■v«^t.'v\>>v..,,..,.,. ! ^ ■...:;:--•■"•■ .-V ■-•'■■,/'''■'■• ''■^■' 0. E. S. LrB^ia^* CONNKCTICUT " AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, NEW HAVEN, CONN. BXJLLETI3>T 123, J"XJL"^, 1896. EXAMINATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS SOLD IN CONNECTICUT. The following report to the Governor of Connecticut, which according to statute is to form a part of the Annual Report of this Station, is issued as a Bulletin in order to place it promptly before those who are concerned. The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citize?i8 of Connecticut and to others who apply for them, until the editioiis are exhausted. Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2011 witii funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/examinationoffooOOnewh REPORT ON FOOD PRODUCTS. To his Mccellency, 0. Vincent Coffin, Governor of Connecticut : As required by statute, I herewith submit the first Report of this Station upon Adulterated Food Products. Very respectfully yours, S. W. Johnson, Director. The Conn. Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, July 15th, 1896. CONTENTS. Page The Pure Food Law 2 Collection of Samples 5 Maple Syrup and Maple Sugar 7 Sugars .- 13 Syrup 13 Honey 15 Lard 22 Pepper : 32 Mustard 44 Cheese 49 CofEee. t 52 Milk 63 Cream of Tartar . 66 Cereal Foods _ 68 Summary 69 Connecticut Laws regarding Adulteration of Food and Drugs TO 2 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. REPORT ON FOOD PRODUCTS. The General Assembly of this State, at the January Session, 1895, passed an act regulating the manufacture and sale of food products; which was approved June 26th, 1896, and went into effect on August 1st of that year. The text of the law is as follows : — CHAPTER CCXXXV. Public Acts, January Session, 1895. An Act regulating the Manufacture and Sale of Food Products. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened: Manufacture or SECTION 1. It shall bc unlawful for auv person, persons, or sale of mis- _ j \. i i •> achiitwated Corporation within this state to manufacture for sale, offer, or *°°^' expose for sale, have in his or their possession for sale, or to sell, any article of food which is adulterated or misbrauded within the meaning of this act. deflned""'* Sec. 2, The term food, as used in this act, shall include every brand^defined. article uscd for food or drink by man, horses, or cattle. The term misbranded, as used in this act, shall include every article of food and evei'y article which enters into the composition of food, the package or label of which shall bear any -statement pui-porting to name any ingredient or substance as not being contained in such article, which statement shall be untrue in any particular ; or any statement purporting to name the substance or substances of which such article is made, which statement shall not give fully the names of all substances contained in such article in any measurable quantity, ^anbe^dl^med ^^*^- ^- ^*^^' ^^® purposes of this act, an article shall be deemed ated' ^'^"''"" adulterated : First, if any substance or substances be mixed or packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength ; Second, if any inferior substance or substances be substituted wholly or in part for the article ; Third, if any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted ; LAW REGAKDING FOOD PRODUCTS. 3 Fourth, if it be an imitation of or sold under the name of another article ; Fifth, if it is colored, coated, polished, or powdered whereby damage is concealed, or if it is made to appear better or of greater value than it is ; Sixth, if it contains poisonous ingredients which may render such article injurious to the health of a party consuming it, or if it contain any antiseptic or preservative not evident and not known to the purchaser or consumer ; Seventh, if it consists, in whole or in part, of a diseased, filthy, decomposed, or putrid substance, either animal or vegetable, unfit for food, whether manufactured or not, or if it is in any part the product of a diseased animal, or of any animal that has died other- wise than by slaughter ; Provided, that an article of food product shall not be deemed adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act in the following cases : (a) In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food under their own distinctive names, and not included in definition fourth of this section ; {h) In the case of articles labeled, branded, or tagged, so as plainly or correctly to show that they are mixtures, compounds, combinations, or blends ; (c) When any matter or ingredient is added to a food because the same is required for the protection or preparation thereof as an article of commerce in a fit state for carriage or consumption and not fraudulently to increase the bulk, weight, or measure of the food or to conceal the inferior quality thereof ; [d) When a food is unavoidably mixed with some extraneous matter in the process of collection or preparation. Sec. 4. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station shall Connecticut o ^ Agricultural make analyses of food products on sale in Connecticut suspected sta?fon™o°make of being adulterated, at such times and places and to such extent ''^°*^y^^®- as it may determine, and may appoint such agent or agents as it deems necessary; who shall have free access, at all reasonable hours, for the purpose of examining, into any place wherein it is suspected any article of food adulterated with any deleterious or foreign ingredient or ingredients exists, and such agent or agents upon tendering the market price of said article may take from any person, firm, or corporation samples of any article suspected of CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. Notice to prose- cuting officers. Report. Appropriation. being adulterated as aforesaid, and the said station may adopt or fix standards of purity, quality, or strength when such standards are not specified or fixed by statute. Sec. 5. Whenever said station shall find by its analysis that adulterated food products have been on sale in the state, it shall forthwith transmit the facts so found to a grand juror or prosecut- ing attorney of the town in which said adulterated food product was found. Sec. 6. The said station shall make an annual report to the governor upon adulterated food products, in addition to the reports required by law, which shall not exceed one hundred and fifty pages, and said report may be included in the report which said station is already authorized by law to make, and such annual reports shall be submitted to the general assembly at its regular session. Sec. 7. To carry out the provisions of this act, the additional sum of twenty-five hundred dollars is hereby annually appropri- ated to said Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, which sum shall be paid in equal quarterly installments to the treasurer of the board of control of said station, upon the order of the comptroller, who is hereby directed to draw his order for the same. Sec. 8. Any person who, either by himself, his agent, or attor- ney, with the intent that the same may be sold as unadulterated, adulterates any food products for man, or horses, or cattle, or knowing that the same has been adulterated, offers for sale or sells the same as unadulterated, or without disclosing or inform- ing the purchaser that the same has been adulterated, shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than one year. Action not to be Sec. 9. No actiou shall be maintained in any court in this maintained on illegal sale. state On accouut of any sale or other contract made m violation of this act. Sec. 10. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed. Penalty. Approved, June 26th, 1895. SAMPLING FOOD PRODUCTS. 5 The fourth, fifth and sixth sections of this act lay certain duties upon this Station as follows : 1st. To make analyses of food products suspected of being adulterated. 2d. Whenever it shall find by its analysis that adulterated food products have been on sale, it shall forthwith transmit the facts so found to a prosecuting ofiicer in the town where the adul- terated food product was found. 8d. The Station shall make an annual report. The law also provides that the Station may adopt or fix stand- ards of purity, quality, or strength, when such standards are not specified or fixed by statute. All articles used as food or drink by men, horses or cattle are included under the provisions of the law and are subject to the inspection and investigation of the Station. It is obvious that because of this wide scope of the law, and also because of the limited appropriation made for the work, it is quite impossible that the whole field should be covered in any one year. That due diligence has been shown in examining food products during the twelve months covered by this report is shown by the work described on the following pages. Authorized agents of this Station have visited forty cities and villages of Connecticut for the purpose of purchasing articles of food liable to adulteration. These places are distributed as follows : Litchfield County 3 places. Hartford Tolland "Windham New London Middlesex New Haven Fairfield 9 1 5 5 1 10 6 40 There have thus been secured 934 samples of food products of the following kinds : Maple Syrup... 72 samples. Maple Sugar 7 " Syrup 4 " Cane Sugar 16 " 6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. Comb Honey 12 samples. Strained Honey _ 48 " Lard and Lard substitutes 162 " Pepper 114 " Mustard 74 " Cream of Tartar 103 " Cereal Foods 9 " Coffee 124 " Milk 105 " Cheese 72 '• Miscellaneous 25 " 947 In collecting these samples no effort has been made to select places in which it might be supposed that adulterated goods would be most abundant, but it was rather sought to get as many difierent brands of each article as was possible. To this end the agents purchased from " fancy " groceries, as well as from the cheaper places which supply the poorer part of the population. The State having already specially provided for the inspection of butter, molasses and vinegar by a dairy commissioner and his deputy, inspection of these three food products by the Station is uncalled for. It should be said, however, that all samples drawn by the dairy commissioner or his deputy are referred by them to this Station for examination and report. The examination of the samples bought by Station agents has been entirely done by Messrs. Winton, Ogden and Mitchell, as will be seen from their papers on the following pages. In every case where certain proof of adulteration was found, the facts, as required by the law, have been forthwith transmitted to a grand juror or other prosecuting officer of the town or borough where the adulterated food products were sold. The duties of this Station end here. In order to prosecute suc- cessfully it is necessary for the State not only to prove the sale of adulterated food products, but also to prove that the seller knew that the articles sold were adulterated. MAPLE SYRUP, MAPLE SUGAR. T MAPLE SYRUP AND MAPLE SUGAR. By a. W. Ogden. Maple syrup, obtained by evaporating the sap of the sugar maple, contains essentially the same sugars that exist in sugar made from sugar cane and beet root, but it is specially prized for its peculiar flavor. This flavor is said to be more or less success- fully imitated, and, according to popular belief, it is quite possible to j)repare, from the ordinary white or brown sugar of the stores, a syrup or a sugar which cannot be certainly distinguished from genuine maple syrup or maple sugar. It is probable that genuine maple syrup or sugar may be melted with water and a large proportion of ordinary sugar to make a mixture which has enough maple flavor to be in demand and to be extensively sold as maple sugar or maple syrujj. In Table I, page 9, are given analyses of 61 samples of " maple syrup," bought by Station agents in 22 different cities and towns of this State. Of most of these it is impossible to say whether or not they are genuine and unadulterated. But the last eight samples in the table of analyses are certainly adulterated and consist wholly or in part of glucose syrup. The five samples which immediately precede in* the table those marked adulterated, and which are numbered 5094, 5093, 5461, 5397 and 5043 contain some substance which has a strong right-handed polarization and is not " inverted " by the action of acids. Such a substance is not known in pure maple syrup or sugar, but a mixture of syrup with a moderate quantity of glucose would give the polarization observed in these samples. Method of Testing Sugaes and Syrups. Sugar, syrup and honey are tested generally by the polariscope, other tests being made in special cases. In our work one-half the normal quantity for polariscopic test* was dissolved in water and clarified when necessary with 1'^'^ each of alum cream and basic lead acetate solution. After making up the volume to lOO'^'^ and filtering, the solution was polarized in a 200™°^ tube. 50'='= of the solution were treated with 5" of strong hydrochloric acid, heated at 68° to 70° C. for ten minutes and polarized a second time, after inversion. The results in the table are calculated in all cases to the normal quantity. * 13.024 grams. 8 COISTNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. Explanations of the Table of Analyses. The last column in Table I gives the per cent, of cane sugar deduced from the polarizations. This ranges in the "maple syrups " from 47 per cent, in Xo. 5371 to 66 per cent, in No. 5460. Most of the samples contain 60 per cent, or over. Tha other 30 per cent, is in some cases mostly and in all largely water, but besides cane sugar and water there are larger or smaller amounts of " invert sugar " (a mixture of "glucose "and "fructose" sugars), which always results when cane sugar solutions containing acids (juice or sap) are heated and boiled as in open pan sugar-making. A properly prepared solution of pure dry cane sugar polarizes + 100 degrees. After heating with hydrochloric acid the cane sugar is changed to "invert sugar," which polarizes — 36-^° at a temperature of 15° C. In most cane sugars and in syrups containing cane sugar only, the same relation holds so that such a syrup, giving direct polarization of +50°, would polarize — 18.25° after inversion and would accordingly contain 50 per cent, of cane sugar. But sugars or syrups that already contain invert sugar, show in consequence a less direct + polarization and a greater —polarization than those which contain a like amount of cane sugar luithout invert sugar. Thus in the sample of maple syrup first in Table I the 56 per cent, of cane sugar corresponds to +56° of direct polarization and about — 19.3° after inversion. The difference — 2.9 degrees — represents the polarizing effect of invert sugar, with small quantities possibly of other optically active substances. Assuming, however, that cane and invert sugar are the only optically active things present, the amount of invert sugar is 1.44 per cent. Table II, page 12, gives the analyses of seven samples of " Maple Sugar." Whether these were made entirely from maple juice or are imi- tations of maple sugar cannot, in the present state of knowledge, be certainly determined by chemical examination. They contain 10 to 15 per cent, of moisture. MAPLE SYRUP, MAPLE SUGAR. 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Honey consists of the nectar of flowers elaborated by the bee and laid down in the cells of the honey comb. This is in substance the definition given in the dictionaries and recognized by writers on food products and food adulterations. It is a not uncommon practice to feed bees, when flowers are scarce, with sugar in some form to carry them along till they can get a full supply of nectar from flowers. But in order to lessen the work of the hive and so to increase production, cane sugar is sometimes fed abundantly and continuously when it is not at all essential to the bees. This cane sugar, more or less converted by the bees into invert sugar, is laid down in the comb ; but according to the definition given above, is not, strictly speaking, true honey. Thus it happens, as in sample 5050 in Table V, p. 16, that " honey " bought in a comb which has not been removed from the frame into which it was built by the bees, and therefore, where direct adulteration by a dealer is in the nature of things impos- sible, may yet contain a large percentage amount of cane sugar. It was most probably taken by the bees from their artificial food and was laid down within the cells without conversion into invert sugar. The buyer of honey, in the comb, therefore is not sure of get- ting honey made wholly from the nectar of flowers. Invert sugar and glucose syrup are common adulterants of the " strained honey " of the shops and a dead bee or a fragment of comb floating on the surface is no sure sign that the liquid beneath is not glucose syrup with some coloring and flavoring matter. Forty-eight samples of strained honey and twelve samples of comb honey have been bought by agents of the Station in nine- teen cities and villages, and the results of their examination are given in the following table. Honey in the Comb. Table V contains 12 samples of this class. Of these we con- sider the first six, numbers 5610, 5611, 5049, 5105, 5486 and 5490, to be genuine. 16 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. o o O w Eh "0 SSTXVB -JBdraax 'saajSaQ •aaclinax saajSaa .i8d aoTJd C^ (M O i-H (£ o N M ■* (J5 O lO i I I I I C~5 t- I:- co o ai I I I |ii k O '-' be og" .2 W^K >-< ^. Haven Conn t., Bridge <>> , E 1^ 03 h-l teS inst Mai CO 13 S te ^v,- 02 "^ "" •5 g =^ 2 m S 02 ^^ ^X! B a Field X & A ulliva a o o < o 8^ ^ ft 6D- ^ .8 ^3 o - O tZil >-5 -S [2 !zi ^ ^ g a 1 I ^ ' ! s >. : es © 1 '^ , -etc : CSX! • ^§ i =«o 1 > b>; ; ca 1 i 2 o'H'^ 3 -S n a 5 ■" >i = ot-:i •OK UOIIBIS t— I o; m «o o —>■<*( o 00 05 O «5 CO -^ Mm -I ^ ^K S C8 !>, s ^ •^ '^ rt a C^ a W fe ^ HONEY. 17 The next five, numbers 5104, 5367, 5366, 5365, 5368, may rep- resent " honeys " from bees fed more or less with sugar. No. 5050 is probably from bees which had been abundantly fed with cane sugar in some form. It contains 20.8 per cent, of cane sugar. The per cents, of ash in the four samples, Nos. 5049, 5105, 5104 and 5050, were .24, .26, .46, and .03 respectively. Steained Honeys. Table VI contains the tests of 48 samples of this class. Seven of them, as indicated in the table, are probably genuine. Thirty- four are suspected of representing honey from bees fed on sugar or of being adulterated with invert sugar. Two others contain considerably larger amounts of cane sugar, which either came from the sugar on which the bees were fed or was added to the honey as an adulterant. The last five in the table, Nos. 5360, 5270, 5273, 5314, 5352, are unquestionably adulterated with glucose syrup. Samples numbered 5359, 5354 and 5363 contain 14.6, 29.3, and 23.1 per cent, of cane sugar respectively. The per cents, of ash in samples numbered 5101, 5048, 5103, 5102, and 5091 are .20, .02, .09, .36, and .09 respectively. A considerable number of samples of " honey " were in pack- ages identical in form and size and bearing labels of the same size, form and wording, but the contents of these packages were nevertheless quite unlike in quality. These are included in Table VII. The first column gives the numbers of the samples, with brackets enclosing those which were contained in packages of one kind ; the second column gives the label, common to the packages, while the following columns give the results of the examination. Thus it is seen that there were two samples, 5360 and 5425, both in packages (bottles) of the same shape and size and both bearing the label, " Pure California Honey, put up expressly for family or medical use." The label bore the picture of a busy bee-hive. One of these bottles contained glucose syruj) (5360), and the other (5425) invert sugar or possibly honey made from bees fed with cane sugar. There were five samples, 5352, 5467, 5492, 5494, and 5047, put up in glass "tumblers" of precisely the same size and shape, 2 18 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. o 'A m u % a 3 < ■0 'gjnjB -aadraax 00 o N C<1 CO o C,^ ;« n -ii PP 1 CO 1 •- >^ m ' rs n t>^ tH b r— I u^ a" id a « o 3 as o o P a ^ ro ^ ^ O -§ 6S CS &i 05 . 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CB : &cq ; o , ;^^ ■; ' m >i 1 1 a O ' 1 CS & > ;pqm ; ■ <« 1 -« ' ■ t^ !- 1 M ' ^-^ |m -O 1 ^ s a o a o s « > C3 >• Cj a i' ei i- a ^ ^ cS =5 ^ fc ■^8 be a a § cS o ^ © r O TS . si > ^ © ^ a io t £ t: © o feo S: W -H CO o cv: CO .— ' CO o — 00 r— r-H O (M — --^ lO O 1^ iO ■i* CC IC 05 ev5 00 ca P-i ra CO « 1-5 (i< OO cc D-iCQ (^ Sec _S cc ^ H S !h ° O^S te- o ■£:; £ '^ S - - " M 'S =« £ • "^ -i-r -r -gs ■75 O i^-^ o r o c^ _ 5oCO rt( *f bo ^ a 2 § CO t; M o S.2 W g P;"^ bD B S?3 ■Q CO '^ 73 fl^ « g-< -►^ -tj "s pq • •-' o cs '3 03 O . . • O o .2"S d.a^.2 r^ ■^3 5 =i^ .-'^ S o cc CB ft> a> 0) PH W CW Cl) P^ = S pP OO C00505 ■^O^-•^00C0t-C003TJ(CI^^OUS t--^05000 OOOO lOOr-( Or-HOOMlOt-lOr— (T— li— lOOTtli— ( Oi— IC^INIM (M^ T^r-iO ■*Tt<(MCO^T*HTtl-^Tt(- t. i^^ ft o S « 1^ ^ O r- U 3 ^ 30 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. Oc8 O P o iz; o o O Q P3 air-onH. coico-^iatooso-^ S 2 IS w 2w fc; S "^ punojjsd 90IJJ 0105OOOC^-2 i? o , .P5 if CO ^ "S g -^ 02 ^ CO OJ a" pq Ep aj 4J CO 1— ( .- ;2 2 k ^►^!iijp-i •ox noiiB^S OOmvO— i^-r#C5OO•^^■5 00OOl— iC a — '^ — CO - -e^" 2-2 a.^ 9^ a '^ u3 _, a o .3 ^,-1- C5® § O J'csco g H .y ^ .3 SiS"* ,=3 S 1^ r ■^ -s a o CO 2 '^ 1- * „- ® .a pq 'C ^ P = t^P^ O 2 ^ sas t- ^ T3 02 ^ 5 >- " S > OQ'^ 02 "02^ 6.B§ 3a ^^ p5 3 a o -5 9 _a3 t-H cq S o „ o =^ t^ ^ g 2 OMOOCOfMOOOi— ir-lC5r-l-*lMmt-i— 'Cn30 •putiod I J8d ptBd 80U J ^ of si o a> '^ 1^ d3 >^' .jjT m - 2 flo i; tio §m o B is a, ctf ® ^ S ^ . Id 1 a 53 a 1 at 1 . P 1 19 fe IP ,<| . I T3 OJ ■ , (D . 1 d r 1 p^ , ;§cS ' ft ' ft ■ 0) 1 J-4 , 1 0) i(£-g ■73 k; «^^ C3 r ■'TS -e ft te -'a " ■g ^o § o S £ o-^ te t-^g^O'Sfcll'PHp ft^^m^S(i:fea>^ Q ftD3 S §^ SCO (t> •i £ <=> s s !h r O CB o ffl C^ S o !h LZ "JJ rj . , ■ ^ ft t^ ClH=i8 §d o o SO . © CO o ftftgCO J2 p< s!2; ^ S.-5 a O) ft d .S Oh CO CP P t>. CB ft 3 t? Oi 3^ ft opq gp^ 0-1 Ci3 oil S ^ ftg ■M 05 oi CD CD f- 1— in in in in in in in in 36 CONISrECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. d .2 (S S s M a 5 ■qsv SI CD 00 CO as crj fo' CO id 1:- N 00 CO id id id oo CO J:- la id CO O CO lO t- i— 1 O O CO ■* CO C^ C^ id ■*■ -^ T)H -#' -* •jaqM 00 ■rtf «5 I- o CO 00 1—1 1— 1 CO >a co" 1—1 o co" CO CO CO CO o t- co ^ 1—1 1—1 00 IM CO c^ 00 C5 05 CO C; CTJ I^- £-; O 00 O C-l lO CO C^' r-i ^ CO oo' CO 00 CD co' 05 o CD cd" oo' CO CD o rj; oo' J:-' o ^ o C5 CD ir-' 00 03 t- (N -^ lO o O lO O CO_ -*^ Tj( ci t~ CO i~ t~ t^ •jajBAi o CO 00 o CO o o CO o 05 CO © CO CO Oi O l-H 1-H O 1—1 r-l GO '^ o 1—1 CO CD o -^ 1—1 1—1 00 lO 00 >-i -* p-c CO 03 .-^ CD CO f; O .-! O 1-i O ^ •s?u90 'pnnod t- O O CO O 00 a^ T3EH .t2 udcS — CO S O CB oj CO COo ^E^i ^ ^tS pi a) Q a a 1-5 ddJ ctJ S^ !z;ei5 (D O . 03 '!■> a, a '^ y — (T) c^ o5 CD fb pq ^ pL, ^ a =s 2 S cc, ^ o , !^ ' 1-5 ' ' cS ;pq a : Ih-^ o ; 1 05 ' &, & 1 ' ai p^ 1 05 1 ;(^ Ol . 1 03 03 1 >.p 3 . &CL| (i:>^^^: (B .» 3 03 03 O a< P-i p-( O 1-t lo in lO lO m i« OS cs in in in in 03 03 W 0^ i^ Efl "h ^ CDOO .— ooc^o COOCiOOiCOOO &.£ c 2 "1^ •Scb CD a <^ cs 5 a * .3 5^ ' -j< .H -is ■^ kj . . Sf^ CD fe ^' 9 ^ ■302 a ,02 ^ s ■^ Qi-s 02 O r 6 S ^ ^ ;! g- bb c t^ S o o .s-s >i o ■ O t> ; K J- CO 13 a^ E-i M .ii ai !-, 03 , _N CO Is ^ 'm • _n rQ te § coooOTO t-— I<^^f0l^-ooo50 CD«CCCiJ?-OOOCD © 01 >C1 lO 38 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. pepper shells, but not with appreciable quantities of other foreign matters. Twenty-six of these samples were sold in packages bearing the name and address of the manufacturers, and thirty- three were sold by grocers in bulk. The lowest per cent, of ether extract found in any sample was 6.62. The highest per cents of fiber and ash were 15.41 and 6.42 per cent, respectively. Adulterated Black Pepper. — In Table XII are given results of examinations of twenty-nine samples of this kind, seven sold in packages bearing the name of the manufacturer or dealer, and twenty-two sold in bulk. All of these samples were condemned both by the chemical and microscopic investigation. With the microscope one or more of the following things were found in each sample : cayenne, starch, wheat, buckwheat, cocoanut shells, charred matter, saw- dust and chaff. In noting the character of the adulterants, we name in most cases the seed or the article from which the adulterant was derived. It is not always possible to state positively the particular product used. For example : where wheat starch and wheat tissue were identified, we have given wheat as the adulterant without attempt- ing to say whether wheat middlings, wheat flour or wheat bran was used. The buckwheat products used were in some cases largely the black hulls, in others almost entirely the inner seed envelopes with starchy matter. Whenever cocoanut shells and charred matter were both detected in the same sample, it is probable that the latter was derived from the foi'mer, although it was not always possible to identify the cocoanut " stone cells " in the blackened opaque masses. Generally it is not possible to determine the exact per cent, of adulteration. In some samples, however, there was no evidence that any real pepper was present and the per cent, of ether extract showed that a number of samples did not contain more than 50 per cent, and in two cases not more than 20 per cent, of pure pepper. This does not disclose the full extent of adultera- tion, as most of the adultei'ants yield a considerable amount of ether extract. In the columns giving the results of the chemical analyses, those figures which are abnormal, that is to say below 6.50$^ for ether extract, or above 16jg for fiber, and 6.50$^ for ash, are printed in heavy faced type. PEPPER. 39 ■Ph W o Q H <^ s P <1 XI ■JaqU •a « •sinao -punod .led pred aopj; C- -"it I— I m -* id ^ pd ^ Ci « CC "C> <1J (DO)© ,G ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ « ^e ^ ^^ CJ o o o PS aj oa CD go o :::>o C3 '^ C3 f^ 0) O) © 03 ^ cs & 5 'S O 2 O I O IS ^^ oooo 03 -;: ca i-l o „ O •go CtJ CO in ^ CS O &: . O? M ficd cDiz; i-i OJ o * Cu

M „_ a ^ '.-J 03 a t3 a 1-^ CO a 03 t> ■ox: nonBjs ^ Ci 00 Jr- CO O 00 00 O O 1— ( •<»( -* lO 10 lO iO 10 o ^ 1^ 40 CONNECTICUT EXPEBIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. a o ta a 1 a 5 •qsY ,-Hio CO '-"t* 1— 1 oco o m Jt-O -^ OOeO QO Ot-H Ci CO CO in •<* ^ t' ipi o* C5 o M CO 'ii t- •iISY a> CO C2 to lO ■-^ ■-^ ^ in cc C> 0^ a> ^o r> M ri^ iS <^ a a a & O g MUSTAED. 47 lOiOiOOJr-r-tr-iO^iO .2:^ cocqoooooooc^o 1-1 il -J Ph .2 td ft S - c o 115 I • ^ 1-^ CO r? ^ ^ 12; a ca ,_■; M aj i£i r^ S -^O jH Eh -« ■^ ca ^ 'ZZ TO M CO (D O C5 . a -AS . a o.g r-{ 03 o .n -s >5i "a 0.2 I—* CO o ^O ^ in Q> i% •-^ r^. c/^ ^ rn •c ^ SP in ■S.2 •rt ^ ft^ >^i^ fe D2 J *3 - d ""* '' o w _B ^ r ■g ^ 03 03 o f5pq^^o t^ a-g fl ■^'-''tf CQ O '^ ca :tf ca g 3 d g d a o 00 O "* CO >0 ITS ;d CO CD VO IC3 lO Jr- 00 «0 ITS tX) 00 CO CD CD lO 1^ O C5c»cCDcooort i:-J^-CO'#-*u:30eDOO CDCOCD'X'COCO.t-OCOi:— 'Snt; a f^ t^ u S o i^ - $. «i 1^ S ;=! >> s-^ 1=^ ^ w ^ o S = ra O 0) * §5 03 r^ g^. a cc ^- -§-1 a= :: >>- o o X o a p. ^ 3 CJ o cs O CO 00 o ctfj — ■COir500Tt(COOC3C^rOC500lOr-IJ:- — Oi^TdHO lOOi— l(M05C<10-^OiJ^-05i>-5DOOfOTtfOO'-l i Tji CO -tH ^ TjH (m' fo (n' cq CO CO \d -^ •*' -#" -*'■<# cj —< o punodK in J8cl ptudl 80U> »0 iM O lO o cl a p:' s 00 lO O O CO a) N P o 03 03 03 ^ r! < ri= O td O < S^__p p +=■ « § d - S bc8 la I 1-5 'S '^ '^ .5 's '5 5 <^ cc g o a r , . rP '^ ^ O) <] o ft C3 r1 ~ o "S § p^ S 3. "^ S 02 H -S CQ :z: -^ ^^ ' 1^1 i o ^ p iS „ i - — t, ca J3 ■ &td O 03 -a ■ -o3 •P 03 03 03 03 uC = 03 g P C3 g P ft "3 03 ■ 03 O !M 03 S ^ ft ft 03 .^<' ^" fa ^ ^ d ;g B "^ ^ >^ a M> . O ^ 03 02 M o . <1 p « 'K p ft-^ i* > '='8 b3 02 s- m 03 P C3 1 5 ta § .^ 02^ P '^ _ <= -.2 fa O c3 03 p I 03^- fa"2| t. p fa' r-' ^ 03 1-5 p >r3 Oi cq CX3 CO Oi «0 > p 'p 'p '5 O 03 g r^:^ -5 CO p a ^2 03 03 ^ C3 O ^ 03 O =i-l 00 CO OIO — I C5 00 J^- OO CD to U3 lO "O t~ OD CD OD in o locqoioovncrsi:-'— oD^-ooincqco-^co-^t-iM OO0505C50000"*JC-«5>niO-*£-00Cr5O<35I:- •P-P-S OO p CHEESE. 49 CHEESE. By a. L. Winton. • Seventy-two samples of cheese have been exammed with special reference to the possible presence of oleo-oil, which is said to be extensively used as a " filler." " Filled cheese " is made from an emulsion of oleo-oil and skim-milk. In none of the samples was the presence of oleo or other for- eign fats discovered. Method of Examination. Volatile fatty acids were determined in the fat obtained from the cheese by grinding with anhydrous copper sulphate and extracting with ether, as directed for the determination of fat in cheese by Short's method.* If desired, the percentage of fat and the volatile acids in the fat may be deter- mined in one weighed portion, thus ascertaining whether the cheese was made from whole or skim milk, and whether or not it has been " filled." As there is no restriction on the sale of skim milk cheese in Connecticut, the percentage of fat was disregarded. In order to have sufficient material for two extractions, 20 grams of cheese aad 40 grams of anhydrous copper sulphate were ground to a powder. It was found necessary to perform this operation soon after receiving the samples, as cheese open to the air soon dries and becomes hard and horny ; and on the other hand, if kept in a closed jar it moulds. The ground mixture of cheese and copper salt, however, keeps indefinitely, and the subsequent processes may be carried out whenever convenient. The extract (corresponding to 10 grams of cheese) was collected in a tared flask so that after removal of the ether the weight of the extract could be taken. If more than 2.5 grams were obtained, a portion was removed. In the cases of skim milk cheeses the extract weighed less than 2.5 grams, but was sufficient for the determination of volatile fatty acids, being in all cases more than 1 gram. The Leffmann & Beam modification of the Reichert process was employed,! using half quantities of reagents to correspond with the half quantity of fat taken. The saponification was canned out in the flasks used for the extraction. The names and addresses of the dealers from whom samples were obtained are given in the following list. The prices paid ranged from 10 to 18 cents per pound. Ansonia^ W. H. Bronson, 234 Main St. ; York State Butter Store, 176 Main St. *IJ.'.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Chem. Bull. 43, 371. f Analyst, 1891, XYI, 153. 4 50 CONNECTICUT EXPEEIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. Birmingham, H, W. Steele & Co., 99 Main St. ; D. M. Welch & Co., Main St. Bridgeport, Geo. A. Robertson, 70 State St. ; New York But- ter House, 12 Fairfield Ave. Colchester, W. S. Curtis, Broadway. Gollinsville, N. Bachand. Danbury, York State Butter House, Main St., Danbury ; But- ter Store, 43 White St. Danielson, A. H. Armington, Railroad Sq. ; Waldo Bros., Main St. ; W. N. Arnold, Main St. Hartford, W. W. Walker, 269 Main St. ; John A, Pilgard, 138 Front St. ; M. J. Feeley, 26 Front St. Manchester, Fitch & Drake. Meriden, D. C. Huggins & Co., 31 E. Main St. ; Russell Bros., N. Y. Butter and Grocery Store ; E. O. Chapman, 64 E. Main St. Middletown, B. Carbo, Rapello Ave. ; Gardner, 121 Main St. Naugatuch, C. N. Todd's Cash and Exchange Store ; Dillon's Cash Grocery Store. Neio Britain, Boston Branch Grocery, 238 Main St. ; Vermont Butter Store, Main St. ; Wm. Cowlishan, 420 Main St. Neio Haven, .John Franklin, 71 Nash St. ; M. C. Dingwall, 66 Congress Ave. ; McGovern Bros., 1037 State St. ; Broadway But- ter Store, 153 Broadway ; A. Duhan, 1134 State St. ; New Haven Butter Store, 116 Congress Ave. ; D. M. Welch & Son, Congress Ave. ; D. Dore, 679 Grand Ave. ; Butter Store, 391 Grand Ave. ; C. T. Downes & Son, 1 Broadway. New London, Thos. W. Gardner, State St. ; M. Pick, 6 Main St. ; Chappell, 148 State St. ; J. E. St. John, Bank St. NorwaVk, The New York Grocery, Main St.; W. R. Bates, Main St. Norwich, Bailey & Connell, 40 Broadway ; C. W. Hill, Frank- lin St. ; Appley & Jordan, 88 W. Main St. ; Somers Bros., 224 Main St. Plainfield, Walter Tillinghast, Main St. ; Kingsley's Store. Putnam, Brainard & Bartlett, 72 Main St. ; W. H. Mans- field & Co. Bockville, L. Young ; Union St. Grocery, 30 Union St. S. Norwalk, Lorenzo Dibble, N. Main St. &tonington, James Pendleton, Water St. Thom^jsonmlle, Henry King. CHEESE. 51 Torrington, The Torriagton Cooperative Co., 47 Main St. ; Philip Aperion, S. Main St. ; G. S. Weeks, 184 Main St. Wallingford, M. N. Brainerd ; F. H. Smith ; W. Murray. Warehouse Point, Aaron Smith. Waterhury, Brownell, Boston Butter House, 147 S. Main St. ; Branch of York State Butter Co., 844 Bank St. ; L. P. & A. M. Guilfoile, 777 Bank St. Willimantic, H. C. Hall, 17 Union St. ; Bert Thompson, 798 Main St. ; Holden Arnold, 999 Main St. Windsor Locks, Ed. Coogan. 52 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. EXAMINATION OF COFFEE. By a. L. Winton. Coffee is the seed of a small tree whose fleshy fruit is about the size of a small cherry and contains two seeds joined on their flat sides, which when freed from the pulp and the enveloping mem- brane are the coffee "beans " of commerce. The money value of coffee annually imported into this country exceeds that of any other single import, except possibly sugar. During the year ending June 30, 1895, 532, 938, 473 pounds were imported, having a wholesale value (at a little over 16 cents per pound) of 18*7,372,901.61. The imports of ground chicory dur- ing the same year amounted to 9,544,186 pounds, and were valued (1.7 cents per pound) at $158,142. In addition to the above, 463,679 pounds of unground chicory and 2,807,360 pounds of dandelion root and other coffee substitutes came into the country. Adulterants of Coffee. Among the materials which, either dried or roasted, have been used to mix with and adulterate pure coffee are the following : roots of chicory, dandelion, beets and carrots ; wheat, rye, bar- ley and other grains ; peas, beans and other leguminous seeds ; acorns ; figs ; imitation coffee, sometimes moulded into artificial beans, sometimes in masses, granules, etc. Examination op Samples Purchased in Connecticut. One hundred and twenty-four samples collected by the Station agents have been examined. These may be classified as pure and adulterated ground coftee, coffee substitutes and compound coffees. All were in the roasted state. Methods of Examination. By careful sorting, the adulterants in whole coffee were readily separated and in some cases the percentage of adulteration was determined. Microscopic exam- ination of the foreign material was necessary in order to positively determine its nature. Fragments of foreign material may usually be recognized without the aid of a lens and picked out from adulterated coffee after it has been ground to the usual degree of fineness. This preliminary examination is greatly facilitated by separ- ating the finer from the coarser material by means of a sieve. COFFEE. 53 Another easy method of separation is to shake a portion of the sample with cold water. The particles of coffee for the most part float, whereas the common adulterants sink. Material of suspicious character, separated by either of the methods just named, was examined microscopically to fully determine its nature. Fragments which, from their sweet taste and the color imparted to water were believed to be chicory, were usually found under the microscope to have the pitted ducts and other characteristic tissues of chicory. No attempt was made to distinguish between chicory and the other roots which often are used as an adulterant of, or substitute for, chicory. The term "chicory," as used in this paper, refers to what is known in the trade under that name. In order to identify the various leguminous seeds, the size and form of the palisade and " supporting " cells of the hull were observed either in sections or, more conveniently in my experience, in portions which had been heated on a slide for a short time with dilute potash and gently crushed with a cover glass. By this latter method,- after a few preliminary tests to get potash solution of the proper concentration and to heat for the proper length of time, cells of both layers were easily isolated without being seriously altered in size and form. The palisade cells when thus detached rested on their sides, and with proper care many of the "supporting" cells were in the same position so that it could be seen whether they were prismatic (as in the bean) or spool-shaped, as in most other legumes. It was difi&cult and sometimes impossible to distinguish fragments of wheat kernels from rye, either by the shape of the fragments, size of starch granules or cell structure, because these characters had been obscured or wholly destroyed by roasting. It was not always possible to determine the kind of starch present in the imi- tation coffee, described on page 54, because the granules were often distorted as if they had been heated. The presence of vegetable hairs and fragments of tissue, however, aided identification. Unground Coffee. Althougli the larger part of the cofiee on sale in this State is in the bean, still only a few purchases of the unground coffee were made since in many of the stores visited by the Station's agents the coffee was found on inspection to be of undoubted purity. Pure tmgroimd coffee. — Two samples of genuine coffee beans were purchased in labeled packages as follows : 5987. Union Club Coffee, Lincoln, Seyms & Co., Hartford. Bought of A. Wilson, Norwich, 38 cents per pound. 6006. "Winslow, Rand & Watson's Red Label Java and Mocha Coffee. Bought of Carten Tea Co., Bridgeport. The remainder of the samples of genuine coffee beans were bought of the following dealers, the price ranging from 25 to 38 cents per pound : 54: CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. The Original India Tea Co., Bridgeport. N. Bachand, Chas. McAleer, Frank Perri, Danhury. Waldo Bros., Danielson. M. J. Feeley, Mrs. Kramer, Hartford. Bissell & Brough, Man- chester. Lane & Peters, Milford. Unite L. Frank Tea Co., Frank E. Hull, Store 1]52 State St., New England Tea Co., H. Frank & Son, New Haven. Thomas & Gumble, Store junction Bank and Truman Sts., Corkey & Gannon, Keefe & Davis, M. Winslow Dart, New London. Brainard & Bartlett, Putnam. L. Young, Mockville. D. S. Davenport, Brown & Wilcox, S. Norwalk. Moses Pendleton, Stoningtoji. J. F. O'Hear, M. Mitchell, Thompsonville. W. Murray, Walling ford. Aaron Smith, Warehoti^se Point. The N. Y. and China Tea Co., Water- hury. S. E. Amidon, Bert Thompson, Willimantic. Adulterated unground coffee. — Eleven samples were purchased, and the results of their examination are given in Table XVIII. The adulterants detected were chicory, crushed and roasted peas and lumps of " imitation coffee." By the term imitation coffee we refer to certain masses of brown, starchy material sometimes found in adulterated coffee. These are made chiefly of wheat flour or middlings mixed some- times with pea hulls or pea meal. This mixture, in form of a paste, is apparently moulded in sticks or cylinders about half an inch in diameter, which after drying can be crushed or ground with the coffee. Imitation coffee, moulded in form of coffee beans, instead of sticks, has not been found in any samples which we have examined. In general, the presence of the adulterants which we have encountered in whole coffee would hardly escape the notice of the careful observer, if he had opportunity to glance at the mix- ture before it was ground, an opportunity which, in the expe- rience of our sampling agents, is not always accorded to him. Grou^td Coffee. Pure Ground Coffee. — In Table XIX are given five brands of pure ground coffee which were sold in sealed and labeled pack- ages. Only two samples of pure ground coffee sold in bulk were found on sale. These were purchased of James Pendleton, Water St., Stonington (34 cts. per pound), and Chappell's Store, 148 State St., New London (38 cts. per pound). COFFEE. 55 (•85uao) ■pnnojjadaou,! lO »o ITS o ir; to iri o '^ O O CD O sa SH SH 5tl o o o o o o o o d a fl fl _o .2 o o *o ^ 'X^ CI 'S 3 ca C3 a> St! o o 1 _S 1 Q = p o o :^ - - CQ o o _o a 03 ■73 •^ '^ 'O >^ s OS 03 fl 03 fl OS Sh ^a !h ji-l t^ ^ -^ O '^ o P O o ^ o s o o o o c5 a Vj 3 s .'o -2 " 'o o 'o ■ o ta o b C5 _S a b 1—1 ~^ 8 o 1— < — b o -* m (M C ^ o 0) 0) R m 03 "6^ ■^ ^ •ea a 1— 1

:^ p^ ^ ^ TS t^ o ^ O! T3 aj fl OJ id O n O ^ 56 CONNECTICUT EXPEEIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. Table XIX. — Pure Ground Coffee, sold in Labeled Packages. 6 "^ o "S OQ Brand- Dealer. o s - 5912 5958 5959 5957 5948 Cafe Royal Coffee, Benedict & Thomas, New York Seal Brand Java and Mocha Cof- fee, Chase & Sanborn, Boston (powdered) Seal Brand Java and Mocha Cof- fee, Chase & Sanborn, Boston (ground) Union Club Coffee, Lincoln, Seyms & Co., Hartford High Life Java and Mocha Cof- fee, AVinslow, Rand & Watson j Gilbert & Thompson, New Haven i 45 James' Cash Grocery, Danielson, 38 The Torrington Cooperative Co., 47 Main St., Torrington 40 W. D. Mead, Collinsville 35 H. C. Hall, 17 Union. St., Willi- mantic 38 Adulterated Ground Coffee. — Fifty-eight out of sixty-four sam- ples sold as "ground coffee" were found to be adulterated. Of these, five were sold in labeled packages, giving the name of grinder, or wholesaler, without any statement to indicate that they were mixtures of coffee with other materials. These were the following : — 5964. Sealed package labeled: "The American Java Coffee (W. G. & B.) Company." " Office of the American Java Coffee Co., 233, 235 and 237 Washington St., New York," etc. Bought of Lorenzo Dibble, South Norwalk. Price 22 cents per pound package. A gilt band cup and saucer given away with a pound. Contains chicory and peas. 5965. Sealed package labeled : "Genuine Mocha Coffee, John P. Augur, Crescent Mills, New Haven." Bought of Adam Wag- ner, Ashmun St., New Haven. Price 25 cents per pound package. Contains chicory and peas. 6050. Sealed package labeled: "Welcome Coffee gives uni- form satisfaction. Manufactured only by Bryan, Miner & Read, New Haven, Conn. The buyer of this coffee receives free with each package 1 bar of Welcome soap. One pound fresh ground." Bought of Geo. W. Gates, Windsor Locks. Price 25 cents per package. Contains chicory and peas. COFFEE. 5T 5960. Sealed package labeled: "Boardman &s Sons' Cele- brated Excelsior Coffee, 304 Asylum St., Hartford." Bought of R. Fowler, Ford St., Hartford. Price 15 cents per pound pack- age. Contains chicory, peas and '■'■pellets!''' 6015. Labeled on package from which sample was taken and on bag into which it was put : " Old Style Java, S. H. Brownell & Co., 26 to 31 Canal St., Providence, R. I." Bought (for coffee and chicory) of James' Cash Grocery, Danielson. Price 25 cents per pound. Contains imitation coffee. The detailed descriptions of the other adulterated samples, sold in bulk, fifty-three in number, are given in Table XX. The foreign materials detected were chicory, roasted peas, wheat and rye, " imitation coffee " (such as has been described on page 54) and an adulterant consisting of pea hulls made into little granules with bran or middlings. These, for convenience, we have designated as " pellets." Coffee Compounds. Under this head are grouped eleven mixtures which, as regards their composition and appearance, are like the adulterated ground coffees, but since they were sold in packages with statements on the labels (often, however, in very small type and obscurely placed) as to their character, they are separately considered. 6018. "Columbus Coffee, Chris. Columbus CofFee Company, 245 and 249 Washington St., New York. The contents of this package is a mixture or a Compound of Choice Roasted Coffee, Cereals and Chicory, Blended in such proportions as to produce a good beverage." Bought for coffee of Chas. Brenker, Torrington. Price 22 cents per pound package. Contains coif ee, peas and chicory, 5963. "Palmer's Compound Dandelion Coffee, Palmer's Dan- delion Coffee Company, l^orwich." Bought of C. W. Hill, Nor- wich. Dealer stated it was a compound. Price 20 cents per pound. Contains coffee, peas, chicory, possibly other ingredients. 6051. "Red Star Blended Java. A blend of choicest Padang Java with roasted cereals," etc. Bought for coffee of the Tor- rington Cooperative Company. Price 25 cents per pound. Contains coffee, peas and chicory. 58 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. •pnnod .I8d 90U. o ^ ° « S « .9 "5 =^ o <5 o 5 |^&"^ o t^ JZ -r 05 9 '^ t; ^ ^ g" a g I 05 3 1>^ 05 O 05 5co. 5 n cc 1-3 <; o I be ; hJ 03 _o a 5«^B 05 "5 c I o bjo 05 r = c^ >- > O , ''^ S ^ ■ ■ t> kT B"« • H ^ -S ^ i o ca . ; 05 .05 ^c50 ca :z;c "CO fl .oq ^ ^ o * a cS O 'rl '£ ' '5 ^"5 r*^ ;;2 O O CO pa ^1 ' © .2 o ' . o o .5 "^ •- ^ A g s^ 5g 8 p: H fe ^ S rH r-l (TC OO Of0^acCl^-0000lO^ 0-5 C5-*jf-00t-00O.— i^f-i— into COFFEE. 59 •punod •Oil nojiBig — '^ar-^^ciTtiOi— ic — coco — — > 60 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. 6007. "Eclipse blended crushed Coffee. In compounding this coffee we have selected goods that will give a much stronger and richer flavor than many of the so called pure coffees. A com- pound roasted and packed on the day shipped. Eclipse Coffee Co., 61 Hudson Street, New York." Bought for cofiee of W. R. Bates, Norwalk. Price 23 cents per pound in a quart fruit jar. It was unground. It contains 40 per cent, eoffee heans whole or broken. 20 " crushed peas. 40 " imitation cofee and chicory (not separated). 6016. "Arabian Ground Coffee, full weight. 130 Franklin St., New York. This package contains ground coffee." The word " compound " was on another part of the package. Bought of T. W. Potter, New London. Price 15 cents per pound. Contains coffee., chicory and peas. 5956. " Old reliable Java Coffee Company, New York." The following statement was printed in small type, "made of pea berry coffee and chicory." Bought of C. H. Bailey, 34 Enterprise St., Colchester. Price 25 cents per pound. A cup and saucer given away with each pound. Contains chicory., ^:)eas and cereals. 5971. " Excelsior French Breakfast Coffee Compound. From Dwinell, Wright & Co., Boston, Mass," Bought for coffee of J. E, Sullivan, Putnam, Price 10 cents per pound. Contains chicory^ peas, cereals ; coffee was not detected. 5961. "Hayward & Co., French Breakfast Coffee Compound. Dwinell, Wright & Co., Boston." This was put up in the same kind of package as No. 5971 with a similar label. Bought of W. W. Walker, 269 Main St., Hartford, for coffee. Price 8 cents per pound. Contains chicory^ peas, cereals ; coffee was not detected. 6049. " Enterprise Compound Breakfast Coffee, Lincoln, Seyms & Co., Hartford." Bought for coffee of Ed. Coogan, Windsor Locks. Price 25 cents per pound. Contains coffee, chicory and peas. 6080, 6019. ''Old Grist Mill Entire Wheat Coffee, Potter & Wrightington, Boston, Mass." A sealed package of this arti- cle was sent to this station with the request that it be examined for real coffee, which it was claimed not to contain. It was stated on the label: "Is a perfect hygienic product of the Entire Wheat Kernel. It is not ground from the coffee berry, COFFEE. 61 and while possessing all the delicate flavor of Java or Mocha it contains none of their injurious qualities." Another package of the Old Grist Mill Entire Wheat Coffee was bought by a station agent of N. A. Fullerton, New Haven, for 20 cents, a loaf of entire wheat bread being given away with it. The label was in all respects the same as the first with two exceptions. First, in place of the above quotation the following was substituted : "Is a perfect hygienic product containing the entire wheat kernel, roasted and ground. It has all the delicate flavor of Java and Mocha ; but, unlike these coffees, it does not produce bilious- ness or irritate the nerves." Second. The statement was added, "It is in every sense a Pure Health Food." Both packages contained some coffee, mixed loith loheat and icith a considerable quantity of ground peas. Coffee Substitutes. The following preparations from roasted cereals, etc., contain no real coffee and no such claim is made for them : 6017. " Ayers Hygienic Substitute for Coffee, M. S, Ayer, Boston." Bought of Sliver's Grocery, Stonington. Price 20 cents per pound. 6014. "New Era Improved Hygienic Coffee, E. C. Rich Co., New York and Boston." Bought of W. W. Walker, Hartford. Price 20 cents per pound. 5966. "Shredded Cereal Coffee, The Cereal Machine Co., Boston." Bought of H. C. Hall, Willimantic. Price 20 cents per pound. 6013. " J. W. Clark's Phosphi Cereal Nervine Coffee, a whole- some and nutritious substitute for the coffee bean, tea and choco- late. Clark & Alden, N. Woburn, Mass." Bought of Boston Branch Grocery, New Britain. 20 cents per pound. 62 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION EEPORT, 1896. Recapitulation. The 122 samples which have been examined may be classified as follows : Unground Coffee. In labeled pactages. In bulk. Total. Pure - 2 31 33 Adulterated 11 11 Ground Coffee. Pure..... 5 2 T Adulterated 5 53 58 Coffee Compounds 11 11 Coffee Substitutes (no real coffee) 4 4 Total.. - 124 It appears that most of the unground coffee on sale is pure, although 1 1 samples were -purchased which were found to contain one or more of the following adulterants in quantities ranging from 12 to 42 per cent.: crushed peas, im,itation cofee {moulded frotn starchy materials) and chicory. 89 percent, of the ground coffee found on sale was grossly adid- terated. The adulterants detected were peas, " hnitation coffee,'''' "pellets" {pea hulls and starchy matter made into granules) wheat, rye and chicory. Only two samples of pure ground coffee sold in hidk were found on sale. MILK. 63 MILK. By E. H. Jenkins and A. L. Winton. During the month of May one hundred and five samples of milk were bought by agents of the Station from grocers and .a few bakeries in all parts of the city of New Haven. The analyses of these samples show the general quality of the milk sold by grocers, which is quite likely to be rather poorer than that delivered by milkmen to families. The per cents, of total solids in these samples were as follows : Over 13 per cent, solids, 16 samples. Between 12 and 13 per cent, solids, 51 samples. Between 11.5 and 12.0 per cent, solids, 19 samples. Between 11.0 and 11.5 per cent, solids, 12 samples. Between 10.5 and 11.0 per cent, solids, 6 samples. Under 10.5 per cent. 1 sample. Total 105 The per cents, of fat found were : Over 5.0 per cent, fat, 3 samples. Between 4.5 and 5.0 per cent, fat, 2 samples. Between 4.0 and 4.5 per cent, fat, 36 samples. Between 3.5 and 4.0 per cent, fat, 37 samples. Between 3.0 and 3.5 per cent, fat, 17 samples. Between 2.5 and 3.0 per cent, fat, 10 samples. Total 105 The following twelve samples judged by the commonly received standards are adulterated : Specific Solids Dealer. Gravity. Solids. Fat. not fat. Mrs. P. B. Davis, 228 Shelton Ave. 29.2* 11.35 3.14 8.21 M. Maremma, 76 Oak St 30.7 11.03 2.80 8.23 Cor. Washington and PortseaSts.-- 20.6 10.00 3.72 6.28 185 Columbus Ave. cor. Liberty St 28.7 11.39 3.50 7.89 Cor. Lawrence, opposite Forsyth's Dye "Works 30.4 11.45 3.20 8.25 Ferry St., cor. Pierpont St 31.0 10.38 2.29 8.09 398 Grand Ave 28.4 11.43 3.60 7.83 D. Core, Grand Ave 30.5 11.48 3.20 8.28 Stier's Bakery, 127 Congress Ave 28.5 11.09 3.30 7.79 Mrs. P. E. Davis, 228 Shelton Ave 30.3 10.92 2.60 8.32 N. SteiD, 815 Grand Ave.. 29.0 10.55 2.89 7.66 Bakery, cor. State and Olive Sts. 29.5 10.59 2.60 7.99 * Read 1.0292. 64 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION EEPORT, 1896. Eleven samples beside these, whether adulterated or not, were of such inferior quality as not to be fairly marketable. Twenty-three samples of milk, therefore, or more than one-fifth of the whole number examined, were either adulterated, or of such inferior quality that their sale might justly be prohibited by statute or city ordinance. It is a perfectly familiar fact that pure milk from healthy cows has no fixed and constant composition. Differences of breed, individual differences among cows of one breed, the age of the cows, the feed, and the period of lactation, all affect the chemical composition of the milk in a very marked degree. The differences in chemical composition of pure milk are, how- ever, very much smaller when comparison is made between the mixed milk of many cows rather than between the milk of indi- vidual cows. Milk which is sold in our cities represents, almost without exception, the mixed milk of a number of cows or of herds. State and municipal governments, boards of health and associ- ations of official chemists have from time to time adopted *' standards " of composition of milk, fixing minimum percentages of solids, fat and solids not fat, or a specific gravity which shall serve to distinguish pure or marketable milk from adulterated or unmarketable milk. Thus, in the State of New York, a seller is liable to prosecution if the milk has less than 12 per cent, of solids and 3 per cent, of fat. In Massachusetts, milk must contain 13 per cent, of solids in all months except May and June, and in those months must have at least 12 per cent, of solids. The standard adopted by the Society of Public Analysts of England is Solids 11.50 Fat 3.00 Solids, not fat 8.50 The standard which is fair for one country or section or State is not necessarily lair for another. If the standard is a reasonable one it will sometimes hapj^en that pure, unadulterated milk of very inferior quality will fall below its requirements and thus be condemned as adulterated when it is not. MILK. 65 But the public ought to be protected from genuine milk of a very poor quality as well as from richer milk which has been adulterated. We believe that in this State milk which is sold at the usual market rates ought to have a specific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033, with not less than 8.5 per cent, of fat and 11.50 per cent, of solids ; and if any two of the three fall below the minimum named, the milk should be declared unsalable. We consider these as the lowest limits which should be recog- nized in this State and leave the question open for the present whether they are not too low. It would seem to be wise to forbid the sale, under penalty, of any milk which does not come up to the prescribed quality, leav- ing the question of wilful adulteration out of the issue. All of the samples of milk examined were tested for jareserva- tives, but none were found in any of them. The use of preservatives in milk without notice to the pur- chaser is clearly forbidden in the sixth provision of section 3 of the pure food law. 66 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. CREAM OF TARTAR. By a. W. Ogden. Cream of tartar is made from argol, an incrustation formed during the fermentation of wines, and is brought into commerce as a white crystalline solid or powder having a pleasant, sour taste. It is, chemically considered, acid potassium tartrate, which when chemically pure contains 25.0 per cent, of potash. " It usually contains from 2 to V per cent, of calcium tartrate, an amount admissible in samples for medical use, but it some- times contains from 8 to 13 per cent, of tartrate of calcium." — ( ZT. S. Dispensatory, 15th Ed., 1153.) It is used in cookery to " raise " bread by setting free carbonic acid from the salseratus or " soda " which is mixed with dough. One hundred and three samj^les bought by the Station agents for cream of tartar have been exainined. Thirty-five were in packages bearing the manufacturer's, grinder's or j^acker's name and brand. Of these, seven were adulterated, as will be seen in Table XXI. The samples bearing the names of the following firms were unadulterated : Austin, Nichols & Co., IST. Y., Berry Wisner, Lohman &, Co., ^NT. Y., Bugbee and Brownell, Providence, R. I., Clark, Chapin & Bushnell, N. Y., Francis H. Leggett & Co., N. Y., Lincoln, Seyms & Co., Hartford, Ct., James P. Powers ct Co., N. Y., James Pyle, N. Y, D. & L. Slade Co., Boston, Mass., Stickney & Poor, Boston, Mass., Thurber, N. Y. Sixty-eight samples of cream of tartar were bought in bulk from retail grocers in different parts of the State. TWenty-four of these were variously adulterated, some of them containing no cream of tartar at all. Partial analyses of them, with statement of the adulterants, are given in Table XXI. In addition to the adulterants named in the table, all of the samples, with exception of Nos. 537, 539, 55*7, 665 and 1500, also coHtained starch. CREAM OF TARTAR. 67 a _o 03 < O 03 S OS !2i 1 03 03 .a 1 O O 03 03 11 a II 11 Plaster. Sulphate and phosphate of lime. a u II a 11 11 11 11 «t-i o 03 o rd ft ^ ft- - ft- - to M o o rd si ft ft --5-a=3 a== -2 . S ft- - IB = = = - = ft- - = = = = 3 ^ - CO Ph 02 a <1 2 = 1 I-; l-H 1 ■.^_ 1 '°. "". , , ,CTS , , ,00000 .O ,00 ,o I 1 jO 1 I |t— Ir— 1C<1 | CO •4' C50i— ir- COC^03C3 oo' CO c* -*_ Oi OT n^ 1 oi oo' OJ -rr t-^ ' ^ CO co" COr-H 1,— Irl ,— Ir— IrtCqoq lC^ 1 o#cqCO JCDCOIO irq ^' , _<■ r-i ,-H .-.' r-H r-H T-H rH T-4 1 r-< Cq" rH , IC 03 00 t- (M '^ ; 00 c^ -* niOCOmOi:~i( CD I— 1 ,— 1 CO '^ lO us CD CD CO O 68 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. CEREAL FOODS. By a. L. Winton. Nine samples have been examined. No corn starch or tissue was found in any of them. No wheat was found in the oat meals. All appeared to be properly branded and unadulterated. The brands examined were the following : — Oat Preparations. H. O., made by Hornby's Oatmeal Co., New York. Quaker Rolled White Oats, made by the American Cereal Oo., Chicago, 111. Street's Perfection Rolled White Oats, and Toasted White Oats, made by S. H. Street & Co., New Haven, Ct. Wheat Preparations, Fould's Wheat Germ Meal, made by Fould's Milling Co., Cin- cinnati. Wheatlet, made by Franklin Mills Co., Lockport, N. Y. Eli Pettijohn's Best, made by Eli Pettijohn Cereal Co., Min- neapolis. Pettijohn's Breakfast Gem, C. S. Lanmeister. Ralston Health Club Breakfast Food, made by Robinson-Dan- forth Co., St. Louis, Mo. Street's Perfection Wheatine, made by S. H. Street & Co., New Haven. Wheatena. SUMMARY. 69 SUMMARY. As appears in the following table, this report contains the results of examination of 849 articles of food of thirteen different kinds. With the exception of Martins' yellow, found in minute quantity in certain samples of mustard, no poisonous adulterants have been found. Maple Syrup " Sugar Sugar Syrup Strained Honey. Comb " . Lard Pepper Mustard Cheese CofEee Milk Cream of Tartar Cereal Foods Table XXII. Examined. Pure. Doubtful. Adulterated. 61 48 5 8 7 7 __ .. 16 16 .. ._ 4 4 ._ .. 48 43 __ 5 12 12 __ ._ 118 75 __ 43 102 62 8 32 69 15 __ 54 72 72 __ _. 124 53 _. 69 105 82 11 12 103 72 _. 31 9 9 570 24 254 Of the whole number examined 67.2 per cent, were pure. ' were doubtful. 2.9 29.9 were adulterated within the meaning of the act . TO CONNECTICUT EXPEEIMENT STATION EEPOET, 1896. STATE LAWS REGARDING ADULTERATION OF FOOD AND DRUGS. The following laws regarding special forms of adulteration of food or drugs are now on the statute books of this State and, with the Pure Food Law already printed on page 2, give a complete view of our legislation on this subject. The statute regulating the sale of imitation butter created the office of Dairy Commissioner, who is charged with the execution of the laws regarding the sale of butter, molasses and vinegar. Numerous prosecutions have been brought for violation of these laws. No one is charged with the execution of the laws regarding Adulteration of Milk, Adulteration of Candy, Adulteration of Spirituous and Intoxicating Liquors, and Adulteration of Drugs and Medicines. Boards of Health are 'permitted to act under the statute regarding the Adulteration of Food, but we cannot learn that any action was ever brought under any of these statutes, which do not make it the duty of some official or institution to see to their enforcement. ADULTERATION OF BUTTER. [G. S. 1888, Ch. CLVI.] [Amended by Ch. CXIV, Public Acts, Jau. Sess. 1893, and Ch. XXXTI, Public Acts, Sess. 1895.] Sec. 2614. Any article resembling butter in appearance and not made wholly, salt and coloring excepted, from the milk of cows, shall be imitation butter within the meaning of this chap- ter. The words " butter," " dairy," or " creamery " shall form neither the whole nor a part of the name of any imitation butter, or appear upon any article, or upon any box, tub, or package containing imitation butter. Sec, 2615. No person by himself, or his agents, or servants, shall render or manufacture, sell, ofier for sale, expose for sale, take orders for the future delivery of, or have in his possession with intent to sell, any article, product or compound made wholly or partly out of any fat, oil or oleaginous substance or compound thereof, not produced from unadulterated milk or STATE LAWS REGARDING ADULTERATION. 71 cream from the same, which shall be in imitation of yellow butter produced from pure unadulterated milk or cream of the same ; provided that nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit the manufacture or sale of oleomargarine in a separate and dis- tinct form and in such manner as will advise the consumer of its real character free from coloration or any ingredient that causes it to look like butter. No imitation butter shall be sold or exposed for sale or delivered except under the following condi- tions : First, the seller shall maintain in plain sight, over or next the main outer entrance of the premises where the selling is done, a sign bearing in plain, black roman letters, not less than two inches wide and four inches long, on a white ground, the words " sold here," preceded by the name of the imitation article. If the selling is done from a wagon, or other vehicle, such vehicle shall conspicuously bear upon its outside, on both sides of said wagon or vehicle, such a sign. If the delivering is done from a wagon or oiher vehicle, such vehicle shall conspicuously bear, upon its outside, on both sides of said wagon or vehicle, a sign bearing in plain, black, roman letters, not less than two inches wide and four inches long, on a white ground, the words " deliv- ered here," preceded by the name of the imitation article. Second, all imitation butter shall be kept in an enclosing package which shall bear on the outside of its body, and also of its cover, at all times in plain sight of a beholder of the package, in black, roman letters, not less than one inch wide, and two inches long, on a white or light-colored ground, the name of the imitation article. Third, the seller shall orally inform each buyer at each sale that the article he buys is not butter, and shall give the buyer the name of the imitation article. Fourth, every person, copartnership, or corporation, selling, or offering for sale, any imitation butter, and every keeper of a hotel boarding-house, or restaurant, temporary or permanent, who shall furnish any guest with any imitation butter, or food containing it, shall within fifteen days after the passage of this act, or within fifteen days after commencing said business, and annually on the first day of May, or within fifteen days thereafter, register in a book kept by the Dairy Commissioner for that purpose, the name and the town, street and number of street of the place of busi- ness of said person, copartnership, corporation, keeper of hotel, boarding-house, or restaurant. All signs prescribed in sections 72 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. 2615, 2616 and 2617 of the General Statutes, shall be provided by the Dairy Commissioner, and all signs I'equired, under pro- visions of section 2515 of the General Statutes, to be maintained in plain sight, over or next the main outer entrance of the prem- ises where the selling is done, shall be placed in position, under the direction of the Dairy Commissioner or his deputy. All signs so furnished by the Dairy Commissioner shall be paid for by the parties receiving the same, the same to be furnished at the actual cost thereof. Sec. 2616. No baker or vender of food shall sell or expose for sale any article of food containing imitation butter unless such baker or vender shall maintain the same kind of a sign as herein- before first prescribed, in the way and manner prescribed in that connection, except that the woi'd "used " shall be substituted for the word " sold." If the selling be done from a wagon, or other vehicle, such vehicle shall conspicuously bear such a sign. Sec. 2617. No keeper of a hotel, boarding-house, or restau- rant, temporary or permanent, shall furnish any guest with any imitation butter, or food containing it, unless such keeper shall maintain in plain sight of all guests sitting at tables where food is served such a sign or signs as hereinbefore prescribed, except that the word " used " shall be substituted for the word " sold." Sec. 2618. The Governor shall appoint a citizen of the State as a Dairy Commissioner, who" shall hold office for two years from and after the first day of May succeeding his appointment, and until his successor is appointed, unless sooner removed by the Governor for cause ; and in case of his death, resignation, or removal, the Governor shall fill the vacancy. It shall be the duty of the Dairy Commissioner to attend to the enforcement of this chapter throughout the State. A room in the Capitol shall be set apart for the Dairy Commissioner. He may appoint and remove a deputy, who may also act as clerk. The Dairy Com- missioner and his deputy shall have free access, at all reasonable hours, for the purpose of examining into any suspected violation of this chapter, to all places and premises, apartments of private families keeping no boarders excepted, where the Dairy Commis- sioner or his deputy suspects imitation butter to be made, sold, or used ; and on tender of the market price of good butter for the same may take from any person, firm, or corporation, samples of any articles suspected to be imitation butter. The Dairy Com- missioner may have samples suspected to be imitation butter STATE LAWS REGARDING ADULTERATION. 73 analyzed at the Connecticut Experiment Station, or by any State chemist, and a sworn or affirmed certificate of the analyst shall be prima facie evidence of the ingredients and constituents of the sample analyzed. Any one refusing the Dairy Commissioner, or his deputy, access, in a reasonable manner and at a reasonable time, to premises for said purpose of examination, or refusing to sell samples as hereinbefore provided for, shall incur the penalty hereinafter first provided for violation of this chapter. The Dairy Commissioner shall make an annual report to the Governor, and such annual reports shall be submitted to the General Assembly at its regular session. Sec. 2619, Any person violating any of the provisions of sections 2614, 2615 or 2616, and any person except a boarding- house keeper violating section 2617, shall for the first oflfence be fined not more than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than sixty days, or both ; for any subsequent offence said fine and imprisonment shall be doubled. Any boarding-house keeper violating section 2617 shall for the first offence be fined twenty- five dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days, or both; for any subsequent offence, said fine and imprisonment last men- tioned shall be doubled. Evidence of any violation of this chap- ter, shall be prima facie evidence of wilful violation, with knowledge. ADULTERATION OF MILK. [G. S. 1888, Ch. CLVIII.] Sec. 2658. Whoever shall knowingly sell, su^Dply, or bring to be manufactured to any butter or cheese manufactory in this State any milk diluted with water, or adulterated by the addition of any foreign substance, or from which any milk or cream or milk commonly known as strippings has been taken ; or whoever shall knowingly bring or supply milk to any butter or cheese manufactory that is tainted or partly sour, shall forfeit not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, with costs of suit, for the benefit of the person or persons upon whom such fraud shall be committed. Sec. 2659. The usual test for quality and the certificate of analysis of the Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi- ment Station shall be deemed prima facie proof of adulteration. Y4: CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 1896. Sec. 2660. No person shall sell, ofler or expose for sale any milk from which the cream, or any part thereof, has been removed, without distinctly and durably affixing a label, tag, or mark of metal in a conspicuous place upon the outside, and not more than six inches from the top of every can, vessel, or pack- age containing such milk, and such metal label, tag, or mark shall have the words " Skimmed Milk " stamped, printed, or indented thereon in letters not less than one inch in height ; and such milk shall only be sold or retailed out of a can, vessel, or package so marked. Sec. 2661. No person shall sell or ofier for sale, or shall have in possession with intent to sell or offer for sale, any impure or adulterated milk. Sec. 2662. Every person who shall violate any of the pro- visions of the two preceding sections shall be fined not more than seven dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or both. Sec. 2663. A printed notice of this and the five preceding sec- tions shall be conspicuously posted in all public places, creameries or factories where milk is received or sold. Sec. 2664. Any person who shall knowingly sell, or expose for sale, milk, or any product of milk, from any cow which shall have been adjudged, by the Commissioners upon Diseases of Domestic Animals, affected with tuberculosis, or other blood dis- ease, shall be fined not more than seven dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or both. ADULTERATION OF MOLASSES. [G. S. 1888, Ch. CLVII.] [Amended by Ch. CCXXXVIII, Public Acts, Jan. Sess., 1889.] Sec. 2620. It shall be the duty of the Dairy Commissioner to attend to the enforcement of the law against the adulteration of molasses and the sale of adulterated molasses, and for the purpose of examining into suspected violations of such law, he shall, at all reasonable hours, have free access to all places cind premises where he suspects that molasses is adulterated or adulterated molasses is sold, and, on tender of the market price of good molasses for the same, he may take from any person, firm or cor- poration, samples of molasses which he suspects is adulterated ; STATE LAWS REGARDING ADULTERATION. 75 and he may have samples of molasses suspected to be adulterated analyzed by any State chemist or by the Experiment Station, and a sworn or affirmed certificate of such analyst shall h^ prima facie evidence of the ingredients and constituents of the sample analyzed ; and if such analysis shall show that the molasses is adulterated, he shall make complaint to the proper prosecuting officer that the person or persons who adulterated said molasses, or sold or exposed for sale such adulterated molasses, may be prosecuted. Sec. 2621. Any person refusing the Dairy Commissioner or his deputy access in a reasonable manner and at a reasonable time for said purpose of examination, or refusing to sell samples as herein- before provided, shall be fined not more than seven dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or both. Sec. 2622. Any person who shall adulterate any molasses, or who shall sell, or offer, or expose for sale, or who shall solicit or receive any order for the sale or delivery within this State, or for delivery without this State for shipment into this State, of any molasses adulterated with salts of tin, terra alba, glucose, dextrose, starch sugar, corn syrup, or other preparation of or from starch, shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. The delivery of any of the above mentioned preparations upon any order solicited or received within this State, shall be conclusive evidence that the order, upon which such delivery was made, was for such articles, and shall render the person soliciting or receiving such order liable to the penalty above prescribed. ADULTERATION OF CANDY. [Chapter CLXXXIII, Acts of Session of 1895.] Be it enacted hy the Senate and Souse of Representatives in General Assembly convened: Any pei-son who shall adulterate candy with terra alba, barytes, talc, or any other mineral substance, or with poisonous colors or flavors, or knowingly sell or offer for sale candy so adulterated, shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars. 76 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPOET, 1896. AN ACT TO PREVENT ERA LTD IN THE MANUFAC- TURE AND SALE OF VINEGAR. [Chap. LX, Acts of Session of 1889, as amended by Chap. CCXXXIV of Acts of same Session.] Se it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened: Section 1. No person shall make and sell, or make for sale, as cider vinegar, any vinegar not produced wholly from the juice of apples. No person shall add to any vinegar, or to any article sold or to be sold as vinegar, any drug, any hurtful or foreign substance, any coloring matter, or any acid, other than acetic. Any person violating this section of this act shall be fined fifty dollars for a first ofiense, and for a second or later offense he shall be fined one hundred dollars and imprisoned thirty days. Sec. 2. No person shall make and sell, or make for sale, any vinegar not having an acetic acidity equivalent to the presence therein of not less than four per centum by weight of absolute acetic acid, and in the case of cider vinegar, not less than two per centum by weight of cider vinegar solids upon full evaporation over boiling water. No maker of vinegar shall sell the same without conspicuously branding, stenciling or painting upon the head of the barrel, cask, keg, or package containing the same, the name of the maker, his residence or place of manufacture, and in the case of cider vinegar, the words " cider vinegar," provided that this clause concerning marking shall not apply to retail sales, at the place of manufacture, in quantities of less than five gallons, and in open packages. Any person violating this section of this act shall be fined ten dollars for a first offense, and for a second or later offense fifty dollars. Sec. 3, No person shall sell, or ofler, or expose for sale, or exchange, or solicit, or receive any order for the sale or delivery within this State, or for delivery without this State for shipment into this State : first, any vinegar, as cider vinegar, not wholly produced from the juice of apples ; or second, any vinegar, or article sold or to be sold as vinegar, in which has been added any drug, or any hurtful or foreign substance, or any coloring matter, or any acid other than acetic ; or third, any vinegar not having an acetic acidity equivalent to the presence therein of not STATE LAWS REGARDING ADULTERATION. 77 less than four per centum by weight of absolute acetic acid, and in case of cider vinegar, not less than two per centum by weight of cider vinegar solids upon full evaporation over boiling water ; or fourth, any vinegar made in this State and purchased by the person last mentioned of the maker in a barrel, cask, keg or other package not branded, stenciled or painted as required by a pre- vious section of this act. Any person violating this section of this act shall be fined ten dollars for a first oflfense, and for a sec- ond or later oflfense fifty dollars. The delivery of any of the above mentioned articles upon any oi'der solicited or received within this State shall be conclusive evidence that the order upon which such delivery was made was for such articles, and shall render the person soliciting or receiving such order liable to the penalty above prescribed. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the Dairy Commissioner to attend to the enforcement of this act ; and, for the purjjose of examining into suspected violations thereof, he shall at all reason- able hours have free access to all places and premises where he suspects that any provision of this act is violated, and on tender of the market price of good vinegar therefor, he may take from any person, firm or corporation, samples of vinegar which he sus- pects of being made or sold in violation of this act ; and he may himself analyze such samples, or have such samples analyzed by any State chemist or by the Experiment Station ; and a sworn or afiirmed certificate by such analyst shall he prima facie evidence of the ingredients and constituents of the sample analyzed ; and if such analysis shall show that such sample does not conform to any requirement of this act, and shall give the Dairy Commis- sioner reasonable ground for belief that any provision of this act has been violated he shall make complaint to the proper prosecut- ing oflficer, to the end that the violator may be prosecuted. Sec. 5. Any person refusing the Dairy Commissioner or his deputy access, in a reasonable manner and at a reasonable time, for said purpose of examination, or refusing to sell samples as hereinbefore provided, shall be fined not more than seven dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or both. Evidence of any violation of this act shall be prima facie evidence of wilful violation with knowledge. 78 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPOET, 1896. ADULTERATION OF SPIRITUOUS AND INTOXICA- TING LIQUORS. [G. S. 1888, Ch. CLXXXVII, Sec. 3100.] Every person who shall manufacture, sell, or keep for sale, any spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or any liquors made or com- pounded in imitation thereof, which are adulterated with any deleterious or poisonous substance, shall be fined not more than two hundred and fifty dollars, which fine shall be paid, one-half to him who shall prosecute to effect, and the other half to the town in which such offense is committed. ADULTERATION OF DRUGS AND MEDICINES. [G. S. 1888, Ch. CLXXXVIII, Sec. 3129.] Every person who shall knowingly adulterate or cause any for- eign or inert substance to be mixed with any drug, or medicinal substance or preparation recognized by any pharmacopoea or employed in medical or medicinal practice, so as to weaken or destroy its medicinal effect, or shall sell such drug, or compound, knowing it to be so adulterated or mixed, shall be fined not less than ten, nor more than one hundred dollars, and upon conviction, all such adulterated or mixed articles in his possession may be seized upon a warrant issued by the court in which such convic- tion is had, and destroyed by the officer by whom such seizure shall be made. ADULTERATION OF FOOD. [G. S. 1888, Ch. CLVIII.] Sec. 2648. The boards of health of the several cities, boroughs, and towns, in this State, may from time to time, at their discre- tion, procure from any dealer in provisions, groceries, medicines, or other articles of consumption, samples of such articles, and cause the same to be analyzed by one of the State chemists, and if on such analysis it shall be found that the article analyzed is adulterated with any deleterious^ or foreign ingredient or ingred- ients, other than is represented verbally and in a conspicuous STATE LAWS REGARDING- ADULTERATION, 79 label by the seller, the chemist making the analysis shall issue his certificate setting forth the kind and quantity, as near as may be, of deleterious and foreign ingredients found in the article analyzed, and the board of health causing such analysis to be made shall cause said certificate to be published in some paper published in the city, borough, or town, or one nearest thereto, where the arti- cle analyzed was obtained, for such length of time as they may think proper, and the cost of analysis, together with the cost of the publication of the certificate, shall be paid by the person or firm from whom the article analyzed was obtained ; and if such person or firm shall so elect, he or they may annex to said certifi- cate his or their sworn afiidavit, setting forth from whom the arti- cle analyzed was purchased by him or them. Sec. 2649. In all cases where an analysis has been made according to the provisions of the preceding section, and the arti- cle or articles analyzed shall have been found pure and free from foreign ingredients, the cost of the analysis shall be paid by the city, borough, or town, whose board of health, or any oflicer thereof, caused such analysis to be made. Sec. 2650. Every person who shall adulterate any sugar, or who shall knowingly sell, or ofier or expose for sale any sugar which has been adulterated with salts of tin, terra alba, glucose, dextrose, starch sugar, corn syrup, or other preparation from starch, shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than one year. D University of Connecticut Libraries 39153029145036