrence of amor- phous phosphates in the urine. EPITHELIAL CELLS. Epithelial cells of the different forms are found uniformly at all the observations except one, the first examination for No. 1 in the pre- servative period. In five cases very few are reported in the fore period, in live cases a few, and in one case they are fairly numerous. At the first examination in the preservative period only one case i^ reported as very few, while seven cases show a lew, and in two instances they are fairly numerous. At the second test in the pre- servative period sia cases are reported as showing a very few. three a few, and in two cases they are numerous. In the after period the epithelial cells for Nos. 2 and 7 continue numerous, with a slight decrease ar the second observation for No. 2, and the cells are in sheets in three out of the four observations. Four cases show a few at both observations, the remainder show a very few or a few at all observations. At 30 per cent of the observations the cells are reported in sheets. There would seem to he a Blight tendency again in this case t<> increase the epithelial cells, the figures for .relative occurrence being L63.6, L86.4, and 205.0 for the three periods. LBUOOOTTES. Leucocytes appear quite uniformly throughout the observation, the tendency to increase being more marked in the after than in the pre- servative period. Nos. I, •"», L and L0 >lu»\\ a \ci\ lew leucocytes FORMALDEHYDE. 1873 present at each observation. No. 2 shows none in the fore period and a very few at each other observation until the la^t. when a few are recorded. Nbs. 5, 6, 11. and 12 -how a very few in the fore period, while for No. 7 they are fairly numerous, and No. 8 shows a few. No. 5 has a few and a very few at the two observations in the preservative period, and the same result is obtained in the after period. Xo. 6 has only a very few until the last examination in the after period, when a few arc recorded: Xo. 7. whose record shows the highest figures given, has a few present at the beginning of the pre- servative period; they are fairly numerous at the second examina- tion, and numerous at both observations in the after period. X"-. 1 1 and 12 have a very few and a lew at all observations. The figures for relative occurrence and the individual data indicate an increase in leucocytes throughout, which is more marked in the after period, the percentages being 118.2, 122.7, and 155.0 for the fore, preservative, and after period-. BED BLOOD CELLS. No red blood cells are found- in the urine during any pari of the observation. HYALINE OASTS. Hyaline casts are found quite uniformly throughout the period <>f observation. In three cases X"-. l. 7. and 11) none i- found in the fore period, while in the preservative period a few or a very few are found at all observations, with the exception of the first examination for Xo. 7 in the preservative period, and the second examination for Xo-. 8 and K). when n ■ i- recorded. Xo-. 2 and 5 show a very few t hroughout . and Nos. •"! and 12 a ver\ few at all observat ions except the last one, w hen no hyaline casts are found. There is a tendency show n to increase the numbers of hyaline casts during the preservative period, and the increase IS maintained in the after period, 81.8, loi.."). and 105.0 representing the relative occurrence of these bodies in the three periods. pnOCLI OB \ \ i LAB ( LSTS. finely granular casts are observed at about 40 percent of the obser- vations, hut only a \ei\ few are present in any case except that of No. 1 l . which shows a few at two observations. There is no tendency on the pari of the preservative to increase the Dumber, the figures for relative occurrence being smaller in the preservative period than in eit her t he fore or after period. 1374 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. COARSELY GRANULAR CASTS. These casts are present at about 38 per cent of the observations and are quite uniformly distributed throughout the three periods. Only a very few casts are present at any one observation, with the exception of one instance in the case of No. 11, when a few are recorded. The figures for relative occurrence are 45.5, 36.4, and 40.0, showing a slightly decreased occurrence in the preservative period. EPITHELIAL CASTS. These casts are found only in two instances, both in the preserva- tive period, and only a very few are reported. Their occurrence is probably of no clinical importance. MUCOUS CVLINDROIDS. These bodies are present at every observation made and are ap- parently more prevalent in the preservative and after periods than in the fore period, the figures for relative occurrence being 154.5, 177.3, and 170.0. In six cases in the fore period a few are repotted and in five cases a very few. In one case (No. 6) they are reported as fairly numerous or numerous in the preservative and after periods, while in all the other cases there are only a few or a very few. There would - cm to be in this case a slight tendency to increase the occurrence of these bodies by the administration of the preservative. MUCOUS STRANDS. These strands are present at all observations, a few being present at 34 of the 53 observations. In five instances they are reported as fairly numerous and as numerous at onl\ two observations, both in the preservative period. The relative increase in these bodies in the preservative and aftef periods is represented by the following figures: 172.7, 190.9, and 210.0 for the three periods, respectively.- The relnt ive number of all of t he microscopic bodies occurring in the mine is somewhat increased in the preservative period, rising from a percentage of 63.6 t<> 70.0, and in the after period t his number is again increased t«> 72.7. Only a slight tendency to increase the occurrence of these bodies can be argued from these figures, and this tendency is not of sufficient uniformity or extent to warrant ascribing any specific effect to the preservative. FORMALDEHYDE. 1375 Table VIII. — Microscopical examination oftht urine, Series IX. [None, 0; very few, 1; few, 2; fairly numerous, •':: numerous, 4: extremely numerous, ."j.J URATES. Number. Fore period. Preservative period. Nov. 17-18. Nov.25-26. Dec. 1-3. After | 1 2 3 .V. 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 Total Relative occurrence. 1) o (1 1) .... o II 1 <» (1 CRYS1 ALS OF CALCIUM OXALATE. 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 Total Relative occurrence 1 1 ii 1 1 1 3 2 3 2 (I .' 1 -' 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 13 8 12 10 9a 9 91 . .i 11 1.0 CRYST ILLINE l'lIoSI'll \ I !> 1 3 4 5 I ; i" n 12 Total Relative occurrence II II II ii I' II II (1 II 1 1 'I II a II 1 II II (1 II I' II n II I' '1 (1 II II II 2 1 '1 1 .. •i •< \ tew <>f the " coffin li'l" tj ]-■ IMORPHOl B PHOSPHATE! J H o 1 II II 1 II I' ii J . 1 I • B in 11 • l s 6 1376 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table VIII. — Microscopical < rumination of the urine. Series IX — Continued. [None.O; very few, 1; few, 2: fairly numerous, 3; numerous, 4; extremely numerous, 5.] KI'I 1 11 ELI A L (ELLS. Number T"nrp Af period Preservative period. After period. Nov. 17-18. Nov. 25-26. Dec. 1-3. Dec. 9-10. Dec. 15-17. l 2 3 "2 «3 1 2 2 2 2 "2 1 2 "I "4 1 1 o2 a.« 1 "2 1 2 1 '\ 2 2 2 «4 1 "3 2 4 2 5 1 6 2 «3 1 a 2 "3 2 «2 4 8 10 "2 1 2 11 1 1 2 2 2 12 1 Total 18 21 20 21 20 163. 6 186. 4 205. a Few in sheets. LEUCOCYTES. flSome in shreds. ffYALINE CASTS. FINELY QRAN1 LAB C ISTS. 1 _ 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 a2 i 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 i 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 3 1 4 1 5 2 6 2 7 8 4 10 11 12 1 2 1 1 2 1 Total 13 118.2 14 12 13 2.7 14 17 155. j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 I 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 g 10 I T 11 2 12 Relative ooourrenoe 9 Bl 8 12 Hi 11 12 106.0 9 1 1 1 i ii 1 II II 6 (t '1 II 1 II 1 1 2 1 1 II ii i ii 1 1 1 , 1 1 | (1 7 H In 1 1 I 12 (1 1 ' '. 2 1 1 4 II FORMALDEHYDE. 1377 Table VIII. — ■ Microscopical examination of tin IX — Continued. [None. 0; very few. ] ; few. 2; fairly numerous, 3; numerous. 4; extremely numero . i 0AR8ELY GRANULAR I A8TS. Number Fore period. Nov. 17-18. ervative period. After period. Dec. 1-3. Dec. 9-10. Dec. 1.5-17. 1 1 1 1 1 l n 1 1 1 1) 2 o 3 1 4 o 5 o a 1 1 (i ii i n II 7 o 8 10 1 - 1 11 12 1 1 1 1 Total 5 2 7 1 4.".. .". EPITHELIAL < 1 1 o It 11 It It It 1 2 1 3 II 4 1 5 o 6 o 7 8 10 II II 1 11 II 12 II Total Relative occurrence • 8 1 9. 1 1 II MUCOUS CYLINDROIDS. t 4 6 7 11 12 Relative occurrence 17 18 170.0 MUCOUS STRAND* Relative occurrence. ! Nummary. . irrence. Lfl lO", 1378 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. In Table IX are collected the data showing the results of the exami- nation of the blood, the number of red and white corpuscles and the percentage of hemoglobin therein having been determined. Only one count, however, was made in each period, and therefore the data can only be considered as tentative. INDIVIDUAL DATA. The number of red corpuscles in the case of No. 1 increases slightly during the preservative period (155,000), while the number of white corpuscles diminishes by 194, and the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood is increased from 95 to 98. In the after period the red corpuscles and the hemoglobin show a tendency to return to the con- ditions obtaining in the fore period, while the white corpuscles con- tinue to decrease. From the data for \o. 2 it is seen that there is a marked decrease both in the red and white corpuscles in the preservative period (375,000 and 2,770, respectively). In the case of the red corpuscles a tendency is manifested in the after period to increase the number above that of the fore period. The number of white corpuscles, how- ever, continues to decrease in the after period. The percentage of hemoglobin during the preservative period is less than in either the fore or after period. Xo. :; -how- a marked increase in the number of red corpuscles dur- ing the preservative period, amounting to 490,000, while in the after period the figure falls again almost to that of the fore period. The number of white corpuscles is also increased during the preservative period, while the hemoglobin is decreased during the preservative period, but increased in the after period. In the case of \o. 1 t here is a decided increase in the number of red Corpuscles in the blood in the preservative period (390,000), while in the after period they fall to a smaller number than in the fore period. The QUmber of white corpuscles and the percentage of hemoglobin are increased in both the preservative and after periods over the fore period. Iii the case of No. 5 there IS very little variation in the number of ied corpuscles in the preservative period, but the number of white corpuscles i^ increased. During the after period the number of red corpuscles increases slightly and the number of white corpuscles decreases. The percentage of hemoglobin is t he same in t he preserva- tive as in t he fore period, w bile in t he after period it is slightly greater. In the case of No. 6 there LS a decrease in the number of red cor- puscles in the blood in the preservative period amounting to 220,000 and in the white corpuscles of 859, and this decrease is augmented in FORMALDEHYDE. 187 9 the after period. The percentage of hemoglobin remains unchanged in the preservative period and slightly decreases in the after period. In the case of No. 7 there is a greal decrease in both the red and the white corpuscles in the preservative period 1 1 ,007,000 and 1 ,080, respectively). In the after period there is an additional decrease in the number of red corpuscles, while the number of white corpuscles is so enormously increased as to render the figures open to suspicion of error. The percentage of hemoglobin remains unchanged. No. 10 shows a slight increase in the number of red corpuscles (163,000), a marked decrease of the white corpuscles 1 1,994 . and no change in the percentage of hemoglobin in the preservative period. In the after period the number of red corpuscles is very much decreased, being smaller than in the fore period, while the number of white corpuscles is increased approximately to the number in the fore' period. The percentage of hemoglobin remains unchanged throughout the observation. In the case of No. 11 there is an increase in the number of red cor- puscles (320,000) and a decrease in the number of white corpuscles (609) in the preservative period and a slight decrease in the percentage ol hemoglobin. In the after period there are fewer red corpuscles than in the preservative period, while the white corpuscles are in- creased, and the percentage of hemoglobin remains unchanged. Xo. 12 shows a marked decrease in the number of red and of white corpuscles (490,000 and 692, respectively . and a decrease in the per- centage of hemoglobin in the preserval ive pei tod. In the after period the number of red corpuscles rises to a larger number than in the fore period, while the number of white corpuscles again decreases. The percentage of hemoglobin increases, being greater than in the fore period. SUMMARIES. In the summary for Nos. l to 6 the average number of red cor- puscles in the blood is increased in the preservative period l>\ 76 while the number of white corpuscles is slightly diminished (bj 157 . and the percentage of hemoglobin slightly increased. In the after period the number of red corpuscles is less than in the fore period, there i> a further decrease in the number of white corpuscles, and the percentage of hemoglobin is greater than in either of the other periods. In t he Bummarj for Nos. 7, i<». LI, and 12 there is a notable deer in the number of red corpuscles, amounting to ami also of white corpuscles, which are diminished 1>\ 1,094, while the percentage of hemoglobin remains unchanged. In 'he after period there i- a further decrease in the number of red corpuscles, but there i- an increase in the number of white corpuscles exceeding the figure of t he fore period, and the percentage of hemoglobin remains unchanged. 1380 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. These two summaries lead to conflicting views. There is appar- ently a tendency on the part of the preservative in the case of Xos. 1 to 6 to increase slightly the number of red corpuscles in the blood, to diminish slightly the number of white corpuscles, and to increase slightly the percentage of hemoglobin. When the formaldehyde is administered after contact with the milk for two days there is a very marked tendency to decrease both the number of red and of white corpuscles. The average effect produced, showm in the general summary, indi- cates a slight tendency on the part of the preservative as a whole to diminish the number of red and of white corpuscles, while the hemo- globin remains practically unchanged. Owing to the limited number of observations made and the conflicting evidence offered by the two summaries, no conclusion can be drawn as to the effect of the admin- istration of formaldehyde upon the composition of the blood in respect of the number of its red and white corpuscles and the per- centage of coloring matter contained therein, though the tendency to decrease the red corpuscles, shown by Nos. 7, 10, 11, and 12, is much the stronger of the two influences indicated by the data submitted. Table IX. — Average, by periods, of corpuscles and fnnioglobin in the blood. Series IX. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Period. Red cor- puscles per cubic milli- meter. White cor- puscles per cubic milli- meter. Red cor- llein- puscles oplo- per cubic bin. milli- meter. White cor- puscles per cubic milli- meter. Ilein- oglo- bin. Red cor- puscles per cubic milli- meter. White cor- puscles per cubic milli- meter. Hem- oglo- bin. Fore period -. »5,000 5,650,000 5,585,000 7,756 6,731 95 .",,150,000 98 »,77."),(H)0 '.it ;>,:tfX),ooo 9,778 7, DOS 5,290 08 90 97 5,185,000 r,,ti7.->,L r lo- per cable per oglo- bin. milli- cubic bin. meter. milli- meter. 5,554,107 7,299 5,630,833 7,142 5,47ti,ti<;7 C.,H»7 5,457,250 >, 515, 400 6,703 tive period. . . METABOLIC PROCESSES. NITROGEN BALANCE. INDIVIDUAL DATA. In the case of No. 1 the daily average quantity of nitrogen in the food is exactly the same in the fore and preservative periods and <»nly 0.36 gram Less in the after period. There i> practically no change in the quantity of nitrogen excreted in the U>a^ in the pre- servative period, although there i- a tendency to increase the amount throughout, the increase in the after period amounting to 0.2 gram daily despite the Blight decrease in the amount ^i' the food. In the urine it IS Been that there is an increase of i>.~>7 gram daily in the quantity of nitrogen excreted during the preservative period, while in the after period the figure fall- slightly helow thai <>f the fore period. The percentage of oitrogen in the food which occur- in the U'ct^ i- larger in the preservative period than in the fore period and Very much larger in the after period than in the fore period, an increase of L.58 per cent. The percentage of nitrogen occurring in the urine i- i per cent greater during the preservative period and decreases in the after period to a figure -mailer than in the fore period. The percentage Of Oitrogen excreted DOth in the leer- and the urine is largest during the preservative period (93.68 pei cent and is approximately 90 percent in both the fore and after period-. The balances arc positive in all cases and of the greatest magnitude in the fore period (1.50 grams) and the lea-i magnitude in the pre- servative period, namely, 0.91 gram. 1382 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. In this case the preservative appears to have increased the nitro- gen excreted in the urine without producing any notable effect upon that in the feces during the preservative period, with the result that the balance is diminished. In the after period the nitrogen excreted in the feces is markedly increased, while the excretion of metabolized nitrogen returns to the condition of the fore period. In the case of No. 2 there are very slight variations in the quantity of nitrogen in the food, the average amount in the preservative period being 0.25 gram greater daily and that in the after period 0.20 gram less than in the fore period. The quantity of nitrogen excreted in the feces is practically the same in the fore and preservative periods and notably less (0.31 gram) in the after period. In the urine the greatest quantity of nitrogen is found in the fore period and the least in the preservative period. In the feces and urine together there is not a very great difference in tin 4 quantity of nitrogen ex- creted, but the figure is slightly greater in the fore period and almost the same in the preservative and after periods. As to the percentage of nitrogen excreted in the feces, it is seen that there is scarcely any difference between the fore and the pre- servative periods, while that in the after period is decidedly less (1.6 per cent). In regard to the percentage of nitrogen excreted in the urine, it is greatest in the fore period and least in the preservative period, where a diminution of about 6 per cent is shown. The per- centage figures for total excretion indicate an inhibition of the excre- tion of nitrogen during the preservative period amounting to (> per cent and due entirely to the met aholi/ed nitrogen. The balances in this case are all positive and the largest one is in the preservative period, 1.23 grams, while the balance for the fore period is only 0.19 gram. The data for this man, therefore, are seen to be somewhat contradictory as compared with those for No. 1. In the case of No. 3 there is practically no variation in the quan- tity of nitrogen in the food in the fore and preservative periods and only a very slight decrease (0.1 gram) in the after period. The quantity excreted in the i'va^ i> very slightly decreased in the pre- servative period and is notably increased in the after period as com- pared with the fore period, namely, 0.2 gram. The quantity excreted jn the urine is also slightly diminished in the preservative period and i- -till further decreased in the after period, the entire decrease amounting to 0.65 gram. The total quantity excreted in the i'vcvs ;ind mine is least in the preservative period and greatest in the Fore period. The largest percentage of nitrogen excreted in the feces occurs in the after period and the smallest in the preservative period, hut the variations are verj slight. The largest percentage of nitrogen excreted in the urine is found in the fore period and the smallest FORMALDEHYDE. 1383 in the preservative period, the greatest variation amounting to almost 3 per cent. The total excretion decreases 3.3 per cent in the pre- servative period and returns to the conditions of the fore period in the after period. The balances arc positive in all cases and are of the greatest magnitude during the preservative period, being almost the same for the fore and after periods. In the preservative period they amount to 2.02 grams, a- compared with 1.44 grams in the fore period. In the case of No. 4 it i^ seen that the nitrogen in the food in the fore and after periods is almost identical, while in the preservative period it is slightly greater, namely, 0.33 gram daily. The smallest quantity excreted in the feces i- found in the fore period i 1.63 grams) and the greatest in the after period, namely. 2 grams. The Lai quantity is excreted in the urine in the preservative period and the smallest in the after period. In the \'we> and urine together the Largest excretion of nitrogen i> found in the preservative period. amounting to 16. .36 grams. The percentage excretion in the feces increases throughout, being 2.17 ]>er cent greater in the after period than in tin 4 fore period. In the urine the percentage excretion is almost the same in the fore and preservative periods, but is decreased about 5 per cent in the after period. The percentage of total excretion shows an increase of about 1 per cent in the preservative period, with a decrease of 3.8 per cent in the after period. The balances are all positive and of the greatest magnitude in the after period, amounting to 1.88 grains, and of the least magnitude in the preservative period, or 1.25 grams. Evidently no important effect on the nitrogen metabolism is pro- duced in t his case. In the case of No. ."> the quantity ^\' nitrogen in the food i- prac- tically constant in the fore and preservative periods, being very Blightly less in the after period (0.29 gram). There i- practically no variation in the quantity of nitrogen in the Feces in the preservative period, though the largest amount i^ found in the Pore period (1.28 L r ram-i and the mialleM in the after period (1.05 grams). The quantity <>f nitrogen excreted in the mine varies only slightly in the three periods, being largest in the fore period l 1.86 and least in the preservative period, when it amounts to 11.27 grams. The quan- tity of nitrogen in the mine and feces together is largest in the fore period (13.14 grams) and smallest in the preservative period (12.46 grams), but the entire variation i- less than l gram. The percentage data for food nitrogen excreted in the feces -how little variation, decreasing From v7 i percent in the fore period to 7.29 in the after period. The metabolized nitrogen excreted in the urine decreases about I per cent in the preservative period and Blightl} exceed- the figure of the fore period m the after period. 1384 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. The total percentage excretion decreases about 5 per cent in the preservative period and is almost the same in the after period as in the fore period. The balances are positive in all cases and of the greatest magnitude in the preservative period (2.24 grams), being least in the fore period, for which the figure is 1.55 grams. The only marked variation in this case is in the decreased excretion of metab- olized nitrogen in the preservative period and the consequent increase in the balance. There is but little variation in the quantity of nitrogen in the food in the three periods, an increase of 0.13 gram taking place in the preservative period and a decrease of 0.11 gram in the after period as compared with the fore period in the case of No. 6. There is a loss of nitrogen in the feces in the preservative period of 0.32 gram, and there is practically no further change in the quantity excreted in the after period. The percentage decrease of nitrogen in the food that is excreted in the feces in the preservative period amounts to 2.27 per cent, this loss being maintained in the after period. In the urine there is an increased excretion of 0.22 gram in the preserva- tive period, with a decrease of 1.1 grams in the after period. The percentage data show less than 1 per cent increase in the preserva- tive period, but a decrease of about 6 per cent in the after period. In the feces and urine together the quantity of nitrogen excreted in the preservative period is only slightly decreased (0.1 gram), while it is notably less in the after period (1.11 grams), owning to the decrease in metabolized nitrogen. The percentage data show the same relation, the total decrease in the preservative period amount- ing to 1.52 per cent and in the after period to 6.11 per cent. The balances are positive in all cases and increase throughout, the figures for the three periods being 1.03, 1.26, and 2.13, respectively. The data for No. 7 show only slight variation in the quantity of nitrogen in the food, the largest quantity being 1 ().(>() grains in the preservative period, and the smallest 16.20 grains in the after period. There is a notable loss in the amount of nitrogen excreted in the feces in the preservative period, namely, 0.53 gram, and an additional loss of 0.1!) grain in the after period. The quantity of nitrogen in the urine also diminishes both in the preservative and in the after period, the total daily decrease in metabolized nitro- gen amounting to L.88 grams. In consequence, the total quantity excreted in the i'^rv^ and urine is notably diminished in the preserv- ative period (2.19 grains) and a small additional decrease takes place in the after period. The percentage of nitrogen excreted in the feces decreases throughout, the decrease amounting in the pre- servative period to 3.36 per cent of the amount ingested. There i- ;i decrease of L0.97 per cent of the nitrogen ingested that is excreted in the mine in the preservative period and the percentage excretion in the after period is practically the same as in the FORMALDEHYDE. 1385 preservative period. The balance is negative in the fore period ( — 0.48) and increases, being practically the same in the preservative and after periods (1.9 grams). The data for No. 8 are given, but not discussed, as the illness of the subject, previously explained, deprives them of significance. No. 9 is omitted entirely, as he left the city before the experiment was finished and the data were too incomplete to be of value. In the case of No. 10 the quantity of nitrogen in the food i.> slightly decreased in the preservative period (0.83 gram daily). The amount of nitrogen in the feces diminishes -lightly in the preservative period, but in the after period it exceed- the figure of the fore period. The amount of nitrogen in the urine is slightly diminished in the preserva- tive period (0.43 gram daily) and is more than restored in the after period. The amount of nitrogen excreted in both feces and urine i- largest in the after period and smallest in the preservative period. The percentage data -how the same general relation- a- the figures for actual amounts, with the exception of those for nitrogen in the urine, and for total excretion, in the preservative period, which show a relative increase owing to the slightly decreased amount of nitrogen ingested and the very slight decrease in amount excreted. The excretion of nitrogen in the case of No. in appear- to have been abnormally stimulated, the balance being negative in all cases, in- creasing throughout , the figure- for the three periods being —0.36, — 0.59, and — 0.&5, respectively. This i- an exception to the majority of cases, the balance having been increased in the preservative period in six of the preceding eight cases. In the case of No. 1 1 there is only a slight variation in the quantity of nitrogen in the food, an increase of 0.31 gram occurring daily in the preservative period, and a decrease of only 0.1 gram in the after period as compared with the fore period. There i- a diminution of the nitrogen in the feces in the presen ative period of 0.25 gram dairj . and I he (plant it \ i- ic-t < .red in t he after period to practically the -a me amount a- was excreted in the fore period. There is a -lightly greater amount of nitrogen excrete.) in the urine in the preservative period and a -till further increase take- place in the after period, the total daily increase amounting to 1.13 gram-. The total amount of nitrogen excreted in the tree- and urine i- almost the same in the fore and preservative periods and i- notably increased in the after period, when it i> LI 2 grams greater daily than in the fore period. The per- centage data for the c\nvlioii of both ll< ailiiet al mli/.ed and inelaho lixed nitrogen -how the same relations a- the absolute quantities, the nio-t marked change being the increase of 6.23 per cent in metabo- lized nitrogen in the after period. The percentage data for total excretion -how a decrease of about I per cent in the preservative penod and an increase of nearly s per cent m the alter period* The 15429 Bull 84, pi \ 08 — 7 1386 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. balance in this case is abnormally large, and positive in all three periods, being slightly increased in the preservative period and decreased 1.44 grams in the after period. The nitrogen ingested in the preservative period is practically the same as in the fore period, while in the after period there is a slight decrease of <).4:> gram as compared with the fore period. The amount of nitrogen excreted in the feces in the preservative period is increased 0.13 gram (an increase of less than 1 per cent as compared with the amount ingested), while in the after period there is a decrease of 0.5 gram daily, or 2.G6 per cent. The metabolized nitrogen excreted in the preservative period shows but little change, namely, a decrease of 0.2 gram, or about 1 per cent, while in the after period there is an increase of 0.45 gram daily, representing 4.6 per cent as compared with the amount ingested. The data for total excretion show prac- tically no change in either the preservative or after period as regards actual amounts, though the percentage data indicate a relative increase in the after period. The balance is positive throughout and increases very slightly in the preservative period, decreasing again in the after period to a figure below that of the fore period, namely, 0.70 gram. The varia- tions in this case are very slight, but show the same general tendency as the majority of cases, namely, to decrease the excretion, especially of the metabolized nitrogen, and to increase the balance. SUMMARIES. The summary for Xos. 1 to G, inclusive, who received formal- dehyde freshly added to the milk, shows a very slight increase in the nitrogen in the food in the preservative period (0.1:5 grain) and a slight decrease (0.35 gram) in the after period. There is a very slight decrease in the quantity of nitrogen in the feces in the preservative period, hut this figure is restored in the alter period to practically the same amount as in the fore period. The percentage data show the variations between the three periods to be less than half of 1 per cent. The largest quantity of nitrogen excreted in the urine is in the fore period, 13.26 grams. There is a very slight diminution in the preservative period, amounting to 0.12 gram daily, and a further decrease in the after period of o.ll gram. The percentage decrease in the preservative period amounts to L.42 per cent of the amount ingested and in the after period to about l percent additional. In the feces and urine together the largest quantity of nitrogen is excreted in the fore period (I LSI grains) and the smallest in the alter period 1 1 1.23 grams). The percentage data show a total decreased excretion of 1.82 per cent in the preservative period and practically no furt her change in t he after period, a decrease of only 0.51 per cent being given. The balances are positive in nil cases and increase slightly throughout from L.18 in the fore period t<> 1.54 in the alter period. FORMALDEHYDE. 1387 In the summary for Xos. 7, 10, 11, and 12, who received formal- dehyde mixed with the milk forty-eight hours before it was admin- istered, it is seen that the quantity of nitrogen in the food is practically constant in the three periods. There is a notable decrease in the amount of nitrogen in the feces in the preservative period, amounting to 0.2 gram daily, which is maintained in the alter period. The quantity of nitrogen excreted in the urine is practically the same in the fore and after periods and only 0.49 grain less in the preservative than in the fore period. In the feces and urine together the -a me relations are shown, namely, a slight decrease in the preservative period and a tendency to return to the condition of the fore period in the after period. The percentage data show exactly the same interrelations for the metabolized, nonmetabolized, and total nitrogen excreted, namely, a decrease in the preservative period and an almost complete return to the figures of the fore period in the after period, except that the nitrogen in the feces is further decreased to a very slight extent. The greatest decrease is in the metabolized nitrogen in the preservative period-, amounting to 2.4 percent. The balance is positive in all cases, and is ().(>1 gram greater in the preservative period than in the fore period, decreasing again 0.5 1 in the after period. The general summary for Nos. 1 to 12, excluding Nbs. s and !>. shows agreement between the quantity of nitrogen in the food in the fore and preservative periods and a decrease of only 0.25 gram in the after period. There is a slight decrease in the amount of nitro- gen in the U>cv> in the preservative period (namely, 0.11 gram .and the amount in the after period is exactly the same as in the preserva- tive period. The percentage data show that the entire variation is within 0.71 per cent a- compared with the amount ingested, this representing the decrease in the preservative period. There i- a Blight decrease in the quantity of nitrogen in the urine in the presen a- tive period and a further decrease in the after period, the total diminution in excretion of metabolized nitrogen amounting onrj to o..;.") gram per day. This represents a decrease "I L.83 per cent in the preservative period, and the percentage data indicate a relative increase in the after period. The nitrogen excreted in the feces and t he urine decreases throughout, the total average decrease being 0.45 gram per day. The percentage data >h<>\\ a total decrease "i 2.54 percent in the preservative period and a \ei\ Blight increase in the after period (0.93 per cent >. The balance i- positive in all cases and ha- the Largest magnitude in the preservative period, exceeding the fore period b\ 0. I- gram daily. These data -how the general effect produced l»\ the preservative i<> diminish the quantity <>f nitrogen occurring in the feces and also in the mine. In the individual data there i- a remarkable unanimity on this point, there being <>iil\ thii. out "I ten m which the 1388 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. balance is decreased, and only two cases in which the amount of non- metabolized nitrogen excreted is really increased. In regard to the metabolized nitrogen. Xos. 1, 4, 6, and 11 show slight increases in the amounts excreted, but in three of these cases this is followed by a marked decrease in excretion in the after period, falling below the figure for the fore period. There is thus manifested a tendency to interfere with the metabolism of nitrogen and to increase the amount of nitrogen retained in the body. This interference can not in any way be looked upon as conducive to health, as it would probably in the end tend to burden the body with waste 4 nitrogenous material which could easily prove harmful. Had the weight increased, such a decreased excretion might be considered as an evidence of increased tissue formation, but in connection with the symptoms of positive illness produced and the slight loss in weight this can not be con- sidered as having taken place. Table X. -Nitrogen balances for Series IX. [Averages are per day.] No. 1. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-s-l). 6 In urine (3-s-l). 7 in Feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance 1 ! . 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. For* period. First Bubperiod: Total Q rums. 72.14 14. 4J1 72.67 14.53 Grams. 4.70 .94 7.12 1 . 42 Grams. 58. 32 11.66 59.64 11.93 Grams. 63. 02 12.00 66. 70 13.35 Per tt. Pi r Ct. Per cL Grams. 9. 12 L.83 5.91 1 Is Grams. 0.0 6.52 BO si .0 Second Bubperiod: Total .0 Average .0 Entire fore period: Total 144.81 1 1. is 1 1 . 82 1. is 117.98 II.. sn 129.78 12.98 15.03 i 5fj .0 Average . . v 16 Bl 18 .0 I'ii u n mil i jn i ubperlod: Total 71.32 14.28 7.'. 93 I i 59 73 01 l I 60 1.28 5. 87 1. 17 1. 17 59. 40 LI. 88 ..| Is 12.00 6] 66 12. 38 13. M 70. 35 II. M7 13.50 B 64 1.12 1 Hi .50 s n.-, SS II . 10 Second Bubperiod: Total 1.00 .20 'I hii'l Bubperiod: Total LOO a reragfi . . 34 IS .20 Entire prei en ative period: Total 217.26 11 Is 17 .'is 1.20 is:, ;,i 12.37 18.74 .01 A verage \ is' . 17 .\ /ii r in Hod. iiii ubperlod: i i B 1.31 7.22 i it 10.94 11.77 1,1.21 L3 21 .0 . 78.88 .ii Second lubperlod .11 .0 pi riod: I otal I II H, 14. 12 18.75 1 1 . 85 12.78 i ; B9 .0 \ \ er ige . i M L6 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1389 Table X. — Nitrogen balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 2. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-5-1). 6 In urine (3-s-l). 7 In feces and urine 8 Balance 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fore period. First BUbperiod: Total 17.05 17.21 Grams. 9.49 1.90 1.60 (in i ins. 76.63 15.33 7.",. 27 15.05 (irams. 86.12 17.22 P(r a. P(r r a. Grams. 7.21 1.44 3.04 .i,l Grams. 0.0 Average 11.14 7-i. 07 .0 Second subperiod: Total .(1 12.79 - .0 Entire fore period: Total 147. 57 14.7., 17.61 L76 119.71 11.97 137.32 13 7:< 10.25 1.03 .0 11.^.^ 81. 12 II Preservativt period. First Bubperiod: Total 74.18 14.84 7 i. 27 14.85 7484 14.97 6.85 1.37 8.01 L60 6. 70 1.34 62.84 12.57 11.81 12. is 13.94 13.41 4. 40 .00 7.20 1.44 7 .J L45 50 9. 23 si. 71 10 Second suBperiod: Total 1 IN) Average 10.7s 79. 52 90.31 "11 Third Bubperiod: Total 70 Average 81.40 .14 Entire preservative period: Total 14.89 a. 56 1.44 182.82 12. l 1 ' 18.91 1.28 A\. rage 81.88 .15 After period. First subperiod: rotal 1 4. 7.7 14.74 6.89 L38 7.37 1.47 11.10 11. us 12.48 10. 47. law 2. is Average 76. 1" .0 Second suBperiod: Total .ii Average ln.iHi 75.21 .0 Entire after period: Total 1 16. 52 14.65 14.26 110. '.11 11.00 125.17 12.52 2. 13 1394 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table X. — Nitrogen balances/or Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 7. Period. 1 In food. In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. a 81. f>5 16.33 82.45 16.49 Grams. 9.86 1.97 9.86 1.97 Grams. B7457 14.91 74.57 14.91 Grams. B4 43 16.89 84 43 16.89 Perct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. - -'.7s - .56 - 1.98 - .40 Grams. 0.0 Average 12.08 91.33 103.40 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 11.96 90.44 102.40 .0 Entire fore period: Total 164 10 16.41 19.72 1.97 149. 14 1491 168.86 16.89 - 4.76 - .48 .0 12.02 90.88 102.90 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 81.72 16.34 83.04 16.61 84.28 16.86 7.36 1.47 6.73 1.35 7.48 1.50 67.63 13.53 66.72 13.34 64. 65 12.93 74.99 15.00 73.45 14 69 72.13 14.43 + 6.73 + 1.34 + 9.59 + 1.92 +12.15 + 2. 43 .50 Average 9.01 82.76 91.76 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 8.10 80.35 88.45 .20 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 8.88 76. 71 85.58 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 249. 04 16.60 21.57 1.44 199.00 13.27 220.57 14.70 +28. 47 + 1.90 2.50 Average 8.66 79.91 88.57 .17 After period. First subperiod: Total 80.20 16.04 81.83 16.37 2.63 .53 9.88 1.98 60.65 12.13 69.61 13.92 63. 28 12.66 79.49 15.90 +16.92 + 3.38 + 2. 34 + .47 .0 Average 3.28 75.62 78.90 .0 Second BuBperiod: Total .0 12.07 85.07 "7. 11 .0 Entire after period: Total ! 162. 03 ie.20 12.51 1 . 25 130. 26 .3.03 142.77 1 4. 28 + 19.26 + L.92 .0 Average 7. 72 88.11 .0 a Average for one day added to complete record. FORMALDEHYDE. 1395 Table X. — Nitrogen balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. S. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 feces (2-1). 6 7 Trn In feces u^e ' "d /o . , | urine 8 Balance (1-4;. 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 100.44 20.09 101. 27 20.25 Grams. 9.31 1.80 8.92 1.78 Grams. 84.01 10.80 80.43 10.09 Grams. 03.32 18.00 89.35 L7.87 Perct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 7.12 L43 LL02 Grams. 0.0 9. 27 83.04 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 8.81 .0 Entire fore period: Total 201.71 20.17 18.23 1 . 82 104.44 lti. 44 18.27 10. 04 1.90 .0 9.04 81. 52 .0 Prt riod. First subperiod: Total 100.39 20.08 100.89 20.18 8.84 1.77 9.10 1.82 78.99 15.80 80.75 10.15 87.83 17.57 89.85 17.97 2.51 11.114 2.2J .50 8.81 78.08 87.49 .10 Becond Babperiod: i otal 1.00 Average 9.02 80.04 89.00 - First and second subperiods: Total 201.28 20.13 17.94 1.79 159. 74 15.97 177.08 17.77 1.50 8.91 79.30 .15 1396 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table X. — Nitrogen balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. lO. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (24-3). 5 In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 84.21 16.84 85.81 17. 16 Grams. 6.24 1.25 8.97 1.79 Grams. 80.19 16.04 78.24 15.65 Grams. 86.43 L7.29 87.21 17.44 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. - 2.22 - 45 - 1.40 - .28 Grams. i> 7.41 95.23 102. 64 o Second .subperiod: Total .0 10.45 91.18 101. 63 o Entire fore period: Total 170.02 17.00 15.21 1.52 158. 43 15.84 173. 64 17.36 _ 3. 62 .36 .0 Average 8.95 93.18 102. 13 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 85.85 17.17 86.25 17.25 70.38 14.08 8.51 1.70 6.18 1.24 5.66 1.13 79.75 15.95 78.90 15.78 72. 43 14.49 88.26 17. 65 85.08 17.02 78.09 15.62 + + 2.41 .48 1.17 .23 7.71 l.:,4 .50 9.91 92.89 102.81 . 10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 7.17 91.48 98.64 .20 Third subperiod: Total .70 8.04 102. 91 110.95 . 14 Entire perservative period: Total 242.48 16. 17 20.35 1.36 231.08 15.41 251. 43 16. 76 - 8.95 .59 Average 8.39 95.30 103. 69 .15 After period. First subperiod: Total 83.99 16.80 85.81 17. b. 8.04 1.61 8.39 1.68 80.30 16.06 81.57 16.31 88.34 17.67 89.96 17.99 - 4.35 .87 4.15 .83 .0 Average 9.57 95. td 105. 18 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 9.78 95.06 104. 84 .0 Entire after period: Total 169.80 16.98 16. 43 1.64 161.87 16. 19 178. 30 17.83 - 8.50 .85 .0 Average 9. 68 95.33 105.01 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1397 Table X. — Nitrogen balances for Series IX — Continued. . [Averages are per day.] No. 11. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-e-l). 6 In urine (3-M). 7 In feces and urine (4-s-l). Balance 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 87. 7s 17.56 89.49 17. 90 Grams. L57 7.48 1.50 Grams. 64.82 12.96 64.49 12.90 Grams. 72.69 14.54 71.97 14.39 Perct. Perct. Per 'riod. First subperiod: Total 88.95 17.79 89.72 17.94 91.97 18. 39 6.09 1.22 :,. 54 1.11 7.71 1.54 63. 16 12.63 13.75 67.08 13.42 69.25 74. 31 1186 74. 7!' 1496 19.70 15. 41 3.08 17.1s .50 Average Second subperiod: Total 6. 85 71.01 .10 LOO Average Third subperiod: Total 6. 17 .20 LOO Average 72. 94 Entire preservative period: Total 18.04 19. 34 1.29 199.01 13.27 218.35 14.56 .; is Average 7.15 73.53 .17 After period. First subperiod: Total 87.11 17.42 89.19 17.84 7. 19 1.44 8.10 1.62 69. 24 13.85 71.38 LI 28 76. 43 15.29 15.90 10.68 2. 13 9.71 L.94 .0 o Second subperiod: Total .0 Average - 89. 1 1 .11 Entire after period: rota] 17«.. .'in 17.63 15.29 1.53 140 62 14.06 155.91 2 04 .0 Average .0 1398 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table X. — Nitrogen balances for Scries IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. I-'. Period. 1 In food. i In feces. 3 In urine. 4 5 In feces Tii and feces urine "^ (2+3). U • 1K 6 In urine (3-s-l), 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 37 :■: 17.51 86.54 17.31 Grams. 9.19 1.84 8.70 1.74 Grams. 80.06 16.01 65.89 13.18 Grams. 89.25 17.85 74.59 14.92 Per ct. Per 6 In In feces |urine (2^1). (3-1). Grams. 440. 41 14.68 448.02 14.93 Perct. Per ct. 9. 69 82. 30 83.53 888.43 9.67 | 82.92 14.81 435.64 14.52 438.98 14.63 442.20 14.74 1,316.82 14.63 414.10 13.80 439.69 13.01 14.65 91.89 L.63 12.70 9.40 81 8. 61 82. 49 9. 78 80. 16 7 In feces s 9 For- and Balance ™,^f- urine (1-4). *£*; i a ■ 1 \ adnnn- C4 • l) ' istered. Per it. Grams. Grams. 91. 99 38. 33 0. .0 93.19 32. 74 . l.Ki .0 92.59 71.(t7 1.18 91.29 91.10 41.. V. 1.39 42. 38 1.43 89. 94 49. 47 1.65 9. 27 81. 50 79.35 8S.44 -I 1 : 1.81 10.33 81.71 92. 04 38.05 1.27 9.71 B0. 64 3.00 .10 6.00 5.70 90.77 133.91 14.70 1.49 .16 1400 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table X. — Nitrogen balances for Series IX — Continued. S i MM ARIES— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] N"< >s. 7, lO, 11, and 13. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-i-l). 6 In urine (3-D. 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fori jj/riod. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Grams. 341.21 17.06 344.29 17.21 Grams. 33. 16 1.66 35.01 1.75 Grams. 14.98 283. 19 14.16 Grams. 332.80 16.64 318. 20 15.91 Per ct. 9.72 Per ct. 87.82 Per et. 97.54 Grams. 8.41 .42 26.09 1.30 Grams. 0.0 .0 10.17 82.25 92.42 .0 .0 Entire fore period: Total Average 685.50 17.14 68.17 1.70 582.83 11. .".7 651.00 16.28 9.94 85.02 94.97 34.50 .86 .0 .0 Prestrnitii e period. First subperiod: Total 342.07 17.10 345. 35 17.27 335. 35 16.77 34.49 1.72 26.84 1.34 28.73 1.44 282.38 14.12 286.17 14.31 276. 49 1382 316.87 15.84 313.01 15.65 305.22 15.26 10.08 82.55 92.63 25.20 1.26 32.34 L62 30.13 1.51 2.00 .10 Second .subperiod: Total 7.77 82.86 90.64 4.00 .20 Third subperiod: Total Average 8.57 82.45 91.02 3.70 .19 Entire preservative period: Total 1,022.77 17.05 90.06 1.50 845. 04 14.08 935. 10 15. -xS 8.81 82.62 91. 43 87.67 1.47 9. 70 . 16 After period. First subperiod: Total 335. 12 16.76 342.83 17. 11 25.23 1.26 33. 24 283. 49 11 17 297. 78 308.72 15.44 331.02 16.55 7.53 84.59 92.12 26.40 1.32 11.81 .59 .0 .0 Second Bubperiod: Total 9.70 86.86 96.56 .0 1.66 14.89 .0 tter period: Total Average 677.95 16.95 58.47 581.27 1 16 14. 53 639.74 8. 62 85.74 38.21 .96 .0 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1401 Table X. — Nitrogen balances for Series IX — Continued. SUMMARIES— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] INo*. 1 to 13 (excluding N"os. - and 9 . Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. In feces and urine (2+3). •") In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fan period. Firal subperiod: Total Grams. 10.40 825. 05 10.50 Grams. 1.59 81.43 1.63 693.65 13.87 13.70 Grams. 773.21 15.40 15.32 Perct. 9.70 P< r I. 84.00 Per ct. 94.30 Grams. 46.74 .94 58.83 1.18 Grams. 0.0 .0 Second subperiod: Total 9.87 83.00 92.87 .0 .0 Entire fore period: Total 1,045.00 100.99 1.61 1 378.44 13.78 1,539.43 15.39 9.79 83.80 93.58 105. 57 1.06 .0 .0 Preservatii < period. First subperiod: i 16.39 827.21 16.54 16.54 79. 35 1.59 08.34 1.37 76.81 1..-.4 073. If. L3.46 L3.67 67a 61 13.41 t:»-'. 51 15.05 15.04 747 42 1 4. 95 9.09 82.17 91.85 L34 1.50 1.59 5.00 . ID Second Bubperiod: Total 82.65 90.91 10.00 .20 Third subperiod: i otal 9. 29 81.09 9.40 Average 19 Entire preservative period: Total Average L6.49 224.50 1.50 2,027.42 13. 52 15.01 9.08 91.04 221.58 1.48 24 4(1 . 16 A/ttr period. lubperiod: Total 16.07 B20.57 16.41 L.36 B2 .".; 1.65 13. 10 688. 1 1 13.76 14.46 77(1.71 15.41 8.44 81. 54 89.98 - l.«.l LOO (i Average i(i 1 subperiod: Total 10.06 .(• u Entire i iter period: Tol i 16.24 1.50 1,343.17 14.94 82.71 ■ (i PHOSPHORIC-ACID BALANCE. l \M\ !!>i \l. DATA. The phosphoric acid in the food of No. l was virtually constant throughout the three periods of observation, varying onl} slightly in the second decimal place, the smallest amount occurring m the preservative period. The quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the I'ccc^ was decreased l>\ 0.062 gram in the preservative period and increased 0.168 gram in the after period. The quantity of phos- phoric a\ nearly 7 per cent. The balance is posi- tive in all cases and quite large in the fore period (0.445 gram . decreasing almost one-half in the preservative period, and this num- ber is again reduced almost l>\ half in the after period. A- in the 1404 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. preceding cases, there is a tendency manifested on the part of the preservative to increase the excretion of phosphoric acid in the urine, the increased excretion in the after period being due to the nonmet- abolized phosphoric acid. The quantity of phosphoric acid ingested in the food in the case of No. 5 is practically constant throughout the three periods of obser- vation. The amount appearing in the feces is diminished slightly in the preservative period and still further decreased in the after period, the percentage decrease in the preservative and after periods amount- ing to almost 1 and 1.7 per cent, respectively. The amount appearing in the urine is increased in the preservative period and still further increased in the after period; the relative increases as compared with the amounts ingested are 1.35 and 1.62 per cent, respectively. The total quantity excreted in the feces and urine is slightly increased in both the preservative and after periods, and in relation to the quan- tity of phosphoric acid ingested the percentages excreted in the pre- servative and after periods are practically the same (82.7), showing a very slight increase over the fore period of 0.5 per cent. The balance is strongly positive in all cases, abnormally so. but its mag- nitude is slightly decreased in the preservative and after periods as compared with the fore period, being smallest in the preservative 4 period. In this case, there is a tendency on the part of the preserv- ative to diminish the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces, and to increase the amount excreted in the 1 urine, which is in harmony with the data for the preceding cases, but the tendency is less -trough' marked in this case. There is practically no difference in the quantity of phosphoric acid ingested in t he case of No. 6, though there is a, negligible increase throughout. There is a decrease of ().:>74 gram daily in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces in the preservative period and this decrease is only partially restored in the after period. On the contrary, there is a decided increase in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the urine in the preservative period, amounting to 0. 166 gram daily, and there is only a slight tendency to return to the conditions of the fore period in the after period. The total effect upon the excretion of phosphoric acid in the feces and urine is to increase very slightly in the preservative period, while in the after period it i- almost the same as in the fore period. Expressed in terms of phosphoric acid ingested, there is a marked decrease of L0.73 per cent in the uonmetabolized phosphoric acid in the preservative period, with but a slight increase in the after period (about l per ciii In the urine the largest percentage excreted IS found in the preservative period (67.15 per cent, or an increase of 13.03 per cent i, while m the after period the percentage excreted is still very much greater than in the lore period (61.60 per cent, as compared with FORMALDEHYDE. 1405 54.12 per cent). The total excretion data show an increase of 2.31 per cent in the preservative period, and a decrease of 4.49 per cent in the after period. The balance is positive and of the greatest magni- tude in the after period, and the smallest in the preservative period, the figures being 0.271, 0.190, and 0.354 for the three periods, respec- tively. In this case there is an evident tendency on the pari of the preservative to diminish the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces, and to increase the quantity excreted in the urine, with the result that the balance decreases under the administration of the preservative. In other words, the katabolism of phosphoric acid in the tissues is increased. In the case of No. 7 the quantity of phosphoric acid ingested varies only slightly in the three periods of observation, the increase occurring throughout amounting to only 0.046 gram per day in the after period, as compared with the fore period. There is a very notable decrease in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the fvws during the preservative period, amounting to 0.407 gram per day. with an addi- tional decrease of 0.059 gram in the after period. There is also a progressive decrease in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the urine in the preservative and after periods, the difference between the daily average for the fore and after periods being 0.358 gram, giving a decrease in total excretion of 0.824 grain. Expressed in terms of phosphoric acid ingested, there is a deer. of almost 11 percent in the nonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted in the preservative period, and a further decrease of 1.72 per cent in the after period. Idle excretion of metabolized phosphoric acid also shows a marked decrease throughout, amounting to 10.04 per cent in the after period, as compared with the fore period. The percentage of total excretion in the fore period of L08.88 is seen to be abnormal. causing a negative balance of 0.338; in the preservative period there is a decrease of 16.57 per cent and a further decrease in the after period of 6.08 per cent, the balance increasing to 0.296 in the pre- servative period and n. 532 in the after period. The abnormal excre- tion in the fore period doubtless explains the variations in this case from the preceding cases producing an increase in the balance in- of a decrease in the preservative period. The data for Nos. s and ( .» are not discussed, f<»r the reasons already stated. In the case of No. 10 the quantity of phosphoric acid ingested varies somewhat in the three periods, being smallest in the preservative period and largest in the after period, the entire Variation being within 0.265 gram. The diminution in the excretion <>f the feces in the preservative period i> 0.144 gram, and the diminution in the quantity ingested i- O.llfl gram. The increased excretion in the after period, however, ifl relatively greater than the increase m the 1406 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. quantity of phosphoric acid ingested, namely, 0.335 grain as com- pared with 0.265 gram. There is also an increase in the excretion of phosphoric acid in the urine in the preservative period, and this is intensified in the after period, the difference between the daily aver- age excretion in the fore and after periods being 0.301 gram. The total effect is to diminish slightly the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the preservative period and to increase it in the after period. Expressed in terms of phosphoric acid ingested, there is a decrease in nonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted amounting to 2."):; per cent in the preservative period, and an increase of nearly 6 per cent in the after period. For the metabolized phosphoric acid there is an increase of about 4 per cent, and a further increase of less than 1 percent in the preservative and after periods, respectively. The total percentage excretion in the preservative period is 101.05, a slight increase over the fore period, while in the after period the excretion is 7.7)i> per cent in excess of the amount ingested. The balance is slightly positive in the fore period, slightly negative in the preservative period, and strongly negative in the after period. The general tendency therefore is to increase the excretion of metabolized phosphoric acid during the administration of the preservative, and this tendency is continued in the after period, accompanied by a marked increase in the nonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted. There is no notable variation in the quantity of phosphoric acid ingested in the case of Xo. 11, though it is slightly greater (0.052 and 0.062 gram daily) in the preservative and after periods. There is a moderate diminution in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces in the preservative period, amounting to 0.097 gram, and a slight increase in the quantity excreted in the after period, as compared with the fore period. There is a marked increase in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the urine in the preservative period, amounting to 0.341 gram daily, and an additional increase of 0.07s gram in the after period. The total effect produced on the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the {ocrs and urine is to increase it notably in both the preservative and after periods. Expressed in terms of phosphoric acid ingested, a decrease of 2.5 pet cent in the excretion of nonmetabolized phosphoric acid is recorded in the preservative period, and a gain of 3.41 per cent in the after period. There is an increase of about 7 per cent in the metabolized phosphoric acid excreted in the preservative period, and a further increase of L.63 per cent in the after period. The percentage data for the total excretion show an increase <>l i.-"»i per cent in the pre- servative period, due entirely t<> metabolized phosphoric acid, and a Further increase of 7) per cent in the alter period, due to both forms. The balances hit positive and abnormally large, diminishing, how- QOtably in the preservative and alter periods. FORMALDEHYDE. 1407 The general effect here, as in all but one of the preceding cases, is to diminish slightly the phosphoric acid excretion in the feces and to increase its excretion greatly in the urine, the total effect being to break down the phosphoric acid material in the tissues more rapidly than it is rebuilt. The quantity of phosphoric acid ingested in the food of No. 1_' is almost the same in the three periods, the entire variation from the fore to the after period giving an average daily increase of 0.045 gram. There is very little difference in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces in the fore and preservative periods, but the amount is considerably diminished in the after period. Expn as percentage of the amounts ingested, there is a decrease in the nonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted in the preservative period of 1.19, and a further decrease of 3.23 per cent in the after period. There is a very notable increase in the excretion of phosphoric acid in the urine in the preservative peri >d, amounting to 0.492 gram, and this increase is maintained in the after period. Expressed in terms of the amounts ingested, there is seen to be an increased excre- tion of metabolized phosphoric acid amounting to 11.23 per cent in t he preservative period, and practically the same percentage excretion i^ maintained in the after period. The total effect upon the excretion of phosphoric acid in the feces and urine is to increase it both in the preservative and after periods, as compared with the fore period, the percentage data showing an increase of about in per cent in the preservative period, and a decrease of onrj 3 per cent in the after period. The balance is strongl) positivein the fore period, slightly positive in the preservative period, being decreased 1>\ 0.430 gram daily, and somewhat more strongly positive in the after period than in the preservative period. The general effect is to confirm the pre- ceding results, which >ho\\ thai the f phosphoric acid excreted ill the fee,-- i~ \ er\ slight, :lll llMTea-e 1 1 ; i \ I ! I lT OCCUTTed in 1 \\ o | arid : < decrease in four: the avert re for the six men showing a decrease «»t 0.056 gram dailj in nonmetabolized phosphoric acid 1408 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. excreted. In the after period the quantity excreted is slightly greater than in the fore period. The percentage data show that there is a decrease of 1.66 per cent in the phosphoric acid in the feces in the preservative period, followed by an increase of 2.51 percent in the after period. The general effect, therefore, is a slight but well- defined tendency to diminish the quantity of nonmetaholized phos- phoric acid in the feces. In the case of the urine the data are very decisive. There is an increase in the quantity of metabolized phosphoric acid excreted in the preservative period in every case, and this increase is very large in most cases. The figures for the after period show a continuation of the tendency induced by the formaldehyde. The actual increase in the quantity of phosphoric acid appearing in the preservative period is 0.196 gram, a percentage increase of 4.72 per cent, while in the after period the decrease of 0.034 gram represents a loss of only 1.37 per cent, based on the amount ingested. In the feces and urine then 1 is noted a marked increase in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted, and this increase is still further augmented in the after period, the per- centage data for the three periods being 90.64, 93.70, and 9-1. 84, respectively. The balances are positive in all cases, but diminish in magnitude throughout, showing a difference between the fore 4 and after periods of 0.157 gram in the daily average per man. These data are very decisive in showing a slight tendency on the pari of the formaldehyde to diminish the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces and a marked tendency to increase the quantity excreted in the urine, the total effect being a progressive loss of phosphorus from the body, and tin 4 conditions induced by the preservative are, to a considerable extent, continued during the after period. The summary of Nos. 7, 10, 11, and 12 shows the effect of the phosphoric acid administered after standing in contact with milk for forty-eight hours. The quantity of phosphoric acid ingested in the food in these cases is practically identical in the fore and preservative periods, and is slightly increased by only 0.082 gram daily in the after period. The quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces is less in the preservative period by 0.17 1 gram dailj and is increased 0.074 gram over the preservative period in the after period. Expressed in terms of the amounts ingested there is a decrease of 1.12 per cent in the Qonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted in the preservative period and an increase of only 1.20 percent in the after period. The quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the urine is markedly greater in the preservative period, the increase amounting to 0.180 gram daily, and this increase 18 augmented by 0.041 gram daily in the FORMALDEHYDE. 1-409 after period. This represents an increase of 4.42 per cent in the pre- servative period and practically no further change in the after period. The total effect is to increase the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted both in the preservative and after periods. The balances are positive and diminish regularly from the fore to the after period. These data confirm those secured in the summary for Nbs. 1 to 6, inclusive, and show in a most unmistakable way the tendency of the formaldehyde to increase the excretion of the phosphatic materials in the form of metabolized phosphoric acid. The summary for all of the subjects, excluding Xos. 8 and 9 because of incomplete data, shows that the amounts of phosphoric acid ingested are practically constant, the slight increase throughout amounting to only 0.062 gram from the fore to the after period. The decrease in the phosphoric acid excreted in the feces in the preservative period is 0.103 gram daily, while in the after period there is a tendency to return to the figures of the fore period. Expressed in terms of the amounts ingested, there is indicated a decrease of 2.69 per cent in the preservative period and an increase of 1.95 per cent in the after period. The metabolized phosphoric acid excreted in the urine increases 0.189 gram in the preservative period, an increase of 4..">!) per cent . while in the after period the conditions of the preservative period are practi- cally maintained. The data for total excrel ion show only a slight change in the preservative period, owing to the opposite effect produced on the metabolized and the Qonmetabolized phosphoric acid, the increase of 0.086 gram in the preservative period and a further increase <>( prac- tically the same amount in the after period representing a percentage increase of 1 .90 and 1.05 per cent, respectively. The balance is cor- respondingly decreased throughout, the difference between the daily average for the fore and after periods being 0.113 gram. The conclusion to he drawn in this case 1- clearly denned by the data, h i^ evident that the phosphoric acid excreted in the feces i- slightlj diminished under the influence of the formaldehyde, while that w Inch is excreted in the urine i increased to a still greater extent . resulting in a decrease in the phosphoric acid balance of the body. While the variations in actual amounts are not verj great, the effect of the preservative is unquestionable, inasmuch as the data for the ten men are uniform, with the exception of No. 7. in which case all abnormal condition existed in the fore period. 1410 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH, Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Serit* IX [Averages are per day.] No. 1. Period. • In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 5 In feces ¥ „ and feces urine ™* (2+3). *** l) ' 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4-5-1). 8 Balance 0-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 15.666 3.133 15.999 3.200 Grams. 4.824 .965 6.655 1.331 Grams. 7.447 1.489 9.412 1.882 Grams. 12.271 2.454 16.067 3.213 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 3.395 .679 -.068 -.013 Grams. 0.0 Average 30.79 47.54 78.33 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 41.60 58.83 100.43 .0 Entire fore period: Total 31.665 3.167 11.479 1.148 16. 859 1.686 28. 338 2.834 3.327 .333 .0 Average as. 2fi 53.24 89.49 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 16.004 3.201 15.694 3.139 15.617 3. 123 S. 727 1.145 5.285 1.057 5.280 1.056 10.005 2.001 9.569 1.914 10.245 2.049 15. 732 3.146 14.854 2.971 15. 525 3. 106 .272 .055 .840 .168 .092 .018 .50 35.78 62. 52 98.90 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 33.68 60. 97 94.65 .20 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 33.81 65.60 99. 41 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 47.315 3.154 16. 292 1.086 29.819 1.988 46. Ill 3.074 1.204 ^.080 2.50 34.43 63.02 97. 46 .17 After period. First subperiod: Total 15.833 3.167 16. 059 3.212 5.792 1.158 6.747 1.349 10. 128 2.026 9.679 1.936 15.920 3.184 16. 426 3.285 -.087 -.017 -.367 -.07:? .0 36.58 63.97 100.55 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 42.01 60.27 102.29 .0 Entire after period: Total . . 31.898 3. 180 12.539 1.254 19.807 1.981 32. 346 3. 236 -.454 -.048 .0 39.32 62.11 101.42 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1411 Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balan - IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 3 In In feces, urine. 4 5 In feces Jn urine ^f (2+3). '-• lj " 6 unne (3+1). 7 In feces and urme (4+1). 8 Balance u For- malde- by-le admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. - 4.121 21.123 4. 225 Grams. Grams. 12.740 Grams. 19.106 Per (t. 1.501 .300 - 987 -. 197 Grams. 0.0 1.273 6.176 L.235 2.548 15.034 3.821 22.110 4. 422 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 29.24 1(14. ',7 .0 Entire fore period: Total 41.730 4.173 12.542 1 . 254 41.216 4.122 ..",14 .0 ige 30.06 68.7] .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total. a. 316 4. 263 20.844 4. 169 21.260 1.371 5.995 1.199 7.701 1.540 14.308 14.7% 14.664 2. 933 21.165 4233 20. 791 4.158 22.365 4. 473 .151 .030 .053 .011 -1.105 - .221 .50 32. 17 67. 12 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 99. 7.') - Third subperiod: I ota] 1.00 Entire preservative period: Total 03. 420 4.228 20.558 1.370 43.768 2.918 64321 -.901 -.080 ige 32.41 69.01 101.42 . 17 After period. First subperiod: rotal 21.009 1202 21.356 1.320 1.212 14364 2. 873 15.052 3.010 21.112 l 222 .046 .006 .050 .0 Average 31.41 .() Second subperiod: Total n .0 Entire after period: Total 20.416 .(i Average L.266 .0 1412 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3, Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-s-l). 6 In urine 13+1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Tola] Grams. 21.649 4.330 22. 496 4.299 Grams. 6.531 1.306 6.191 1.238 Grams. 11.581 2.316 14.664 2.933 Grams. 18. 112 3. 622 20.855 4.171 Per ct. Per et. P( r ct. Grams. 3.537 .70s .641 . 128 Grams. 0.0 Average 30.17 53.49 83.66 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 28.80 us. 22 97.02 .0 Entire fore period: Total 43. 145 4.315 12.722 1.272 26. 245 38. 967 4.17s .418 .0 2. 625 3. 897 29.49 60.83 90.32 .0 Preservative period. 1 Irsl Mit'period: Total 21.606 4.321 21.285 4.257 21.644 4.329 6.216 1.243 5.092 1.018 7. 261 1.452 13. 868 2.774 13.801 2.760 13.180 2. 636 20.084 4.017 18. 893 3. 779 20. 441 1. 522 .304 2.392 .478 1.203 .241 .50 28.77 64. 19 92.96 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 23.92 64. 84 88.76 .20 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 4.088 33.55 60.89 94.44 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 64. 535 4.302 18.569 40.849 1.238 2.723 59. 418 3.961 5.117 .341 2. 60 Average 28.77 63.30 92.07 .17 After period. First subperiod: Total 21. 395 4. 279 21.902 4.380 5.850 1.170 9.079 1.816 13.533 2.707 13. 947 2.789 19. 383 2.012 .402 -1. 124 - .226 .0 Average Second .subperiod: Total 3.877 23. 026 4. 605 27.34 63. 25 90.60 .0 .0 Average 41. 45 (3.68 106. 13 .0 Entire after period: Total 43. 297 4. 330 14.929 1 . 493 27.480 42.405) "63." 47" " 97." 95' .888 .089 .0 2.748 -1.241 34.48 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1413 Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 4. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 4 5 In feces T _ In and f iL urine, urine A ,, (2+3;. (2 ^ 1) - 6 In urine (3*1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4;. 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fort ptriod. First subperiod: Total Grams. 20. 540 4.108 21. 510 4.303 Grams. 1. 132 7.000 1.413 Grams. Grams. 10.708 10.3t*i 2. 142 3. 273 14.170 21 242 2. via 4. 24* Per ct. /''/• '. Per ct. Grams. 4.174 .835 .274 Grams. 0.0 Average Second subperiod: Total 27.55 52. 13 79. OS .0 .0 Average 32. h4 .0 Entire fore period: Tot.il 42. 050 1.'. 724 1.272 24. 884 37. 008 4.44s .445 .0 Average 2.488 3.701 30.25 59.17 89. 42 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 21. 545 4.309 21.285 I 257 21.640 4.330 0.110 1.223 a •_'()•_' 1.240 7. 440 14. 202 2.840 13. 247 2.049 12.910 20.318 4.004 19. 449 3.890 20.350 4.071 1.227 .24.", 1.836 .50 Average Second subperiod: iota] 28.39 lio. 92 94.30 .10 1.1 1) Average Third subperiod: Total 29. 14 02. 24 91.37 1.00 Average 1.488 2.583 34. 37 59. 00 94. 03 Entire preservative period: Total 61478 19. 758 40. 305 1.317 2.091 00. 123 4.008 .291 Average 30.04 .17 After period. lirsi subperiod: Total 4. Ml 7.958 B.410 12. 570 2. :.14 12.831 4.100 21. 241 1 'iv .'.Ml .188 .126 .0 Average 58.55 .0 Second subperiod: i otal .0 2.566 o Entire after period: Total 43. 337 .'.", ln| 41. 760 4. 177 ,;,; .(1 Average .0 1414 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XL — Phosphoric-acid balances for Scries IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 5. - Period. 1 In food. 2 3 In In feces, urine. 4 5 In feces T _ and feces urine *£?* (2+3). WH 1J - 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4-i-l). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First Bubpeiiod: Total Grams. 3.478 17.741 3.548 Grams. Grams. 3. 994 8. 362 Grams. 12. 350 2.471 10.524 3.305 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 5.032 1.007 1.217 .243 Grams. 0.0 .799 3.898 1. 072 12. 020 22.97 48.09 71.00 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average .780 2.525 21.97 71.17 93.14 .0 Entire fore period: Total 35.129 3. 513 7. 892 20. 988 . 789 2. 099 28.880 2. sss o. 249 . 625 .0 22.47 59. 75 82.21 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 17.099 3.540 17. 438 3.488 17.711 3. 542 3.G55 .731 3.818 .704 3.938 .788 10. 890 2.179 10. 945 2.189 10. 447 2.089 14. 551 2.910 14 763 2.953 14. 385 2.877 3.148 .630 2.875 .535 3.320 . | u ..-, .50 20.05 01.50 82.21 .10 Second subperiod: i otal 1.00 21.89 02. 77 84. 06 .20 Third BUbperiod: 'Total 1.00 Average 22.23 58.99 81.22 .20 Entire preservative period: Total . . 52. 848 3.523 11.411 .761 32. 288 2.153 43. 099 2.913 9.149 .610 2. 50 Average 21.59 01. 1(1 82. 69 .17 After period. First Bubperlod: Total 17. 451 3.490 17.961 3. 692 3.410 3. 048 .730 10. 478 2.096 11.734 13. 888 2.778 IS. 382 3.563 .712 .516 .0 average Second BUbperiod: 'Total 19.54 60.04 79.58 .0 .0 cage 2.347 3.076 20. 31 .0 Entire after period: Total 35.412 7 058 .708 22. 212 211.270 2.221 2.927 ... 112 .614 .0 3.641 02. 72 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1415 Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 6. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 4 5 In feces TrA In and £ unne. unne /,.,, (2+3). *■-• *'• 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4;. 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 17. 361 3.472 17.835 3.567 Grams. 6.122 1.224 7.322 1.464 Grams. Grams. 9.109 15.231 1. 822 3. 046 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 2. 130 . 426 .575 .115 Grams. 0.0 Average 35.26 52. 47 87.73 .0 Second subperiod: Total 9.938 L7.260 1. 9S8 3. 452 .0 41.05 55.72 96.78 .0 Entire fore period: Total 35. 196 3.520 13. 444 1.344 19. 047 32. 491 1. 905 3. 249 2.705 .271 .0 A verage 38.20 54.12 92.31 .0 Preservative pettod. First subperiod: Total 17. 848 3.570 17.681 3.-536 17. 439 3.488 4.290 .858 5.627 1.125 1631 .926 12.785 2.557 11.393 2.279 11.390 2. 278 17. 075 3.415 17.020 3.404 16.021 .773 .155 . 661 .132 1. 418 . 284 .50 Average 24.04 71.63 95.67 .10 Second subperiod: i otal 1.00 31.83 64. 44 06. 26 .20 Thin! Bubperiod: Total .70 Average 65.31 91.87 . 14 Entire preservative period: I otal 3.631 14. 548 .970 2. 371 50.116 3. 34J .190 A', i-r.ige 27. 47 67. 16 .15 After period. I m-i Bubperiod: Total 17.587 a 617 18.230 3.446 5. a r )i 1.010 5. 169 1.084 10. 977 2. 195 LL085 2.217 16.028 3. 206 16.254 3.261 l .-..v.i .311 L.976 .395 .0 Average 62, 42 91.14 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 60.81 89. It. .0 Entire after period: Total 36.817 3.582 LO. 220 L022 22.062 8. 228 .0 Average .0 1416 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Scries IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 7. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 1 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-s-l). In feces and urine (4-1-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fort period. First Bubperiod: Total Grams. '18.910 3.782 19. 237 3.847 Grams. 8. 736 Grams. <•!'>. 031 Grams. 20. 707 4.153 20. 767 4.153 Perct. Perct. Per ct. Grams. -1.857 - .371 -1.530 - .300 Grams. 0.0 Average Second Bubperiod: Total 1.747 2.406 8. 730 12. 031 1.747 2.400 40. 20 03. 02 109.82 .0 .0 Average 46.4] 107. 95 .0 Entire fore period: Total 38.147 3.815 17. 472 1.747 24. 002 41 . 534 -3.387 - .338 .0 Average 4. 153 45.80 03. 08 108.88 .0 Preservative period. First Bubperiod: Total 19. 328 3.800 18. 989 3.798 19. 202 3.852 6.485 1.297 6.580 11.550 2.311 10.982 18. 041 3. 008 17.562 3.512 17. 547 3.509 1.287 .258 1.427 .286 1.715 . 343 .50 tge Second Bubperiod: Total 33.55 59.79 93.34 .10 1.00 1.310 2.190 34.05 57.83 92.49 .20 Third subporiod: Total . ... 7.038 1.408 10.509 2.102 1.00 36. 54 54. 56 91.10 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 57. 579 3.839 20. 103 1.340 33.047 2.203 53. LS0 3.543 4.429 2.50 Average 34.91 57.39 92.31 .17 After period. E irst Bubperiod: Total 19. 136 19. 172 2.700 .541 10.107 2.021 9.908 1.994 10. 509 2.102 12.674 20.616 1. I.':; 6. 162 1.292 -1.144 - .229 .0 Average Second Bubperiod: Total 14.14 52.09 66. 23 .0 .0 Average 51.91 111.", ss .0 Entire after period: Total 3. 861 12.813 L.281 20. 477 2.048 3. 329 5.31S .532 .0 rage .0 « Average added to complete record. FORMALDEHYDE. 1417 Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 8. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 5 In feces In and feces urine (2-3-1). (2+3). a In urine (3h-1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 25.983 5.197 36.580 5.316 Grams. 9.309 Grams. 12.904 Grams. Perct. 22.213 Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 3.770 . 754 1.180 Grams. 0.0 1. 862 2. 581 9.656 15.744 1.931 3.149 4. 443 35. 83 25.400 49.66 85.49 .0 Second subperiod: Total Average 5. 080 36. 33 59.23 95.56 II Entire fore period: Total 52. 563 5.256 18.965 28.648 1.897 2.865 47.613 4.950 „ Average 4. 761 36. 08 54.50 90.58 .0 Preservative i>s 1.628 .50 20.79 59.75 .10 : subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 84.41 Third Bubperiod: 1 1.00 31.40 61.31 92.71 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 4.458 17.082 1.139 4a 353 2.690 3.829 9. 4 12 85.88 .17 - After period. nibperiod: Dotal 4. 419 4.516 1.299 1 . 287 13.330 14.345 20.780 4. L56 1.800 .0 .() Second Bubperiod: I .0 Average .11 Eutiie after period: Total 12.032 4a 607 4.061 .407 .0 Average .0 1420 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Scries IX*— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 12. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-s-l). 6 In urine (3-s-l). 7 In feces and urine (4-*-l). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 21.302 4.260 21. 537 4. 307 Grams: Grams. 6.695 13.846 Grams. 20. 541 4.108 16. 837 3. 367 Per ct. Per ct. Per a. Grams. 0. 761 . 152 1.700 .940 Grains. 0.0 Average 1.339 4.378 .876 2.769 12. 459 2 492 31.43 65.00 96.42 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 20.33 57.85 78.18 .0 Kntire fore period: Total 42.839 4.284 11.073 1.107 26. 305 2.631 3.738 5 461 .0 Average 25.85 61.40 87.25 .0 Preservative period. First sulrperiod: Total 21.621 4. 324 21.243 4.249 21.627 4. 325 6. 166 1. 293 4. 263 .853 5.177 1.035 16. 335 3. 267 15.428 3.086 15.080 3. 016 4.560 19. 691 3.938 20. 257 4. 051 -1. 179 - .236 1.552 .311 1.370 . 274 .50 Average 29.90 75.55 105. 45 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 20.07 92.69 .20 Third Bubperiod: Total 1.00 Average 23 94 69.73 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 64. 491 4.299 15.905 1.060 16.843 3.123 62.748 4.183 1. 743 . 11.- 2. 5n •>4. 66 .17 After period. ubperiod: Total 21.425 l 285 21.862 4. 372 . 946 4. 546 .909 16.326 3. 066 16. 212 _'i 1. 1 158 1.367 . 273 1.104 .220 .0 4.012 20.758 4 152 22. 09 71.53 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 74. It. .0 Entire after period: 'I otal 4. 329 9.278 .928 31.638 3. 154 40.816 •.'.471 . 247 .0 4.082 21.43 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1421 Table IX. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series IX — Continued. SUMMARIES. [Averages are per man per day.] Nos. 1 to 6. Period. In In In fond. feces, urine. Fore period. Grams. First subperiod: Grams. Total 113.211 33.495 Average 3.774 1. 110 Second subperiod : Total 115. 710 37. 308 Average 3.857 1.244 I In fece> r _ flnri . ln Grams. 59. 947 1.998 2.558 Entire fore period: Total 228.921 70.803 Average 3.815 1.180 2.278 <; and " fies urine and ' urine /., y; /o . vT unne (2+3). u - l) - ^- *'■ (4*1). In feces and Balance urine (1—4). Grams. V> r < t. 93. 442 3.115 114. 058 3.802 32. 24 Perct. 82.54 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. 66.33 98.57 Grams. .055 Grams. 0.0 .0 .0 .0 Pn riod. First subperiod : Total 116.018 32.8G1 76.064 108.925 Average 3.867 1.095 2.535 3.631 Second subperiod: Total 114.227 32.019 73. 7:. 1 106.770 Average 3.808 1.067 2 I Third subperiod: Total 115. 320 36. 251 72. B42 109. 093 Average 3.844 1.205 Entire preservative period: Total Average 3.840 Afttr period. First subperiod: Total 114.744 Average 3.825 Second subperiod: Total 117.378 Average 3.913 Entire alter period: Total Average - I 207. 500 30. 93 3.458 59.71 21.421 357 28.32 28.03 31.44 65.56 63.17 94. 00 101.131 2 124 2.474 34. 660 l.i. v, 39.113 1.304 72.060 2. 4 2 178 1 46. 378 2.440 113.441 220.151 31.7s ■ 04. 43 30.21 33.32 93.70 93.00 63. oo 7. a .282 21.777 ,034 . 132 11.971 .200 3.00 .10 - .19 14.70 .16 1422 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table XI. -Phosphoric-acid balances for Scries IX — Continued. SUMMARIES— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] NOS. 7% lO, 11, ami 12. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 6 In In feces urine (2-5-1). (3-5-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-5-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 82. 294 4.115 84 129 4.221 Grams. 27.652 1.383 27.771 1.389 Grams. 49. 353 Grams. 77. 005 Perct. 33.60 Per ct. 59.97 Per ct. 93. 57 Grams. 5.289 .265 5.218 .260 Grams. 0.0 2x468 3.850 51.440 79.211 2. 572 3. 961 .0 Second subperiod: Total 32.89 60.93 .0 Average .0 Entire fore period: Total Average 166. 723 55. 423 4. 168 1.386 100.793 156.216 2. 520 3. 905 33.24 60.46 93.70 10.507 . 263 .0 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 85.044 24.871 l 252 1.244 83. 438 22. 510 4. 172 1. 120 56.158 2. MIS 54.116 2.706 81.029 4.051 76. 626 3.831 29.24 66.03 95.28 4.015 .201 6.812 .341 4.151 .208 2.00 Average .10 Second subperiod: Total 26.98 64.86 91.84 4.00 .20 Third subperiod: Total 81.196 4.000 25.336 1.267 51.709 77.045 2. 585 3. 852 31.20 63.68 94.89 3.70 Average .19 Entire preservative period: Total 249. 678 4.161 72. 717 1.212 161.983 234.700 29.12 64.88 94.00 14.978 .249 9.70 2. 700 3. 912 . 16 After period. First subperiod: Total 84.033 21.996 1. 100 53. 313 75. 309 2. 666 3. 765 26.18 63.44 89.62 v 724 . 437 - . 112 - .006 .0 1. 2) 12 .0 Second subperiod: i otal 86.673 29.460 L284 I 473 56. 325 85. 785 2.816 1289 34.39 65.74 100.13 .0 .0 Entire ;ifter period: Total Average 51.456 4. L'43 1. 286 161.094 2.741 30.32 64.60 94.93 B.612 .216 .0 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. Table XI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series IX — Continued. B i II If A K I E 8— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] Now. 1 to 1^ (omitting No:-. - and 9). 1423 Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 1 In feces and urine (2+3). In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 195. 505 3.910 200. 139 4.003 Grams. 61.147 1.223 65. 079 L.302 Grams. 109. 300 2. 186 128.190 2.564 Grams. 170.447 3.409 193. 269 /■■ r ■ ■ 31.28 Per ct. 55.91 87.18 .501 .138 0.0 .ii Second subperiod: Total 96.57 .0 .0 Entire fore period: Total 305 644 126.226 237. 490 363. 716 31.90 60.03 91.93 31.928 .319 .0 3. 966 L.262 2. 375 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average 301.062 4. Q21 3. 953 196. 516 3. 930 1. L55 54.529 1.091 132. 222 2. 644 _'. 557 180.054 3.799 3.648 28.71 94 48 11.108 15.269 10.378 .2ii7 5.00 .10 27.59 10.00 .20 Third subperiod: Total Average 61.587 124.551 186.138 1.232 2.401 3.723 31.34 63.38 9.40 .19 Entire preservative period: Total Average 505. 243 173.848 381640 558.488 1. 159 2. 564 3. 723 29.21 93.83 . 245 It. After period. First subperiod: Total Average 1 -v ::: 3. 976 1061 1.133 1.371 182.019 28.50 01.57 16.768 .078 .0 .0 : subperiod: Total Average 98.12 .0 .0 iter period: Potal Average Mi 828 1018 256.016 3L 1" B3.71 9188 .0 .11 SULPHUR BALANCE. I\1U\ IDl Al. DATA. The quantity of sulphur administered in the food of No. l varies but slightly during the three periods, being a Little larger in the pre- servative period 0.047 gram . and a little smaller in the after period than in the fore period. The quantit) of sulphur excreted in the feces is decreased in the preservative period l»\ 0.010 gram daily and is increased in the after period by 0.027 gram. The quantity of sulphur excreted in t he i lri ne is 0.047 gram greater in the preservative period and very slightly Less in t he after period than in the fore period. The total quantity of sulphur excreted in the feces and urine i- increased 0.035 gram during the preservative period, and in the after period the daily average is almost the same as in the fore period. Expressed in 1424 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. terms of sulphur ingested the largest percentage of sulphur excreted in the feces is in the after period (12. S4 percent) and the smallest in the preservative period (9.20 per cent), representing a decrease of 1.43 per cent. In the case of the urine the largest percentage is excreted in the after period and the smallest in the fore period, but the varia- tions are very slight, the increase in the preservative period amount- ing to less than 1 per cent. There is practically no difference between the fore and preservative periods as to the per cent of total excretion, while in the after period an increase of 4.33 per cent is shown. The balance is positive in all cases and is largest in the preservative period, but tins increase is not so great as the increase in the quantity ingested, as is shown by the percentage decrease in total excretion. The general tendency in this case appears to be to diminish the quantity of sulphur excreted in the feces and to increase the quantity excreted in the urine, but the variations are very slight. The sulphur in the food of No. 2 is 0.073 gram greater daily in the preservative period and 0.027 gram less in the after period than in the fore period. The quantity excreted in the feces, however, is 0.004 gram less in the preservative period than in the fore period and this amount is again diminished 0.016 gram in the after period. The excretion of sulphur in the urine is very slightly less in the pre- servative period than in the fore period, and slightly greater in the after period than in the fore period. The total effect on the excrel ion of sulphur in the feces and urine shows a diminution of 0.014 gram daily during the preservative period, although the amount of sulphur ingested is greater, while the amount in the after period is almost the same as in the fore period. Expressed in terms of sulphur ingested the largest percentage excreted in the feces is found in the fore period and the smallest in the after period, the difference between the two being 1.43 per cent. In respect of the urine, the largest percentage is found in the after period and the smallest in the preservative period, in which the decrease amounts to 5.40 per cent. The decrease in total excretion in the preservative period amounts to 6.44, with an increase of 9.04 per cent in the after period. The balance is positive in all cases and reaches it> greatest magnitude in the preservative period. In this case the administration of the formaldehyde appears to have diminished the excretion of sulphur both in the (wvs and in the urine. In the food of No. •'* there is 0.060 grain more sulphur found in the preservative period daily and 0.043 gram less in the after period than in the fore period. The quantity of sulphur excreted in the feces in the fore and preservative periods is almosl the same, while in the after period it i- increased 0.026 gram. The quantity of sulphur excreted in the urine is diminished 0.035 gram in the preservative period and increases again in the after period, hut not to the magni- tude of the fore period. The effect on the total excretion of sulphur FORMALDEHYDE. 1425 in the feces and urine is to diminish slightly the amount excreted in the preservative period and to increase very slightly the amount excreted in the after period over that of the fore period. In terms of sulphur ingested, the largest percentage excreted in the feces is in the after period (13.94 percent) and the smallest in the preservative period, where a decrease of less than 1 per cent is recorded. In the case of the urine the same relative changes are shown, the decrease in the preservative period amounting to 6.20 per cent and the increaj the after period to 1.70 per cent, as compared with the fore period. The loss in total excretion amounts to almost 7 per cent in the pre- servative period, followed by an increase of 11.20 per cent in the after period. The balance is positive in all cases and its greatest magnitude is reached in the preservative period (0.233 gram), decreas- ing to 0.078 gram in the after period. These data also show a tend- ency on the part of formaldehyde to diminish the excretion of sulphur in both forms. In the case of No. 4 there is a slightly larger quantity of sulphur in the food during the preservative period, exceeding the amount in the fore period by 0.077 gram daily. The quantity of sulphur excreted in the feces is only 0.027 gram greater in the preservative period, and further increases by 0.016 gram in the alter period. The quantity excreted in the urine is increased 0.063 gram in the preservative period, but is slightly Less in the after period than in the fore period. The total effect upon the quantity of sulphur excreted in the feces and urine is to increase it 0.090 gram daily in the pre- servative period, while in the after period the figure is 0.027 gram greater than in the fore period. These increases in the preservative period arc very small, especially when the increase in the sulphur ingested is considered. The percentage data sho^ an increase of 1.46 per cent excreted in the feces in the presen ative period, and only 0.36 per cent increase in the urine, resulting in an increase of 1.82 per cent in total excretion, in the after period there Is a further in- crease in the non metabolized sulphur excreted of 2.28 per cent , while the figure for metabolized sulphur is decreased 0. i<> per cent, giving an increase in total excretion of L.82. It will he noted thai the percent- age excretion of metabolized sulphur is practical!} constant. The balance is positive in all cases and decreases slightrj throughout, varying from 0.178 in the fore period t" 0.131 in the after period. These data are not in harmony with those of the preceding members of the class, but -dmw on the contrary ;i verj Blight tendency on the part of t he preservat ive t<> increase the excretion of sulphur, especially in Qonmetabolized form. The quantity of sulphur in the h»od in the case of] is 0.049 gram greater in the preservative period mid 0.045 gram less in the after period than in the fore period. The quantity of Bulphur 1426 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. excreted in the feces is decreased 0.022 gram daily in the preserva- tive period and is still further decreased by 0.007 gram in the after period. The quantity excreted in the urine is also decreased in the preservative period by 0.072 gram and is very slightly increased in the after period. The total effect, therefore, on the excretion of sul- phur in both the feces and urine is to diminish the amount in the preservative period, while a slight tendency is shown to return to the figure of the fore period in the after period. In terms of the quantity of sulphur ingested, there is a decrease of 2.60 per cent in the nonmetabolized sulphur excreted in the preservative period and q decrease of 10.06 per cent in the metabolized sulphur, making a decrease in total excretion of 12.66 per cent. A tendency to return to the conditions of the fore period is shown throughout the after period. The balance is positive in all cases and greatly increased in the preservative period, while in the after period there is a decrease of 0.102 gram, as compared with the increase of 0.143 gram in the preservative period. These data show the same tendency as those for Xos. 2 and 3, namely, a decrease in the sulphur excreted both in the feces and urine under the influence of the formaldehyde and a partial return to normal conditions in the after period. The sulphur ingested in the case of No 6 increases only slightly, 0.063 in the preservative period, with a decrease of 0.040 gram in the after period as compared with the fore period. The decrease in nonmetabolized sulphur excreted amounts to 0.029 gram in the pre- servative period and the decrease in metabolized sulphur to 0.035 gram, a loss in total excretion of 0.064 gram, while the amount ingested increased an equal amount. The percentage data show a decrease of 3.50 per cent in the sulphur in the feces and of 7.49 per cent in the urine, making a total decrease in sulphur excretion of L0.98 per cent. In the after period the tendency to decrease the excretion of sulphur is carried still further, as shown by the actual amounts, but t he decrease in 1 he (plant ity ingested results in a relat ive increase in the after period. The balance increase's 0.127 gram daily in the preservative period, with a decrease of 0.040 gram in the after period. These data show the same tendency as in the majority of the preceding cases, namely, n decrease in both metabolized and nonmetabolized sulphur excreted, and an increase in the balance. In the case of No. 7 again the quantity of sulphur in the food is slightK greater during the preservative period than in the fore period, the increase amounting to 0.072 gram daily, while in the after period the decrease amounts to 0.031 gram as compared with the fore period. The amount excreted in the feces decreases 0.050 gram daily in the preservative period and is still further decreased by 0.018 gram in the niter period. A slight continuous decrease occurs in the quantity of sulphur excreted in the urine, the difference between FORMALDEHYDE. 1427 the average for the fore and after periods being 0.038 gram. The effect, therefore, upon the excretion of sulphur in the feces and urine is to diminish it very slightly, both in the preservative and after periods. In terms of sulphur ingested, the Largest percentage ex- creted in the feces is in the fore period (15.20 per cent! and the smallest in the after period (9.66 per cent), a decrease of about 5 per cent occurring in the preservative period. In the case of the metabolized sulphur the largest percentage excreted is again found in the fore period and the smallest in the preservative period, a decrease of almost 6 per cent, followed by an increase of 4.83 per cent in the after period. The total excretion decreases 10.88 per cent in the preservative period and increases 4.19 per cent in the after period. The balance is positive in all cases, and very strongly so in the preservative period, when it increases 0.140 grain daily, the balance for the after period decreasing, hut not to the figure for the fore period. In this a- in all hut two of the preceding cases, there is a tendency on the part of the formaldehyde to dimin- ish the excretion of sulphur, both in the feces and in the urine. In the after period a partial return to the conditions of the fore period i- shown. The data for Nos. 8 and 9 are incomplete and are therefore of no practical value for purposes of comparison. The quantity of sulphur in the food of No. 10 i> practically the same during the three periods of the observation, decreasing 0.016 gram in the preservative period and increasing 0.008 in the after period. The quantity excreted in the Uh-v> i- diminished 0.010 gram in the preservative period and increased 0.020 gram in the after period. There i- also slightly Less sulphur in the urine in the preserv- ative and after periods than in the fore period. 'Hie total effect upon the sulphur excreted in the fece^ and urine is to diminish the amount very slightly in the preservative period, and this Loss is par- tially recovered in the after period. The percentage data -how a decrease of Less than 1 per cent in the nonmetabolized sulphur excreted in the preservative period, a -decrease of 2.19 per cent in metabolized sulphur, and a total decrease of 2.86 per cent. In the after period the exeretion data a re increased throughout. The l>al- ances in this case are abnormal, being all aegative. The lai balance, however, occurs in the preservative period, and the same tendency to decrease the excretion of sulphur in the preservative period and return to the condition"- of the fore period in the after period is shown, even under tin' abnormal condition- existing. The quantity of sulphur in the food of No. ii is increased in the preservative period l»\ 0.076 gram and decreased in the after pi l>\ 0.031 gram, a- compared with the fore period. There is a decrease in the quantity of sulphur excreted in the feces in the preservative 1428 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES uX HEALTH. period of 0.017 gram and an increase of 0.021 gram in the after period. The quantity of sulphur excreted in the urine is very slightly increased in the preservative period and an additional increase takes place in the after period. The total effect, therefore, upon the excre- tion of sulphur in the feces and urine is to increase the quantity in the preservative period 0.020 gram and an additional 0.042 gram in the after period. In terms of the sulphur ingested the percentage decrease in nonmetabolized sulphur excreted in the preservative period is 1.87 per cent. In the urine the decrease in the preservative period amounts to 1.18 per cent, giving a total decreased excretion of 3.0.") per cent. In the after period there is a strong tendency to increase the excretion in both forms, resulting in a total increase of 7.11 per cent as compared with the fore period. The 4 balances are Large and positive, the one of the greatest magnitude occurring in the preservative period. These data are not very marked, for while the percentage data and balance indicate, as previously, a decreased excretion of sulphur, there is a very slight increase in the absolute quantity of sulphur excreted. In the case of No. 12, there is also a larger quantity of sulphur in the food during the preservative period (0.030 gram), and a smaller quantity in the after period (0.044 gram), than in the fore period. The quantity excreted in the feces is also greater in the preservative period by 0.01S gram, while there is a decrease of 0.053 gram in the after period. In the urine there is a very slight increase in the quantity of sulphur excreted in the preservative period, amounting to 0.010 gram, and a still greater increase in the after period. The effect in this case is to increase the total quantity of sulphur in the feces and urine in the preservative period by 0.037 gram daily, while in the after period this quantity is almost exactb the same as in the fore period. In terms of sulphur ingested, the largest percentage excreted in the feces is in the preservative period (1 t.88 per cent', the increase amounting to only about 1 per cent, and the smallest in the after period. In respect of the mine, the largest percentage excreted is in the after period (82.7] per cent), and the smallest in the preservative period, the decrease as compared with the fore period being less than I pel' cent. The total excretion, expressed in percentage, is practically unchanged in the preservative period and increases about 1 percent in the after period, as compared with the lure period. The balances are all positive and those of the lore and preserval ive periods are almost the same, while thai of t he after period is notably diminished. The general effect here is to increase ver\ slightly the quantity of sulphur excreted in the feces and mine together, and this increase is almost the same as the increase in the amount of sulphur in the food. As in the case of No. 1 1, the varia- tions are too slight to warrant any definite conclusions being drawn from t hem. FORMALDEHYDE. 1429 SUMMARIES. The summary for Xos. 1 to 6, inclusive, for the subjects who received formaldehyde in the freshly prepared state, shows that the quantity of sulphur administered in the food in the preservative period is 0.061 gram greater daily than in the fore period, while in the after period there is 0.037 gram less sulphur in the food, as compared with the fore period. The amount of sulphur excreted iu the feces is diminished very slightly (6.007 gram) in the preserva- tive period, although the amount ingested in the food is increased, and the figure for the after period is exactly that of the fore period. In the urine there is also a very slight diminution in the quantity of sulphur excreted in the preservative period, and a still further decrease in the after period. The total sulphur excreted in the U^-vs and urine is diminished in the preservative period by 0.014 gram daily, and is still further diminished in the after period. In terms of sulphur content of the food, the Largest percentage excreted in the feces is in the after period (12.70 per cent), and the smallest in the preservative period, where a loss of 1.20 per cent is shown. The Largest percentage excreted in the urine i> also found in the after period and the smallest in the preservative period, giving a decrease of 4.o7 per cent. The percentages of total excretion show the same changes, the total loss in the preservative period amounting to .">.77 per cent. 'Fhe balance is positive and increases 0.075 gram daily in the preservative period, decreasing in the after period to a slightly smaller figure than in the fore period. These data -how that the general tendency of the formaldehyde i^ to diminish the quantity of sulphur excreted in the feces and also in the urine, and thus to increase the magnitude of the balance in the preservative period. While the variations are very slight, they are remarkably uniform, there being only one case, No. 1. which shows any marked variation from the general tendency. In only one other instance is there an increase in excretion (namely, metabolized sulphur in the case of No. i . and the data obtained in the special studies OB the urine bear out this point. There i- also a uniform tendency (excepting No. 1 , to ret urn to the conditions of the fore period in i he after period. The summary for Nbs. 7. m. LI, and l_' shows the effect of for- maldehyde which ha-- stood in contact with milk for forty-eight hour-. The quantity of sulphur in the food in tin- case is again slightly greater in t he preservative period (an increase of 0.042 gram), and less in the alter period than in the fore period b\ 0.029 gram daily. During the preservative period there appeal- in the ' o.oii gram less sulphur daily, and this quantity i-- -till further diminished in the after period. In the urine the quantity of sulphur excreted in the preservative period i- almost exactly that i^\' the fore period, while in the after period it i- slightly greater The l^tal 1-430 INFLUENCE OF FOOD FRESEBVATTVES ON HEALTH. effect upon the excretion of sulphur in both the feces and urine appears to be to decrease it very slightly in the preservative period (0.015 gram daily), and this loss is only partially regained in the after period. Expressed in terms of the amount of sulphur ingested, the largest percentage excreted in the feces is found in the fore period and the smallest in the preservative period, a decrease of L.58, and this loss is maintained in the after period. In regard to the urine, the Largest percentage of sulphur excreted occurs in the after period, and the smallest in the preservative period, a decrease of 2.73 per cent being shown. The data for total excretion show a decrease of 4.30 per cent in the preservative period, while in the alter period the figure for the fore period is exceeded. The balance i> positive in all cases and the figure for the preservative period is increased by 0.057 gram daily. While these data are not quite so decisive and uniform as those for Xos. 1 to 6, still the same general tendency is shown. The balance is uniformly increased; there is an increase in uonmetabolized sulphur excreted in only one case, and while the metabolized sulphur excreted shows very slight variation it is decreased (considering percentage data only) in all hut one case. A tendency to reestablish in the after period the conditions of the tore period is again shown. In the general summary for Xos. 1 to 12 (excluding Nos, 8 and 9 on account of incomplete data), the quantity of sulphur in the food i- Been to he somewhat greater in the preservative period (0.054 gram daily) and slightly less in the after period (0.034 gram) than in the fore period. The quantity of sulphur excreted in the l'eco is less in the preservative period than in the fore period by 0.010 grain, and there is practically no further change in the after period. The quantity excreted in the urine is also very slightly decreased in the preservative period (0.005 gram daily, and there Is Mill another slight decrease in the alter period, amounting to 0.009 gram daily. The figures for total excretioE show a decrease of 0.014 grain daily in the preservative period and a further decrease of 0.008 gram in the after period. In considering these figures it must he reineiu- bered that the sulphur ingested increased in the preservative period. In terms of the sulphur ingested the loss in noiimet aholi/ed sul- phur excreted in the preservative period i> 1.36 percent, and in the of metabolized sulphur the decrease amounts to 3.81 per cent, giving a total decrease in excretion of ">.I7 per cent. In the after period the total increase amounts to 5.91 per cent, more than rees- tablishing the conditions of the fore period. The balance is positive in nil cases and is increased in the preservative period by 0.068 gram daily. These data shorn thai the general effect of the formal- dehyde is to diminish the excretion of sulphur both in the ICrc^ and in the urine, and though the actual quant ities by which the decreases FORMALDEHYDE. 1431 are measured are very small, the uniformity of the data, the confir- mation of the tendency shown by the more detailed urine studies, and the accompanying increase in the sulphur ingested leave no doubt as to the fact that the preservative interferes decidedly with sulphur metabolism and tends to retain in the system quantities of sulphur which normallv would be excreted. Table XII. — Sulphur bakma I es IX [Averages arc per day.] :ny>. 1. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. ■i I" urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). In feces (2-1). /•< ret 6 In urine (3-3-1). 7 In feces and urine 8 Balance 9 For- malde- hyde admin- i'(,r> period. First subperiod: Total Grams. o. 134 1.H27 5. 234 1.U17 Grams. n. 447 .655 .131 Grams. 4. 114 4.090 .818 Grams. 1561 .912 t. 745 .949 Grams. . 117. .489 Grams. I) Average Second subperiod: rota] \71 80.13 .0 o Average 12.7)1 .0 Entire fore period: Tola! 1.037 1.102 . 110 .820 .931 L062 . 106 .0 Average 10.63 79.13 .0 i>r> si rvativt period. First subperiod: Total .-». 643 1.109 :.. 004 1.INI1 l. ill . LOG . 184 .'-7 . 484 4. 322 .864 4. 423 .885 .981 4. 737 . 139 . 097 .020 . 194 7.0 9.51 10 Second Bubperiod: Total ] III Average 20 Third subperiod: Potal 1 1 o Entire presen ath e period: If.. 253 L064 1. 105 . lint .867 .900 L.760 . lis Average v. 17 17 .1 iii r pt Hod. Firal Bubperiod: Total .619 . 124 . 130 .817 .941 .047 Average : subperiod: .0 . Average ia us .0 Entire after period: rotal . 127 BL018 .soj ii Average 1432 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PBESEEYATIVES OX HEALTH. Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Scries IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] :n"o. 2. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 in feces and urine (2+3). 5 feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fort period. First Bubpexiod: Total Grams. (i. 021 1.204 ti. 12.") 1. 22.". Grams. 0. 812 . L62 . 761 . 152 drains. .'.. 095 1.019 4.908 .982 Grams. 5.907 1.181 5. 669 1.134 Pent. Per ct. Per d. Oram*. 0.114 .023 .456 .091 Crams. 13.49 84.62 98. ii .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 12.42 80.13 .0 Entire fort- period: Total 12. 146 1.215 6.589 1.318 .-,.'.20 1.184 6.806 1.3(.l 1. 573 . 157 .794 .159 .611 .122 .896 .179 10.003 1.000 11.576 1.158 .570 .057 .0 12.95 82.36 95.31 .0 Preservatii < p3 1.031 5.850 1.170 .".. 778 1.156 .078 .OH. . 170 .034 .0 Average 12.53 96. 15 98.68 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 10.51 97.14 .0 Entire after period: I otal LL876 1. iss . 137 10.260 1.02t. LI. 628 1. 163 .248 .025 .0 Avera^P 11.. "i2 97.91 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1433 Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces 02+1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First superiod: Total Grams. 6.292 1.258 6.256 1. 251 Grams. a 785 .157 .643 .129 Grams. 4.807 .961 4.964 .993 Grams. 5.592 1.118 5.607 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. G nuns. 0.700 .140 .649 .130 Oram*. 12.48 76.40 88.87 .0 Second subperiod: Total o Average 1.121 10. ">8 79.35 89.63 .0 Entire fore period: Total 12.548 1.255 1.428 .143 9. 771 .977 11.199 1.120 1.349 . 135 .0 Average IL38 77.87 89.25 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total ■ i. 006 1.339 6.021 1.204 7.008 1.401 .746 .149 .514 .103 .837 . 167 4.777 .955 4.844 .969 4.513 .903 5.523 1. 105 5.358 1.072 5.350 1.070 1. 173 . 234 .663 .132 1.653 . 331 .50 11.14 71.34 82.48 10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 8.54 80.45 VS. MM .20 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 11.95 (i4. 44 76.40 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 19. 720 1.315 2.097 . IK. 14. 134 .942 16.231 1.082 11) R3 82.31 . 17 After period. Y ir-t subperiod: Total 6.035 1.207 6 Qg7 1.217 .669 .134 L021 .204 4.933 .987 4.712 .942 5.602 1. 120 .") 733 . 433 .ns7 ..i7(i .0 11.09 81.74 77 11 94 M Second subperiod: Total Average \ 1. H7 L6.-77 .(I Entire after i>eriod: Total 12. 122 1 212 1.000 . L60 1. 134 .787 .078 .0 AveraL'e 93.51 45429 Bull 84, pi v— Os- lo 1434 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First Bubperiod: Total Grams. 6.081 1.210 6.269 1.254 Grams. i). 496 . 99 .773 .155 Grams. 4. 367 .873 4.933 . 987 Grams. 4.863 . 973 5. 706 1.141 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 1.218 . 243 .563 . 113 Grams. 0.0 Average Second Bubperiod: Total 8.16 71.81 79.97 .0 .0 12. 33 91.02 .0 Entire fore period: Total 12.350 1.235 L.269 . 127 9.300 .930 10.569 1.057 1.781 . L78 .0 10.28 75.30 85.58 .0 Prett native period. First Bubperiod: Total 6.657 L.331 ('.. 021 L.204 7.005 1.401 . 764 . 153 . 668 . i.;t .878 .170 5. 097 5. 801 . 796 .159 .501 .100 1.183 . 237 .50 rage Second Bubperiod: Total 1.019 4.852 .970 4.944 .989 1. 172 5.520 1.104 5.822 1. K,l 11.48 76. 57 88.04 .10 1.00 11.110 80.58 91.68 . 20 Third Bubperiod: Total 1.00 Average 12.53 70.58 83 1 1 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 1.312 2.310 .154 14. 893 . 903 17.203 1.147 2. 480 . It',:. 2. 50 Average 11.74 75. 66 87.40 . 17 .1 fit r /it t a »l. Firsi Bubperiod: Total 6.084 L.217 6.068 1.214 .783 . L57 .921 . L84 I 680 . 030 i 158 .892 1.003 5. 370 1.076 .621 . 124 . 138 .0 Average 12.87 89.79 .0 Second Bubperiod: Total .0 L5. is 73. 47 .0 fter period: Total 12. 152 1.215 1. 704 . 170 9. 138 .914 hi 842 1.084 1.310 . 131 .0 Average II. 02 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1435 Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Series IX Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 5. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. :$ In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance d-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 5.217 1.043 5. 245 1.049 Grams. a 767 .153 . 554 .ill Grams. 3. 863 4. 308 .861 Grams. 4.630 . 926 . 972 Pcrct. Per ct. Perct. Gram*. a 587 117 . 385 .(177 Grams. 0.0 Average Second subperiod: Total 14.70 74. 05 .0 .0 10.56 .0 Entire fore period: Total 10. 468 1.046 1.321 . 132 .817 9. 490 . 949 .972 .097 .0 12 63 78.08 90.71 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 1.110* 5.008 1.002 5.863 1. L73 .111 . 105 .567 .113 3. 781 . 756 3.704 .741 4.241 4. 306 .861 4.271 . 854 1.311 . 262 702 . 141 1.592 .319 .50 Average Second subperiod: Total 10.00 76. 39 .10 1.00 10.48 75.50 "II Third subperiod: Total.. 1.00 \\ erage 9. 67 63.18 20 Entire preservative period: Total 1.095 1.647 .110 11.171 . 74.'. 12.818 .855 3.605 2 II 1 10.03 68.02 17 After period. E irsl Bubperiod: Total 1.007 .508 . 102 52 1 . 105 3. 464 . 693 4. 131 3. 972 % .794 L655 .931 1 007 .202 076 Average 1 mbperiod: Total •. 10. 20 79. 78 .0 .0 Average in 11 o Entire alter period: Total in oil 1.001 L032 . 103 . 760 8.627 in .11 1.387 o Average 1) 1436 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Scries IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. <>. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In .eces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. Eirst subperiod: Total Grams. 5.291 1.058 5.297 1 . 059 Grams. 0.806 .161 .894 .179 Grams. 3.810 .762 4.383 .877 Grams. 4. 616 . 923 5.277 1.055 Perct. Per ct. PercL Gram*. Grams. a 675 0.0 Average 15.23 72.01 87. 24 .135 .0 Second subperiod: Total .020 .0 Average 16.88 82.74 99.62 .004 .0 Entire fore period: Total 10.588 1. 059 1.700 .170 8.193 .819 9.893 .989 .695 .0 Average 16. 06 77.38 93.44 .070 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 5.707 1.141 5.134 1.027 5.985 1. 197 .624 .125 .729 .146 .761 .152 4.041 .808 3.834 .767 3.885 .777 4.665 .933 4.563 .913 4. 646 .929 1.042 .208 .571 .114 1.339 .268 .50 10.93 70.81 81.74 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 14.20 74 68 88.88 .20 Third subperiod: Total . 70 Average 12. 72 64.91 77. 63 . 14 Entire preservative period: Total 16. 826 1.122 2.114 .141 11.760 .784 13.874 .925 2.952 . 197 2. 20 Average L2.56 69.89 82.46 . 15 After period. First subperiod: Total 5.078 1.016 5.114 .641 .128 .706 .141 3.546 .709 :;. 726 . 745 4.187 .837 4.432 .891 .179 .682 . 137 .0 12.62 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 13.81 .0 Entire after period: Total lo. 192 1.019 1.347 . 135 7.272 .727 8.619 . 862 1.573 . 157 .0 Average 13. 22 71.35 84 57 .11 FORMALDEHYDE. 1437 Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] :n"o. 7. Period. 1 In food. 1 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1;. 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. a 5. 804 L161 5.935 1.187 Grams. 0.892 .178 .892 .178 Grams. .922 4.608 . 922 Grams. 5.500 1.100 5.500 1.100 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 0.304 .061 .435 .087 Grams. 0.0 15.37 79. 39 94. 76 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 15. 03 77. 64 .0 Entire fore period: Total 11.739 1.174 1.784 .178 9.216 . 922 11.000 1.100 .739 .074 .0 Average 15. -JO 78.51 93.70 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 6.362 1.272 5.721 1.144 6.609 1.322 .656 .131 .609 .122 .661 .132 4. 621 .924 4.560 .912 1374 :.. 277 1.055 5.169 1.034 5.035 1.007 1.085 .217 .110 I; 574 .31.". .50 age Second subperiod: Total 10.31 72. 63 .10 1.00 Average Third Bubperiod: Total 10.64 7^.71 90. 35 1.00 Avenge 10.00 Entire preservative period: Total 18.692 1. 2-16 .128 13. 5.to .904 15. 481 1.032 3.211 .214 S " Average 10.30 7.'. 52 .17 Ajtcr period. First subperiod: Total 5.721 1.144 6.711 L142 .242 .048 . 172 4. 244 .849 4.599 .920 4.486 .897 :.. 461 L.002 L235 .250 .050 .0 Ami age Becond Bubperiod: Total 4.23 74. 18 7*. 11 .0 .0 Average L5.08 80.53 .0 Entire after period: Total 11.432 1. 143 1.104 .110 .884 9.947 L485 .148 .0 •" ige added t<> complete • 1438 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Scries IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] N . .. 8. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 5 In feces In and feces urine (2-t-l). (24-3). 6 In urine (3+1): 7 In feces and urine 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total. Grains. 7.098 1.420 7. 184 1. 437 Grams. .156 .758 . 152 Grams. 1.112 5. 526 1.105 Grams. 6.284 1.257 Per ct. Peret. Ptr ct. Grams. 0. 7(»0 . 152 .900 . L80 Grams. 0.0 Average 10.96 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 10.55 7t». 92 87.47 .0 Entire fore period: Total 14.282 1.428 1.536 .154 11.086 1.109 12. 622 1. 262 1.660 .0 Average 10.75 77. 62 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 7. 629 1.S26 6.916 .769 .154 .731 . L46 5.481 1.096 5. 641 1. 128 6.250 1.250 6. 372 1.274 1.379 .50 10.08 71.84 81.92 . 276 . 10 Second subperiod: Total ..".41 1.00 L0.57 92. 13 .109 .20 First and second subperi- ods: Total 14.545 1.455 1.500 .150 11.122 1.112 12.622 1.262 L.923 1.50 Average 10.31 . 193 . 15 FORMALDEHYDE. 1439 Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] Xo. lO. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 8 In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1;. 7 In feces and urine (4-s-l). 8 Balance 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 5.995 1.199 6.141 1.228 Grams. 0.533 .107 .813 .163 Gram*. 1.134 5.507 1. 101 Grams. 6.201 1.240 ti. 320 L264 Perct. Per ct. Pt ret. Grams. - .041 - .179 - .036 Grams. 0.0 Average Second subperiod: Total. 94.55 103. 44 .0 .0 Average 13.24 102.91 .0 Kntire fore period: Total 12. 136 1.214 1.346 .135 11.175 1.118 12.521 1.252 .0 Average 11.09 103. 17 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 6.627 1.325 5. 935 L187 5.409 L.082 .812 . 162 .536 .107 . 524 . 105 1.117 1.099 5.076 1.015 1 1.279 6.029 1.206 5.600 1.120 . 230 .046 .094 .019 . 191 . .",1 1 12.25 96.53 _ - .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 Average Third subperiod: Total 9. 03 92. 55 11)1. 5s .20 .70 Average .14 Entire preservative period: Total 17.971 1. 198 1.872 .125 16.154 1.077 1.202 A verage 10.42 UK). 31 .15 A/tcr period. t Irsl subperiod: Total 6.036 1._'07 .690 .138 . 152 5.496 1.099 1.079 6.186 1.237 1.231 .150 .030 .133 .0 11.43 91.05 102.4'.) .0 Second subperiod: Total „ .0 Average 12.60 89. 61 102.21 .0 fter period: i 12.069 1.206 1.449 .145 S 1.089 12.342 1.234 .ii Average 12.02 .0 1440 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH: Table XII.— Sulphur balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per daj*.] No. 11. Period. 1 In food. 2, In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 6.210 1.242 6.388 1. 278 Grams. 0.647 .129 .634 .127 Grams. i. 328 .866 4.586 Grams. 4.975 .995 5. 220 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 1. 235 .247 1.168 . 234 Grams. 0.0 Average Second subperiod: Total 10.42 69.69 80.11 .0 .0 Average .917 1.044 9.92 71.79 81.72 .0 Entire fore period: Total 12.598 1.260 1.281 .128 8.914 .891 10. 195 1.020 2.403 .240 .0 10. 17 70.76 80.93 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 6.809 1.362 6.149 1.230 7.076 1.415 .533 .107 .494 .99 .636 .127 4.508 .902 4.834 .967 4.598 .920 5.041 . 1.008 5.328 1.066 5.234 1.047 1.768 .354 .821 .164 1.842 .368 .50 7.83 66.21 74.03 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 8.03 78.61 86.65 .20 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 8.99 64.98 73.97 .20 Entire preservative period: Total . 20.034 1.336 1. 663 .111 13. 940 .929 15. 603 1.040 4.431 .296 2.60 8.30 69.58 77.88 .17 Ajter period. First subperiod: Total 6.117 1.223 6.170 1.234 .645 .129 .677 .135 4.839 .968 4.657 .931 5.484 1.097 5. 334 1.067 .633 .126 .836 .167 .0 Average 10.54 79.11 89.65 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 10.97 75.48 86.45 .0 Entire after period: Total. . . L2.287 L229 1.322 .132 9.496 .950 10.818 1.082 1.469 .147 .0 Average 10,78 77.28 88.04 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1441 Table XII. — Sulphur balance* for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 12. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1;. 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fore period. First subperiod: Total. .. Grams. 6.243 1.249 6 224 1.245 Grams. 0. 893 .179 .835 .167 Grams. 5.083 1.017 4.439 .888 Grams. 5. 976 1.195 5.274 1.055 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 0.267 054 .950 .190 0.0 14.30 81. 42 95.72 .0 Second subperiod: Total .[) Average 13.42 71.32 Si 71 .ii Entire fore period: Total.. 12.467 1.247 1.728 .173 9.522 .952 1L250 1.125 1 217 . 122 .ii Average 13.86 oa 24 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total... 6.560 1.312 5.937 1.187 6.791 1.358 1.254 .251 .837 167 .779 .156 4.881 ,976 4.606 .921 5.077 1.015 6.135 1.227 5.443 L.089 5.850 1. 171 . 425 .085 . 187 .50 Average 19. 12 74.41 93. 52 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 14.10 77. 58 .20 Third subperiod: Total LOO Average 11.47 74. 76 . 20 Entire preservative period: Total 19.288 1.286 2.870 .191 14.564 .971 17.434 . 124 Average 1. L62 14.88 75.51 90.39 . 17 After period. First subperiod: Total 5.999 1.200 6 032 1.206 .724 .145 .652 .130 4.995 .999 4.956 .991 5.719 1.144 5.008 1 122 . 124 084 704 .070 .0 Average 12.07 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 1< M '.'.'. 97 .0 Bntive Miter period: Total 12 031 1.203 1.376 . 138 .995 11 327 1.133 .11 Average 1111 91 15 .11 L442 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XII. — Sulphur balances for Scries IX — Continued. SUMMARIES. [Averages are per man per day.] N"os. l to 6. Period. 1 In food. In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In frees and urine (4-1). 8 Balance d-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fort period. First suhperiod: Total (iroms. 34.030 1.135 34. 420 1.148 Grams. 4.113 .137 4.280 .143 Grams. 26.066 .809 27.584 .919 Grams. 30. 109 1.000 31.804 1.002 1 tr . 81. is PCT 't. 93.40 Grams. 1.600 .081 2. ATA . lis 0.0 li 19. 140 .957 22.314 1.116 12.86 77.53 .0 o Entire fore period: Total Ayerage 1 . 224 6. 139 .153 . 971 44.966 1. 124 12.54 91.88 .100 .0 .0 Presi rvativi period. First subperiod: Total Average 26. 358 L318 i. 1^7 1.204 2. 476 .124 . 130 19. 595 .980 22.850 1.143 12.35 74.:<4 .17:, 1.773 4. 160 _ 3 2.00 . 10 subperiod: Total 19.493 21.969 10.43 B2. 10 Average . 975 19. 125 . 956 21.72.-. L.086 20 Third sul>]>eriod: Total 10.04 83.93 3 70 Average . 19 Entire preservative period: Total 1.266 58.213 10.96 76.61 87.58 9.441 .157 Average 970 1.109 16 After period. Firal subperiod: Total 1. I'M 1. 197 2.301 . 115 .lis 19.574 21.875 .979 109- 91.63 . 1(H) 1.377 .0 Average. . . . ." n Becond Bubperiod: Total 1. 128 12.32 B1.92 it Average .0 Entire after period: Total 1. 195 5.251 . 131 39. 1 83 it i ; i ta 98 .n A \ prage .n • 1444 [NFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table XII. Sulphur balances for Series IX Continued. SUMMARIES— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] Nos. 1 to 12 (excluding N*os, 9 and 9). Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces 3 In urine. 4 III feces and urine (2+3). 5 in feces (2-1). n> period. The entire variation, however, is within l per cent. In this case, t lu- administration of the formaldehyde appears to favor, to a very slight extent, the absorption of fats in the digest ive canal. The fat ingested in the case of No. 2 are considerably greater in the preservative period than in the fore period, increasing 2.20 grams FORMALDEHYDE. 1445 per day and decreasing slightly in the after period. Notwithstand- ing this increase, the excretion of fat in the feces is markedly less in the preservative period (1.06 grams daily), and is again decreased slightly in the after period. The percentage decrease amounts to almost 3 per cent, comparing the fore and after periods. The bal- ance is consequently larger in the preservative and after periods than in the fore period. In this case also the administration of the for- maldehyde appears to increase the absorption of the fat from the alimentary canal. The fat in the food of No. 3 is also notably greater in the preserva- tive period, the increase amounting to 2.36 grams daily, and in the after period the conditions of the fore period are practically reestab- lished. The quantity of fat excreted in the feces is again slightly less in the preservative period, although the ingestion is increased, but is greater in the after period than in the fore period. The bal- ance is consequently larger in the preservative period than in either of the others, exceeding that of the fore period by 2.72 grams daily, although the percentage decrease in excretion is very small, less than half of 1 per cent. In this case also the administration of the pre- servative appears to increase the absorption of the fat from the ali- mentary canal. The quantity of fat in the food in the case of No. -1 is also greater in the preservative period, the increase amounting to 2.79 grams daily, and decreases only slightly in the after period, not regaining the figure of the fore period. The quantity of fat excreted in the feces is very slightly increased in the preservative period (0.27 gram . and though tin- increase does not equal thai in the quantity of farf ingested, there is a further increase in the fat of the U>cc^ in the after period. The balance is again largest in the preservative period, exceeding that <>l' the fore period by 2.52 grams daily, due in this case to an increase in ingestion, since there is a slight tendency to decrease the absorption of the fat in the intestinal canal, as shown - by the excret ion data. In t he case of No. 5 I here i- lit t le diil'erence in I he (plant it y of fat in the food in the three periods, the increase in the preservative period amounting to only 0.42 gram daily, and the decrease in the after period to 0.83 gram, as compared with the fore period. There i- a diminution ill the quantity Of la! excreted in the feCCS in the pie-en a I i \ e period amounting t<» r after period, hut the large increase in ingestion and slight variations in ex( pet ion data make it impracticable to draw any positive conclusions FORMALDEHYDE. 1447 in this case, though the tendency to increase the absorption of fat in the alimentary canal in the preservative period is indicated. There is a larger quantity of fat in the food of Xo. 12 in both the preservative and after periods than in the fore period, the increase being slightly more than 2 grams daily. There is a slightly increased excretion in the preservative period (0.51 gram daily) and also in the after period (0.22 gram) over the fore period, but considering the increased amount of fat in the ration the percentage increase is only 0.38. The balance in this case is largest in the after period, but is larger in the preservative period than in the fore period. This, however, is due to the increase in ingestion, since there is a slightly increased excretion both in percentage and quantity and no tendency of the preservative to increase the absorption of fat can be established. SUMMARIES. The summary for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, who received formaldehyde recently mixed with milk, shows an increase in the quantity of fat in the food during the preservative period amounting to 1.47 grama daily and of 0.30 gram in the after period, as compared with the fore period. There is a marked decrease in the amount of fat excreted in the feces in the preservative period of 0.6 gram daily, although the amount ingested is larger, giving a percentage decrease of 0.7 per cent. This decrease is almost restored in the after period, when the excretion is practically the same as in the fore period. The balance in the preservative period is 2.07 grams greater than in the fore period. These data indicate a distinct effect on the part of the formaldehyde to increase the absorption of the fat from the food during its passage through the alimentary canal. The summary for Nos. 7. l(), 11, and 12 represents the effect in the case of those who received the formaldehyde after il had been mixed with the milk for forty-eight hours. In tin- summary it i- -ecu that the quantity of fat ingested i^ increased only 0.87 gram daily in the preservative period and again increased 2.02 grams daily in the after period as compared with the fore period. The quantity of fat excreted is \<-r\ slightly decreased in the preservative period (0.05 gram daily) and is somewhat greater in the after period than in the fore period. En relation to the fat ingested the percentage excreted in the feces i- «>nl\ 0.08 per cent less in the preservative period. The balance is largest in the after period, hut is slightly greater in the preservative period than in the fore period. These data also indi- cate a tendency on the part of the formaldehyde to promote the absorption of the fat during it^ passage through the alimentary canal, hut this tendency is not nearly so marked as in the summary for Nos. i to (i, inclusive. 1448 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. The general summary shows the total effect produced upon the ten men, excluding Xos. 8 and 9, in regard to the metabolism of fat. This summary shows an increase in the quantity of fat in the ration during the preservative period of 1.23 grams daily, and this increase is practically maintained in the after period. There is a decrease in the amount of fat excreted in the feces during the pre- servative period of 0.39 gram daily, while the amount in the after period is almost exactly that of the fore period. Considering the amount of fat in the food the smallest percentage is excreted in the feces during the preservative period (a decrease of 0.43 per cent), the percentage excreted during the fore and after periods being almost identical. The balance is consequently largest in the preservative period. The summarized data, therefore, indicate that the formal- dehyde increased slightly the absorption of fat from the alimentary i i ■< :; 18 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1449 Table XIII. — Fat balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2, In feces. 3 In feces (2-1). 4 Balance 5 Formal- dehyde adnunis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 450.10 90.02 Grams. 38.08 7.62 ;>. 78 Per cent. Grams. 412.02 82.40 92, 92 Grains. 0.0 A vi-rage ! subperiod: Total .0 .(1 . 1! Entire fore period: Total 94. 36 67.00 876. 62 87.66 .0 A \ irage 7.10 .11 Preservativt period. First subperiod: Total 482. 42 96.48 474.56 94.91 491. 40 5. 7U 4.80 31.58 6. 32 453. 47 90.69 450.54 90.11 459. 82 91.96 . 51 ' Average Second subperiod: Total 6.00 .in LOO Third subperiod: Total average 5.06 "*6.*43" .20 1.00 .20 Pint, second, and third subperiods: Total 1,448.38 1,363.83 90.92 Average .17 First subperiod: Total ISO. 10 5.85 2L26 46a 14 441.20 .tl Average Second subperiod: Total .0 .i) Average 160 .() Entire after period: Total 961.86 95. 19 50.52 5.05 901.34 . (i 5.31 .u 1450 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table XIII. — Fat halo a IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 111 feces. In feces 1 Balance - Formal- dehyde adminis- tered. Fort sabperiod: Total Grams. 506.95 101.39 553. 14 110.1.3 (7 rum n. 16.08 La 79 2. L6 Percent. Grams. 190. 87 98 17 10s. 17 Grams. 0.0 Average Second subperiod: Total 3.17 • .0 .0 Average .0 Entire fore period: Total L,060.09 106. 01 26.87 103. 32 .0 Average ■ .0 • Preservative i«riod. First subperiod: Total 532. 70 L06.54 550.41 110. OS 11.37 2.27 '.•. 44 1 . 89 M. L9 _'. 84 531. 10 108. 22 523. 26 L04.65 536.22 107. 24 .50 Average 2. 10 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 1.77 .20 Third Bubperiod: Total 1.00 Average .20 Pint, second, and third subperiods: Total 108.37 35.00 2. 33 1.590.58 106. 04 Average .17 M'i r j» riod. First Bubperiod: Total LOS. 91 522. 71 101. .VI 13. L5 2.63 25.68 5.14 531.39 L06.28 497.03 .0 A rerage 2.41 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 4.91 .0 Entire after period: Total Average 1,067.25 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1451 Table XIII.— Fat balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 1. Period. In food. Balance adminis- Fori . First Bubperiod: Total Grams. 440.08 (i nun-. 1 52 420 48 84 LO 471.25 0.0 Average Second subp - Total 1. 57 Entire fore pi 93.39 42. 18 /'/-< riod. First subperiod: 480. L9 ■ 472 80 489. 7^ 97.96 18.23 21.76 27. 38 5. 48 • 481.96 451.04 90.21 1(1 Third subperiod: Total LOO and third subpei i Total 1 . 442. 77 96.18 91.69 After pi rioil. ubperiod: Inn. L3 :,. 16 21.61 440 06 n ii ei iod: (i Average Entire after pi l . . .. 1452 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OH HEALTH. Table XIII. Fat balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 in feces. 3 In feces (2-1). 4 Balance ."> Formal- dehyde adminis- tered. Fon Firsl subperiod: Total Grams. 78 73 Grams. 14 33 2.87 LI. 69 2. 34 Percent. Grams. 422. 12 84. 42 Grams. Average .0 Second sul.period: Total .0 Average .0 Knt ire fore period: Total 827. 45 82. 75 26. 02 2. 60 Mil. 43 80 L5 Average .0 Prest n atit • pt Hod. Firsl sabperiod: Total 409.40 8L88 412.64 42."). 52 85 in 12.26 11.35 2. 27 12 70 397.14 401.29 412 82 .50 Average . Id Second Bubperiod: Tot al LOO Average Third subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 2. 98 .20 First, second, and third Bubperiods: Total ... . ... 1,247. 56 v;. i: 36.31 2.42 1.211.2.-. mi ::, ... A vera gfl 2 91 . 17 After i" Hod. Firsl sabperiod: Total •lln. 77 83. 35 402.42 80.48 l ! 29 12.77 402.48 80.49 77. 93 .0 Average Second subperiod: Total 3.43 .0 Average .0 Entire after period: Total 819. L9 B1.92 27.06 2.71 792. 13 79.21 .0 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 14 58 Table XIII. — FatbdlancesJ V Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. <;. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces 4 Balance 5 Formal- dehyde adminis- tered. Fort period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 441.65 472.63 94 S3 Gram*. is. 47 3.69 22. 39 4. 4s Per cent. Grains 423.1s 450.24 90.05 Grams. II. 4.1s .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 4.74 .0 Entire fore period : Total 914. 2s 91.43 4.09 .0 Average; 4.47 .0 ]'r> <■ r ■/■ ■ j ' riod. First subperiod: Total 9L.55 455. 49 91.10 468.75 8.58 1.72 10.40 2.08 10. 31 2.08 449. 19 445.09 91.69 Average L87 . 10 Second subperiod: Total LOO .20 Third subperiod: Total 7o 2.20 . 14 and third Bubperiods: Total 92. L3 29. 29 L95 1,352 72 90. is 2. 12 . 15 Afftr [a r nbperiod: Total 91.67 451. 16 14 28 14 31 ill 07 ss. M .0 Average 3. 12 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Entire after period: Total 90.95 gg ir. .0 Average 1454 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIII. Fat balances /< s XX Continued. [Averages are }>er day.] :sro. r. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces (2-1). 4 5 Formal- Balance dehyde (1—2). adminis- tered. Fore period. aubperiod: Total Gram*. a 413. 21 4.") 1.09 Grams. l& 89 13.89 Per ct nt. Grams. 399.32 0.0 A verairf 3. 36 .(i Second subperiod: Total 437.20 .() Average ST. 44 .0 Entire fore period: T< >t id r 86. 4:-! 3 .0 A v wage 3.21 .0 Preservatit < pt riod. First subperiod: ! 441.48 430.27 441.55 88. 31 11.24 2. 25 10.10 2. 02 15. 48 3.10 430.25 86.05 420 17 426.07 .50 2.55 . 10 Second Bubperiod: Total 1.00 A \ —rage .20 Third subperiod: Total 1 (0 Average ■a. 51 First, second, and third subperiods: Total 1,313.31 87.65 2.45 85 10 Average 2.80 After period. lirst Bubperiod: Total 447.96 89. 59 .«.)7 3. 29 443. 13 405. 74 81. 14 .1) L08 .0 Second Bubperiod: Total .0 Average .0 Entire after period: Total 87a 13 ST. (11 21 26 2. L3 848.87 .i) .0 a Average i"F FOOD PRESERVATIVES <>N HEALTH. Table XIII. — Fat balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 1< >. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces (2-M). 4 Balance 0-2). 5 Formal- dehyde adminis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Gram t. 553. 01 110.60 015. 59 123. 12 Grams. 25.21 5.04 31.99 6. 40 Per cent. Grams. 105. 56 583.60 116.72 Grams. 0.0 4.56 .0 Second sabperiod: Total .0 .0 Entire fore period: Total 1,168 60 L16.86 57.20 5.72 1.111.40 111.14 .0 .0 I'ti tt n atii t period. First subperiod: Total 610. 60 122. 12 594. 30 118.86 481 OS 96. 21 27.24 5.45 26. 52 5. 30 25. L5 583. 36 116.67 567.78 113.56 465 90 01. L8 . 50 4.46 .10 Second suDperiod: Total 1.00 4.46 .20 Third Bubperiod: Total 76 5. 23 11 BCOnd, and third snhperiods: Total 112. 40 78.91 5. 26 1,607 04 107. 14 2.20 4.68 .15 After i>< Hod. First subperiod: Total 607. 93 121. 59 586. 48 117.80 32. 25 ■ 16 27 87 ;, 57 116. 11 111 73 .0 A \ erage Second BUD period: Total .0 .0 4.75 .0 Kntiie after period: Total 1,194.41 119.44 60 12 6.01 1. 134 29 113.43 .0 .1) FORMALDEHYDE. 145 Table XIII. — Fat balm § IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] X. .. 11. Period. In food. In feces. In feces - Formal- Balance debyde : minis- First subperiod: tal Average Second subperiod: Total Average Fore period. Grams. it • 139.35 i ■f. Grams. 119. Vi .0 Entire fore period: Total 1,322.13 5.44 - " 1 .0 Average .0 7'r- ■ rtod. First Babperiod: Total 137.03 (.94 15 8 - - 132. 13 .10 Beeond Bubperiod: Total 1.00 Average Third Babperiod: 1.00 Average • - . First, Beeond, and third Babperiods: Total - 136.80 5.50 131.30 Average r 'xl. subperiod: Total 9 137 26 .0 . subperiod: Total 4. 12 .0 Rutin after period: ; 61.01 6. 10 .0 145s INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table Kill. — Fat balances fo 8t les IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. LJ. Period. In food. 2 In feces. In feces (2-1). 4 Balance 0-2). 5 Formal- dehyde adminis- tered. Fori . First Bubperiod: Total Grams. 561.02 112.20 619.39 1. ISO. 41 lis. 0-1 Grams. L9. L3 13.14 2. 63 Per cent. Grams. .-.41. SO 108. 37 121.27. Grams. 0.0 A vera tie 3.41 .0 Second Bubperiod: Total .0 A TOTflgti 2. 12 .0 Entire fore period: Total 32. 27 3. 2:5 1 . 1 48. 1 4 114. si .0 .0 l'r< 8t mitii t pt Hod. First Bubperiod: Total 607. 74 121.56 594. 54 L18.91 602.08 120.42 23. 72 4.74 14.88 17..V. 3. 51 584.02 116.81 579.66 115.93 116.91 0. :>o A verage 3.90 . 10 Second Bubperiod: Total 1.00 2. M .20 Third Bubperiod: Total 1. 00 A veraue , .20 First, Becond, and third Bubperiods: Total 1,804.36 120.29 :mi. 15 3. 74 1,784.21 116.55 3. 1 1 . 17 A lh r pt nod. First Bubperiod: Total 606 .".1 121.30 119.74 20.72 1. 14 13.82 2. 70 117.0, 584 87 10.. OS .0 A verage .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 2. 31 .0 Entire after period: Total 1.21).'.. 20 120.52 34. :.4 1.170.00 117.07 .0 Average .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1459 Table XIII. -Fat balances/' - TX—i ontinued. SUMMARIES. [Averages are per man per day.] 3STO.X. 1 1<» 6. Period. 1 In food. 2 In fees. 3 In feces (2-5-1). 4 Balance - 5 Formal- dehyde admlnis- For< pi riod. First subperiod: Total 2. (tin. 20 97.01 117.:,1 3.92 107. :,4 3. 58 Per cent. 4.42 Gram*. 2. :,42. 41 84. 74 93. 4:-; 0.0 Average Second subperiod: Total 3.70 .n Average .0 Entire fore period: Total .-,..-,70. r_> 225.05 4. H4 :,. :54.-,. 07 .0 Preservativt period. Firsl subperiod: Total 94.09 3.03 2.91 in.-,. 04 3.50 3. 22 2,731.89 91.06 90.28 2. 764. 86 '•2. 16 A verage Second subperiod: Total Avci -aw . 10 3.12 .20 Third Bubperiod: Total A verage 6.70 . 19 econd, and third subperiods: Total 04..11 283. 12 3.15 8,205. 14 91.16 14.70 r i'< riod. '..V I.", 2,733.93 91.13 111.. V) A. 72 109.21 3.91 91.43 .0 .0 Second sunperiod: Total Average •: Entire after period: Total 220.71 .0 .0 1460 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIII. — Fat balances f IX — Continued. SUMMARIES— Continued. [Averages arc per man per day.) NTos. 7, lO, 11, ana LS. Period. 1 In food. 1 In feces. 3 In feces (2-1). 4 Balance 5 Formal- dehyde adminis- tered. Fori pt riod. nibperiod: Total Grams. 2,152.64 L07.63 119.14 1 drains. 84. 11 4. 22 87.26 4. 36 Per cent. 3.92 drams. 103.41 114. 7s drams. A vflragfl 1! Second BuBperiod: Total A verage 3.66 .0 o Entire fore period: Total 4,535.44 113.39 171. (i7 4.29 4,363.77 109.10 .0 Average .0 l'n si rvative period. Firsl subperiod: 'Total 2,344.96 117.25 2,291.81 114.59 2,218.83 110.94 86.06 130 3. 83 91.60 I. 58 3.67 L12.95 2,215. L5 110.76 2,127.23 L06.36 2. 00 10 Second subperiod: Total 3. 34 4.00 20 Third subperiod: Total 4.13 3. 70 19 First, second, and third subperiods: Total L14.26 254. 32 4.24 3.71 6,601.28 L10.02 A verage . 16 After [>i rioil. ubperiod: i otal 2, 345. 32 117.27 2,270.97 113.55 91.47 1. 57 85. 46 l. 27 3.90 2,253.85 112.70 2,185.51 • .0 A verage .0 Second subperiod: I 3. 76 .0 Entire after period: 'Total 4,616.29 ll.v II L76.93 1. 12 3. 83 4,439.36 110.99 .0 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1461 Table XIII. — Fat balances for Series IX — Continued. SUMMARIES— Continued. [ Averages are per man per day.] ;N"o.^. 1 to 12 (omitting Nos. 8 and f>). Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces (2H-1J. -4 Balance (1-2). 5 Formal- dehyde adminis- tered. Fun p< Hod. First subperiod: Total A verage Second subperiod: Total A verage Cram*. 4,812.56 5,293.00 105.86 G routs. 201.92 4.04 194.80 3.90 Vt r a tti. 4.20 Orams. 4,610.64 5, 098. 20 101.96 0.0 .0 3.68 .0 .0 Entire fore period: Total 10,105.58 101.06 3. 97 3.93 9,708.84 97.09 .0 Average .0 l'n s( rutin i pt riod. ubperiod: Total 5,167.61 103.35 5,087.52 101.75 101.77 176.82 3. 54 163.98 3.28 196.64 3.93 4,923.54 5.00 Average . 10 Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total A verage 10.00 .20 3.86 9. 40 . 19 First, second, and third subperiods: 1 A verage 15,343.86 102.29 537.44 3.50 98.71 24.40 . 16 A /It r [x riod. ubperiod: Total 5,199.70 L03.99 5,004.90 100.10 202.97 L06 L94.67 3.90 4.9QB.73 .0 4,810.23 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 .1) Entire after period: Total 10,204.60 L02.05 .0 .0 CALORIES BALANCE. IMHYIIHAI. DATA. \ ii has been shown that the formaldehyde tends to diminish the amount of fat excreted in the feces, it is evident that, in so far as the are concerned, the calories would probabij be diminished during the preservative period, The balances, therefore, should as a rule be slightly Increased, provided the calories exhibited in the food are reasonably const ant . [n the case of No. I it is seen that the balance of the calories in the ervative period is greater than in either of the other periods, but this increase is less than the increase in ingestion. While the calories in the feces are decreased, as would be expected, the number in the urine is increased, resulting in a very slight increase in total excretion. 1462 [NFLTJENCE OF FOOD PBESEBVATIVES OH BEALTH. In the case of No. 2 the balance is 54 calorics larger in the preserva- tive period than in the fore period, but the increase in ingestion amounts to 44 calories and the balance is further increased in the after period, although the ingestion is very slightly decreased, show- ing a continued effect in diminishing the calorics excreted in the (vrvs and urine. In this case there is a decreased excretion in both feces and urine amounting to in calor No. 3 also shows an increase of 33 calories in the balance of the pre- servative period, the increase in ingestion being only 24 calories. The decreased excretion in both feces and urine amounts to only 9 calories. In the case of No. 4 the balance is increased 42 calories daily in the preservative period, owing to the increased ingestion, which amounts to 53 calories daily, there being an increased excretion in both feces and urine amounting to 11 calories daily. In the ca.se of No. 5 the balance in the preservative period is 24 calo- ries greater daily than in the fore period, while a decrease amounting to •")•") calories takes place in the after period. The increase in inges- tion amounts to only 12 calories daily, followed by a decrease of ~> s calories in the after period. There is a decrease in the calories excreted in both feces and urine amounting to 12 calories daily, a percentage loss of less than 0.5 per cent, while in the after period the percentage data show no further change. Again the tendency to decrease the excretion of calories is shown in this case. In the case of No. (> the balance in the preservative period exceeds that in the fore period by 33 calories daily, and is further increased by 40 calories in the after period. The increase in ingestion amounts to only 5 calories in the preservative period, with a further increase of 32 calories in t he after period. There is a decrease in total excret ion of 28 calories, or about 1 per cent, due to the feces, the calorics in the urine being very slightly increased. In the case of No. 7 the balance in the preservative period is larger than in either of the other periods, exceeding the fore period l>\ ~>1 caloric-, while the ingestion increases only 11 calories. There is also a marked decrease in the calories excreted both in the feces and the urine, amounting to :;7 daily, a percentage decrease ^( 1.27, followed b\ a further decrease in the after period. The data for No. s are of n<> comparative value, but as far as they go they conform to the general tendency shown to decrease excretion and increase the balance. While the data for No. K) -how a decrease of 12 1 calories in the balance in the preservative period, t here i> also a decrease in ingestion of L36 calories; in other words, relal ively there is a gain in t he balance, and this is shown by the excretion data, a decrease occurring both FORMALDEHYDE. L463 in the feces and urine amounting to 12 calories daily, the percentage decrease being very slight. No. 11 exhibits the usual variations, the balance in the preservative period being increased 66 calories and the amount ingested 58 calories, the increase in excretion occurring only in the urine and being very slight. In the case of No. 12 the variations both in the balances and in the excretion data are so slight as to be negligible; the decrease in the balance, however, is less than the decrease in ingestion, showing a tendency to decrease excretion. -i MMAKIKS. In the summary for Nos. 1 to (> it is seen thai the balance in the pre- servative period exceeds that o( the fore period by 32 calories daily, while the ingestion increases 2 1 calories. There is accordingly a slight decrease in the calories excreted both in the (orr> and urine amounting to 8 calories, a decrease of only 0.3 per cent. In the after period there is a tendency to return to the condition of the fore period. These figures show that a greater proportion of the food ingested is absorbed in the intestinal canal during the administration of the pre- servative. In the summary for Nos. 7. 10, II, and 12 the balance for the pre- servative period is practically unchanged, being only 1 calories less than in the fore period: there is, however, an accompanying decrease in ingestion of L8 calories and of 1 1 calories daily in the total excre- tion. These data, therefore, notwithstanding the decrease in the balance, exhibit to a very slight degree the tendency shown in the preceding summary to increase the absorption of food from the intes- tinal canal. The general effect shown in the summary for Nos. I to p_> indicates an increase of 17 calories in the balance for the preservative period, while in the after period there is practically no further change. The average increase in ingestion is only 7 calories. The decrease in total excretion is 10 calories daily, or 0.36 per cent, and the figures for the after period are almost the same a- for the preservative period. In eight cases out of ten the excretion of calories i> \er\ slightly decreased in the preservative period, and the general conclusion is thai formaldehyde tends to increase s >mewhal the absorption of the heat-forming elements of the food during the preservative period. 1464 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESEBVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIV. — Calories balance* for Series IX, [Averages are per day.] :N"o. 1. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 1 In feces and urine (2+3). .-» In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. F»r( period. First subperiod: Total Cal- orics. 13,184 2,637 13,528 2,706 Cal- orics. 347 69 479 96 Cal- orics. 329 66 336 6; Cal- ories. 676 135 815 163 Per ant. Per cent. P In f( c< S 6 In urine (3-s-l). 7 In feces and urine 8 9 For- Baiance ^f v ; admin- istered. Fort period. first Bubperiod: Total Cal- 14,978 3,133 Cnl- 764 153 132 Calr 432 ■ Cal- 1,196 1,084 217 Per cent. Per i t a'. r>r Calories, drums 13,782 0.0 & 10 .0 Second Bubperiod: Total 14,579 .0 4.21 2.71 2,916 .i) Entire fore period: total 30,641 1,423 142 " 7 il 28,361 -ii A\. :*. Period. 1 In food. •2 In 3 In urine. 4 In feees •and urine (2+3). 5 In feees (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fort pt riod. First Bubperiod: Total Cal- orie*. 3,190 [6,375 3,275 Col- or its. 630 126 502 100 Calr ories. 419 so Cat- 1,049 210 900 180 Per << id. Per cent. Per • t nt. Co lor its. 14,930 15,475 0.0 3. 94 Bubperiod: Total . 3.07 2. 43 5.50 .0 Entire fore period: Total 1,132 113 817 1,949 195 30,405 3,040 Average 3.50 2.53 0.02 .0 I>rt •<, rvativt in rind. Fir^t Bubperiod: Total. 16,451 .'5,290 15,821 3, 164 16,607 3,321 547 100 398 80 655 131 404 81 400 382 76 95 1 190 160 1,037 207 15,500 3,100 15,023 3,004 15,570 3,114 .70 3. 33 2. 40 :>. 78 . 10 Second Bubperiod: Total 1.00 2.53 5.04 .20 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 2. 30 Entire preservative period: Total 1,600 107 1,186 79 186 Average 3.27 2. 43 A/ttr i» nod. First subperiod: Total 16,271 3,254 16,075 3,215 482 96 843 169 390 7s 390 7^ 872 171 1,233 247 15,399 ll 842 ;<0,241 .0 2. 40 5. 30 .0 Second sunperiod: Total .0 5.24 2.43 .0 Entire after period: Tola! 3,235 1,325 133 780 78 2,105 211 . 2.41 . ii FORMALDEHYDE. 1407 Table XIV. -Calories balances for Series IX — Continued. [Average's arc per day.] X.I. Period. l In food. 2 In 3 In urine. » III feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-*-l). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine 8 Balance 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fore ]>eriod. First Bdbperiod: Total 16 038 3,208 Cal- 557 111 644 129 C„l- Cal- orie*. 945 189 1,061 212 Ber end. Per Per < ent. Calories. 14,264 2,853 2.55 6.21 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 4.02 2. 60 .0 Entire fore period: Total 31,247 3,125 1,201 120 81 201 .0 Average 3.84 .0 /v.' s< rvatii i [n riod. First subperiod: Total 16,063 15,434 16,172 602 120 604 121 147 412 413 410 1,014 203 1.017 203 1 . 1 45 15,049 3,010 14,417 15,027 3,005 .50 3.75 2.56 6.31 . 10 Second Bubperiod: I 1. 00 Average 3. 91 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 7. os Entire preservative period: [•otal . . 3,178 1,941 129 s-' 212 Average 4.07 2.59 ■ r period. 1 ir>i Bdbperiod: 15,881 3,176 15,641 713 143 145 74 385 77 1,112 .0 . subperiod: Total 1) 7.11 fter period: 3,182 l.llr 1 14 754 77. 2,194 . i) \ verag L468 NFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIV.- Calories balances for St ies IX Continued. [Averages are per day.] x. .. 5. Period. In food. % In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 7> In feces (2-1). <; In urine (3-s-l). 7 In feces and urine (4H-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fore pi riod. 1 irsl Bubperiod: Total Cal- 14,354 2,871 1 I 547 2,909 Cal- ories. 551 11(1 405 Col- oru 8. 326 65 .,'.i ( „l- nru s. s77 17.-. 150 Per rent. Per Per cent. Color its. 13,477 13,799 2,759 Qrams. 0.0 Average 2. 27 t>. 1 1 Second Bubperiod: Total .0 \ rerage 2.36 7.. 1 1 .0 Km ire fore period: Total 28,901 2,890 956 96 669 67 1,625 ' 163 .0 ige 3.31 2.31 .0 Prest rvatit < period. First Bubperiod: Total 14,606 2,921 14,197 14,720 2 ''I! 434 87 127 llv 90 315 63 325 65 313 63 749 L50 77.2 150 761 152 I3.S7.7 2.771 13,445 .7.0 Average 2. 97 2. Hi 5.13 . 10 Second Bubperiod: Total 1.00 Vverage 3.01 2. 29 5. 30 .20 Third Bubperiod: Total 13,959 1. 00 Average 3.04 2. 13 5.17 2,792 .20 Enl Ire presen at ive period: Total 2,902 1,309 87 953 151 41,261 2.50 3.01 2. 1'.' 2.77.1 After period. l irsi subperlod: Total 1 L429 2,886 I 1,015 2,803 412 82 403 si .'ill 62 352 70 723 145 77.7, 17.1 13,706 12.711 13,260 .0 2. Hi .0 Second Bubperiod: Total .0 rage 2.61 .0 Ent Ire after period: Total 28 Ml 815 f,., 1,478 1 is 2,696 .0 rage 2. 33 5. 20 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1469 Table XIV. — Calories balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). In 6 In urine 7 In feces and nrin.' 8 Balance 9 For- malde- byde admin- i riod. Firsl Bubperiod: 1 Calo- 14.940 14,936 - 127 722 144 Oalo- (nUj- 193 214 Per ct. Per ct. Oalorii s. 4. 25 6. i.i Becond Bubperiod: Total „ Average 4. 83 7.16 .0 Entire fore period: Total 1 . 357 136 .0 Average 4. 7,4 2 26 ." I'r. Hod. Firsl Bubperiod: Total 15,076 3,015 14,615 15,211 :.17 103 lis 71 333 .;n 871 174 184 827 165 ■ Average : subperiod: Total 3. 43 2. 35 1 00 Average Third Bubperiod: Total 4.02 ■2. 28 .71) Average :•;. is 5 44 . 14 Entire preservative period: Total 1 . 588 KM, 175 3.54 15 .{/'• t period. Hrst subperiod: Total 15,313 101 :,41 108 816 163 171 14,497 14,079 .h Average Becond Bubperiod: l 2.04 Ji Average J. 10 Entire after period: i 1.044 104 1,670 .0 Average ii 1470 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIV. — Calories balances for Si ies IX — Continued. [Averages arc per day.] No. 7. IVriod. 1 In food. 2 In In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). • In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3-s-l). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fort period. First Buttperiod: Total Calo- ries. 14,842 15,163 3,033 Calo- ries. 621 124 621 L24 Oalo- rit .--. a 421 84 421 Calo- ries. 1,042 208 1,042 208 Per ct. Per ct. Per a. Calorics. 13,800 2,760 14,121 Grams. Average •!. 18 7. 02 .0 Second Bubperiod: Total .0 Average 4. 10 .0 Entire tore period: Total 30,005 1 . 242 124 842 84 2,084 208 27,921 2.793 .0 Average 3,001 4.14 2.81 6.95 .11 Preservative period. Fir-t subperiod: Total 15,411 3,082 14,672 2,934 15,142 3,028 492 98 438 38 516 103 381 70 376 7."> 365 73 175 M 1 163 SM L76 2,907 2.771 14,261 .50 Average 3. 19 2.47 ,"). 66 . 10 Second Bubperiod: Total 1.00 2. 99 2.56 .20 Third subperiod: Total LOO Average .'5.41 2.41 Entire preservative period: Total 45,225 3,015 1,440 90 1,122 75 2,568 171 3. 20 . 17 Afiir period. First subperiod: Total 15,091 3,018 14,755 2,951 17.S 36 637 127 342 68 393 79 520 104 1,030 200 L4,571 2,914 13,725 .0 Average 1. is 2. 27 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 4. 32 2.00 .11 Entire after period: Total 29,846 2,985 815 82 7:55 71 1,550 155 2,830 .<) 2. 7:< .0 " Average for one day added to complete record. FORMALDEHYDE. 1471 Table XIV. — Calories balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day. J No. 8. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). ■"> In feces (2-s-l). 6 In urine (3-s-l). 7 In feces and urine 8 9 For- Balance T^" \de ■imin- Fore period. Kirst Bubperiod: Total Calo- 18,152 18,665 3,733 36,817 Calo- ries. 684 137 i,7ti 135 ado- rn 91 Oalo- rit s. 1,158 232 1.130 226 Per ■ t. I',r (I. Oalories. Grams. Average Second subperiod: Total :i 77 2. til a 38 .0 .0 Average .-!.<;_' 2. 43 .0 Entire fore period: Total L360 136 928 93 :;4 529 .0 Average 3.09 (.. 21 J) 1'r, si mil ;> i period. First subperiod: Total 18,757 ■A.:r, i 3,685 645 L29 131 4.-,.-, 91 1,091 218 l.ll') 17,666 17,313 .."ill 3, 4 1 • 10 Second subperiod: Total 1 00 A. 56 2.47 First and second Bubperiods: i 3,718 1,300 t30 901 90 2.201 220 1 .".0 2. 42 1472 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIV. — Calories balances t s a IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. L< ). Period. 1 In food. 2 In 3 In urine. -i In feces and . urine (2+3). In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-D. 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered Fore period. First Bubperiod: Total Calo- rie s. 15,324 3,065 16,037 3,207 ( V;/o- 516 103 701 140 Calo- ries. 452 90 441 88 Calo- ries. - 194 1,142 228 Per ct. Per a. Perct. 2,871 14,895 2,979 Grams. 0.0 3.37 2. 95 0. 32 .0 Second suEperiod: Total .0 age ■1. 37 2. 75 7.12 .0 Entire fore period: Total 31,361 3, 136 1,217 122 89 2.110 211 .0 Average .0 Preterva&vt [>< riod. First subperiod: Total 16,325 3,265 15,599 •■{.120 13,081 659 132 527 105 499 100 450 90 445 89 409 82 1,109 222 972 L94 1 82 15,216 3,043 14,627 12,173 . .".( i Average Second subperiod: Total 4.04 2. 76 6.*79 .10 1.00 Average 3. 38 6 23 .20 Third subperiod: I'otal . 7d 3. M 3. 13 6.94 .14 Entire preservative period: Total 15,005 3,000 1,085 112 1,304 87 199 42,016 2,801 3.74 a 64 . la After period. tibperiod: Total 10,019 3,204 15,818 3,164 131 628 126 452 90 92 1,108 222 1,088 21 s 14,911 14,730 .0 Average Second subperiod: Total 1 Id .0 .0 3. 97 2. Ml .0 Bntire after period: Total 31,837 1 . 284 Us 912 91 2,196 220 29,641 .(1 Average .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1473 Table XIV. — Calories balances/'' V — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 11. Period. 1 In food. 2 In 3 In urine. 4 In .feces and urine (2+3;. ."» In feces (2-5-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-i-l). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde atlinin- Fore period. First Bubperiod: Total Calo- ries. 16,377 3,275 17,188 3.438 Calo- ries. 621 124 599 120 Calo- 366 73 7:i (Mlo- 197 Per < 'riod. First Bubperiod: Total 17.KH) 17,199 3, 440 515 103 .-.14 103 132 356 71 78 76 871 174 180 1,037 207 16,529 15,730 16,162 .50 Average • 5.01 . 10 Second Bubperiod: Total 1 (N) 3.09 2. 33 Third Bubperiod: Total 1 IN) (.. 03 Futire preservative period: Total :,l 231 3,415 113 1,122 2,810 187 48,421 Average 3. 2y 17 AH' r j„ riod. ubperiod: ; 16,931 16,813 3,363 642 128 127 391 78 81 207 1,036 207 15,898 15,777 3,156 .() Average :;. 79 2.31 6 10 il Second Bubperiod: Total .0 Average 6 16 Fntire after period: Total 1 . 275 128 31,675 ii 1474 NFLTJENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON IIKALTH. Table XIV. — Calories halluces for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. LS. Period. 1 In food. ■2 In feces. 3 In urine. 1 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-M). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-M). 8 Balance d-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fort period. First Bubperiod: Tola! Calo- ries. lti, 846 3,3(i9 17.147 Calo- 001 132 703 141 Calo- ri( s. 452 90 372 74 ev/ zo- nes. 1,113 ■22A L,075 215 Per a tit. Per if nt. l'-r cent. < alo- 15,733 3,146 10. 072 3,214 Grams. 0.0 2. 08 0. 01 .0 Second Bubperiod: Total .0 4.10 2.17 .0 Entire fore period: Total 33,993 1,364 130 824 2, L88 219 31, » 15 3.180 .0 Average 4.01 2. 42 0. 44 .0 I'n si rvatii e pt Hod. subperiod: Total 17,239 16,569 3,314 17,059 3,412 907 181 555 Ill 566 113 405 SI 405 81 82 1,312 202 900 192 974 l!l.'. L5,927 .;. 186 15,609 3, 122 .50 5.26 2. 35 7.01 .10 Second Bubperiod: « Total 1.00 :>>. 35 2.44 .-». 79 .20 Third Bubperiod: Total jo. (is;, 1.00 Average 3.32 2. 39 5.71 3,217 .21) Entire preservative period: Total 50,867 3,391 2,028 135 1,218 81 3,246 216 -)7..,L'l 3,175 Average 3.99 2.39 6.38 .17 Aftrr period. First subperiod: Total 16,928 16,899 565 113 494 99 413 83 12 l 978 196 '.US 184 15,950 3, 190 15,981 .:. I'm, .0 Average A. 34 2. 44 5. 78 .0 Second subperiod: Total . . . .0 Average 2.51 5. 4;< .0 Entire alter period: Total 1,059 L06 84 1,896 190 "JU3 L'. 17 31,931 .0 Average A,AKl .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1475 Table X I V. ( 'alories balances for Si ries IX — Continued. 1 MARIES. [Averages arc per»man per day.] Nos. 1 to 6. I'criod. 1 In food. 2, In feces. 3 4 In feces In and urine. urine (2+3). ."> In feces (2-*-!). 6 In urine 7 and urine (4-s-l). s Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde adnnn- Fori period. First subperiod: Total Calo- ru s. 91,087 3,036 Calo- ries. 3,484 116 3,411 114 Calo- Oilo- rit 8. 74 l'.m 189 Pit a id. 3. 93 Per Per Ct lit. 6. 44 85,410 Granu. 0.0 .0 : subperiod: Total 3.74 2.49 .0 Average .0 Entire fore period: Total 115 U, 384 7.". 3.84 2.50 G.33 .0 .0 l'r< In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3^-1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fort period, Fir-t snbperiod: Total Calo- 3,109 65,535 3, 277 Calo- ries. 2,419 121 2,624 131 Calo- ri< s. 1,691 S Calo- 4.110 206 4 222 '211 Per ct nt. Per Ct lit. Per a nt. Calo- 59,279 Gratns. 0.0 Second Bubperiod: Total 4.00 2. 44 6. 44 61,313 3,066 .0 ,;L'e .0 Entire fore period: Total 128,924 3,223 5,043 126 3,289 3.91 6.46 120,592 3,015 .0 .0 Prt u rvatix t i>< rial. Firet Bubperiod: Total 3,319 63, 472 3,174 62,481 3,124 2.. "»73 129 2,034 L02 2,240 112 1 . 592 1,614 81 1,560 7s 4,165 208 182 - L90 2. 40 02.210 3,111 2. 992 .10 Second Bubperiod: Total 3.20 2. .".4 :.. 7;. 4.00 .20 Third snbperiod: Total 2.50 .19 Entire preservative period: Total 3,205 114 79 11,613 L94 3.56 6.04 ISO. 7i:. 3,011 9. 70 . 16 A i If r pt riod. lir^t Bubperiod: Total : 3,214 2. Oil 102 12H 1,598 so 1,680 3,639 L82 4,072 204 3. 14 2.46 61,330 60,213 3,010 .0 .0 Second snbperiod: I otal 3. 72 2.61 .0 .0 Entire after period: Total 3,231 111 3,278 7.711 L93 3. 43 121,548 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. Table XIV '. — Calories balances for Series IX — Continued. SUMMARIES— Continued. [Averages are per man per nt. < alo- 142,216 146,723 Grartu. u.ii Second subperiod: ■i Average 2. 17 6.32 .it .0 Entire fore period: Total 11" 7s 19,716 3. s7 .0 o /•/v n n atii t period. ubperiod: 1 151,745 • in. 101 5,720 111 3,783 17s 190 _'. in 6 07 in : subperiod: i 142,857 144,775 111 00 Third Bubperiod: i 3.71 2. 15 a 16 Bntire preservative period: Total 464, 11 I mi 11,434 ls7 3. ."-7 2 16 AM. 199 J 4 -in lii Alh r pt r ibperiod: Dotal Average :,. 122 L05 119 71 7s L79 ".. 7 1 147,140 .0 o subperiod: I.. 6. 41 .0 o Bntire after i >< ■ ri* ►« i i 11,218 L12 188 290 631 .0 SOLIDS BALANCE I\DI\ 1 1 >l u. DATA. The total solids in the food of No. 1 are almost the same in the three periods of observation, increasing only 2 grams in the preserv- ative period. The quantity occurring in the feces is the same in the fore and preservative periods and is slightly increased in the after period. The quantity occurring in the urine is greatest in the pre- servative period, resulting in an increase in the feces and urine together of 3 grams in the preservative period. The percentage data show an increase of 0.5 per cent in the preservative period and a decrease in the balance of I gram. The data in this case do not show the tendency to increase absorption of food material which might be expected from t he preceding data. 147^ INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. In the case of No. 2 there is an increase of 8 grams daily in the quantity of solids in the food in the preservative period, with a return in the after period to practically the figure of the fore period. The changes in the balance correspond almost exactly to those in ingestion, and the data on excretion also show that no appreciable effect was produced in this case by the formaldehyde on the excretion of total solids. In the case of No. 3 the uniformity of the data in the fore and pre- servative periods is even more pronounced, showing again that no appreciable effecl i> produced on the excretion of the total solids. In the case of No. 1 there is a slightly increased excretion of solids in the preservative period (4 grams daily), but not so great as the increase of the solids in the food (10 grams daily). The increase in the balance of (> grams is therefore due entirely to the increased inges- tion, the excretion being increased by 0.54 per cent. Therefore it may be said that there is practically no increase or decrease in the total solids excreted, a very slight tendency being shown to increase excretion, as would be expected from the preceding data for No. 1. No appreciable effect is produced in the case of No. 5, and the slight variation which does occur can not be attributed to the use of formal- dehyde, the increase in ingestion being 3 grams while the 1 excretion increases only 2 grams. There is practically no variation in the per cent of total excretion. In the case of No. (i there is a notable diminution in the amount of solids in the feces during the preservative period, amounting to 5 grams daily, while the solids in the urine remain constant and the ingestion increases only 1 gram. The balance increases <> grams daily in the preservative period and there is a slight decrease in total excretion of 0.87 per cent, and a further decrease of the same magni- tude in the after period. In this case there seems to be a tendency on the pari of the formaldehyde to promote the absorption of total .solids. The same effect is even more pronounced in the case of No. 7, the data showing an increased balance of 13 grams daily, with an increased lion of only o grams. The total excretion decreases in grams daily in the preservative period, equivalent to a decrease of L.57 per cent. There .is a further percentage decrease in the after period in the excretion of total solids, but the quantity ingested decreases t<> ;i greater extent than the amount excreted. The data for N<>. 8 .ire fragmentary and of no value for comparison. In the case of No. I0 there is a slight decrease in the excretion of the solids m both the U'cv^ and urine during the preservative period, amounting t<> 1 grams daily, but this i> accompanied by a decrease FORMALDEHYDE. 1479 in ingestion of 26 grams, and the balance is therefore decreased by 22 grams, while the decrease in percentage elimination is so slight as to be negligible. In the case of No. 11 there is a decrease in the solids in the feces and an increase in the solids in the urine, making the total excretion almost the same in the preservative period as in the fore period. The increase of 8 grams in the balance is more than offset by the increase of 9 grains in the amount ingested. In the case of No. 12 there is a decrease of only 1 gram in the solids in the feces and an increase of 4 grams in the urine in the preservative period. This results in a slight percentage increase in total excretion and a decrease in the balance of 7 grams, while the amount ingested decreases only 4 grams daily. The excretion of solids in the feces is decreased in the after period, while the amount ingested is only very slightly decreased. In this case there Is again no clear-cut effect produced on the excretion of total solids, though there is a slight tendency to increase excretion in the preservative period and decrease it in the after period. M MM LBIE8. In the summary for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, it is seen that the quan- tity of solids in t he food is idenl ical in the fore and after period-, and increased by only 1 grams daily during the preservative period. The quantity excreted in the \'va^ is slightly less in the preservative period, and the same in the after period as in the fore period. The quantity excreted in the urine is slightly greater in the preservative period and suffers no further change in the after period. Tin 4 balance in the preservative period is increased by exactly the .same amount as the solids ingested. It is evident from these data that while there is a slight decrease in the solids in the feces and a corresponding increase in the solids in the urine, there is practically no effect pro- duced by the formaldehyde on the excretion of total solids. In the summary of Nos, 7. LO, 11. and 12 there is a decrease of 5 grams daily in the solids in the food during the preservative period and a return to exactly the figures of the fore period in the after period. The decrease in the balance i~- less than in ingestion, and the percentage data show ; i decrease in total excretion (due to the solids in the fece8) which i- BO slight as to be negligible. The general summary for Nos. I to 12 shows practically the same (piant it \ of solids in t he food during t he three periods, an increase of I gram in the preservative period being maintained in the after period. A slight decrease of 2 grams daily occurs in the solids excreted in the feces and an increase of onh l gram in the solids excreted in the 1480 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. urine. The balance increases 2 grains daily in the preservative period, and the percentage data show a correspondingly slight decrease in total excretion, due entirely to the decrease in the feces. It is -ecu. therefore, that although there was a slight but uniform tendency, covering a Large majority of cases, to decrease 1 the excre- tion of nitrogen, sulphur, and fat, especially in the case of the Latter constituent- the average effect, into which the marked decrease in the phosphoric-acid balance enters, is so slight as to be negligible, were it not for the uniform tendency shown in the previous studies. In view of all the data, a very slight tendency to decrease excretion, especially in the feces, and in the case of fat, may be noted. Tabu-; XV. Solids balances for Series IX. [Averages are per day.] No. 1. Period. 1 In foo'l. Crams. 519 2,(134 r,27 2 In :$ In urine. 1 In feces and urine (2+3;. In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- inalde- hyde admin- istered. Fort period. Firsl Bubperiod: Total drams. 71 14 102 20 drams. 252 „ 257 51 drams. 323 35'. t 72 Pirn. Per d. I',r ct. drams. 2,272 • 454 drams. 0.0 9.71 .0 Second Bubperiod: Total !o 13.03 Entire fore period: Total 523 173 17 .-,1 1,547 455 .0 Average 3.31 13.04 .11 l'n si rt (it'n i pi Hod. First Bubperiod: Total 538 2,555 all 2,636 527 89 Is S3 17 si 17 270 54 272 54 269 54 359 355 71 353 ■ 71 2,831 2.2(H) lln .80 Average 3.31 10.04 13. 35 .10 Second suDperiod: Total LOO 3. 2.-, in.!,;, Third Bubperiod: Total LOO 3. l'.t 10.20 Entire preservative period: Total 7,881 17 Ml .-,1 1,067 71 6,81 I 154 17 After period. ubperiod: Total 2,630 526 .'■17 98 L'n KM, 21 21.1 52 263 359 72 369 71 2,271 45 1 2,216 .0 Average 3. 73 .0 Second Bubperiod: rotal ... .0 1 in 10 17 .() Entire after period: 5,215 20 73 .0 10.05 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1481 Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 2. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2+1). • I" urine (3-1-1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance d-4;. 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 2,992 598 3,105 621 Grams. 133 27 121 24 Grams. 308 62 321 64 Grams. 441 88 442 88 Perct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 2,551 510 2,663 .533 Grams. 0.0 4.45 10.29 14.74 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 3.90 10.34 14.24 .0 Entire fore period: Total 6,097 610 254 25 629 63 883 88 5,214 522 .0 Average 4.17 10.32 14.48 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3,184 637 2,990 598 3,100 620 130 26 110 22 145 29 310 62 316 63 319 64 440 88 426 85 464 93 2,*<44 54'J 513 .50 4.08 9.74 13.82 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 3.68 10.57 14.25 .20 Third BUbperiod: Total 1.00 Average 4.68 10. 29 14.97 .20 Entice preservative period: Total 9,274 618 385 26 945 63 1,330 89 529 2 .">0 4.15 10.19 14.34 17 After period. First BUbperiod: Total 3,055 611 3,038 608 117 23 103 21 321 64 332 66 438 88 435 87 2,617 521 .0 Average 3.83 10.51 14.34 .0 Beoond BuBperiod: Total .0 Average 3.39 10.93 1 1 32 .0 Entire after period: Total 6,093 609 220 23 873 87 .0 Average 3. til 10.72 14 33 .0 15429 Bull 84, pi v— 08- 13 1482 [NFLUENCB OF FOOD PRESERVATIVE ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Solids balances for Series JX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 9 For- Balance ™JS* u 4; - admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 3,164 633 3,198 640 Grams. 132 26 109 22 Grams. 299 60 292 58 Grams. 431 86 401 80 Pcrct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 2,797 560 Grams. 0.0 4.17 9.45 13. 62 .0 Second BUDperiod: Total .0 Average 3.41 9.13 12.54 .0 Entire fore period: Total 6,362 636 241 24 591 59 832 83 5,530 553 .0 Average 3.79 9.29 13.08 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3,242 648 3,091 618 3,256 .,.-,1 118 24 85 17 142 28 313 63 293 59 298 60 431 86 378 76 440 88 2,811 562 2,713 542 2,816 .50 Average Second subperiod: Total 3.64 9.65 13.29 .10 1.00 Average Third subperiod: Total 2.75 9.48 12. 23 .20 1.00 Average 4.36 9.15 13.51 563 . 20 Entire preservative period: Total 9,589 639 345 23 904 60 1,249 83 8,340 2.50 3.60 9.43 13.03 .17 After period. i'ir>t subperiod: Total 3,192 3, 167 683 104 21 170 34 306 61 308 410 82 478 % 2,782 .0 3.26 9.59 12.84 Second BuBperiod: Total .0 Average 5.37 9.73 .0 Entire after period: Total 6,350 636 274 27 614 til 888 89 .-..171 547 .0 rage 4.31 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1483 Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.l >'<>. 4. Period 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). In (2+1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4;. 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. first Bubperiod: Total Grams. 3,062 612 3,190 638 Grams. 107 . 126 25 Grams. 278 56 306 61 Grams. 385 77 432 86 Vera. Per ct. Grams. Grams 0.0 535 .0 .0 Avenge Second subperiod: Total 3.49 9.08 12. 57 Average 3.95 9.59 13.54 .0 Entire fore period: Total 6,252 625 233 23 584 58 817 .0 .0 Average 3.73 9.34 13.07 Preservative period. First Bubperiod: Total 3,226 645 3,071 • ,14 3,227 123 25 120 24 146 29 307 61 300 60 300 60 430 86 420 M 446 89 2,7% .50 Average 3 81 9.52 13.33 .10 Second subperiod: Total 2,651 l.ou 530 . 2U Average 3.91 9.71 13.68 Third Bubperiod: Total 2 781 1.00 Average 4. 52 9.30 Entire preservative period: Total 9,524 635 389 - 907 60 86 1 Ave rap' 4.08 13.61 After period. rir-t Bubperiod: I 633 3,139 628 142 28 151 30 57 n 449 w .0 Average 4. 49 13. 4t, .0 Second Bubperiod: .0 Average 4.81 9. 49 14.30 .0 Entire after period: I otal UU - .0 Average .0 1484 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. r». Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2+1). « In urine (3-1). * In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First Bubperiod: Total Grams. 2.931 586 2,928 586 Grams. 112 22 81 16 Grams. 228 4b 263 53 Grams. 340 (« 344 69 Pint. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 2,591 518 2,584 .-,17 Grams. 0.0 Average 3.82 7.78 11.60 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Avt rage 2.77 8.98 11.75 .0 Entire fore period Total 5,859 586 193 1'.' 491 49 684 68 5,175 518 .0 A ve rage 3.29 8.38 11.67 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,984 597 2,873 575 2,980 596 90 18 86 17 93 19 257 51 265 53 257 51 347 69 351 70 350 70 2,637 528 505 526 .50 Average 3.02 11.63 .10 Second Bubperiod: Total 1.00 2. 99 11. 22 12.22 .2(1 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 3. 12 8.62 11.74 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 8,837 589 269 18 779 52 1,048 70 7,789 519 3.04 8.82 . 17 After period. l-ir-i Bubperiod: Total 2,928 2,842 :».77(i 577 79 16 79 16 251 50 275 55 330 66 354 71 - 2, Ins 197 .0 Average Second Bubperiod: i 2.70 8. ."»7 11.27 .0 .0 Average 9.71 .0 Entire after period: 1 158 16 526 „ 684 .0 rage 2. 74 9 12 11 85 .It FORMALDEHYDE. 1485 Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 6. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In (2-1). 6 In urine 7 In feces and urine (4h-). 8 Balance 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fort pt riod. Fir.-t subperiod: Total Grams. 3,019 604 2. 977 Grams. 130 26 155 31 Grams. 249 50 285 Grams. 440 88 Perct. Per ct. Perct. Grams. 2,640 528 507 Grams. 0.0 Average Second subperiod: Total 4.31 12.55 .0 .0 5.21 14.7s .0 Entire tore period: 1 29 534 53 82 7..177 7,1s .0 Average - .0 l'r> tervati > pt riod. First BUbperiod: Total 3.040 608 2.924 3,049 1.10 118 24 134 27 103 21 266 53 27o 54 262 52 384 77 404 SI 365 73 2,656 531 504 .50 Average Second subperiod: Total v 7."i 12.63 .10 1.00 Average Third BUbperiod: 1 otal 9. 23 13.82 .20 .70 Average 3. 38 11.97 .14 Entire preservative period: Total 9.013 601 .v..-. 24 798 53 1,153 77 .15 After period. il. period: 1 otal 3,097 619 3,010 103 21 112 22 51 261 71 373 75 2.740 .0 Average 3. 33 11.53 .0 Second subperiod: I otal .0 ■ ige 3. 72 12.39 .0 Entire after period: I 6, 107 611 215 22 .-,1.-, 730 73 .0 Average 11.95 .0 1486 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON I1KALTH. Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No.7. Period. l In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In tecee (2-1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance d-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. a3.013 603 3.041 608 Grams. 130 26 130 26 Grams. a 308 62 308 Grams. 438 88 438 88 Perct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 2,575 516 Grams. 0.0 Average 4.31 10.22 14.54 .0 Second subperiod: Total 2,603 .0 520 .0 Average 4.27 10.13 14.40 Entire fore period: Total 6,054 605 260 26 616 62 876 88 5,178 .0 Average 4. 29 10.18 14.47 517 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3,127 625 2,949 590 3,047 609 103 21 93 19 105 21 298 60 301 60 277 55 401 80 394 79 382 2,726 545 .50 Average 3.29 9.53 12.82 .10 Second subperiod: Total 2,555 1.00 Average Third subperiod: Total 3.15 io.2i 13.36 511 2,665 533 .20 1.00 Average 3.45 9.12 12.54 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 9,123 608 301 20 876 58 1.177 78 7,946 530 2.50 Average 3.30 9.60 12.90 .17 After period. First subperiod: Total 3,036 607 2,983 597 37 7 133 27 V 265 53 300 60 302 60 433 87 2,734 547 2,660 ;,Ki .0 Average 1.22 8.73 9.95 .0 Second BuBperiod: Total .0 Average 4.46 10.06 14.52 .0 Entire after period: Total 6,019 602 171) 17 57 735 71 5,284 528 .0 Average 2. 82 9.39 12.21 .0 a Average for one day added to complete record. FORMALDEHYDE. 1487 Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 8. Period. 1 In food. In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3-D. 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance 1-4 . 9 For- malde- hyde admin- Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 3,523 705 3,553 711 Grams. 148 30 149 30 Grams. 325 65 333 Grams. 473 95 482 98 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 3,050 610 3,071 615 Grams. 0.0 Average 4. 20 9.23 13.43 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 Average 4.19 9.37 13. 57 .0 Entire fore period: Total 7,076 708 297 30 658 66 955 96 6,121 .0 Average 4.20 9.30 13.50 612 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 8,606 721 3, 534 7(17 148 30 148 30 340 68 344 80 488 98 492 98 3,118 600 .50 Average 4.10 9.43 13.53 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 ige 4.19 9.73 13.92 .20 First ana second subperiods: Total 7,140 714 30 684 68 980 98 6,160 010 . 15 rage 4.15 13.73 . 15 1488 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] INo. lO. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance d-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 2,946 589 3,041 608 Grams. 97 19 131 26 Grams. 321 64 332 66 Grams. 418 84 463 93 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 505 2,578 515 Grams. 0.0 3.29 10.90 .0 Second subperiod: Total .0 4.31 10.92 15.23 .0 Entire fore period: Total 599 228 23 653 65 881 88 5,106 511 .0 3.81 10.91 14.72 .0 Preservativt pt riod. First subperiod: Total 3,129 826 2,964 593 2, .509 502 126 25 98 20 93 19 331 66 324 65 289 58 457 91 422 84 382 76 2,672 535 2,542 509 2, 127 436 .50 4.03 10.58 14.61 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 3.31 10.93 14.24 .20 Third subperiod: Total .70 3.71 11.52 15.23 . 14 Entire preservative period: Total 8,602 573 317 21 944 63 1,261 84 7,341 480 2. 20 3.69 10.97 14.66 .15 After period. First Bubperlod: Total . . . 3,053 • •11 3, 027 005 121 24 120 24 336 67 335 457 91 455 91 2,606 620 2,872 514 .0 3.96 11.01 14.07 .0 Becond iuEperiod: Total .0 3.96 11.07 15.03 .0 Entire after period: Total 6,060 .Ml 21 671 67 912 91 5, 168 817 .0 Average 3.98 11.04 L5.00 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1489 Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 11. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3-1). 7 In feces and urine (4+1). 8 Balance (1-4 . 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 3,107 621 3,213 043 Grams. 120 24 113 23 Grams. 53 297 59 Grams. 385 77 410 82 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. 544 561 Grams. 0.0 3.86 8.53 12.39 .0 Beeond subperiod: Total .0 Average 3.52 9.24 12.70 .0 Entire fore period: Total 0, 320 632 233 23 56 795 80 552 .0 Average 3.69 8.89 12.58 .0 Preservative period. subperiod: Total 3,294 659 3,110 622 3,213 643 95 19 % 19 120 24 307 61 302 60 293 59 402 80 398 80 413 83 2,892 579 2.712 542 2,800 m Average Second subperiod: Total 0. 32 12. 20 .10 1.00 3.00 9.71 12.80 .I'll Tnird subperiod: Total 1.00 3. 73 9. 12 Entire preservative period: Total 9,617 641 311 21 902 60 1,213 81 8,404 5ti0 3.23 9.38 12.61 17 A/trr period. ubperiod: Total 3,176 635 8, 166 633 116 23 119 24 309 322 425 85 441 88 550 1 .0 3.05 9. 78 13.38 o ■ nod: Total .0 Average 3. 70 10.17 13.93 .0 Entire after period: 1 6,341 634 24 631 63 866 -7 5, 475 .0 3.71 o 1490 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 12. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2-1). 6 In urine (3-D- 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 9 For- (1-4). 1 > d( v ; admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 3,314 663 3,316 663 Grams. 135 27 152 30 Grams. 325 65 299 60 Grams. 460 92 451 90 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. Grains. 2,854 0.0 571 .0 Average 4.07 9.81 13.88 Second subperiod: Total 2,865 I .0 Average 4.58 9.02 13. 68 .0 Entire fore period: Total 6,630 663 287 29 624 62 911 91 5,719 .0 4.33 9.41 13. 74 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3,365 673 3,209 642 3,312 662 187 37 112 22 114 23 350 70 320 64 327 65 537 107 432 88 441 88 2,828 566 2,777 566 2,871 .-,74 .50 Average 5.56 10.40 15.96 .10 Second subperiod: Total 1.00 3.49 9.97 13. 46 .20 Third subperiod: Total 1.00 Average 3.44 9.87 13.32 .20 Entire preservative period: Total 8,886 659 413 28 997 66 1,410 94 v 176 565 2.50 4.18 10.08 14.26 .17 After period. First subperiod: Total 3,286 657 3,284 113 23 100 20 333 87 340 68 446 89 440 88 2,840 588 .0 3.44 10.13 13.57 .0 Second subperiod: Total. . . .0 Average 3.05 10.35 13.40 .0 Entire after period: Total 6,570 657 213 21 673 67 886 89 568 .0 3.24 10.24 13.49 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1491 Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. SUMMARIES. [Averages are per man per day.] Nos. 1 to 6. Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period Total Average After period. First, subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average In food. Grams. 17,763 592 18,032 601 35,795 597 Grams 23 694 23 1.379 23 18,366 612 17,504 583 18,248 54,118 601 22 618 21 7M 24 22 18,068 602 17,781 593 643 21 35,849 1,384 23 In urine. In feces and urine (2+3). Grams 1,614 54 1,724 57 3,338 56 1,723 57 1,716 57 1,705 57 5,144 57 5 6 In In feces urine (2-i-l). (3+1). Grams. Per ct. 2,299 3.8*3 77 2,418 81 3.85 4.717 79 3.85 2,391 2,334 78 3. 64 3.53 Per ct. 9.09 9.56 9.33 2,418 I 3.91 81 7,143 I 3.69 1,677 2.320 68 77 1,737 2,458 58 82 3,414 4.7> 57 80 3. .V, 4.05 3.80 9.80 9.34 9.51 m 28 '.». 77 9.52 In feces and urine (4-1). Per ct. 12. 94 Balance (1-4). 13.41 Grams. 15,484 515 15,614 13.18 13.02 13.33 13.25 13.20 12.84 13.82 13.33 15,975 532 15. 170 505 15,830 46,975 522 15,748 511 31.H71 .-,17 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Grams. 0.0 .0 3.00 .10 6.00 5.70 .19 14.70 .16 1492 [NFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX — Continued. SUMMARIES— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] Nos. 7% lO, 11, and 13. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine (2+3). 5 In feces (2+1). 6 In urine (3+1). 7 In feces and urine (4-1). 8 Balance (1-4). 9 For- malde- hyde admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 12,380 619 12. till 631 Grams. 482 24 526 26 Grams. 1,219 61 1,236 62 Grams. 1,701 85 1,762 88 Per et. 3.89 Per ct. 9.85 Per ct. 13.74 Grams. 10,679 534 1 1 . 849 543 Grams. 0.0 .0 Secona suoperiod: Total 4.17 9.80 13.97 .0 .0 Entire fore period: Total 24,991 625 1,008 25 2,455 61 3,463 87 4.03 9.82 13.86 21,528 538 .0 .0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 12,915 646 12,232 612 12,081 604 511 26 399 20 432 22 1,286 64 1,247 62 1,186 59 1,797 90 1,646 82 1,618 81 3.96 9.96 13.91 11,118 556 10,586 530 10,403 523 2.00 .10 Second subperiod: Total 3.26 10.19 13. 46 4.00 Average Third subperiod: Total .20 3.58 9.82 13.39 3.70 . 19 Entire preservative period: Total 37,228 620 1,342 22 3,719 62 5,061 84 3.60 9.99 13.59 32, 167 536 9.70 . 16 After period. First subperiod: Total 12,551 628 12,459 623 387 19 472 24 1,243 62 1,297 65 1,630 82 1,769 88 3.08 9.90 12.99 10,921 546 10,090 .0 .0 Second subperiod: Total 3.79 10.41 14.20 .0 .0 Entire after period: Total 25,010 625 859 21 2,540 64 3,399 85 3.43 10.16 13.59 21,611 540 .0 .0 FORMALDEHYDE. 1493 Table XV. — Solids balances for Series IX— Continued. SUMMARIES-Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] N"o«. 1 to 12 (omitting Nos. & and O). Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period: Total Average A n< r pt Hod. First lubperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total \ verage 1 2 In In food Grams. 30,143 603 30,643 613 60,788 31,281 29 736 595 30,329 607 91,346 30,618 612 30,240 605 In urine. Grams. Grams 1,167 2,833 23 1,220 2,960 24 59 5,793 24 58 179 24 3,009 60 ,017 2,963 20 59 23 56 3,341 i 8,863 59 1,030 2,920 21 58 1,193 3,034 24 .,1 In feces and urine (2+3) Grams. 4, 000 4,180 84 (, 8 In (2+1). (3+1). In urine 8,180 82 Perct. Perct 9.40 3.98 3.93 4,188 84 4,036 81 81 3. :: 3.42 3.78 3,950 79 85 8,177 9 For- malde- Cl-4). W* (A . n ; adnnn- In feces and Balance Per ct. 13.27 13. 64 1 .53 13. 46 62 13.39 9. 96 13. 38 9. 53 13. 31 ». 7" 13 9.54 10. 03 12.90 13.1 Grams. 26,143 529 Grams. 0.0 .0 27,093 25,756 515 79,142 26,013 5.00 .10 10.00 9.40 . 19 24. -in . 16 SUMMARY OF RESULTS. MEDICAL AND CLINICAL DATA. The formaldehyde in the quantities administered did not produce any marked symptoms until the third preservative subperiod, a lapse of ten days; then headache and pain in the stomach and intestines became general, in many cases producing cramps, and in a fevi cases attended by nausea and vomiting. Only two exceptions are noted. A burning sensation in the throat was reported in the majorit) of cases. In four cases out of eleven a well marked itching rash appeared on the chest and thighs, causing great discomfort, Blight symptoms of this nature being reported in a fifth case. The general symptoms, therefore, arc headache and abdominal pains, while a Blight tendency to lower the 1 einperat lire nia) he noted 1494 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES OX HEALTH. minor symptom, and the development of the rash, though marked, occurs in only about half of the cases. It is important to observe that in the case of healthy young men it requires some time for this drug to produce an effect noticeable in a symptomatic way, as above described. That no effect is produced, however, until after ten days would not be a logical conclusion. It is evident that the system is able for some time to control the de- velopment of conditions which later become pronounced, but that no ill effects are produced prior to that time is not probable. After ten clays, however, ten cases out of twelve develop marked symp- toms of malaise, intestinal trouble and distress, and, in many cases, positive symptoms of a local character, such as the rash which has been mentioned. The apparent tendency to lower the temperature is mentioned as one of the symptoms, but inasmuch as no special investigation was made in this respect it is advisable that further studies be prosecuted before positive statements are made, yet it is not without signification that this unexpected condition of affairs was noticed, and also that there was a tendency to its continuation in some instances into the after period. BODY WEIGHT. There is a slight tendency shown in the case of those subjects receiving the formaldehyde directly in milk to a loss of body weight under the administration of the preservative amounting to 0.2 kilo- gram per day for each man, while in the case of the subjects receiving milk preserved for forty-eight hours there does not appear to be any noteworthy decrease in the body weight until the after period, when an average loss of 0.5 kilogram is recorded. The ratio of food weight to the body weight is practically constant throughout the experiment. These changes in weight are of interest as correlated with the corresponding increase in volume of the urine and moisture in the feces, and as contrasted with the tendency to decrease the excretion of the principal food elements studied. WEIGHT AND WATER CONTENT OF THE FECES. These data show, in the case of the subjects receiving formaldehyde directly j an increase in moisture amounting to 2 percent and a slight decrease (1 gram per day) in the amount of dry feces excreted. In the case of the subjects receiving the preservative forty-eight hours after it had been added to the milk there is a decrease both in the moisture content and in the weight of dry matter excreted, amount- ing to l .6 per cent and 3 grams daily, respectively, this decrease being further augmented in the after period. There is thus shown a slight derangement of the normal processes, which is unfavorable and probably bas some hearing on the loss of bod) weight. FORMALDEHYDE. 1495 URINE. VOLUME, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND TOTAL SOLIDS. The data in the case of the direct administration of the preservative (Nos. 1 to 6) show an increase in the volume of the urine excreted, accompanied by a slight decrease in it- specific gravity and practically no change in the amount of solids excreted. The same condition prevails in the case of the indirect administration, though it is less marked during the preservative period and more so in the after period. There is in general, therefore, a tendency to slight diuresis and a decrease in specific gravity under the administration of the preserva- tive, while practically no effect is produced on the excretion of total solids. It is interesting to note the connection between these increases in volume of urine excreted and the losses in body weights. The increase in volume for Nos. 1 to 6 and the decrease in weight occur during the preservative period, while for Nos. 7, 10, 11, and 12 these conditions are both more marked in the after period. ALBUMIN AND REACTION'. Fn.ni the somewhat limited data at hand no definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the presence of albumin in the urine or the acidity thereof. There is, however, in a few instances an apparent tendency to produce albumin, and in general during the administra- tion of the formaldehyde there is a tendency to decrease the normal acidity. Considering the action of formaldehyde in general on secre- tions, especially the digestive secretion-, this observation is in accord- ance with that of others who have shown that changes in the gastric juice are accompanied by corresponding change- in the acidity of the urine, nn increased secretion of acid producing a decrease in the acidity of the urine. These two condition- have an important phys- iological bearing on the normal function- of the body, and such a derangement must be regarded a- harmful or at least a- leading to harmful results. CHANGES i\ THE RELATIVE I \< BETOOK <»! SI U'lit B 0OMPO1 M»-. In the case of the direct administration of the preservative there i- a -light tendency manifested to derange the normal relation- of the compound- ..I" -ulphur excreted during the preservative period. There i- a decrease in the neutral -ulphur amounting to a little over 1 per cent of the total sulphur eliminated and a slight increase in the inorganic sulphates, while the ethereal sulphates remain practically the same throughout. For those subjects who received the preserva- tive after it had stood in milk for two days there i- seen an increase 1496 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. in the quantity of neutral sulphur excreted amounting to about 1.4 per cent, accompanied by a slight decrease in the inorganic sulphates, while again the ethereal sulphates remain constant. These data alone show evidence of an increased sulphur metabolism in the case of Nos. 1 to 6 and a retardation in the case of Nos. 7 to 12, though the excretion of total sulphur shows practically no change. NITROGEN METABOLISM. A remarkably uniform tendency is manifested, in regard to the metabolism of the nitrogen of the food, to increase slightly its assimi- lation and to retard the breaking-down processes in the cells. The stimulating of assimilation is in accordance with the observations of numerous authors who ascribe to formaldehyde the power of exciting digestive secretions, its influence on the pancreatic and biliary secre- tions being very marked. On the other hand, formaldehyde has a retarding effect on the digestive enzymes which in this case appears not to have been so marked as the stimulating effects exerted on the digestive juices themselves. The decrease in the metabolized nitrogen excreted, in connection with the loss of weight, contraindicates any increase in the anabolic processes. Apparently the same effect is produced by the formaldehyde on the nitrogen metabolism when it is added directly to the milk and when it has stood in contact with it for two days, though in the latter case it is somewhat more marked. PHOSPHORIC ACID METABOLISM. There is an unmistakable tendency shown to derange the metabol- ism of phosphoric acid, which again is manifested to practically the same extenl under the two conditions of the experiment. There is a slightly increased absorption of the phosphorus compounds from the alimentary canal, accompanied by a marked increase in the excretion of metabolized phosphoric acid, amounting to over I per cent. There is only one exception to this increased excrel ion in the individual data, namely. \<». 7. in which case an abnormal excrel ion of phosphoric acid w as recorded in the fore period. The balances are decreased in all cases except No. 7 a condition which is quite abnormal in the case of phosphoric acid and can not be regarded as other than an unfavorable effect, which would ultimately produce harmful results. SULPHUR METABOLISM. In the sulphur metabolism the same conditions are shown to exist as were found in the case of nitrogen, namel) . a tendency to increase the absorption of the sulphur constituents of the food and retard the norma] katabolic activities. The decrease in nonmetabolized sulphur FOKM ALDEHYDE. 1497 is a little over 1 per cent in both eases, while the decrease in metabo- lized sulphur excreted amounts to 4.6 per cent for Xos. 1 to 6 and 2.7 per cent for Xos. 7 to 12. There is almost as close an individual agreement shown in this case as in the previous balances, and there is no marked difference between the summaries for those taking the formaldehyde directly and those to whom it was given in milk pre- served for two day-. Table XVI. -Comparatm nummary of principal determinations made, Seriet IX. [Averages are per man per day. J Data. Formaldehyde (Nos. I-*;-. Formaldeb Temperature (°F.) Composition of !• ■ ; Water content (per cent) Dry matter (grams) Urine: Volume Kc liicroscopic sediments (per cent flg- ores for relative occurrence^ Sulphur (asSOg) (grams; — ral [norganic Ethereal Total Nitrogen— . Nonmetabolized I feces) lOlized (in ine .... Phosphoric acid Nonmetabolized (feces) olized (urine Sulphur Nonmetabolized I feces; olized (urine Fore period. ti3.50 101.00 77. 35 23. 00 970. 00 Preserv- ative period. 6a 27 After period. Fore period. . 231 143 30.93 12.26 98.1 63. 27 103.00 110.00 77 ^7 78 34 23. 00 2o. 00 108.00 1,170.00 , 63.6 202 L93 I . S22 141 146 .143 2 21:, 2. ltd 2.424 81.50 11. 06 9.71 30 :.4 31.78 63.06 12 70 78. 41 12.54 ative period. 62. 03 96. 34 22. 00 1,191.00 i 70. 00 2.001 .143 8.81 29. 12 76.61 period. 98. 1 91.00 21 00 ,309.00 72 7 217 .141 2 146 81.96 a Omitting Nos. B and 9; formaldehyde added to milk- is hours before administration. '• Sumniarv for Nos. 1—12, omitting Nos. S and 9. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. \ general study of all of the data leads bo the conclusion that the admixture of formaldehyde with food is injurious to health, even in the case of healthy young men. It is fair to conclude, therefore, that in the case of infants and children the deleterious effects would be more pronounced. 'The metabolic functions arc disturbed in a nota- ble \\;i\ . both by the retardation of the nitrogeu and sulphur metabo- lism and the accelerat ion of phosphorus metabolism. 'There seems to be a tendency to an increased absorption from the alimentary canal. especially in the cases when the formaldehyde had stood in contact with the milk, and hence it is fair to presume that in so far as the tive action in the intestinal canal is concerned, transforming solid food into soluble materials which maj enter the circulation, thi i evident l\ b b1 imulat ing effect produced. Bull B4, pi \ 1 1 14'.» v ENFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. There arc, however, many varying conditions which must be con- sidered in properly interpreting the data. The uniformly increased absorption of the proteid elements of the food, and also of the sulphur and phosphoric acid, accompanied m the lirst two instances by a decrease Id the metabolized elements excreted, and in the last instance. namely, phosphoric acid, by a pronounced increase in metabolism, makes the explanation of the data rather difficult. Attention should tiled to the fact that while the variations from normal metabolism are not very wide the individual data are remarkably uniform and consistent. The conditions which are noted in the case of the proteins would lead one to expect a gain in the body weight. 'Phis expectation, how- ever, is not realized for either class of subjects, although the losses in weight are so slight as to he practically negligible. The ratio of the food weight to the body weight was uniformly maintained throughout the experiment, and hence if no variations in metabolic activity had occurred a fair presumption would have been that the body weight would remain constant. That the change of weight was slight in view of the disturbances of the metabolic functions may he accounted for by the inhibiting or retarding influence of the preservative 1 upon the nitrogen and sulphur katabolism or by the slight increase in water in the urine and feces. It can not he maintained, however, that a retarded katabolism is beneficial to health. On the contrary, a more rapid renewal of the tissues within the limits of healthy activity would he more likely to preserve a normal condition. The old tissues can not he expected to functionate as perfectly as those which are newer, and hence, within reasonable limits, a change of the tissues of the body must he considered as necessary to a healthy con- dition and the maintenance of a normal vitality. The medical data indicate plainly that formaldehyde, even when given in small quantities, is an irritating substance to the mucous mem- brane, and therefore the normal organs are at lirst actively stimu- lated to rid themselves of the irritating foreign substance. It is not strange, therefore, that this preservative had a marked stimulative action on t hose organs and cells secreting the various digestive juices, evident thai when t he digestive and excretory organs of the body arc excited to unusual activity by sucb an extraneous body having neither food nor condiment a I value, they act in self-defense, and it would be wholly illogical to conclude from this increased excitation thai these bodies were helpful to digestion and conducive to health. The nature of the investigation made it impossible to determine whether ; 1 1 1 \ organic change took place in the various organs alfeeted, hut it ma\ be assumed that any such change which these organs had under- gone in I he limited time was not sufficient t<> disturb in any notable FORMALDEHYDE. 1499 way their normal functions, which they would perform until the con- tinued administration of the drug produced disease due to the exces- sive stimulation. In the case of phosphoric acid, the increased katabolic activity is difficult of definite interpretation, though it is established beyond doubt that such an effect is produced. The formaldehyde may exert a selective action for those proteid bodies high in phosphorus, render- ing them insoluble, but in this case there would be an excess of phos- phorus in the feces, which is not found. Or the formaldehyde may induce a change in the process of digestion whereby the phosphorus of the food is changed into a soluble and easily excreted form without passing through the tissues of the body. This might easily be the case if in the process of digestion the glycerol-phosphoric acid formed is transformed into soluble inorganic salts, which are readily excreted. Whatever may be t he explanation, the changes indicated in normal metabolism, accompanied as they are by the development of the symptoms described, can only be considered as prejudicial to health. The general tendency to produce a slight decrease in the tempera- ture of the body, assuming for the moment that the data warrant the conclusions that such a condition of affairs existed, might well be due to the inhibition of cell activity shown by the retardation in the break- ing down of tissues. The normal functions of the body would doubt- less be disturbed by such a condition, aside from the irritating and other disturbing influences exerted by the ingested drug. The tendency oi the preservative to produce albumin in the urine, while not well marked, is at least worthy of mention. The fact that onl\ slight changes take place iu the body weight is sufficiently explained by the data and can not be urged in favor of the exhibited preservative. The final conclusion, therefore, is that t he add it ion of formaldehyde to foods tends to derange metabolism, disturb the normal functions, and produce irritation and undue stimulation of the secretory activi- ties, and therefore it is never justifiable. LIST OF TABLES. Series IX. Page. Table I. Dates of periods and subperiods 1298 II. Schedule of administration of preservative 1298 III. Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed ;is percentage mi' body weight L315 IV. Weight and water content <>t feces by periods L326 V. Urine determinations - Volume, specific gravity, and total solids .... 1333 VI. Urine determinations — Urea and ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates i<> nitrogen L345 VII. Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and neutral sulphur L357 VIII. Microscopical examination of the urine 1375 TX. Average, by periods, of corpuscles and hemoglobin In the blood 1380 X. Nitrogen balances 1388 X I . Phosphoric-acid balances 1 1 10 XII. Sulphur balances 1 i:;i XIII. Fat balances I i is XIV. Calories balances 1 164 XV. Solids balances 1 ISO XVI. Comparative summary of principal determinations made I n>7 L500 O UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IllllllllUlllllllillll 3 1262 09216 8797