LEMPRIERE'S 
 
 CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 
 
 SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 EVERY NAME AND ALL THAT IS EITHER IMPORTANT OR 
 USEFUL IN THE ORIGINAL WORK. 
 
 Z«aeher$ Library, 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 CARTER, HENDEE & CO. 
 
 Frattleboro' Power Press Office. 
 
 1832. 
 
S"Hra* 
 
 7 
 
 \9 ft, 
 
 Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1832, by 
 
 S. G. Goodrich, 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 
 
 STEREOTYPED BY LYMAN TIIURS/50.N AND CO. 
 BOSTON. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 This edition contains every name in the best revised Eng- 
 lish edition of Lempriere's original work. It also contains all 
 the matter that is either important or useful for families and 
 young persons. The original work is full of indelicate pas- 
 sages, which necessarily exclude it from the multitude of 
 schools for young persons, to which it would otherwise be 
 of the greatest importance. In the present edition, all such 
 passages are excluded, and nothing is introduced which may 
 render it improper for youth of either sex. The abridgements 
 consist in the rejection of references to ancient authors, biblio- 
 graphical notices of the best editions, matter which is repeated 
 under several different heads, and exceptionable or unim- 
 portant passages. It is obvious therefore that the work not 
 only contains all that is essentia] in the octavo edition, (except 
 to merely classical scholars,) while it is free from the blem- 
 ishes which have hitherto prevented the work from being 
 used, in the numerous schools and academies for youth in our 
 country. 
 
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CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 
 
 4lB 
 
 AB 
 
 ABA and Ab.>e, a town of Phocis, famous 
 for an oracle of Apollo, surnamed Abeeus. 
 The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of 
 Thracian origin. After the ruin of their 
 country by Xerxes, they migrated to Eu- 
 bcea, which from them was called Aban- 
 tis. Some of them passed afterwards from 
 
 Euboea into Ionia. A city of Caria. 
 
 Another of Arabia Felix. A mountain 
 
 near Smyrna. 
 
 Abacene, a country of Sicily near Mes- 
 sana. 
 
 Abalus, an island in Vne German ocean, 
 where, as the ancients supposed, the amber 
 dropped from the trees. If a man was 
 drowned there, and his body never appear- 
 ed above the water, propitiatory sacrifices 
 were offered to his manes during a hun- 
 dred years. 
 
 Abana, a place of Capua. 
 
 Abantes, a warlike people of Pelopon- 
 nesus, who built a town in Phocis called 
 Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also 
 their name originated : they afterwards 
 went to Euboea. 
 
 Abantias, and Abantiades, a patrony- 
 mic given to the descendants of Abas king 
 of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, 
 Atalanta, &c. 
 
 Abantidas, made himself master of Si- 
 cyon, after he had murdered Clinias, the 
 father of AratuS. He was himself soon 
 after assassinated, B. C. 251. 
 
 Abantis, or Abantias, an ancient name 
 of the island of Euboea, received from the 
 
 Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. 
 
 Also a country of Epirus. 
 
 Aeab.bab.ea, one of the Naiades, moth- 
 er of ^Esepus and Pedasus by Bucolion, 
 Laomedon's eldest son. 
 
 Abarimon, a country of Scythia, near 
 mount Imaus. The inhabitants were said 
 to have their toes behind their heels, and 
 to breathe no air but that of their native 
 country. 
 
 Abaris, a man killed by Perseus. A 
 
 Rutulian killed by Euryalus. A Scy- 
 thian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Croe- 
 sus, or the Trojan war, who received a fly- 
 ing arrow from Apollo, with which he 
 gave oracles, and transported himself 
 wherever he pleased. He is said to have 
 returned to the Hyperborean countries from 
 Athens without eating, and to have made 
 the Trojan Palladium with the bones of 
 Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote trea- 
 tises in Greek ; and it is reported, that 
 there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles 
 to Phalaris in the library of Ausburg. But 
 there were probably two persons of that 
 name. 
 
 Abarus, an Arabian prince, who perfid- 
 iously deserted Crassus in his expedition 
 against Parthia. 
 
 Abas, a mountain in Syria, where the 
 
 Euphrates rises. A river of Armenia 
 
 Major, where Pompey routed the Albani 
 
 A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, 
 
 changed into a lizard for laughing at Ceres. 
 
 The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, 
 
 some say of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, 
 was famous for his genius and valor. He 
 was father to Prcetus and Acrisius, by Oca- 
 lea, and built Abs. One of ^Eneas's 
 
 companions, killed in Italy. Another 
 
 lost in the storm which drove iEneas to 
 Carthage. A Latian chief, who assist- 
 ed iEneas against Turnus, and was killed 
 
 by Lausus. A Greek, son of Euryda- 
 
 mas, killed by .-Eneas during the Trojan 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 war. A centaur, famous for his skill in 
 
 hunting. A soothsayer, to whom the 
 
 Spartans erected a statue in the temple of 
 
 Apollo, for his services to Lysander. 
 
 A son of Neptune. A sophist who wrote 
 
 two treatises, one on history, the other on 
 rhetoric : the time in which he lived is un- 
 known. A man who wrote an account 
 
 of Troy. 
 
 Abasa, an island in the Red Sea, near 
 /Ethiopia. 
 
 Abasitis, a part of Mysia in Asia. 
 
 Abassena or Abassinia. Fid.Abyssinia. 
 
 Abassus, a town of Phrygia. 
 
 Abastor, one of Pluto's horses. 
 
 Abatos, an island in the lake near Mem- 
 phis in Egypt, abounding with flax and 
 papyrus. Osiris was buried there. 
 
 Abdalonimus, one of the descendants 
 of the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to main- 
 tain himself, he worked in a garden. When 
 Alexander took Sidon, he made him king, 
 in the room of Strato the deposed mon- 
 arch, and enlarged his possessions on ac- 
 count of the great disinterestedness of his 
 conduct. 
 
 Abdera, a town of Kispania Ba 3 tica, 
 
 built by the Carthaginians. A maritime 
 
 city of Thrace, built by He v cules, in mem- 
 ory of Abderus, one of his favorites. The 
 Clazomenians and Teians beautified it. 
 Some suppose that Abdera, the sister of 
 Diomedes, built it. The air was so un- 
 wholesome, and the inhabitants of such a 
 sluggish disposition, that stupidity was 
 commonly called Mderitica mens. It gave 
 birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras, 
 Anaxarchus, and Hecata:us. 
 
 Abderia, a town of Spain. 
 
 Aederites, a people of Paeonia, obliged 
 to leave their country on account of the 
 great number of rats and frogs which in- 
 fested it. 
 
 Abberus, a man of Opus in Locris, arm- 
 bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the 
 mares of Diomedes, which the hero had 
 intrusted to his care when going to war 
 against the Bistones. 
 
 Abeat.e, a people of Achaia, probably 
 Ihe inhabitants of Abia. 
 
 Abella, a town of Campania, whose 
 inhabitants were called Abellani. its nuts, 
 called avellaius, and also its apples, were 
 famous. 
 
 Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who fa- 
 vored the party of the Romans against 
 Carthage. 
 
 Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inhab- 
 itants were the first who raised temples to 
 the city of Rome. 
 
 Abia, formerly Ire, a maritime town 
 of Messenia, one of the seven cities prom- 
 ised to Achillea by Agamemnon. It is 
 called after Abia, daughter of Hercules, 
 and nurse of Hyllus. 
 
 Abii, a nation between Scythia and 
 Thrace. They lived upon milk, were fond 
 of celibacv, and enemies to war. 
 
 Abila, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, 
 in that part which is nearest to the oppo- 
 site mountain called Calpe, on the coast of 
 Spain, only eighteen miles distant. These 
 two mountains are called the columns of 
 Hercules, and were said formerly to be 
 united, till the hero separated them, and 
 made a communication between the Med- 
 iterranean and Atlantic seas. 
 
 Abisares, an Indian prince, who offer- 
 ed to surrender to Alexander. 
 
 Abisaris, a country- beyond the Hydas- 
 pes in India. 
 
 Abisontes. some inhabitants of the 
 Alps. 
 Abletes, a people near Troy. 
 Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. 
 
 Abobrica, a town of Lusitania 
 
 Another in Spain. 
 
 Aboscritus, a Boeotian general, killed 
 with a thousand men, in a battle at Ch»- 
 ronea, against the iEtolians. 
 Abolani, a people of Latium, near Alba. 
 Abolus, a river of Sicily. 
 Aboniteichos, a town of Galatia. 
 Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia. 
 Aborigines, the original inhabitants of 
 Italy ; or, according to others, a nation 
 conducted by Saturn into Latium, where 
 they taught the use of letters to Evander 
 the king of the country. Their posterity 
 was called Latini, from Latimrs, one of 
 their kings.— The word signifies icithout 
 origin, or whose origin is not known, and is 
 generally applied to the original inhabitants 
 of any country. 
 Aborras, a river of Mesopotam ; a. 
 Aeradates, a king of Susa, who, when 
 his wife Pantheahad been taken prisoner 
 by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surren- 
 dered himself and his troops to the con- 
 queror. He was killed in the first battle 
 which he undertook in the cause of Cy- 
 rus, and his wife stabbed herself on his 
 corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on 
 their tomb. 
 
 Abrentius, was made governor of Ta- 
 rentum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust 
 to the enemy to gain the favors of a beau- 
 tiful woman, whose brother was in the 
 Roman army. 
 
 Abrocomas, son of Darius, was in the 
 army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. 
 He was killed at Thermopylae. 
 
 Abrodi.etu3, a name given to Parrha- 
 sius the painter, on account of the sump- 
 tuous manner of his living. 
 
 Abron, an Athenian, who wrote some 
 treatises on the religious festivals and sacri- 
 fices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his 
 
 works are preserved. A grammarian of 
 
 Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome. 
 
 Another who wrote a treatise on Theocri- 
 tus. A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the 
 
 orator. A native of Argos, famous for 
 
 his debauchery. 
 Abronycus, an Athenian, very ■ervicea- 
 
AC 
 
 AC 
 
 ble to Themistocles in his embassy to 
 Sparta. 
 
 Abronicts, Silo, a Latin poet in the Au- 
 gustan age. He wrote some fables. 
 
 Abrota, the wife of Nisus,the youngest 
 of the sons of /Egeus; As a monument 
 to her chastity, -Nii.is, after her death, or- 
 dered the garments which she wore to be- 
 come the models of fashion in Megara. 
 
 Abrotonum, the mother of Themisto- 
 cles. A town of Africa, near the Syr- 
 
 tes. 
 
 Abrus, a city of the Saprei. 
 
 Abryfolis, an ally of Rome, driven from 
 his possessions by Perseus, the last king 
 of Macedonia. 
 
 xIbseus, a giant, son of Tartarus and 
 Terra. 
 
 Aesinthii, a people on the coast of Pon- 
 tics, where there is also a mountain of the 
 same name. 
 
 Absorus, Absyrtis, Absyrtidz3, islands 
 in the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Ab- 
 syrtus was killed, whence their name. 
 
 Absyrtos, a river falling into the Adri- 
 atic sea, near which Absyrtus was mur- 
 dered. 
 
 Absyrtus, a son of iEetes king of Col- 
 chis, and Hypsea. His sister Medea, as 
 she fled away with Jason, tore his body to 
 pieces, and strewed his limbs in her fath- 
 er's way, to stop his pursuit. Some say 
 that she murdered him in Colchis, others, 
 near Istria. It is said, by others, that he 
 was not murdered, but that he arrived safe 
 in Illyricum. The place where he was 
 killed has been called Tomos, and the 
 river adjoining to it, Absyrtos. 
 
 Abulites, governor of Susa, betrayed 
 his trust to Alexander, and was rewarded 
 with a province. 
 
 Abydenus, a disciple of Aristotle, too 
 much indulged by his master. He wrote 
 some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, 
 Arabia and Assyria. 
 
 Abydos, a town of Egypt, where was 
 
 the famous temple of Osiris. A city of 
 
 Asia, opposite Sestos in Europe, with 
 which, from the narrowness of the Helles- 
 pont, it seemed, to those who approached 
 it by sea, to form only one town. It was 
 built by the Milesians, by permission of 
 king Gyges. It is famous for the amours 
 of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge 
 of boats which Xerxes built there across 
 the Hellespont. 
 
 Abyla. Vid. Abila. 
 
 Abylon, a city of Egypt. 
 
 Abyssinia, a large kingdom of Africa, 
 in Upper ^Ethiopia, where the Nile takes 
 its rise. The inhabitants are said to be 
 of Arabian origin, and were little known 
 to the ancients. 
 
 Acacallis, a nymph, mother of Philan- 
 der and Phylacis by Apollo. These chil- 
 dren were exposed to the wild beasts in 
 Crete ; but a goat gave them her milk, and 
 
 preserved their lives. A daughter of 
 
 Minos, mother of Cydon, by Mercury, and 
 of Amphithemis by Apollo. 
 
 Acacesium, a town of Arcadia, built by 
 Acacus son of Lycaon. Mercury, sur- 
 nauied Acacesius, because brought up by 
 Acacus as his foster-father, was worship- 
 ped there. 
 
 Acacius, a rhetorician in the age of the 
 emperor Julian. 
 
 Acidemia, a place near Athens, sur- 
 rounded with high trees, and adorned with 
 spacious covered walks, belonging to Aca- 
 demus, from whom the name is derived. — 
 Here Plato opened his school of Philoso- 
 phy, and from this, every place sacred to 
 learning has ever since been called Acad- 
 emia. To exclude from it profane ness and 
 dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh 
 there. It was called Acadonia vctits, to 
 distinguish it from the second Academy 
 founded by Arcesilaus, who nude some 
 few alterations in the Platonic philosophy, 
 and from the third which was established 
 by Carneades. 
 
 Academus, an Athenian, who discover- 
 ed to Castor and Pollux where Theseus 
 had concealed their sister Helen, for which 
 they amply rewarded him. 
 
 Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river 
 falling into the bay of Tarentum. 
 
 Acalle, a daughter of Minos and Pasi 
 phae. 
 
 Acamarchis, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Acamas, son of Theseus and Pheedra, 
 went with Diomedes to demand Helen 
 from the Trojans after her elopement from 
 Menelaus. He was concerned in the Tro- 
 jan war, and afterwards built the town of 
 Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return 
 to Greece called a tribe after his own name 
 
 at Athens. A son of Antenor in the 
 
 Trojan war. A Thracian auxiliary of 
 
 Priam in the Trojan war. 
 
 Acamfsis, a river of Colchis. 
 
 Acantha, a nymph, loved by Apollo, 
 and changed into the flower Acanthus. 
 
 Acanthus, a town near Mount Athos, 
 belonging to Macedonia, or, according to 
 others, to Thrace. It was founded by a 
 
 colony from Andros. Another in Egypt, 
 
 near the Nile, called also Dulopojis. 
 
 Acara, a town of Pannonia. Anoth- 
 er in Italy. 
 
 Ac aria, a fountain of Corinth, where 
 Iolas cut off the head of Eurystheus. 
 
 Acarnania, anciently Curetis, a coun- 
 try of Epirus, at the north of the Ionian 
 sea, divided from ^Etolia, by the Achelous. 
 The inhabitants reckoned only six months 
 in the year ; they were luxurious, and ad- 
 dicted to pleasure. Their horses were 
 famous. It received its name from Acar- 
 nas. 
 
 Acarnas and Amphoterus, sons of Alc- 
 ma;on, and Callirhoe. Alcmajon being 
 murdered by the brother* of Alphesibosa 
 
AC 
 
 AC 
 
 his former wife, Callirhoe obtained from 
 Jupiter, that her children, who were still 
 in the cradle, might, by a supernatural 
 power, suddenly grow up to punish their 
 father's murderers. This was granted. 
 
 Aoarnas, and Acarnan, stony moun- 
 tains of Attica. 
 
 Acasta, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Acastus, son of Pelias, king of Thes- 
 saly, by Anaxibia, married Astydamia, or 
 Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus, 
 son of ^Eacus, when in banishment at her 
 husband's court. Peleus rejecting the ad- 
 dresses of Hippolyte, was accused before 
 Acastus of attempts upon her virtue, and 
 soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild 
 beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, de- 
 livered Peleus, who returned to Thessaly, 
 
 and put to death Acastus and his wife. 
 
 The second archon at Athens. 
 
 Acathantus, a bay in the Red Sea. 
 
 Acca Laurentia, the wife of Faustulus, 
 shepherd of king Numitor's flocks, who 
 brought up Romulus and Remus, who had 
 been exposed on the banks of the Tiber. 
 The Romans yearly celebrated certain fes- 
 tivals in honor of another of the same 
 uame. 
 
 Accia or Atia, daughter of Julia and 
 M. Atius Balbus, was the mother of Au- 
 gustus, and died about 40 years B. C. 
 
 Variola, an illustrious female, whose cause 
 was elegantly pleaded by Pliny. 
 
 Accila, a town of Sicily. 
 
 L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whose 
 roughness of style Quintilian has imputed 
 to the unpolished age in which he lived. 
 He translated some of the tragedies of 
 Sophocles, but of his numerous pieces only 
 some of the names are known. The 
 great marks of honor which he received at 
 Rome, may be collected from this circum- 
 stance : that a man was severely repri- 
 manded by a magistrate for mentioning 
 his name without reverence. Some few 
 of his verses are preserved in Cicero and 
 other writers. He died about 180 years 
 
 R. C. A famous orator of Pisaurum in 
 
 Cicero's age. La'oeo, a foolish poet. 
 
 Tullius, a prince of the Volsci, very inim- 
 ical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when 
 banished by his countrymen, fled to him 
 and led his armies against Rome. 
 
 Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. 
 
 An old woman who fell mad on seeing 
 
 her deformity in a looking-glass. 
 
 Accua, a town in Italy." 
 
 Ace, a town in Phoanicia, called also 
 Ptolemais, now Acre. A place of Arca- 
 dia near Megalopolis, where Orestes was 
 cured from the persecution of the furies, 
 who had a temple there. 
 
 Aceratus, a soothsayer, who remained 
 alone at Delphi when the approach of 
 Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. 
 
 Acerbas, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, 
 who married Dido. 
 
 Acerina, a colony of theBruth in Mag- 
 na Gracia, taken by Alexander of Epi- 
 rus. 
 
 Acerrje, an ancient town of Campania, 
 near the river Clanius. It still subsists, 
 and the frequent inundations from the riv- 
 er which terrified its ancient inhabitants, 
 are now prevented by the large drains dug 
 there. 
 
 Acersecomes, a surname of Apollo, 
 which signifies unshorn. 
 
 Aces, a river of Asia. 
 
 Acesia, part of the island of Lemnos, 
 which received this name from Philoctetes, 
 whose wound was cured there. 
 
 Acesines, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Acesinus or Acesines, a river of Per- 
 sia falling into the Indus. Its banks pro- 
 duce reeds of such an uncommon size, 
 that a piece of them, particularly between 
 two knots, can serve as a boat to cross 
 the water. 
 
 Acesitts, a surname of Apollo, in Elis 
 and Attica, as god of medicine. 
 
 Acesta, a town of Sicily, called after 
 king Acestes, and known also by the 
 name of Segesta. It was built by JEne- 
 as, who left here part of his crew, as he 
 was going to Italy. 
 
 Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta, 
 was king of the country near Drepanum 
 in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Tro- 
 jan war, and kindly entertained tineas 
 during his voyage, and helped him to 
 bury his father on Mount Eryx. In com- 
 memoration of this, ^neas built a city 
 there, called Acesta, from Acestes. 
 
 Acestium, a woman who saw all her 
 relations invested with the sacred office of 
 torch-bearers in the festivals of Ceres. 
 
 Acestodorus, a Greek historian, who 
 mentions the review which Xerxes made 
 of his forces before the battle of Salamis. 
 
 Acestorides, an Athenian archon. 
 
 A Corinthian governor of Syracuse. 
 
 Acetes, one of Evander's attendants. 
 
 Achabytos, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, 
 where Jupiter had a temple. 
 
 Ach.^ea, a surname of Pallas, whose 
 temple in Daunia was defended by dogs 
 who fawned upon the Greeks, but fierce- 
 ly attacked all other persons. Ceres 
 
 was called Achasa, from her lavientaiiuvs 
 (a/eci) at the loss of Proserpine. 
 
 Achjei, the descendants of Achajus, at 
 first inhabited the country near Argos, 
 but being driven by the Heraclida? 80 
 years after the Trojan war, they retired 
 among the lonians, whose 12 cities they 
 seized and kept. The names of these 
 cities are Pelena, ^Egira, ^Eges, Bura, 
 TritaBa, iEgion, Rhypae, Olenos, Helice, 
 Patrae, Dyme, and Pharae. The inhab- 
 itants of these three last began a famous 
 confederacy, 284 years B. C. which con- 
 tinued formidable upwards of 130 years, 
 under the name of the Achaan league. 
 
AC 
 
 AC 
 
 and was most illustrious whilst supported 
 by the splendid values and abilities of 
 Aratus and Philopoemen. Their arms were 
 directed against the ^Etolians for three 
 years,with the assistance of Philip of Mace- 
 don, and they grew powerful by the acces- 
 sion of neighboring states, and freed their 
 country from foreign slavery, till at last 
 they were attacked by the Romans, and, 
 after one year's hostilities, the Achaean 
 league was totally destroyed, R. C. 117. 
 The Achaians extended the borders of 
 their country by conquest, and even plant- 
 ed colonies in Magna Grascia. The 
 
 name of Acluti is generally applied to all 
 the Greeks indiscriminately, by the poets. 
 
 Fid. Acliaia. Also a people of Asia on 
 
 the borders of the Euxine. 
 
 Achiium, a place of Troas opposite Te- 
 nedos. 
 
 Achjemenes, a king of Persia, among 
 the progenitors of Cyrus the Great ; whose 
 descendants were called Achcemenides,and 
 formed a separate tribe in Persia, of which 
 the kings were members. Cambyses, son 
 of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his 
 nobles, and particularly the Achsemenides, 
 not to surfer the Medea to recover their 
 former power, and abolish the empire of 
 
 Persia. A Persian, made governor of 
 
 Egypt by Xerxes, B. C. 484. 
 
 Ach-imexia, part of Persia, called after 
 Achcemenes. Hence Aehaememus. 
 
 Ach-miesides, a native of Ithaca, son 
 of Adramastus, and one of the compan- 
 ions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast 
 of Sicily, where iEneas, on his voyage to 
 Italy, found him. 
 
 AcHiEOKDM Littus, a harbour in Cyprus 
 —in Troas— in iEolia— in Peloponnesus— 
 on the Euxine. 
 
 Achjeorum Statio, a place on the coast 
 of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Po- 
 lyxena was sacrificed to the shades of 
 Achilles, and where Hecuba killed Polym- 
 nestor, who had murdered her son Polydo- 
 rus. 
 
 Ach-=eus, a king of Lydia, hung by his 
 
 subjects for his extortion. A son of 
 
 Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the 
 accidental murder of a man, to Peloponne- 
 sus ; where the inhabitants were called 
 from him, Achcei. He afterwards return- 
 ed to Thessaly. A tragic poet of Eretria, 
 
 who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of 
 the titles are preserved ; of these, only one 
 obtained the prize. He lived some time 
 
 after Sophocles. Another of Syracuse, 
 
 author of 10 tragedies. A river which 
 
 falls into the Euxine. A relation of An- 
 
 tiochus the Great, appointed governor of 
 all the king's provinces beyond Taurus. 
 He aspired to sovereign power, which he 
 disputed for eight years with Antiochus, 
 and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His 
 limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed 
 in the skin of an ass, was exposed on a 
 gibbet. 
 
 Achaia, called also Hellas, a country 
 of Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on 
 the bay of Corinth, which is now part 
 of Livadia. It was originally called ./Egi- 
 alus (shore) from its situation. The Ioni- 
 ans called it Ionia, when they settled 
 there ; and it received the name of Acha- 
 ia, from the Achan, who dispossessed the 
 
 Ionians. A small part of Phthiotis was 
 
 also called Achaia, of which Alos was 
 the capital. 
 
 Achaicum Bellum. Vid. Achaei. 
 
 Achara, a town near Sardis. 
 
 Acharenses, a people of Sicily, near 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Acharnje, a village of Attica. 
 
 Achates, a friend of iEneas, whose fi- 
 delity was so exemplary that Fidus Acha- 
 tes became a proverb. A river of Sicily. 
 
 Acheloides, a patronymic given to the 
 Sirens as daughter of Achelous. 
 
 Achelorium, a river of Thessaly. 
 
 Achelous, the son of Oceanus or Sol 
 by Terra or Tethys, god of the river of 
 the same name in Epirus. As one of 
 the numerous suitors of Dejanira, daugh- 
 ter of CEneus, he entered the lists against 
 Hercules, and being inferior, changed him- 
 self into a serpent, and afterwards into 
 an ox. Hercules broke off one of his 
 horns, and Achelous, being defeated, re- 
 tired in disgrace into his bed of waters 
 The broken horn was taken up by the 
 nymphs, and filled with fruits and flow- 
 ers ; and after it had for some time adorn- 
 ed the hand of the conqueror, it was 
 presented to the goddess of Plenty. Some 
 say that he was changed into a river af- 
 ter the victory of Hercules. This river 
 is in Epirus, and rises in mount Pindus, 
 and after dividing Acarnania from ^Eto- 
 lia, falls into the Ionian sea. The sand 
 and mud which it carries down, have 
 formed some islands at its mouth. This 
 river is said by some to have sprung 
 from the earth after the deluge. A riv- 
 er of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus 
 Another flowing from Mount Sipylus 
 
 Acherdus, a tribe of Attica. 
 
 Acherimi, a people of Sicily. 
 
 Acheron, a river of Thesprotia, in 
 Epirus, falling into the bay of Ambracia 
 Homer called it, from the dead appear- 
 ance of its waters, one of the rivers of 
 hell, and the fable has been adopted 
 by all succeeding poets, who make the 
 god of the stream to be the son of Ce- 
 res without a father, and say that he 
 concealed himself in hell for fear of the 
 Titans, and was changed into a bitter 
 stream, over which the souls of the dead 
 are at first conveyed. It receives, say 
 they, the souls of the dead, because a 
 deadly languor seizes them at the hour 
 of dissolution. Some make him son of 
 Titan, and suppose that lie was plunged 
 into hell by Jupiter, for supplying the 
 A* 
 
AC 
 
 10 
 
 AC 
 
 Titans with water. The word Acheron 
 
 is often taken for hell itself. A river 
 
 of Elis in Peloponnesus. Another on 
 
 the Riphaean mountains. Also a river 
 
 in the country of the Brutii in Italy. 
 
 Acherontia, a town of Apulia, on a 
 mountain. 
 
 Acherusia, a lake of Egypt near Mem- 
 phis, over which, as Diodorus mentions, 
 the bodies of the dead were conveyed, 
 and received sentence according to the 
 actions of their life. The boat was cal- 
 led Baris, and the ferryman Charon. 
 Hence arose the fable of Charon and the 
 Styx, &c. afterwards imported into Greece 
 by Orpheus, and adopted in the religion 
 
 of the country. There was a river of 
 
 the same name in Epirus, and another 
 in Italy in Calabria. 
 
 Acherusias, a place or cave in Cher- 
 sonesus Taurica, where Hercules, as is 
 reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell. 
 
 Achetus, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who 
 murdered Pompey the Great. 
 
 Achillea, a peninsula near the mouth 
 
 of the Borysthenes. An island at the 
 
 mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb 
 of Achilles, over which it is said that 
 
 birds never flew. A fountain of Mile- 
 
 us, whose waters rise salted from the 
 earth, and afterwards sweeten in their 
 course. 
 
 Achilleus or Aquileus, a Roman gen- 
 eral in Egypt, in the reign of Diocle- 
 sian, who rebelled, and for five years 
 maintained the imperial dignity at Alex- 
 andria. Dioclesian at last marched against 
 him ; and because he had supported a 
 long siege, the emperor ordered him to 
 be devoured by lions. 
 
 Achilleiexsis, a people near Macedo- 
 nia. 
 
 Achilleis, a poem of Statius, in which 
 he describes the education and memora- 
 ble actions of Achilles. 
 
 Achilles, the son of Peleus and The- 
 tis, was the bravest of all the Greeks in 
 the Trojan war. During his infancy, 
 Thetis plunged him in the Styx, and 
 made every part of his body invulnera- 
 ble, except the heel, by which she held 
 him. His education was intrusted to 
 the centaur Chiron, who taught him the 
 art of war, and made him master of mu- 
 sic, and by feeding him with the marrow 
 of wild beasts, rendered him vigorous and 
 active. He was taught eloquence by 
 Phoenix, whom he ever after loved and 
 respected. Thetis, to prevent him from 
 going to the Trojan war, where she knew 
 he was to perish, privately sent him to 
 the court of Lycomedes, where he was 
 disguised in a female dress, and, by his 
 familiarity with the king's daughters, made 
 Deidamia mother of Neoptolemus. As 
 Troy could not be taken without the aid 
 
 of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of 
 Lycomedes in the habit of a merchant, 
 and exposed jewels and arms to sale. 
 Achilles, choosing the arms, discovered his 
 sex, and went to war. Vulcan, at the 
 entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong 
 suit of armor, which was proof against 
 all weapons. He was deprived by Aga- 
 memnon of his favorite mistress, Briseis, 
 who had fallen to his lot at the division 
 of the booty of Lyrnessus. For this af- 
 front, he refused to appear in the field, 
 till the death of his friend Patroclus re- 
 called him to action, and to revenge. He 
 slew Hector, the bulwark of Troy, tied 
 the corpse by the heels to his chariot, 
 and dragged it three times round the 
 walls of Troy. After thus appeasing the 
 shades of his friend, he yielded to the 
 tears and entreaties of Priam, and per- 
 mitted the aged father to ransom and to 
 carry away Hector's body. In the tenth 
 year of the war, Achilles was charmed 
 with Polyxena ; and as he solicited her 
 hand in the temple of Minerva, it is said 
 that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulner- 
 able heel, of which wound he died. His 
 body was buried at Sigaeum, and divine 
 honors were paid to him, and temples rais- 
 ed to his momory. It is said, that after 
 the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles 
 appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of 
 them Polyxena, who accordingly was sac- 
 rificed on his tomb by his son Neoptole- 
 mus. Some say tliat this sacrifice was 
 voluntary, and that Polyxena was so griev- 
 ed at his death that she killed herself on 
 his tomb. The Thessalians yearly sacri- 
 ficed a black and a white bull on his tomb. 
 It is reported that he married Helen after 
 the siege of Troy ; but others maintain, 
 that this marriage happened after his 
 death, in the island of Leuce, where many 
 of the ancient heroes lived, as in a sepa- 
 rate elysium. When Achilles was young, 
 his mother asked him, whether he prefer- 
 red a long life, spent in obscurity and re- 
 tirement, or a few years of military fame 
 and glory ? and that, to his honor, he made 
 choice of the latter. Some ages after the 
 Trojan war, Alexander, going to the con- 
 quest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the 
 tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero 
 who had found a Homer to publish his 
 
 fame to posterity. There were other 
 
 persons of the same name. The most 
 known were — a man who received Juno 
 when she fled from Jupiter's courtship — 
 the preceptor of Chiron the centaur — a son 
 of Jupiter and Lamia, declared by Pan to 
 be fairer than Venus — a man who institut- 
 ed ostracism at Athens. Tatius, a na- 
 tive of Alexandria, in the age of the em- 
 peror Claudius, but originally a pagan, 
 converted to Christianity and made a bish- 
 op. He wrote a mixed history of great 
 men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a 
 
AC 
 
 II 
 
 AC 
 
 romance on the loves of Clitophon and 
 Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his 
 works are preserved in the Vatican and 
 Palatinate libraries. 
 
 Achilleum, a town of Troas near the 
 tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. 
 
 Achivi, the name of the inhabitants of 
 Argos and Lacedaemon before tne return 
 of the Heraclidae, by whom they were ex- 
 pelled from their possessions 80 years af- 
 ter the Trojan war. Being without a home, 
 they drove the Ionians from ^Egialus, seiz- 
 ed their 12 cities, and called the country 
 Achaia. The Ionians were received by 
 the Athenians. The appellation of Achivi 
 is indiscriminately applied by the ancient 
 poets to all the Greeks. 
 
 Achlad^us, a Corinthian general, killed 
 by Aristomenes. 
 
 Acholoe, one of the Harpies. 
 
 Acichorius, a general with Brennus in 
 the expedition which the Gauls undertook 
 ag linst Paeonia. 
 
 Acidalia, a surname of Venus, from a 
 fountain of the same name in Boeotia, sa- 
 cred to her. The Graces bathed in the 
 fountain. 
 
 Acidasa, a river of Peloponnesus, for- 
 merly called Jardanus. 
 
 Acilia, a plebian family at Rome, which 
 
 traced its pedigree up to the Trojans. 
 
 The mother of Lucan. 
 
 Acilia lex was enacted, A. U. C. 556, 
 by Acilius the tribune, for the plantation 
 of five colonies in Italy. Another cal- 
 led also Calpurnia, A. U. C. 684, which 
 enacted, that no person convicted of am- 
 bitus, or using bribes at elections, should 
 be admitted in the senate, or hold an of- 
 fice. Another concerning such as were 
 
 guilty of extortion in the provinces. 
 
 M. Acilius Balbus, was consul with 
 Portius Cato, A. U. C. 640. It is said, 
 that during his consulship, milk and blood 
 
 fell from heaven. Glabrio, a tribune of 
 
 the people, who with a legion quelled the 
 insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul 
 with P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, A. U. C. 563, 
 he conquered Antiochus at Thermopylae, 
 for which he obtained a triumph, and three 
 days were appointed for public thanksgiv- 
 ing. He stood for the censorship against 
 Cato, but desisted on account of the false 
 
 measures used by his competitor. The 
 
 son of the preceding, erected a temple to 
 Piety, which his father had vowed to this 
 goddess when fighting against Antiochus. 
 He raised a golden statue to his father, the 
 first that appeared in Italy. The temple 
 of piety was built on the spot where once 
 a woman had fed with her milk her aged 
 father, whom the senate had imprisoned, 
 
 and excluded from all aliments. The 
 
 enactor of a law against bribery. A 
 
 pretor in the time that Verres was accus- 
 ed by Cicero. A man accused of extor- 
 tion, and twice defended by Cicero. He 
 
 was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to 
 
 Csesar in the civil wars. A consul, 
 
 whose son was killed by Domitian, be- 
 cause he fought with wild beasts. The 
 true cause of this murder was, that young 
 Glabrio was stronger than the emperor, 
 and therefore envied. 
 
 Acilla, a town of Africa, near Adrume- 
 tum — some read Acolla. 
 
 Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Fau- 
 nus and the nymph Simaethis. Galatsa 
 passionately Loved him ; upon which, his 
 rival Polyphemus, through jealousy, crush- 
 ed him to death with a piece of a broken 
 rock. The gods changed Acis into a 
 stream which rises from mount ^Etna. 
 
 Acmon, a native of Lyrnessus, who 
 accompanied iEneas into Italy. His fa- 
 ther's name was Clytus. 
 
 Acmonides, one of the Cyclops. 
 
 Accetes, the pilot of the ship whose 
 crew found Bacchus asleep, and carried 
 him away. As they ridiculed the god, 
 they were changed into sea monsters, but 
 Accetes was preserved. 
 
 Acontes, one of Lycaon's 50 sons. 
 
 Aconteus, a famous hunter, changed 
 into a stone by the head of Medusa, at the 
 
 nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. 
 
 A person killed in the wars of .-Eneas and 
 Turnus, in Italy. 
 
 Acontius, a youth of Cea, who, wher 
 he went to Delos to see the sacrifices of 
 Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beauti- 
 ful virgin, and being unable to obtain her 
 on account of the obscurity of his origin, 
 wrote these verses on an apple, which he 
 threw into her bosom : 
 
 Juro tibi sanctm per mystica sacra ~Diana r 
 
 Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque fu~ 
 turam. 
 Cydippe read the verses, and being com- 
 pelled by the oath she had inadvertently 
 
 made, married Acontius. A mountain 
 
 of Boeotia. 
 
 Acontobulus, a place of Cappadocia, 
 under Hippolyte queen of the Amazons. 
 
 Ac oris, a king of Egypt, who assisted 
 Evagoras king of Cyprus against Persia. 
 
 Acra, a town of Italy — Euboea — Cyprus 
 — Acarnania — Sicily — Africa — Sarmatia, 
 
 <fcc. A promontory of Calabria, now 
 
 Cape di Leuca. 
 
 Acradina, the citadel of Syracuse, tak- 
 en by Marcellus the Roman consul. 
 
 Acrje, a mountain in Peloponnesus. 
 
 Acr^a, a daughter of the river Asterion. 
 
 A surname of Diana, from a temple 
 
 built to her by Melampus, on a mountain 
 near Argos. A surname of Juno. 
 
 Acrjephnia, a town in Boeotia ; whence 
 Apollo is called Acraephnius. 
 
 Acragallid-e, a dishonest nation living 
 anciently near Athens. 
 
 Acragas. Vid. Agragas. 
 
 Acratus, a freed man of Nero, sent into 
 Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. 
 
AC 
 
 12 
 
 AC 
 
 Acrias, one of Hippodamia's suitors. 
 He built Acrne, a town of Laconia. 
 
 AcRiDOPHAGi,an ./Ethiopian nation, who 
 fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond 
 their 40th year. At the approach of old 
 age, swarms of winged lice attacked them 
 and gnawed their belly and breast, till the 
 patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, 
 which increased their number, and ended 
 in his death. 
 
 Acriox, a Pythagorean philosopher of 
 Locris. 
 
 Acrisioneus, a patronymic applied to 
 the Argives, from Acrisius, one of their 
 ancient kings, or from Acrisione a town 
 of Argolis, called after a daughter of Acris- 
 ius of the same name. 
 
 Acrisioniades, a patronymic of Perse- 
 us, from his grandfather Acrisius. 
 
 Acrisius, son of Abas, king of Argos, 
 by Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He 
 was born at the same birth as Prcetus, 
 with whom it is said that he quarrelled 
 even in his mother's womb. He was fa- 
 ther of Danae, by Eurydice, daughter of 
 Lacedaemon. Vid. Danae, Perseus. 
 
 Acritas, a promontory of Messenia, in 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Acroathon or Acrothoos, a town on 
 the top of Mount. Athos, whose inhabi- 
 tants lived to an uncommon old age. 
 
 Acroceraunium, a promontory of Epi- 
 rus, with mountains called Acroceraunia, 
 which project between the Ionian and Adri- 
 atic seas. The word comes from azoog, 
 Jugli, and xsQavjog, thunder ; because, on 
 account of their great height, they were 
 often struck with thunder. 
 
 Acrocorinthus, a lofty mountain on 
 the isthmus of Corinth, taken by Aratus, 
 B. C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on 
 the top, and Corinth is built at the bottom. 
 
 Acron, a king of Cenina, killed by Ro- 
 mulus in single combat, after the rape of 
 the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated 
 
 to Jupiter Feretrius. A physician of 
 
 Agrigentum, B. C. 439, educated at Athens 
 with Empedocles. He wrote physical 
 treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured 
 the Athenians of a plague, by lighting fire 
 
 near the houses of the infected. One 
 
 of the friends of ./Eneas, killed by Mezen- 
 tius. 
 
 Acropatos, one of Alexander's officers, 
 who obtained part of Media after the 
 king's death. 
 
 Acropolis, the citadel of Athens, built 
 on a rock, and accessible only on one side. 
 Minerva had a temple at the bottom. 
 
 Acrotatus, son of Cleomenes, king of 
 Sparta, died before his father, leaving a 
 son called Areus. 
 
 Acrothoos. Vid. Acroathon . 
 
 Acta or Acte, a country of Attica. 
 This word signifies shore, and is applied 
 to Attica, as being near the sea. Jt is de- 
 
 rived by some writers, from Actaeus a king, 
 from whom the Athenians have been cal- 
 led Actaci. 
 
 Acta, a place near Mount Athos, on the 
 iEgean Sea. 
 
 AcT-s-i, one of the Nereides. A sur- 
 name of Ceres. A daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Actjkox, a famous huntsman, son of 
 Aristaeus and Autonoe daughter of Cad- 
 mus, whence he is called Autoneius Heros. 
 He saw Diana and her attendants bathing 
 near Gargaphia, for which he was chang- 
 ed into a stag, and devoured by his own 
 
 dogs. A beautiful youth, son of Melis- 
 
 sus of Corinth, whom Archias, one of the 
 Heraclidro, endeavored to cany away. He 
 was killed in the struggle. Melissus com- 
 plained of the insult, and drowned him- 
 self; and soon after, the country being vis- 
 ited by a pestilence, Archias was expelled. 
 
 Actjeus, a powerful person who made 
 himself master of a part of Greece, which 
 he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos 
 married Cecrops, whom the Athenians cal- 
 led their first king, though Actoaus reigned 
 
 before him. The word is of the same 
 
 signification as Atticus an inhabitant of 
 Attica. 
 
 Acte, one of the Horse. 
 
 Actia, the mother of Augustus.— — 
 Games sacred to Apollo, in commemora- 
 tion of the victory of Augustus over M. 
 Antony at Actium. They were celebrated 
 every third, sometimes fifth year, with 
 great pomp, and the Lacedaemonians had 
 
 the care of them. A sister of Julius 
 
 Caesar. 
 
 Actis, son of Sol, went from Greece 
 into Egypt, where he taught astrology, 
 and founded Heliopolis. 
 
 Actisanes, a king of -(Ethiopia, who con- 
 quered Egypt, and expelled kingAmasis, 
 He was famous for his equity, and his se- 
 vere punishment of robbers, whose noses 
 he cut off, and whom he banished to a 
 desert place, where they were in want of 
 all aliment, and lived only upon crows. 
 
 Actium, now Alio, a town and promon- 
 tory of Epirus, famous for the naval victo- 
 ry which Augustus obtained over Antony 
 and Cleopatra, the 2d of September, B. C. 
 31, in honor of which the conqueror built 
 there the town of Nieopolis, and insti- 
 tuted games. A promontory of Cor- 
 
 cyra. 
 
 Actius, a surname of Apollo, from Ac- 
 tium, where he had a temple. 
 
 Actius Navius, an augur who cut a 
 loadstone in two with a razor, before Tar- 
 quin and the Roman people, to convince 
 them of his skill as an augur. 
 
 Actor, a companion of Hercules in his 
 
 expedition against the Amazons. The 
 
 father of Menoetius by ^Egina, whence 
 
 Patroclus is called Actorides. A man 
 
 called also Aruncus. One of the friends 
 
 of iEneas. A son of Neptune by Aga- 
 
AD 
 
 13 
 
 AD 
 
 meda. A son of Deion and Diomede. 
 
 t The father of Eurytus, and brother of 
 
 Augeas. A son of Acastus, one of the 
 
 Argonauts. The father of Astyoche. 
 
 A king of Lemnos. 
 
 Actorides, a patronymic given to Pa- 
 
 troclus, grandson of Actor. Also to 
 
 Erithus, son of Actor. Two brothers 
 
 so fond of each other, that in driving a 
 chariot, one generally held the reins, and 
 the other the whip ; whence they are 
 represented with two heads, four feet, 
 and one body. Hercules conquered them. 
 Actoris, a maid of Ulysses. 
 M. Actorius NAso,a Roman historian. 
 C. Aculeo, a Roman lawyer celebrated 
 as much for the extent of his understand- 
 ing, as for his knowledge of law. He was 
 uncle to Cicero. 
 
 Acuphis, an ambassador from India to 
 Alexander. 
 
 Acusilaus and Damagetus, two broth- 
 ers of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic 
 games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon 
 Diagoras their father, and called him hap- 
 
 $ in having such worthy sons. An 
 
 iustorian of Argos, often quoted by Jose- 
 Jjhus. He wrofe on genealogies in a style 
 
 ample and destitute of all ornament. 
 
 An Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome 
 Under Galba. 
 
 M. Acuticus, an ancient comic writer, 
 whose plays were known under the names 
 of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Boaotia, &c. 
 
 Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, who 
 married Hidricus. After her husband's 
 death, she succeeded to the throne of 
 Caria ; but being expelled by her younger 
 brother she retired to Alindaj, which she 
 delivered to Alexander, after adopting 
 him as her son. 
 
 Adad, a deity among the Assyrians, 
 supposed to be the sun. 
 
 Ad.«us, a native of Mitylene, who 
 wrote a Greek treatise on statuaries. 
 
 Adamaslea, Jupiter's nurse in Crete, 
 who suspended him in his cradle to a 
 tree, that he might be found neither in the 
 earth, the sea, nor in heaven. To drown 
 the infant's cries, she had drums beat, 
 and cymbals sounded, around the tree. 
 
 Adamas, a Trojan prince, killed by 
 Merion. 
 
 Adamastus, a native of Ithaca, father 
 of Acheemenides. 
 
 Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount 
 Caucasus. 
 Addephagia, a goddess of the Sicilians. 
 Addua, now Adda, a river of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. 
 
 Adelphius, a friend of M. Antoninus, 
 whom he accompanied in his expedition 
 into Parthia, of which he wrote the his- 
 tory. 
 
 Ademon, raised a sedition in Maurita- 
 nia to avenge his master Ptolemy, whom 
 Caligula had put to death. 
 2 
 
 Ades, or Hades, the god of hell among 
 the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of 
 the Latins. The word is derived from 
 a and siSsiv, [?wn videre] because hell is 
 deprived of light. It is often used for hell 
 itself by the ancient poets. 
 
 Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who 
 sent to Rome for poison to destroy Ar- 
 minius, and was answered by the senate, 
 that the Romans fought their enemies 
 openly, and never used perfidious meas- 
 ures. 
 
 Adherbal, son of Micipsa, and grand- 
 son of Masinissa, was besieged by Cirta, 
 and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly 
 imploring the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. 
 
 Adherbas, the husband of Dido. Vid. 
 Sichasus. 
 Adiante, a daughter of Danaus. 
 Adiatorix, a governor of Galatia, who, 
 to gain Antony's favor, slaughtered, in 
 one night, all the inhabitants of the Ro- 
 man colony of Heraclea, in Pontus. He 
 was taken at Actium, led in triumph by 
 Augustus, and strangled in prison. 
 
 Adimantus, a commander of the Athe- 
 nian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the 
 men of the fleet were put to death, except 
 Adimantus, because he had opposed the 
 designs of his countrymen, who intended 
 to mutilate all the Spartans. Pausania? 
 says that the Spartans had bribed him. 
 
 A brother of Plato. -A Corinthian 
 
 general, who reproached Themistocles 
 
 with his exile. A king struck with 
 
 thunder, for saying that Jupiter deserved 
 no sacrifices. 
 
 Admeta, daughter of Eurystheus, was 
 priestess of Juno's temple at Argos. She 
 expressed a wish to possess the girdle of 
 the queen of the Amazons, and Hercules 
 obtained it for her. One of the Ocean- 
 ides. 
 
 Admetus, the son of Pheres and Cly- 
 mene, king of Phera in Thessaly, married 
 Theone daughter of Thestor, and after 
 her death, Alceste daughter of Pelias. 
 Apollo, when banished from heaven, is 
 said to have tended his flocks for nine 
 years, and to have obtained from the 
 Parcfe, that Admetus should never die, 
 if another person laid down his life for 
 him ; a proof of unbounded affection, 
 which his wife Alceste cheerfully exhib- 
 ited by devoting herself voluntarily to 
 death. Admetus was one of the Argo- 
 nauts, and was at the hunt of the Caly- 
 donian boar. Pelias promised his daugh- 
 ter in marriage only to him who could 
 bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and 
 a wild boar; and Admetus effected this 
 by the aid of Apollo, and obtained Al- 
 ceste's hand. Some say that Hercules 
 
 brought him back Alceste from hell. 
 
 A king of the Molossi, to whom Themis- 
 tocles fled for protection. An officer of 
 
 Alexander, killed at the siege of Tyre. 
 
AD 
 
 14 
 
 AD 
 
 Adotua, festivals in honor of Adonis. 
 first celebrated at Byblos in Phoenicia. 
 They lasted two days, the first of which 
 was spent in bowlings and lamentations, 
 the second in joyful clamors, as if Adonis 
 was returned to life. In some towns of 
 Greece and Egypt they lasted eight days ; 
 the one half of which was spent in la- 
 mentations, and the other in rejoicings. 
 Only women were admitted. The time 
 of the celebration was supposed to be 
 very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed 
 from Athens to Sicily on that day, whence 
 many unfortunate omens were drawn. 
 
 Adonis, son of Cinyras, by his daugh- 
 ter Myrrha, [vid. Myrrha] was the favorite 
 of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and 
 was often cautioned by his mistress not 
 to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being 
 killed in the attempt. This advice he 
 slighted, and at last received a mortal 
 bite from a wild boar which he had 
 wounded, and Venus, after shedding 
 many tears at his death, changed him 
 into a flower called anemony. Proserpine 
 is said to have restored him to life, on 
 condition that he should spend six months 
 with her, and the rest of the year with 
 Venus. This implies the alternate return 
 of summer and winter. Adonis is often 
 taken for Osiris, because the festivals of 
 both were often begun with mournful la- 
 mentations, and finished with a revival 
 of joy, as if they were returning to life 
 again. Adonis had temples raised to his 
 memory, and is said by some to have 
 
 been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. 
 
 A river of Phoenicia, which falls into the 
 Mediterranean below Byblus. 
 
 Adramyttium, an Athenian colony on 
 the sea coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. 
 
 Adrana, a river in Germany. 
 
 Adranum, a town of Sicily near ^Etna, 
 with a river of the same name. The chief 
 deity of the place was called Adranus, 
 and his temple was guarded by one thou- 
 sand dogs. 
 
 Adrasta, one of the Oceanides who 
 nursed Jupiter. 
 
 Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. A 
 
 mountain. A country near Troy, called 
 
 Adrastus, who built there a temple to 
 Nemesis. Here Apollo had an oracle. 
 
 A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. 
 
 She is called by some Nemesis, and is the 
 punisher of injustice. The Egyptians 
 placed her above the moon, whence she 
 looked down upon the actions of men. 
 
 A daughter of Melisseus, to whom 
 
 some attribute the nursing of Jupiter. 
 She is the same as Adrasta. 
 
 Adrastii Campi, a plain near the Gran- 
 icus, where Alexander first defeated Da- 
 rius. 
 
 Adra3tus, son of Talaus and Lysi- 
 mache, was king of Argos. Polynices 
 being banished from Thebes by his brother 
 
 Eteocles, fled to Argos, where he married 
 Argia, daughter of Adrastus. The king 
 assisted his son-in-law, and marched 
 against Thebes with an army headed by 
 seven of his most famous generals. All 
 perished in the war except Adrastus, who, 
 with a few men saved from slaughter, 
 fled to Athens, and implored the aid of 
 Theseus against the Thebans, who op- 
 posed the burying of the Argives slain in 
 battle. Theseus went to his assistance, 
 
 and was victorious. Adrastus, after a 
 
 long reign, died through grief, occasioned 
 by the death of his son iEgialeus. A tem- 
 ple was raised to his memory at Sicyon, 
 where a solemn festival was annually 
 
 celebrated. A peripatetic philosopher, 
 
 disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that 
 a copy of his treatise on harmonics is pre- 
 served in the Vatican. A Phrygian 
 
 prince, who having inadvertently killed 
 his brother, fled to Croesus, where he was 
 humanely received, and entrusted with 
 the care of his son Atys. In hunting a 
 wild boar, Adrastus slew the young 
 prince, and in his despair killed himself 
 
 on his grave. A Lydian, who a* 
 
 sisted the Greeks against the Persians 
 
 A soothsayer in the Trojan war, sop 
 
 of Merops. The father of Eurydice 
 
 who married Ilus the Trojan. A king 
 
 of Sicyon, who reigned four years B. C 
 1215. A son of Hercules. 
 
 Adria, Adrianum, or Adriaticum 
 mare, a sea lying between Illyricum and 
 Italy, now called the gulf of Venice, first 
 made known to the Greeks by the discov- 
 eries of the Phocaeans. 
 
 Adrianopolis, a town of Thrace on 
 
 the Hebrus. Another in ^Etolia, 
 
 Pisidia, and Bythinia. 
 
 Adrianus, or Hadrianus, the fifteenth 
 emperor of Rome. He is represented as 
 an active, learned, warlike and austere 
 general. He came to Britain, where he 
 built a wall between the modern towns 
 of Carlisle and Newcastle eighty miles 
 long, to protect the Britons from the in- 
 cursions of the Caledonians. He killed 
 in battle five hundred thousand Jews who 
 had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins 
 of Jerusalem, which he called ^Elia. His 
 memory was so retentive, that he remem- 
 bered every incident of his life, and knew 
 all the soldiers of his army by name. He 
 was the first emperor who wore a long 
 beard, and this he did to hide the warts 
 on his face. His successors followed his 
 example not through necessity, but for 
 ornament. Adrian went always bare- 
 headed, and in long marches generally 
 travelled on foot. In the beginning of 
 his reign, he followed the virtues of his 
 adopted fatber and predecessor Trajan ; 
 he remitted all arrears due to his treasury 
 for sixteen years, and publicly burnt the 
 account-books, that his word might not 
 
MA 
 
 15 
 
 MD 
 
 5e suspected. His peace with the Par- 
 tisans proceeded from a wish of punish- 
 ing the other enemies of Rome, more than 
 from the effects of fear. The travels of 
 Adrian were not for the display of impe- 
 rial pride, but to see whether justice was 
 distributed impartially ; and public favor 
 was courted by a condescending behav- 
 ior, and the meaner familiarity of bath- 
 ing with the common people. It is said 
 that he wished to enrol Christ aznong the 
 gods of Rome ; but his apparent lenity 
 towards the Christians was disproved, by 
 the erection of a statue to Jupiter on the 
 spot where Jesus rose from the dead, and 
 one to Venus on mount Calvary. The 
 weight of diseases became intolerable. 
 Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and 
 when prevented, he exclaimed, that the 
 lives of others were in his hands, but not 
 his own. He wrote an account of his 
 life, and published it under the name of 
 one of his domestics. He died of a dys- 
 entery at Baiae, July 10, A. D. 138, in the 
 seventy-second year of his age, after a 
 
 reign of twenty-one years. An officer 
 
 of Lucullus. A rhetorician of Tyre in 
 
 the age of M. Antoninus, who wrote 
 seven books of metamorphoses, besides 
 other treatises now lost. 
 
 Adrimetum, a town of Africa, on the 
 Mediterranean, built by the Phosnicians. 
 
 Aduataca, a town of Belgic Gaul, now 
 Tongres, on the Maese. 
 
 Adula, a mountain among the Rhaetian 
 Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, 
 now St. Gothard. 
 
 Adulis, a town of Upper Egypt. 
 
 Adyrmachidje, a maritime people of 
 Africa, near Egypt. 
 
 Ma, a huntress changed into an island 
 of the same name by the gods, to rescue 
 her from the pursuit of her lover, the river 
 Phasis. It had a town called JE&, which 
 
 was the capital of Colchis. A town of 
 
 Thessaly. Of Africa. A fountain of 
 
 Macedonia near Amydon. 
 
 ^Eacea, games at iEgina, in honor of 
 ^Eacus. 
 
 ^Eacidas, a king of Epirus, son of Neo- 
 ptolemus, and brother to Olympias. He 
 was expelled by his subjects for his con- 
 tinual wars with Macedonia. He left a 
 son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom 
 Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. 
 
 ^Eacides, a patronymic of the descend- 
 ants of ^Eacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, 
 Telamon, Pyrrhus, <fcc. 
 
 jEacus, son of Jupiter by ^Egina daugh- 
 ter of Asopus, was king of the island of 
 CEnopia, which he called by his mother's 
 name. A pestilence having destroyed all 
 his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to re- 
 people his kingdom ; and according to his 
 desire, all the ants which were in an old 
 oak were changed into men, and called 
 by ^Eacus myrmidons, from /two//);?, an 
 
 ant. — uEacus married Endeis, by whom 
 he had Telamon and Peleus. He after- 
 wards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of 
 the Nereids. He was a man of such in- 
 tegrity that the ancients have made him 
 one of the judges of hell, with Minos and 
 Rhadamanthus. 
 
 JEje, JEa, or JEjea, an island of Colchis, 
 in the Phasis. 
 
 ^Ejea, a name given to Circe, because 
 born at iEse. 
 
 /Eanteum, a city of Troas, where Ajax 
 
 was buried. An island near the Thra- 
 
 cian Chersonesus. 
 
 ^Eantides, a tyrant of Lampsacus, in- 
 timate with Darius. He married a daugh- 
 ter of Hippias, tyrant of Athens. One 
 
 of the seven poets called Pleiades. 
 
 ^Eantis, an Athenian tribe. 
 
 JEas, a river of Epirus falling into the 
 Ionian sea. In the fable of Io, Ovid de- 
 scribes it as falling into the Peneus, and 
 meeting other rivers at Tempe. This 
 some have supposed to be a geographical 
 mistake of the poet. 
 
 tEatus, son of Philip, and brother of 
 Polyclea, was descended from Hercules. 
 An oracle having said that whoever of 
 the two touched the land after crossing 
 the Achelous should obtain the kingdom, 
 Polyclea pretended to be lame, and pre- 
 vailed upon her brother to carry her across 
 on his shoulders. When they came near 
 the opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore 
 from her brother's back, exclaiming that 
 the kingdom was her own. ^Eatus joined 
 her in her exclamation, and afterwards 
 married her, and reigned conjointly with 
 her. Their son Thessalus gave his name 
 to Thessaly. 
 
 iEcHMACoRAs, a son of Hercules, by 
 Phyllone, daughter of Alcimedon. When 
 the father heard that his daughter had 
 had a child, he exposed her and the in- 
 fant in the woods to wild beasts, where 
 Hercules, conducted by the noise of a 
 magpie which imitated the cries of a 
 child, found and delivered them. 
 
 iEcHMis, succeeded his father Polym- 
 nestor on the throne of Arcadia, in the 
 reign of Theopompus, of Sparta. 
 
 ^Edepsum, a town of Eubosa. 
 
 ^Edessa, or Edessa, a town near Pella. 
 Caranus king of Macedonia took it by 
 following goats that sought shelter from 
 the rain, and called it, from that circum- 
 stance, (cciyac, copras) ^Egeas. It was 
 the burying-place of the Macedonian 
 kings ; and an oracle had said, that as 
 long as the kings were buried there, so 
 long would their kingdom subsist. Alex- 
 ander was buried in a different place ; 
 and on that account, some authors have 
 said that the kingdom became extinct. 
 
 ^Edicula Ridiculi, a temple raised to 
 the god of mirth, from the following cir- 
 cumstance : after the battle of Cannw., 
 
.EG 
 
 16 
 
 MG 
 
 Hannibal marched to Ronje, whence he 
 was driven back by the inclemency of 
 the weather ; which caused so much joy 
 in Rome, that the Romans raised a tem- 
 ple to the god of mirth. This deity was 
 worshipped at Sparta. 
 
 ^Ediles, Roman magistrates, that had 
 the care of all buildings, baths and aque- 
 ducts, and examined the weights and 
 measures, that nothing might be sold 
 without its due value. There were three 
 different sorts ; the ^Ediles Plcbeii, or Mi- 
 nores ; the Majores iEdiles, and the iEdiles 
 Cereales. — The plebeian ediles were two, 
 first created with the tribunes ; they pre- 
 sided over the more minute affairs of the 
 state, good order, and the reparation of 
 the streets. They procured all the pro- 
 visions of the city, and executed the de- 
 crees of the people. The Majores and 
 Cereales had greater privileges, though 
 they at first shared in the labor of the ple- 
 beian ediles ; they appeared with more 
 pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in 
 ivory chairs. The office of an edile was 
 honorable, and was always the primary 
 step to greater honors in the republic. 
 The ediles were chosen from the ple- 
 beians for one hundred and twenty-seven 
 years, till A. U. C. 338. 
 
 ^Edipsus, a town in Euboea, now Dipso, 
 abounding in hot-baths. 
 
 Val. ^Edituus, a Roman poet before 
 the age of Cicero, successful in amorous 
 poetry and epigrams. 
 
 JEdos, daughter of Pandarus, married 
 Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom she 
 had a son called Itylus. She was so jeal- 
 ous of her sister Niobe, because she had 
 more children than herself, that she re- 
 solved to murder the elder, who was ed- 
 ucated with Itylus. She by mistake kill- 
 ed her own son, and was changed into a 
 goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. 
 
 JSdui, or Hedui, a powerful nation of 
 Celtic Gaul, known for their valor in the 
 wars of Caesar. 
 
 iEETA, or ^Eetes, king of Colchis, son 
 of Sol, and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, 
 was father of Medea, Absyrtus and Chal- 
 ciope, by Idya, one of the Oceanides. He 
 killed Phryxus, son of Athamas, who had 
 fled to his court on a golden ram. This 
 murder he committed to obtain the fleece 
 of the golden ram. The Argonauts came 
 against Colchis, and recovered the golden 
 fleece by means of Medea, though it was 
 guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and 
 by a venomous dragon. Their expedi- 
 tion has been celebrated by all the ancient 
 poets. 
 
 ^Eetias, a patronymic given to Medea, 
 as daughter of ^Eetes. 
 
 ^Ega, an island of the ^Egean sea, be- 
 tween Tenedos and Chios. 
 
 ^Egeas, a town whose inhabitants are 
 called iEgeates. [Fid, iEdessa.l 
 
 JEom, a city of Macedonia, the same as 
 
 Edessa. A town in Eubcea, whence 
 
 Neptune is called iEgaeus. 
 
 JEgs.m, a town and seaport of Cilicia. 
 
 jEceon, one of Lycaon's fifty sons. 
 
 The son of Ccelus, or of Pontus and Ter- 
 ra, the same as Briareus. It is supposed 
 that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly re- 
 siding at iEga, whence his name ; and 
 that the fable about his hundred hands 
 arises from his having one hundred men 
 to manage his oars in his piratical excur- 
 sions. 
 
 ^Eg.eum mare (now Archipelago,) part 
 of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece 
 from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, 
 some of which are called Cyclades, others 
 Sporades, &c. The word ./Egamm is de- 
 rived by some from iEgffi, a town of Eu- 
 bcea ; or from the number of islands 
 which it contains, that appear above the 
 sea, as cuysg, goats ; or from the promon- 
 tory -<Ega, or from ^Egea, a queen of the 
 Amazons ; or from ^Egeus, who is sup- 
 posed to have drowned himself there. 
 
 iEcEus, a surname of Neptune, from 
 
 JEgie in Eubcea. A river of Corcyra. 
 
 A plain in Phocis. 
 
 ^Egaleos, or iEgaleum, a mountain of 
 Attica, opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes 
 sat during the engagement of his fleet 
 with the Grecian ships in the adjacent 
 sea. 
 
 ^Egan, the iEgean sea. 
 
 jEgas, a place of Euboea. Another 
 
 near Daunia, in Italy. 
 
 Agates, a promontory of iEolia. 
 
 Three islands opposite Carthage, called 
 Arse, near which the Romans under Ca- 
 tulus, in the first Punic war, defeated the 
 Carthaginian fleet, under Hanno, 242 B. C. 
 
 ^Egeleon, a town of Macedonia taken 
 by king Attalus. 
 
 ^Egeria. Vid. Egeria. 
 
 ^Egesta, the daughter of Hippotes, and 
 
 mother of iEgestus called Acestes. An 
 
 ancient town of Sicily near mount Eryx, 
 destroyed by Agathocles. It was some- 
 times called Segesta and Acesta. 
 
 tEgeus, king of Athens, son of Pan- 
 dion, being desirous of having children, 
 went to consult the oracle, and in his re- 
 turn, stopped at the court of Pittheus king 
 of Trcezene, who gave him his daughter 
 iEthra in marriage. He left her pregnant, 
 and told her, that if she had a son, to 
 send him to Athens as soon as he could 
 lift a stone under which he had concealed 
 his sword. By this sword he was to be 
 known to JEseus, who did not wish to 
 make any public discovery of a son, for 
 fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who 
 expected his crown. ^Ethra became mo- 
 ther of Theseus, whom she accordingly 
 sent to Athens with his father's sword. 
 At that time ^Egeus lived with Medea, 
 the divorced wife' of Jason. When The- 
 
MG 
 
 17 
 
 MB 
 
 eeus came to Athens, Medea attempted to 
 poison him ; but he escaped, and upon 
 showing JDgeus the sword he wore, dis- 
 covered himself to be his son. When 
 Theseus returned from Crete after the 
 death of the Minotaur, he forgot, agreea- 
 ble to the engagement made with his fa- 
 ther, to hoist up white sails as a signal of 
 his success ; and iEgeus, at the sight of 
 black sails, concluding that his son was 
 dead, threw himself from a high rock into 
 the sea ; which, from him, as some sup- 
 pose, has been called the iEgean. ^geus 
 reigned forty-eight years, and died B. C. 
 1235. He is supposed to have first intro- 
 duced into Greece the worship of Venus 
 Urania, to render the goddess propitious 
 to his wishes in having a son. 
 
 jEgiale, one of Phaeton's sisters chang- 
 ed into poplars, and their tears into am- 
 ber. They are called Heliades. A 
 
 daughter of Adrastus, by Amphitea daugh- 
 ter of Pronax. She married Diomedes. 
 
 jEgialea, an island near Peloponnesus, 
 in the Cretan sea. Another in the Io- 
 nian sea, near the Echinades. The 
 
 ancient name of Peloponnesus. 
 
 JSgialeus, son of Adrastus by Amphi- 
 tea or Demoanassa, was one of the Epi- 
 goni, i e. one of the sons of those generals 
 who were killed in the first Theban war. 
 They went against the Thebans, who had 
 refused to give burial to their fathers, and 
 were victorious. They all returned home 
 safe, except JEgialeus, who was killed. 
 That expedition is called the war of the 
 
 Epigoni. The same as Absyrtus brother 
 
 to Medea. 
 
 ^Egialus, son of Phoroneus, was en- 
 trusted with the kingdom of Achaia by 
 king Api8 going to Egypt. Peloponnesus 
 
 was called -<Egialea from him. A man 
 
 who founded the kingdom of Sicyon 2091 
 before the Christian era, and reigned fifty- 
 two years. 
 
 ^Egialus, a name given to part of Pelo- 
 ponnesus. An inconsiderable town of 
 
 Pontus. A city of Asia Minor. A 
 
 city of Thrace near the Strymon. A 
 
 mountain of Galatia. A city of Pontus. 
 
 Another in ^Ethiopia. 
 
 ^Egides, a patronymic of Theseus. 
 
 JEgila, a place in Laconia, where Aris- 
 tomenes was taken prisoner by a crowd 
 of religious women whom he had at- 
 tacked. 
 
 ^Egilia, an island between Crete and 
 Peloponnesus. A place in Eubcea. 
 
 ^Egimius, an old man who lived, ac- 
 cording to Anacreon, two hundred years. 
 — — A king of Doris, whom Hercules as- 
 sisted to conquer the Lapithae. 
 
 jEgimorus, or JIgimurus, an island 
 near Libya, supposed by some to be the 
 same which Virgil mentions under the 
 name of Arre. 
 
 jEgina, daughter of Asopus, had /Ea- 
 2* 
 
 cus by Jupiter changed into a flame of 
 fire. She afterwards' married Actor, son 
 of Myrmidon, by whom she had some 
 children, who conspired against their fa- 
 ther. Some say that she was changed by 
 Jupiter into the island which bears her 
 
 name. An island formerly called CEn'o- 
 
 pia, and now Engia, in a part of the 
 iEgean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 
 twenty-two miles in circumference. The 
 inhabitants were once destroyed by a pes- 
 tilence, and the country was repeopled by 
 ants changed into men by Jupiter, at the 
 prayer of king ^Eacus. They were once 
 a very powerful nation by sea, but they 
 cowardly gave themselves up to Darius 
 when he demanded submission from all 
 the Greeks. The Athenians under Peri- 
 cles made war against them ; and after 
 taking seventy of their ships in a naval 
 battle, they expelled them from iEgina 
 The fugitives settled in Peloponnesus, 
 and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander, 
 they returned to their country, but never 
 after rose to their former power or conse- 
 quence. 
 
 J3gineta Patjlus, a physician born in 
 JEgina. He flourished in the third, or 
 according to others, the seventh century, 
 and wrote Dc Re Medica, in seven books. 
 
 jEginetes, a king of Arcadia, in whosa 
 age Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. 
 
 ^Egiochus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
 his being brought up by the goat Amal- 
 threa, and using her skin, instead of a 
 shield, in the war of the Titans. 
 
 jEgipan, a name of Pan, because he 
 had goat's feet. 
 
 ^Egira, a town between ^Etolia and 
 Peloponnesus. A town of Achaia. 
 
 ^giroessa, a town of^Etolia. 
 
 JEais, the shield of Jupiter, ano rr t g 
 aiyoc, a goat's skin. This was the goat 
 Amalthasa, with whose skin he covered 
 his shield. The goat was placed among 
 the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield 
 to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa's 
 head, which turned into stones all those 
 who fixed their eyes upon it. 
 
 ^Egisthus, king of Argos, was son ot 
 Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. 
 
 ^Egttum, a town of ^Eolia, on a moun- 
 tain eight miles from the sea. 
 
 ^Egium, a town on the Corinthian isth- 
 mus, where Jupiter was said to havf 
 been fed by a goat, whence the name. 
 
 JEglb, the youngest daughter of JEsca 
 lapius and.Lampetie. — A nymph, daugh- 
 ter of Sol and Neaara. A nymph, 
 
 daughter of Panopous, beloved by The- 
 seus after he had left Ariadne. One of 
 
 the Hesperides. One of the Graces. 
 
 JEglss, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. 
 Seeing some unlawful measures pursued 
 in a contest, he broke the string which 
 held his tongue, through the desire of 
 spe'.king, and ever after spoka with eas«. 
 
MG 
 
 18 
 
 ML 
 
 ^Egletes, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 jEgloge, a nurse of Nero. 
 
 jEgobolus, a surname of Bacchus at 
 Potnia, in Bceotia. 
 
 iEcocERoa, or Capricornus, an animal 
 into which Pan transformed himself when 
 flying before Typhon in the war with the 
 giants. Jupiter made him a constella- 
 tion. 
 
 ^Egon, a shepherd.-^— A promontory of 
 
 Lemnos. A name of the ^Egean Sea. 
 
 A boxer of Zacynthus 5 who dragged 
 
 a large bull by the heel from a mountain 
 into the city. 
 
 ^Egos potamos, i. e. the goaVs river, a 
 town in the Thracian Ohersonesus, with 
 a river of the same name, where the 
 Athenian fleet, consisting of 180 ships, 
 was defeated by Lysander, on the 13th 
 Dec. B. C. 405, in the last year of the Pe- 
 loponnesian war. 
 
 iEcosAG^:, an Asiatic nation under At- 
 talus, with whom he conquered Asia, and 
 to whom he gave a settlement near the 
 Hellespont. 
 
 ^Egus and Ro9cilljus, two brothers 
 amongst the Allobroges, who deserted 
 from Cffisar to Pompey. 
 
 ^Egusa, the middle island of the iEgates 
 near Sicily. 
 
 iEcY, a town near Sparta, destroyed be 
 cause its inhabitants were suspected by 
 the Spartans of favoring the Arcadians. 
 
 jEqtpakes, a nation in the middle of 
 Africa, whose body is human above the 
 waist, and that of a goat below. 
 
 jEgypsus, a town of the Getee, near the 
 Danube. 
 
 ..Egypt a, a freedman of Cicero 
 
 jEgyptii, the inhabitants of Egypt. 
 
 jEgyptium mare, that part of the Med- 
 iterranean sea which is on the coast of 
 Egypt. 
 
 JSgyptus, son of Belus, and brother to 
 Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to 
 the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus 
 who had established himself at Argos, and 
 was jealous of his brother, who, by follow- 
 ing him from Egypt into Greece, seemed 
 envious of his prosperity, obliged all his 
 daughters to murder their husbands the 
 first night of their nuptials. This was ex- 
 ecuted ; but Hypermnestra alone spared 
 her husband Lynceus. Even iEgyptus 
 was killed by his niece Polyxena. ^Egyp- 
 tus was king, after his father, of a part of 
 Africa, which from him has been called 
 ^Egyptus. An extensive country of Af- 
 rica watered by the Nile, bounded on the 
 east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. 
 Its name is derived from .^Egyptus brother 
 to Danaus. Its extent, according to mod- 
 ern calculation, is 180 leagues from north 
 to south, and it measures 120 leagues on 
 the shore of the Mediterranean ; but at the 
 distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it di- 
 minishes so much as scarce to measure 7 
 
 or 8 leagues between the mountains on 
 the east and west. It is divided into low- 
 er, which lies near the Mediterranean, and 
 upper, which is towards the south. Up- 
 per Egypt was famous for the town of 
 Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the most 
 peopled, and contained the Delta, a num- 
 ber of islands, which, from their form, 
 have been called after the fovrth letter of 
 the Greek alphabet. This country has 
 been the mother of arts and sciences 
 The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been 
 formed by the mud and sand carried down 
 by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned 
 themselves the most ancient nation in the 
 universe, but some authors make them of 
 .(Ethiopian origin. They are remarkable 
 for their superstition ; they paid as much 
 honor to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, 
 and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain nev- 
 er or seldom falls in this country ; the 
 fertility of the soil originates in the yearly 
 inundations of the Nile, which rises about 
 25 feet above the surface of the earth, and 
 exhibits a large plain of waters, in which 
 are scattered here and there, the towns 
 and villages, as the Cyclades in the ^Ege- 
 an sea. The air is not wholesome, but 
 the population is great, and the cattle very 
 prolific. It is said that Egypt once con- 
 tained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable 
 of which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexan- 
 dria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It 
 was governed by kings who have im- 
 mortalized themselves by the pyramids 
 they have raised and the canals they have 
 opened. The priests traced the existence 
 of the country for many thousand years, 
 and fondly imagined that the gods were 
 their first sovereigns, and that their mon- 
 archy had lasted 11,340 years according to 
 Herodotus. The history of Egypt can be 
 divided into three epochas ; the first be- 
 ginning with the foundation of the em- 
 pire, to the conquest of Cambyses ; the 
 second ends at the death of Alexander ; 
 and the third comprehends the reign of 
 the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of 
 
 Cleopatra, in the age of Augustus. A 
 
 minister of Mausolus king of Caria. The 
 
 ancient name of the Nile. 
 
 iEGYs. Vid. iEgy. 
 
 jEgysthus. Vid. iEgisthus. 
 
 jElta, the wife of Sylla. The name 
 
 of some towns built or repaired by the 
 emperor Adrian. 
 
 jElia lex, enacted by iElius Tubero the 
 tribune, A. U. C. 559, to send two colonies 
 
 into the country of the Brutii. Another 
 
 A. U. C. 568, ordaining, that, in public af- 
 fairs, the augurs should observe the ap- 
 pearance of the sky, and the magistrates 
 be empowered to postpone the business. 
 
 Another called iElia Sexta, by JElius 
 
 Sextus, A. U. C. 756, which enacted, that 
 all slaves who bore any marks of punish- 
 ment received from their masters, or who 
 
ML 
 
 19 
 
 MM 
 
 had been imprisoned, should be set at lib- 
 erty, but not rank as Roman citizens. 
 
 JElix Petina, of the family of Tubero, 
 married Claudius Cresar, by whom she 
 had a son. The emperor divorced her, to 
 marry Messalina. 
 
 jElianus Claudus, a Roman sophist 
 of Prseneste, in the reign of Adrian. He 
 first taught rhetoric at Rome ; but being 
 disgusted with his profession, he became 
 author, and published treaties on animals 
 in 17 books, on various history in 14 books, 
 &c. in Greek, a language which he prefer- 
 red to Latin. In his writings he shows 
 himself very fond of the marvellous, and 
 relates many stories which are often de- 
 void of elegance and purity of style. JE,- 
 lian died in the 60th year of his age, A. D. 
 140. 
 
 ^Elius and .Eli a, a family in Rome, so 
 poor that 16 lived in a small house, and 
 were maintained by the produce of a little 
 field. Their poverty continued till Paul- 
 us conquered Perseus king of Macedonia, 
 and gave his son-in-law M\. Tubero five 
 pounds of gold from the booty. 
 
 ^Elius Adrianus, an African, grand- 
 father to the emperor Adrian. Gallus, 
 
 a Roman knight, the first who invaded 
 Arabia Felix. He was very intimate with 
 Strabo the geographer, and sailed on the 
 Nile with him to take a view of the coun- 
 try. Publius, one of the first questors 
 
 chosen from the plebeians at Rome. Q,. 
 /E. Paetus, son of Sextus or Publius. As 
 he sat in the senate-house, a woodpecker 
 perched on his head ; upon which a sooth- 
 Bayer exclaimed, that if" he preserved the 
 bird, his house would flourish, and Rome 
 decay ; and if he killed it, the contrary 
 must happen. Hearing this, ^Elius, in the 
 presence of the senate, bit off the head of 
 the bird. All the youths of his family 
 were killed at Cannae, and the Roman 
 arms were soon attended with success. 
 
 Saturninus, a satirist, thrown down 
 
 from the Tarpeian rock for writing verses 
 
 against Tiberius. Sextus Catus, censor 
 
 with M. Cethegus. He separated the sen- 
 ators from the people in the public specta- 
 cles. During his consulship, the ambas- 
 sadors of the iEtolians found him feasting 
 in earthen dishes, and offered him silver 
 vessels, which he refused, satisfied with 
 the earthen cups, &c. which, for his vir- 
 tues, he had received from his father-in- 
 law, L. Paulus, after the conquest of 
 
 Macedonia. Spartianus, wrote the lives 
 
 of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, 
 and M. Aurelius. He flourished A. D. 240. 
 
 Tubero, grandson of L. Paulus, was 
 
 austere in his morals, and a formidable 
 enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson was 
 accused before Cssar, and ably defended 
 
 by Cicero. Verus Caesar, the name of 
 
 L. C. Commodus Verus, after Adrian had 
 adopted him. He was made pretor and 
 
 consul by the emperor, who was soon con- 
 vinced of his incapacity in the discharge 
 of public duty. He killed himself by 
 drinking an antidote ; and Antoninus sur- 
 named Pius, was adopted in his place. 
 iElius was father to Antoninus Verus, 
 whom Pius adopted. A physician men- 
 tioned by Galen. L. Gallus, a lawyer, 
 
 who wrote 12 books concerning the signifi- 
 cation of all law words. Sextus Paetus, 
 
 a lawyer, consul at Rome A. U. C. 566. 
 
 Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master 
 
 to N. Ter. Varro, and author of some 
 treatises. 
 
 Mllo, one of the Harpies. One of 
 
 Actason's dogs. 
 
 ^Elurus, (a cat,) a deity worshipped by 
 the Egyptians ; and after death, embalm- 
 ed, and buried in trie city of Bubastis. 
 
 ^EMATHioK,and^EMATHiA. Fid. Ema- 
 thion. 
 
 ^Emilia lex, was enacted by the dicta- 
 tor ^Emilius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained 
 that the censorship, which was before qui- 
 quennial, should be limited to one year 
 and a half. Another in the second con- 
 sulship of iEmilius Mamercus, A. U. C. 
 391. It gave power to the eldest pretor to 
 drive a nail in the capitol on the ides of 
 
 September. The driving of a nail was 
 
 a superstitious ceremony, by which the 
 Romans supposed that a pestilence could 
 be stopped, or an impending calamity 
 averted. 
 
 iEMiLUNua (C. Julius), a native of 
 Mauritania, proclaimed emperor after the 
 death of Decius. He marched against 
 Gallus and Valerian, but was informed 
 they had been murdered by their own 
 troops. He soon after shared their fate. 
 One of the thirty tyrants who rebel- 
 led in the reign of Gallienus. 
 
 ^Emilius. Vid. iEmylius. 
 
 ^Emnestus, tyrant of Enna, was depo- 
 sed by Dionysius the elder. 
 
 ^Emon. Vid. Haemon. 
 
 ^Emona, a large city of Asia. 
 
 ^Emonia, a country of Greece, which 
 received its name from jEmon, or iEmus, 
 and was afterwards called Thessaly. 
 Achilles is called JEmonius, as being born 
 there. It was also called Pyrrha, from 
 Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, who reigned 
 there.— The word has been indiscriminate- 
 ly applied to all Greece by some writers. 
 
 ^Emonides, a priest of Apollo in Italy, 
 killed by ^Eneas. 
 
 JEmus, an actor in Domitian's reign. 
 
 vEmylia, a noble family in Rome, de- 
 scended from Mamercus, son of Pythago- 
 ras. A vestal who rekindled the fire of 
 
 Vesta, which was extinguished, by put- 
 ting lier veil over it. The wife of Afri- 
 
 canus the elder, famous for her behavior 
 to her husband, when suspected of infi- 
 delity. Lepida, daughter of Lepidus, 
 
 married Drusus the younger, whom she 
 
MN 
 
 20 
 
 MN 
 
 disgraced by her wantonness. A part 
 
 of Italy, cailed also Flaminia. A pub- 
 lic road leading from Placentia to Arimin- 
 um 3 called after the consul ^Emylius, 
 who is supposed to have made it. 
 
 ^mylianus, a name of Africanus the 
 younger, son of P. ^Emylius. In him the 
 families of the Scipios and iEmylii were 
 united. Many of that family bore the 
 same name. 
 
 jEmtui, a noble family in Rome, de- 
 scended from JEmylius the son of Asca- 
 nius. 
 
 ^Emylius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, 
 whose wife met with the same fate as Pro- 
 cris. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sici- 
 ly, who liberally rewarded those who in- 
 vented new ways of torturing. Patercu- 
 lus gave him a brazen horse for this pur- 
 pose, and the tyrant made the first experi- 
 ment upon the donor. — Lepidus, a youth 
 who had a statue in the capitol, for saving 
 the life of a citizen in a battle. A trium- 
 vir with Octavius. Macer, a poet of 
 
 Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote 
 some poems upon serpents, birds, and as 
 
 some suppose, on bees. Marcus Scau- 
 
 rus, a Roman who flourished about 100 
 years B. C. and wrote three books con- 
 cerning his own life. A poet in the age 
 
 of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called 
 
 Atheus, and destroyed himself. Sura, 
 
 another writer on the Roman year. 
 
 Mamercus, three times dictator, conquer- 
 ed the Fidenates, and took their city. He 
 limited to one year and a half, the censor- 
 ship, which before his time was exercised 
 
 during five years. Papinianus, son of 
 
 Hostilius Papinianus,was in favor with the 
 emperor Severus, and was made governor 
 to his sons Geta and Caracalla. Geta 
 was killed by his brother, and Papinianus 
 for upbraiding him, was murdered by his 
 soldiers. From his school the Romans 
 have had many able lawyers, who were 
 
 called Papinianists. Pappus, a censor, 
 
 who banished from the senate, P. Corn. 
 Rufhnus, who had been twice consul, be- 
 cause he had at his table ten pounds of sil- 
 ver plate, A. U. C. 478. Porcinaan ele- 
 gant orator. Rectus, a severe governor 
 
 of Egypt, under Tiberius. Regillus, 
 
 conquered the general of Antiochus at sea, 
 
 and obtained a naval triumph. Scau- 
 
 rus, a noble, but poor citizen of Rome. 
 His father, to maintain himself, was a 
 coal-merchant. He was edile, and after- 
 wards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. 
 His son Marcus was son-in-law to Sylla, 
 and in his edileship he built a very mag- 
 nificent theatre. A bridge at Rome, 
 
 called also Sublicius. 
 
 ^Enaria, an island in the bay of Puteo- 
 li, abounding with cypress trees. It re- 
 ceived its name from ^Eneas, who is sup- 
 posed to have landed there on his way to 
 Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the 
 
 Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous 
 once for its mineral waters. 
 
 ^Enarium, a forest near Olenos in 
 Achaia sacred to Jupiter. 
 ^Enasius, one of the Ephori at Sparta. 
 jEnea or jEneia, a town of Macedo- 
 nia, 15 miles from Thessalonica. founded 
 by ^Eneas. 
 
 ^Eneades, a town of Chersonesus, 
 built by ^Eneas. Cassander destroyed it, 
 and carried the inhabitants to Thessaloni- 
 ca, lately built. 
 
 JEseadje, a name given to the friends 
 and companions of iEneas. 
 
 .<Eneas, a Trojan prince, son of Anchi- 
 ses and the goddess Venus. The opinions 
 of authors concerning his character are 
 different. His infancy was intrusted to 
 the care of a nymph, and at the age of five 
 he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards 
 improved himself in Thessaly under Chi- 
 ron, a venerable sage, whose house was 
 frequented by the young princes and he- 
 roes of the age. Soon after his return 
 home he married Creusa, Priam's daugh- 
 ter, by whom he had a son called Ascani- 
 us. During the Trojan war, he behaved 
 with great valor, in defence of his coun- 
 try, and came to an engagement with Di- 
 omedes and Achilles. Yet some writers 
 accuse him of betraying his country to the 
 Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving 
 his life and fortune by this treacherous 
 measure. He lived at variance with Pri- 
 am, because he received not sufficient 
 marks of distinction from the king and 
 his family. This might have provoked 
 him to seek revenge by perfidy. — Authors 
 of credit report, that when Troy was in 
 flames, he carried away, upon his shoul- 
 ders, his father Anchises, and the statues 
 of his household gods, leading in his hand 
 his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to 
 follow behind. Some say that he retired 
 to Mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 
 ships, and set sail in quest of a settlement. 
 Strabo and others maintain that ^Eneas 
 never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, 
 where he reigned, and his posterity after 
 him. Even Homer, who lived 400 years 
 after the Trojan war, says, that the gods 
 destined iEneas and his posterity to reign 
 over the Trojans. According to Virgil 
 and other Latin authors, who, to make 
 their court to the Roman emperors, traced 
 their origin up to yEneas, and described 
 his arrival into Italy as indubitable, he with 
 his fleet first came* to the Thracian Cher- 
 sonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his 
 allies, reigned. After visiting Delos, the 
 Strophades, and Crete, where he expect- 
 ed to find the empire promised him by the 
 oracle, he landed in Epirus and Drepa- 
 num, the court of king Acestes, in Sicily, 
 where he buried his father. From Sicily 
 he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the 
 coasts of Africa, and kindly received by 
 
MN 
 
 21 
 
 MO 
 
 Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his 
 first interview, he gave one of the gar- 
 ments of the beautiful Helen. Dido being 
 enamored of him, wished to marry him ; 
 Bat he left Carthage by order of the gods. 
 In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and 
 from thence he passed to Cumae, where 
 the Sybil conducted him to hell, that he 
 might hear from his father the fates which 
 attended him and all his posterity. After 
 a voyage of seven years, and the loss of 
 thirteen ships, he came to the Tiber. 
 Latinus, the king of the country, received 
 him with hospitality, and promised him 
 his daughter Lavinia, who had been be- 
 fore betrothed to king Turnus by her mo- 
 ther Amata. To prevent this marriage, 
 Turnus made war against ^Eneas ; and 
 after many battles, the war was decided 
 by a combat between the two rivals, in 
 which Turnus was killed. iEneas mar- 
 ried Lavinia, in whose honor he built the 
 town of Lavinium, and succeeded his 
 father-in-law. After a short reign , iEneas 
 was killed in a battle against the Etru- 
 rians. Some say that he was drowned in 
 the Numicus, and his body weighed down 
 by his armor ; upon which the Latins, not 
 finding their king, supposed that he had 
 been taken up to heaven, and therefore 
 offered him sacrifices as to a god. Some 
 authors suppose that iEneas, after the 
 siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neo- 
 ptolemus, together with Andromache, and 
 that he was carried to Thessaly, whence 
 he escaped to Italy. Others say, that 
 after he had come to Italy, he returned to 
 Troy, leaving Ascanius king of Latium. 
 iEneas has been praised for his piety, and 
 
 submission to the will of the gods. A 
 
 son of iEneas and Lavinia, called Sylvius, 
 because his mother retired with him into 
 the woods after his father's death. He 
 succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though 
 opposed by Julius the son of his predeces- 
 sor. An ambassador sent by the Lace- 
 demonians to Athens, to treat of peace, 
 in the eighth year of the Peloponnesian 
 
 war. An ancient author who wrote on 
 
 tactics, besides other treatises, which, ac- 
 cording to iElian, were epitomised by 
 
 Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus. A native 
 
 of Gaza, who, from a Platonic philosopher 
 became a Christian, A. D. 485, and wrote 
 a dialogue called Theophrastus, on the 
 immortality of the soul, and the resurrec- 
 tion. 
 
 iENEiA, or iEpnA, a place near Rome, 
 
 afterwards called Janiculum. A city 
 
 of Troas. A city of Macedonia. 
 
 ^Eneides, a patronymic given to Asca- 
 nius, as son of ^Eneas. 
 
 iENEis, a poem of Virgil, which has for 
 its subject the settlement of ^Eneas in 
 Italy. The great merit of this poem is 
 well known. The author has imitated 
 Homer, and, as some say. Homer is supe- 
 
 rior to him 6nly because he is more an- 
 cient, and is an original. Virgil died be- 
 fore he had corrected it, and at his death 
 desired it might be burnt. This was hap- 
 pily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from 
 the flames a poem which proved his fam- 
 ily to be descended from the kings of 
 Troy. The iEneid had engaged the at- 
 tention of the poet for eleven years, and 
 in the first six books it seems that it was 
 his design to imitate Homer's Odyssey, 
 and in the last the Iliad. The action of 
 the poem comprehends eight years, one 
 of which only, the last, is really taken up 
 by action, as the seven first are merely 
 episodes, such as Juno's attempts to de- 
 stroy the Trojans, the loves of ^Eneas and 
 Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. 
 
 ^Enesidemus, a brave general of Argos. 
 
 A Cretan philosopher, who wrote 
 
 eight books on the doctrine of his master 
 Pyrrho. 
 
 ^Enesitjs, a surname of Jupiter, from 
 mount iEnum. 
 
 iEifETus, a victor at Olympia, who, in 
 the moment of victory, died through ex- 
 cess of joy. 
 
 jEnia. Vid. ^Eneia. 
 
 ^Enicus, a comic writer at Athens. 
 
 ^Emiochi, a people of Asiatic Sarma- 
 tia. 
 
 ^Enobarbus, or Ahenobarbus, the sur- 
 name of Domitius. When Castor and 
 Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he 
 discredited them ; upon which they touch- 
 ed his chin and beard, which instantly 
 became of a brazen color, whence the sur- 
 name given to himse' "and his descendants . 
 
 ^Enocles, a writer of Rhodes. 
 
 -(Enos, now Eno, an independent city 
 of Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the 
 Hebrus, confounded withiEneia, of which 
 ^Eneas was the founder. 
 
 JEkvm, a town of Thrace — of Thessaly. 
 
 A mountain in Cephallenia. A 
 
 river and village near Ossa. A city of 
 
 Crete built by ^Eneas. 
 
 ^Enyra, a town of Thasos. 
 
 iEonA, a name given to Arne. Sappho 
 is called JEolia puella, and lyric poetry 
 JEolium carmen, because of Alceeus and 
 Sappho, natives of Lesbos. 
 
 /Eolia, or ^Eolis, a country of Asia 
 Minor, near the /Egean sea. It has Troas 
 at the north, and Ionia at the south. The 
 inhabitants were of Grecian origin, and 
 were masters of many of the neighboring 
 islands. They had twelve, others say 
 thirty, considerable cities, of which Cums 
 and Lesbos were the most famous. They 
 received their name from /Eolus son of 
 Hellenus. They migrated from Greece 
 
 about 1124 B. C. Thessaly has been 
 
 anciently called JEolia. Bieotus, son of 
 Neptune, having settled there, called his 
 followers Boeotians, and their country 
 Bosotia, 
 
MQ, 
 
 22 
 
 MS 
 
 JEolxje and Bolides, seven islands 
 between Sicily and Italy ; called Lipara, 
 Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phoe- 
 nicusa, and Euonymos. They were the 
 retreat of the winds. They sometimes 
 bear the name of Vulcanim and Hephasti- 
 ades, and are known now among the 
 moderns under the general appellation of 
 Lipari islands. 
 
 ^EoLiDA,a city of Tenedos. Another 
 
 near Thermopylae. 
 
 Bolides, a patronymic of Ulysses, from 
 -iEolus ; because Anticlea, his mother, 
 was pregnant by Sisyphus, the son of 
 ^Eolus, when she married Laertes. It is 
 also given to Athamas and Misenus, as 
 sons of ^Eolus. 
 
 iEoLus, the king of storms and winds, 
 was the son of Hippotas. He reigned 
 over ^Eolia ; and because he was the in- 
 ventor of sails, and a great astronomer, 
 the poets have called him the god of the 
 wind. It is said that he confined in a 
 bag, and gave Ulysses, all the winds that 
 could blow against his vessel, when he 
 returned to Ithaca. The companions of 
 Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the 
 winds their liberty. The name seems to 
 be derived from aiolog, varius, because 
 the winds over which he presided are 
 
 ever varying. There were two others, 
 
 a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and 
 Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often con- 
 founded with the god of the winds. This 
 last married Enaretta, by whom he had 
 seven sons and five daughters. 
 
 JEoka, a festival in Athens, in honor 
 of Erigone. 
 
 ^Epalius, a king of Greece, restored to 
 his kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyl- 
 lus he adopted. 
 
 ^pea, a town of Crete, called Solis, in 
 honor of Solon. 
 
 tEpulo, a general of the Istrians, who 
 drank to excess, after he had stormed the 
 camp of A. Manlius, the Roman general. 
 Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a 
 neighboring town, which the Romans 
 took, and killed himself for fear of being 
 taken. 
 
 JEpy, a town of Elis, under the domin- 
 ion of Nestor. 
 
 iEpvTus, king of Mycenas, son of Chres- 
 phontes and Merope, was educated in 
 Arcadia with Cypselus, his mother's fa- 
 ther. To recover his kingdom, he killed 
 Polyphontes, who had married his mother 
 against her will, and usurped the crown. 
 
 A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus. 
 
 A son of Hippothous, who forcibly enter- 
 ed the temple of Neptune, near Mantinea, 
 and was struck blind by the sudden erup- 
 tion of salt water from the altar. He was 
 killed by a serpent in hunting. 
 
 JEq,vi, or JEct,uicoi.i, a people of Lati- 
 um, nearTybur ; they were great enemies 
 
 to Rome in its infant state, and were con- 
 quered with much difficulty. 
 
 ^Equimelium, a place in Rome where 
 the house of Melius stood, who aspired 
 to sovereign power, for which crime his 
 habitation was levelled to the ground. 
 
 -<Eri as, an ancient king of Cyprus, who 
 built the temple of Paphos. 
 
 ^Erope, wife of Atreus. 
 
 jErofus, a general of Epirus, in the 
 
 reign of Pyrrhus. A person appointed 
 
 regent to Orestes, the infant son of Ar- 
 
 chelaus king of Macedonia. An officer 
 
 of king Philip, banished for bringing a 
 
 singer into his camp. A mountain of 
 
 Chaonia. 
 
 jEsacus, a river of Troy near Ida. 
 
 A son of Priam, by Alexirhoe ; or accord- 
 ing to others by Arisba. He became 
 enamored of Hesperia, whom he pursued 
 into the woods. The nymph threw her- 
 self into the sea, and was changed into a 
 bird. iEsacus followed her example, and 
 was changed into a cormorant by Tethys. 
 
 -(Esapus, a river of Mysia, in Asia, fall- 
 ing into the Hellespont. 
 
 ^Esar, or iEsARAs, a river of Magna 
 Graecia, falling into the sea near Crotona. 
 
 ^Eschines, an Athenian orator, who 
 flourished about 34-2 B. C. and distin- 
 guished himself by his rivalship with De- 
 mosthenes. His father's name was Atro- 
 metus, and he boasted his descent from a 
 noble family. The first open signs of 
 enmity between the rival orators appear- 
 ed at the court of Philip, where they were 
 sent as ambassadors ; but the character 
 of ^Eschines was tarnished by the accept- 
 ance of a bribe from the Macedonian 
 prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been 
 the general subject of his declamation. 
 When the Athenians wished to reward 
 the patriotic labors of Demosthenes with 
 a golden crown, iEschines impeached 
 Ctesiphon, who proposed it ; and to their 
 subsequent dispute we are indebted for 
 the two celebrated orations de corona. 
 ^Eschines was defeated by his rival's su- 
 perior eloquence, and banished to Rhodes ; 
 but as he retired from Athens, Demos- 
 thenes ran after him, and nobly forced 
 him to accept a present of silver. In his 
 banishment, the orator repeated to the 
 Rhodians, what he had delivered against 
 Demosthenes ; and after receiving much 
 applause, he was desired to read the an- 
 swer of his antagonist. It was received 
 with greater marks of approbation ; but, 
 exclaimed ^Eschines, how much more 
 would your admiration have been raised, 
 had you heard Demosthenes himself speak 
 it ! ^Eschines died in the seventy-fifth 
 year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some 
 suppose, at Samos. He wrote three ora- 
 tions, and nine epistles, which, from their 
 number, received the name, the first of 
 the graces, and the last of the musea. 
 
.flES 
 
 23 
 
 ^S 
 
 The orations alone are extant. Diogenes 
 mentions seven more of the same name. 
 
 A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, 
 
 who wrote several dialogues. A man 
 
 who wrote on oratory. An Arcadian. 
 
 A Mitylenean. A disciple of Me- 
 
 \anthius. A Milesian writer. A 
 
 statuary. 
 
 iEscHRioN, a Mitylenean poet, inti- 
 mate with Aristotle. He accompanied 
 
 Alexander in his Asiatic expedition. 
 
 An Iambic poet of Samos. A physician 
 
 commended by Galen. A lieutenant of 
 
 Archagathus, killed by Hanno. 
 
 iEscHYLiDEs, a man who wrote a book 
 on agriculture. 
 
 iEscHYLUs, an excellent soldier and 
 poet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and 
 brother to Cynajgirus. He was in the 
 Athenian army at the battles of Mara- 
 thon, Salamis, and Plataga. But the most 
 solid fame he has obtained, is the off- 
 spring less of his valor in the field of 
 battle than of his writings. Of ninety 
 tragedies, however, the fruit of his in- 
 genious labors, forty of which were re- 
 garded with the public prize, only seven 
 have come safe to us : Prometheus vinctus, 
 Septem duces apud Thebas, Perscp, Aga- 
 memnon, Cheaphori, Eumenides, Supplices. 
 ^Eschylus is the first who introduced two 
 actors on the stage, and clothed them with 
 dresses suitable to their character. He 
 likewise removed murder from the stage. 
 It is said, that when he composed, his 
 countenance betrayed the greatest feroci- 
 ty ; and according to one of his scholiasts, 
 when his Eumenides were represented, 
 many children died through fear, and 
 several pregnant women actually miscar- 
 ried in the house, at the sight of the hor- 
 rible masks that were introduced. The 
 imagination of the poet was strong and 
 comprehensive, but disorderly and wild : 
 fruitful in prodigies, but disdaining proba- 
 bilities. His style is obscure, and the la- 
 bors of an excellent modern critic, have 
 pronounced him the most difficult of all 
 the Greek classics. A few expressions of 
 impious tendency in one of his plays, 
 nearly proved fatal to ,<Eschylus ; he was 
 condemned to death ; but his brother 
 Amynias, it is reported, reversed the sen- 
 tence, by uncovering an arm, of which 
 the hand had been cut off at the battle of 
 Salamis in the service of his country, and 
 the poet was pardoned. ^Eschylus has 
 been accused of drinking to excess, and 
 of never composing except when in a 
 state of intoxication. In his old age he 
 retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. 
 Being informed that he was to die by the 
 fall of a house, he became dissatisfied with 
 the fickleness of his countrymen, and 
 withdrew from the city into the fields, 
 where he sat down. An eagle, with a 
 tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald head, 
 
 and supposing it to be a stone, dropped 
 her prey upon it to break the shell, and 
 /Eschylus instantly died of the blow, in 
 the sixty-ninth year of his age, 456 B. C. 
 It is said that he wrote an account of the 
 
 battle of Marathon, in elegiac verses. 
 
 The twelfth perpetual archon of Athens. 
 
 A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Tim- 
 
 ophanes, intimate with Timoleon. A 
 
 Rhodian set over Egypt with Peucestes of 
 Macedonia. A native of Cnidus, teach- 
 er of rhetoric to Cicero. 
 
 ^Esculapius, son of Apollo, by Coronis^ 
 or as some say, by Larissa, daughter ot 
 Phlegias, was god of medicine. He was 
 physician to the Argonauts, and consid- 
 ered so skilled in the medicinal power of 
 plants, that he was called the inventor as 
 well as the god of medicine. He restored 
 many to life, of which Pluto complained 
 to Jupiter, who shuck ^Esculapius with 
 thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death 
 of his son, killed the Cyclops who made 
 the thunderbolts. — vEsculapius received 
 divine honors after death, chiefly at Epi- 
 daurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. 
 Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs, were sacri- 
 ficed on his altars, and the cock and the 
 serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A. 
 U. C. 462, was delivered of a plague, and 
 built a temple to the god of medicine, 
 who, as was supposed, had come there in 
 the form of a serpent, and hid himself 
 among the reeds in an island of the Tiber. 
 ^Esculapius was represented with a large 
 beard, holding in his hand a staff, round 
 which was wreathed a serpent ; his other 
 hand was supported on the head of a ser- 
 pent. Serpents are more particularly sa- 
 cred to him, not only as the ancient phy- 
 sicians used them in their prescriptions, 
 but because they were the symbols of 
 prudence and foresight, so necessary in 
 the medical profession. He married Epi- 
 one, by whom he had two sons, famous 
 for their skill in medicine, Machaon and 
 Podalirus ; and four daughters, of whom 
 Hygiea, goddess of health, is the most 
 celebrated. Some have supposed that he 
 lived a short time after the Trojan war. 
 Hesiod makes no mention of him. Cicero 
 says there were three of this name ; the 
 first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in Arca- 
 dia ; second, a brother of Mercury ; third, 
 a man who first taught medicine. 
 
 jEsepus, a son of Bucolion. A river. 
 
 iEsERNiA, a city of the Samnites, in 
 Italy. \ 
 
 iEsioN, an Athenian, known for his 
 respect for the talents of Demosthenes. 
 
 iEsis, a river of Italy, which separates 
 Umbria from Picenum. 
 
 -(Eson, son of Cretheus, was born at the 
 same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his 
 father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was 
 soon exiled by his brother. He married 
 Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose 
 
MT 
 
 24 
 
 iET 
 
 education he intrusted to Chiron, being 
 afraid of Pelias. When Jason was grown 
 up, he demanded his father's kingdom 
 from his uncle, who gave him evasive an- 
 swers, and persuaded him to go in quest 
 of the golden fleece. At his return, Jason 
 found his father very infirm ; and Medea, 
 at his request, drew the blood from ^Eson's 
 veins, and refilled them with the juice of 
 certain herbs which she had gathered, 
 and immediately the old man recovered 
 the vigor and bloom of youth. Some say 
 that ^Eson killed himself by drinking 
 bull's blood, to avoid the persecution of 
 
 Pelias. A river of Thessaly, with a 
 
 ..own of the same name. 
 
 ^Esonides, a patronymic of Jason, as 
 aeing descended from ^Eson. 
 
 iEsopus, a Phrygian philosopher, who, 
 though originally a slave, procured his 
 liberty by the sallies of his genius. He 
 travelled over the greatest part of Greece 
 and Egypt, tfut chiefly resided at the court 
 of Croesus, king of Lydia, by whom he 
 was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi. 
 In this commission iEsop behaved with 
 great severity, and satirically compared 
 the Delphians to floating sticks, which 
 appear large at a distance, but are nothing 
 when brought near. The Delphians, of- 
 fended with his sarcastic remarks, accus- 
 ed him of having secreted one of the sa- 
 cred vessels of Apollo's temple, and threw 
 him down from a rock, 561 B. C. Maxi- 
 raus Planudes has written his life in 
 Greek ; but no credit is to be given to the 
 biographer, who falsely asserts that the 
 mythologist was short and deformed. 
 iEsop dedicated his fables to his patron 
 Crcesus ; but what appears now under his 
 name, is no doubt a compilation of all the 
 fables and apologues of wits before and 
 after the age of iEsop, conjointly with his 
 
 own. Claudus, an actor on the Roman 
 
 stage, very intimate with Cicero. He 
 amassed an immense fortune. His son, 
 to be more expensive, melted precious 
 
 stones to drink at his entertainments. 
 
 An orator. An historian in the time of 
 
 Anaximenes. A river of Pontus. 
 
 An attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a 
 treatise on Helen, and a panegyric on his 
 royal master. 
 
 iEsTRiA, an island in the Adriatic. 
 ^sula, a town on a mountain between 
 Tybur and Pneneste. 
 
 jEsyetes, a man from whose tomb Po- 
 lites spied what the Greeks did in their 
 ships during the Trojan war. 
 
 ./Esymnetes, a surname of Bacchus. 
 iEsYMNus, a person of Megara, who 
 consulted Apollo to know the best method 
 of jroverning his country. 
 
 jEthalia, or ^Etheria, now Elba, an 
 island between Etruria and Corsica. 
 
 ^Ethalides, a herald, son of Mercury, 
 to whom it was granted to be amongst the 
 dead and the living at stated times. 
 
 ^Ethion, a man slain at the nuptials of 
 Andromeda. 
 
 .^Ethiopia, an extensive country of Af- 
 rica, at the south of Egypt, divided into 
 east and west by the ancients, the former 
 division lying near Meroe, and the latter 
 near the Mauri. The country, properly 
 now called Abyssinia, as well as the in- 
 habitants, were little known to the an- 
 cients, though Homer has styled them the 
 justest of men, and the favorites of the 
 gods. They were the first who worship- 
 ped the gods, for which, as some suppose, 
 their country has never been invaded by 
 a foreign enemy. The inhabitants are of 
 a dark complexion. The country is in- 
 undated for five months every year, and 
 their days and nights are almost of an 
 equal length. The ancients have given 
 the name of ^Ethiopia to every country 
 whose inhabitants are of a black color. 
 
 ^Ethlius, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, 
 was father to Endymion. 
 
 jEthon, a horse of the sun. Ahorse 
 
 of Pallas, represented as shedding tears 
 
 at the death of his master. A horse of 
 
 Hector. 
 
 JIthra, daughter of Pittheus king of 
 Trcezene, had Theseus by ^Egeus, She 
 was carried away by Castor and Pollux 
 when they recovered their sister Helen, 
 whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted 
 to her care. She went to Troy with 
 
 Helen. One of the Oceanides, wife to 
 
 Atlas. She is more generally called Ple- 
 ione. 
 
 ^Ethusa, a daughter of Neptune by 
 Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo 
 
 of Eleuthere and two sons. An island 
 
 near Lilybreum. 
 
 ^Etia, a poem of Callimachus, in which 
 he speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner 
 in which they were offered. 
 
 ^Etion, or Eetion, the father of An- 
 dromache, Hector's wife. He was killed 
 at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the 
 
 Greeks. A famous painter. He drew 
 
 a painting of Alexander going to celebrate 
 his nuptials with Roxane. 
 
 -iEtna, a mountain of Sicily, now called 
 Gibello, famous for its volcano, which, 
 for about three thousand years, has thrown 
 out fire at intervals. It is two miles in 
 perpendicular height, and measures one 
 hundred miles round at the base, with an 
 ascent of thirty miles. Its crater forms a 
 circle about three and a half miles in cir- 
 cumference, and its top is covered with 
 snow and smoke at the same time, whilst 
 the sides of the mountain, from the great 
 fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich scenery 
 of cultivated fields and blooming vine- 
 yards. The poets supposed that Jupiter 
 had confined the giants under this moun- 
 tain, and it was represented as the forge 
 of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops 
 fabricated thunderbolts, &c. 
 
AF 
 
 25 
 
 AG 
 
 jEtolia, a country bounded by Epirus, 
 Acarnania, and Locris, supposed to be 
 about tbe middle of Greece. It received 
 its name from ^Etolus. 
 
 ^Etolus, son of Endymion of Elis and 
 Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he 
 had Pleuron and Calydon. Having acci- 
 dentally killed Apis, son of Phoroneus, he 
 left his country, and came to settle in that 
 
 Eart of Greece which has been called, from 
 im, iEtolia. 
 
 iEx, a rocky island between Tenedos 
 
 and Chios. A city in the country of 
 
 the Marsi. The nurse of Jupiter chang- 
 ed into a constellation. 
 
 Afer, an inhabitant of Africa. An 
 
 informer under Tiberius and his succes- 
 sors. He became also known as an ora- 
 tor, and as the preceptor of Quintilian, 
 and was made consul by Domitian. He 
 died A. D. 59. 
 
 Afrania, a Roman matron who fre- 
 quented the forum, forgetful of female 
 decency. 
 
 Luc. Afranius, a Latin comic poet in 
 the age of Terence, often compared to 
 
 Menander, whose style he imitated. A 
 
 general of Pompey, conquered by Caesar 
 in Spain. Q,. a man who wrote a se- 
 vere satire against Nero, for which he was 
 put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy. 
 
 Potitus, a plebeian, who said before 
 
 Caligula, that he would willingly die if 
 the emperor could recover from the dis- 
 temper he labored under. Caligula re- 
 covered, and Afranius was put to death 
 that he might not forfeit his word. 
 
 Africa, called Libjiaby the Greeks, one 
 of the three parts of the ancient world, 
 and the greatest peninsula of the uni- 
 verse, was bounded on the east by Arabia 
 and the Red Sea, on the north by the 
 Mediterranean, south and west by the 
 ocean. In its greatest length it extends 
 four thousand three hundred miles, and 
 in its greatest breadth it is three thousand 
 five hundred miles. The ancients, through 
 ignorance, peopled the southern parts of 
 Africa with monsters, enchanters, and 
 
 chimeras. There is a part of Africa 
 
 called Propria, which lies about the mid- 
 dle, on the Mediterranean, and has Car- 
 thage for its capital. 
 
 Africanus, a blind poet commended by 
 Ennius. A Christian writer, who flour- 
 ished A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which 
 was universally esteemed, he reckoned 
 five thousand five hundred years from the 
 creation of the world to the age of Julius 
 
 Caesar. A lawyer, disciple to Papinian, 
 
 and intimate with the emperor Alexander. 
 
 An orator mentioned by Quintilian. 
 
 The surname of the Scipios, from the 
 
 conquest of Africa. 
 
 Africum mare, is that part of tbe 
 Mediterranean which is on the coast of 
 Africa, 
 
 3 
 
 Agagrianjk port.e, gates at Syracuse, 
 near which the dead were buried. 
 
 Agalasses, a nation of India, conquer- 
 ed by Alexander. 
 
 Agalla, a woman of Corcyra, who 
 wrote a treatise upon grammar. 
 
 Agamedes and Trophonius, two ar- 
 chitects who made the entrance of the 
 temple of Delphi, for which they demand- 
 ed of the god, whatever gift was most 
 advantageous for a man to receive. Eight 
 days after they were found dead in their 
 bed. 
 
 Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Ar- 
 gos, was brother to Menelaus, and son of 
 Plisthenes, the son of Atreus. When 
 Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes 
 seized the kingdom of Argos, and re- 
 moved Agamemnon and Menelaus, who 
 fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and 
 hence to CEneus, king of iEtolia, where 
 they were educated. Agamemnon mar- 
 ried Clytemnestra, and Menelaus Helen, 
 both daughters of Tyndarus king of Spar- 
 ta, who assisted them to recover their 
 father's kingdom. When Helen was sto- 
 len by Paris, Agamemnon was elected 
 commander in chief of the Grecian forces 
 going against Troy ; and he showed his 
 zeal in the cause by furnishing one hun- 
 dred ships, and lending sixty more to the 
 people of Arcadia. The fleet was de- 
 tained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sac- 
 rificed his daughter to appease Diana. 
 During the Trojwi war, Agamemnon be- 
 haved with much valor ; but his quarrel 
 with Achilles was fatal to the Greeks. 
 After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to 
 his share, and foretold him that his wife 
 would put him to death. He gave no 
 credit to this, and returned to Argos with 
 Cassandra. Clytemnestra, with her adul- 
 terer ^Egisthus, prepared to murder him ; 
 and as he came from the bath, to embar- 
 rass him, she gave him a tunic whose 
 sleeves were sewed together, and while he 
 attempted to put it on, she brought him to 
 the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and 
 JEgisthus seconded her blows. — His death 
 was revenged by his son Orestes. 
 
 Agamemnonius, an epithet applied to 
 Orestes, a son of Agamemnon. 
 
 Agametor, an athlete of Mantinea. 
 
 Agamnestor, a king of Athens. 
 
 Aganippe, a celebrated fountain of 
 Bceotia at the foot of mount Helicon. 
 
 Agape nor, the commander of Aga- 
 memnon's fleet. The son of Ancaeus, 
 and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after the 
 ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into 
 Cyprus, where he built Paphos. 
 
 Agar, a town of Africa. 
 
 Agaeeni, a people of Arabia. Trajan 
 destroyed their city, called Agarum. 
 
 Agartsta, daughter of Clisthenes, was 
 courted by all the princes of Greece. She 
 
 married Megacles. A daughter of 
 
 P, 
 
AG 
 
 26 
 
 AG 
 
 Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She 
 dreamed that she had brought forth a lion, 
 and some time after became mother of Per- 
 icles. 
 
 Agasicles, king of Sparta, was son of 
 Archidamus, and one of the Proclidae. 
 He used to say that a king ought to govern 
 his subjects as a father governs his chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Agassi, a city of Thessaly. 
 
 Agasthenes, father to Polyxenus, was, 
 as one of Helen's suitors, concerned in the 
 Trojan war. A son of Augeas, who suc- 
 ceeded as king of Elis. 
 
 Agastrophus. a Trojan wounded by 
 Diomedes. 
 
 Agasthus, an archon of Athens. 
 
 Agasus, a harbor on the coast of Apu- 
 lia. 
 
 Agatha, a town of France near Agde, 
 in Languedoc. 
 
 Agatharchidas, a general of Corinth 
 
 in the Peloponnesian war. A Samian 
 
 philosopher and historian, who wrote a 
 treatise on stones, and a history of Persia 
 and Phoenice, besides an account of the 
 Red Sea, of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Agatharchus, an officer in the Syracu- 
 
 san fleet. A painter in the age of Zeu- 
 
 xis. 
 
 Agathias, a Greek historian ofiEolia. 
 A poet and historian in the age of Justini- 
 an, of whose reign he published the his- 
 tory in five books. 
 
 Agatho, a Samian historian, who wrote 
 
 an account of Scythia. A tragic poet, 
 
 who flourished 406 B. C. A comic po- 
 et who lived in the same age. A son of 
 
 Priam. A governor of Babylon. A 
 
 Pythagorean philosopher. A learned and 
 
 melodious musician, who first introduced 
 
 songs in tragedy. A youth of Athens, 
 
 loved by Plato. 
 
 Agathoclea, a beautiful woman of 
 Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed 
 his wife Eurydice to marry her. 
 
 Agathocles, an ignoble youth, son of a 
 potter, who by entering in the Sicilian ar- 
 my, arrived at the greatest honors, and 
 made himself master of Syracuse. He 
 died in his 72d year, B. C. 289, after a 
 reign of 23 years of mingled prosperity and 
 
 adversity. A son of Lysimachus, taken 
 
 prisoner by the Getae. He was ransomed, 
 and married Lysandra daughter of Ptole- 
 my Lagus. His father, in his old age, 
 married Arsinoe, the sister of Lysander. 
 After her husband's death, Arsinoe, fear- 
 ful for her children, attempted to murder 
 Agathocles. When Agathocles was dead, 
 
 283 B. C. Lysandra fled to Seleucus. 
 
 A Grecian historian of Babylon, who 
 
 wrote an account of Cyzicus. A Chian 
 
 who wrote on husbandry. A Samian 
 
 writer. A physician. An Athenian 
 
 archon. 
 
 Agatho n. Fid. Agatho. 
 
 Agatho nymus wrote an history of Per- 
 sia. 
 
 Agathosthenes, a poet, &c. 
 
 Agathyllus, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. 
 
 Agathyrnum, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Agathyrsi, an effeminate nation of 
 Scythia, who had their wives in common 
 They received their name from Agathyr- 
 sus, son of Hercules. 
 
 Agave, daughter of Cadmus and Her- 
 mione, married Echion, by whom she had 
 Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the 
 Bacchanals. She is said to have killed 
 her husband in celebrating the orgies of 
 
 Bacchus. One of the Nereides. A 
 
 tragedy of Statius. 
 
 Agaui, a northern nation who lived 
 upon milk. 
 
 Agavus, a son of Priam. 
 
 Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia, 
 
 where Atys was buried. A surname of 
 
 Cybele. 
 
 Agelades, a statuary of Argos. 
 
 Agelastus, a surname of Crassus, the 
 grandfather of the rich Crassus. He only 
 laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, 
 
 was upon seeing an ass eat thistles. The 
 
 word is also applied to Pluto, from the sul- 
 len and melancholy appearance of his 
 countenance. 
 
 Agelaus, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion 
 
 One of Penelope's suitors. A son 
 
 of Hercules and Omphale, from whom 
 
 Croesus was descended. A servant of 
 
 Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed 
 on mount Ida. 
 
 Agendicum, now Sens, a town of Gaul, 
 the capital of the Senones. 
 
 AgiSnor, king of Phoenicia, was son of 
 Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus. 
 He married Telephassa, by whom he had 
 
 Cadmus, Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. 
 
 A son of Jasus and father of Argus. A 
 
 son of ^Egyptus. A son of Phlegeus. 
 
 A son of Pleuron, father to Piiineus. A 
 
 son of Amphion and Niobe. A king of 
 
 Argos, father to Crotopus. A son of An- 
 
 tenor. A Mitylenean, who wrote a trea- 
 tise on music. 
 
 Agenoride9, a patronymic applied to 
 Cadmus, and the other descendants of 
 Agenor. 
 
 Agerinus, a freed man of Agrippina, 
 accused of attempting Nero's life. 
 
 Agesander, a sculptor of Rhodes under 
 Vespasian, who made a representation 
 of Laocoon's history, which now passes 
 for the best relict of all ancient sculpture. 
 
 Agesias, a Platonic philosopher who 
 taught the immortality of the soul. 
 
 Agesilaus, king of Sparta, of the fam- 
 ily of the Agidae, was son of Doryssus, 
 and father of Archelaus. During his 
 reign, Lycurgus instituted his famous 
 laws. A son of Archidamus of the fami- 
 ly of the Proclidae, made king in prefer- 
 ence to his nephew Leotychides. Though 
 
AG 
 
 21 
 
 AG 
 
 deformed, small of stature, and lame, he 
 was brave, and a greatness of soul com- 
 pensated all the imperfections of nature. 
 Agesilaus died after a reign of 36 years, 
 
 362 B. C. A brother of T\hemistocles, 
 
 who was sent as a spy into the Persian 
 camp, where he stabbed Mardonius in- 
 stead of Xerxes. A surname of Pluto. 
 
 A Greek who wrote a history of Italy. 
 
 Agesipolis, 1st, king of Lacedasmon, 
 son of Pausanias, obtained a great victory 
 over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 
 years, and was succeeded by his brother 
 Cleombrotus, B. C. 380.— 2d, son of Cleom- 
 brotus, king of Sparta, was succeeded by 
 Cleomenes, 2d, B. C. 370. 
 
 Agesistrata, the mother of king Agis. 
 
 Agesistratus, a man who wrote a trea- 
 tise intitled, De arte machinali. 
 
 Aggrammes, a cruel king of the Ganga- 
 rides. His father was a hair dresser. 
 
 Aggrinjc, a people near mount Rhodo- 
 pe. 
 
 Agid.e, the descendants of Eurysthe- 
 nes, who shared the throne of Sparta with 
 the Proclidoe ; the name is derived from 
 Agis son of Eurysthenes. The family be- 
 came extinct in the person of Cleomenes 
 son of Leonid as. 
 
 Agilaus, king of Corinth, reigned 36 
 years. One of the Ephori, almost mur- 
 dered by the partisans of Cleomenes. 
 
 Agis, king of Sparta, succeeded his 
 father, Eurysthenes, and after a reign of 
 one year, was succeeded bv his son Eches- 
 
 tratus, B. C. 1058. Another king of 
 
 Sparta, who waged bloody wars against 
 Athens, and restored liberty to many Greek 
 cities. He attempted to restore the laws 
 of Lycurgus at Sparta, but in vain ; and 
 
 was strangled by order of the Ephori. 
 
 Another, son of Archidamus, who signal- 
 ized himself in the war which the Spar- 
 tans waged against Epidaurus. He reign- 
 ed 27 years. Another, son of Archida- 
 mus, king of Sparta, who endeavored to 
 deliver Greece from the empire of Mace- 
 donia, with the assistance of the Persians. 
 He was conquered in the attempt, and 
 slain by Antipater, Alexander's general. — 
 Another, son of Eudamidas, killed in a 
 battle against the Mantineans. An Ar- 
 cadian in the expeditionof Cyrus against 
 
 his brother Artaxerxes. A poet of Argos, 
 
 who accompanied Alexander into Asia, 
 and said that Bacchus and the sons of Le- 
 da would give way to his hero, when a 
 
 god. A Lycian who followed iEneas 
 
 into Italy, where he was killed. 
 
 Aglaia, one of the Graces, called some- 
 times Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphro- 
 syne and Thalia, and they were all daugh- 
 ters of Jupiter and Eurynome. 
 
 Aglaonice, daughter of Hegemon, was 
 acquainted with astronomy and eclipses, 
 whence she boasted of her power to draw 
 the moon from heaven. 
 
 Aglaope, one of the Sirens. 
 
 Aglaophon, an excellent Greek paint- 
 er. 
 
 Aglaosthenes, wrote an history of 
 Naxos. 
 
 Aglauros, or Agraulos, daughter of 
 Erechtheus, the oldest king of Athens, 
 was changed into a stone by Mercury. 
 Some make her daughter of Cecrops. 
 
 Aglaus, the poorest man of Arcadia, 
 pronounced by the oracle more happy 
 than Gyges king of Lydia. 
 
 Agna, a woman in the age of Horace, 
 who, though deformed, had many admi- 
 rers. 
 
 Agso, one of the nymphs who nursed 
 Jupiter. She gave her name to a fountain 
 on mount Lyceeus. 
 
 Agnodice, an Athenian virgin, who 
 disguised her sex to learn medicine. She 
 was taught by Hierophilus the art of mid- 
 wifery. 
 
 Agnon, son of Nicias, was present at the 
 taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Pe- 
 loponnesian war he went against Potidasa, 
 but abandoned his expedition through 
 disease. He built Amphipolis, whose in- 
 habitants rebelled to Brafidas, whom they 
 regarded as their founder, forgetful of Ag- 
 non. One of Alexander's officers. 
 
 Agxonides, a rhetorician of Athens, 
 who accused Phocion of betraying the 
 Piraeus to Nicanor. When the people re- 
 collected what services Phocion had ren- 
 dered them, they raised him statues, and 
 put to death his accuser. 
 
 Agonalia and Agonia, festivals in 
 Rome, celebrated three times a year, in 
 honor of Janus, or Agonius. They were 
 instituted by Numa, and on the festive 
 days the chief priest used to offer a ram. 
 
 Agones Capitoli:™, games celebrated 
 every fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. 
 — Prizes were proposed for agility and 
 strength, as well as for poetical and litera- 
 ry compositions. 
 
 Agonis, a woman in the temple of Ve- 
 nus, on mount Eryx. 
 
 AGoruus, a Roman deity, who patron- 
 ized over the actions of men. Vid. Ago- 
 nalia. 
 
 AGORACRiTus,a sculptor of Pharos, who 
 made a statue of Venus for the people of 
 Athens, B. C. 159. 
 
 Agoranomi, ten magistrates at Athens, 
 who watched over the city and port, and 
 inspected whatever was exposed to sale. 
 
 Agora nis, a river falling into the Gan- 
 ges. 
 
 Agor.ea, a name of Minerva at Sparta. 
 
 Agoreus, a surname of Mercury among 
 the Athenians, from his presiding over 
 the markets. 
 
 Agra, a place of Bceotia where the Ilis- 
 sus rises. Diana was called Agrsa, be- 
 cause she hunted there. A city of Susa — 
 
 of Arcadia, and Arabia 
 
AG 
 
 28 
 
 AG 
 
 Agr.ei and Agrenses, a people of Ara- 
 bia.— Of ^Etolia. 
 
 Agragas, or Acragas, a river, town, 
 and mountain of Sicily ; called also, Agri- 
 gentum. The town was built by the 
 people of Gela, who were a Rhodian col- 
 ony. „ 
 
 Agraria lex was enacted to distribute 
 among the Roman people all the lands 
 which they had gained by conquest. It 
 was first proposed A. U. C. 268, by the 
 consul Sp. Cassius Vicellinus, and reject- 
 ed by the senate. It was proposed a sec- 
 ond "time A. U. C. 269, by the tribune Li- 
 cinius Stolo ; but with no better success. 
 Mutius Scsevola, A. U. C. 620, persuaded 
 the tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose 
 it a third time ; and though Octavius, his 
 colleague in the tribuneship, opposed it, 
 yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, after 
 much altercation, and commissioners were 
 authorized to make a division of the lands. 
 — This law at last proved fatal to the free- 
 dom of Rome under J. Cresar. 
 
 Agraule, a tribe of Athens. 
 
 Agraulia, a festival at Athens in hon- 
 or of Agraulos. The Cyprians also ob- 
 served these festivals, by offering human 
 victims. 
 
 Agraulos, a daughter of Cecrops. A 
 
 surname of Minerva. 
 
 AGRAUofiTiE, a people of Illyria. 
 
 Agre, one of Actaeon's dogs. 
 
 Agri anes, a river of Thrace. A peo- 
 ple that dwelt in the neighborhood of that 
 river. 
 
 Agri col a, the father-in-law of the his- 
 torian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He 
 was eminent for his public and private 
 virtues. He was governor of Britain, and 
 first discovered it to be an island. He 
 died in his fifty-sixth year, A. D. 93. 
 
 Agrigentum, now Girgenti, a town of 
 Sicily, eighteen stadia from the sea, on 
 mount Agragas. The inhabitants were 
 famous for their hospitality and for their 
 luxurious manner of living. In its flour- 
 ishing situation Agrigentum contained 
 two hundred thousand inhabitants. 
 
 Agrinium, a city of Acarnania. 
 
 Agrionia, annual festivals in honor of 
 Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night. 
 
 Agriopas, a man who wrote the histo- 
 ry of all those who had obtained the pub- 
 lic prize at Olympia. 
 
 Agriope, the wife of Agenor, king of 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 M. Agrippa Vipsanius, a celebrated 
 Roman, who obtained a victory over S. 
 Pompey, and favored the cause of Augus- 
 tus at the battles of Actium and Philippi, 
 where he behaved with great valor. In 
 his expeditions in Gaul and Germany he 
 obtained several victories, but refused the 
 honors of a triumph, and turned his lib- 
 erality towards the embellishing of Rome, 
 and the raising of magnificent buildings, 
 
 one of which, the Pantheon, still exists 
 He died universally lamented at Rome in 
 the fifty-first year of his age, 12 B. C. and 
 his body was placed in the tomb which 
 
 Augustus had prepared for himself. 
 
 Sylvius, a son of Tiberinus Sylvius, king 
 of Latium. He reigned thirty-three years, 
 and was succeeded by his son Romulus 
 Sylvius. One of the servants of the mur- 
 dered prince assumed his name and raised 
 
 commotions. A consul who conquered 
 
 the ^Equi. A philosopher. Herodes, 
 
 a son of Aristobulus, grandson of the 
 Great Herod, who became tutor to the 
 grand-child of Tiberius, and was soon af- 
 ter imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant. 
 When Caligula ascended the throne his 
 favorite was released, presented with a 
 chain of gold as heavy as that which had 
 lately confined him, and made king of 
 Judaea. He was a popular character with 
 the Jews ; and it is said, that while they 
 were flattering him with the appellation 
 of god, an angel of God struck him with 
 the lousy disease, of which he died, A. D. 
 
 43. Menenius, a Roman general, who 
 
 obtained a triumph over the Sabines, ap- 
 peased the populace of Rome by the well- 
 known fable of the belly and "the limbs, 
 and erected the new office of tribunes of 
 the people, A. U. C. 261. He died poor, 
 but universally regretted A mathema- 
 tician in the reign of Domitian ; he was a 
 native of Bithynia. 
 
 Agrippina, a wife of Tiberius. The 
 emperor repudiated her to marry Julia. 
 A daughter of M. Agrippa, and grand- 
 daughter to Augustus. She married Ger- 
 manicus, whom she accompanied in 
 Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she 
 carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his 
 murderer, who stabbed himself. She fell 
 under the displeasure of Tiberius, who 
 exiled her in an island, where she died, 
 
 A. P. 26, for want of bread. Julia, 
 
 daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, 
 married Domitius JEnobarbus, by whom 
 she had Nero. After many cruelties, and 
 much licentiousness, she was assassinat- 
 ed by order of her son. She left memoirs 
 which assisted Tacitus in the composition 
 of his annals. 
 
 Agrisius. Fid. Acrisius. 
 
 Agrisofe, the mother of Cadmus. 
 
 Agrius, son of Parthaon, drove his 
 brother OZneus from the throne. He was 
 afterwards expelled by Diomedes, the 
 grand-son of CEneus, upon which he kill- 
 ed himself. A giant. A centaur kill- 
 ed by Hercules. A son of Ulysses by 
 
 Circe. The father of Thersites. 
 
 Agrolas, surrounded the citadel of Ath- 
 ens with walls, except that part which 
 afterwards was repaired by Cimon. 
 
 Agron, a king of Illyria, who, after 
 conquering the Jstolians, drank to such 
 excess that he died instantly, B. C. 231, 
 
AJ 
 
 29 
 
 AL 
 
 Agrotas, a Greek orator of Marseilles. 
 
 Agrotera, an anniversary sacrifice of 
 goats offered to Diana at Athens. It was 
 instituted by Callimachus the Polemarch. 
 
 A temple of JEsiva. in Peloponnesus, 
 
 erected to the goddess under this name. 
 
 Agyleus and Agyieus, from ccyvicc, 
 a street, a surname of Apollo, because sac- 
 rifices were offered to him in the public 
 streets of Athens. 
 
 Agylla, a town of Etruria, founded by 
 a colony of Pelasgians, and governed by 
 Mezentius when xEneas came to Italy. It 
 was afterwards called Crere, by the Lyd- 
 ians, who took possession of it. 
 
 Agyll^us, a gigantic wrestler of Cleo- 
 nae, scarce inferior to Hercules in strength. 
 
 Agyrus, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by 
 Dionysius against the Carthaginians. 
 
 Agyrium, a town of Sicily,"where Dio- 
 dorus the historian was born. The in- 
 habitants were called jl.o-yrinciises. 
 
 Agyrius, an Athenian general who 
 succeeded Thrasybulus. 
 
 Agyrtes, a man who killed his father. 
 A piper. 
 
 Ahala, the surname of the Servilii at 
 Rome. 
 
 Ahenobarbus. Vid. /Enobarbus. 
 
 Ajax, son of Telamon, was next to 
 Achilles the bravest of all the Greeks in 
 the Trojan war. He engaged Hector, 
 with whom at parting he exchanged arms. 
 After the death of Achilles, Ajax and 
 Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms 
 of the dead hero. When they were given 
 to the latter, Ajax was so enraged, that he 
 slaughtered a whole flock of sheep, sup- 
 posing them to be the sons of Atreus, who 
 had given the preference to Ulysses, and 
 stabbed himself with his sword. The 
 blood which ran to the ground from the 
 wound, was changed into the flower hya- 
 cinth. Some say that he was killed by 
 Paris in battle, others, that he was mur- 
 dered by Ulysses. His body was buried 
 at Sigseum, some say on mount Rhoetus, 
 and his tomb was visited and honored by 
 
 Alexander. The son of Oileus king of 
 
 Locris, was surnamed Locrlan, in contra- 
 distinction to the son of Telamon. He 
 went with forty ships to the Trojan war, 
 as being one of Helen's suitors. On his 
 return Neptune destroyed his ship in a 
 storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said 
 that he was safe in spite of all the gods. 
 Such impiety offended Neptune, who 
 struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax 
 tumbled into the sea with part of the rock 
 and was drowned. His body was after- 
 wards found by the Greeks, and black 
 sheep offered on his tomb. According to 
 Virgil's account, Minerva seized him in a 
 whirlwind, and dashed him against a 
 rock, where he expired, consumed by 
 thunder. The two Ajaces were, as some 
 suppose, placed after death in the island 
 3* 
 
 of Leuce, a separate place reserved only 
 for the bravest heroes of antiquity. 
 
 Aidoneus, a surname of Pluto. A 
 
 king of the Molossi, who imprisoned The- 
 seus, because he and Pirithous attempted 
 to ravish his daughter Proserpine, near 
 the Acheron ; whence arose the well- 
 known fable of the descent of Theseus 
 
 and Pirithous into hell. A river near 
 
 Troy. 
 
 Aimylus, son of Ascanius, was, accord- 
 ing to some, the progenitor of the noble 
 family of the xEmylii in Rome. 
 
 Aius Locutius, a deity to whom the 
 Romans erected an altar, from the follow- 
 ing circumstance: one of the common 
 people, called Ceditius, informed the tri- 
 bunes, that as he passed one night through 
 one of the streets of the city, a voice niore 
 than human, issuing from above Vesta's 
 temple told him that Rome would soon 
 be attacked by the Gauls. His informa- 
 tion was neglected, but his veracity was 
 proved by the event ; and Camillus, after 
 the conquest of the Gauls, built a temple 
 to that supernatural voice which had given 
 Rome warning of the approaching calam- 
 ity, under the name of Aius Locutius. 
 
 Alabanda, m, or orum, an inland town 
 of Caria, abounding with scorpions. The 
 name is derived from Alabandus, a deity 
 worshipped there. 
 Alabastrum, a town of Egypt. 
 Alabus, a river of Sicily. 
 Al.esa, a city on a mountain of Sicily. 
 Al.ea, a surname of Minerva in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Her festivals are also called 
 Ala?a. 
 
 Al^i, a number of islands in the Per- 
 sian gulf, abounding in tortoises. 
 
 Aljeus, the father of Auge, who mar- 
 ried Hercules. 
 
 Alagonia, a city of Laconia. 
 Alala, the goddess of war, sister to 
 Mars. 
 
 ALALcoMENiE, a city of Bceotia, where 
 some suppose that Minerva was born. 
 
 Alalia, a town of Corsica, built by a 
 colony of Phocffians, destroyed by Scipio, 
 582 B. C. and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. 
 Alamanes, a statuary of Athens, disci- 
 ple of Phidias. 
 
 Alamanni, or Alemanni, a people of 
 Germany, near the Hercynian forest. 
 They were very powerful, and inimical to 
 Rome. 
 
 Alani, a people of Sarmatia, near the 
 Palus Mceotis, who were said to have 
 twenty-six different languages. 
 Alares, a people of Pannonia. 
 Alaricus, a famous king of the Goths, 
 who plundered Rome in the reign of Ho- 
 norius. He was greatly respected for his 
 military valor, and during his reign he 
 kept the Roman empire in continual 
 alarms. He died after a reign of thirteen 
 years, A. D. 410. 
 
AL 
 
 30 
 
 AL 
 
 Alarodii, a nation near Pontus. 
 
 Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 
 
 An arm-bearer to Sarpedon, king of 
 
 Lycia, killed by Ulysses. One of Plu- 
 to's horses when he carried away Proser- 
 pine. 
 
 Alaud,e, soldiers of one of Caesar's le- 
 gions in Gaul. 
 
 Alazon, a river flowing from mount 
 Caucasus into the Cyrus, and separating 
 Albania from Iberia. 
 
 Alba Sylvius, son of Latinus Sylvius, 
 succeeded his father in the kingdom of 
 
 Latium, and reigned thirty-six years. 
 
 Longa, a city of Latium, built by Asca- 
 nius, B. C. 1152, on the spot where JEneas 
 found, according to the prophecy of Hel- 
 enus, and of the god of the river, a white 
 sow with thirty young ones. It was call- 
 ed Longa because it extended along the 
 hill Albanus. Alba, which had long been 
 the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed 
 by the Romans 665 B. C. and the inhabit- 
 ants were carried to Rome. A city of 
 
 the Marsi in Italy. Pompeia, a city of 
 
 Liguria. 
 
 Albani and Albenses, names applied 
 to the inhabitants of the two cities of 
 Alba. 
 
 Albania, a country of Asia, between 
 the Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhab- 
 itants are said to have their eyes all blue. 
 Some maintain that they followed Her- 
 cules from mount Albanus in Italy, when 
 he returned from the conquest of Geryon. 
 
 The Caspian sea is called Albanian, 
 
 as being near Albania. 
 
 Albanus, a mountain with a lake in 
 Italy, sixteen miles from Rome, near Al- 
 ba. It was on this mountain that the 
 Latincs fcriis were celebrated with great 
 solemnity. The word taken adjectively, 
 is applied to such as are natives of, or be- 
 long to, the town of Alba. 
 
 Albia Terentia, the mother of Otho. 
 
 Albici, a people of Gallia Aquitana. 
 
 Albietje, a people of Latium. 
 
 Albigaunum, a town of Liguria. 
 
 Albini, two Roman orators of great 
 
 'rit, mentioned by Cicero in Brut. This 
 name is common to many tribunes of the 
 people. • 
 
 AlbinovanusCelsus. Vid. Celsus. 
 
 Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid. 
 He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic 
 poetry in a style so elegant that he merit- 
 ed the epithet of divine. 
 
 Albintemelium, a town of Ligaria. 
 
 Albinus, was born at Adrumetum in 
 Africa, and made governor of Britain, by 
 Commodus. After the murder of Perti- 
 nax, he was elected emperor by the sol- 
 diers in Britain. Albinus was slain by 
 order of Severus, A. D. 198. He was 
 famous for his voracious appetite, and 
 sometimes eat for breakfast no less than 
 five hundred figs, one hundred peaches, 
 
 twenty pounds of dry raisins, ten melons, 
 
 and four hundred oysters. A pretorian 
 
 sent to Sylla, as ambassador from the 
 senate during the civil wars. He waa 
 
 put to death by Sylla's soldiers. An 
 
 usurer. A Roman plebeian who receiv- 
 ed the vestals into his chariot in prefer- 
 ence to his family, when they fled from 
 
 Rome, which the Gauls had sacked. 
 
 A. Posthumus, consul with Lucullus, A. 
 U. C. 603, wrote an history of Rome in 
 Greek. 
 
 Albion, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, 
 came into Britain, where he established a 
 kingdom, and first introduced astrology 
 and the art of building ships. He was 
 killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with 
 stones thrown by Jupiter, because he op- 
 posed the passage of Hercules. The 
 
 greatest island of Europe, now called 
 Great Britain. The ancients compared its 
 figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of 
 a hatchet. 
 
 Albis, a river of Germany falling into 
 the German ocean, and now called the 
 Elbe. 
 
 Albius, a man, father to a famoua 
 
 spendthrift. A name of the poet Ti- 
 
 bullus. 
 
 Albucilla, an immodest woman. 
 
 Albula, the ancient name of the river 
 Tiber. 
 
 Albunea, a wood near Tibur and the 
 river Anio, sacred to the Muses. It re- 
 ceived its name from a Sibyl, called also 
 Albunea, worshipped as a goddess at Ti- 
 bur, whose temple still remains. 
 
 Alburnus, a lofty mountain of Luca- 
 nia, where the Tanager takes its rise. 
 
 Albus Pagus, a place near Sidon, 
 where. Antony waited for the arrival of 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 Albutiub, a prince of Celtiberia, to 
 whom Scipio restored his wife. A sor- 
 did man, father to Canidia. A rheto- 
 rician in the age of Seneca. An an- 
 cient satirist. Titus, an epicurean phi- 
 losopher, born at Rome ; so fond of Greece 
 and Grecian manners, that he wished 
 not to pass for a Roman. It is supposed 
 that he died at Athens. 
 
 Alcjeus, a celebrated lyric poet, of 
 Mitylene in Lesbos, about six hundred 
 years before the Christian rera. He fled 
 from a battle, and his enemies hung up, 
 in the temple of Minerva, the armor which 
 he left in the field, as a monument of his 
 disgrace. He is the inventor of alcaic 
 verses. He was contemporary to the fa- 
 famous Sappho, to whom he paid his ad- 
 dresses. A poet of Athens, said by 
 
 Suidas to be the inventor of tragedy. 
 
 A writer of epigrams. A comic poet. 
 
 A son of Androgens, who went with 
 
 Hercules into Thrace, and was made 
 
 king of part of the country. A son of 
 
 Hercules by the maid of Omphale. A 
 
AL 
 
 31 
 
 AL 
 
 son of Perseus, father of Amphitryon and 
 Anaxo. From him Hercules has been 
 called Alcides. 
 
 Alcamenis, one of the Agidre, king of 
 Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He 
 succeeded his father Teleclus, and reign- 
 ed thirty-seven years. The Helots re- 
 belled in his reign. A general of the 
 
 Achsans. A statuary, who lived 448 
 
 B. C. and was distinguished for his stat- 
 ues of Venus and Vulcan. The com- 
 mander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by 
 the Athenians. 
 
 Alcander, an attendant of Sarpedon, 
 
 killed by Ulysses. A Lacedaemonian 
 
 youth, who accidentally put out one of 
 the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously 
 
 forgiven by the sage. A Trojan killed 
 
 by Turnus. 
 
 Alcandre, the wife of Polybius, a rich 
 Theban. 
 
 Alcanor, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose 
 sons Pandarus and Bitias followed ^Eneas 
 
 into Italy. A son of Phorus, killed by 
 
 ^Eneas. 
 
 Alcathoe, a name of Megara in Attica, 
 because rebuilt by Alcathous son of Pelops. 
 
 Alcathous, a son of Pelops, who being 
 suspected of murdering his brother Chry- 
 sippus, came to Megara, where he killed 
 a lion, which had destroyed the king's 
 son. He succeeded to the kingdom of 
 Megara, and, in commemoration of his 
 services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were 
 
 instituted at Megara. A Trojan who 
 
 married Hippodamia, daughter of Anchi- 
 ses. He was killed in the Trojan war, by 
 
 Idomeneus. A son of Parthaon, killed 
 
 by Tydeus. A friend of iEneas killed 
 
 in the Rutulian war. 
 
 Alce, one of Actseon's dogs. A town 
 
 of Spain, which surrendered to Gracchus, 
 now Jilcazar, a little above Toledo. 
 
 Alcenor, an Argive, who along with 
 Chromius survived the battle between 
 three hundred of his countrymen and 
 three hundred Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Aeceste, or Alcestis, daughter of Pe- 
 lias and Anaxibia, married Admetus. 
 She, with her sisters, put to death her fa- 
 ther, that he might be restored to youth 
 and vigor by Medea, who, however, re- 
 fused to perform her promise. Upon this, 
 the sisters fled to Admetus, who married 
 Alceste. They were soon pursued by an 
 army headed by their brother Acastus; 
 and Admetus being taken prisoner, was 
 redeemed from death, by the generous of- 
 fer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his 
 stead to appease the shades of her fa- 
 ther. 
 
 Alcetas, a king of the Molossi, de- 
 scended from Pyrrhus, the son of Achil- 
 les. A general of Alexander's army, 
 
 brother to Perdiccas. The eighth king 
 
 of Macedonia, who reigned twenty-nine 
 years. An historian, who wrote an 
 
 account of every thing that had been ded- 
 icated in the temple of Delphi. A son 
 
 of Arybas, king of Epirus. 
 
 Alchidas, a Rhodian, who became en- 
 amored of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. 
 
 Alchimachcs, a celebrated painter. 
 
 Alcibiades, an Athenian general, fa- 
 mous for his enterprising spirit, versatile 
 genius, and natural foibles. He was dis- 
 ciple to Socrates, whose lessons and ex- 
 ample checked, for a while, his vicious 
 propensities. He died in the forty-sixth 
 year of his age, 404 B. C. after a life of 
 perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of 
 his countrymen had known how to retain 
 among them the talents of a man who 
 distinguished himself, and was admired 
 wherever he went, they might have risen 
 to greater splendor, and to the sovereignty 
 of Greece. 
 
 Alcidamas, of Cos, father to Ctesilla, 
 who was changed into a dove. A cele- 
 brated wrestler. A philosopher and or- 
 ator, who wrote a treatise on death. He 
 was pupil to Gorgias, and flourished B. C. 
 424. 
 
 Alcidamea was mother of Bunus by 
 Mercury. 
 
 Alcidamidas, a general of the Messe- 
 nians, who retired to Rhegium, after the 
 taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 
 723. 
 
 Alcidamus, an Athenian rhetorician. 
 
 Alcidas, a Lacedaemonian, sent with 
 twenty-three galleys against Corcyra, in 
 the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 Alcides, a name of Hercules, from his 
 strength, aXzoc, or from his grandfather 
 Alcseus. A surname of Minerva in Ma- 
 cedonia. 
 
 Alcidice, the mother of Tyro, by Sal- 
 moneus. 
 
 Alcimachus, an eminent painter. 
 
 Alcimede, the mother of Jason, by 
 iEson. 
 
 Alcimedon, a plain of Arcadia, with a 
 cave, the residence of Alcimedon, whose 
 daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercu- 
 les. An excellent carver. A sailor 
 
 &c. 
 
 Alcimenes, a tragic poet of Megara. 
 A comic writer of Athens. An at- 
 tendant of Demetrius. A man killed 
 
 by his brother Bellerophon. 
 
 Alcimus, an historian of Sicily, who 
 wrote an account of Italy. An orator. 
 
 Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus son 
 of Perseus. 
 
 Alcinor. Vid. Alcenor. 
 
 Alcinou9, son of Nausithous and Feri- 
 boea, was king of Phteacia, and is praised 
 for his love of agriculture. He married 
 his niece Arete, by whom he had several 
 
 sons and a daughter Nausicaa. A son 
 
 of Hippocoon. A man of Elis. A 
 
 philosopher in the second century, who 
 wrote a book De doctrina Flaicv.is. 
 
AL 
 
 32 
 
 AL 
 
 Alcioneus, a man killed by Perseus. 
 
 Alcifhron, a philosopher of Magnesia, 
 in the age of Alexander. 
 
 Alcippe, a daughter of the god Mars, 
 by Agraulos. She was ravished by Ha- 
 
 lirrhotins. The wife of Metion, and 
 
 mother to Eupalamus. — The daughter of 
 CEnomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom 
 she had Marpessa. 
 
 Alcitfus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, 
 banished by his enemies. 
 
 Alois, a daughter of iEgyptus. 
 
 Alcithoe, a Theban woman who ridi- 
 culed the orgies of Bacchus. She was 
 changed into a bat, and the spindle and 
 yarn with which she worked, into a vine 
 and ivy. 
 
 Alcm.eon, was son of the prophet 
 Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father 
 going to the Theban war, where, accord- 
 ing to an oracle, he was to perish, charged 
 him to revenge his death upon Eriphyle, 
 who had betrayed him. As soon as he 
 heard of his father's death, he murdered 
 his mother, for which crime the Furies 
 persecuted him till Phlegeus purified him 
 and gave him his daughter Alphesibaea in 
 marriage. Alcmaeon gave her the fatal 
 collar which his mother had received to 
 betray his father, and afterwards divorced 
 her, and married Callirhoe the daughter 
 of Achelous, to whom he promised the 
 necklace he had given to Alphesibrea. 
 When he attempted to recover it, Alphe- 
 sibcea's brothers murdered him on ac- 
 count of the treatment he had shown their 
 sister, and left his body a prey to dogs and 
 wild beasts. Alcmffion's children by Cal- 
 lirhoe revenged their father's death by 
 
 killing his murderers. A son of iEgyp- 
 
 tus, the husband of Hippomedusa. A 
 
 philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, born 
 in Crotona. He wrote on physic, and he 
 was the first who dissected animals to 
 examine into the structure of the human 
 
 frame. A son of the poet yEschylus, 
 
 the 13th archon of Athens. A son of 
 
 Syllus, driven from Messenia with the 
 rest of Nestor's family, by the Heraclidaj. 
 He came to Athens,' and from him the 
 Alcrmeonidte are descended. 
 
 Alcm-eonid-i:, a noble family of Ath- 
 ens, descended from Alcmson. 
 
 Alcman, a very ancient lyric poet, 
 born in Sardinia. He wrote, in the Doric 
 dialect, six books of verses, besides a play 
 called Colymbosas. He flourished B. C. 
 670, and died of the lousy disease. Some 
 of his verses are preserved by Athenaeus 
 and others. 
 
 Alcmena, was daughter of Electryon 
 king of Argos, by Anaxo. Her father 
 promised his crown and his daughter to 
 Amphitryon, if he would revenge the 
 death of his sons, who had been all killed, 
 except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a 
 people of iEtolia. While Amphitryon was 
 
 gone against the ^Etolians, Jupiter intro- 
 duced himself into Alcmena's bed in the 
 shape of her future husband. Alcmena 
 became pregnant by Jupiter and after- 
 wards by her husband, and was delivered 
 of Hercules and Iphiclus. After Amphi- 
 tryon's death, Alcmena married Rhada- 
 manthus, and retired to Ocalea in Bpaotia. 
 Alco.t, a famous archer, who one day 
 saw his son attacked by a serpent, and 
 aimed at him so dexterously that he kill- 
 ed the beast without hurting his son. 
 
 A silversmith. — —A son of Hippocoon. 
 A surgeon under Claudius, who gain- 
 ed much money by his profession, in cur- 
 ing hernias and fractures. A son of 
 
 Mars. A son of Amycus. 
 
 Alcyone, or Halcyone, daughter of 
 yEoIus, married Ceyx, who was drowned 
 as he was going to Claros to consult the 
 oracle. The gods apprised Alcyone, in a 
 dream, of her husband's fate ; and on the 
 morrow she threw herself into the sea, 
 and was with her husband changed into 
 
 birds of the same name. One of the 
 
 Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. The 
 
 daughter of Evenus, carried away by 
 
 Apollo after her marriage. The wife 
 
 of Meleager. A town of Thessaly, 
 
 where Philip, Alexander's father, lost one 
 of his eyes. 
 
 Alcyoneus, a youth of exemplary vir- 
 tue, son to Antigonus. A giant, brother 
 
 to Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercu- 
 les. 
 
 Alcyona, a pool of Greece, whose 
 depth tb? emperor Nero attempted in vain 
 to find. 
 
 Aldescus, a river of European Sarrna- 
 
 tia, rising from the Riphaean mountains, 
 
 and falling into the northern sea. 
 
 Alduabis. Vid. Dubis. 
 
 Alea, a surname of Minerva, from her 
 
 temple, built by Aleus, son of Aphidas at 
 
 Tegrea in Arcadia. -A town of Arcadia, 
 
 built by Aleus. It had three famous tem- 
 ples, that of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana 
 the Ephesian. 
 
 Alebas, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by 
 his own guards for his cruelties. 
 
 Alebion and Dercynus, sons of Nep- 
 tune, were killed by Hercules, for steal- 
 ing his oxen in Africa. 
 
 Alecto, one of the Furies, is repre- 
 sented with flaming torches, her head 
 covered with serpents, and breathing ven- 
 geance, war, and pestilence. 
 
 Alector, succeeded his father Anaxa- 
 goras in the kingdom of Argos, and was 
 father to Iphis and Capaneus. 
 
 Alectryon, a youth whom Mars chang- 
 ed into a cock, for his negligence. 
 
 Alectus, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocle- 
 sian's reign, &c. He died 296 A. D. 
 
 Aleuts Campus, a place in Lycia, 
 where Bellerophon fell from the horse Pe- 
 gasus. 
 
AL 
 
 33 
 
 AL 
 
 Alemanni, or Alamanni, a people of 
 Germany. 
 
 Alemon, the father of Myscellus. He 
 built Crotona in Magna Gracia. 
 
 Alemusii, inhabitants of Attica, in 
 whose country there was a temple of 
 Ceres and of Proserpine. 
 
 Aless, a place in the island of Cos. 
 
 Aleon, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near 
 Colophon. 
 
 Alese, a town of Sicily, called after- 
 wards Archonidion, after the founder. 
 
 Alesia, or Alexia, now Jilise, a famous 
 city of the Mandubri in Gaul, founded by 
 Hercules as he returned from Iberia, on a 
 high hill. J. Caesar conquered it. 
 
 Alesium, a town and mountain of Pe- 
 loponnesus. 
 
 Aletes, a son of ^Egisthus, murdered 
 by Orestes. 
 
 Alethes, the first of the Heraclids, 
 who was king of Corinth. He was son 
 
 of Hippotas. A companion of ^Eneas, 
 
 described as a prudent and venerable old 
 man. 
 
 Alethia, one of Apollo's nurses. 
 
 Aletidas, certain sacrifices at Athens, 
 in remembrance of Erigone, who wander- 
 ed with a dog after her father Icarus. 
 
 Aletrium, a town of Latium, whose in- 
 habitants are called Aletrinates. 
 
 Aletum, a tomb near the harbor of 
 Carthage in Spain. 
 
 Aleuad-s, a royal family of Larissa in 
 Thessaly, descended from Aleuas king of 
 that country. They betrayed their coun- 
 try to Xerxes. 
 
 Aleus, a son of Aphidas king of Arca- 
 dia, famous for his skill in building tem- 
 ples. 
 
 Alex, a river in the country of the 
 Brutii. 
 
 Alexamenus, an iEtolian, who killed 
 Nabis, tyrant of Lacedaamon, and was 
 soon after murdered by the people. 
 
 Alexander 1st, son of Amyntas, was 
 the tenth king of Macedonia. " He reign- 
 ed 43 years, and died 451 B. C. 
 
 Alexander 2d, son of Amyntas 2d, 
 king of Macedonia, was treacherously 
 murdered, B. C. 370, by his younger 
 brother Ptolemy, who held the kingdom 
 for four years, and made way for Perdic- 
 cas and Philip. 
 
 Alexander 3d, surnamed the Great, 
 was son of Philip and Olympias. He 
 was born B. C. 355, that night on which 
 the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus 
 was burnt by Erostratus. He was pupil 
 to Aristotle during five years, and he re- 
 ceived his learned preceptor's instructions 
 with becoming deference and pleasure, 
 and ever respected his abilities. When 
 Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th 
 year, was left governor of Macedonia, 
 where he quelled a dangerous sedition 
 and soon after followed his father to the 
 
 field, and saved his life in a battle. He 
 was highly offended when Philip di- 
 vorced Olympias to many Cleopatra, and 
 he even caused the death of Attalus, the 
 new queen's brother. After this he re- 
 tired from court to his mother Olympias, 
 but was recalled ; and when Philip was 
 assassinated, he punished his murderers ; 
 and, by his prudence and moderation, 
 gained the affection of his subjects. He 
 conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and de- 
 stroyed Thebes ; and after he had been 
 chosen chief commander of all the forces 
 of Greece, he declared war against the 
 Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes 
 had laid waste and plundered the noblest 
 of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot 
 and 5,000 horse, he invaded Asia, and 
 after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus, 
 he conquered all the provinces of Asia 
 Minor. He obtained two other celebrated 
 victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, 
 took Tyre after an obstinate siege of seven 
 months, and the slaughter of 2,000 of 
 the inhabitants in cool blood, and made 
 himself master of Egypt, Media, Syria, 
 and Persia. His conquests were spread 
 over India, where he fought with Porus, a 
 powerful king of the country; and after he 
 had invaded Scythia, and visited the In- 
 dian Ocean, he retired to Babylon, loaded 
 with the spoils of the east. His entering 
 the city was foretold by the magicians as 
 fatal, and their prediction was fulfilled. 
 He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in 
 the thirty-second year of his age, after 
 a reign of twelve years and eight months 
 of brilliant and continued success, 323 B. 
 C. His death was so premature that some 
 have attributed it to the effects of poison, 
 and excess of drinking. Alexander was 
 always forward in every engagement, and 
 bore the labors of the field as well as the 
 meanest of his soldiers. During his con- 
 quest in Asia, he founded many cities, 
 which he called Alexandria. When he 
 had conquered Darius, he ordered him- 
 self to be worshipped as a god ; and Callis- 
 thenes, who refused to do it, was shame- 
 fully put to death. His victories and suc- 
 cess increased his pride ; he dressed him- 
 self in the Persian manner, and gave him- 
 self up to pleasure and dissipation. He 
 set on fire the town of Persepolis, in a fit 
 of madness and intoxication, encouraged 
 by the courtesan Thais. On his death- 
 bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it 
 was supposed that by this singular pres- 
 ent, he wished to make him his succes- 
 sor. Some time before his death, his of- 
 ficers asked him whom he appointed to 
 succeed him on the throne ? and he an- 
 swered, the worthiest among you ; but I 
 am afraid, added he, rny best friends will 
 perform my funeral obsequies with bloody 
 hands. Alexander, with all his pride, 
 was humane and liberal, easy and familiar 
 
AL 
 
 34 
 
 AL 
 
 with his friends, and a great patron of 
 learning. He was brave often to rash- 
 ness ; he frequently lamented that his 
 father conquered every thing, and left him 
 nothing to do ; and exclaimed, in all the 
 pride of regal dignity, Give me kings for 
 competitors, and I will enter the lists at 
 Olympia. All his family and infant chil- 
 dren were put to death by Cassander. 
 
 A son of Alexander the Great, by 
 
 Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by 
 Cassander. — A man, who, after the expul- 
 sion of Telestes, reigned in Corinth. 
 
 A son of Cassander, king of Macedonia, 
 who reigned two years conjointly with his 
 brother Antipater. Demetrius, the son of 
 
 Antigonus, put him to death. A king 
 
 of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and suc- 
 cessor to Arybas. He was surnamed Mo- 
 
 lossus. A son of Pyrrhus, was king of 
 
 Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, from 
 
 which he was expelled by Demetrius. 
 
 A king of Syria, driven from his king- 
 dom by Nicanor, son of Demetrius Soter, 
 and his father-in-law Ptolemy Philome- 
 
 tor. A king of Syria, first called Bala, 
 
 was a merchant, anil succeeded Demetri- 
 us. Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean 
 
 kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra, 
 raised him to the throne, in preference to 
 his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reign- 
 ed conjointly with him. Cleopatra, how- 
 ever, expelled him, and soon after recall- 
 ed him ; and Alexander, to prevent being 
 expelled a second time, put her to death, 
 and for this unnatural action was himself 
 murdered by one of his subjects. Ptole- 
 my 2d, king of Egypt, was son of the pre- 
 ceding. He was murdered by his subjects. 
 
 Ptolemy 3d, was king of Egypt, after 
 
 his brother Alexander the last mentioned. 
 After a peaceful reign, he was banished 
 by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65. 
 
 A youth, ordered by Alexander the 
 
 Great to climb the rock Aaornus, with 
 thirty other youths. He was killed in the 
 
 attempt. An Epicurean philosopher. 
 
 A governor of iEolia, who assembled a 
 
 multitude on pretence of showing them 
 an uncommon spectacle, and confined 
 them till they had each bought their lib- 
 erty with a sum of money. A name 
 
 given to Paris, son of Priam. Jannsus, 
 
 a king of Judaea, son of Hyrcanus, and 
 brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a 
 tyrant, and died through excess of drink- 
 ing, B. C. 79. A Paphlagonian who 
 
 gained divine honors by his magical tricks 
 and impositions. He died seventy years 
 
 old. A native of Caria, in the third 
 
 century, who wrote a commentary on the 
 
 writings of Aristotle. A peripatetic 
 
 philosopher, said to have been preceptor 
 
 to Nero. A poet of Ephesus, who wrote 
 
 a poem on astronomy and geography. 
 
 A Thessalian, who, as he was going to en- 
 gage in a naval battle, gave to his soldiers 
 
 a great number of missile weapons, and 
 ordered them to dart them continually 
 upon the enemy, to render their numbers 
 
 useless. A governor of Lycia, who 
 
 brought a reinforcement of troops to Alex- 
 ander the Great. A Spartan, killed 
 
 with two hundred of his soldiers by the 
 Argives, when he endeavored to prevent 
 their passing through the country of Te- 
 
 gea. A cruel tyrant of Pherae, in Thes- 
 
 saly, who made war against the Macedo- 
 nians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He 
 
 was murdered, B. C. 357, by his wife. 
 
 Severus, a Roman emperor. 
 
 Alexandra, the name of some queens 
 
 of Judaea. A nurse of Nero. — A name 
 
 of Cassandra, because she assisted man- 
 kind by her prophecies. 
 
 Alexandri arje, the boundaries, accor- 
 ding to some, of Alexander's victories, 
 near the Tanais. 
 
 Alexandria, the name of several cities 
 which were founded by Alexander, during 
 his conquests in Asia ; the most famous 
 are — A great and extensive city, built 
 B. C. 332, by Alexander, on the western 
 side of the Delta. The illustrious foun- 
 der intended it not only for the capital of 
 Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and 
 the commercial advantages which its sit- 
 uation commanded continued to improve 
 from the time of Alexander till the inva- 
 sion of the Saracens in the seventh centu- 
 ry. Alexandria is famous, among other 
 curiosities, for the large library which the 
 pride or learning of the Ptolemies had col- 
 lected there, at a vast expense, from all 
 parts of the earth. It has likewise been 
 distinguished for its schools, not only of 
 theology and philosophy, but of physic. 
 
 Another in Albania, at the foot of 
 
 mount Caucasus. Another in Aracho- 
 
 sia, in India. The capital of Aria, be- 
 tween Hecatompylon and Bactra. An- 
 other of Carmania. Another in Ci- 
 
 licia, on the confines of Syria. An- 
 other, the capital of Margiana. Another 
 
 of Troas, &c. 
 
 Alexandrina aqua, baths in Rome, 
 built by the emperor Alexander Severus. 
 
 Alexandropolis, a city of Parthia, 
 built by Alexander the Great. 
 
 Alexanor, a son of Machaon, who built 
 in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather JEs- 
 culapius, and received divine honors after 
 death. 
 
 Alexarchus, a Greek historian. 
 
 Alex as, of Laodicea, was recommend- 
 ed to M. Antony by Timagenes. He was 
 the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia 
 to marry Cleopatra. 
 
 Alexia, or Alesia. Vid. Alesia. 
 
 Alexicacus, a surname given to Apollo 
 by the Athenians, because he delivered 
 them from the plague during the Pelopon- 
 nesian war. 
 
 Alexinus, a disciple of Eubulide* the 
 
AL 
 
 35 
 
 AL 
 
 Hilesian, famous for the acuteness of his 
 genius and judgment, and for his fond- 
 ness for contention and argumentation. 
 
 Alexio.v, a physician, intimate with 
 Cicero. 
 Alexippus, a physician of Alexander. 
 Alexiraes, a son of Hercules by Hebe. 
 
 A place of Boeotia, where Alexiraes 
 
 was born, bears also this name. 
 
 Alexzrhoe, a daughtei of the river 
 Granicus. 
 
 Alexi3, a man of Samos, who endea- 
 vored to ascertain, by his writings, the 
 
 borders of his country. A comic poet, 
 
 333 B. C. of Thurium, who wrote two 
 
 hundred and forty -five comedies. A 
 
 servant of Asinius Pollio. A statuary, 
 
 disciple to Polycletes, eighty-seven Olym. 
 A school-fellow of Atticus. 
 
 Alexoiv, a native of Myndos, who 
 wrote fables. 
 
 Alfatern-a, a town of Campania, be- 
 yond mount Vesuvius. 
 
 P. Alfenus Varus, a native of Cremo- 
 iia, who raised himself from his original 
 ■profession of a cobbler, to offices of trust 
 at Rome, and at last became consul. 
 
 Algidum, a town of Latium near Tus- 
 culum, about twelve miles from Rome. 
 There is a mountain of the same name in 
 the neighborhood. 
 
 Aliacmon and Haliacmon, a river of 
 Macedonia, separating it from Thessaly. 
 
 Aliartum, a city of Bceotia, taken by 
 M. Lucretius. 
 
 Aliartus and Haliartus, a town of 
 
 Boeotia, near the river Permessus. 
 
 Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of 
 Messenia. 
 
 Alicfs, a town of Laconia. A tribe 
 
 of Athens. 
 
 Alienus Cjcina, a questor in Boeotia, 
 appointed, for his services, commander of 
 a legion in Germany, by Galba. 
 
 Alif.e, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of 
 Italy, near the Vulturnus, famous for the 
 making of cups. 
 
 Alil.ei, a people of Arabia Felix. 
 
 Alimentus, C. an historian in the sec- 
 ond Punic war. 
 
 Alind^:, a town of Caria. 
 
 Alipheria, a town of Arcadia, situate 
 on a hill. 
 
 Alirrothius, a son of Neptune. Hear- 
 ing that his father had been defeated by 
 Minerva, in his dispute about giving a 
 name to Athens, he went to the citadel, 
 and endeavored to cut down the olive, 
 which had sprung from the ground, and 
 given the victory to Minerva ; but in the 
 attempt he missed his aim, and cut his 
 own legs so severely that he instantly ex- 
 pired. 
 
 T. Alledius Severus, a Roman knight 
 who married his brother's daughter to 
 
 please Agrippina. A noted glutton in 
 
 Domitian's reign. 
 
 a river of Italy, falling into the 
 pretor of Sicily, under 
 
 Alli, 
 Tiber. 
 
 Allienos, 
 Caesar. 
 
 Allobroges, a warlike nation of Gaul 
 near the Rhone, in that part of the coun- 
 try now called Savoy, Dauphine, and Vi- 
 varais. 
 
 Allobrfges, a people of Gaul supposed 
 to be the same as the Allobroges. 
 
 Allotriges, a nation on the southern 
 parts of Spain. 
 
 Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the 
 
 Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored the 
 
 beautiful princess he had taken in battle. 
 
 Almo, a small river near Rome, falling 
 
 into the Tiber. 
 
 Almon, the eldest of the sons of Tyr- 
 rhus. He was the first Rutulian killed by 
 the Trojans. 
 
 Aloa, festivals at Athens in honor of 
 Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficence 
 the husbandmen received the recompense 
 of their labors. 
 
 Alobus, a giant, son of Titan and Ter- 
 ra. He married Iphimedia, by whom 
 Neptune had the twins, Othus and Ephi- 
 altus. Aloeus educated them as his own, 
 and from that circumstance they have been 
 called Aloides. 
 
 Aloides and Aloid.e, the sons of Alo 
 eus. Vid. Aloeus. 
 
 Alope, daughter of Cercyon, king of 
 Eleusis, changed into a fountain by Nep- 
 tune. One of the Harpies. 
 
 Aj.opece, an island in the Palus Maeo- 
 
 tis. Another in the Cimmerian Bospho- 
 
 rus. Another in the ^Egean sea, oppo- 
 site Smyrna. 
 
 Alopeces, a small village of Attica. 
 Socrates and Aristides were born there. 
 Alopius, a son of Hercules and Antiope 
 Alos, a town of Achaia. 
 Alotia, festivals in Arcadia, in com- 
 memoration of a victory gained over Lace- 
 daemon by the Arcadians. 
 
 Alpenus, the capital of Locris, at the 
 north of Therm opy las. 
 
 Alpes, mountains that separate Italy 
 from Spain, Gaul, Rhoetia, and Germany ; 
 considered as the highest ground in Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Elis. 
 
 A surname of the nymph Arethusa, 
 
 because loved by the Alpheus. 
 Alphenor, one of Niobe's sons. 
 Alphenus. Vid. Alfenus. 
 Alphesibcea, daughter of the river Phle- 
 geus, married Alcmseon, son of Amphia- 
 raus, who had fled to her father's court 
 after the murder of his mother. She re- 
 ceived as a bridal present, the famous 
 necklace which Polynices had given to 
 Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her 
 husband Amphiaraus. Alcmson, being 
 persecuted by the manes of his mother, 
 left his wife by order of the oracle, and 
 
AL 
 
 SQ 
 
 AM 
 
 retired near the Achelous, whose daughter 
 Callirhoe had two sons by him, and beg- 
 ged of him, as a present, the necklace 
 which was then in the hands of Alphesi- 
 bcea. He endeavored to obtain it, and was 
 killed by Temenus and Axion, Alphesi- 
 boea's brothers, who thus revenged their 
 sister, who had been so innocently aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Alphesibceus, a shepherd, often men- 
 tioned in Virgil's eclogues. 
 
 Alpheus, now Jilpheo, a famous river of 
 Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and 
 after passing through Elis falls into the sea. 
 Hercules made use of the Alpheus to clean 
 the stables of Augeas. 
 
 Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usu- 
 rer of Rome. 
 
 Alphiu9 Avitus, a writer in the age of 
 Severus, who gave an account of illustri- 
 ous men, and an history of the Carthagin- 
 ian war. 
 
 Alpinus, belonging to the Alps. 
 
 Alpinus (Cornelius,) a contemptible 
 poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awk- 
 ward manner in which he introduces the 
 death of Memnon in a tragedy, and the 
 pitiful style with which he describes the 
 Rhine, in an epic poem he had attempted 
 
 on the wars in Germany. Julius, one of 
 
 the chiefs of the Helvetii. 
 
 Alpis, a small river falling into the 
 Danube. 
 
 Alsium, a maritime town at the west of 
 the Tiber, now Statua. 
 
 Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponne- 
 sus, flowing from mount Sipylus. A 
 
 shepherd during the Rutulian wars. 
 
 Alth-ea, daughter of Thestius and Eu- 
 rythemis, married CEneus, king of Caly- 
 don, by whom she had many children, 
 among whom was Meleager. When Al- 
 thaea brought forth Meleager, the Parcse 
 placed a log of wood in the fire, and said, 
 that as long as it was preserved, so long 
 would the life of the child just born be 
 prolonged. The mother saved the wood 
 from the flames, and kept it very careful- 
 ly ; but when Meleager killed his two un- 
 cles, Althaea's brothers, Althasa, to revenge 
 their death, threw the log into the fire, 
 and as soon as it was burnt, Meleager ex- 
 pired. 
 
 Alti«mene3, a son of Creteus king of 
 Crete, who ignorantly killed his own fa- 
 ther. When Althsemenes knew that he 
 had killed his father, he entreated the 
 gods to remove him, and the earth imme- 
 diately opened, and swallowed him up. 
 
 Altinum, a flourishing city of Italy 
 near Aquileia, famous for its wool. 
 
 Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter's 
 temple at Olympia, where the statues of 
 the Olympic conquerors were placed. 
 Altus, a city of Peloponnesus. 
 Aluntium, a town of Sicily. 
 Alvs, Aluus, and Halus, a village of 
 
 Arcadia, called also the temple of iEscu- 
 lapius. 
 
 Alyattes J. a king of Lydia, descend- 
 ed from the Heraclidee. He reigned fifty- 
 seven years .—II . kin g of Lydia, of the fam- 
 ily of the Mermnada;, was father to Croe- 
 sus. He died when engaged in a war 
 against Miletus, after a reign of thirty-five 
 years. An eclipse of the sun terminated a 
 battle between him and Cyaxares. 
 
 Alyba, a country near Mysia. 
 
 Alycea, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Alyceus, son of Sciron, was killed by 
 Theseus. A place in Megara received its 
 name from him. 
 
 Alymon, the husband of Circe. 
 
 Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose 
 waters could cure the bite of a mad dog. 
 
 Alyxothoe, or Alexirhoe, daughter 
 of Dymus, was mother of iEsacus by 
 Priam. 
 
 Alyzia, a town of Acarnania on the 
 western mouth of the Achelous, opposite 
 to the Echinades. 
 
 Amadocus, a king of Thrace, defeated 
 by his antagonist Seuthes. 
 
 Amage, a queen of Sarmatia, remarka- 
 ble for her justice and fortitude. 
 
 Amalthjea, daughter of Melissus king 
 
 of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk. 
 
 A Sibyl of Cumie, called also Hierophile 
 and Demophile. She is supposed to be the 
 same who brought nine books of prophe- 
 cies to Tarquin king of Rome. 
 
 Amaltheum, a public place which Atti- 
 cus had opened in his country-house, call- 
 ed Amalthea in Epirus, and provided with 
 every thing which could furnish enter- 
 tainment and convey instruction. 
 
 Amana, or Amanus, part of mount Tau- 
 rus in Cilicia. 
 
 Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general 
 under Dioclesian, who assumed imperial 
 honors, and was at last conquered by Dio 
 clesian's colleague. 
 
 Amantes, or Amantini, a people of II- 
 lyricum descended from the Abantes of 
 Phocis. 
 
 Amanus, one of the deities worshipped 
 
 in Armenia and Cappadocia. A moun 
 
 tain of Cilicia. 
 
 Amaracus, an officer of Cinyras, chang- 
 ed into marjoram. 
 
 Amardi, a nation near the Caspian sea 
 
 Amartus, a city of Greece. 
 
 Amaryllis, the name of a country wo- 
 man in Virgil's eclogues. 
 
 Amarynceus, a king of the Epeans, 
 bflried at Buprasium. 
 
 Amarynthus, a village of Euboea whence 
 Diana is called Amarysia, and her festi- 
 vals in that town Amarynthia. Eubcea 
 
 is sometimes called Amarynthus. 
 
 Amas, a mountain of Laconia. 
 
 Amasenus, a small river of Latium fall- 
 ing into the Tyrrhene son. 
 
 Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mithri- 
 
AM 
 
 37 
 
 AM 
 
 tfates the Great, and Strabb the geographer, 
 were born. 
 
 Amasis, a man who, from a common 
 soldier, became king of Egypt. When 
 Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the 
 body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be in- 
 sulted and burnt. A man who led the 
 
 Persians against the inhabitants of Barce. 
 
 Amastris, the wife of Dionysius the 
 tyrant of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom 
 
 Alexander conquered. Also, the wife 
 
 of Xerxes king of Persia. A city of 
 
 Paphlagonia, on the Euxine sea. 
 
 Amastrtjs, one of the auxiliaries of 
 Perses, killed by Argus, son of Phryxus. 
 A friend of ^Eneas, killed by Ca- 
 milla. 
 
 Amata, the wife of king Latirras. When 
 her daughter w T as given in marriage to 
 jEneas, she hung herself to avoid the sight 
 of her son-in-law. 
 
 Amathus, now Lhnisso, a city on the 
 southern side of the island of Cyprus, par- 
 ticularly dedicated to Venus. 
 
 Amaxampeus, a fountain of Scythia, 
 whose waters embitter the stream of the 
 river Hypanis. 
 
 Amaxia, or Amaxita, an ancient town 
 
 of Troas. A place of Cilicia, abounding 
 
 with wood fit for building ships. 
 
 Amazenes, or Mazsnes, a prince of 
 the island of Oaractus, who sailed for 
 pome time with the Macedonians and 
 Nearchus in Alexander's expedition into 
 the east. 
 
 Amazones, or Amazonides, a nation of 
 famous women who lived near the river 
 Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life 
 was employed in wars and manly exer- 
 cises. They founded an extensive empire 
 in Asia Minor, along the shores of the 
 Euxine, and near the Thermodon. The 
 Amazons of Africa flourished long before 
 the Trojan war, and many of their actions 
 have been attributed to those of Asia. It 
 is said, that after they had almost subdued 
 all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were 
 conquered by Theseus. Their most fa- 
 mous actons were their expedition against 
 Priam, and afterwards the assistance they 
 gave him during the Trojan war ; and 
 their invasion of Attica, to punish The- 
 seus, who had carried away Antiope, one 
 of their queens. Among their queens, 
 Ilippolyte, Antiope, Lampeto, Marpesia, 
 &c. are famous. The Amazons were such 
 expert archers, that, to denote the good- 
 ness of a bow or quiver, it was usual to 
 call it Amazonian. 
 
 Alazonia, a celebrated mistress of the 
 
 emperor Commodus. The country of 
 
 the Amazons, near the Caspian sea. 
 
 Amazonium, a place in Attica, where 
 Theseus obtained a victory over the Ama- 
 zons. 
 
 Amazonius, a surname of Apollo at 
 Lacedsemon. 
 
 4 
 
 Ambarri, a people of Gallia Celtica, on 
 the Arar, related to the ^Edui. 
 
 Ambarvalia, a joyful procession round 
 the ploughed fields, in honor of Ceres the 
 goddess of corn. 
 
 Ambenus, a mountain of European Sar- 
 matia. 
 
 Ambialites, a people of Gallia Celtica. 
 
 Ambianum, a town of Belgium, now 
 Amiens. 
 
 Ambiatinum, a village of Germany, 
 where the emperor Caligula was born. 
 
 Ambigatus, a king of the Celts, in the 
 time of Tarquinius Priscus. 
 
 Ambiorix, a king of the Eburones in 
 Gaul. He was a great enemy to Rome, 
 and was killed in a battle with J. Cassar, 
 in which sixty thousand of his country- 
 men were slain. 
 
 Amblada, a town of Pisidia. 
 
 Ambracia, a city of Epirus, near the 
 Acheron, the residence of king Pyrrhus. 
 Augustus, after the battle of Actium, call- 
 ed it Nicopolis. 
 
 Ambracius Sinu9, a bay of the Ionian 
 sea, near Ambracia, now called the gulf 
 of Larta. 
 
 Ambri, an Indian nation. 
 
 Ambrones, certain nations of Gaul, who 
 lost their possessions by the inundation of 
 the sea, and lived upon rapine and plun- 
 der. 
 
 Ambrosia, festivals observed in honor 
 of Bacchus, in some cities in Greece. 
 They were the same as the Brumalia of 
 
 the Romans. One of the daughters of 
 
 Atlas, changed into a constellation after 
 
 death. The food of the gods was called 
 
 ambrosia, and their drink nectar. The 
 word signifies immortal. It had the power 
 of giving immortality to all those who eat 
 it. It was sweeter than honey, and of a 
 most odoriferous smell. It had the power 
 of healing wounds. The gods used gen- 
 erally to perfume their hair with ambrosia. 
 
 Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, obliged 
 the emperor Theodosius to make penance 
 for the murder of the people of Thessalon- 
 ica, and distinguished himself by his writ- 
 ings, especially against the Arians. 
 
 Ambryon, a man who wrote the life of 
 Theocritus of Chios. 
 
 Ambryssus, a city of Phocis, which re- 
 ceives its name from a hero of the same 
 name. 
 
 Ambubaj^:, Syrian women of immoral 
 lives, who in the dissolute period of 
 Rome, attended festivals and assemblies 
 as minstrels. 
 
 Ambulli, a surname of Castor and Pol- 
 lux, in Sparta. 
 
 Ameles, a river of hell, whose waters 
 no vessel could contain. 
 
 Ame nanus, a river of Sicily, near mount 
 iEtna, now Guidicello. 
 
 AMENiDE9,a secretary of Darius the last 
 king of Persia. 
 
AM 
 
 38 
 
 AM 
 
 Amenocles, a Corinthian, said to be 
 the first Grecian who built a three-oared 
 galley at Samos and Corinth. 
 
 Amxria, a city of Umbria, whose osiers 
 were famous for the binding of vines to 
 the elm trees. 
 
 Amestratus, a town of Sicily, near the 
 Halesus. The Romans besieged it for 
 seven months, and it yielded at last after 
 a third siege, and the inhabitants were 
 sold as slaves. 
 
 Amestkis, queen of Persia, was wife to 
 Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother 
 of Artiante, her husband's raioiresG, in 1 
 cut off her nose, ears, lips, breast, Kcr.gci, 
 and eyebrows. 
 
 Amida, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged 
 and taken by Sapor, king of Persia. 
 
 Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of 
 great eloquence and cunning, surnamed 
 
 Rhodanus. A Carthaginian, whom the 
 
 Syracusans called to their assistance 
 against the tyrant Agathocles, who be- 
 sieged their city. He died in Syracuse, 
 
 B. C. 309. A Carthaginian, surnamed 
 
 Barcas, father to the celebrated Annibal. 
 He was killed in a battle against the Vet- 
 tones B. C. 237. He had formed the plan 
 of an invasion of Italy, by crossing the 
 Alps, which his son afterwards carried 
 into execution. His great enmity to the 
 Romans was the cause of the second Pu- 
 nic war. He used to say of his three sons, 
 that he kept three lions to devour the Ro- 
 man power. A Carthaginian general, 
 
 who assisted the Insubres against Rome, 
 
 and was taken by Cn. Cornelius. A son 
 
 of Hanno. 
 
 Amilos, or Amilus, a river of Mauri- 
 tania, where the elephants go to wash 
 
 themselves by moonshine. A town of 
 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Amimone, or Amymone, a daughter of 
 Danaus, changed into a fountain which is 
 near Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna 
 
 Aminea, or Amminea, a part of Cam- 
 pania, where the inhabitants are g*M\- 
 husbandmen. Its wine was higbiVy es- 
 teemed. A place of Thessaly. 
 
 Aminias, a famous pirate, whom Anti- 
 gonus employed against Apoilcdcirus tyrant 
 of Cassandrea. 
 
 Aminius, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Aminocles, a native of Corinth, who 
 flourished 705 B. C. &c. 
 
 Amisena, a country of Cappadocia. 
 
 Ami 3i as, a comic poet, whom Aristo- 
 phanes ridiculed for his insipid verses. 
 
 Amissas, an officer of Megalopolis in 
 Alexander's army. 
 
 Amiternum, a town of Italy, where 
 Sallust was born. 
 
 Amithaon, or Amythaon, was father 
 to Melampus the famous prophet. 
 
 Ammalo, a festival in honor of Jupiter 
 in Greece. 
 
 Ammianus. Fid. Marcellinus. 
 
 Ammon and Hammon, a name of Ju- 
 piter, worshipped in Libya. The temple 
 of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of 
 Libya, nine days journey from Alexan- 
 dria. There were above one hundred 
 priests in the temple, but only the elders 
 delivered oracles. There was also an 
 
 oracle of Jupiter Ammon in ^Ethiopia. 
 
 A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He 
 gave his name to the temple of Hammon. 
 
 Ammon and Brothas, two brothers fa- 
 mous for their skill in boxing. 
 
 Ammonia, a name of Juno in Elis, as 
 being thd wife of Jupiter Ammon. 
 
 Am& 3,-* j, a Ti~&ion of Africa, who de 
 rived tneir origin from the Egyptians and 
 ^Ethiopians. 
 
 Ammonius, a Christian philosopher, who 
 opened a school of Platonic philosophy at 
 
 Alexandria, 232 A. D. An Athenian 
 
 general surnamed Barcas. 
 
 Ammothea, one of the Nereides 
 
 Amnias, a river of Bithynia. 
 
 Amnisus, a port of Gnossus, at the 
 north of Crete, with a small river of the 
 same name. 
 
 Amceb^eus, an Athenian player of grea' 
 reputation. 
 
 Amometus, a Greek historian. 
 
 Amor, the son of Venus, was the god of 
 love. 
 
 Amoroes, a Persian general, killed in 
 Caria in the reign of Xerxes. 
 
 Amorgos, an island among the Cyciades 
 where Simonides was born. 
 
 Ampelus, a promontory of Samos. 
 
 A town of Crete, — Macedonia, — Liguria, 
 
 — and Cyrene.- A favorite of Bacchus, 
 
 son of a satyr and a nymph, made a con- 
 stellation after death. 
 
 Ampelusia, a promontory of Africa, in 
 Mauritania. 
 
 Amphea, a city of Messenia, taken by 
 the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Amphialaus, a famous dancer in the 
 island of the Phaeacians. 
 
 AjiPHUNAi,a king of Lyciainthe time 
 of Acrisius and Prcetus. 
 
 Amphiaraus, son of Oicleus, or accord- 
 ing to others, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra, 
 was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, 
 and accompanied the Argonauts in their 
 expedition. He was famous for his know- 
 ledg3 of futurity, and thence he is called 
 by some son of Apollo. Amphiaraus re- 
 ceived divine honors after death, and had 
 a celebrated temple and oracle at Oropos 
 in Attica. His statue was made of white 
 marble, and near his temple was a foun- 
 tain, whose waters were ever held sacred. 
 They only who had consulted his oracle, 
 or had been delivered from a disease, 
 were permitted to bathe in it, after which 
 they threw pieces of gold and silver into 
 the stream. 
 
 Amphiaraides, a patronymic of Alc- 
 maeon, as being son of Amphiaraus. 
 
AM 
 
 39 
 
 AM 
 
 A?iPHicRATEs, a historian who wrote 
 the lives of illustrious men. 
 
 Amphictyojj, son of Deucalion and 
 Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, 
 and first attempted to give the interpreta- 
 tion of dreams, and to draw omens. Some 
 say, that the deluge happened in his age. 
 The son of Helenus, who first estab- 
 lished the celebrated council of the Am- 
 ■phiciijons, composed of the wisest and most 
 virtuous men of some cities of Greece. 
 This august assembly consisted of twelve 
 persons, originally sent by the following 
 states ; the Ionians, Dorians, Perhtebians, 
 Boeotians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locri- 
 ans, Malians, Phocians, Thessalians, Do- 
 lopes, and the people of (Eta. Other 
 cities in process of time sent also some of 
 their citizens to the council of the Am- 
 phictyons, and in the age of Antoninus 
 Pius, they were increased to the number 
 of thirty. They took into consideration 
 the matters of difference between the 
 states of Greece. 
 
 Amphiclea, a town of Phocis, where 
 Bacchus had a temple. 
 
 Amphidamus, a son of Aleus, brother to 
 Lycurgus. He was of the family of the 
 
 Inachida?. One of the Argonauts. 
 
 A son of Busiris, killed by Hercules. 
 
 Amphidkomia, a festival observed by 
 private families at Athens, the fifth day 
 after the birth of every child. It was cus- 
 tomary to run round the fire with a child 
 in their arms ; whence the name of the 
 festivals. 
 
 Amphigenia, a town of Messenia in 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Amphilochus, a son of Amphiaraus and 
 Eriphyle. After the Trojan war he left 
 Argos his native country, and built Amphi- 
 lochus, a town of Epirus. An Athenian 
 
 philosopher who wrote upon agriculture. 
 
 Amphilytus, a soothsayer of Acarnania, 
 who encouraged Pisistratus to seize the 
 sovereign power of Athens. 
 
 Amphimache, a daughter of Amphida- 
 mus, wife of Eurystheus. 
 
 Amphimachus, one of Helen's suitors, 
 son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan 
 war. A son of Actor and Theronice. 
 
 Amfhimedon, a Libyan killed by Per- 
 seus in the court of Cepheus. One of 
 
 Penelope's suitors killed by Telemachus. 
 
 Amphinome, the name of one of the at- 
 tendants of Thetis. 
 
 AMPHiNOMus,one of Penelope's suitors, 
 killed by Telemachus. 
 
 Amphinomus and Anapius, two broth- 
 ers, who, when Catana and the neighbor- 
 ing cities were in flames, by an eruption 
 from mount iEtna, saved their parents 
 upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is 
 said, spared them while it consumed 
 others by their side ; and Pluto, to reward 
 their uncommon piety, placed them after 
 death in the island of Leuce, and they re- 
 ceived divine honors in Sicily. 
 
 Amphion, was son of Jupiter, by Anti. 
 ope daughter of Nycteus, who had mar- 
 ried Lycus, and had been repudiated by 
 him when he married Dirce. Amphion 
 was born at the same birth as Zethus, on 
 mount Citheron, where Antiope had fled 
 to avoid the resentment of Dirce ; and the 
 two children were exposed in the woods, 
 but preserved by a shepherd. When Am- 
 phion grew up, he cultivated poetry, and 
 made such an uncommon progress in mu- 
 sic, that he is said to have been the in- 
 ventor of it, and to have built the walls 
 of Thebes at the sound of his lyre. Mer- 
 cury taught him music, and gave him the 
 lyre. He was the first who raised an altar 
 to this god. Zethus and Amphion united 
 to avenge the wrongs which their mother 
 had suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. 
 They besieged and took Thebes, put Ly- 
 cus to death, and tied his wife to the tail 
 of a wild bull, who dragged her through 
 precipices till she expired. The fable of 
 Amphion's moving stones and raising the 
 walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre, 
 has been explained by supposing that he 
 persuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and 
 uncivilized people to unite together and 
 build a town to protect themselves against 
 
 the attacks of their enemies. A son of 
 
 Jasus king of Orchomenos, by Persephone 
 daughter of Mius. He married Niobe, 
 daughter of Tantalus, by whom he had 
 many children, among whom was Chloris 
 the wife of Neleus. When Niobe boasted 
 herself greater, and more deserving of 
 immortality than Latona, all her children, 
 except Chloris, were destroyed by the ar- 
 rows of Apollo and Diana ; Niobe herself 
 was changed into a stone, and Amphion 
 
 killed himself in a fit of despair. One 
 
 of the Argonauts. A famous painter 
 
 and statuary, son of Acestor of Gnossus. 
 One of the Greek generals in the Tro- 
 jan war. 
 
 Amphipoles, magistrates appointed at 
 Syracuse, by Timoleon, after the expul- 
 sion of Dionysius the younger. The office 
 existed for above three hundred years. 
 
 Amphipolis, a town on the Strymon, 
 between Macedonia and Thrace. An 
 Athenian colony under Agnon, son of 
 Nicias, drove the ancient inhabitants, 
 called Edonians, from the country, and 
 built a city, which they called Amphipo- 
 lis, i. e. a town surrounded on all sides, 
 because the Strymon flowed all around it. 
 It has been also called Acra, Strymon, 
 Myrica, Eion, and the town of Mars. It 
 was the cause of many wars between the 
 Athenians and Spartans. 
 
 Amphipyros, a surname of Diana, be- 
 cause she carries a torch in both her hands. 
 
 Amphiretu3, a man of Acanthus, who 
 artfully escaped from pirates who had 
 made him prisoner. 
 
 Amphiroe, one of the Oceanides. 
 
AM 
 
 40 
 
 AM 
 
 Amphis, a Greek' comic poet of Athens, 
 son of Amphicrates, contemporary with 
 Plato. Besides his comedies, he wrote 
 other pieces, which are now lost. 
 
 Amphisb.ina, a two-headed serpent in 
 the deserts of Libya, whose bite was ven- 
 omous and deadly. 
 
 Amphissa, or Issa, a daughter of Ma- 
 careus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her 
 name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in 
 
 which was a temple of Minerva. A 
 
 town of the Brutii on the east coast. 
 
 Amphissene, a country of Armenia. 
 
 Amphissus, a son of Dryope. 
 
 Amphisthenes, a Lacedaemonian, who 
 fell delirious in sacrificing to Diana. 
 
 Amphistides, a man so naturally des- 
 titute of intellects, that he seldom remem- 
 bered that he ever had a father. He 
 wished to learn arithmetic, but never 
 could comprehend beyond the figure 4. 
 
 Amphistratus and Rhecas, two men 
 of Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pol- 
 lux. 
 
 Amphitea, the mother of iEgialeus, by 
 Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, 
 Deipyle, and iEgialea, by Adrastus king 
 of Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. 
 
 The wife of Autolycus, by whom she 
 
 had Anticiea, the wife of Laertes. 
 
 Amphitheatrum, a large round or oval 
 building at Rome, where the people as- 
 sembled to see the combats of gladiators, 
 of wild beasts, and other exhibitions. 
 The amphitheatres of Rome were gene- 
 rally built with wood ; Statilius Taurus 
 was the first who made one with stones, 
 under Augustus. 
 
 Amphithemis, a Theban general, who 
 involved the Lacedaemonians in a war 
 with his country. 
 
 Amphithoe, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Amphitrite, daughter of Oceanus and 
 Tethys, married Neptune, though she had 
 made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She 
 had by him Triton, one of the seadeities. 
 She had a statue at Corinth in the temple 
 of Neptune. She is sometimes called Sa- 
 latia, and is often taken for the sea itself. 
 One of the Nereides. 
 
 Amphitryon, a Theban prince, son of 
 Alcaeus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo 
 had married Electryon king of Mycenae, 
 whose sons were killed in a battle by the 
 Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown, 
 and daughter Alcmena, to him who could 
 revenge the death of his sons upon the 
 Teleboans ; and Amphitryon offered him- 
 self, and was received, on condition that 
 he should not approach Alcmena before 
 he had obtained a victory. Jupiter, who 
 was captivated with the charms of Alc- 
 mena, borrowed the features of Amphi- 
 tryon, when he was gone to the war, and 
 introduced himself to Electryon's daugh- 
 ter, as her husband returned victorious. 
 Alcmena became pregnant of Hercules, 
 
 by Jupiter, and of Iphiclus by Amphitryon, 
 after his return. When Amphitryon re- 
 turned from the war, he brought back to 
 Electryon, the herds which the Teleboans 
 had taken from him. One of the cows 
 having strayed from the rest, Amphitry- 
 on, to bring them together, threw a stick, 
 which struck the horns of the cow, and 
 rebounded with such violence upon Elec- 
 tryon that he died on the spot. After 
 this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Elec- 
 tryon's brother, seized the kingdom of 
 Mycenae, and obliged Amphitryon to leave 
 Argolis, and retire to Thebes with Alc- 
 mena. Creon, king of Thebes, purified 
 him of the murder. 
 
 Amphitryoniades, a surname of Her- 
 cules, as the supposed son of Amphitryon. 
 
 Amphitus, a priest of Ceres, at the 
 court of Cepheus. 
 
 Amphoterics was appointed command- 
 er of a fleet in the Hellespont by Alexan- 
 der. A son of Alcmaeon. 
 
 Amphrysus, a river of Thessaly, near 
 which Apollo, when banished from hea- 
 ven, fed the flocks of king Admetus, 
 From this circumstance the god has been 
 called AmphryssiiLs, and his priestess Am- 
 
 phryssia. A river of Phrygia whose 
 
 waters rendered women liable to barren- 
 ness. 
 
 Ampia Labiena Lex was enacted by 
 T. Ampius and A. Labienus, tribunes of 
 the people, A. U. C. 693. It gave Pompey 
 the great the privilege of appearing in 
 triumphal robes and with a golden crown 
 at the Circensian games, and with a prae- 
 texta and golden crown at theatrical 
 plays. 
 
 Ampracia. Vid. Ambracia. 
 
 Ampysides, a patronymic of Mopsus, 
 son of Ampyx. 
 
 Ampyx, a son of Pelias. 
 
 Amsactus, a lake in the country of the 
 Hirpini, at the east of Capua, whose wa- 
 ters are so sulphureous that they infect 
 and destroy whatever animals come near 
 the place. It was through this place that 
 Virgil made the fury Alecto descend into 
 hell, after her visit to the upper regions. 
 
 Amulius, king of Alba, was son of Pro- 
 cas, and youngest brother to Numitor. 
 The crown belonged to Numitor by right 
 of birth ; but Amulius dispossessed him of 
 it, and even put to death his son Lausus, 
 and consecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia 
 to the service of Vesta, to prevent her 
 ever becoming a mother. Yet, in spite 
 of all these precautions, Rhea became 
 pregnant by the god Mars, and brought 
 forth twins, Romulus and Remus. Amu- 
 lius, who was informed of this, ordered 
 the mother to be buried alive for violating 
 the laws of Vesta, which enjoined per- 
 petual chastity, and the two children to 
 be thrown into the river. They were 
 providentially saved by some shepherds, 
 
AM 
 
 41 
 
 AM 
 
 or, as others say, by a she-wolf ; and when 
 they had attained the years of manhood, 
 they put to death the usurper, Amulius, 
 and restored the crown to their grand- 
 father. A celebrated painter. 
 
 Amvci Portus, a place in Pontus, fa- 
 mous for the death of Amycus king of the 
 Bebryces. His tomb was covered with 
 laurels, whose boughs, as is reported, 
 when carried on board a ship, caused un- 
 common dissentions among the sailors. 
 
 Amycla, a daughter of Niobe, who, 
 Avith her sister Melibcea, was spared by 
 Diana, when her mother boasted herself 
 greater than Diana. 
 
 Amyclje, a town of Italy between Caie- 
 ta and Tarracina, built by the companions 
 of Castor and Pollux. The inhabitants 
 were strict followers of the precepts of 
 Pythagoras, and therefore abstained from 
 flesh. They were killed by serpents, 
 which they thought impious to destroy, 
 though in their own defence. Once a re- 
 port prevailed in Amyclae, that the ene- 
 mies were coming to storm it ; upon which 
 the inhabitants made a law, that forbade 
 such a report to be credited, and when 
 the enemy really arrived, no one mention- 
 ed it, or took up arms in his own defence, 
 and the town was easily taken. From 
 this circumstance the epithet of tacitx has 
 been given to Amyclae. A city of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, built by Amyclas. Castor and 
 Pollux were born there. The country was 
 famous for dogs. Apollo, called Amycls- 
 us, had a rich and magnificent temple 
 there, surrounded with delightful groves. 
 
 AMYCLiEus, a statuary. A surname 
 
 of Apollo. 
 
 Amyclas, son of Lacedaemon and Spar- 
 ta, built the city of Amyclas. His sister 
 Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos, 
 
 by whom she had Danae. •The master 
 
 of a ship in which Caesar embarked in 
 disguise. When Amyclas wished to put 
 back to avoid a violent storm, Caesar unveil- 
 ing his head, discovered himself, and bid- 
 dingthe pilot pursue his voyage, exclaim- 
 ed, CcBsarem, vekis, C<zsarisquefuTtunam. 
 
 Amycus, son of Neptune, by Melia, or 
 Bithynis according to others, was king of 
 the Bebryces. He was famous for his 
 skill in the management of the cestus, 
 and he challenged all strangers to a trial of 
 strength. When the Argonauts, in their 
 expedition, stopped on his coasts, he treat- 
 ed them with great kindness, and Pollux 
 accepted his challenge, -and killed him 
 when he attempted to overcome him by 
 fraud. One of the companions of ^Ene- 
 as, who almost perished in a storm on the 
 coast of Africa. He was killed by Tur- 
 
 nus. Another likewise killed by Tur- 
 
 nus. A son of Ixion and the cloud. 
 
 Amydon, a city of Paeonia in Macedo- 
 nia, which sent auxiliaries to Priam during 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 4* 
 
 Amymon-e, daughter of Danaus and Eu- 
 ropa, married Enceladus, son of ^Egyptus, 
 whom she murdered the first night of her 
 nuptials. It was said, that she was the 
 only one of the fifty sisters who was not 
 condemned to fill a leaky tub with water 
 in hell, because she had been continually 
 employed, by order of her father, in sup- 
 plying the city of Argos with water, in a 
 great drought. Neptune saw her in this 
 employment, and was enamoured of her 
 He carried her away, and in the place 
 where she stood, he raised a fountain, by 
 striking a rock. The fountain has been 
 called Amymone. A fountain and rivu- 
 let of Peloponnesus, flowing through Ar- 
 golis into the lake of Lerna. 
 
 Amyntas 1st, was king of Macedonia 
 after his father Alcetas. His son Alexan- 
 der murdered the ambassadors of Megab- 
 yzus, for their wanton and insolent beha- 
 viour to the ladies of his father's court. 
 Bubares, a Persian general, was sent with 
 an army to revenge the death of the am- 
 bassadors ; but instead of making war, 
 he married the king's daughter and de- 
 fended his possessions. The second of 
 
 that name was son of Menelaus, and king 
 of Macedonia, after his murder of Pau- 
 sanias. He was expelled bythelllyrians, 
 and restored by the Thessalians and Spar- 
 tans. He made war against the Illyfians 
 and Olynthians, and lived to a great age. 
 His wife, Eurydice, conspired against his 
 life ; but her snares were seasonably dis- 
 covered by one of his daughters by a for- 
 mer wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, 
 and Philip, Alexander the Great's father, 
 by his first wife ; and by the other he had 
 Archelaus, Aridaeus, and Menelaus. He 
 reigned twenty- four years ; and soon after 
 his death, his son Philip murdered all his 
 
 brothers, and ascended the throne. 
 
 One of Alexander's officers. Another 
 
 officer who deserted to Darius, and was 
 
 killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. 
 
 A son of Antiochus, who withdrew him- 
 self from Macedonia, because he hated 
 
 Alexander. An officer in Alexander's 
 
 cavalry. He had two brothers called Sim- 
 ias and Polemon. He was accused of 
 conspiracy against the king, on account 
 of his great intimacy with Philotas, and 
 acquitted. A shepherd's name in Vir- 
 gil's Eclogues. 
 
 Amyntianus, an historian in the age of 
 Antoninus, who wrote a treatise in com- 
 mendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 Amywtor, a king of Argos, son of Phras- 
 
 tor. A son of ^Egyptus, killed by Da- 
 
 mone the first night of his marriage. 
 
 Amyris, a man of Sybaris, who con- 
 sulted the oracle of Delphi concerning 
 the probable duration of his country's 
 prosperity, &e. 
 
 Amyricus Campus, a plain of Thessaly. 
 
AN 
 
 42 
 
 AN 
 
 Amyrius, a king by whom Cyrus was 
 killed in a battle. 
 
 Amyrus, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Amystis, a river of India "falling into 
 the Ganges. 
 
 Amythaon, a son of Cretheus king of 
 lolchos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, 
 by whom he had Bias and Melampus. 
 After his father's death, he established 
 himself in Messenia, with his brother Ne- 
 leus, and reestablished or regulated the 
 
 Olympic games. Melampus is called 
 
 Amythaonius, from his father Amythaon. 
 A son of Hippasus, who assisted Pri- 
 am in the Trojan war, and was killed by 
 Lycomedes. 
 
 Amytis, a daughter of Astyages, whom 
 
 Cyrus married. A daughter of Xerxes, 
 
 who married Megabyzus, and disgraced 
 herself by her debaucheries. 
 
 A.vaces, or Anactes, a name given to 
 Castor and Pollux among the Athenians. 
 Their festivals were called Anaceia. 
 
 Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher, 
 592, B. C. who on account of his wisdom, 
 temperance, and extensive knowledge, 
 has been called one of the seven wise 
 men. Like his countrymen, he made use 
 of a cart instead of a house. lie was 
 wont to compare laws to cobwebs, which 
 can stop only small flies, and are unable 
 to resist the superior force of large insects. 
 When he returned to Scythia, from 
 Athens, where he had spent some time in 
 study, and in the friendship of Solon, he 
 attempted to introduce there the laws of 
 the Athenians, which so irritated his 
 brother, who was then on the throne, that 
 he killed him with an arrow. Anachar- 
 sia has rendered himself famous among 
 the ancients by his writings, and his 
 poems on war, the laws of Scythia, <fec. 
 Two of his letters to Cnssus and Hanno 
 are still extant. Later authors have at- 
 tributed to him the invention of tinder, of 
 anchors, and of the potter's wheel. 
 
 Anacium, a mountain with a temple sa- 
 cred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. 
 
 Anacreon, a famous lyric poet of Teos, 
 in Ionia, highly favored by Polycrates 
 and Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. His 
 odes are still extant, and the uncommon 
 sweetness and elegance of his poetry 
 have been the admiration of every age 
 and country. He lived to his 85th"year, 
 and after every excess of pleasure and 
 debauchery, choaked himself with a 
 grape stone and expired. Plato says, that 
 he was descended from an illustrious fam- 
 ily, and that Codrus, the last king of 
 Athens, was one of his prosenitors. His 
 statue was placed in the citadel of Athens, 
 representing him as an old drunken man, 
 singing, with every mark of dissipation 
 and intemperance. Anacreon flourished 
 522 B. C. 
 Anactoria and ANACTORirif, a town 
 
 j of Epirus, in a peninsula towards the 
 I gulf of Ambracia. It was founded by a 
 | Corinthian colony, and was the cause of 
 j many quarrels between the Corcyreans 
 
 ! and Corinthians. Augustus carried the 
 
 j inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after 
 
 | the battle of Actium. An ancient name 
 
 | of Miletus. 
 
 Anactorie, a woman of Lesbos, loved 
 by Sappho. 
 
 Akadvome^e, a valuable painting of 
 Venus, represented as rising from the sea, 
 by Apelles. Augustus bought it, and pla- 
 ced it in the temple of J. Csesar. The 
 lower part of it was a little defaced, and 
 there were found no painters in Eome 
 able to repair it. 
 
 Anagnia, now Jlnagni, a city of the 
 Hernici in Latium, where Antony struck 
 a medal when he divorced Octavia and 
 married Cleopatra. 
 
 An t agogia, a festival, celebrated by the 
 people of Eryx in Sicily, in honor of Ve- 
 nus. 
 
 Anagykontum, a small village of At- 
 tica. 
 
 An-aitis, a goddess of Armenia. The 
 festivals of the deity were called Sacarum 
 Festa ; and when they were celebrated, 
 both sexes assisted at the ceremony, and 
 inebriated themselves to such a degree, 
 that the whole was concluded by a scene 
 of the greatest intemperance. They were 
 first instituted by Cyrus, when he march- 
 ed against the Sacw, and covered tables, 
 with the most exquisite dainties, that he 
 might detain the enemy by the novelty 
 and sweetness of food to which they 
 were unaccustomed, and thus easily de- 
 stroyed them. Diana is also worship- 
 ped under this name by the Lydiar.s. 
 
 Ananias, a Iambic poet. 
 
 Anafhe, an island that rose out of 
 the Cretan sea, and received this name 
 from the Argonauts, who, in the middle 
 of a storm, suddenly saw the new moon. 
 Apoilo was worshipped there, and called 
 Aniiphreus. 
 
 Anaphlystus, a small village of Attica 
 near the sea, called after an ancient hero 
 of the same name, who was son of Tro 
 zen. A small village near Athens. 
 
 A*apus, a river of Epirus. Of Sicily, 
 
 near Syracuse. 
 
 Anartes, a people of lower Pannonia. 
 
 Anas, a river of Spain, now called Gua- 
 diana. 
 
 Anatole. one of the Hors. A moun- 
 tain near the Ganges, where Apollo rav- 
 ished a nymph called Anaxibia. 
 
 A?;auchidas, a Samian wrestler. 
 
 Anavrcs, a river of Thessaly, near the 
 foot of mount Pelion, where Jason lost 
 
 one of his sandals. A river of Trcas 
 
 near Ida. 
 
 AbtaUsis, one of Medea's suitors, killed 
 bv Styrus. 
 
AN 
 
 43 
 
 AN 
 
 Axax, a son of Ccelus and Terrftj father 
 to Asterius, from whom Miletus has been 
 called Anactoria. 
 
 Anaxagoras succeeded his father Me- 
 gapenthes on the throne of Argos. He 
 shared the sovereign power with Bias and 
 Melampus, who had cured the women of 
 Argos of madness. A Clazomenian phi- 
 losopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to 
 Anaximenes, and preceptor to Socrates 
 and Euripides. He. disregarded wealth 
 and honors, to indulge his fondness for 
 meditation and philosophy. He applied 
 himself to astronomy, was acquainted 
 with eclipses, and predicted that one day 
 a stone would fall from the sun, which it 
 is said really fell into the river ^Egos. 
 Anaxagoras travelled into Egypt for im- 
 provement, and used to say that he pre- 
 ferred a grain of wisdom to heaps of gold. 
 Pericles was in the number of his pupils, 
 and often consulted him in matters of 
 state ; and once dissuaded him from starv- 
 ing himself to death. The ideas of Anax- 
 agoras, concerning the heavens, were wild 
 and extravagant. He was accused of im- 
 piety, and condemned to die 5 but he rid- 
 iculed the sentence, and said it had long 
 been pronounced upon him by nature. 
 Being asked whether his body should be 
 carried into his own country, he answer- 
 ed, no, as the road that led to the other 
 side of the grave was as long from one 
 place as the other. His scholar Pericles 
 pleaded eloquently and successfully for 
 him, and the sentence of death was ex- 
 changed for banishment. When the peo- 
 ple of Lampsacus asked him before his 
 death, whether he wished any thing to be 
 done in commemoration of hirn, Yes, says 
 he, let the boys be allowed to play on the 
 anniversary of my death. This was care- 
 fully observed, and that time dedicated to 
 relaxation, was called Anamgcyreia. He 
 died at Lampsacus in his seventy-second 
 year, 428 B. C. His writings were not 
 
 much esteemed by his pupil Socrates. 
 
 A statuary of ^Egina, A grammarian, 
 
 disciple to Zenodotus. An orator, disci- 
 ple to Socrates. A son of Echeanax, 
 
 who, with his brothers Codrus and Diodo- 
 rus, destroyed Hegesias, tyrant of Ephe- 
 sus. 
 
 Axaxander, of the family of the Hera- 
 clidfB, was son of Eurycrates, and king of 
 Sparta. The second Messeoiaa war be- 
 gan in his reign, in which Aristomenes so 
 egregiouslv signalized himself. His son 
 
 was called Eurycrates. A general of 
 
 Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans. 
 
 Ajtaxakdrtdbs, son of Leon, and father 
 to Cleomenes 1st, and T>onidas, was king 
 of Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he 
 divorced hia wife, of whom he was ex- 
 tremely feni, on account of her barren- 
 ness ; and he was the first "Lacedemonian 
 who had two wive?. A son of Theo- 
 
 pompus. A comic poet of Rhodes in the 
 
 age of Philip and Alexander. He was of 
 such a passionate disposition that he tore 
 to pieces all his compositions which met 
 with no success. He composed about a 
 hundred plays, of which ten obtained the 
 prize. Some fragments of his poetry re- 
 main in Athenams. He was starved to 
 death by order of the Athenians, for satir- 
 izing their government. 
 
 Anaxaechus, a philosopher of Abdera, 
 one of the followers of Democritus, and 
 the friend of Alexander. When the mon- 
 arch had been wounded in a battle, the 
 philosopher pointed to the place, adding, 
 that is human blood, and not the blood of 
 a god. The freedom of Anaxarchus of- 
 fended Nicocreon at Alexander's table, 
 and the tyrant, in revenge, seized the phi- 
 losopher, and pounded him in a stone 
 mortar with iron hammers. He bore this 
 with much resignation, and exclaimed, 
 " Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou 
 dost not pound his soul." Upon this, Ni- 
 cocreone threatened to cut his tongue, and 
 Anaxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and 
 
 spit it out into the tyrant's face. A 
 
 Theban general. 
 
 Anaxarete, a girl of Salamis, who so 
 arrogantly despised the addresses of Iphis, 
 a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover 
 hung himself at her door. She saw this 
 sad spectacle without emotion or pity, and 
 was changed into a stone. 
 
 Anaxenor, a musician whom M. An- 
 tony greatly honored, and presented with 
 the tribute of four cities. 
 
 Anaxias, a Theban general. 
 
 Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon, mo- 
 ther of seven sons and two daughters by 
 
 Nestor. A daughter of Bias, a brother 
 
 to the physician Melampus. She married 
 Pelias, king of Iolchos, by whom she had 
 Acastus, and four daughters, Pisidice, 
 Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste. 
 
 Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon. 
 
 Anaxidamus, succeeded his father, 
 Zeuxidamus, on the throne of Sparta. 
 
 Anaxilas and ANAxiLAUs,aMessenian, 
 tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and 
 was so mild and popular during his reign, 
 that when he died, 476 B. C. he left his 
 infant sons to the care of one of his ser- 
 vants, and the citizens chose rather to 
 obey a slave than revolt from their benev- 
 olent sovereign's children. A magician 
 
 of Larissa, banished from Italy by Au- 
 gustus. A Pythagorean philosopher. 
 
 Anaxilides wrote some treatises con- 
 cerning philosophers, and mentioned that 
 Plato's mother became pregnant by a 
 phantom of the god Apollo, from which 
 circumstance her son was called the prince 
 of wisdom. 
 
 Anaximandes, a Milesian philosopher, 
 the companion and disciple of Thales. 
 He was the first who constructed spheres, 
 
AN 
 
 44 
 
 AN 
 
 asserted that the earth was of a cylindri- 
 cal form, and taught that men were born 
 of earth and water mixed together, and 
 heated by the beams of the sun ; that the 
 earth moved, and that the moon received 
 light from the sun, which he considered 
 as a circle of fire like awheel about twen- 
 ty-eight times biggei than the earth. He 
 made the first geographical maps and sun 
 dials. He died in the sixty-fourth year of 
 his age, B. C. 547. 
 
 Anaximenes, a philosopher, son of 
 Erasistratus, and disciple of Anaximan- 
 der, whom he succeeded in his school. 
 He said that the air was the cause of 
 every created being, and a self-existent 
 divinity, and that the sun, the moon, and 
 the stars, had been made from the earth. 
 He considered the earth as a plain, and 
 the heavens as a solid concave sphere, on 
 which the stars were fixed like nails. He 
 
 died 504 years B. C. A native of Lamp- 
 
 sacus, son of Aristocles. He was pupil to 
 Diogenes the Cynic, and preceptor to Al- 
 exander the great, of whose life, and that 
 of Philip, he wrote the history. When 
 Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to 
 put to death all the inhabitants of Lamp- 
 sacus, because they had maintained a long 
 siege against him, Anaximenes was sent 
 by his countrymen to appease the king, 
 who, as soon as he saw him, swore he 
 would not grant the favor he was going 
 to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes begged 
 the king to destroy the city and enslave 
 the inhabitants, and by this artful request 
 the city of Lampsacus was saved from 
 destruction. Besides the life of Philip and 
 his son, he wrote an history of Greece in 
 twelve books, all now lost. His nephew 
 bore the same name, and wrote an ac- 
 count of ancient paintings. 
 
 Anaxipolis, a comic poet of Thasos. 
 
 A writer on agriculture, likewise of 
 
 Thasos. 
 
 Anaxippus, a comic writer, in the age 
 of Demetrius. He used to say, that phi- 
 losophers were wise only in their speech- 
 es, but fools in their actions. 
 
 Anaxirrhoe, a daughter of Coronus, 
 who married Epeus. 
 
 An axis, a Boeotian historian, who wrote 
 an history down to the age of Philip son 
 
 of Amyntas. A eon of Castor and Hi- 
 
 laira, 
 
 Anaxo, a virgin of Troezene carried 
 away by Theseus. — —A daughter of Al- 
 ceus, mother of Alcmene by Electryon. 
 
 Ancjeus) the son of Lycurgus and An- 
 tince, was in the expedition of the Argo- 
 nauts. He was at the chase of the Caly- 
 
 donian boar, in which he perished. 
 
 The son of Neptune and Astypalsea. He 
 went with the Argonauts, and succeeded 
 Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He 
 reigned in Ionia, where he married. He 
 was once told by one of his servants, 
 
 whom he pressed with hard labor in his 
 vineyard, that he never would taste of 
 the produce of his vines. He had already 
 the cup in his hand, and called the pro- 
 phet to convince him of his falsehood ; 
 when the servant, yet firm in his predic- 
 tion, uttered this well known proverb, 
 
 HoXXa fiaratv rre/.st y.vkiy.og y.ai 
 
 Zetlsog ur.qov. 
 Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra. 
 
 And that very moment Ancajus was told 
 that a wild boar had entered his vine- 
 yard ; upon which he threw down the 
 cup, and ran to drive away the wild beast. 
 He was killed in the attempt. 
 
 Ancalites, a people of Britain near the 
 Trinobantes. 
 
 Ancarius, a god of the Jews. Vid. An- 
 chialus. 
 
 Ancharia, a family of Rome. The 
 
 name of Octavia's mother. 
 
 Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by 
 the partisans of Marius during the civil 
 wars with Sylla. 
 
 Anchemolus, son of Rhoetus, king of the 
 Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in- 
 law, Casperia, for which he was expelled 
 by his father. He fled to Turntts, and was 
 killed by Pallas, son of Evander, in the 
 wars of iEneas against the Latins. 
 
 Anchesites, a wind which blows from 
 Anchisa, a harbor of Epirus. 
 
 Anchesmus, a mountain of Attica, where 
 Jupiter Jlnchesmius has a statue. 
 
 Anchiale and Anchiala, a city on the 
 sea coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the 
 last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus 
 in its neighborhood, in one day. The 
 founder was buried there, and had a 
 statue, under which was a famous inscrip- 
 tion in the Syrian language, denoting the 
 great intemperance and dissipation which 
 distinguished all his life. There was a 
 city of the same name in Thrace, called by 
 Ovid the city of Apollo. There was an- 
 other in Epirus. 
 
 Anchialus, a famous astrologer. A 
 
 great warrior, father of 'Mentes. One 
 
 of the Pha>acians. 
 
 Anchimolius, a Spartan general sent 
 against the Pisistratidae, and killed in the 
 
 expedition. A son of Rhoetus. Vid. 
 
 Anchemolus. 
 
 Anchinoe, a daughter of Nilus, and 
 wife of Belus. 
 
 Anchion. Vid. Chion. 
 
 Anchise, a city of Daly. 
 
 Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis, 
 daughter of Bus. He was of such a beau- 
 tiful complexion, that Venus came down 
 from heaven on mount Ida, in the form of 
 a nymph, to enjoy his company. The 
 child which Venus brought forth, was 
 called .<Eneas ; he was educated as soon 
 as born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when 
 
AN 
 
 45 
 
 AN 
 
 of a proper age, was intrusted to the care 
 of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was 
 taken, Anchises was become so infirm that 
 iEneas, whom the Greeks permitted to 
 take away whatever he esteemed most, 
 earned him through the flames upon his 
 shoulders, and thus saved his life. He 
 accompanied his son in his voyage towards 
 Italy, and died in Sicily in the eightieth 
 year of his age. He was buried on mount 
 Eryx, by iEneas and Acestes, king of the 
 country, and the anniversary of his death 
 was afterwards celebrated by his son and 
 the Trojans on his tomb. 
 
 Anchisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at 
 the bottom of which was a monument of 
 Anchises. 
 
 Anchisiades, a patronymic of iEneas, 
 as being son of Anchises. 
 
 Anchoe, a place near the mouth of the 
 Cephisus, where there is a lake of the 
 same name. 
 
 Anchora, a fortified place in Galatia. 
 
 Anchurus, a son of Midas, king of 
 Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for the 
 good of his country, when the earth had 
 opened and swallowed up many build- 
 ings. The oracle had been consulted, and 
 gave for answer, that the gulf would never 
 close, if Midas did not throw into it what- 
 ever he had most precious. Though the 
 king had parted with many things of im- 
 mense value, yet the gulf continued open, 
 till Anchurus, thinking himself the most 
 precious of his father's possessions, took a 
 tender leave of his wife and family, and 
 leaped into the earth, which closed imme- 
 diately over his head. Midas erected there 
 an altar of stones to Jupiter, and that altar 
 was the first object which he turned into 
 gold, when he had received his fatal gift 
 from the gods. This unpolished lump of 
 gold existed still in the age of Plutarch. 
 
 Ancile and Ancyle, a sacred shield, 
 which, according to the Roman authors, 
 fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, 
 when the Roman people labored under a 
 pestilence. Upon the preservation of this 
 shield depended the fate of the Roman 
 empire, and therefore Numa ordered eleven 
 of the same size and form to be made, that 
 if ever any attempt was made to carry them 
 away, the plunderer might find it difficult 
 to distinguish the true one. They were 
 made with such exactness, that the king 
 promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, 
 whatever reward he desired. They were 
 kept in the temple of Vesta, and an order 
 of priests was chosen to watch over their 
 safety. These priests were called Salii, 
 and were twelve in number ; they carried 
 every year, on the first of March, the 
 shields in a solemn procession round the 
 walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises 
 to the god Mars. This sacred festival con- 
 tinued three days, during which every 
 important business was stopped. It was 
 
 deemed unfortunate to be married on those 
 days, or to undertake any expedition. 
 
 Ancon and Ancona, a town of Pice- 
 num, built by the Sicilians, with a harbor 
 in the form of a crescent, on the shores of 
 the Adriatic. Near this place is the fa- 
 mous chapel of Loretto, supposed by monk- 
 ish historians to have been brought through 
 the air by angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, 
 from Judaea, where it was a cottage, in- 
 habited by the virgin Mary. The reputed 
 sanctity of the place has often brought one 
 hundred thousand pilgrims in one day to 
 Loretto. 
 
 Ancus Martius, the fourth king of 
 Rome, was grandson to Numa, by his 
 daughter. He waged a successful war 
 against the Latins, Veientes, Fidenates, 
 Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount 
 Janiculum to the city by a bridge, and en- 
 closed mount Martius and the Aventine 
 within the walls of the city. He extended 
 the confines of the Roman territories to 
 the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, 
 at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherited 
 the valor of Romulus with the moderation 
 of Numa. He died B. C. 616, after a reign 
 of twenty-four years, and was succeeded 
 by Tarquin the elder. 
 
 Ancyrje, a town of Sicily. A town 
 
 of Phrygia. 
 
 Anda, a city of Africa. 
 
 Andabatje, certain gladiators who 
 fought blindfolded, whence the proverb, 
 Andabatarum more to denote rash and in- 
 considerate measures. 
 
 Andania, a city of Arcadia, where Aris- 
 tomenes was educated. It received its 
 name from a gulf of the same name. 
 
 Andega via, a country of Gaul, near the 
 Turones and the ocean, 
 
 Andera, a town of Phrygia. 
 
 Andes, a nation among the CeltcE now 
 
 Anjou. A village of Italy, near Mantua, 
 
 where Virgil was born. 
 
 Andocides, an Athenian orator, son of 
 Leogoras. He lived in the age of Socrates 
 the philosopher, and was intimate with 
 the most illustrious men of his age. He 
 was often banished, but his dexterity al- 
 ways restored him to favor. 
 
 Andomatis, a river of India, falling into 
 the Ganges. 
 
 Andr-emon, the father of Thoas. 
 
 The son-in-law and successor of CEneus. 
 
 Andragathius, a tyrant, defeated by 
 Gratian, A. D. 383. 
 
 Andragathus, a man bribed by Lysi- 
 machus to betray his country. 
 
 Andreas, a statuary of Argos. A man 
 
 of Panormum, who wrote an account of 
 all the remarkable events that had hap- 
 pened in Sicily. A son of the Peneus. 
 
 Part of Bo3otia, especially where Orcho- 
 menos was built, was called Andrels after 
 him. 
 
 Andriclus, a mountain of Cilicia. — - 
 
AN 
 
 46 
 
 AN 
 
 A river of Troas, falling into the Sca- 
 mander. 
 
 Andrisccs, a man who wrote an his- 
 tory of'Naxos. A worthless person call- 
 ed Pseudophilippus, on account of the like- 
 ness of his features to king Philip. He 
 incited the Macedonians to revolt against 
 Rome, and was conquered and led in tri- 
 umph by Metellus, 152 B. C. 
 
 Androbius, a famous painter. 
 
 Androclea, a daughter of Antipoenus 
 of Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, 
 sacrificed herself in the service of her 
 country, when the oracle had promised 
 the victory to her countrymen, who were 
 engaged in a war against Orchomenos, if 
 any one of noble birth devoted himself for 
 the glory of his nation. Antipoenus re- 
 fused to do it, and his daughters cheerful- 
 ly accepted it, and received great honors 
 after death. Hercules, who fought on the 
 side of Thebes, dedicated to them the 
 image of a lion m the temple of Diana. 
 
 Androcles, a son of Phintas, who 
 reigned in Messenia. — A man who wrote 
 an history of Cyprus. 
 
 Androclides, a noble Theban, who de- 
 fended the democratical, against the en- 
 croachments of the oligarchical, power. He 
 
 was killed by one of his enemies. A 
 
 sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave 
 an account of philosophers. 
 
 Androclus, a son of Codrus, who 
 reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus and 
 Samos. 
 
 Androcydes, a physician, who wrote 
 the following letter to Alexander : — Vinum 
 potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem 
 tcrrce, sicvti venerium est homini cicutar, sic 
 et vinum. 
 
 Androdamus. Vid. Andromadas. 
 
 Androdus, a slave known and protect- 
 ed in the Roman circus, by a lion whose 
 foot he had cured. 
 
 Androgeos, a Greek, killed by iEneas 
 and his friends, whom he took to be his 
 countrymen. 
 
 Androgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae, 
 was famous for his skill in wrestling. He 
 overcame every antagonist at Athens, and 
 became such a favorite of the people, that 
 jEgeus king of the country grew jealous 
 of his popularity, and caused him to be 
 assassinated as he was going to Thebes. 
 Some say that he was killed by the wild bull 
 of Marathon. Minos declared war against 
 Athens to revenge the death of his son, 
 and peace was at last reestablished on 
 condition that ^Egeus sent yearly seven 
 boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete 
 to be devoured by the minotaur. The 
 Athenians established festivals by order 
 of Minos, in honor of his son, and called 
 them Androgea. 
 
 Androgyne, a fabulous nation of Afri- 
 ca, beyond the Nasamones. Every one 
 of them bore the characteristics of the 
 
 male and female sex ; and one of their 
 breasts was that of a man, and the other 
 that of a woman. 
 
 Andromache, a daughter of Eetion, 
 king of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector 
 son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she 
 had Astyanax. She was so fond of hei 
 husband, that she even fed his horses with 
 her own hand. During the Trojan war 
 she remained at home employed in her 
 domestic concerns. Her parting with 
 Hector, who was going to a battle, in 
 which he perished, has always been 
 deemed the best, most tender and pathetic 
 of all the passages in Homer's Iliad. She 
 received the news of her husband's death 
 with extreme sorrow ; and after the taking 
 of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her 
 only son Astyanax, after she had saved him 
 from the flames, thrown headlong from 
 the walls of the city, by the hands of the 
 man whose father had killed her husband. 
 Andromache, in the division of the pris- 
 oners by the Greeks, fell to the share of 
 Neoptolemus, who treated her as his wife, 
 and carried her to Epirus. He had by her 
 three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Perga- 
 mus, and afterwards repudiated her. After 
 this divorce she married Helenus son of 
 Priam, who, as herself, was a captive of 
 Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over part 
 of the country, and became mother by 
 him of Cestrinus. 
 
 Andromachus, an opulent person of 
 Sicily, father to the historian Tinueus. 
 He assisted Timoleon in recovering the 
 
 liberty of the Syracusans. A general 
 
 of Alexander, to whom Parmenio gave the 
 government of Syria. He was burnt alive 
 by the Samaritans. A poet of Byzan- 
 tium. A sophist of Naples, in the age 
 
 of Dioclesian. 
 
 Andromadas, or Androdamus, a native 
 of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thra- 
 cians concerning the punishment of hom- 
 icide, &c. 
 
 Andromeda, a daughter of Cepheus, 
 king of ^Ethiopia, by Cassiope. She was 
 promised in marriage to Phineus, her un- 
 cle, when Neptune drowned the kingdom, 
 and sent a sea-monster to ravage the 
 country, because Cassiope had boasted 
 herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides. 
 The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was con- 
 sulted, and nothing could stop the resent- 
 ment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not 
 exposed to the sea-monster. She was 
 accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at 
 the moment that the monster was going 
 to devour her, Perseus, who returned 
 through the air from the conquest of the 
 Gorgons, saw her, and was captivated 
 with her beauty. He promised to deliver 
 her and destroy the monster, if he receiv- 
 ed her in marriage as a reward for his 
 trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus 
 changed the sea-monster into a rock, by 
 
AN 
 
 47 
 
 AN 
 
 showing him Medusa's head, and untied 
 Andromeda and married her. Some say 
 that Minerva made Andromeda a constel- 
 lation in heaven after her death. Accord- 
 ing to Pliny, it was at Joppa in Judasathat 
 Andromeda was tied on a rock. He men- 
 tions that the skeleton of the huge sea- 
 monster, to which she had been exposed, 
 was brought to Rome by Scaurus and care- 
 fully preserved. The fable of Andromeda 
 and" the sea-monster has been explained, 
 by supposing that she was courted by the 
 captain of a ship, who attempted to carry 
 her away, but was prevented by the inter- 
 position of another more faithful lover. 
 
 Andron-, an Argive, who travelled all 
 over the deserts of Libya without drink. 
 A man set over the citadel of Syra- 
 cuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised 
 him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, 
 which he refused to do. The tyrant put 
 him to death for not discovering that Her- 
 mocrates had incited him to rebellion. 
 
 A man of Halicarnassus who composed 
 
 some historical works. A native of 
 
 Ephesus, who wrote an account of the 
 seven wise men of Greece. 
 
 Andronicus Livius. Fid. Livius. 
 
 Andronicus, a peripatetic philosopher 
 of Rhodes, who flourished 59 years B. C. 
 He was the first who published and re- 
 vised the works of Aristotle and Theo- 
 
 phrastus. A Latin poet in the age of 
 
 Caesar. A Latin grammarian, whose 
 
 life Suetonius has written. A king of 
 
 Lydia, surnamed Alpyus. One of Al- 
 exander's officers. An astronomer of 
 
 Athens, who built a marble octagonal 
 tower in honor of the eight principal 
 winds, on the top of which was placed a 
 Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing 
 always to the side whence the wind 
 blew. 
 
 Axdrophagi, a savage nation of Euro- 
 pean Scythia. 
 
 Andropompus, a Theban who killed 
 Xanthus in single combat by fraud. 
 
 Andro3, an island in the JEgean sea. 
 Its chief town was called Andros. It had 
 a harbor, near which Bacchus had a tem- 
 ple, with a fountain, whose waters during 
 the ides of January tasted like wine. It 
 received the name of Andr6s from Andros 
 son of Anius, one of its kings, who lived 
 in the time of the Trojan war. 
 
 Andro9thenes, one of Alexander's 
 generals, sent with a ship on the coast of 
 
 Arabia. A governor of Thessaly, who 
 
 favored the interest of Pompey. He was 
 
 conquered by J. Caesar. A statuary of 
 
 Thebes. — -A geographer in the age of 
 Alexander. 
 
 Androtriox, a Greek, who wrote a 
 aistory of Attica, and a treatise on agri- 
 culture. 
 
 Anelontis, a river near Colophon. 
 
 Aneeastus, a king of Gaul. 
 
 Anemolia, a city of Phocis, afterwards 
 called Hyampolis 
 Anemosa, a village of Arcadia. • 
 Angelia, a daughter of Mercuiy. 
 Angelion, a statuary, who made Apol- 
 lo's statue at Delphi. 
 
 Angelus, a son of Neptune, born in 
 Chios, of a nymph whose name is un- 
 known. 
 
 Ascites, a river of Thrace, falling into 
 the Strymon. 
 
 Angli, a people of Germany, at the 
 north of the Elbe, from whom, as being a 
 branch of the Saxons, the English have 
 derived their name. 
 
 Angrus, a river of Illyricum, flowing in 
 a northern direction. 
 
 A*-GuiTiA,a wood in the country of the 
 Marsi, between the lake Fucinus and 
 Alba. Serpents it is said could not injure 
 the inhabitants, because they were de- 
 scended from Circe, whose power over 
 these venomous creatures has been much 
 celebrated. 
 
 Ania, a Roman widow, celebrated for 
 her beauty. One of her friends advised 
 her to marry again. No, said she, if I 
 marry a man as affectionate as my first 
 husband, I shall be apprehensive for his 
 death ; and if he is bad, why have him, 
 after such a kind and indulgent one ? 
 Anicetus, a son of Hercules, by Hebe 
 
 the goddess of youth. Afreedman who 
 
 directed the education of Nero, and be- 
 came the instrument of his crimes. 
 
 Anicia, a family at Rome, which, in 
 the flourishing times of the republic, pro- 
 duced many brave and illustrious citizens. 
 
 A relation of Atticus. 
 
 Anicium, a town of Gaul. 
 Anicius Gallus triumphed over the II- 
 lyrians and their king Gentius, and was 
 
 propraetor of Rome, A. U. C. 585. A 
 
 consul with Corn. Cethegus, A. U. C. 594. 
 
 Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth 
 
 century, famous for his humanity. 
 
 Anigrus, a river of Thessaly, where the 
 Centaurs washed the wounds which they 
 had received from Hercules, and made 
 the waters unwholesome. The nymphs 
 of this river are called Anigriades. 
 
 Anio and AruEN,now Taverone, a river 
 of Italy, flowing through .the country of 
 Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, 
 about five miles at the north of Rome. It 
 receives its name, as some suppose, from 
 Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned 
 himself there when he could not recover 
 his daughter, who had been carried away. 
 Anitorgis, a city of Spain, near which 
 a battle was fought between Asdrubal and 
 the Scipios. 
 
 Anius, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was 
 king of Delos, and father of Andrus. He 
 had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, 
 Spermo, and Elais, to whom Bacchus had 
 given the power of changing whatever 
 
AN 
 
 48 
 
 AN 
 
 <mey pleased into wine, corn, and oil. 
 When Agamemnon went to the Trojan 
 war, he wished to carry them with him 
 to supply his army with provisions ; but 
 they complained to Bacchus, who changed 
 them into doves. 
 
 Anna, a goddess in whose honor the 
 Romans instituted festivals. She was, 
 according to some, Anna the daughter of 
 Eelus and sister of Dido, who after her 
 sister's death, fled from Carthage, which 
 Jarbas had besieged, and came to Italy, 
 where .(Eneas met her, as he walked on 
 the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an 
 honorable reception, for the kindnesses 
 she had shown him when he was at Car- 
 thage. Lavinia, the wife of iEneas, was 
 jealous of the tender treatment which was 
 shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. 
 Anna was apprized of this by her sister in 
 a dream, and she fled to the river Numi- 
 cus, of which she became a deity, and or- 
 dered the inhabitants of the country to 
 tall her Anna Perenna, because she would 
 remain forever under the waters. Her 
 festivals were performed with many re- 
 joicings. They were introduced into 
 Rome, and celebrated the 15th* of March. 
 The Romans generally sacrificed to her, 
 to obtain along and happy life : and hence 
 the words Annare and Perennare. Some 
 have supposed Anna to be the moon, quia 
 ■mensibus impleat annum ; others call her 
 Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus, 
 and sometimes Maia. Another more re- 
 ceived opinion maintains, that Anna was 
 an old industrious woman of Bovillse, 
 who, when the Roman populace had fled 
 from the city to mount Sacer, brought 
 them cakes every day : for which kind 
 treatment the Romans, when peace was 
 reestablished, decreed immortal honors to 
 her whom they called Perenna, ab peren- 
 rJtate cultas, and who, as they supposed, 
 was become one of their deities. 
 
 Anna Commena, a princess of Constan- 
 tinople, known to the world for the Greek 
 history which she wrote, of her father 
 Alexius emperor of the east. 
 
 Annjeus, a Roman family which was 
 subdivided into the Lucani, Senecs, Flo- 
 ri, &c. 
 
 Annales, a chronological history which 
 gives an account of all the important 
 events of every year in a state, without 
 entering into the causes which produced 
 them. The annals of Tacitus may be 
 considered in this light. In the first ages 
 of Rome, the writing of the annals was 
 one of the duties and privileges of the 
 high-priest ; whence they have been call- 
 ed Annales Maximi, from the priest Pon- 
 tifez Maximus, who consecrated them, 
 and gave them as truly genuine and au- 
 thentic. 
 
 Annalis lex settled the age at which, 
 among the Romans, a citizen could be ad- 
 
 mitted to exercise the offices of the state. 
 This law originated in Athens, and was 
 introduced in Rome. No man could be a 
 knight before eighteen years cf age, nor 
 be invested with the consular power be- 
 fore he had arrived to his twenty-fifth 
 year. 
 
 Annianus, a poet in the age cf Trajan. 
 
 Annibal, a celebrated Carthaginian gen- 
 eral, son of Amilcar. He was educated in 
 his father's camp, and inured from his 
 early years to the labors of the field. He 
 passed into Spain when nine years old, 
 and at the request of his father, took a 
 solemn oath he never would be at peace 
 with the Romans. After his father's 
 death, he was appointed over the cavalry 
 in Spain ; and upon the death of Asdrubal, 
 he was invested with the command of all 
 the armies of Carthage, though not yet 
 in the twenty-fifth year of his age. In 
 three years of continual success, he sub- 
 dued all the nations of Spain which op- 
 posed the Carthaginian power, and took 
 Saguntum after a siege of eight months. 
 The city was in alliance with the Romans, 
 and its fall was the cause of the second 
 Punic war, which Annibal prepared to 
 support with all the courage and prudence 
 of a consummate general. He levied 
 three large armies, one of which he sent 
 to Africa, he left another in Spain, and 
 marched at the head of the third towards 
 Italy. He came to the Alps which were 
 deemed almost inaccessible, and had 
 never been passed over before him but by 
 Hercules, and after much trouble gained 
 the top in nine days. He defeated the 
 army of the consul Flaminius near the 
 lake Trasimenus, and soon after met the 
 two consuls C. Terentius and L. iEmilius 
 at Cannae. His army consisted of forty 
 thousand foot and ten thousand horse, 
 when he engaged the Romans at the cele- 
 brated battle of Cannae. The slaughter 
 was so great, that no less than forty thou- 
 sand Romans were killed, and the con- 
 queror made a bridge with the dead car- 
 casses ; and as a sign of his victory, he 
 sent to Carthage three bushels of gold 
 rings which had been taken from five 
 thousand six hundred and thirty Roman 
 knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, 
 immediately after the battle, marched his 
 army to the gates of Rome, it must have 
 yielded amidst the general consternation ; 
 but his delay gave the enemy spirit and 
 boldness. After hovering for some time 
 round the city, he retired to Capua, where 
 the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to 
 conquer in the pleasures and riot of this 
 luxurious city. From that circumstance 
 it has been said, and with propriety, that 
 Capua was a Cannse to Annibal. After 
 the battle of Cannfe the Romans became 
 more cautious, and when the dictator 
 Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice 
 
AN 
 
 49 
 
 AN 
 
 as well as the valor of Annibal, they be- 
 gan to look for better times. Marcellus, 
 who succeeded Fabius in the field, first 
 taught the Romans that Annibal was not 
 invincible. After many important de- 
 bates in the senate, it was decreed, that 
 war should be carried into Africa, to re- 
 move Annibal from the gates of Rome ; 
 and Scipio, who was the first proposer of 
 the plan, was empowered to put it into 
 execution. When Carthage saw the en- 
 emy on her coasts, she recalled Annibal 
 from Italy. He and Scipio met near Car- 
 thage, and after a parley, in which neither 
 would give the preference to his enemy, 
 they determined to come to a general eh- 
 gagement. The battle was fought near 
 Zama : Scipio made a great slaughter of 
 the enemy, twenty thousand were killed, 
 and the "same number made prisoners. 
 Soon after this decisive battle, the Ro- 
 mans granted peace to Carthage, on hard 
 conditions ; and afterwards Annibal, who 
 was jealous and apprehensive of the Ro- 
 man power, fled to Syria, to king Antio- 
 chus, whom he advised to make war 
 against Rome, and lead an army into the 
 Jieart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the 
 fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by 
 the Romans, who granted him peace on 
 the condition of his delivering their mortal 
 enemy into their hands. Annibal, who 
 was apprized of this, left the court of An- 
 tiochus, and fled to Prusias, king of Bithy- 
 nia. He encouraged him to declare war 
 against Rome, and even assisted him in 
 weakening the power of Eumenes, king 
 of Pergamus, who was in alliance with 
 the Romans. The senate received intelli- 
 gence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and 
 immediately sent ambassadors, amongst 
 whom was L, Q.. Flaminius, Jo demand 
 him of Prusias. The king was unwilling 
 to betray Annibal, and violate the laws of 
 hospitality, but at the same time he dread- 
 ed the power of Rome, Annibal extri- 
 cated him from his embarrassment, aad 
 when he heard that his house was besieg- 
 ed on every side, and all means of escape 
 fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which 
 lie always carried with him in a ring on 
 his finger, and as he breathed his last, he 
 exclaimed, Solvamus diuturnd curd popi/r- 
 lum Romanian, quando mortem senis expec- 
 tare longum eenset. He died in his seven- 
 tieth year, according to some, about 182 
 years' B.C. That year was famous for 
 the death of the three greatest generals of 
 the &se, Annibal, Scipio, and Phiioposmei). 
 
 The son of the great Annibal. -A 
 
 Carthaginian general, son of Asdrubal, 
 above one hundred and sixty years before 
 
 the birth of the great Annibal. A son 
 
 of Gisc&n, and grandson of Amilear, sent 
 by the Carthaginians to the assistance of 
 ^Egista, a town of Sicily. He was over- 
 pow&TBi by Hermocrates, an exijg<| Syrg- 
 
 cusan. A Carthaginian, surnamed Sen- 
 ior. 
 
 Anniceris, an excellent charioteer of 
 Cyrene, who exhibited his skill in driving 
 a chariot before Plato and the academy. 
 
 Annius Scapula, a Roman of great 
 dignity, put to death for conspiring against 
 Cassias. 
 
 ANNONand Hanno, a Carthaginian gen- 
 eral conquered in Spain by Scipio, and 
 
 sent to Rome. A Carthaginian who 
 
 taught birds to sing " Annon is a god,'* 
 after which he restored them to their na- 
 tive liberty ; but the birds lost with their 
 
 slavery what they had been taught. A 
 
 Carthaginian who wrote the account of a 
 voyage he had made round Africa. 
 
 Anopjea, a mountain and road near the 
 river Asopus. 
 
 Anser, a Roman poet, whom Ovid calls 
 bold and impertinent. 
 
 Ansibarii, a people of Germany. 
 
 Ant.ea, the wife of Proteus, called also 
 
 Stenobnea. A goddess worshipped by 
 
 the inhabitants of Antium. 
 
 Antjeas, a king of Scythia, who said 
 that the neighing of a horse was far pre- 
 ferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous 
 musician who had been taken captive. 
 
 Antjeus, a giant of Libya, son of Terra 
 and Neptune. Hercules attacked him, 
 and as he received new strength from his 
 mother as often as he touched the ground, 
 the hero lifted him up in the air, and 
 squeezed him to death in his arms. 
 
 Antagoras, a man of Cos. A Rho- 
 
 dian poet, much admired by Antigonus. 
 
 Antalcidas of Sparta, son of Leon, 
 was sent into Persia, where he made a 
 peace with Artaxerxes, by which, B. C. 
 387, the Greek cities of Asia became trib- 
 utary to the Persian monarch. 
 
 Ant.&nder, a general of Messenia, 
 against the Spartans. — — A brother of 
 Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. 
 
 Antandros, now St. Dimitri, a city of 
 Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near 
 which iEneas budlt his fleet after the de- 
 struction of Troy, 
 
 Anterrrogius, an ambassador to Caesar 
 from the'Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. 
 
 Anteius Publius was appointed over 
 Syria by Nero. He was' accused' of sedi- 
 tion and conspiracy, and drank poison. 
 
 Antemnje, a city of the Sabines be- 
 tween Rome and the Anio. 
 
 Antemor, a Trojan prince related to 
 Priam, After the destruction of hia" coun- 
 try, Antenor migrated to Italy near the' 
 Adriatic, where he built the town of ?%>- 
 
 dua. A statuary. A Cretan who 
 
 wrote a history of his country. 
 
 Antesopjdes, a patronymic given to 
 the three sons of Antenor, all killed dur- 
 ing the Trojan war. 
 
 Anteros, a son of Mars and Venus. 
 .Pnpid and Anteros are often represented 
 G 
 
AN 
 
 50 
 
 AN 
 
 striving to seize a palm-tree from one an- 
 other, to teach us that true love always 
 endeavors to overcome by kindness and 
 gratitude. A grammarian of Alexan- 
 dria, in the age of the emperor Claudius. 
 A freeman of Atticus. 
 
 Anthea, a town of Achaia. Of Mes- 
 
 senia. Of Trcezene. 
 
 Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in 
 attempting to sow corn from the chariot 
 of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. 
 
 Anthedon, a city of Bceotia, which re- 
 ceives its name from the flowery plains 
 that surround it, or Anthedon a certain 
 nymph. Bacchus and Ceres had there 
 temples. A port of Peloponnesus. 
 
 An el a, a town near the Asopus, near 
 which Ceres and Amphictyon had a tem- 
 ple. 
 
 Anthemjs, an island in the Mediterra- 
 nean, the same as the Ionian Samos. 
 
 Anthemon, a Trojan. 
 
 Anthemus, a city of Macedonia at 
 Therma?. A city of Syria. 
 
 Anthemusia, the same as Samos. — A 
 city of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Anthene, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Anthermus, a Chian sculptor, son of 
 Micciades, and grandson to Malas. He 
 and his brother Bupalus made a statue of 
 the poet Hipponax, which caused univer- 
 sal laughter, on account of the deformity 
 of its countenance. The poet was so in- 
 censed upon this, and inveighed with so 
 much bitterness against the statuaries, 
 that they hung themselves, according to 
 the opinion of some authors. 
 
 Anthes, a native of Anthedon, who 
 first invented hymns. A son of Nep- 
 tune. 
 
 Anthesphoria, festivals celebrated in 
 Sicily, in honor of Proserpine, who was 
 carried away by Pluto as she was gather- 
 ing flowers. Festivals of the same 
 
 name were also observed at Argos in hon- 
 or of Juno, who was called Antheia. 
 
 Anthesteria, festivals in honor of Bac- 
 chus among the Greeks. The slaves had 
 the permission of being merry and free 
 during these festivals ; and at the end of 
 the solemnity a herald proclaimed, " De- 
 part, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at 
 an end." 
 
 Antheus, a son of Antenor, much es- 
 teemed by Paris. One of the compan- 
 ions of JEnezs. 
 
 Anthia, a sister of Triam, seized by 
 the Greeks. She compelled the people of 
 Pallene to burn their ships, and build Sci- 
 
 one. A town. A daughter of Thes- 
 
 pius, mistress to Hercules. 
 
 Anthias. Fid. Antheas. 
 
 Anthippe, a daughter of Thestius. 
 
 Anthium, a town of Thrace, after- 
 wards called Apollonia. A citv of Italy. 
 
 Anthits, (flojFcry,) a name of Bacchus 
 worshipped at Athens 
 
 Antho, a daughter of Amulius king of 
 Alba. 
 
 Anthores, a companion of Hercules, 
 who followed Evander, and settled in 
 Italy. He was killed in the war of Tur- 
 nus against iEneas. 
 
 Anthralia, a nymph. 
 
 Anthropinus, Tisarchus, and Dio- 
 cles, three persons who laid snares for 
 Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. 
 
 Anthropophagi, a people of Scythia 
 that fed on human flesh. 
 
 Anthylla, a city of Egypt on the Ca- 
 nopic mouth of the Nile. 
 
 Antia lex was made for the suppres- 
 sion of luxury at Rome. Its particulars 
 are not known. 
 
 Antianira, the mother of Echion. 
 
 Antias, the goddess of fortune, chiefly 
 worshipped at Antium. A poet. 
 
 Anticlea, a daughter of Autolycus and 
 Amphithea, and mother of Ulysses. It is 
 said that Anticlea killed herself when she 
 heard a false report of her son's death. 
 
 Anticles, an Athenian archon. A 
 
 man who conspired against Alexander 
 
 with Hermolaus. An Athenian victor 
 
 at Olympia. 
 
 Anticlides, a Greek historian, whose 
 works are now lost. 
 
 Anticragus, a mountain of Lycia, op- 
 posite mount Cragus. 
 
 Anticrates, a Spartan, who stabbed 
 Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the 
 battle of Mantinea. 
 
 Anticyra, two towns of Greece, the 
 one in Phocis, and the other near mount 
 Oeta, both famous for the ellebore which 
 they produced. This plant was of infinite 
 service to cure diseases, and particularly 
 insanity ; hence the proverb Navigct jQnti- 
 cyram. A mistress of Demetrius. 
 
 Antidomus, a warlike soldier of king 
 Philip at the siege of Perinthus. 
 
 Antidotus, an excellent painter, pupil 
 of Euphranor. 
 
 Antigenes, one of Alexander's gen- 
 erals, publicly rewarded for his valor. 
 
 Antigenidas, a famous musician of 
 Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus. 
 
 Antigona, daughter of Berenice, was 
 wife to king Pyrrhus. 
 
 Antigone, a daughter of GEdipus, king 
 of Thebes, by his mother Jocasta. She 
 buried by night her brother Polynices, 
 against the positive orders of Creon, who, 
 when he heard of it, ordered her to be 
 buried alive. She however killed herself 
 before the sentence was executed. The 
 death of Antigone is the subject of one 
 of the tragedies of Sophocles. A daugh- 
 ter of Eurytion king of riithia in Thessaly. 
 
 A daughter of Laomedon. She was 
 
 the sister of Priam, and was changed into 
 a stork for comparing herself to Juno. 
 
 Antigonia, an inland town of Epirus. 
 One of Macedonia, founded by Anti- 
 
AN 
 
 51 
 
 AN 
 
 gonus, son of Gonatas. One in Syria, 
 
 on the borders of the Oront.es. Anoth- 
 er in Bithynia, called also Nicaa. An- 
 other in Arcadia, anciently called Manti- 
 nea. One of Troas in Asia Minor. 
 
 Antigonus, one of Alexander's gen- 
 erals, universally supposed to be the ille- 
 gitimate son of Philip, Alexander's father. 
 In the division of the provinces after the 
 king's death, he received Pamphylia, Ly- 
 cia, and Phrygia. He received so many 
 wounds in a battle that he could not sur- 
 vive them, and died in the 80th year of his 
 age, 301 B. C During his life, he was 
 master of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria. 
 He discharged some of his ofhcers because 
 they spent their time in taverns, and he 
 gave their commissions to common sol- 
 diers, who performed their duty with 
 punctuality. A certain poet called him 
 divine ; but the king despised his flattery, 
 and bade him go and inquire of his ser- 
 vants whether he was really what he sup- 
 posed him. Gonatas, son of Demetrius, 
 
 and grandson to Antigonus, was king of 
 Macedonia. The guardian of his ne- 
 phew, Philip, the son of Demetrius, who 
 married the widow of Demetrius, and 
 usurped the kingdom. He died B. C. 231, 
 after a reign of eleven years, leaving his 
 crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who 
 distinguished himself by his cruelties and 
 
 the war he made against the Romans. 
 
 A son of Aristobulus king of Judaea, who 
 obtained an army from the king of Parthia, 
 by promising him one thousand talents 
 and five hundred women. With these 
 foreign troops he attacked his country, and 
 cut the ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit 
 for the priesthood. Herod, with the aid 
 of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he 
 was put to death by Antony. — Carystius, 
 an historian in the age of Philadelphus. 
 A writer on agriculture. A statua- 
 ry who wrote on his profession. 
 
 Antilco, a tyrant of Chalcis. After 
 his death, oligarchy prevailed in that city. 
 
 Antilibanus, a mountain of Syria op- 
 posite mount Libanus j near which the 
 Orontes flows. 
 
 Antilochus, a king of Messenia. The 
 eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He 
 went to the Trojan war with his father, 
 and was killed by Memnon, the son of 
 
 Aurora. A poet who wrote a panegyric 
 
 upon Lysander, and received a hat filled 
 with silver. 
 
 Antimachus, a historian. A Greek 
 
 poet and musician of Ionia in the age of 
 Socrates. He was reckoned the next to 
 Homer in excellence, and the emperor 
 Adrian was so fond of his poetry that he 
 preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem 
 upon the Theban war ; and before he had 
 brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, 
 he had filled twenty -four volumes. An- 
 other poet of the same name, surnamed 
 
 Psecas, because he praised himself. A 
 
 Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the 
 restoring of Helen to Menelaus and Ulys- 
 ses, who had come as ambassadors to re- 
 cover her. A son of Hercules by a 
 
 daughter of Thestius. A native of He- 
 
 liopolis, who wrote a poem on the crea- 
 tion of the world, in three thousand seven 
 hundred and eighty verses. 
 
 Antimenes, a son of Deiphon. 
 
 Aivtinoe, one of the daughters of Peli- 
 as, whose wishes to restore her father to 
 youthful vigor proved so fatal. 
 
 Antinoeia, annual sacrifices and quin- 
 quenuial games in honor of Antinous, in- 
 stituted by the emperor Adrian at Manti- 
 nea. 
 
 Antinopolis, a town of Egypt, built in 
 honor of Antinous. 
 
 Antiivous, a youth of Bithynia, of whom 
 the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, 
 that at his death he erected a temple to 
 him and wished it to be believed that he 
 
 had been changed into a constellation. 
 
 A native of Ithaca, sou of Eupeithes and 
 one of Penelope's suitors. He was brutal 
 and cruel in his manners ; and excited his 
 companions to destroy Telemachus, whose 
 advice comforted his mother Penelope. 
 Antjochi*, the name of a Syrian 
 
 province. A city of Syria, once the 
 
 third city of the world for beauty, great- 
 ness, and population. It was built by An- 
 tiochus and Seleucus Nicanor, partly on a 
 hill, and partly in a plain. A city call- 
 ed also Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, built by 
 Seleucus, son of Antiochus. The capi- 
 tal of Pisidia ninety-two miles at the east 
 
 of Ephesus. A city on mount Cragus. 
 
 Another near the river Tigris, twenty- 
 five leagues from Seleucia, on the west. 
 Another in Margiana, called Alexan- 
 dria and Seleucia. Another near mount 
 
 Taurus, on the confines of Syria. An- 
 other of Caria, on the river Meander. 
 
 Antiochis, the name of the mother of 
 
 Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. A tribe 
 
 of Athens. 
 
 Antiochus, surnamed Sutei; was son of 
 Seleucus, and king of Syria and Asia. He 
 fell into a lingering disease, which none 
 of his father's physicians could cure for 
 some time, till it was discovered that his 
 pulse was more irregular than usual, when 
 Stratonice his step-mother entered his 
 room, and that love for her was the cause 
 of his illness. This was told to the fa- 
 ther, who willingly gave Stratonice to his 
 son, that his immoderate love might not 
 cause his death. He died 291 B. C. after 
 a reign of nineteen years. — —The second 
 of that name, was son and successor 
 of Antiochus Soter. He put an end 
 to the war which had been begun with 
 Ptolemy ; and, to strengthen the peace, he 
 married Berenice, the daughter of the 
 Egyptain king. This so offended his for- 
 
AN 
 
 52 
 
 AN 
 
 mer wife Laodice, by whom he had two 
 sons, that she poisoned him, and suborn- 
 ed Artemon, whose features were similar 
 
 to his, to represent him as king. The 
 
 third of that name, surnamed the Great, 
 brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king of 
 Syria and Asia, and reigned thirty-six 
 years. He coucpiered the greatest part of 
 Greece; and Annibal, who had taken 
 refuge at his court, encouraged him to 
 make war against Italy. He was glad to 
 rind himself supported by the abilities of 
 such a general ; but his measures were di- 
 latory, and not agreeable to the advice of 
 Annibal, and he was conquered and oblig- 
 ed to retire beyond mount Taurus, and 
 pay a yearly fine of two thousand talents 
 to the Romans. His revenues being una- 
 ble to pay the fine, he attempted to plun- 
 der the temple of Belus in Susiana, which 
 so incensed the inhabitants that they kill- 
 ed him with his followers, one hundred 
 and eighty-seven years before the Chris- 
 tian era. The fourth Antiochus, sur- 
 named Epiphanes, or Illustrious, was king 
 of Syria, after the death of his brother Se- 
 leucus, and reigned eleven years. He 
 destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to 
 the Jews, that they called him Epimaues, 
 
 or Furious, and not Epiphanes. The 
 
 fifth, surnamed Eupator, succeeded his 
 father Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 
 
 164 B. C. The sixth, king of Syria, was 
 
 surnamed Eutheus, or Noble. Before he 
 had been a year on the throne, Tryphon 
 murdered him 143 B. C. and reigned in 
 
 his place for three years. The seventh, 
 
 called Sidetes, reigned nine years.- — The 
 eighth, surnamed Grypus, from his aqui- 
 line nose, was son of Demetrius Nica- 
 nor by Cleopatra. He killed Alexander 
 Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose 
 him on the throne of Syria, and was at 
 last assassinated B. C. 112, after a reign 
 of eleven years. The ninth, surnam- 
 ed Cyzenicus, from the city of Cyzicus, 
 where he received his education, was son 
 of Antiochus Sidetes, by Cleopatra. He 
 
 killed himself, B. C. 93. The tenth 
 
 was ironically surnamed Pius. After his 
 death, the kingdom of Syria was torn to 
 pieces by the factions of the royal family 
 or usurpers, and B. C. 65, became a Ro- 
 man province. A philosopher of Asca- 
 
 lon. An historian of Syracuse. A 
 
 rich king, tributary to the Romans in the 
 
 age of Vespasian. A commander of the 
 
 Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades. A 
 
 writer of Alexandria. A sculptor, said 
 
 to have made the famous statue of Pal- 
 las, preserved in the Ludovisi gardens at 
 Rome. 
 
 Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, king of 
 Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupi- 
 ter, who, to deceive her, changed himself 
 
 into a satyr. A daughter of Thespius 
 
 or Thestius, mother of Alopius by Hercu- 
 
 les. A daughter of Mars, queen of the 
 
 Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, 
 
 and given in marriage to Theseus. A 
 
 daughter of iEohis, mother of Bo?otus and 
 riellen, by Neptune. A daughter of Pi- 
 Ion, who married Eurytus. 
 
 Antiorus, a son of Lycurgus. 
 
 Antifaros, a small island in the yEgean 
 sea, opposite Paros, from which it is about 
 six miles distant. 
 
 Antipater, son of lolaus, was soldier 
 under king Philip, and raised to the rank 
 of a general under Alexander the Great. 
 He has been suspected of giving poison to 
 Alexander, to raise himself to power. — 
 After Alexander's death, his generals di- 
 vided the empire among themselves, and 
 Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. At 
 his death, B. C, 319, Antipater appointed 
 Polyperchon master of all his possessions. 
 A son of Cassander, king of Macedo- 
 nia, and son-in-law of Lysimacbus. He 
 killed his mother, because she wished his 
 brother Alexander to succeed to the throne. 
 Alexander, to revenge the death of his 
 mother, solicited the assistance of Deme- 
 trius ; but peace was reestablished be- 
 tween the two brothers by the advice of 
 Lysimachus, and soon after Demetrius kill- 
 ed Antipater, and made himself king of 
 Macedonia, 294 B. C. A king of Mace- 
 donia, who reigned only forty-five days, 
 277 B. C. A kingofCicilia. A pow- 
 erful prince, father to Herod. An Athe- 
 nian archon. One of Alexander's sol- 
 diers, who conspired against his life with 
 
 Hermolaus. A celebrated sophist of 
 
 Hieropolis, preceptor to the children of 
 the emperor Severus. A Stoic philoso- 
 pher of Tarsus, 144 years B. C. A poet 
 
 of Sidon, who could compose a number 
 of verses extempore, upon any subject. 
 
 He flourished about SO years B. C. A 
 
 philosopher of Phoenicia, preceptor to Cato 
 
 of Utica. A Stoic philosopher, disciple 
 
 to Diogenes of Babylon. A disciple of 
 
 Aristotle, who wrote two books of letters. 
 
 A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of 
 
 Augustus. 
 
 Antipatria, a city of Macedonia. 
 
 Antipatridas, a governor of Telmessus. 
 
 Antipatris, a city of Palestine. 
 
 Antjfhanes, an ingenious statuary of 
 
 Argos. A comic poet of Rhodes, or 
 
 rather of Smyrna, who wrote above ninety 
 comedies, and died in the seventy-fourth 
 year of his age. A physician of Dclos. 
 
 Antiphates^ kingof the La?strygones, 
 descended from Lamus, who founded For- 
 
 miae. A son of Sarpedon. The 
 
 grandfather of Amphiaraus. A man 
 
 killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. 
 
 Antiphili portus, a harbor on the Af 
 rican side of the Red sea. 
 
 Antiphilus, an Athenian who succeed- 
 ed Leosthenes at the siege of Lamia 
 against Antipater. A noble painter who 
 
AN 
 
 53 
 
 AN 
 
 represented a youth leaning over a fire 
 and blowing it, from which the whole 
 .Souse seemed to be illuminated. 
 
 Antiphon, a poet. — A native of Rham- 
 nusia, called Nestor, from his eloquence 
 
 and prudence. An orator who promised 
 
 Philip, king of Macedonia, that he would 
 set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which 
 he was put to death at the instigation of 
 Demosthenes. — A poet who wrote on agri- 
 culture. An author who wrote a treatise 
 
 on peacocks. A rich man introduced 
 
 by Xenophon as disputing with Socrates. 
 
 - An Athenian who interpreted dreams, 
 
 and wrote a history of his art. A fool- 
 ish rhetorician. A poet of Attica, who 
 
 wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations. 
 Being once asked by Dionysius, what 
 brass was the best ? he answered, that 
 with which the statues of Harmodius and 
 Aristogiton are made. 
 
 Antiphonus, a son of Priam, who went 
 with his father to the tent of Achilles to 
 redeem Hector. 
 
 Antiphus, a son of Priam, killed by 
 
 Agamemnon during the Trojan war. A 
 
 son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. 
 He went to the Trojan war in thirty 
 
 ships. An intimate friend of Ulysses. 
 
 A brother of Ctimenus, was son of 
 
 Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two 
 brothers murdered the poet Hesiod. The 
 poet's dog discovered them, and they 
 were seized and convicted of the mur- 
 der. 
 
 Antipcenus, a noble Theban, whose 
 daughters sacrificed themselves for the 
 public safety. 
 
 Antipolis, a city of Gaul, built by the 
 ieople of Marseilles. 
 
 Antirrhium, a promontory of ^Etolia, 
 opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence 
 the name. 
 
 Antissa, a city at the north of Lesbos. 
 An island near it. 
 
 Antisthenes, a philosopher, born of an 
 Athenian father, and of a Phrygian mo- 
 ther. He taught rhetoric, and had among 
 his pupils the famous Diogenes. He was 
 the head of the sect of the Cynic phi- 
 losophers. A disciple of Heraclitus. 
 
 An historian of Rhodes. 
 
 Antistius Labeo, an excellent lawyer 
 at Rome, who defended the liberties of his 
 
 country against Augustus. Petro of 
 
 Gabii, was the author of a celebrated trea- 
 ty between Rome and his country, in the 
 
 age of Tarquin the Proud. C. Reginus, 
 
 a lieutenant of Csesar in Gaul. A sol- 
 dier of Pompey's army, so confident of his 
 valor, that he challenged all the adherents 
 of Caesar. 
 
 Antttaurus, one of the branches of 
 mount Taurus. 
 
 Antitheus, an Athenian arciion. 
 
 Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built 
 by Ascanius. It was the capital of the 
 • • 5* 
 
 Volsci, who made war against the Ro- 
 mans for above two hundred years. 
 
 Antomenes, the last king of Corinth. 
 After his death, magistrates with regal 
 authority were chosen annually. 
 
 Antonia lex was enacted by M. An- 
 tony, the consul, A. U. C. 710. It abro- 
 gated the lex Mia, and renewed the lex 
 Cornelia, by taking away from the people 
 the privilege of choosing priests, and re- 
 storing it to the college of priests. An- 
 other by the same, A. U. C. 703. It or- 
 dained that a new decury of judges should 
 be added to the two former, and that they 
 
 should be chosen from the centurions. 
 
 Another by the same. It allowed an ap- 
 peal to the people, to those who were con- 
 demned de majestale, or of perfidious meas- 
 ures against the state. Another by the 
 
 same, during his triumvirate. It made it 
 a capital offence to propose ever after the 
 election of a dictator, and for any person 
 to accept of the office. 
 
 Antonia, a daughter of M. Antony, by 
 Octavia. She married Domitius iEnobar- 
 bus, and was mother of Nero, and two 
 
 daughters. A sister'of Germanicus. 
 
 A daughter of Claudius and ^Elia Petina. 
 She was of the family of the Tubero's, 
 
 and was repudiated for her levity. The 
 
 wife of Drusus the son of Livia, and bro- 
 ther to Tiberius. She became mother of 
 three children, Germanicus, Caligula's fa- 
 ther ; Claudius the emperor, and the de- 
 bauched Livia. Her husband died very 
 early, and she never would marry again, 
 but spent her time in the education of her 
 children. Some people suppose her grand- 
 son Caligula ordered her to be poisoned 
 
 A castle of Jerusalem, which received 
 
 this name in honor of M. Antony. 
 
 Antonii, a patrician and plebeian fam- 
 ily, which were said to derive their origin 
 from Antones, a son of Hercules. 
 
 Antonina, the wife of Belisarius. 
 
 Antoninus, Titus, surnamed Pius, was 
 adopted by the emperor Adrian, to whom 
 he succeeded. This prince is remarkable 
 for all the virtues that can form a perfect 
 statesman, philosopher, and king. In his 
 conduct towards his subjects he behaved 
 with affability and humanity, and listened 
 with patience to every complaint brought 
 before him. He did not persecute the 
 Christians like his predecessors, but his 
 life was a scene of universal benevolence. 
 His last moments were easy, though pre- 
 ceded by a lingering illness. He died in 
 the seventy-fifth year of his age, after a 
 reign of twenty-three years, A. D. 161. 
 He was succeeded by his adopted son M. 
 Aurelius Antoninus, surnamed the phi- 
 losopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. 
 Bassianus Caracalla, son of the empe- 
 ror Septimus Severus, was celebrated for 
 his cruelties. After assuming the name 
 and dress of Achilles, and styling himself 
 
AN 
 
 54 
 
 AP 
 
 the conqueror of provinces he had never 
 seen, he was assassinated at Edessa by 
 Macrinus, April 8, in the forty- third year 
 of his age, A. D. 217. 
 
 Antoniopolis, a city of Mesopotamia. 
 
 M. Antonius Gnipho, a poet of Gaul 
 who taught rhetoric at Rome ; Cicero and 
 other illustrious men frequented his school. 
 
 An orator, grandfather to the triumvir 
 
 of the same name. He was killed in the 
 civil wars of Marius, and his head was 
 
 hung in the Forum. Marcus, the eldest 
 
 son of the orator of the same name, by 
 means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained 
 from the senate the office of managing the 
 corn on the maritime coasts of the Medi- 
 terranean with unlimited power. This 
 gave him many opportunities of plunder- 
 ing the provinces and enriching himself. 
 
 He died of a broken heart. Caius, a 
 
 son of the orator of that name, who ob- 
 tained a troop of horse from Sylla, and 
 plundered Achaia. Caius, son of Anto- 
 nius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and 
 assisted him to destroy the conspiracy of 
 
 Catiline in Gaul. Marcus, the triumvir, 
 
 was grandson to the orator M. Antonius, 
 and son of Antonius, surnamed Cretensis, 
 from his wars in Crete. He was augur 
 and tribune of the people, in which he 
 distinguished himself by his ambitious 
 views. When Cussar was assassinated in 
 the senate house, his friend Antony spoke 
 an oration over his body ; and to ingra- 
 tiate himself and his party with the popu- 
 lace, he reminded them of the liberal 
 treatment they had received from Cresar. 
 He besieged Mutina, which had been al- 
 lotted to D. Brutus, for which the senate 
 judged him an enemy to the republic, at 
 the remonstration of Cicero. He was con- 
 quered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, 
 and by young Cffisar, who soon after join- 
 ed his interest with that of Antony, and 
 formed the celebrated triumvirate, which 
 was established with such cruel proscrip- 
 tions, that Antony did not even spare his 
 own uncle, that he might strike off the 
 head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvi- 
 rate divided the Roman empire among 
 themselves ; Lepidus was set over all 
 Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony 
 returned into the east, where he enlarged 
 his dominions by different conquests. 
 During his residence in the east, he be- 
 came enamoured of the fair Cleopatra 
 queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia 
 the sister of Augustus, to marry her. This 
 divorce incensed Augustus, who now pre- 
 pared to deprive Antony of all his power. 
 Antony, in the mean time, assembled all 
 the forces of the east, and with Cleopatra 
 marched against Octavius Cassar. These 
 two enemies met at Actium, where a na- 
 val engagement soon began, and Cleopa- 
 tra, by flying with sixty sail drew Antony 
 from the battle, and ruined his cause. 
 
 After the battle of Actium, Antony follow- 
 ed Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was 
 soon informed of the defection of all his 
 allies and adherents, and saw the con- 
 queror on his shores. He stabbed himself, 
 and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by 
 the bite of an asp. Antony died in the 
 
 fifty-sixth year of his age, B. C. 30. 
 
 Julius, son of Antony the triumvir, by 
 Fulvia, was consul with Paulus Fabius 
 Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, 
 and put to death by order of Augustus. 
 Some say that he killed himself. Lu- 
 cius, the triumvir's brother, was besieged 
 in Pelusium by Augustus, and obliged to 
 surrender himself with three hundred men 
 by famine. The conqueror spared his life. 
 Felix, a freedman of Claudius, ap- 
 pointed governor of Judaga. Flamma, a 
 
 Roman, condemned for extortion, under 
 
 Vespasian. Gt. Merenda, a military tri 
 
 bune, A. U. C. 332. 
 
 Antorides, a painter, disciple to Aris 
 tippus. 
 
 Antro Coracius. Vid. Coracius. 
 
 Antylla. Vid. Anthylla. 
 
 Anubis, an Egyptian deity, represented 
 under the form of a man with the head oi 
 a dog. His worship was introduced from 
 Egypt into Greece and Italy. 
 
 Anxius, a river of Armenia, falling into 
 the Euphrates. 
 
 Anxur, called also Tarracina, a city of 
 the Volsci, taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 
 348. 
 
 An vta, a Greek woman, some of whose 
 elegant verses are still extant. 
 
 Anytus, an Athenian rhetorician, who 
 with Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates 
 of impiety, and was the cause of his con- 
 demnation. One of the Titans. 
 
 Anzabe, a river near the Tigris. 
 
 Aollius, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, 
 afterwards called Abillius. 
 
 Aon, a son of Neptune, who came to 
 Euboea and Bceotia, from Apulia, where 
 he collected the inhabitants into cities, 
 and reigned over them. 
 
 Aones, the inhabitants of Aonia, called 
 afterwards Bosotia. The muses have been 
 called Jlonides, because Aonia was more 
 particularly frequented by them. 
 
 Aonia, one of the ancient names of 
 Bceotia.. 
 
 Aokis, a famous hunter, son of Aras 
 
 king of Corinth. The wife of Neleus, 
 
 called more commonly Chloris. 
 
 Aornos, Aornus, or Aornis, a lofty 
 rock, supposed to be near the Ganges in 
 
 India, taken by Alexander. A place in 
 
 Epirus, with an oracle. A certain lake 
 
 near Tartessus. Another near Baiee 
 
 and Puteoli. It was also called Avernus. 
 
 Aoti, a people of Thrace near the Getae, 
 on the Ister. 
 
 Apait.e, a people of Asia Minor. 
 
 Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who 
 
AP 
 
 55 
 
 AP 
 
 married Pharnabazus satrap of Ionia. 
 
 A daughter of Antiochus. 
 
 Afame, the mother of Nicomedes by 
 
 Prusias king of Bithynia. The mother 
 
 of Antiochus Soter, by Seleucus Nicanor. 
 
 Apamia, or Apamea, a city of Phrygia, 
 
 on the Marsyas. A city of Bithynia — 
 
 of Media — Mesopotamia. Another near 
 
 the Tigris. 
 
 Aparni, a nation of shepherds near the 
 Caspian sea. 
 
 Afaturia, a festival at Athens, was 
 instituted in memory of a stratagem by 
 which Xanthus king of Bceotia was killed 
 by Melanthus king of Athens. This fes- 
 tival was adopted by the Ionians. A 
 
 surname of Minerva — of Venus. 
 
 Ape auros, a mountain in Peloponnesus. 
 
 Apelles, a celebrated painter of Cos, 
 ar, as others say, of Ephesus or Colophon, 
 son of Pithius. He lived in the age of 
 Alexander the Great, who houored him 
 so much that he forbade any man but 
 Apelles to draw his picture. Apelles 
 never put his name to any pictures but 
 three ; a sleeping Venus, Venus Anadyo- 
 mene, and an Alexander. The proverb 
 of Ne sutor ultra crepidam, is applied to 
 
 him by some. A tragic writer. A 
 
 Macedonian general. 
 
 Afellicon, a Teian Peripatetic philoso- 
 pher, whose fondness for books was so 
 great that he is accused of stealing them, 
 when he could not obtain them with 
 money. He died about eighty-six years 
 before Christ. 
 
 Apenninus, a ridge of high mountains 
 which run through the middle of Italy, 
 from Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. 
 They are joined to the Alps. 
 
 Afer, Marcus, a Latin orator of Gaul, 
 who distinguished himself as a politician, 
 as well as by his genius. He died A. D. 
 85. 
 
 Aperopia, a small island on the coast 
 of Argolis. 
 
 Apesus, ApESAs,or Apesantus, a moun- 
 tain of Peloponnesus near Lerna. 
 
 Aphaca, a town of Palestine, where Ve- 
 nus was worshipped. 
 
 ApHiEA, a name of Diana, who had a 
 temple in ^giria. 
 
 Aphar, the capital city of Arabia, near 
 the Red sea. 
 
 Apharetus fell in love with Marpes- 
 sa, daughter of (Enomaus, and carried her 
 away. 
 
 Aphareus, a king of Messenia, son of 
 
 Perieres and Gorgophone. A relation 
 
 of Isocrates, who wrote thirty-seven tra- 
 gedies. 
 
 Aphas, a river of Greece, which falls 
 into the bay of Ambracia. 
 
 Aphellas, a king of Cyrene, who en- 
 deavored to reduce all Africa under his 
 power. 
 
 Afhesas, a mountain in Peloponnesus, 
 
 Afhf,t.e, a city of Magnesia, where the 
 ship Argo was launched. 
 
 Afhidas, a son of Areas king of Arca- 
 dia. 
 
 Aphidna, a part of Attica. 
 
 Aphidnus, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by 
 Turnus. 
 
 Aphcebetus, one of the conspirators 
 against Alexander. 
 
 Afhrices, an Indian prince, who de- 
 fended the rock Aornus with twenty thou- 
 sand foot and fifteen elephants. He was 
 killed by his troops, and his head sent to 
 Alexander. 
 
 Afhrodisia, an island in the Persian 
 gulf where Venus is worshipped. Fes- 
 tivals in honor of Venus, celebrated in 
 different parts of Greece, but chiefly in 
 Cyprus. 
 
 "Aphrodisias, a town of Caria, sacred 
 to Venus. 
 
 Aphrodisium or a, a town of Apulia 
 built by Diomede in honor of Venus. 
 
 Aphrodisum, a city on the eastern parts 
 
 of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis. A 
 
 promontory with an island of the same 
 name on the coast of Spain. 
 
 Aphrodite, the Grecian name of Ve- 
 nus. 
 
 Afhytx, or Aphytis, a city of Thrace, 
 near Pallena, where Jupiter Amnion was 
 worshipped. 
 
 Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, 
 
 which it received from king Apis. 
 
 Also the name of the earth, worshipped 
 among the Lydians as a powerful deity. 
 
 Apianus, or Apion, was born at Oasis 
 in Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, 
 of which he was deemed a citizen. He 
 succeeded Theus in the profession of rhet- 
 oric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote a 
 book against the Jews, which Josephus 
 refuted. 
 
 Apicata, married Sejanus, by whom 
 she had three children. She was repu- 
 diated. 
 
 Apicius, a famous glutton of Rome. 
 There were three of the same name, all 
 famous for their voracious appetite. 
 
 Apidanus, one of the chief rivers of 
 Thessaly, at the south of the Peneus. 
 
 Apina and Afinje, a city of Apulia, de- 
 stroyed with Trica, in its neighborhood, 
 by Biomedes. 
 
 Apiola and Apiol.e, a town of Italy, 
 taken by Tarquin the Proud. 
 
 Apion, a surname of Ptolemy, one of 
 
 the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. A 
 
 grammarian. 
 
 Apis, one of the ancient kings of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. 
 He received divine honors after death, as 
 he had been munificent and humane to his 
 subjects. The country where he reigned 
 was called Apia ; and afterwards it re- 
 ceived the name of Pelasgia, Argia, or 
 Argolis, and at last that of Peloponnesus. 
 
AP 
 
 56 
 
 AP 
 
 from Pelops. A son of Jason, born in 
 
 Arcadia ; he was killed by the horses of 
 
 ^Etolus. A town of Egypt on the lake 
 
 Mareotis. A god of the Egyptians, wor- 
 shipped under the form of an ox. The ox 
 that was chosen was always distinguished 
 by particular marks ; his body was black ; 
 he had a square white spot upon the fore- 
 head, the figure of an eagle upon the back, 
 a knot under the tongue like a beetle, the 
 hairs of his tail were double, and his right 
 side was marked with a whitish spot, re- 
 sembling the crescent of the moon. With- 
 out these, an ox could not be taken as the 
 god Apis ; and it is to be imagined that 
 the priests gave these distinguishing char- 
 acteristics to the animal on whom their 
 credit and even prosperity depended. The 
 festival of Apis lasted seven days. - 
 
 Apisaon, son of Hippasus, assisted 
 Priam against the Greeks, at the head of 
 a Peeonian army. He was killed by Ly- 
 comedes. Another on the same side. 
 
 Apitius Galba, a celebrated buft'oon in 
 the time of Tiberius. 
 
 Apollinares ll-di, games celebrated at 
 Rome in honor of Apollo. The people 
 generally sat crowned with laurel at the 
 representation of these games, which 
 ivere usually celebrated at the option of 
 the pretor, till the year U. C. 545, when a 
 law was passed to settle the celebration 
 rearly on the same day about the nones of 
 July. 
 
 Afollinaris, C. Sulpitius, a gramma- 
 rian of Carthage, in the second century, 
 who is supposed to be the author of the 
 verses prefixed to Terence's plays as ar- 
 guments. 
 
 Apollonides, a Greek in the wars of 
 Darius and Alexander. 
 
 Apollini3 Arx, a place at the entrance 
 
 jjf the Sibyl's cave. Promontorium, a 
 
 promontory of Africa. Tempi urn, a 
 
 place in Thrace, in Lycia. 
 
 Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, 
 called also Phcebus, is often confounded 
 with the sun. According to Cicero, there 
 were four persons of this name. The tra- 
 iition that the son of Latona was born in 
 the floating island of Delos, is taken from 
 ihe Egyptian mythology. Apollo was the 
 srod of all the fine arts, of medicine, mu- 
 sic, poetry, and eloquenee, of all which 
 he was deemed the inventor. lie had re- 
 ceived from Jupiter the power of knowing 
 futurity, and he was the only one of the 
 gods whose oracles were in general repute 
 aver the world. He was very fond of 
 young Hyacintbus, whom he accidentally 
 killed with a quoit ; as also of Cyparissus, 
 who was changed into a cypress tree. 
 When his son ^sculnpius had been killed 
 with the thunders of Jupiter, for raising 
 he dead to life, Apollo, in his resentment, 
 Killed the Cyclops who had fabricated the 
 .nunderbolts Juniter was incensed at 
 
 this act of violence, and he banished Apol- 
 lo from heaven, and deprived him of his 
 dignity. The exiled deity came to Adme- 
 tus king of Thessaly, and hired himself 
 to be one of his shepherds, in which igno- 
 ble employment he remained nine years ; 
 from which circumstance lie was called 
 the god of shepherds, and at his sacri- 
 fices a wolf was generally offered, as that 
 animal is the declared enemy of the 
 
 sheepfold. He assisted Neptune in 
 
 building the walls of Troy ; and when he 
 was refused the promised reward from 
 Laomedon, the king of the country, he 
 destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. 
 — As soon as he was born, Apollo destroy- 
 ed with arrows the serpent Python, whom 
 Juno had sent to persecute Latona ; hence 
 he was called Pythius ; and he afterwards 
 vindicated the honor of his mother by put- 
 ting to death the children of the proud 
 Niobe. He was not the inventor of the 
 lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury 
 gave it him, and received as a reward the 
 famous caduceus with which Apollo wag 
 wont to drive the flocks of Admetus. 
 Apollo is generally represented with long 
 hair, and the Romans were fond of im- 
 itating his figure ; and therefore in their 
 youth they were remarkable for their fine 
 head of hair, which they cut short at the 
 age of seventeen or eighteen ; he is always 
 represented as a tall beardless young man 
 with a handsome shape, holding in his 
 hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre ; his 
 head is generally surrounded with beams 
 of light. He was the deity who, accor- 
 ding to the notions of the ancients, inflict- 
 ed plagues, and in that moment he appear- 
 ed surrounded with clouds. His worship 
 and power were universally acknowledg- 
 ed ; he had temples and statues in every 
 country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, 
 and Italy. His most splendid temple was 
 at Delphi, where every nation and individ- 
 ual made considerable presents when they 
 consulted the oracle. He had a famous 
 Colossus in Rhodes, which was one of the 
 
 seven wonders of the world. One of 
 
 the ships in the fleet of zEneas. Also a 
 
 temple of Apollo upon mount Leucas, 
 which appeared at a great distance at 
 sea. 
 
 Apollocrates, a friend of Dion, sup- 
 posed by some to be the son of Dionysius. 
 
 Apollodorus, a famous grammarian 
 and mythologist of Athens, son of Ascle- 
 pias, and disciple to Pantetius the Rhodi- 
 an philosopher. He flourished about 115 
 years before the Christian era. A trag- 
 ic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies 
 
 entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, Sec. A 
 
 comic poet of Gel a in Sicily, in the age of 
 
 Menander who wrote 47 plays. An 
 
 architect of Damascus, who directed the 
 building of Trajan's bridge across the 
 Danube. A disciple of Epicurus, the 
 
AP 
 
 57 
 
 AP 
 
 most learned of his school, and deserved- 
 ly suriuuued the illustrious. A painter 
 
 of Athens, of whom Zeuxis was a pupil. 
 
 A rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor 
 
 and !'i iend to Augustus, who wrote a book 
 
 on rhetoric. A tragic poet of Tarsus. 
 
 A Lemnian who wrote, on husbandry. 
 
 A physician of Tarentum. Anoth- 
 er of Cytium. 
 
 Apollonia, a festival at zEgialea in 
 
 honor of Apollo and Diana. A town of 
 
 Mygdonia. — Of Crete. — Of Sicily.— On the 
 coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 Apollonias, the wife of Attains king of 
 Phrygia, to whom she bore four children. 
 
 Apolloniades, a tyrant of Sicily, com- 
 pelled to lay down his power by Timoleon. 
 
 Apolloivides, a writer of Nic;ea. A 
 
 physician of Cos at the court of Arta- 
 xerx.es. 
 
 Apollo nius, a Stoic philosopher of 
 Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus Pius, to 
 instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoni- 
 nus. A geometrician of Perge in Pam- 
 
 phylia. A poet of Naucratis in Egypt, 
 
 generally called Apollonius of Rhodes, be- 
 cause he lived for some time there. A 
 
 Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a na- 
 tive of Alabanda in Caria. He opened a 
 school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, 
 and had J. Cjesar and Cicero among his 
 
 pupils. A Greek historian about the 
 
 age of Augustus, who wrote upon the phi- 
 losophy of Zenoand of his followers. A 
 
 Stoic philosopher who attended Cato of 
 
 Utica in his last moments. Thyaneus, 
 
 a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in 
 the secret arts of magic. Being one day 
 haranguing the populace at Ephesus, he 
 suddenly exclaimed, " Strike the tyrant, 
 strike him ; the blow is given, he is 
 wounded, and fallen !" At that very mo- 
 ment the emperor Domitian had been 
 stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired 
 much reputation when this circumstance 
 was known. He was courted by kings 
 and princes, and commanded unusual at- 
 tention by his numberless artifices. His 
 friend and companion, called Damis, wrote 
 his life, which two hundred years after 
 engaged the attention of Philostratus. In 
 his history the biographer relates so many 
 curious and extraordinary anecdotes of 
 his hero, that many have justly deemed it 
 a romance ; yet for all this, Hierocles had 
 the presumption to compare the impos- 
 tures of Apollonius with the miracles of 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 Apollophanes, a Stoic, who greatly 
 flattered king Antigonus, and maintained 
 that there existed but one virtue, pru- 
 dence. 
 Apomyios, a surname of Jupiter. 
 Aponiana, an island near Lilybreum. 
 M. Aponius, a governor of Mcesia, re- 
 warded with a triumphal statue by Otho, 
 for defeating nine thousand barbarians. 
 
 Apoxus, now Jlbano, a fountain, with a 
 village of the same name near Pataviurn 
 in Italy. The waters of the fountain, 
 which were hot, were wholesome, and 
 were supposed to have an oracular power. 
 
 Apostrophia, a surname of Venus in 
 Bmotia, who was distinguished under 
 these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and 
 Apostrophia. 
 
 Apotheosis, a ceremony observed by 
 the ancient nations of the world, by which 
 they raised their kings, heroes, and great 
 men, to the rank of deities. The nations 
 of the east were the first who paid divine 
 honors to their great men, and the Romans 
 followed their example, and not only dei- 
 fied the most prudent and humane of their 
 emperors, but also the most cruel and 
 profligate. Herodian has left us an ac- 
 count of the apotheosis of a Roman empe- 
 ror. After the body of the deceased was 
 burnt, an ivory image was laid on a couch 
 for seven days, representing the emperor 
 under the agonies of disease. The city 
 was in sorrow, the senate visited it in 
 mourning, and the physicians pronounced 
 it every day in a more decaying state. 
 When the death was announced, a young 
 band of senators carried the couch and 
 image to the Campus Martius, where ft 
 was deposited on an edifice in the form 
 of a pyramid, where spices and combusti- 
 ble materials were thrown After this the 
 knights walked round the pile in solemn 
 procession, and the images of the most il- 
 lustrious Romans were drawn in state, 
 and immediately the new emperor, with 
 a torch, set fire to the pile, and was 
 assisted by the surrounding multitude. 
 Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the 
 middle of the pile, which was supposed to 
 carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, 
 where he was ranked among the gods. 
 If the deified was a female, a peacock, 
 and not an eagle, was sent from the 
 flames. — The Greeks observed ceremonies 
 much of the same nature. 
 
 Afpia via, a celebrated road leading 
 from the porta Capena at Rome to Brun- 
 dusiurn, through Capua. Appius Claudius 
 made it as far as Capua, and it received 
 its name from him. It was continued and 
 finished by Gracchus, J. Caesar, and Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 Appiades, a name given to these five 
 deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, 
 and Peace, because a temple was erected 
 to them near the Appian road. 
 
 Appianus, a Greek historian of Alex- 
 andria, who flourished A. D. 123. His 
 universal history, which consisted of 
 twenty-four books, was a series of history 
 of all the nations that had been conquered 
 by the Romans in the order of time ; and 
 in the composition, the writer displayed, 
 with a style simple and unadorned, a 
 great knowledge of military affairs, and 
 C* 
 
AP 
 
 58 
 
 AQ 
 
 described his battles in a masterly man- 
 ner. This excellent work is greatly mu- 
 tilated, and there is extant now only the 
 account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, 
 Mithridatic, and Spanish Wars, with those 
 of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, 
 with a fragment of the Celtic wars. 
 
 Apii Forum, now Borgo Longo, a little 
 village not far from Rome, built by the 
 consul Appius. 
 
 Affius, the pranomen of an illustrious 
 
 family of Rome. A censor of that name, 
 
 A.U.C. 442. 
 
 Appius Claudius, a decemvir who ob- 
 tained his power by force and oppression. 
 He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom 
 her father killed to preserve her chastity. 
 This act of violence was the cause of a 
 revolution in the state, and the ravisher 
 destroyed himself when cited to appear 
 
 before the tribunal of his country. 
 
 Claudius Caucus, a Roman orator, who 
 built the Appian way and many aque- 
 ducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was 
 come to assist the Tarentines against 
 Rome, demanded peace of the senators, 
 Appius, grown old in the service of the 
 republic, caused himself to be carried to 
 the senate house, and, by his authority, 
 dissuaded them from granting a peace 
 which would prove dishonorable to the 
 
 Roman name. A Roman who, when 
 
 he heard that he had been proscribed by 
 the triumvirs, divided his riches among 
 his servants, and embarked with them for 
 Sicily. In their passage the vessel was 
 shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his 
 
 life. Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, 
 
 with Sp. Naut. Rutulius, conquered the 
 Celtiberians, and was defeated by Per- 
 seus, king of Macedonia. Claudius 
 
 Pulcher, a grandson of Ap. CI. Caecus, 
 consul in the age of Sylla, retired from 
 grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a pri- 
 vate life. Clausus, a general of the 
 
 Sabines, who, upon being ill-treated by 
 his countrymen, retired to Rome with five 
 thousand of his friends, and was admitted 
 into the senate in the early ages of the 
 
 republic. Herdonius seized the capitol 
 
 with four thousand exiles, A. U. C. 292, 
 and was soon after overthrown. Clau- 
 dius Lentulus, a consul with M. Perpen- 
 na. 
 
 Apries and Aprius, one of the kings of 
 Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to be 
 the Pharaoh Hophra of scripture. He 
 took Sidon, and lived in great prosperity 
 till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by 
 whom he was conquered and strangled. 
 
 Apsinthii, a people of Thrace : they 
 received their name from a river called 
 Apsinthus, which flowed through their 
 territory. 
 
 Apsinus, an Athenian sophist in the 
 third century, author of a work called 
 PrcBceptor de Arte Rhetoricd. 
 
 Apsus, a river of Macedonia falling into 
 the Ionian sea between Dyrrhachium and 
 Apollonia. 
 
 Aptera, an inland town of Crete. 
 
 Apuleia lex, was enacted by L. Apu- 
 leius the tribune, A. U. C. 652, for inflict- 
 ing a punishment upon such as were 
 guilty of raising seditions, or showing vi- 
 olence in the city. Varilia, a grand- 
 daughter of Augustus, convicted of adul- 
 tery with a certain Manlius in the reign 
 of Tiberius. 
 
 Apuleius, a learned man, born at Ma- 
 daura in Africa. He studied at Carthage, 
 Athens, and Rome, where he married a 
 rich widow called Pudentilla, for which 
 he was accused by some of her relations 
 of using magical arts to win her heart. 
 His apology was a masterly composition, 
 In his youth, Apuleius had been very ex- 
 pensive ; but he was, in a maturer age, 
 more devoted to study, and learnt Latin 
 without a master. The most famous of 
 his works extant is the Gulden Ass, in 
 eleven books, an allegorical piece replete 
 with morality. 
 
 Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Italy 
 between Daunia and Calabria. It was 
 part of the ancient Magna Grscia, and 
 generally divided into Apulia Daunia, and 
 Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its 
 wools, superior to all the produce of Italy. 
 Some suppose that it is called after Apu- 
 lus, an ancient king of the country before 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Apuscidamus, a lake of Africa. All 
 bodies, however heavy, were said to swim 
 on the surface of its waters. 
 
 Aquarius, one of the signs of the zodi- 
 ac, rising in January, and setting in Feb- 
 ruary. Some suppose that Ganymede was 
 changed into this sign. 
 
 Aquilaria, a place of Africa. 
 
 AquiLEiA,or AQuiLEGiA,atownfouna 
 ed by a Roman colony, called, from its 
 grandeur, Roma secunda, and situated at 
 the north of tbe Adriatic sea, on the con- 
 fines of Italy. The Romans built it chiefly 
 to oppose the frequent incursions of the 
 barbarians. The Roman emperors en- 
 larged and beautified it, and often made it 
 their residence. 
 
 Aquilius Niger, an historian. Mar- 
 cus, a Roman consul who had the gov- 
 ernment of Asia Minor. Sabinus, a 
 
 lawyer of Rome, surnamesd the Cato of 
 his age. He was father to Aquilia Severa, 
 
 whom Heliogabalus married. Severus, 
 
 a poet and historian in the age of Valen- 
 tinian. 
 
 Aquillia and Aquilia, a patrician fam- 
 ily at Rome, from which few illustrious 
 men rose. 
 
 Aquilo, a wind blowing from the north. 
 Its name is derived, according to some 
 from AquiJa, on account of its keenness 
 and velocity. 
 
AR 
 
 59 
 
 AR 
 
 Aquilonia, a city of the Hirpiai in It- 
 aly. 
 
 Aq.uiniu3, a poet of moderate capacity. 
 
 AquiNUM, a town of Latium, on the 
 borders of the Samnites, where Juvenal 
 was born. A dye was invented there, 
 which greatly resembled the real purple. 
 
 Aquitania, a country of Gaul, bounded 
 on the west by Spain, north by the prov- 
 ince of Lugdunum, south by the province 
 called Gallia Narbonensis. Its inhabitants 
 are called Aquitani. 
 
 Aha, a constellation, consisting of seven 
 stars, near the tail of the scorpion. 
 
 Ara lugdunensis, a place at the con- 
 fluence of the Arar and Rhone. 
 
 Arabarches, a vulgar person among 
 the Egyptians, or perhaps an usual ex- 
 pression for the leaders of the Arabians, 
 who resided in Rome. 
 
 Arabia, a large country of Asia, form- 
 ing a peninsula between the Arabian and 
 Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into 
 three different parts, Petraja, Deserta, and 
 Felix. It is famous for its frankincense 
 and aromatic plants. The inhabitants 
 were formerly under their own chiefs, an 
 uncivilized people, who paid adoration to 
 the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who 
 had their wives in common, and circum- 
 cised their children. The country has 
 often been invaded, but never totally 
 subdued. Alexander the Great expressed 
 his wish to place the seat of his empire in 
 their territories. The soil is rocky and 
 sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the 
 mountains rugged, and the country with- 
 out water. In Arabia, whatever woman 
 was convicted of adultery was capitally 
 punished. The Arabians for some time 
 supported the splendor of literature, which 
 was extinguished by the tyranny and su- 
 perstition "which prevailed in Egypt, and 
 to them we are indebted for the invention 
 of algebra, or the application of signs and 
 letters to represent lines, numbers and 
 quantities, and also for the numerical 
 characters of 1, 2, 3, <fcc. first used in Eu- 
 rope, A.D. 1253. Also, the name of the 
 
 wife of ^Egyptus. 
 
 Arabious si^us, a sea between Egypt 
 and Arabia, different, according to some 
 authors, from the Red sea, which they 
 suppose to be between ^Ethiopia and In- 
 dia, and the Arabian gulf further above, 
 between Egypt and Arabia. It is about 
 forty days' sail in length, and not half a 
 day's in its most extensive breadth. 
 
 Arabis, Arabiu», or Arbis, an Indian 
 river. 
 
 Arabs and Ahaeus, a son of Apolkvand 
 Babylone, who first invented medicine, 
 and taught it in Arabia, which is called 
 after his name. 
 
 Aracca and Arecca, a city of Susi- 
 ana. 
 
 Arachme, a woman of Colophon>daugh- 
 
 ter to Idincn a dyer. She was so skilful 
 in working with the needle, that she chal- 
 lenged Minerva, the goddess of the art, tc 
 a trial of skill. But though her piece was 
 perfect and masterly, she was defeated by 
 Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, 
 and was changed into a spider by the god- 
 dess. A city of Thessaly. 
 
 Arachosia, a city of Asia, near the 
 Massagetae. It was built by Semiramis. 
 
 One of the Persian provinces beyond 
 
 the Indus. 
 
 Arachotje and Arachoti, a people of 
 India, who received their name from the 
 river Arachotus, which flows down from 
 mount Caucasus. 
 
 Arachthias, one of the four capital 
 rivers of Epirus, near Nicopolis, falling 
 into the bay of Ambracia. 
 
 Aracillum, a town of Hispania Tarra- 
 conensis. 
 Aracosii, an Indian nation. 
 Araovnthus, a mountain of Acarnania, 
 between the Achelous and Evenus, not 
 far from the shore, and called Actaeus. 
 
 Aradus, an island near Phoenicia, joined 
 to the continent by a bridge. 
 
 Arje, rocks in the middle of the Medi- 
 terranean, between Africa and Sardinia, 
 where the Romans and Africans ratified a 
 treaty. It was upon them that iEneas 
 lost the greatest part of his fleet : they are 
 supposed to be those islands which are 
 commonly called JEgates. 
 
 Arjs Phil_enorum, a maritime city of 
 Africa, on the borders of Cyrene. 
 
 Arar, now the Saone, a river of Gaul, 
 flowing into the Rhone, over which Cae- 
 sar's soldiers made a bridge in one day. 
 
 Ararus, a Scythian river flowingthrough 
 Armenia. 
 
 Arathyrea, a small province of Achaia, 
 afterwards called Asophis, with a city of 
 the same name. 
 
 Aratus, a Greek poet of Cicilia, about 
 277 B. C. He was greatly esteemed by 
 Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, at 
 whose court he passed much of his time 
 and by whose desire he wrote a poem on 
 astronomy , in which he gives an account of 
 the situations, rising and setting, number 
 and motion of the stars. Aratus wrote be- 
 sides, hymns and epigrams, &c. and had 
 among his interpreters and commentators 
 many of the learned men of Greece whose 
 works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius 
 and Germanicus Caesar, who, in their 
 youth, or moments of relaxation, translat 
 
 ed the phenomena into Latin verse. The 
 
 son of CHnias and Aristodama, was born 
 at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river Aso- 
 pus. When he was but seven years of 
 age, his father, who held the government 
 of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, 
 who made himself absolute. After some 
 revolutions, the sovereignty came into the 
 hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murder- 
 
AR 
 
 GO 
 
 AR 
 
 ed, to restore his country to liberty. He 
 was so jealous of tyrannical power, that 
 he even destroyed a picture, which was 
 the representation of a tyrant. He joined 
 the republic of Sicyon in the Achaean 
 league, which he strengthened, by making 
 a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians, 
 and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was 
 chosen chief commander of the forces of 
 the Achaeans, and drove away the Macedo- 
 nians from Athens and Corinth. He made 
 war against the Spartans, but was con- 
 quered in a battle by their king Cleomenes. 
 To repair the losses he had sustained, he 
 solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, 
 and drove away Cleomenes from Sparta, 
 who fled to Egypt, where he killed him- 
 self. The ^Etolians soon after attacked the 
 Achaeans ; and Aratus, to support his char- 
 acter, was obliged to call to his aid Philip 
 king of Macedonia. His friendship with 
 this new ally did not long continue. Phi- 
 lip showed himself cruel and oppressive ; 
 and put to death some of the noblest of 
 the Achaeans, and even seduced the wife 
 of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was 
 now advanced in years, showed his dis- 
 pleasure by withdrawing himself from the 
 society and friendship of Philip. But this 
 rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the 
 power and influence of Aratus, and there- 
 fore he caused him and his son to be poi- 
 soned. Some days before his death, Ara- 
 tus was observed to spit blood ; and when 
 apprized of it by his friends, he replied, 
 " Such are the rewards which a connexion 
 with kings will produce." He was buried 
 with great pomp, by his countrymen ; and 
 two solemn sacrifices were annually made 
 to him, the first on the day that he deliv- 
 ered Sicyon from tyranny," and the second 
 on the day of his birth. During these sa- 
 crifices, which were called JLralcia, the 
 priests wore a ribbon bespangled with 
 white and purple spots, and the public 
 school-master walked in procession at the 
 head of his scholars, and was always ac- 
 companied by the richest and most emi- 
 nent senators, adorned with garlands. 
 Aratus died in the sixty-second year of his 
 age, B. C. 213. He wrote a history of the 
 Achaean league, much commended by Po- 
 lybius. 
 
 Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river 
 which separates Armenia from Media, and 
 
 falls into the Caspian sea. Anoiher 
 
 which falls into the Euphrates. Anoth- 
 er in Europe, now called Volga. 
 
 Arraces, a Mede who revolted with 
 Belesis against Sardanapalus, and founded 
 the empire of Media upon the ruins of the 
 Assyrian power, eight hundred and twen- 
 ty years before the Christian era. He 
 reigned above fifty years, and was famous 
 for the greatness of his undertakings, as 
 well as for his valor. 
 
 Arbela, now Irhll. a town of Persia, on 
 
 the river Lycus, famous for a battle fought 
 there between Alexander and Darius, the 
 second of October, B. C. 331. 
 
 Arbela, a town of Sicily, whose inhab- 
 itants were very credulous. 
 
 Arbis, a river on the western bounda- 
 ries of India. 
 
 Arbocala, a city taken by Annibal as 
 he marched against Rome. 
 
 Arbuscula, an actress on the Roman 
 stage, who laughed at the hisses of the 
 populace, while she received the applauses 
 of the knights. 
 
 Arcadia, a country in the middle of 
 Peloponnesus, surrounded on every side 
 by land. It received its name from Areas 
 son of Jupiter, and was anciently called 
 Drymodes, on account of the great numbei 
 of oaks (fyfc) it produced, and afterwards 
 Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The country has 
 been much celebrated by the poets, and 
 was famous for its mountains. The in- 
 habitants were for the most part all shep 
 herds, who lived upon acorns, were skil- 
 ful warriors, and able musicians. They 
 thought themselves more ancient than the 
 moon. Pan, the god of shepherds, chiefly 
 
 lived among them. A fortified village 
 
 of Zacynthus. 
 
 Arcadius, eldest son of Theodosius the 
 Great, succeeded his father A. D. 395 
 Under him the Roman power was divided 
 into the eastern and western empire. He 
 made the eastern empire his choice, and 
 fixed his residence at Constantinople ; 
 while his brother Honorius was made 
 emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. 
 In the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus atttack 
 ed the western empire, and plundered 
 Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold 
 ambitious woman, and died in the thirty 
 first year of his age, after a reign of thir 
 teen years, in which he bore the charac 
 ter of an effeminate prince, who suffered 
 himself to be governed by favorites, ami 
 who abandoned his subjects to the tyran- 
 ny of ministers, while he lost himself in 
 the pleasures of a voluptuous court. 
 
 Arcanum, a villa of Cicero's near the 
 Minturni. 
 
 Arc as, a son of Jupiter and Callisto. 
 He nearly killed his mother, whom June 
 had changed into a bear. He reigned in 
 Pelasgia, which from him was called Ar- 
 cadia, and taught his subjects agriculture . 
 and the art of spinning wool. After his. 
 death, Jupiter made him a constellation, 
 with his mother. As lie was one day 
 hunting, he met a wood nymph, who beg 
 ged his assistance, because the tree ovet 
 which she presided, and on whose pre- 
 servation her life depended, was going to 
 be carried away by the impetuous torrent 
 of a river. Areas changed the course of 
 the waters, and preserved the tree, anc 
 married the nymph, by whom he ban 
 three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and Elatus 
 
AR 
 
 61 
 
 AR 
 
 among whom he divided his kingdom. 
 
 One of Action's dogs. 
 
 Arce, a daughter of Thaumas, son of 
 Pontus and Terra. 
 
 Arcena, a town of Phoenicia, where 
 Alexander Severus was born. 
 
 Arcens, a Sicilian who permitted his 
 son to accompany iEneas into Italy, where 
 lie was killed by Mezentius. 
 
 Arcesilaus, son of Battus, king of Cy- 
 rene, was driven from his kingdom in a 
 sedition, and died B. C. 575. The second 
 
 of that name died B. C. 550. One of 
 
 Alexander's generals, who obtained Mes- 
 opotamia at the general division of the 
 
 provinces after the king's death. A 
 
 chief of Catana, which he betrayed to Di- 
 
 onysius the elder. A philosopher of 
 
 Pitane in iEolia, disciple of Polemon. He 
 visited Sardes and Athens, and was the 
 founder of the middle academy, as Socra- 
 tes founded the ancient, and Carneades 
 the new one. He pretended to know 
 nothing, and accused others of the same 
 ignorance. He was very fond of Homer, 
 and generally divided his time among the 
 pleasures of philosophy, love, reading, and 
 the table. He died in his seventy-fifth 
 year, B. C. 241, or 300 according to some. 
 
 - The name of two painters. A 
 
 statuary. A leader of the Boeotians dur- 
 ing the Trojan war. A comic and ele- 
 giac poet. 
 
 Arcesitjs, son of Jupiter, was grand- 
 father to Ulysses. 
 
 Arch^a, a city of iEolia. 
 
 Archsanax of Mitylene was intimate 
 with Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He 
 fortified Sigseum with a wall from the 
 ruins of ancient Troy. 
 
 Arch-eatidas, a country of Peloponne- 
 sus. 
 
 Archagathus, son of Archaga.th.us, was 
 slain in Africa by his soldiers, B. C. 285. 
 He killed his grandfather Agathocles, ty- 
 rant of Syracuse. A physician at Rome, 
 
 B. C. 219. 
 
 Archander, father-in-law to Danaus. 
 
 Archandros, a town of Egypt. 
 
 Arche, one of the muses, according to 
 Cicero. 
 
 Archegetes, a surname of Hercules. 
 
 Archelaus, a name common to some 
 kings of Cappadocia. A king of Mace- 
 donia, who succeeded his father Perdiccas 
 the second. He patronized the poet Euri- 
 pides. A king of the Jews, surnamed 
 
 Herod. Cassar banished him, for his cru- 
 elties, to Vienna, where he died. A 
 
 king of Lacedagmon,sonof Agesilaus. A 
 
 celebrated general of Mithridates, against 
 
 Sylla. A philosopher of Athens or Mes- 
 
 senia, son of Apollodorus, and successor 
 to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to So- 
 crates, arid was called Physicus. A 
 
 man set over Snsa by Alexander, with a 
 
 garrison of three thousand men, A 
 
 G 
 
 Greek philosopher, who wrote a history 
 
 of animals. A son of Electryon and 
 
 Anaxo. A sculptor of Priene, in the 
 
 age of Claudius. A writer of Thrace. 
 
 Archemachus, a Greek writer, who 
 published an history of Eubcea. — —A son 
 of Hercules — of Priam. 
 
 Archemorus, or Opheltes, son of Ly- 
 curgus, king of Nemsa, in Thrace, by 
 Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle, 
 queen of Lemnos, who had fled to Thrace, 
 and was employed as a nurse in the king's 
 family. Hypsipyle was met by the ar 
 my of Adrastus, who was going against 
 Thebes ; and she was forced to show them 
 a fountain where they might quench their 
 thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she 
 put down the child on the grass, and at 
 her return found him killed by a serpent. 
 
 Archepolis, a man in Alexander's ar- 
 my who conspired against the king with 
 Dymnus. 
 
 Archeptolemus, son of Iphitus, king 
 of Elis, went to the Trojan war, and 
 fought against the Greeks. As he was 
 fighting near Hector, he was killed by 
 Ajax son of Telamon. 
 
 Archestratus, a tragic poet, whose 
 pieces were acted during the Peloponne- 
 
 sian war. A man so small and lean, 
 
 that he could be placed in a dish without 
 filling it. A follower of Epicurus. 
 
 ARCHETiMus,the first philosophical wri- 
 ter in the age of the seven wise men of 
 Greece. 
 
 Archetius, a Rutulian, killed by the 
 Trojans. 
 
 Archia, one of the Oceanides, wife to 
 Inachus. 
 
 Archias, a Corinthian descended from 
 Hercules. He founded Syracuse B. C. 
 
 732. A poet of Antioch, intimate with 
 
 the Luculli. He obtained the rank and 
 name of a Roman citizen by the means of 
 Cicero, who defended him in an elegant 
 oration, when his enemies had disputed 
 
 his privileges of citizen of Rome. A 
 
 Polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the 
 
 conspiracy of Pelopidas. A high-priest 
 
 of Athens, contemporary and intimate 
 with the Polemarch of the same name. 
 
 Archibiades, a philosopher of Athens, 
 who affected the manners of the Spar- 
 tans. 
 
 Archibius, the son of the geographer 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Archidamia, a priestess of Ceres, who, 
 on account of her affection for Aristo- 
 menes, restored him to liberty when he 
 had been taken prisoner by her female at- 
 tendants at the celebration of their festi- 
 vals. A daughter ol'Cleadas, who, upon 
 
 hearing that her countrymen the Spartans, 
 were debating whether they should send 
 away their women to Crete against the 
 hostile approach of Pyrrhus, seized a 
 sword, and ran to the senate house, ex- 
 
AR 
 
 62 
 
 AR 
 
 claiming that the women were a9 able to 
 fight as the men. Upon this the decree 
 was repealed. 
 
 Archidamus, son of Theopompus, king 
 of Sparta, died before his father. An- 
 other, king of Sparta, son of Anaxida- 
 
 inus, succeeded by Agasicles. Another, 
 
 grandson of Leotychidas, by his son Zeux- 
 idamus. He was called to the aid of Ta- 
 rentum against the Romans, and killed 
 there in a battle, after a reign of thirty- 
 three years. 
 
 Archidas, a tyrant of Athens, killed by 
 his troops. 
 
 Aechidemus, a Stoic philosopher, who 
 willingly exiled himself among the Par- 
 thians. 
 
 Archideus, a son of Amyntas, king of 
 Macedonia. 
 
 Archidium, a city of Crete, named af- 
 ter Archidius son of Tegeates. 
 
 Archi callus, the high-priest of Cybele's 
 temple. Fid. Galli. 
 
 Archigenes, a physician, born at Apa- 
 mea, in Syria. He lived in the reign of 
 Domitian," Nerva, and Trajan, and died 
 in the seventy -third year of his age. 
 
 Archilochus, a poet ofParos, who wrote 
 elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and 
 was the first who introduced iambics in 
 his verses. He flourished 685 B. C. and it 
 is said that lie was assassinated. Some 
 fragments of his poetry remain, which 
 display vigor and animation, boldness and 
 vehemence in the highest degree ; from 
 which reason, perhaps, Cicero calls viru- 
 lent edicts, Archilochia edicta. A son 
 
 of Nestor, killed by Memnon in the Tro- 
 jan war. 
 
 Archimedes, a famous geometrician of 
 Syracuse, who invented a machine of 
 glass that faithfully represented the mo- 
 tion of all the heavenly bodies. When 
 Marcellus, the Roman consul, besieged 
 Syracuse, Archimedes constructed ma- 
 chines which suddenly raised up in the 
 air the ships of the enemy from the bay 
 before the city, and then let them fall with 
 such violence into the water that they 
 sunk. He set them also on fire with his 
 burning glasses. When the town was 
 taken, the Roman general gave strict or- 
 ders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes, 
 and even offered a reward to him who 
 should bring him alive and safe into his 
 presence. All these precautions were 
 useless : the philosopher was so deeply 
 engaged in solving a problem, that he was 
 even ignorant that the enemy were in 
 possession of the town ; and a soldier, 
 without knowing who he was, killed him, 
 because he refused to follow him, B. C.212. 
 Archi nus, a man who, when he was 
 appointed to distribute new arms among 
 the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary 
 
 band, and made himself absolute. A 
 
 rhetorician of Athens. 
 
 Archipelagic, a part of a sea where 
 islands in great number are interspersed, 
 such as that part of the Mediterranean 
 which lies between Greece and Asia Mi- 
 nor, and is generally called MareiEgeum 
 
 Archi polis, a soldier who conspired 
 against Alexander with Dymnus. 
 
 Archippe, a city of the Marsi, destroy- 
 ed by an earthquake, and lost in the lake 
 of Fucinus. 
 
 Archippus, a king of Italy, from whom 
 perhaps the town of Archippe received ita 
 
 name. A philosopher of Thebes, pupil 
 
 to Pythagoras. An archon at Athens 
 
 A comic poet of Athens, of whose 
 
 eight comedies only one obtained the prize. 
 A philosopher in the age of Trajan. 
 
 Architis, a name of Venus, worship- 
 ped on mount Libanus. 
 
 Archon, one of Alexander's generals, 
 who received the provinces of Babylon, 
 at the general division after the king's 
 death. 
 
 Archontes, the name of the chief ma- 
 gistrates of Athens. They were nine in 
 number, and none were chosen but such 
 as were descended from ancestors who 
 had been free citizens of the republic for 
 three generations. They took a solemn 
 oath, that they would observe the laws, 
 administer justice with impartiality, and 
 never suffer themselves to be corrupted. 
 They all had the power of punishing mal- 
 efactors with death. The chief among 
 them was called Archon, and the year took 
 its denomination from him. These offi- 
 cers of state were chosen after the death 
 of king Codrus ; their power was origin- 
 ally for life, but afterwards it was limited 
 to ten years, and at last to one year. 
 
 Archylus Thurius, a general of Dio- 
 nysius the elder. 
 
 Archytas, a musician of Mitylene, who 
 
 wrote a treatise on agriculture. The 
 
 son of Hestiams of Tarentum, was a fol- 
 lower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and 
 an able astronomer and geometrician. He 
 invented some mathematical instruments, 
 and made a wooden pigeon which could 
 fly. He perished in a shipwreck, about 
 three hundred and ninety-four years be- 
 fore the Christian era. 
 
 ARciTENENs,an epithet applied to Apol- 
 lo, from his bearing a bow. 
 
 Arctinus, a Milesian poet said to be 
 pupil to Homer. 
 
 A.RCTOPHYH.X, a star near the great 
 bear, called also Bootes. 
 
 Arctos, a mountain near Propontis, in- 
 habited by giants and monsters. Two 
 
 celestial constellations near the north 
 pole, commonly called Ursa Major and 
 Minor. 
 
 Arcturus, a star near the tail of the 
 great bear, whose rising and setting were 
 generally supposed to portend great tem- 
 pests. 
 
AR 
 
 63 
 
 AR 
 
 Ardalus, a son of Vulcan, said to have 
 been the first who invented the pipe. 
 Ardania, a country of Egypt. 
 Ardaxanus, a small river of Illyricum. 
 Ardea, formerly Ardua, a town of La- 
 tium, built by Danae, or according to some, 
 by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was 
 the capital of the Rutuli. 
 
 Ardericca, a small town on the Eu- 
 phrates, north of Babylon. 
 
 Ardi^i, a people of Illyricum, whose 
 capital was called Ardia. 
 Aroonea, a town of Apulia. 
 Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea. 
 Arduenna, now Ardenne, a large forest 
 of Gaul, in the time of J. Caesar, which 
 extended fifty miles from the Rhine to the 
 borders of the Nervii. 
 
 Arduixe, the goddess of hunting among 
 the Gauls ; represented with the same at- 
 tributes as the Diana of the Romans. 
 Ard tenses, a nation near the Rhone. 
 Ardys, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, 
 who reigned forty-nine"years, took Priene, 
 and made war against Miletus. 
 
 Area, a surname of Minerva, from her 
 temple on Mars' hill («■<?*;?) erected by 
 Orestes. 
 Areacidje, a nation of Numidia. 
 Areas, a general chosen by the Greeks 
 against ^Etolia. 
 
 Aregonis, the mother of Mopsus by 
 Ampyx. 
 
 Arelatum, a town of Gallia Narbonen- 
 sis. 
 
 Arellius, a celebrated painter of Rome, 
 in the age of Augustus. He painted the 
 goddesses in the form of his mistresses. 
 
 Aremorica, a part of Gaul, at the north 
 of the Loire, now called Brittany. 
 
 Arena and Arene, a city of Messenia, 
 in Peloponnesus. 
 Arenacum, a town of Germany. 
 Areopagit.3c, the judges of the Areopa- 
 gus, a seat of justice on a small eminence 
 near Athens. The number of judges that 
 composed this august assembly is not 
 known. The most worthy and religious 
 of trie Athenians were admitted as mem- 
 bers, and such archons as had discharged 
 their duty with care and faithfulness. 
 The Areopagite3 took cognizance of mur- 
 ders, impiety, and immoral behavior, and 
 particularly of idleness, which they deem- 
 ed the cause of all vice. They watched 
 over the laws, and they had the manage- 
 ment of the public treasury ; they had the 
 liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of 
 inflicting severe punishment upon such 
 as blasphemed against the gods, or slight- 
 ed the celebration of the holy mysteries. 
 They always sat in the open air, because 
 they took cognizance of murder ; and by 
 their laws it was not permitted for the 
 murderer and his accuser to be both under 
 the same roof, 
 
 Areopagus, a hill in the neighborhood 
 of Athens. Vid. Areopagita?. 
 
 Arest.e, a people of India, conquered 
 by Alexander. 
 
 Aresthanas, a countryman, whose goat 
 suckled iEsculapius, when exposed by his 
 mother. 
 
 Arestorides, a patronymic given to 
 the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Ares- 
 tor. 
 
 Areta, the mother of Aristippus the 
 
 philosopher. A daughter of Dionysius, 
 
 who married Dion. She was thrown into 
 
 the sea. A female philosopher of Cv- 
 
 rene, B. C. 377. 
 
 Areta, a daughter of Rhexenor, de- 
 scended from Neptune. 
 
 Aret^eus, a physician of Cappadocia, 
 very inquisitive after the operations of na- 
 ture. 
 
 Aretaphila, the wife of Melanippus, a 
 priest of Cyrene.. 
 
 Aretales, a Cnidian, who wrote an 
 history of Macedonia, besides a treatise 
 on islands. 
 
 Arete. Vid. Areta. 
 
 Aretes, one of Alexander's officers. 
 
 Arethusa, a nymph of Elis, daughter 
 of Oceanus, and one of Diana's attend- 
 ants. As she returned one day from hunt- 
 ing, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed 
 in the stream. The god of the river was 
 enamored of her, and he pursued her over 
 the mountains and all the country, when 
 Arethusa ready to sink under fatigue, 
 implored Diana, who changed her into a 
 fountain. The Alpheus immediately min- 
 gled his streams with hers, and Diana 
 opened a secret pas-age under the earth 
 and under the sea, where the waters of 
 Arethusa disappeared, and rose, in the is- 
 land of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily, 
 The river Alpheus followed her also under 
 
 the sea, and rose also in Ortygia. One 
 
 of the Hesperides. A daughter of Heri- 
 
 leus, mother of Abas, by Neptune. 
 
 One of Action's dogs. A lake of upper 
 
 Armenia, near the fountains of the Tigris. 
 
 Nothing can sink under its waters. A 
 
 town of Thrace. Another in Syria. 
 
 Aretinum, a Roman colony in Efruria. 
 
 Aretus, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. 
 
 A Trojan against the Greeks. He 
 
 was killed by Automedon.— — A famous 
 warrior, whose only weapon was an iron 
 club. He was treacherously killed by Ly- 
 curgus, king of Arcadia. 
 
 Areus, a king of Sparta, preferred in 
 the succession to Cleonymus, brother of 
 Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with 
 Pyrrhus. A king of Sparta. A phi- 
 losopher of Alexandria, intimate with Au- 
 gustus. A poet of Laconia. 
 
 Arg^eus and Argeus, a son of Apollo 
 
 and Cyrene. A son of Perdiccas, who 
 
 succeeded his father in the kingdom of 
 Macedonia. A mountain of Cappado- 
 
AR 
 
 64 
 
 AR 
 
 cia, covered with perpetual snows. A 
 
 son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. 
 
 Argalus, a king of Sparta, son of Amy- 
 clas. 
 
 Akgathona, a huntress of Ciosin Bithy- 
 nia, whom Rhesus married before he went 
 to the Trojan war. When she heard of 
 his death, she died in despair. 
 
 ARGATHONius,akingofTartessus, who, 
 according to Pliny, lived one hundred and 
 twenty years, and three hundred accord- 
 ing to Italicus. 
 
 Arge, a beautiful huntress, changed 
 into a stag by Apollo. One of the Cy- 
 clops. A daughter of Thespius, by 
 
 whom Hercules had two sons. 
 
 Argea, a place at Rome, where certain 
 Argives were buried. 
 
 Arg^athjg, a village of Arcadia. 
 
 Argemnum, a promontory of Ionia. 
 
 Arges, a son of Crelus and Terra, who 
 had only one eye in his forehead. 
 
 Argestratus, a king of Lacedaemon, 
 who reigned thirty-five years. 
 
 Argeus, a son of Perdiccas, king of Ma- 
 cedonia, who obtained the kingdom when 
 Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. 
 
 Argia, daughter of Adrastus, married 
 Polynices, whom she loved with uncom- 
 mon tenderness. When he was killed in 
 the war, she buried his body in the night, 
 against the positive orders of Creon, for 
 which pious action she was punished with 
 
 death. A country of Peloponnesus, 
 
 called also Argolis. One of the Oceani- 
 
 des. The wife of Inachus, and mother 
 
 of Io. The mother of Argos by Polybus. 
 
 A daughter of Autesion. 
 
 Argias, a man who founded Chalcedon, 
 A. U. C. 148. 
 
 Argiletum, a place at Rome, where the 
 tradesmen generally kept their shops. 
 
 Argilius, a favorite youth of Pausanias, 
 who revealed his master's correspondence 
 with the Persian king, to the Ephori. 
 
 Argillus, a mountain of Egypt near 
 the Nile. 
 
 Argilus, a town of Thrace, near the 
 Strymon, built hy a colony of Andrians. 
 
 Arginus.e, three small islands near the 
 continent, between Mitylene and Me- 
 thymna. 
 
 Argiope, a nymph of mount Parnassus. 
 
 Argiphontes, a surname given to Mer- 
 cury, because he killed the hundred-eyed 
 Argus, by order of Jupiter. 
 
 Argippei, a nation among the Sauro- 
 matians, born bald, and with flat noses. 
 
 Argiva, a surname of Juno, worshipped 
 at Argos. 
 
 Argivi, the inhabitants of the city of 
 Argos and the neighboring country. The 
 word is indiscriminately applied to all the 
 inhabitants of Greece. 
 
 Argius, a steward of Galba, who pri- 
 vately interred the body of his master in 
 his gardens. 
 
 Argo, the name of the famous ship 
 which carried Jason and his fifty- four 
 companions to Colchis, when they re- 
 solved to recover the golden fleece. The 
 poets have made her a constellation in 
 heaven. 
 
 Argolicus sinus, a bay on the coast of 
 Argolis. 
 
 Argoeis and Argia, a country of Pelo- 
 ponnesus between Arcadia and the iEgean 
 sea. Its chief city was called Argos. 
 
 Argon, one of the descendants of Her- 
 cules, "who reigned in Lydia five hundred 
 and five years before Gyges. 
 
 Argonaut.*:, a name given to those an- 
 cient heroes who w r ent with Jason on 
 board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 
 seventy-nine years before the taking of 
 Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes of this 
 expedition arose from the following cir- 
 cumstance: — Athamas, king of Thebes, 
 had married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, 
 whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by 
 whom he had two children, Phryxus and 
 Helle. As Nephele was subject to certain 
 fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, 
 and took a second time Ino, by whom he 
 had soon after two sons, Learchus and 
 Melicerta. As the children of Nephele 
 were to succeed to their father by right of 
 birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred 
 against them, and she caused the city of 
 Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by 
 poisoning all the grain which had been 
 sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle 
 was consulted ; and as it had been cor- 
 rupted by means of Ino, the answer was, 
 that Nephele's children should be immo- 
 lated to the gods. Phryxus was apprized 
 of this, and he immediately embarked 
 with his sister Helle, and fled to the court 
 of iEetes, king of Colchis, one of his near 
 relations. The poets have embellished the 
 flight of Phryxus, by supposing that he 
 and Helle fled through the air on a ram 
 which had a golden fleece and wings, and 
 was endowed with the faculties of speech. 
 As they were going to be sacrificed, the 
 ram took them on his back, and instantly 
 disappeared in the air. On their way 
 Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of 
 the sea which from her was called the 
 Hellespont. When Phryxus came to Col- 
 chis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or, 
 according to others, to Mars, to whom he 
 also dedicated the golden fleece. He soon 
 after married Chalciope the daughter of 
 iEetes ; but his father-in-law envied him 
 the possession of the golden fleece, and 
 therefore to obtain it he murdered him. 
 Some time after this event, when Jason 
 the son of vEson, demanded of his uncle 
 Pelias the crown which he usurped, Pelias 
 said that he would restore it to him, pro- 
 vided he avenged the death of their com- 
 mon relation Phryxus, whom ^Eetes had 
 basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, who 
 
AR 
 
 65 
 
 AR 
 
 was in the vigor of youth, and of an am- 
 bitious soul, cheerfully undertook the ex- 
 pedition, and embarked with all the young 
 princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They 
 stopped at the island of Lemnos, where 
 they remained two years. After they had 
 left Lemnos, tiiey visited Samothrace, 
 where they ottered sacrifices to the gods, 
 and thence passed to Troas and to Cyzi- 
 cum. Here they met with a favorable 
 reception from Cyzieus the king of the 
 country. From Cyzicum they visited 
 Bebrycia, and were driven from Bebrycia 
 by a storm, to Salmydessa, on the coast of 
 Thrace, where they delivered Phineus, 
 king of the place, from the persecution of 
 the harpies. Fhineus directed their course 
 through the Cyanean rock or the Symple- 
 gades, and they safely entered the Euxine 
 sea. They visited the country of the Ma- 
 riandinians, where Lycus reigned, and 
 lost two of their companions, Idmon, and 
 Tiphis their pilot. After they had left 
 this coast, they were driven upon the is- 
 land of Arecia, where they found the chil- 
 dren of Phryxus, whom ^etes their grand- 
 father had sent to Greece to take pos- 
 session of their father's kingdom. From 
 this island they at last arrived safe in zEa, 
 the capital of Colchis. Jason explained 
 the causes of his voyage to zEetes ; but the 
 conditions on which he was to recover the 
 golden fleece, were so hard, that the Ar- 
 gonauts must have perished in the attempt, 
 had not Medea, the king's daughter, fallen 
 in love with their leader, fcfhe had a con- 
 ference with Jason, and after mutual oaths 
 of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea 
 pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts 
 from her father's hard conditions, if Jason 
 married her, and carried her with him to 
 Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which 
 had brazen feet and horns, and which 
 vomited clouds of fire and smoke, and to 
 tie them to a plough made of adamant 
 stone, and to plough a field of two acres 
 of ground never before cultivated. After 
 this he was to sow in the plain, the teeth 
 of a dragon, from which an armed multi- 
 tude were to rise up, and to be all destroy- 
 ed by his hands. This done, he was to 
 kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was 
 at the bottom of the tree, on which the 
 colden fleece was suspended. All these 
 labors were to be performed in one day ; 
 ;md Medea's assistance, whose knowledge 
 of herbs, magic, and potions, was unpa- 
 ralleled, easily extricated Jason from all 
 danger, to the astonishment and terror of 
 his companions, and of iEetes, and the 
 people of Colchis, who had assembled to 
 be spectators of this wonderful action. 
 He obtained the golden fleece, and imme- 
 diately set sail with Medea. He was soon 
 pursued by Absyrtus, the king's son, who 
 came up to them, and was seized and mur- 
 dered by Jas jn and Medea. The mangled 
 
 limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the 
 way through which ^Eetes was to pass, 
 that his further pursuit might be stopped 
 After the murder of Absyrtus, they en- 
 tered the Palus Mseotis, and by pursuing 
 their course towards the left, according to 
 the foolish account of poets who were ig- 
 norant of geography, they came to the is- 
 land Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Al- 
 ter many disasters, they at last came in 
 sight of the promontory of Melea, in the 
 Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified 
 of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after 
 arrived safe in Thessaly. This famous 
 expedition has been celebrated in the 
 ancient ages of the world ; many writ- 
 ers have given an extensive account of 
 its most remarkable particulars. The 
 number of the Argonauts is not exactly 
 known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say 
 that they were fifty-four. Tzetzes admits 
 the number of fifty, but Apollodorus men- 
 tions only forty-five. Jason, son of iEson, 
 as is well known, was the chief of the 
 rest. iEsculapius was physician, and Ti- 
 phys was pilot. 
 
 Argos, an ancient city, capital of Argo- 
 lis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from 
 the sea, on the bay called Argolicus sinus, 
 Juno was the chief deity of the place. 
 The kingdom of Argos was founded by 
 Inachus eighteen hundred and fifty-six 
 years before the Christian era, and after it 
 had flourished for about five hundred and 
 fifty years it was united to the crown of 
 
 Mycenae. A town of Thessaly, called 
 
 Pelasgicon by the Peiasgians. Another 
 
 in Epirus, called Amphilochium. 
 
 Argus, a king of Argos, who reigned 
 
 seventy years. A son of Arestor, 
 
 whence he is often called Aristvridcs. 
 As he had an hundred eyes, of which only 
 two were asleep at one time, Juno set him 
 to watch lo, whom Jupiter had changed 
 into a heifer ; but Mercury, by order of 
 Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes 
 asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno 
 put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the 
 
 peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity. 
 
 A son of Agenor. A son of Danaus, 
 
 who built the ship Argo.— — A son of Jupi- 
 ter and Niobe, the first child which the fa- 
 ther of the gods had by a mortal.— — A 
 
 son of Pyras and Callirhoe. A son of 
 
 Phryxus. A son of Polybus. One 
 
 of Action's dogs. rA dog of Ulysses, 
 
 who knew his master after an absence 
 of twenty years. 
 
 Argyll^, an ancient name of Care, in 
 Etruria. 
 
 Argynnis, a name of Venus, which 
 she received from Argynnus, a favorite 
 youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned 
 in the Cephisus. 
 
 Argyra, a nymph greatly beloved by 
 a shepherd called Selimnus. She was 
 changed into a fountain, and the shepherd 
 
AR 
 
 66 
 
 AR 
 
 into a river of the same name, whose r 
 Waters make lovers forget the object of 
 
 their affections. — —A city of Troas. 
 
 Also the native place of Diodorus Sicu- 
 lus, in Sicily. 
 
 Argryaspides, a Macedonian legion 
 which received this name from their silver 
 helmets. 
 
 Argyre, an island beyond the mouth 
 of the river Indus, abounding in metal. 
 
 Argyripa, a town of Apulia, built by 
 Dioinedes after the Trojan war, and call- 
 ed by Polybius Argipana. 
 
 Aria, a country of Asia, situate at the 
 
 east of Parthia. The wife of Paetus 
 
 Cecinna, of Padua, a Roman senator who 
 was accused of conspiracy against Clau- 
 dius, and carried to Rome by sea. She 
 accompanied him, and in the boat she 
 slabbed herself, and presented the sword 
 to her husband, who followed her exam- 
 ple. 
 
 Ariadne, daughter of Minos 2d, king of 
 Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with The- 
 seus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to 
 be devoured by the Minotaur, and gave 
 him a clue of thread, by which he extri- 
 cated himself from the "difficult windings 
 of his confinement. After he had con- 
 quered the Minotaur, he carrried her 
 away according to the promise he had 
 made, and married her ; but when he ar- 
 rived at the island of Naxcs he forsook 
 her. Plutarch says, that Ariadne lived 
 many years after, and had some children 
 by Onarus, the priest of Bacchus. 
 
 Ari-eus, an officer who succeeded to 
 the command of the surviving army after 
 the death of Cyrus the younger, after the 
 battle of Cunaxa. 
 
 Ap,iA>n and Arjeni, a people of Asia. 
 
 Ariantas, a king of Scythia, who year- 
 ly ordered every one of his subjects to 
 present him with an arrow. 
 
 Ariamnes, a king of Cappadocia, son 
 of Ariarathes 3d. 
 
 Aeurathes, the name of several kings 
 of Cappadocia. 
 
 Arieb.eus, a general mentioned by 
 Polysenus. 
 
 Aricia, an Athenian princess, niece to 
 .Egeus, whom Hippolytus married after 
 he had been raised from the dead by JEs- 
 culapius. He built a city in Italy, which 
 
 he called by her name. A very ancient 
 
 town of Italy, now Riccia, built by Hip- 
 poly tus, son "of Theseus, after he had been 
 raised from the dead by jEsculapius, and 
 transported into Italy by Diana. In a 
 grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, 
 Theseus built a temple to Diana, where 
 he established the same rites as were in 
 
 the temple of that goddess in Tauris. 
 
 Egeria the favorite nymph, and invisible 
 protectress of Numa, generally resided in , 
 this famous grove, which was situated on j 
 the Appiaii way, beyond mount A2!>buus. i 
 
 Anic:r:.v. a surname of Diana, from her \ 
 
 temple near Aricia. The mother of 
 
 Octavius. 
 
 Arid-eus, a companion of Cyrus the 
 younger. An illegitimate son of Philip, 
 who, after the death of Alexander, was 
 made king of Macedonia, till Roxane, 
 who was pregnant by Alexander, brought 
 into the world a legitimate male successor. 
 He was seven years in possession of the 
 sovereign power, and was put to death, 
 with his wife Eurydice, by Olympias. 
 
 Arienis, daughter of Alyattes, married 
 Astyages king of Media. 
 
 Arigjeum, a town of India, which Alex- 
 ander found burnt, and without inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 Arii, a savage people of India. Of 
 
 Arabia. Of Scythia. Of Germany. 
 
 Arima, a place of Cilicia or Syria, 
 where Typhosus was overwhelmed under 
 the ground. 
 
 Arimarius, a god of Persia and Media. 
 
 Arimaspi, a people conquered by Alex- 
 ander the Great. 
 
 Arimaspias, a river of Scythia with 
 golden sands. The neighbouring inhabi- 
 tants had but one eye in the middle of 
 their forehead, and waged continual war 
 against the Griffins, monstrous animals 
 that collected the gold of the river. 
 
 Ariamsthje, a people near the Euxine 
 sea. 
 
 Ari mazes, a powerful prince of Sog- 
 diana, who treated Alexander with much 
 insolence, and even asked, whether he 
 could fly to aspire to so extensive a domin- 
 ion. He surrendered, and was exposed 
 on a cross with his friends and relations. 
 
 Ari mi, a nation of Syria. 
 
 Ariminum, (now Rimini) an ancient city 
 of Italy, near the Rubicon. 
 
 Ariminus, a river of Italy, rising m 
 the Appennine mountains. 
 
 Arimph^i, a people of Scythia, near 
 the Riphsean mountains. 
 
 Arimus, a king of Mysia. 
 
 Ariobarzanes, a man made king of 
 Cappadocia by the Romans, after the trou- 
 bles, which the false Ariarathes had rais- 
 ed, had subsided. He followed the inter- 
 est of Pompey, and fought at Pharsaiia 
 against J. Cffisar. He and his kingdom 
 
 were preserved by means of Cicero. 
 
 A satrap of Phrygia, who, after the death 
 of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of 
 Pontus, and kept it for twenty-six years, 
 
 A general of Darius, who defended 
 
 the passes of Susa with fifteen thousand 
 foot against Alexander. After a bloody 
 encounter with the Macedonians, he was 
 killed as he attempted to seize the city of 
 
 Persepolis. A Mede of elegant stature, 
 
 and great prudence, whom Tiberius ap- 
 pointed to settle the troubles of Armenia, 
 
 A mountain between Parthia and the 
 
 country of the Massagetre. A satrap, 
 
 who revolted from the Persian king. 
 
AR 
 
 67 
 
 AR 
 
 Ariomandes, son of Gobryas, was gen- 
 eral of Athens against the Persians. 
 
 AmoMARDUs, a son of Darius, in the 
 army of Xerxes when he went against 
 Greece. 
 
 Akiomedes, a pilot of Xerxes. 
 
 Arion, a famous lyric poet and musi- 
 cian, son of Cyclos, of Methymna, in the 
 island of Lesbos. He went into Italy 
 with Periander, tyrant of Corinth, where 
 he obtained immense riches by his profes- 
 sion. Seme time after, he wished to re- 
 visit his country ; and the sailors of the 
 ship, in which he embarked, resolved to 
 murder him, to obtain the riches which 
 he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion seeing 
 them inflexible in their resolutions, beg- 
 ged that he might be permitted to play 
 some melodious tune ; and as soon as he 
 had finished it, he threw himself into the 
 sea. A number of Dolphins had been at- 
 tracted round the ship by the sweetness 
 of his music; and it is said, that one of 
 them carried him safe on his back to Taj- 
 narus, whence he hastened to the court of 
 Periander, who ordered all the sailers to 
 
 be crucified at their return. A horse 
 
 sprung from Ceres and Neptune. It had 
 the power of speech, the feet on the right 
 side like those of a man, and the rest of 
 the body like a horse. 
 
 AaiovrsTus, a king of Germany, who 
 professed himself a friend of Rome. 
 When Caesar was in Gaul, Ariovistus 
 marched against him, and was conquered 
 with the loss of eighty thousand men. 
 
 Aris, a river of Messenia. 
 
 Akisba, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by 
 
 an earthquake. A colony of the Mity- 
 
 leneans in Troas, destroyed by the Tro- 
 jans before the coming of the Greeks. 
 
 The name of Priam's first wife, divorced 
 that the monarch might marry Hecuba. 
 
 Aeislenetus, a writer whose epistles 
 hnve been beautifully edited by Abresch. 
 Z,voil<c, 1749. 
 
 Aristjetjm, a city of Thrace at the foot 
 of mount KcEinus. 
 
 Arist.etjs, son of Apollo and the nymph 
 Gyrene, was born in the deserts of Lyfoia, 
 and brought up by the Seasons, and fed 
 upon nectar and ambrosia. He fell in 
 love with Surydice, the itvil'e of Orpheus, 
 and pursued her in the fields. She was 
 string by a serpent that lay in the grass, 
 and died, for which the gods destroyed all 
 the bees of AristEeus. In this calamity he 
 applied to his mother, who directed him 
 to seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult 
 him how he might repair the losses he had 
 sustained. Proteus advised him to ap- 
 pease the manes of Eurydice by the sac- 
 rifice of four buHs and four heifers; and 
 as soon as he had d.-ne it, and left them 
 in the air, swarms of bees immediately 
 sprang from the rotten carca.3.<e~, and re- 
 stored Aristaeus to his farmer r-i - - c Psrifv 
 
 Aristae us went to live on mount Haeinus, 
 where he died. He was, after death, 
 
 worshipped as a demi-god. A general 
 
 who commanded the Corinthian forces at 
 the siege of Potideea. 
 
 Aristagoras, a writer who composed 
 
 an history of Egypt. A son-in-law of 
 
 Histiaeus tyrant of Miletus, who revolted 
 from Darius, and incited the Athenians 
 against Persia, and burnt Sardis. He was 
 killed in a battle against the Persians, 
 B. C. 499. 
 
 Aristander, a celebrated soothsayer, 
 
 greatly esteemed by Alexander. An 
 
 Athenian, who wrote on agriculture. 
 
 Aristandros, a statuary of Sparta. 
 
 Aristarche, a matron of Ephesus, who 
 by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of 
 Gaul with the Phocaeans, and was made 
 priestess. 
 
 Aristarchus, a celebrated grammarian 
 of Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. He 
 lived the greatest part of his life at Alex- 
 andria. He was famous for his critical 
 powers, and he revised the poems of Ho- 
 mer with such severity, that ever after all 
 severe critics were called Aristarchi. In 
 his old age he became dropsical, upon 
 which he starved himself, and died in his 
 
 72d year, B. C. 157. A tragic poet of 
 
 Tegea in Arcadia, about 454 years B. C. 
 
 A physician to queen Berenice, the 
 
 widow of Antiochus. An orator of 
 
 Ambracia. An astronomer of Samos, 
 
 who first supposed that the earth turned 
 round its axis, and revolved round the 
 sun. 
 
 Aristazanes, a noble Persian in favor 
 with Artaxerxes Genus. 
 
 Aristeas, a poet of Proconnesus, who, 
 as fables report, appeared seven years af- 
 ter his death to his countrymen, and five 
 hundred and forty years after to the peo- 
 ple of Metapontum in Italy, and com- 
 manded them to raise him a statue near 
 
 the temple of Apollo. A physician of 
 
 Rhodes. A geometrician, intimate with 
 
 Euclid. A poet, son of Demochares, in 
 
 the age of Croesus. 
 
 Aristerje, an island on the coast of 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Aristeus, a man of Argos, who excited 
 king Pyrrhus to take up amis against his 
 countrymen, the Argives. 
 
 Aristhekss, a shepherd who found 
 Aesculapius, when lie had been exp 
 in the woods by his mother Coronis. 
 
 Arjsthus, an historian of Arcadia. 
 
 Aristibus, a river of Paeonia. 
 
 Aristide3, a celebrated Athenian, son 
 of Lysimachus, whose great temperance 
 and virtue procured him the surname of 
 Just. He was rival to Themistocles, by 
 whose influence he was banished for ten 
 years, B. C. 484 ; but before six years of 
 his exile had elapsed, he was recalled by 
 the Athenians. He died so poor, that tha 
 
AR 
 
 68 
 
 AR 
 
 expenses of his funeral were defrayed at 
 the public charge, and his two daughters, 
 on account of their father's virtues, receiv- 
 ed a dowry from the public treasury when 
 they were come to marriageable years. 
 
 An historian of Miletus, fonder of 
 
 stories and of anecdotes, than of truth. 
 
 An Athlete, who obtained a prize 
 
 at the Olympian, Nemean and Pythian 
 
 games. A painter of Thebes in Bceotia, 
 
 in the age of Alexander the Great. A 
 
 Greek orator wiio wrote fifty orations, be- 
 sides other tracts. A man of Locris, 
 
 who died by the bite of a weasel. A 
 
 philosopher of Mysia, intimate with M. 
 
 Antoninus. An Athenian, who wrote 
 
 treatises on animals, trees, and agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 Aristjllus, a philosopher of the Alex- 
 andrian school. 
 
 Aristio, a sophist of Athens, who 
 seized the government of his country, 
 and made himself absolute. He poisoned 
 himself when defeated by Sylla. 
 
 Abistifpusj the elder, a philosopher of 
 Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder 
 
 of the Cyrenaic sect. His grandson of 
 
 the same name, called the younger, was a 
 warm defender of his opinions. He flour- 
 ished about 363 years B. C— — A tyrant 
 of Argos. A man who w r rote an histo- 
 ry of Arcadia. 
 ' M. Aristius, a tribune of the soldiers 
 
 in Ctesar's army. A satirist, who wrote 
 
 a poem called Cyclops. 
 
 Aeisto, Vid. Ariston. 
 
 Aristobula, a name gis'en to Diana by 
 Themistocles. 
 
 Aristoeulus, a name common ,to some 
 of the high priests and kings of Judfea. 
 
 . A brother of Epicurus. One of 
 
 Alexander's attendants, who wrote the 
 king's life, replete with adulation and un- 
 truth.- A philosopher of Judsca, B. C. 
 
 150. 
 
 Aristoclea, a beautiful woman, seen 
 naked by Strato, as she was offering a 
 sacrifice. She was passionately loved by 
 C'allisthenes, and was equally admired by 
 Strato. The two rivals so furiously con- 
 tended for her hand, that she died during 
 their quarrel, upon which Strato killed 
 himself, and Callisthenes was never seen 
 after. 
 
 Aristocles, a peripatetic philosopher of 
 Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on 
 philosophy, the opinions of his predeces- 
 sors. A grammarian of Rhodes. A 
 
 stoic of Lampsacus. An historian. 
 
 A musician. — —A prince of I'egaea. 
 
 This name is common to many Greeks, of 
 whom few or no particulars are recorded. 
 
 Aristoclides, a tyrant of Orehome- 
 nus. 
 
 Aristocrates, a king of Arcadia, put 
 to death by his subjects for offering vio- 
 lence to the priestess of Diana,. A'Eho- 
 
 dian.- A man who endeavored to de- 
 stroy the democratical power at Athens. 
 An Athenian general sent to the as- 
 sistance of Corcyra with twenty-five gal- 
 lies.- A Greek historian, son of Hip- 
 pare bus. 
 
 Aristocreon, the writer of a book on 
 geography, 
 
 Aristocritus, wrote a treatise concern 
 ing Miletus. 
 
 Aristodeme, a daughter of Priam. 
 
 Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, 
 was one of the Heraclidre. He, with his 
 brothers Temenus and Chrespontes, in- 
 vaded Peloponnesus, conquered it, and di- 
 vided the country among themselves, 1104 
 
 years before the Christian era. A king 
 
 of Messenia, who maintained a famous 
 war against Sparta. Aristodemus put his 
 daughter to death for the good of his 
 country ; but being afterwards persecuted 
 in a dream by her manes, he killed him- 
 self, after a reign of six years and some 
 months, in which be had obtained much 
 
 military glory, B. C. 724, A tyrant of 
 
 Camas. A philosopher of ^Egina. A 
 
 Spartan who taught the children of Pau- 
 sanias. — -A man who xvas preceptor to 
 
 the children of Pompey. A tyrant of 
 
 Arcadia. A Carian who wrote an his- 
 tory of painting". A philosopher of IS T v- 
 
 sa, B. C. €3. 
 
 Aristogeses, a physician of Cnidos. 
 
 A Thasian who wrote tAventy-four 
 
 books on medicine, 
 
 Aristogitojv and Hakmodius, two cel- 
 ebrated friends of Athens, who, by their 
 joint efforts, delivered their country from 
 the tyranny of the Pisistratidae, B, C. 510- 
 They received immortal honors from the 
 Athenians, and had statues raised to their 
 memory.— — An Athenian orator, surnam- 
 ed Canis, for his impudence. A stat- 
 uary. 
 
 Aristolaus, a painter. 
 
 Aristomacke, the wife of Dionysias of 
 
 Sj-faetjse.-— The wife of Dion. A 
 
 poetess. A daughter of Priam, who 
 
 married C-ritolaus, 
 
 Aristoma.chus, an Athenian, who 
 wrote concerning the preparation of wine. 
 
 A man so excessively fond of bees, 
 
 that he devoted fifty-eight years of his 
 life in raising swarms of them.— — The 
 son of Cleodams, and grandson of Hyllus, 
 whose three sons, Cresphontes, Teme- 
 nus, and Aristodeiiuus, called Ileraclida?, 
 
 conquered Peloponnesus, A man who 
 
 laid aside his sovereign power at Argos, 
 at the persuasion of Aratus. 
 
 Aristomedes, a Thessalian general in 
 the interest of Darius 3d. 
 
 AristomjEnes, a commander of the 
 fleet of Darius on the Hellespont, con- 
 quered by the Macedonians. A famous 
 
 general of Messenia, who encouraged 
 his countrymen to shake off the Laced :y 
 
AR 
 
 69 
 
 AR 
 
 niouian yoke, under which they had la- 
 bored for" abuve thirty years. He refused 
 to assume the title of king, but was satis- 
 lied with that of commander. He acquir- 
 ed the surname of Jast, from his equity, 
 to which he joined the true valor, sagaci- 
 ty, and perseverance of a general. He 
 
 died 671 B. C. A Spartan sent to the 
 
 assistance of Dionysius. 
 
 Ariston, the son of Agasicles, king of | 
 
 Sparta. A general of iEtolia. A 
 
 sculptor. A Corinthian who assist- 
 ed the Syracusans against the Athenians. 
 
 An officer in Alexander's army. 
 
 A tyrant of Methymna, who, being igno- 
 rant that Chios had surrendered to the 
 Macedonians, entered into the harbor, and 
 was taken aud put to death. A philos- 
 opher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, 
 and founder of a sect which continued 
 but a little while. A lawyer in Tra- 
 jan's reign. A peripatetic philosopher 
 
 of Alexandria, who wrote concerning the 
 
 course of the Nile. A wrestler of Ar- 
 
 gos, under whom Plato performed some 
 
 exercises. A musician of Athens. 
 
 A tragic poet. A peripatetic of 
 
 Cos. A native of Pella, in the age of 
 
 Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the 
 Jews. 
 
 Aristonaut^:, a naval dock of Pellene. 
 
 Artstonicus, son of Eumenes, by a 
 concubine of Ephesus, 126 B. C. invaded 
 Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which 
 Attains had left by his will to the Roman 
 people. He was conquered by the consul 
 
 Perpenna, and strangled in prison. A 
 
 musician of Olynthus. A grammarian 
 
 of Alexandria. 
 
 Aristonides, a noble statuary. 
 
 Aristonus, a captain of Alexander's 
 cavalry. 
 
 Aristonymus, a comic poet under Phi- 
 ladelphus, keeper of the library of Alex- 
 andria. One of Alexander's musicians. 
 
 Aristophanes, a celebrated comic poet 
 of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He 
 wrote fifty-four comedies, of which only 
 eleven are come down to us. He lived in 
 the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and 
 Euripides, B. C. 434, and lashed the vices 
 of his age with a masterly hand. The 
 wit and excellence of his comedies are 
 well known ; but they abound sometimes 
 too much with obscenity, and his attack 
 upon the venerable character of Socrates 
 has been always censured, and with jus- 
 tice. A grammarian of Byzantium, 
 
 keeper of the library of Alexandria under 
 
 Ptolemy Evergetes. A Greek historian 
 
 of Bceotia. A writer on agriculture. 
 
 Aristophilides, a king of Tarentum 
 in the reign of Darius son of Hystaspes. 
 
 Aristophon, a painter in the age of So- 
 crates. A comic poet in the age of Al- 
 exander, many of whose fragments are col- 
 lected in Athenaeus. 
 
 Aristor, the father of Argus the hun- 
 dred-eyed keeper of lo. 
 
 Aristorides, the patronymic of Argus. 
 
 Aristoteleia, festivals in honor of 
 Aristotle, because he obtained the restitu- 
 tion of his country from Alexander. 
 
 Aristoteles, a famous philosopher, son 
 of the physician Nicomachus by Festiada, 
 born at Stagira. After his father's death 
 he went to Athens, to hear Plato's lec- 
 tures, where he soon signalized himself by 
 the brightness of his genius. He had been 
 of an inactive and dissolute disposition in 
 his youth, but now he applied himself 
 with uncommon diligence, and after he 
 had spent twenty years in hearing the in- 
 structions of Plato, he opened a school for 
 himself, for which he was accused of in- 
 gratitude and illiberality by his ancient 
 master. He was moderate in his meals ; 
 he slept little, and always had one arm 
 out of his couch with a bullet in it, which 
 by falling into a brazen bason underneath, 
 early awakened him. He was, according 
 to some, ten years preceptor to Alexander, 
 who received his instructions with much 
 pleasure and deference, and always re- 
 spected him. Almost all his writings, 
 which are composed on a variety of sub- 
 jects, are extant : he gave them to Theo- 
 phrastus at his death, and they were bought 
 by one of the Ptolemies, and placed in the 
 famous library of Alexandria. The writ- 
 ings of Aristotle have been compared with 
 those of Plato ; but the one are the effu- 
 sions of a lively and fruitful imagination, 
 whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied 
 nature more than art, and had recourse to 
 simplicity of expression more than orna- 
 ment. He died in the sixty-third vear of 
 his age, B.C. 322. The people of Stagira 
 instituted festivals in his honor, because 
 he had rendered important services to 
 their city. There were besides seven of 
 the same name, — A magistrate of Athens. 
 
 A commentator on Homer's Iliad. 
 
 An orator of Sicily, who answered 
 
 the panegyric of Isocrates. A friend of 
 
 jEschines. A man of Cyrene who 
 
 wrote on poetry. A schoolmaster men- 
 tioned in Plato's life, written by Aristo- 
 xenus. An obscure grammarian. 
 
 Arjstotimus, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years 
 B.C. 
 
 Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician, 
 disciple of Aristotle, and born at Taren- 
 tum. A philosopher of Cyrene. A 
 
 physician whose Avritings are quoted by 
 Galen. A poet of Selinus. A Pytha- 
 gorean philosopher. 
 
 Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamis, 
 who wrote an account of Alexander's ex- 
 pedition. 
 
 Aristyllus, an obscure poet. An 
 
 astronomer of Alexandria, 292 B. C. 
 Aritjs, a river of Gaul, and of Asia. 
 , The inhabitants in the neighborhood are 
 
AR 
 
 70 
 
 AR 
 
 called Arii. A celebrated writer, the 
 
 origin of the Arian controversy, that de- 
 nied the eternal divinity and consubstan- 
 tiality of the word. He died the very 
 night he was going to enter the church of 
 Constantinople in triumph. 
 
 Armenes, a son of Nabis, led in triumph 
 at Rome. 
 
 Armenia, a large country of Asia, di- 
 vided into Upper and Lower Armenia. 
 The Armenians were a long time under 
 the dominion of the Medes and Persians, 
 till they were conquered, with the rest of 
 Asia, by Alexander and his successors. 
 The Romans made it one of their pro- 
 vinces, and, under some of the emperors, 
 the Armenians had the privilege of choos- 
 ing their own kings, but they were after- 
 wards reduced. 
 
 Armentarius, a Caesar in Dioclesian's 
 reign. 
 
 Armillatus, one of Domitian's favor- 
 ites. 
 
 Armiltjstrium, a festival at Rome on 
 the nineteenth of October. When the 
 sacrifices were offered, all the people ap- 
 peared under arms. 
 
 Armin-ius, a warlike general of the 
 Germans, who supported a bloody war 
 against Rome for some time, and was at 
 last conquered by German icus in two great 
 battles. He was poisoned by one of his 
 friends, A. D. 39, in the thirty-seventh 
 year of his age. 
 
 Armorick, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous 
 for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant 
 disposition of the inhabitants called Ar- 
 morici. Armorica extended between the 
 rivers Liger, and Sequana, and compre- 
 hended those rich and populous provinces 
 now called Britany and Normandy. 
 
 Arive, a city of Lycia, called afterwards 
 
 Xanthus. A town of Umbria in Italy. 
 
 A daughter of ^Eolus, who gave her 
 
 name to two towns, one in Thessaly, the 
 other in Bceotia. 
 
 Arni, a people of Italy, destroyed by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Arniensis, a tribe in Rome. 
 
 Arnobius, a philosopher in Dioclesian's 
 reign, who became a convert to Christ- 
 ianity. He applied for ordination, but was 
 refused by the bishops till he gave them a 
 proof of his sincerity. 
 
 Arnus, a river of Etruria, tising on the 
 Appennine mountains, and falling into the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Aroa, a town of Achaia. 
 
 Aroma, a town of Caria of Cappa- 
 
 docia. 
 
 Arpani, a people of Italy. 
 
 Arpi, a city of Apulia, built by Diome- 
 des after the Trojan war. 
 
 Arpinum, a town of the Volsci, famous 
 for giving birth to Cicero and Marius.— — 
 A town of Magna Gnecia. 
 
 ARR^i; a people of Thrace 
 
 Aruuafjeus, the king of a nation in the 
 neighborhood of Macedonia, who greatly 
 distressed Archelaus. 
 
 Arria. Vid. Aria. 
 
 Arria Galla, a beautiful but immodest 
 woman in the reign of the emperors. 
 
 Arria nus, a philosopher of Nicomedia, 
 priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disci- 
 ple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon 
 from the elegance and sweetness of his 
 diction, and distinguished for his ac- 
 quaintance with military and political 
 life. He flourished about the one hun- 
 dred and fortieth year of Christ, and was 
 rewarded with the consulship and gov- 
 ernment of Cappadocia, by M. Antoni- 
 nus. A Greek historian. An Athe- 
 nian who wrote a treatise on hunting, 
 
 and the manner of keeping dogs. A 
 
 poet who wrote an epic poem in twenty- 
 four books on Alexander. 
 
 Arrius, a friend of Cicero. Aper, a 
 
 Roman general who murdered the em- 
 peror. 
 
 Arrius and Arius, a philosopher of 
 Alexandria, who so ingratiated himself 
 with Augustus, after the battle of Acti- 
 um, that the conqueror declared the peo- 
 ple of Alexandria owed the preservation 
 of their city to three causes ; because 
 Alexander was their founder, because of 
 the beauty of the situation, and because 
 Arrius was a native of the place. 
 
 Arruntius, a Roman consul. A fa- 
 mous geographer, who, upon being accus- 
 ed of adultery and treason, under Tibe- 
 rius, opened his veins. 
 
 Arsabes, a satrap of Armenia. Of 
 
 Persia 
 
 Arsaces, a man of obscure origin, who, 
 upon seeing Seleucus defeated by the 
 Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered 
 the governor of the province called An- 
 dragoras, and laid the foundations of an 
 empire, 250 B. C. His son and succes- 
 sor bore the same name. He carried war 
 against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, 
 I who entered the field with one hundred 
 I thousand foot and twenty thousand horse. 
 He afterwards made peace with Antio- 
 chus, and died B. C. 217. The third king 
 
 of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacida;, 
 bore the same name, and was also called 
 
 Priapatius. He reigned twelve years.-* 
 
 A king of Pontus and Armenia, in alli- 
 ance with the Romans. The eldest son 
 
 of Artabanus, appointed over Armenia by 
 his father, after the death of king Artax- 
 ias. A servant of Themistocles. 
 
 Arsacid-je, a name given to some of the 
 rnonarchs of Parthia, in honor of Arsaces, 
 the founder of the empire. 
 
 Arsamenes, a satrap of Persia, at the 
 battle of the Gianicus. 
 
 Arsametes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
 
 Arsamosata, a town of Armenia Major, 
 seventy miles from the Euphrates. 
 
AR 
 
 71 
 
 AR 
 
 Arsanes, ths son of Ockus, and father 
 of Codomanus. 
 
 Arsanias, a river of Armenia. 
 
 Arse.va, a marsh of Armenia Major, 
 whose fishes are all of the same sort. 
 
 Arses, the youngest son of Ochus,whom 
 Bagoas raised to the throne of Persia, and 
 destroyed with his children, after a reign 
 of three years. 
 
 An3iA,"a wood of Etruria, famous for a 
 battle between the Romans and the Vei- 
 
 entes. A small river between Illyri- 
 
 cum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic. 
 
 A river of Italy, flowing through 
 
 Campania. 
 
 Arsid-xus, a son of Datames. 
 
 Arsinoe, daughter of Leucippus and i 
 Philodice, was mother of ^Esculapius by 
 Apollo, according to some authors. She 
 received divine honors after death at 
 Sparta. A daughter of Phlegeus, pro- 
 mised in marriage to Alcmamn. A 
 
 fountain of Peloponnesus. The sister 
 
 and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, wor- 
 shipped after death under the name of 
 Venus Zephyritis. A daughter of Pto- 
 lemy Lagus, who married Lysimachus 
 king of Macedonia. A younger daugh- 
 ter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopa- 
 tra. A daughter of Lysimachus. A 
 
 town of Egypt, situated near the lake of | 
 Maeris, on the western shore of the Nile, 
 where the inhabitants paid the highest 
 
 veneration to the crocodiles. A town 
 
 of Cilicia of iEolia of Syria of 
 
 Cyprus of Lycia, <fcc. 
 
 Arsites, a satrap of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Artabanus, son of Hystaspes, was bro- 
 ther to Darius the first. He dissuaded his 
 nephew Xerxes from making war against 
 the Greeks, and at his return, he assassi- 
 nated him with the hopes of ascending 
 the throne. Darius, the son of Xerxes, 
 was murdered in a similar manner ; and 
 Artaxerxes, his brother, would have shar- 
 ed the same fate, had not he discovered 
 the snares of the assassin, and punished 
 
 him with death. A king of Parthia 
 
 after the death of his nephew Phraates2d. 
 He undertook a war against a nation of 
 
 Scythia, in which he perished. A king 
 
 of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, af- 
 ter the expulsion of Vonones, whom Ti- 
 berius had made king there. He was ex- 
 pelled from his throne, which Tiridates 
 usurped ; and some time after, he was 
 restored again to his ancient power, and 
 
 died A. D. 48. A king of Parthia, very 
 
 inimical to the interest of Vespasian. 
 
 Another king of Parthia, who made war 
 against the emperor Caracalla, who had 
 attempted his life on pretence of courting 
 his daughter. He was murdered, and the 
 power of Parthia abolished, and the crown 
 translated to the Persian monarchs. 
 
 Artabazases or Artamenes, the eld- 
 est son of Darius, when a private person. 
 
 He attempted to succeed to the Persian 
 throne, in preference to Xerxes. — - 
 
 Arfabazus, a son of Pharnaces, general 
 in the army of Xerxes. He fled from 
 Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. 
 -A general who made war against 
 
 Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was 
 afterwards reconciled to his prince, and 
 became the familiar friend of Darius 3d. 
 An officer of Artaxerxes against Da- 
 tames. 
 
 Artabri and Artabrite, a people of 
 Lusitania. 
 
 Artacjeas, an officer in the army of 
 Xerxes, the tallest of all the troops, the 
 king excepted. 
 
 Artacena, a city of Asia, near Aria. 
 
 Artace, a town and seaport near Cyzi- 
 cus. It did not exist in the age of Pliny. 
 
 A city of Phrygia. A fortified place 
 
 of Bithynia. 
 
 Artace ne, a country of Assyria near 
 Arbela, where Alexander conquered Da- 
 rius. 
 
 Aktacia, a fountain in the country of 
 the Lnestrygones. 
 
 Artjei, a name by which the Persians 
 were called among their neighbors. 
 
 Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia. 
 
 Artagerses, a general in the army of 
 Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. 
 
 Artanes, a king of the southern parts 
 of Armenia. A river of Thrace flow- 
 ing into the Ister. A river of Colchis. 
 
 Artaphernes, a general whom Dariua 
 sent into Greece with Datis. He was con- 
 quered at the battle of Marathon, by Mil- 
 tiades. . 
 
 Artatus, a river of Illyria. 
 
 Artatasdes, a son of Tigranes king of 
 Upper Armenia, who wrote "tragedies, and 
 shone as an elegant orator and faithful 
 historian. He was murdered. The crown 
 of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a 
 person of the same name, who was ex- 
 pelled. — -Augustus had also raised to the 
 throne of Armenia a person of the same 
 name. 
 
 Artaxa and Artaxias, a general of 
 Antiochus the Great, who erected the 
 province of Armenia into a kingdom, by 
 his reliance on the friendship of the Ra- 
 mans. 
 
 Artaxta, {ovum) now Jlrdesh, a strongly 
 fortified town of Upper Armenia, the cap- 
 ital of the empire, where the kings gen- 
 erally resided. 
 
 Artaxerxes 1st, succeeded to the king- 
 dom- of Persia, after his father Xerxes. 
 He destroyed Artabanus who had mur- 
 dered Xerxes, and attempted to destroy 
 the royal family to raise himself to the 
 throne. He reigned thirty-nine years, and 
 died B. C. 425.— — -The 2d of that name, 
 king of Persia, was surnamed Mnernon, 
 on account of his extensive memory. His 
 brother Cyrus, was of such an ambitious 
 
AR 
 
 72 
 
 AR 
 
 disposition, that he resolved to make him- 
 self king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. 
 Having been appointed over Lydia and 
 the sea coasts, he assembled a large army 
 under various pretences, and at last 
 marched against his brother at the head 
 of one hundred thousand Barbarians and 
 thirteen thousand Greeks. He was op- 
 posed by Artaxerxes with nine hundred 
 thousand men, and a bloody battle was 
 fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was 
 killed, and his forces routed. Artaxerxes 
 died of a broken heart, in consequence 
 of his son's unnatural behaviour, in the 
 ninety-fourth year of his age, after a 
 
 reign of 46 years, B. C. 358. The 3d, 
 
 surnamed Ochus, succeeded his father 
 Artaxerxes 2d, and established himself on 
 his throne by murdering about eighty of 
 his nearest relations. His behaviour in 
 Egypt, and his cruelty towards the inhab- 
 itants, offended his subjects, and Bagoas 
 at last obliged his physician to poison 
 him, B. C. 337, and afterwards gave his 
 flesh to be devoured by cats, and made 
 handles for swords with his bones. 
 
 Artaxerxes or Artaxares 1st, a com- 
 mon soldier of Persia, who killed Artaba- 
 nus, A. D. 228, and erected Persia again 
 into a kingdom, which had been extinct 
 
 since the death of Darius. One of his 
 
 successors, son of Sapor, bore bis name, 
 and reigned eleven years, during which 
 he distinguished himself by his cruelties. 
 
 Artaxias, son of Artavasdes, king of 
 Armenia, was proclaimed king by his 
 father's troops. He opposed Antony, by 
 whom he was defeated, and became so 
 odious that the Romans, at the request 
 of the Armenians, raised Tigranes to the 
 
 throne. Another, son of Polemon, 
 
 whose original name was Zeno. After 
 the expulsion of Venones from Armenia, 
 he was made king by Germanicus. 
 
 Artayctes, a Persian appointed gov- 
 ernor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung 
 on a cross by the Athenians for his cruel- 
 ties. 
 
 Artaynta, a Persian lady, whom 
 Xerxes gave in marriage to his son Da- 
 rius. 
 
 Artayntes, a Persian appointed over a 
 fleet in Greece, by Xerxes. 
 
 Artembares, a celebrated Mede in the 
 reign of Cyrus the Great. 
 
 Artemidorus, a native of Ephesus, 
 who wrote an history and description of 
 the earth, in eleven books. He flourished 
 
 about 104 years B. C. A physician in 
 
 the age of Adrian. A man in the reign 
 
 of Antoninus, who wrote a learned work 
 
 on the interpretation of dreams. A 
 
 man of Cnidus, son to the historian The- 
 opompus. As he was a friend of J. Oresar, 
 he wrote down an account of the con- 
 spiracy which was formed against him. 
 
 He gave it to the dictator from among the 
 crowd as he was going to the senate, but 
 J. Csesar put it with other papers which 
 he held in his hand, thinking it to be of 
 no material consequence. 
 
 Artemis, the Greek name of Diana 
 Her festivals, called Artemisia, were ce- 
 lebrated in several parts of Greece, par- 
 ticularly at Delphi. There was a solem- 
 nity of the same name at Syracuse. 
 
 Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of 
 Halicarnassus, reigned over Halicarnas- 
 sus and the neighboring country. It is 
 said that she was fond of a youth of Aby- 
 dos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish 
 his disdain, she put out his eyes while he 
 was asleep, and afterwards leaped down 
 
 the promontory of Leucas. There was 
 
 also another queen of Cariaof that name. 
 She was married to Mausolus, famous for 
 his personal beauty. She was so fond 
 of her husband, that at his death she 
 drank in her liquor his ashes after his 
 body had been burned, and erected to his 
 memory a monument, which for its gran- 
 deur and magnificence, was called one 
 of the seven wonders of the world. This 
 monument she called Mausoleum, a name 
 which has been given from that time to 
 all monuments of unusual splendor. 
 
 Artemisia. Vid. Artemis. 
 
 Artemisium, a promontory of Euboea, 
 where Diana had a temple. The neigh- 
 boring part of the sea bore the same 
 
 name. A lake near the grove Aricia, 
 
 with a temple sacred to Artemis. 
 
 Artemita, a city at the east of Seleu- 
 
 cia. An island opposite the mouth of 
 
 the Achelous. 
 
 Artemon, an historian of Pergamus. 
 
 A native of Clazomenae, who was 
 
 with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where 
 it is said he invented the battering-ram, 
 the testudo, and other equally valuable 
 
 military engines. A man who wrote a 
 
 treatise on collecting books. A native 
 
 of Magnesia, who wrote the history of 
 
 illustrious women. A physician of 
 
 Clazomenas. A painter. A Syrian 
 
 whose features resembled, in the strong- 
 est manner, those of Antiochus. 
 
 Artimpasa, a name of Venus among 
 the Scythians. 
 
 Artobarzanes, a son of Darius, who 
 endeavored to ascend the throne in pre- 
 ference to his brother Xerxes, but to no 
 purpose. 
 
 Artochmes, a general of Xerxes, who 
 married one of the daughters of Darius. 
 
 Artona, a town of the Latins, taken 
 by the yEqui. 
 
 Artontes, a son of Mardonius. 
 
 Artonius, a physician of Augustus. 
 
 ARToxAREs,an eunuch of Paphlagonia, 
 in Hie reign of Artaxerxes 1st, cruelly put 
 to death by Parysatis. 
 
AS 
 
 73 
 
 AS 
 
 Arturius, an obscure fellow, raised to 
 honors and wealth by his flatteries. 
 Artynes, a king of Media. 
 Artynia, a lake of Asia Minor. 
 Artystona, a daughter of Darius. 
 
 Aru^, a people of Hyrcania, where 
 Alexander kindly received the chief offi- 
 cers of Darius. 
 
 Arvales, a name given to twelve priests 
 who celebrated the festivals called Am- 
 barvalia. 
 
 Arueri9, a god of the Egyptians, son 
 of Isis and Osiris. 
 
 Arverni, a powerful people of Gaul, 
 now Auvergne, near the Ligeris, who 
 took up arms against J. Csesar. They 
 were conquered with great slaughter. 
 
 Arviragtjs, a king of Britain. 
 
 Arvisium and Arvisus, a promontory 
 of Chios, famous for its wine. 
 
 L. Arunculeius Costa, an oflicer sent 
 by J. Cffisar against the Gauls, by whom 
 he was killed. 
 
 Aruns, an Etrurian soothsayer in the 
 
 age of Marius. A soldier who slew 
 
 Camilla, and was killed by a dart of Di- 
 ana. A brother of Tarquin the Proud. 
 
 He married Tullia, who murdered him to 
 espouse Tarquin, who had assassinated 
 
 his wife. A son of Tarquin the Proud, 
 
 A son of Porsena king of Etruria, 
 
 sent by his father to take Aricia. 
 
 Aruntius. a Roman who ridiculed the 
 
 rites of Bacchus. A man who wrote 
 
 an account of the Punic wars in the style 
 
 of Sallust, in the reign of Augustus. 
 
 Another Latin writer". Paterculus, a 
 
 man who gave yEmylius Censorinus, ty- 
 rant of ^Egesta, a brazen horse to torment 
 criminals. The tyrant made the first ex- 
 periment upon the body of the donor. 
 Stella, a poet descended of a con- 
 sular family in the age of Domitian. 
 
 Arupinus, a maritime town of Istria. 
 
 Aruspex. Vid. Haruspex. 
 
 Arxata, a town of Armenia, near the 
 Araxes. 
 
 Aryandes, a Persian appointed gov- 
 ernor of Egypt by Cambyses. He was 
 put to death because he imitated Darius 
 in whatever he did, and wished to make 
 himself immortal. 
 
 Arybas, a native of Sidon, whose 
 daughter was carried away by pirates. 
 
 A king of the Molossi, who reigned 
 
 ten years. 
 
 Aryptjeus, a prince of the Molossi, 
 who privately encouraged the Greeks 
 against Macedonia, and afterwards em- 
 braced the party of the Macedonians. 
 
 Asander, a man who separated, by a 
 wall, Chersonesus Taurica from the con- 
 tinent. 
 
 Asbestjz and Asbyst.e, a people of 
 Libya above Cyrene, where the temple 
 of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes 
 called on that account Asbystius. 
 
 Asbolus (black hair), one of Actaeon'a 
 dogs. 
 
 Ascalaphus, the son of Acheron and 
 Nox ; turned into an owl by Ceres, for 
 informing Pluto that Proserpine had eaten 
 some grains of a pomegranate in hell. 
 
 Ascalon, a town of Syria, near the 
 Mediterranean, about five hundred and 
 twenty stadia from Jerusalem, still in 
 being. It was anciently famous for its 
 onions. 
 
 Ascania, an island of the JEge&n sea. 
 A city of Troas, built by Ascanius. 
 
 Ascanius, son of iEneas by Creusa, 
 was saved from the flames of Troy by 
 his father, whom he accompanied in his 
 voyage to Italy. He was afterwards call- 
 ed lulus. The descendants of Ascanius 
 reigned in Alba for above four hundred 
 and twenty years. A river of Bithynia. 
 
 Ascii, a nation of India, in whose 
 country objects at noon have no shadow. 
 
 Asclepia, festivals in honor of Ascle- 
 pius, or yEsculapius, celebrated all over 
 Greece, when prizes for poetical and mu- 
 sical compositions were honorably dis- 
 tributed. 
 
 Asclepiades, a rhetorician in the age 
 of Eumenes, who wrote an historical ac- 
 count of Alexander. A disciple of 
 
 Plato. A philosopher, disciple to 
 
 Stilpo, and very intimate with Mene- 
 demus. The two friends lived toge- 
 ther, and that they might not be sepa- 
 rated when they married, Asclepiades 
 married the daughter, and Menedemus, 
 though much the younger, the mother. 
 
 A physician of Bithynia, B. C. 90, 
 
 who acquired great reputation at Rome, 
 and was the founder of a sect in physic. 
 
 An Egyptian, who wrote hymns on 
 
 the gods of his country, and a treatise on 
 the coincidence of all religions. A na- 
 tive of Alexandria, who gave an history 
 
 of the Athenian archons. A disciple 
 
 of Isocrates. A physician in the age 
 
 of Pompey. A tragic poet. Another 
 
 physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. 
 
 Asclepiodorus, a painter in the age of 
 Apeiles, twelve of whose pictures of the 
 gods were sold for three hundred minse 
 
 each, to an African prince. A soldier 
 
 who conspired against Alexander with 
 Hermolaus. 
 
 Asclepiodotus, a general of Mithri- 
 dates. 
 
 Asclepius. Fid. iEsculapius. 
 
 Ascletarion, a mathematician in the 
 age of Domitian, who said that he should 
 be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered 
 him to be put to death, and his body care- 
 fully secured ; but as soon as he was set 
 on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose 
 which put out the flames, and the dogs 
 came and tore to pieces the mathemati- 
 cian's body. 
 
 AscLus/a town of Italy. 
 D 
 
 
AS 74 
 
 AS 
 
 Ascolia, a festival in honor of Bacchus, 
 celebrated, about December, by the Athe- 
 nian husbandmen, who generally sacri- 
 ficed a goat to the god, because that ani- 
 mal is a great enemy to the vine. 
 
 Asconius Labeo, a preceptor of Nero. 
 
 Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil 
 
 and Livy. — Another of the same family 
 in the age of Vespasian, who became 
 blind in his old age, and lived twelve 
 years after. 
 
 Ascra, a town of Bceotia, built, accord- 
 ing to some, by the giants Otus and Ephi- 
 altes, at the foot of mount Helicon. 
 
 Asculum, now Ascoli, a town of Pice- 
 num, famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by 
 Curius and Fabricius. Another in Apu- 
 lia, near the Aufidus. 
 
 Asdrubal, a Carthaginian, son-in-law 
 of Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in 
 the Numidian war, and was appointed 
 chief general on the death of his father- 
 in-law, and for eight years presided with 
 much prudence and' valor over Spain, 
 which submitted to his arms with cheer- 
 fulness. Here he laid the foundation of 
 new Carthage, and saw it complete. He 
 was killed in the midst of his soldiers, 
 B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had 
 
 murdered. A son of Hamilcar, who 
 
 came from Spain with a large reinforce- 
 ment for his brother Annibal. He crossed 
 the Alps and entered Italy ; but some of 
 his letters to Annibal having fallen into 
 the hands of the Romans, the consuls M. 
 Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero, at- 
 tacked him suddenly near the Metaurus, 
 and defeated him, B. C. 207. He was 
 killed in the battle, and fifty-six thousand 
 of his men shared his fate, and five thou- 
 sand four hundred were taken prisoners ; 
 about eight thousand Romans were killed. 
 
 -7 A Carthaginian general, surnamed 
 
 Calvus, appointed governor of Sardinia, 
 
 and taken prisoner by the Romans. 
 
 Another, son of Gisgon, appointed general 
 of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the 
 time of the great Annibal. He made head 
 against the Romans in Africa, with the 
 assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon 
 after defeated by Scipio. He died E. C. 
 206. Another, who advised his coun- 
 trymen to make peace with Rome, and 
 upbraided Annibal for laughing in the 
 
 Carthaginian senate. A grandson of 
 
 Masinissa, murdered in the senate-house 
 
 by the Carthaginians. Another, whose 
 
 camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, 
 though at the head of twenty thousand 
 men, in the last Punic war. He was not 
 of the same family as Hannibal. A Car- 
 thaginian general, conquered by L. Caecil- 
 ius Metellus in Sicily, in a battie in which 
 lie lost one hundred and thirty elephants. 
 
 Asellio, Sempronius, an historian and 
 military tribune, who wrote an account of 
 the actions in which he was present. 
 
 of the an- 
 rope by the 
 id Mediter- 
 
 Asia, one of the three parts 
 cient world, separated from Europe 
 Tanais, the Euxine, JEzean, and " 
 ranean seas. The Nile and Egypt divide 
 it from Africa. It receives its name from 
 Asia, the daughter of Oceanus. This part 
 of the globe has given birth to many of the 
 greatest monarchies of the universe, and 
 to the ancient inhabitants of Asia we are 
 indebted for most of the arts and sciences. 
 The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all 
 the necessaries as well as luxuries of life. 
 — -One of the Oceanides, who married 
 Japetus, and gave her name to one of the 
 
 three quarters of the ancient globe. 
 
 One of the Nereides. A mountain of 
 
 Laconia. 
 
 Asia Palus, a lake in Mysia. 
 
 Asiaticus, a Gaul, in the age of Vitel- 
 
 lius. The surname of one of the Sci- 
 
 pios, and others, for their conquests or 
 campaigns in Asia. 
 
 Asilas, an augur, who assisted iEneaa 
 against Turnus. A Trojan officer. 
 
 Asinaria, a festival in Sicily. 
 
 Asinarius, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Asine, one of the Sporades. An is- . 
 
 land of the Adriatic. Three towns of 
 
 Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in La- 
 conia, Argolis, and Messenia. 
 
 Asines, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Asinius Gallus, son of Asinius Pollio 
 the orator, married Vipsania after she had 
 been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage 
 gave rise to a secret enmity between the 
 emperor and Asinius, who starved him- 
 self to death, either voluntarily, or by or- 
 der of his imperial enemy. Marcellus, 
 
 grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused 
 
 of some misdemeanors, but acquitted. 
 
 Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and his- 
 torian, intimate with Augustus. He tri- 
 umphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an 
 account of the wars of Casar and Pompey, 
 in seventeen books, besides poems. He 
 died in the eightieth year of his age, A. D. 
 
 4. A commander of Mauritania, under 
 
 the first emperors, &c. An historian in 
 
 the age of Pompey. Another in the 
 
 third century. Ouadratus, a man who 
 
 published the history of Parthia, Greece, 
 and Rome. 
 
 Asrus, a son of Dymas, brother of Hec- 
 uba. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
 
 and was killed by Idomeneus.- A poet 
 
 of Samos, who wrote about the genealogy 
 
 of ancient heroes and heroines. A son 
 
 of Imbracus, who accompanied ^Eneas in- 
 to Italy. 
 
 Asiu9 Campus, a place near the Cayster. 
 
 Asnaus, a mountain of Macedonia, near 
 which the river Aous flows. 
 
 Asophis, a small country of Peloponne- 
 sus, near the Asopus. 
 
 Asopia, the ancient name of Sicyon. 
 
 Asopiades, a patronymic of .(Eacus, son 
 of iEgina, the daughter of Asopus. 
 
AS 
 
 75 
 
 AS 
 
 Asopi3,the daughter of the Asopus. 
 
 A daughter of Thespius, mother of Men- 
 tor. 
 
 Asopus, a river of Thessaly, falling into 
 the bay of Malia, at the north of Ther- 
 mopylae. A river of Bosotia. A river 
 
 of Asia, flowing into the Lycus near La- 
 odicea. A river of Peloponnesus, pass- 
 ing by Sicyon. Another of Macedonia, 
 
 flowing near Heraclea. A river of Phoe- 
 nicia. A son of Neptune, who gave 
 
 his name to a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Aspa, a town of Parthia, now Ispahan, 
 the capital of the Persian empire. 
 
 Aspamithres, a favorite of Xerxes, who 
 conspired with Artabanus to destroy the 
 king and the royal family. 
 
 Asparaqium, a town near Dyrrhachium. 
 
 Aspasia, a daughter of Hermotimus of 
 Phocaea, famous for her personal charms 
 and elegance. She was called Milto, Ver- 
 million, on account of the beauty of her 
 complexion. Another woman, daugh- 
 ter of Axiochus, born at Miletus. She 
 came to Athens, where she taught elo- 
 quence, and Socrates was proud to be 
 among her scholars. She so captivated 
 Pericles, by her mental and personal ac- 
 complishments, that he became her pupil, 
 and at last took her for his mistress and 
 wife. 
 
 Aspasicts, a peripatetic philosopher in 
 
 the second century. A sophist, who 
 
 wrote a panegyric on Adrian. 
 
 Aspastes, a satrap of Carmania, sus- 
 pected of infidelity to his trust while Al- 
 exander was in the east. 
 
 Aspathines, one of the seven noble- 
 men of Persia, who conspired against the 
 usurper Smerdis. 
 
 Aspendus, a town of Pamphylia, at the 
 mouth of the river Eurymedon. The in- 
 habitants sacrificed swine to Venus. 
 
 Asfhaltites, a lake. Vid. Mare Mor- 
 tuum. 
 
 Aspis, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolt- 
 ed from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by 
 Datames. A city and mountain of Af- 
 rica. One of the Cyclades. A city 
 
 of Macedonia. 
 
 Aspledon, a son of Neptune. He gave 
 his name to a city of Bceotia, whose in- 
 habitants went to the Trojan war. 
 
 Asporenus, a mountain of Asia Minor, 
 near Pergamus. 
 
 Assa, a town near mount Athos. 
 
 Assabinus, the Jupiter of the Arabians. 
 
 Assaracus, a Trojan prince, son of Tros 
 by Callirhoe. He was father to Capys, 
 
 the father to Anchises. Two friends of 
 
 .<£neas in the Butulian war. 
 
 Asserini, a people of Sicily. 
 
 Assorus, a town of Sicily, between En- 
 na and Argyrium. 
 
 Assos,atown of Lycia on the sea coast. 
 
 Assyria. The name of Assyria is ap- 
 plied to all that territory which lies be- 
 
 tween Media, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and 
 Babylon. The Assyrian empire is the 
 most ancient in the world. It was found- 
 ed by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 2059, and last- 
 ed till the reign of Sardanapalus, the thir- 
 ty-first sovereign since Ninus, B. C. 820. 
 In ancient authors, the Assyrians are often 
 called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. 
 The king of Assyria generally styled him- 
 self king of kings, as a demonstration of 
 his power and greatness. The country is 
 now called Curdistan. 
 Asta, a city in Spain. 
 Astacojini, a people of India, near the 
 Indus. 
 
 Astacus, a town of Bithynia. Lysima- 
 chus destroyed it, and carried the inhabit- 
 ants to the town of Nicomedia, which was 
 
 then lately built. A city of Acarnania. 
 
 Astapa, a town of Hispania Baetica. 
 Astafus, a river of ^Ethiopia, falling in- 
 to the Nile. 
 
 Astarte, a powerful divinity of Syria, 
 the same as the Venus of the Greeks. 
 She was represented in medals with a 
 long habit, and a mantle over it, tucked 
 up on the left arm. 
 
 Aster, a dexterous archer of Amphipo- 
 lis, who offered his service to Philip king 
 of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he 
 retired into the city, and aimed an arrow 
 at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. 
 The arrow, on which was written, " aim- 
 ed at Philip's right eye," struck the king's 
 eye, and put it out ; and Philip, to return 
 the pleasantry, threw back the same ar- 
 row, with these words, " If Philip takes 
 the town, Aster shall be hanged." The 
 conqueror kept his word. 
 
 Asteria, a daughter of Ceus, one of the 
 Titans, by Phoebe, daughter of Ccelus and 
 Terra. Falling under the displeasure of 
 
 Jupiter, she was changed into a quail. 
 
 A town of Greece, whose inhabitants 
 
 went to the Trojan war. One of the 
 
 daughters of Danaus, who married Chse- 
 tus, son of iEgyptus. One of the daugh- 
 ters of Atlas, mother of CEnomaus, king 
 
 of Pisa. A mistress of Gyges. 
 
 Asterion and AsTERius,a river of Pe- 
 loponnesus, which flowed through the 
 
 country of Argolis. A son of Cometes, 
 
 who was one of the Argonauts. A 
 
 statuary, son of ^Eschylus. A son of 
 
 Minos 2d, king of Crete, by Pasiphae. He 
 
 was killed by Theseus. A son of N® 
 
 leus and Chloris. 
 Asterodia, the wife of Endymion. 
 Asterope and Asturopba, one of the 
 Pleiades, who were beloved by the" gods 
 and most illustrious heroes, and made 
 
 constellations after death. A daughter 
 
 of Pelias, king of Iolchos. A daughter 
 
 of Deion by Diomede. The wife of 
 
 ^Esacus. 
 
 AsTERopiEus, a king of Paeonia, son of 
 Pelegon 
 
AS 
 
 76 
 
 AT 
 
 Asterusius, a mountain at the south of 
 Crete. A town of Arabia Felix. 
 
 Astinome, the wife of Hipponous. 
 
 Astiochus, a general of Lacedaemon , 
 who conquered the Athenians near Cni- 
 dus, and took PhocEea and Cumee, B. C. 
 411. 
 
 Astr.s;a, a daughter of Astraaus, king of 
 Arcadia, or, according toothers, of Titan, 
 Saturn's brother, by Aurora. She was 
 called Justice, of which virtue she was the 
 goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the 
 poets mention, during the golden age, but 
 the wickedness and impiety of mankind 
 drove her to heaven in the brazen and 
 iron ages, and she was placed among the 
 constellations of the zodiac, under the 
 name of Virgo. 
 
 Astrjeus, one of the Titans who made 
 war against Jupiter. A ri ver of Mace- 
 donia, near Therm a'. 
 
 Astu, a Greek word which signifies 
 city, generally applied by way of distinc- 
 tion, to Athens, which was the most capi- 
 tal city of Greece. 
 
 Astur, an Etrurian, who assisted ^Eneas 
 against Turnus. 
 
 Astura, a small river and village of La- 
 tium, where Antony's soldiers cut off Ci- 
 cero's head. 
 
 Astures, a people of Hispania Tarraco- 
 nensis. 
 
 Astyage, a daughter of Hypseus, who 
 married Periphas, by whom she had An- 
 tion, the father of Ixion. 
 
 Astyages, son of Cyaxares, was the last 
 king of Media. He was father to Man- 
 dane, whom he gave in marriage to Cam- 
 byses, an ignoble person of Persia, be- 
 cause he was told by a dream, that his 
 daughter's son would dispossess him of 
 his crown. Astyages was very cruel and 
 oppressive ; and Harpagus, one of his of- 
 ficers, whose son he had wantonly mur- 
 dered, encouraged Mandane's son, who 
 was called Cyrus, to take up arms against 
 his grandfather, and he conquered him 
 
 and took him prisoner, 559 B. C. A 
 
 grammarian who wrote a commentary on 
 
 Callimachus. A man changed into a 
 
 stone by Medusa's head. 
 
 Astyalus, a Trojan killed by Neoptole- 
 mus. 
 
 Astyanax, a son of Hector and An- 
 dromache. An Arcadian, who had a 
 
 statue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount 
 Lyceus. A son of Hercules. A wri- 
 ter in the age of Gallienus. 
 
 Astycratia, a daughter of ^Eolus. 
 
 A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. 
 
 Astydamas, an Athenian, pupil to Iso- 
 crates. He wrote two hundred and forty 
 tragedies, of which only fifteen obtained 
 
 the poetical prize. -A Milesian, three 
 
 times victorious at Olympia. He was fa- 
 mous for his strength, as well as for his 
 voracious appetite. Two tragic writers 
 
 bore the same name, one of whom was 
 
 disciple to Socrates. A comic poet of 
 
 Athens. 
 
 Astydamia, or Astyadamia, daughter 
 of Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in Bceo- 
 tia, married Acastus, son of Pelias, who 
 was king of Iolchos. She became en- 
 amored of Peleus, son of ^Eacus, and ac- 
 cused him of attempting her virtue. Acas- 
 tus readily believed his wife's accusation, 
 but dissembled his resentment. At last 
 they went in a hunting party to mount 
 Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a tree, 
 by order of Acastus, that he might be de- 
 voured by wild beasts. Jupiter was mov- 
 ed at the innocence of Peleus, and sent 
 Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was 
 set at liberty, he marched with an army 
 against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and 
 punished with death the cruel and false 
 
 Astydamia. A daughter of Ormenus, 
 
 carried away by Hercules. 
 
 Astylus, one of the centaurs, who had 
 
 the knowledge of futurity. A man of 
 
 Crotona, who was victorious three suc- 
 cessive times at the Olympic games. 
 
 Astymedusa, a woman whom CEdipua 
 married after he had divorced Jocasta. 
 
 Astynome, the daughter of Chryses the 
 priest of Apollo, sometimes called Chry- 
 seis. She fell to the share of Achilles, at 
 the division of the spoils of Lyrnessus. 
 A daughter of Amphion, — of Talaus. 
 
 Astynous, a Trojan prince. 
 
 Astyoche and Astyochia, a daughter 
 of Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus, 
 and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan 
 
 war. A daughter of Laomedon, by 
 
 Strymo. A daughter of Amphion and 
 
 Niobe. A daughter of the Simois, who 
 
 married Erichthonius. The wife of 
 
 Strophius, sister to Agamemnon. 
 
 Astypal^a, one of the Cyclades, be- 
 tween Cos and Carpathos, called after As- 
 typalaea, the daughter of Phcenix, and mo- 
 ther of Ancaeus, by Neptune. 
 
 Astyphilus, a soothsayer, well skilled 
 in the knowledge of futurity. 
 
 Astyron, a town built by the Argo- 
 nauts, on the coast of Illyricum. 
 
 Asychis, a king of Egypt, who succeed- 
 ed Mycerinus, and made a law, that who- 
 ever borrowed money, must deposit his 
 father's body in the hand of his creditors, 
 as a pledge of his promise of payment. He 
 built a magnificent pyramid. 
 
 Asylas, a friend of ^Eneas, skilled in 
 auguries. 
 
 Asyllus, a gladiator. 
 
 Atabulus, a wind which was frequent 
 in Apulia. 
 
 Axabyris, a mountain in Rhodes, where 
 Jupiter had a temple, whence he was stor- 
 named. 
 
 Atace, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Atalanta, a daughter of Schoeneus 
 king of Scvros. Atalanta determined t» 
 
AT 
 
 77 
 
 AT 
 
 live in perpetual celibacy ; but her beauty 
 gained her many admirers, and to free 
 herself from their importunities, she pro- 
 posed to run a race with them. Her lovers 
 were to start first, and whoever arrived at 
 the goal before her, would be made her 
 husband; but all those whom she over- 
 took, were to be killed. As she was al- 
 most invincible in running, many of her 
 suitors perished in the attempt, till Hippo- 
 menes the son of Macareus, proposed him- 
 self as her admirer. Venus had presented 
 him with three golden apples from the 
 garden of the Hesperides, and as soon as 
 he had started in the course, he artfully 
 threw down the apples, at some distance 
 one from the other. While Atalanta, 
 charmed at the sight, stopped to gather 
 the apples, Hippomenes hastened on his 
 course, arrived first at the goal, and ob- 
 tained Atalanta in marriage. An island 
 
 near Eubcea and Locris. 
 
 Atarantes, a people of Africa, ten days' 
 journey from the Garamantes. 
 
 Atarbechis, a town in one of the is- 
 lands of the Delta, where Venus had a 
 temple. 
 
 Atargaiis, a divinity among the Syri- 
 ans, represented as a Siren. 
 
 Atarnea, a part of Mysia, opposite Les- 
 bos, with a small town in the neighbor- 
 hood of the same name. 
 
 Atas and Athas, a youth of wonderful 
 velocity, who is said to have run seventy- 
 five miles between noon and the evening. 
 
 At ax, now Aude, a river of Gaul Nar- 
 bonensis, falling into the Mediterranean 
 sea. 
 
 Ate, the goddess of all evil, and daugh- 
 ter of Jupiter. She is the same as the Dis- 
 cord of the Latins. 
 
 Atella, a town of Campania, famous 
 for a splendid amphitheatre, where inter- 
 ludes were first exhibited, and thence 
 called Atellanae Fabuls:. 
 
 Atenomarus, a chieftain of Gaul, who 
 made war against the Romans. 
 
 Athamanes, an ancient people of Epi- 
 rus, who existed long before the Trojan 
 war, and still preserved their name and 
 customs in the age of Alexander. There 
 was a fountain in their territories, whose 
 waters, about the last quarter of the moon, 
 were so sulphureous that they could set 
 wood on fire. 
 
 Athamas, king of Thebes, in Bceotia, 
 was son of ^Eolus. He married Themisto, 
 whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, De- 
 motice, and by her he had Phryxus and 
 Helle. Some time after, on pretence that 
 Nephele was subject to fits of madness, he 
 married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by 
 whom he had two sons, Learchus and 
 Melicerta. Ino became jealous of the 
 children of Nephele ; because they were 
 to ascend their father's throne in prefer- 
 ence to her own, therefore she resolved to 
 7* 
 
 destroy them ; but they escaped from her 
 fury to Colchis, on a golden ram. The 
 prosperity of Ino was displeasing to Juno, 
 and more particularly because she was de- 
 scended from Venus. The goddess there- 
 fore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, t'» 
 the house of Athamas, who became in- 
 flamed with such sudden fury, that he 
 took Ino to be a lioness, and her two chil- 
 dren to be whelps. In this fit of madness 
 he snatched Learchus from her, and killed 
 him against a wall ; upon which, Ino fled 
 with Melicerta, and, with him in her arms, 
 she threw herself into the sea, from a high 
 rock, and was changed into a sea deity. 
 After this, Athamas recovered the use of 
 his senses ; and as he was without chil- 
 dren, he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, 
 
 the sons of Thersander his nephew. 
 
 A servant of Atticus. A stage dancer. 
 
 A tragic poet. One of the Greeks, 
 
 concealed in the wooden horse at the siege 
 of Troy. 
 
 Athamantiades, a patronymic of Meli- 
 certa, Phryxus, or Helle, children of Atha- 
 mas. 
 
 Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria, 
 celebrated for his sufferings, and the de- 
 termined opposition he maintained against 
 Arius and his doctrine. The creed which 
 bears his name, is supposed by some not 
 to be his composition. Athanasius died 
 2d May, 373 A. D. after filling the archi- 
 episcopal chair forty-seven years, and 
 leading alternately a life of exile and of 
 triumph. 
 
 Athanis, a man who wrote an account 
 of Sicily. 
 
 Atheas, a king of Scythia, who im- 
 plored the assistance of Philip of Mace- 
 donia against the Istrians, and laughed at 
 him when he had furnished him with an 
 army. 
 
 Athena, the name of Minerva among 
 the Greeks ; and also among the Egyp- 
 tians, before Cecrops had introduced the 
 worship of the goddess into Greece. 
 
 Athene, a celebrated city of Attica, 
 founded about 1556 years before the Chris- 
 tian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian 
 colony. It was called Cecropia from its 
 founder, and afterwards Athena in honor 
 of Minerva. It was governed by seven- 
 teen kings ; commencing with Cecrops, 
 and ending with Codru3 1112 B. C. After 
 the death of Codrus, the monarchical 
 power was abolished, and the state was 
 governed by thirteen perpetual, and, three 
 hundred and seventeen years after, by 
 seven decennial, and lastly, B. C. 684, 
 after an anarchy of three years, by annual 
 magistrates, called Archons. Under this 
 democracy, the Athenians signalized 
 themselves by their valor in the field, 
 their munificence, and the cultivation of 
 the fine arts. They were deemed so pow- 
 erful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when 
 
AT 
 
 he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his 
 arms against Athens, which he took and 
 burnt. The ancients, to distinguish 
 Athens in a more peculiar manner, called 
 it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, the 
 learned city, the school of the world, the 
 common patroness of Gieece. The Athe- 
 nians thought themselves the most an- 
 cient nation of Greece, and the original 
 inhabitants of Attica. They sometimes 
 wore golden grasshoppers in their hair as 
 badges of lienor, to distinguish them from 
 other people of later origin and less noble 
 extraction, because those insects are sup- 
 posed to be sprung from the ground. 
 
 Athenjea, festivals in honor of Miner- 
 va, celebrated at Athens. 
 
 Athen.eum, a place at Athens, sacred 
 to Minerva, where the poets, philosophers, 
 and rhetoricians generally declaimed ana 
 repeated their compositions. A pro- 
 montory of Italy. A fortified place be- 
 tween j^toiia and Macedonia. 
 
 AraENiEus, a Greek cosmographer. 
 
 A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the 
 
 time of Augustus. A Spartan sent by 
 
 his countrymen to Athens, to settle the 
 
 peace during the Peioponnesian war. 
 
 A grammarian of Naucratis. A histo- 
 rian, who wrote an account of Semira- 
 
 mis. A brother of king Eumenes 2d, 
 
 famous for his paternal affection. A 
 
 Roman general, in the age of Gallienus, 
 who is supposed to have written a book 
 
 on military engines. A physician of 
 
 Cilicia in the age of Piiny, who made 
 heat, cold, wet, dry, and air, the elements, 
 instead of the four commonly received. 
 
 Athenagoras, a Greek in the time of 
 Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the 
 
 government of Chios. A writer on 
 
 agriculture. A Christian philosopher 
 
 in the age of Aurelius. The romance of 
 Theagenea and Charis is falsely ascribed 
 to him. 
 
 Athenais, a Sibyl of Eiythrsa, in the 
 
 age of Alexander.- A daughter of the 
 
 philosopher Leontius. 
 
 Athekion, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 
 
 B. C. A general of the Sicilian slaves. 
 
 A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston. 
 
 Athenocles, a general. A turner 
 
 of Mitylene. 
 
 AthesodoeuSj a philosopher of Tar- 
 sus, intimate with Augustus. The em- 
 peror often profited by his lessons, and 
 was advised by him always to repeat the 
 twenty-four letters of the Greek alphabet, 
 before' he gave way to the impulse of an- 
 ger. A poet who wrote in the age of 
 
 Alexander. A stoic philosopher of 
 
 Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augus- 
 tus. He was intimate with Strabo. A 
 
 philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and keeper 
 
 of the royal library at Pergamus A 
 
 marble sculptor. A man assassinated 
 
 at Bactra for making himself absolute. 
 
 Atheos, a surname of Biagoras and 
 Theodorus, because they denied the ex- 
 istence of a deity. 
 
 Athesis, now Adige, a river of Cisal- 
 pine Gaul, near the To, falling into the 
 Adriatic sea. 
 
 Athos, a very high mountain of Mace- 
 donia, one hundred and fifty miles in cir- 
 cumference, projecting into the JDgean 
 sea like a promontory. When Xerxes in- 
 vaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile 
 and a half in length at the foot of the 
 mountain, into which he brought the sea- 
 water, and conveyed his fleet over it. A 
 sculptor, called Denocrates, offered Alex- 
 ander to cut mount Athos, and to make 
 with it a statue of the king holding a town 
 in his left hand, and in the right a spacious 
 basin, to receive all the waters which 
 flowed from it. Athos is now called 
 Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, 
 said to contain some ancient and valu- 
 able manuscripts. 
 
 Athrulla, a town of Arabia. 
 
 Athvmbra, a city of Caria, afterwards 
 called Nyssa. 
 
 Atia, a city of Campania. A law 
 
 enacted A. U. C. 690, by T. Atius Labi- 
 enus, the tribune of the people. It abo- 
 lished the Cornelian law, and put in 
 full force the Lex Domitia, by transfer- 
 ring the right of electing priests from the 
 
 college of priests to the people. The 
 
 mother of Augustus. Fid. Accia. 
 
 Atilia lex gave the pretor and a ma- 
 jority of the tribunes, power of appointing 
 guardians to those minors who were not 
 previously provided for by their parents. 
 
 It was enacted about A. IT. C. 560. 
 
 Another A. U. C. 443, which gave the 
 people power of electing twenty tribunes 
 of the soldiers in four legions. 
 
 Atilius, a freed man, who exhibited 
 combats of gladiators at Fidenae. The 
 amphitheatre, which contained the specta- 
 tors, fell during the exhibition, and about 
 fifty thousand persons were killed or mu- 
 tilated. 
 
 Atilla, the mother of the poet Lucan. 
 She was accused of conspiracy by her 
 son, who expected to clear himself of the 
 charge. 
 
 Atina, an ancient town of the Volsci, 
 one of the first that began hostilities 
 against iEneas. 
 
 Atinas, a friend of Turnus. 
 
 Atima lex, was enacted by the tribune 
 Atinius. It gave a tribune of the people 
 the privileges of a senator, and the right 
 of sitting in the senate. 
 
 Atlantes, a savage people of Africa in 
 the neighborhood of Mount Atlas. 
 
 Atlantiades, a patronymic of Mercury, 
 as grandson of Atlas. 
 
 Atlantides, a people of Africa, near 
 mount Atlas. They boasted of being in 
 possession of the country in which all the 
 
AT 
 
 79 
 
 AT 
 
 gods of antiquity received their birth. 
 
 The daughters cf Atlas, seven in number, 
 Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Me- 
 rope, Alcyone, and Celaeno. They mar- 
 ried some of the gods, and most illustrious 
 heroes, and their children were founders 
 of many nations and cities. 
 
 Atlantis, a celebrated island mention- 
 ed by the ancients. Its situation is un- 
 known, and even its existence doubted by 
 some writers. 
 
 Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Jape- 
 tus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. 
 He married Pleione, daughter of Oceanus, 
 by whom he had seven daughters, called 
 Atlantides. He was king of Mauritania, 
 and master of a thousand flocks of every 
 kind, as also of beautiful gardens, abound- 
 ing in every species of fruit, which he 
 had intrusted to the care of a dragon. 
 Perseus, after the conquest of the Gor- 
 gons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and 
 demanded hospitality. The king refused 
 to receive him, and even offered him vio- 
 lence. Perseus who was unequal in 
 strength, showed him Medusa's head, and 
 Atlas was instantly changed into a large 
 mountain. This mountain is so high that 
 the ancients have imagined that the hea- 
 vens rested on its top, and that Atlas sup- 
 ported the world on his shoulders. A 
 
 river flowing from mount Hamius into the 
 Ister. 
 
 Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus, who was 
 one of the wive3 of Cambyses, Smerdis, 
 and afterwards of Darius, by whom she 
 had Xerxes. She is supposed by some to 
 be the Vasthi of scripture. 
 
 Atraces, a people of ^Etolia, who re- 
 ceived their name from Atrax, son of JEto- 
 lus. Their country was called Atracia. 
 
 Atramyttium, a town of Mysia. 
 
 Atrapes, an officer of Alexander, who 
 at the general division of the provinces, 
 received Media. 
 
 ATRAX,ason of jEt.olus, or, according to 
 others, of the river Peneus. He was king 
 of Thessaly, and built a town which he 
 called Atrax or Atracia, and which became 
 
 very famous. A city of Thessaly, 
 
 whence the epithet of Atracius. A 
 
 river of ^Etolia, which falls into the Ionian 
 sea. 
 
 Atrebatje, a people of Britain, who 
 were in possession of the modern counties 
 of Berks, Oxford, &c. 
 
 Atrebates, now Jlrtois, a people of 
 Gaul, who, together with the Nervii, op- 
 posed J. Caesar with fifteen thousand men. 
 They were conquered, and Comius, a 
 friend of the genera!, was set over them 
 as king. They were reinstated in their 
 former liberty and independence, on ac- 
 count of the services of Comius. 
 
 Atreni, a people of Armenia. 
 
 Atreus, son of Pelops by Hippodamia, 
 daughter of CEnomaus king of Pisa, was 
 
 king of Mycens, and brother to Pittheus, 
 Traazen, Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As 
 Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and 
 at the same time a favorite of his father, 
 Hippodamia resolved to remove him. She 
 persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus 
 to murder him ; but their refusal exasper- 
 ated her more, and she executed it herself. 
 This murder was grievous to Pelops ; he 
 suspected his two sons, who fled away 
 from his presence. Atreus retired to the 
 court of Eurystheus king of Argos, his ne- 
 phew, and upon his death he succeeded 
 him on the throne. He married as some 
 report, ^Erope, his predecessor's daughter. 
 Thyestes had followed his brother to Ar- 
 gos, where he lived with him and de- 
 bauched his wife. This incestuous com- 
 merce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was 
 banished from his court. He was how- 
 ever soon after recalled by his brother, 
 who determined cruelly to revenge the 
 violence offered to his bed. To affect this 
 purpose, he invited his brother to a sump- 
 tuous feast, where Thyestes was served 
 up with the flesh of his own children. Af- 
 ter the repast was finished, the arms and 
 the heads of the murdered children were 
 produced, to convince Thyestes of what 
 he had feasted upon. This action appear- 
 ed so cruel and impious, that the sun is 
 said to have shrunk back in his course at 
 the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately 
 fled to the court of Thesprotus, and thence 
 to Sicyon. 
 
 Atrid-e, a patronymic given by Homer 
 to Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being 
 the sons of Atreus. 
 
 Atronius, a friend of Turnus, killed by 
 the Trojans. 
 
 Atropatia, a part of Media. 
 
 Atropos, one of the Parcae, daughters 
 of Nox and Erebus. She is inexorable, 
 and inflexible, and her duty among the 
 three sisters is to cut the thread of life, 
 without any regard to sex, age, or quality. 
 
 T. Q_. Atta, a writer of merit in the 
 Augustan age, who seems to have receiv- 
 ed this name from some deformity in hia 
 legs or feet. 
 
 Attalia, a city of Pamphylia, built by 
 king Attalus. 
 
 Attalicus. Fid. Attalus 3d. 
 
 Attalu3 1st, king of Pergamue, suc- 
 ceeded Eumenes 1st. He defeated the 
 Gauls who had invaded his dominions, 
 extended his conquests to mount Taurus, 
 and obtained the assistance of the Romans 
 against Antiochus. He died at Pergamus 
 after a reign of forty-four years, B. C. 197. 
 
 The 2d of that name, was sent on an 
 
 embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes 
 the 2d, and at his return was appointed 
 guardian to his nephew Attalus the 3d, 
 who was then an infant. Attalus, who 
 has received the name of PJiiladelphus, 
 from hie fraternal love, wa* a munificent 
 
AT 
 
 80 
 
 AT 
 
 patron of learning, and the founder of sev- 
 eral cities. He was poisoned by his ne- 
 phew in the eighty -second year of his age, 
 
 B. C. 138. The 3d, succeeded to the 
 
 kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of 
 Attalus the 2d, and made himself odious 
 by his cruelty to his relations, and his 
 wanton exercise of power. He lived in 
 great amity with the Romans ; and as he 
 died without issue by his wife Berenice, 
 he left in his will the words P. R. meorum 
 hares esto, which the Romans interpreted 
 as themselves, and therefore took posses- 
 sion of his kingdom, B. C. 133. From this 
 -ircumstance whatever was a valuable ac- 
 luisition, or an ample fortune, was called 
 by the epithet of Attalicus. Attalus, as 
 well as his predecessors, made themselves 
 celebrated for the valuable libraries which 
 they collected at Pergamus, and for the 
 patronage which merit and virtue always 
 found at their court. An officer in Al- 
 exander's army. Another very inimical 
 
 to Alexander. He was put to death by 
 Parmenio, and Alexander was accused of" 
 
 the murder. A philosopher preceptor to 
 
 Seneca. An astronomer of Rhodes. 
 
 Attarras, an officer who seized those 
 that had conspired with Dymnus against 
 Alexander. 
 
 Atteius Capito^ consul in the age of 
 Augustus, who wrote treatises on sacer- 
 dotal laws, public courts of justice, and 
 the duty of a senator. 
 
 Attes, a son of Calaus of Phrygia. 
 He introduced the worship of Cybele 
 among the Lydians, and became a great 
 favorite of the goddess. Jupiter was 
 jealous of his success, and sent a wild 
 boar to lay waste the country and destroy 
 Attes. 
 
 Atthis, a daughter of Cranaus the 2d, 
 king of Athens, who gave her name to 
 Attica. 
 
 Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas, 
 at the south of Boeotia, west of the iEgean 
 sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and 
 east of Megara. The most famous of its 
 cities is called Athens, whose inhabitants 
 sometimes bear the name of Attici. 
 
 Atticus, one of Galba's servants, who 
 entered his palace with a bloody sword, 
 
 and declared he had killed Otho. (T. 
 
 Pomponius) a celebrated Roman knight to 
 whom Cicero wrote a great number of let- 
 ters, which contained the general history 
 of the age. They are now extant, and di- 
 vided into seventeen books. Tn the time 
 of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to 
 Athens, where he so endeared himself to 
 the citizens, that after his departure, they 
 erected statues to him in commemoration 
 of his munificence and liberality. It is 
 said that he refused to take aliments when 
 unable to iiet the better of a fever, and died 
 in his seventy-seventh year, B. C. 32, af- 
 ter bearing the amiable character of peace- 
 
 maker among his friends. Herodes, an 
 
 Athenian in the age of the Antonines, de- 
 scended from Miltiades, and celebrated 
 for his munificence. His son of the same 
 name was honored with the consulship. 
 A consul in the age of Nero. 
 
 Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns, 
 a nation in the southern parts of Scythia, 
 who invaded the Roman empire in the 
 reign of Valentinian, with an army of 
 five hundred thousand men. He took the 
 town of Aquileia, and marched against 
 Rome ; but his retreat and peace were 
 purchased with a large sum of money by 
 the feeble emperor. Attila, who boasted 
 in the appellation of the scourge of Ood, 
 died A. D. 453. 
 
 Attilius, a Roman consul in the first 
 
 Punic war. Vid. Regulus. Calatinus, 
 
 a Roman consul who fought the Cartha- 
 ginian fleet. Marcus, a poet. Regu- 
 lus, a Roman censor who built a temple to 
 
 the goddess of concord. The name of 
 
 Attilius was common among the Romans, 
 and many of the public magistrates are 
 called Attilii ; their life however is not 
 famous for any illustrious event. 
 
 Attinas, an officer set over Bactriana 
 by Alexander. 
 
 Attius Pelignus, an officer of Caesar. 
 
 Tullius, the general of the Volsci, to 
 
 whom Coriolanus fled when banished 
 
 from Rome. Varus seized Auxinum in 
 
 Pompey's name, whence he was expelled. 
 After this he fled to Africa, which he 
 
 alienated from J. Caesar. The family 
 
 of the Attii was descended from Atys, one 
 of the companions of iEneas. 
 
 Aturus, a river of Gaul, now the Jidour, 
 which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean 
 mountains into the bay of Biscay. 
 
 Atyad.e, the descendants of Atys the 
 Lydian 
 
 Atys, an ancient king of Lydia, who 
 sent away his son Tyrrhenus, with a co- 
 lony of Lydians, who settled in Italy. 
 
 A son of Croesus king of Lydia. He was 
 forbidden the use of all weapons by his fa- 
 ther, who had dreamt that he had been 
 killed. Some time after this, Atys pre- 
 vailed on his father to permit him to go to 
 hunt a wild boar, which laid waste the 
 country of Mysia, and he was killed in the 
 attempt by Adrastus, whom Croesus had 
 appointed guardian over his son, and thus 
 the apprehensions of the monarch were 
 
 realized. A Trojan, who came to Italy 
 
 with TEneas, and is supposed to be the 
 progenitor of the family of the Attii at 
 
 Rome. A youth to whom Ismene the 
 
 daughter of CEdipus was promised in mar- 
 riage. He was killed by Tydeus before 
 
 his nuptials. A son of Limniace, the 
 
 daughter of the river Ganges, who assist- 
 ed Cepheus in preventing the marriage of 
 Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus 
 with a burning log of wood. A csle- 
 
AU 
 
 81 
 
 AU 
 
 brated shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the 
 mother of the gods, generally called Cy- 
 
 bele, became enamoured. Sylvius, son 
 
 of Albius Sylvius, was king of Alba. 
 
 Avaricum, a strong and fortified town 
 of Gaul, now called Bourges the capital of 
 Berry. 
 
 Avella, a town of Campania, abound- 
 ing in nuts, whence nuts have been called 
 avellinee. 
 
 Aventinus, a son of Hercules, by Rhea, 
 who assisted Turnus against ^Eneas, and 
 
 distinguished himself by his valor. A 
 
 king of Alba buried upon mount Aven- 
 
 tine. One of the seven hills on which 
 
 part of the city of Rome was built. It- 
 was thirteen thousand and three hundred 
 feet in circumference, and was given to 
 the people to build houses upon, by king 
 Ancus Martius. 
 
 Avernus or Averna, a lake of Campa- 
 nia, near Baiae, whose waters were so un- 
 wholesome and putrid, that no birds were 
 seen on its banks. The ancients made it 
 the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. 
 
 Atesta, a book composed by Zoroaster. 
 
 Aufeia aqua, called afterwards Marcia, 
 was the sweetest and most wholesome wa- 
 ter in Rome. 
 
 Aufidena, now Mfidena, a city of the 
 Peligni in Italy. 
 
 Aufidia lex, was enacted by the tri- 
 bune Aufidius Lurco, A. U. C. 692. It or- 
 dained, that if any candidate in canvass- 
 ing for an office, promised money to the 
 tribunes and failed "in the performance, 
 he should be excused ; but if he actually 
 paid it, he should be compelled to pay 
 every tribune six thousand sesterces. 
 
 Aufidius, an effeminate person of 
 
 Chios. Bassus, a famous historian in 
 
 the age of Cuintilian, who wrote an ac- 
 count of Germany, and of the civil wars. 
 
 A Roman senator, famous for his 
 
 blindness and abilities. Lurco, a man 
 
 who enriched himself by fattening pea- 
 cocks, and selling them for meat.- — Lus- 
 cus, a man obscurely born, and made a 
 pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. 
 
 Aufidus, a river of Apulia falling into 
 the Adriatic sea, and now called Ofatito. 
 It was on its banks that the Romans were 
 defeated by Hannibal at Cannaa. The 
 spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and 
 bears the name of the field of blood. 
 
 Auga and Auge and Augea, daughter 
 of Aleus king of Tegea, by Neasra. 
 
 Augarus, an Arabian, who, for his 
 good offices, obtained the favors of Pom- 
 
 pey, whom he vilely deceived. A king 
 
 of Osroene, whom Caracalla imprisoned, 
 after he had given him solemn promises 
 of friendship and support. 
 
 Ahges, a town of Laconia. Another 
 
 of Locris. 
 
 Augias and Augeas, son of Eleus, or 
 Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and af- 
 
 terwards ascended the throne of Elis. 
 He had an immense number of oxen and 
 goats, and the stables in which they were 
 kept had never been cleaned, so that the 
 task seemed an impossibility to any man 
 Hercules undertook it on promise of re- 
 ceiving for a reward, the tenth part of the 
 herds of Augias, or something equivalent. 
 The hero changed the course of the river 
 Alpheus, or, according to others, of the 
 Peneus, which immediately carried away 
 the dung and filth from the stables. Au- 
 gias refused the promised recompense, on 
 pretence that Hercules had made use of 
 artifice, and had not experienced any la- 
 bor or trouble, and he further drove hia 
 own son Phyleus from his kingdom, be- 
 cause he supported the claims of the hero. 
 The refusal was a declaration of war. 
 Hercules conquered Elis, put to death Au- 
 gias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. 
 
 Augil.£, a people of Africa, who sup- 
 posed that there were no gods except the 
 manes of the dead, of whom they sought 
 oracles. 
 
 Auginus, a mountain of Liguria. 
 
 Augures, certain officers at Rome who 
 foretold future events. They were first 
 created by Romulus, to the number of 
 three. Servius Tullius added a fourth, 
 and the tribunes of the people A. U. C. 
 454, increased the number to nine ; and 
 Sylla added six more, during his dictator- 
 ship. They had a particular college, and 
 the chief amongst them was called magis- 
 ter collegii. Their office was honorable ; 
 and if any one of them was convicted of 
 any crime, he could not be deprived of his 
 privileges ; an indulgence granted to no 
 other sacerdotal body" at Rome. 
 
 Augusta, a name given to seventy cities 
 in the Roman provinces, in honor of Au- 
 gustus Cassar. London, as capital of 
 
 the country of the Trinobantes, was called 
 Augusta Trinobantina. Messalina, fa- 
 mous for her debaucheries, was called Au- 
 gusta, as wife of the emperor Claudius. 
 
 Augustalia, a festival at Rome, in 
 commemoration of the day on which Au- 
 gustus returned to Rome, after he had es- 
 tablished peace over the different parts of 
 the empire. 
 
 Augustinus, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, 
 distinguished himself by his writings, as 
 well as by the austerity of his life. He 
 died in the seventy-sixth year of his age. 
 A. D. 430. 
 
 Augustodunum, now Autan, a town of 
 Gaul, the capital of the ancient yEdui. 
 
 Augustulus, the last Roman emperor 
 of the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Od- 
 oacer, king of the Heruli. 
 
 Augustus Octavianus Cjesar, second 
 emperor of Rome, was son of Octavius a 
 senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and 
 sister to Julius Caesar. He was adopted 
 by his uncle Cassar, and inherited the 
 D* 
 
AU 
 
 82 
 
 AU 
 
 greatest part of his fortune. He lost his 
 father at the age of four ; and though only 
 eighteen when his uncle was murdered, 
 he hastened to Rome, where he ingratiat- 
 ed himself with the senate and people, 
 and received the honors of the consulship 
 two years after, as the reward of his hy- 
 pocrisy. But when he perceived that by 
 making him fight against Antony, the se- 
 nate wished to debilitate both antagonists, 
 he changed his views, and uniting himself 
 with his enemy, soon formed the second 
 triumvirate, in which his cruel proscrip- 
 tions shed the innocent blood of three 
 hundred senators and two hundred 
 knights, and did not even spare the life 
 of his friend Cicero. By the divisions 
 which were made among the triumvirs, 
 Augustus retained for himself the more 
 important provinces of the west, and ban- 
 ished, as it were, his colleagues, Lepidus 
 and Antony, to more distant territories. 
 But as long as the murderers of Caesar 
 were alive, the reigning tyrants had rea- 
 sons for apprehension, and therefore the 
 forces of the triumvirate were directed 
 against the partisans of Brutus and the 
 senate. The battle was decided at Phi- 
 lippi, where it is said that the valor and 
 conduct of Antony alone preserved the 
 combined armies, and effected the defeat 
 of the republican forces. The friendship 
 which subsisted between Augustus and 
 Antony was broken as soon as the fears of 
 a third rival vanished away, and the as- 
 piring heir of Czesar was easily induced to 
 take up arms by the little jealousies and 
 resentment of Fulvia. Her death, how- 
 ever, retarded hostilities ; the two rivals 
 were reconciled ; their united forces were 
 successfully directed against the younger 
 Pompey ; and, to strengthen their friend- 
 ship, Antony agreed to marry Octavia, the 
 sister of Augustus. But as this step was 
 political, and not dictated by affection, 
 Octavia was slighted, and Antony resign- 
 ed himself to the pleasures and company 
 of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus was 
 incensed, and immediately took up arms 
 to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and 
 perhaps "more eagerly to remove a man 
 whose power and existence kept him in 
 continual alarms, and made him depend- 
 ent. Both parties met at Actium, B. C. 31, 
 to decide the fate of Rome. Antony was 
 supported by all the power of the east, 
 and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled 
 from the battle with sixty ships, and her 
 flight ruined the interest of Antony, who 
 followed her into Egypt. The conqueror 
 soon after passed into Egypt, besieged 
 Alexandria, and honored, with a magni- 
 ficent funeral, the unfortunate Roman, 
 and the celebrated queen, whom the fear 
 of being led in the victor's triumph at 
 Rome had driven to commit suicide. Af- 
 ter he had established peace all over the 
 world, Augustus shut up the gates of the 
 
 temple of Janus, the year our Saviour Avas 
 born. He died at Nola, in the seventy- 
 sixth year of his age, A. D. 14, after he 
 had held the sovereign power during forty- 
 four years. The name of Augustus was 
 
 afterwards given to the successors of Oc- 
 tavianus in the Roman empire as a per- 
 sonal, and the name of Cmsar, as a family, 
 distinction. In a more distant period of 
 the empire, the title of Augustus waa 
 given only to the emperor, while that of 
 Cresar was bestowed on the second person 
 in the state, who was considered as pre- 
 sumptive heir. 
 
 Avidienus, a rich and sordid man. 
 
 Avidius Cassius, a man saluted em- 
 peror, A. D. 175. He reigned only three 
 months and was assassinated by a centu- 
 rion. 
 
 Rufus Festus Avienus, a poet in the 
 age of Theodosius. 
 
 Avitus, a governor of Britain under 
 Nero. Alcinus, a christian poet. 
 
 Avium, a city between Tyre and Sidon. 
 
 Aulerci, a people of Gaul, between the 
 Seine and the Loire. 
 
 Aulestes, a king of the Etrurians when 
 iEneas came into Italy. 
 
 Auletes, a general who assisted JEneaa 
 
 in Italy, with one hundred ships. The 
 
 surname of one of the Ptolemean kings, 
 father to Cleopatra. 
 
 Aulis, a daughter of Ogyges. A 
 
 town of Bceotia near Chalcis on the sea 
 coast, where all the Greeks conspired 
 against Troy. 
 
 Aulon, a mountain of Calabria, oppo- 
 site Tarentum, famous for its wine. 
 
 A place of Messenia. 
 
 Aulonius, a surname of JEsculapius. 
 
 Aulus, a praenomen, common among 
 the Romans. 
 
 Auras, an European river, flowing into 
 the Ister from mount Hasmus. 
 
 Aurelia lex, was enacted A. U. C 
 653, by the pretor L. Aurelius Cotta, to in- 
 vest the Senatorian and Equestrian or- 
 ders, and the Tribuni jErarii, with judi- 
 cial power. Another, A. U. C. 678. 
 
 It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia, 
 and permitted the tribunes to hold other 
 offices after the expiration of the tribune- 
 ship. 
 
 Aurelia, a town of Hispania Baetica. 
 
 The mother of J. Caesar. A fish 
 
 woman. 
 
 Aurelianus, emperor of Rome after 
 Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even 
 cruel In the execution of the laws, and 
 punished his soldiers with unusual sever- 
 ity. He rendered himself famous for his 
 military character ; and his expedition 
 against Zenobia, the celebrated queen of 
 Palmyra, gained him great honors. He 
 beautified Rome, was charitable to the 
 poor, and the author of many salutary 
 laws. He was naturally brave ; and in 
 all the battles he fought, it is said, he kill • 
 
AU 
 
 83 
 
 AZ 
 
 ed no less than eight hundred men with 
 his own hand. In his triumph he exhibit- 
 ed to the Romans, people of fifteen differ- 
 ent nations, all of which he had conquer- 
 ed. He was the first emperor who wore 
 a diadem. After a glorious reign of six 
 years, as he marched against the northern 
 barbarians, he was assassinated near By- 
 zantium, A. D. 275. A physician of the 
 
 fourth century. 
 
 Aurelius, emperor of Rome. Vld. An- 
 toninus Bassianus. A painter in the 
 
 age of Augustus. Victor, an historian 
 
 in the age of Julian. Antoninus, an 
 
 emperor. Vid. Antoninus. 
 
 Aureolus, a general who assumed the 
 purple in the age of Gallienus. 
 
 Aurinia, a prophetess held in great ven- 
 eration by the Germans. 
 
 Aurora, a goddess, daughter of Hype- 
 rion and Thia or Tbea, or, according to 
 others, of Titan and Terra. She married 
 Astrseus, by whom she had the winds, the 
 stars, &c. Aurora is generally represent- 
 ed by the poets drawn in a rose colored 
 chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers 
 the gates of the east, pouring the dew upon 
 the earth, and making the flowers grow. 
 Her chariot is generally drawn by white 
 horses, and she is covered with a veil. 
 Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the 
 constellations of heaven disappear at her 
 approach. 
 
 Aurunce, an ancient town of Latium, 
 built by Auson, the son of Ulysses by Ca 
 lypso. 
 
 Auschisje, a people of Libya. 
 
 Ausci, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Auser, Auseris, and Anser, a river of 
 Etruna. 
 
 Auses, a people of Africa, whose vir- 
 gins yearly fight with sticks in honor of 
 Minerva. 
 
 Auson, a son of Ulysses and Calypso. 
 
 Ausonia, one of the ancient names of 
 Italy, which it received from Auson the 
 son of Ulysses. 
 
 Decim. Magnus AusoNius,a poet, born 
 at Bourdeaux in Gaul, in the fourth centu- 
 ry, preceptor to Gratian, son of the empe- 
 ror Valentinian, and made consul by the 
 means of his pupil. His compositions have 
 been long admired. 
 
 Auspices, a sacerdotal order at Rome, 
 .nearly the same as the augurs. 
 
 Auster, one of the winds blowing from 
 the south, whose breath was pernicious to 
 flowers as well as to health. He was pa- 
 rent of rain. 
 
 Austesion, a Theban, son of Tisame- 
 nus. His son Theras led a colony into 
 an island, which, from him, was called 
 Thera. 
 
 Autobulus, a painter. 
 
 Autochthones, the original inhabitants 
 of a country who are the first possessors 
 of it, and who never have mingled with 
 other nations 
 
 Autocles, an Athenian, sent by his 
 countrymen with a fleet to the assistance 
 of Alexander of Pherse. 
 
 Autocrates, an historian. 
 
 Autololje, a people of Mauritania, de- 
 scended from the Gaetuli. They excelled 
 all their neighbors in running. 
 
 Autolycus, a son of Mercury by Chi- 
 one, a daughter of Daedalion. He was one 
 of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has 
 
 been greatly celebrated. A son of 
 
 Phryxus and Chalciope. 
 
 Automate, one of the Cyclades, called 
 also Hera. A daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Automedon, a son of Dioreus, who 
 went to the Trojan war with ten ships 
 He was the charioteer of Achilles. 
 
 Automedusa, a daughter of Alcathous, 
 killed by Tydeus. 
 
 Automenes, one of the Ileraclida?, king 
 of Corinth. 
 
 Automoli, a nation of ./Ethiopia. 
 
 Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus, who 
 married Aristreus, by whom she had Ac- 
 tion, often called Autoneius heros. One 
 
 of the Danaides. One of the Nereides. 
 
 A female servant of Penelope. 
 
 AuToPHRADATEs,asatrapofLydia, who 
 revolted from Artaxerxes. 
 
 Autura, the Eure, a river of Gaul which 
 falls into the Seine. 
 
 Auxesia and Damia, two virgins who 
 came from Crete to Trcezene, where the 
 inhabitants stoned them to death in a se- 
 dition. 
 
 Axenus, the ancient name of the Eux- 
 ine sea. 
 
 Axiochus, a philosopher, to whom Plato 
 dedicated a treatise concerning death. 
 
 Axi on, brother of Alphesibcea, murdered 
 Alcmoeon, her sister's husband, because 
 he wished to reeover from her a golden 
 necklace. 
 
 Axiotea, a woman who regularly went 
 in a man's dress to hear the lectures of 
 Plato. 
 
 Axiothea, the wife of Nicocles, king 
 of Cyprus. 
 
 Axis, a town of Umbria. 
 
 Axius, a river of Macedonia. 
 
 Axona, a river of Belgic Gaul, which 
 falls into the Seine below Paris. 
 
 Axur and Anxur, a surname of Jupi- 
 ter, who had a temple at Trachis in Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 Axus, a town about the middle of Crete 
 
 Azan, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to 
 
 Cybele. A son of Areas, king of Area- 
 
 dia, by Erato, one of the Dryades. 
 
 Aziris, a place of Libya, surrounded on 
 both sides by delightful hills covered with 
 trees, and watered by a river where Bat- 
 lus built a town. 
 
 Azonax, a man who taught Zoroaster 
 the art of magic. 
 
 Azorus, one of the Argonauts. 
 
 Azotus, now Jlsdod, a large town of Sy- 
 ria, on the borders of the Mediterranean 
 
BA 
 
 84 
 
 BA 
 
 BABILIUS, a Roman, who, by the help 
 of a certain herb, is said to have pass- 
 ed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Al- 
 exandria. 
 
 Babilus, an astrologer in Nero's age. 
 
 Babylon, a celebrated city on the banks 
 of the Euphrates, the capital of the Assy- 
 rian empire. It was anciently the most 
 magnificent city in the world, and became 
 famous for the death of Alexander the 
 Great, and for the new empire which was 
 afterwards established there under the Se- 
 leucidee. Its greatness was so reduced in 
 succeeding ages, that in the time of Pliny 
 it was but a desolate wilderness ; and at 
 present, the place where it stood is un- 
 known to travellers. Its inhabitants, call- 
 ed Babylonii, were early acquainted with 
 
 astrology. There is also a town of the 
 
 same name near the Bubastic branch of 
 the Nile, in Egypt. 
 
 Babylonia, a large province of Assyria, 
 of which Babylon was the capital. 
 
 Babylonii, the inhabitants of Babylon, 
 famous for their knowledge of astrology, 
 first divided the year into twelve months, 
 and the zodiac into twelve signs. 
 
 Babyrsa, a fortified castle near Artax- 
 ata. 
 
 Babytace, a city of Armenia, whose in- 
 habitants despise gold. 
 
 Bacabasus, betrayed the snares of Ar- 
 tabanus, brother of Darius, against Arta- 
 xerxes. 
 
 Bacchje, the priestesses of Bacchus. 
 
 Bacchanalia, festivals in honor of Bac- 
 chus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia 
 of the Greeks 
 
 Bacchantes, priestesses of Bacchus, 
 who are represented at the celebration of 
 the orgies almost naked, with garlands of 
 ivy, with a thyrsus and dishevelled hair. 
 
 Bacchi, a mountain of Thrace, near 
 Philippi. 
 
 Bacchiadje, a Corinthian family de- 
 scended from Bacchia, daughter of Diony- 
 sius. 
 
 Bacchides, a general who betrayed the 
 town of Sinope to Lucullus. 
 
 Bacchis, or Balus, king of Corinth, 
 succeeded his father Prumnides. His suc- 
 cessors were always called Bacchida, in 
 remembrance of tlie equity and modera- 
 tion of his reign. 
 
 Bacchium, a small island in the iEgean 
 sea, opposite Smyrna. 
 
 Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated 
 gladiators of equal age and strength; 
 whence the proverb to express equality, 
 Bithus contra Bacchium. 
 
 Bacchus, was son of Jupiter ajd Se- 
 mele, the daughter of Cadmus. Bacchus 
 is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his his- 
 tory is drawn from the Egyptian traditions 
 concerning that ancient king. In his 
 youth he was taken asleep in the island 
 of Naxos, and carried away by some mari- 
 
 ners whom he changed into dolphins, ex- 
 cept the pilot, who had expressed some 
 concern at his misfortune. His expedition 
 into the east is most celebrated. He 
 marched, at the head of an army composed 
 of men, as well as of women, all inspired 
 with divine fury, and armed with thyr- 
 suses, cymbals, and other musical instru- 
 ments. He has received the name of Li- 
 ber, Bromius, Lyaeus, Evan, Thyonaeus, 
 Psilas, &c. which are mostly derived from 
 the places where he received adoration, or 
 from the ceremonies observed in his festi- 
 vals. As he was the god of vintage, of 
 wine, and of drinkers", he is generally 
 represented crowned with vine and ivy 
 leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His 
 figure is that of an effeminate young man, 
 to denote the joys which commonly pre- 
 vail at feasts ; and sometimes that of an 
 old man, to teach us that wine taken im- 
 moderately will enervate us, consume oui 
 health, render us loquacious and childish 
 like old men, and unable to keep secrets. 
 He is sometimes represented like an in- 
 fant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of 
 grapes with a horn. He often appears 
 naked, and riding upon the shoulders of 
 Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was 
 his foster father. He also sits upon a ce- 
 lestial globe, bespangled with stars, and 
 is then the same as the Sun or Osiris of 
 Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, gene- 
 rally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Diony- 
 sia, were introduced into Greece from 
 Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. Bac- 
 chus married Ariadne, after she had been 
 forsaken by Theseus in the island of Nax- 
 os ; and by her he had many children. 
 According to some, he was the father of 
 Hymenaeus, whom the Athenians made 
 the god of marriage. The Egyptians sa- 
 crificed pigs to him, before the doors of 
 their houses. The fir-tree, the yew-tree, 
 the fig-tree, the ivy, and the vine, were 
 sacred to him ; and the goat was generally 
 sacrificed to him, on account of the great 
 propensity of that animal to destroy the 
 vine. 
 
 Bacchylides, a Lyric poet of Cos, ne- 
 phew to Simonides, who, like Pindar, 
 wrote the praises of Hiero. 
 
 Bacenis, a wood in Germany. 
 
 Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Bceotia. 
 
 A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis. 
 
 An athlete of Troezene. 
 
 Bactra, (orum), now Balk, the capital 
 of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in 
 Asia. 
 
 Bactri and Bactriani, the inhabitants 
 of Bactriana, who Jived upon plunder, 
 and were always under arms. They were 
 conquered by Alexander the Great. 
 
 Bactriana, a country of Asia, fruitful 
 as well as extensive. It formed once part 
 of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts 
 of which it is situated. 
 
BA 
 
 85 
 
 BA 
 
 Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the 
 borders of Asiatic Scythia. 
 
 Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which 
 falls into the Save above Sirmium. 
 
 Badaca, a town of Media. 
 
 Badia, a town of Spain. 
 
 Badius, a Campanian, who challenged 
 T. Q.. Crispinus, one of his friends, by 
 fiiiom he was killed. 
 
 Baduhesxj;, a place in the country of 
 Ihe Frisii, where nine hundred Romans 
 were killed. 
 
 B tbi a lex was enacted for the election 
 of four pretors every other year. An- 
 other law by M. Baebius a tribune of the 
 people, which forbade the division of the 
 lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to 
 be paid by the possessors, and to be di- 
 vided among the people. 
 
 M. Bsbius, a Roman, in whose consul- 
 ship the tomb of Nuraa was discovered. 
 
 Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being 
 
 surprised by the Ligurians, fled to Mar- 
 seilles, where he died three days after. 
 
 B^itis, a river of Spain, from which a 
 part of the country has received the name 
 flf BcBtka. It now bears the name of Gua- 
 dalquiver. 
 
 Bjeton, a Greek historian in the age of 
 Alexander. 
 
 Bagistame, a delightful country of Me- 
 dia. 
 
 Bagjstaives, a friend of Bessus, whom 
 he abandoned when he murdered Darius. 
 
 Bagoas and Bagosas, an Egyptian in 
 the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so power- 
 ful that nothing could be done without his 
 consent. He was at last killed, B. C. 335, 
 by Darius, whom, after raising to the 
 
 crown, he had attempted to poison. 
 
 Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander. 
 The name of Bagoas occurs very fre- 
 quently in the Persian history. 
 
 Bagodares, a friend of Bessus, whom 
 he abandoned when he attempted the life 
 of Darius. 
 
 Bagophanes, a governor of Babylon, 
 who, when Alexander approached the 
 city, strewed all the streets and burned 
 incense on the altars, &c. 
 
 Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Af- 
 rica near Utica, where Regulus killed a j 
 serpent one hundred and twenty feet long. 
 
 Bat^:, a city of Campania near the sea, 
 founded by Baius, one of the companions 
 of Ulysses. It was famous for its delight- 
 ful situation and baths, where many of "the 
 Roman senators had country houses. 
 
 Bala, a surname of Alexander king of 
 Syria. 
 
 Balacrus, an officer in Alexander's ar- 
 my, who took Miletus. Another officer, 
 
 who commanded some auxiliaries. 
 
 BiLANAGR.E, a town of Cyrene. 
 
 Balanea, a town between Syria and 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 Balanus, a prince of Gaul, who assisted 
 
 the Romans in their Macedonian war 
 A. U. C. 581. 
 
 Balari, a people of Sardinia. 
 
 C. Balbillus, a learned and benevolent 
 man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote 
 the history, under Nero. 
 
 Balbinus, an admirer of Agna. A 
 
 Roman, who, after governing provinces 
 with credit and honor, assassinated the 
 Gordians, and seized the purple. He was 
 some time after murdered by his soldiers, 
 A. D. 238. 
 
 Balbus, a mountain of Africa, famous 
 for the retreat of Masinissa, after he had 
 fought a battle against Syphax. 
 
 L. Balbus, a lawyer, &c. one amongthe 
 
 pupils of Scaevola. A man killed by the 
 
 assassins of the triumvirs. 
 
 Baleares, three islands in the Mediter- 
 ranean, modernly called Majorca, Minorca, 
 and Yvica, on the coast of Spain. 
 
 Baletus, a son of Hippo, who first 
 founded Corinth. 
 
 Balius, a horse of Achilles. 
 
 Balista, a mountain of Liguria. 
 
 Ballonoti, a people of European Sar- 
 matia. 
 
 Balne-e (baths) were very numerous at 
 Rome, private as well as public. In the 
 ancient times simplicity was observed, but 
 in the age of the emperors they became 
 expensive ; they were used after, walking, 
 exercise, or labor, and were deemed more 
 necessary than luxurious. It is said, that 
 Dioclesian employed forty thousand of his 
 soldiers in building his baths; and when 
 they were finished, he destroyed all the 
 workmen. Alexander Severus first per- 
 mitted the people to use them in the night, 
 and he himself often bathed with the com- 
 mon people. 
 
 Balventius, a centurion of great valor 
 in Caesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. 
 
 Balyras, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 BAMURUiE, a people of Libya. 
 
 BaN t tia, now St. Mariade Vans e, a town 
 of Apulia, whence Bantlnus. 
 
 L. Bantius, a gallant youth of Nola, 
 whom Annibal found, after the battle of 
 Cannae, almost dead amongst the heap of 
 slain. He was sent back home with great 
 humanity, upon which he resolved to be- 
 tray his country to so generous an enemy. 
 Marcellus the Roman general heard of it, 
 and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm 
 and faithful to the interest of Rome. 
 
 Baphtrus, a river of Macedonia. 
 
 Baptje, the priests of Cotytto. A 
 
 comedy of Eupolis. 
 
 Bak^i, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, 
 who burnt the bodies of their friends who 
 died by disease, but gave to the fowls of 
 the air such as fell in war. 
 
 Barathrum, a deep and obscure gulf at 
 Athens, where criminals were thrown. 
 
 Barbari, a name originally applied to 
 those who spoke inelegantly, or with 
 
BA 
 
 86 
 
 BA 
 
 harshness and difficulty. The Greeks 
 and Romans generally called all nations, 
 except their own, by the despicable name 
 of Barbarians. 
 
 Barbaria, a river of Macedonia. A 
 
 name given to Phrygia and Troy. 
 
 Barbatds, the surname of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 BARBt>sTHENEs,a mountain of Pelopon- 
 nesus, ten miles from Sparta. 
 
 Barbythace, a city of Persia. 
 
 Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. 
 
 Barcjei, or Barcitje, a warlike nation 
 of Africa, near Carthage. 
 
 Barce, the nurse of Sichaeus. A 
 
 large country of Africa. Also a city 
 
 about nine miles from the sea, founded by 
 the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 
 five hundred and fifteen years before the 
 
 Christian era. A small village of Bac- 
 
 triana, where the people who had been 
 taken prisoners by Darius in Africa, were 
 confined. A city of Media. 
 
 Barcha, the surname of a noble family 
 at Carthage, of which Annibal and Ham- 
 ilcar were descended. 
 
 Bard-ei, a people of Illyricum, concern- 
 ed in the factions of Marius. 
 
 Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order 
 among the ancient Gauls, who praised 
 their heroes, and published their fame in 
 their verses, or on musical instruments. 
 
 Bardyllis, an Illyrian prince, whose 
 daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. 
 
 Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his 
 tutor Egnatius, a Stoic philosopher. 
 
 Bares, a naval officer of Persia, who 
 wished to destroy Cyrene, but was oppos- 
 ed by Amasis. 
 
 Bargusii, a people of Spain, at the east 
 of the Iberus. 
 
 Bargyli.e, a town of Caria. 
 
 Barisses, one of the seven conspirators 
 against the usurper Smerdis. 
 
 Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adri- 
 atic, now called Bari, and remarkable for 
 its fine fish. 
 
 Barnutts, a town of Macedonia, near 
 Heraclea. 
 
 Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as 
 proud of his beauty. 
 
 Barsine and Barsene, a daughter of 
 Darius, who married Alexander, by whom 
 she had a son called Hercules. Cassan- 
 der ordered her and her child to be put to 
 death. 
 
 Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from 
 Alexander, &c. 
 
 Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary 
 to Ninus. 
 
 Basilea, a daughter of Ccelus and Ter- 
 ra, who was mother of all the gods. 
 
 An island at the north of Gaul, famous 
 
 for its amber. An island in the Euxine 
 
 sea. 
 
 Basilid.e, European Sarmatians, de- 
 scended from Hercules and Echidna. 
 
 BAsiLiDEs,the father of Herodotus, who 
 with others, attempted to destroy Strattes, 
 
 tyrant of Chios. A family who held an 
 
 oligarchical power at Erythrre. A priest 
 
 of mount Carmel, who foretold many mo- 
 mentous events to Vespasian, when he 
 offered sacrifices. 
 
 Basilipotamos, the ancient name of 
 the Eurotas. 
 
 Basilis, an historian who wrote con- 
 cerning India. A city of Arcadia, built 
 
 by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. 
 
 Basilius, a river of Mesopotamia fall- 
 ing into the Euphrates. A celebrated 
 
 bishop of Africa, very animated against 
 the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he 
 refuted with warmth, but great abilitv. 
 Erasmus has placed him in the number of 
 the greatest orators of antiquity. He died 
 in his fifty-first year, A.D. 379. 
 
 Basilus, a general who assisted Anto- 
 ny. An insignificant lawyer. A pre- 
 
 tor who plundered the provinces. 
 
 Bassje, a place of Arcadia, where Apol- 
 lo had a temple. 
 
 Bas3ania, a town of Macedonia near 
 Illyricum. 
 
 Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, from 
 the dress or long robe, called Bassaris, 
 which his priests wore. 
 
 Bas9arides, a name given to the vota- 
 ries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius. 
 
 Bassus Aufidius, an historian in the 
 age of Augustus, who wrote on the Ger- 
 manic war. Caesius, a lyric poet in 
 
 Nero's age, to whom Persius addressed 
 his sixth satire. Some of his verses are 
 
 extant. Julius, an orator in the reign 
 
 of Augustus, some of whose orations have 
 been preserved by Seneca. A man spo- 
 ken of by Horace, and described as fond 
 of wine and women. 
 
 Bastarn.*: and Easterns, a people of 
 European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sud- 
 den storm as they pursued the Thracians. 
 
 Bastia, the wife of Metellus. 
 
 Bata, a sea-port of Asia, on the Eux- 
 ine, opposite Sinope. 
 
 Eatavi, a people of Germany, who in- 
 habited that part of the continent known 
 under the modern name of Holland, and 
 called by the ancients, Batavorum insula. 
 
 Bathos, a river near the Alpheus. 
 
 Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Mag- 
 nesia. 
 
 Bathyllu3, a beautiful youth of Samos, 
 greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, 
 
 and by Anacreon. Mecaenas was also 
 
 fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same 
 
 name. The poet who claimed as his 
 
 own Virgil's distich, Nocte plait totd, <$*c. 
 
 bore also the same name. A fountain 
 
 of Arcadia. 
 
 Lent. Batiatus, a man of Campania, 
 who kept a house full of gladiators, who 
 rebelled against him. 
 
 Batia, a naiad who married CEbalus. — 
 
BE 
 
 87 
 
 BE 
 
 A daughter of Teucer, who married Dar- 
 danus. 
 
 Batina and Basttina. Vid. Barftia. 
 
 Batis, governor of Gaza, who, upon be- 
 ing unwilling to yield, was dragged round 
 the city tied by the heels to Alexander's 
 chariot. 
 
 Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to 
 Rome, from king Philip. 
 
 Uaton of Sinope wrote commentaries 
 
 OM the Persian affairs. A charioteer of 
 
 Auiphiaraus. 
 
 Batrachomyomachia^ poem, describ- 
 ing the fight between frogs and mice, writ- 
 ten by Homer. 
 
 Battiades, a patronymic of Callima- 
 
 chus, from his father Battus. A name 
 
 given to the people of Cyrene from king 
 Battus. 
 
 Battis, a girl celebrated by Philetas the 
 elegiac poet. 
 
 Battus 1st, a Lacedemonian who built 
 the town of Cyrene, B. C. 630, with a col- 
 ony from the island of Thera. The 
 
 second of that name was grandson to Bat- 
 tus 1st, by Arcesilaus. A shepherd of 
 
 Pylos, who promised Mercury that he 
 would not discover his having stolen the 
 flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. 
 He violated his promise, and was turned 
 
 into a pumice stone. A general of 
 
 Corinth against Athens. A buffoon of 
 
 Cesar's. 
 
 Batulum, a town of Campania, whose 
 inhabitants assisted Turnus against ^Ene- 
 as. 
 
 Batulus, a surname of Demosthenes, 
 from his effeminacy when young. 
 
 Batyllus, a celebrated dancer in Domi- 
 tian's reign. 
 
 Baubo, a woman who received Ceres 
 when she sought her daughter all over the 
 world, and gave her some water to quench 
 her thirst. 
 
 Baucis, a poor old woman of Phrygia ; 
 who, with her husband, Philemon, lived 
 in a penurious manner in a small cottage, 
 and entertained Jupiter and Mercury, 
 when they travelled in disguise over Asia. 
 The gods were so pleased with their hos- 
 pitality, that they metamorphosed their 
 dwelling into a magnificent temple, of 
 which Baucis and her husband were made 
 priests. They both died at the same hour, 
 and at an extremely old age ; and their 
 bodies were changed into trees before the 
 doors of the temple. 
 
 Bavitjs and M_evius, two stupid and 
 malevolent poets in the age of Augustus, 
 who attacked the superior talents of the 
 contemporary writers. 
 
 Bauli, a small town of Latium, near 
 Baiae. 
 
 Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus. 
 
 Bazaria, a country of Asia. 
 
 Bebius, a famous informer in Vespa- 
 sian's reign. 
 
 Bebriacum, now Caneto, a village be- 
 tween Cremona and Verona, where Vitel- 
 lius overcame Otho. 
 
 Bebryce, a daughter of Danaus, who is 
 said to have spared her husband. Most 
 authors, however, attribute that character 
 of humanity to Hypermnestra. 
 
 Bebryces and Bebrycii, a nation of 
 Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin. 
 They were expert in the battle of the ces- 
 tus. 
 
 Bebrycia, an ancient name of Bithy- 
 nia, from Bebryce, the daughter of Da- 
 naus. 
 
 Belemina, a town of Laconia. 
 
 Belenus, a divinity of the Gauls, the 
 same as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the 
 Orus of the Egyptians. 
 
 Belephantes, a Chaldean, who, from 
 hi3 knowledge of astronomy, told Alex- 
 ander that his entering Babylon would be 
 attended with fatal consequences to him. 
 
 Belesis, a priest of Babylon, who told 
 Arbaces governor of Media, that he should 
 reign one day in the place of Sardanapa- 
 Jus. His prophecy was verified. 
 
 Belg^:, a warlike people of ancient 
 Gaul, separated from the Celt© by the riv- 
 ers Matrona and Sequana. 
 
 Belgica, one of the four provinces of 
 Gaul near the Rhine. 
 
 Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica 
 The word is often used to express the 
 whole country. 
 
 Belgius, a general of Gaul, who de- 
 stroyed an army of Macedonians. 
 
 Belides, a surname given to the daugh- 
 ters of Belus. 
 
 Belides, a name applied to Palamedes, 
 as descended from Belus. 
 
 Belisama, the name of Minerva among 
 the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. 
 
 Belisarius, a celebrated general in the 
 reign of Justinian emperor of Constanti- 
 nople. He died, after a life of military 
 glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in 
 the "five hundred and sixty-fifth year of 
 the Christian era. 
 
 Belistida, a woman who obtained a 
 prize at Olympia. 
 
 Belit^:, a nation of Asia. 
 
 Bellerophon, son of Glaucus king of 
 Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called 
 Hipponous. The murder of his brother, 
 whom some call Alcimenns and Beller, 
 procured him the name of Bellerophon, or 
 murderer of Beller. After this murder, Bel- 
 lerophon fled to the court of Proetus king 
 of Argos. As he was of a handsome ap- 
 pearance, the king's wife, called Antasa 
 or Stenoboea, fell in love with him ; and 
 as he slighted her passion, she accused 
 him before her husband of attempts upon 
 her virtue. Prretus, unwilling to violate 
 the laws of hospitality, by punishing Bel- 
 lerophon, sent him away to his father-in- 
 law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him 
 
BE 
 
 88 
 
 BE 
 
 a letter, in which he begged the king to 
 punish with death, a man who had so dis- 
 honorably treated his daughter. Jobates, 
 to satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon 
 to conquer a horrible monster called Chi- 
 maera, in which dangerous expedition he 
 hoped, and was even assured, he must 
 perish. But the providence of Minerva 
 supported him, and, with the aid of the 
 winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the 
 monster, and returned victorious. Jobates 
 afterwards gave him his daughter in mar- 
 riage, and made him his successor on the 
 throne of Lycia. 
 
 Bellerus and Beller, a brother of 
 Hipponous. Vid. Bellerophon. 
 
 Belli enus, a Roman, whose house was 
 set on flames at Cresar's funeral. 
 
 Bellona, the goddess of war, daughter 
 to Phorcys and Ceto. She prepared the cha- 
 riot of Mars when he was going to war; 
 and she appeared in battles armed with a 
 whip to animate the combatants, with 
 dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. 
 The Romans paid great adoration to her ; 
 but she was held in the greatest venera- 
 tion by the Cappadocians, and chiefly at 
 Comana, where she had above three thou- 
 sand priests. 
 
 Bello narii, the priests of Bellona. 
 
 Bello vaci, a people of Gaul, conquered 
 by J. Caesar. They inhabited the modern 
 Beauvais in the isle of France. 
 
 Bello vesus, a king of the Celtse, who, 
 in the reign of Tarquin Priscus was sent 
 at the head of a colony to Italy by his un- 
 cle Ambigatus. 
 
 Belon, a general of Alexander's. A 
 
 city and river of Hispania Baetica. 
 
 Belus, one of the most ancient kings 
 of Babylon, about one thousand eight hun- 
 dred years before the age of Semiramis, 
 was made a god after death, and worship- 
 ped with much ceremony by the Assyri- 
 ans and Babylonians. A king of Egypt, 
 
 son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of 
 
 Agenor. Another son of Phoenix the 
 
 son of Agenor, who reigned in Phoenicia. 
 
 A river of Syria, where glass was first 
 
 invented. 
 
 Benacus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di 
 Oarda, from which the Mincius flows into 
 the Po. 
 
 Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis. 
 
 Bendis, a name of Diana among the 
 Thracians and their northern neighbors. 
 Her festivals, called Bendidia, were intro- 
 duced from Thrace into Athens. 
 
 Beneventum, a town of the Hirpini, 
 built by Diomedes, twenty-eight miles 
 from Capua. It abounds in remains of 
 ancient sculpture above any other town in 
 Italy. 
 
 Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune, 
 the nurse of Eumoipus. 
 
 Bepolitanus, a youth whose life was 
 saved by the delay of the executioner, 
 
 who wished not to stain the youth's fine 
 clothes with blood, 
 
 Berbice, a nation who destroyed their 
 relations when arrived at a certain age. 
 
 Ber.ea, a town of Syria, ninety miles 
 from the sea, and one hundred from the 
 Euphrates, now called Aleppo. 
 
 Berecynthia, a surname of Cybele. 
 
 Berenice and Beronice, a woman fa- 
 mous for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy 
 
 Philadelphus by Lagus. A daughter 
 
 of Philadelphus, who married Antiochua 
 king of Syria, after he had divorced Lao- 
 dice, his former wife. After the death of 
 Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and 
 mindful of the treatment she had receiv- 
 ed, she poisoned her husband, placed her 
 son on the vacant throne, and murdered 
 Berenice and her child at Antioch, where 
 
 she had fled, B. a 248. A daughter of 
 
 Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped her father's 
 throne for some time, strangled her hus- 
 band Seleucus, and married Archelaus a 
 priest of Bellona. Her father regained his 
 
 power, and put her to death, B. C. 55. 
 
 The wife of Mithridates, who, when con- 
 quered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives 
 
 to destroy themselves. The mother of 
 
 Agrippa, who shines in the history of the 
 Jews, as daughter-in-law of Herod the 
 
 Great. A daughter of Agrippa, who 
 
 married her uncle Herod, and afterwards 
 
 Polemon king of Cilicia. A wife of 
 
 king Attalus. Another, daughter of 
 
 Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married 
 her own brother Evergetes, whom she 
 loved with much tenderness. She was 
 
 put to death by her son, B. C. 221. 
 
 This name is common to many of the 
 queens and princesses in the Ptolemean 
 
 family in Egypt. A city of Libya 
 
 Two towns of Arabia. One in Egypt, 
 
 on the Red sea, where the ships from In- 
 dia generally landed their cargoes. An- 
 other near the Syrtes, &c. 
 
 Beremcis, a part of Africa, near the 
 town of Berenice. 
 
 Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons 
 of Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he 
 attempted to cross the Rhone, and were 
 killed with stones from heaven. 
 
 Bergistani, a people of Spain, at the 
 east of the Iberus. 
 
 Beris and Baris, a river of Cappadocia. 
 A mountain of Armenia. 
 
 BERMius,a mountain of Macedonia. 
 
 Beroe, an old woman of Epidaurus, 
 nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape 
 when she persuaded Semele not to grant 
 her favors to Jupiter, if he did not appear 
 
 in the majesty of a god. The wife of 
 
 Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris 
 at the instigation of Juno, when she ad- 
 vised the Trojan women to burn the fleet 
 
 of iEneas in Sicily. One of the Oceani- 
 
 des, attendant upon Cyrene. 
 
 Bero3a, a town of Thessaly. 
 
BI 
 
 39 
 
 BI 
 
 Beronice. Vid. Berenice. 
 
 Berosus, a native of Babylon, priest to 
 Belus. 
 
 Berrhcea, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Berytus, now Berut, an ancient town 
 of Phoenicia, on the coast of the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. 
 
 Besidije, a town of the Brutii. 
 
 Besippo, a town of Hispania Baitica, 
 where Mela was born. 
 
 Bessi, a people of Thrace, on the left 
 side of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. 
 
 Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who, 
 after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius, 
 his sovereign, and put him to death. Af- 
 ter this murder, he assumed the title of 
 king, and was some time after brought be- 
 fore Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres, 
 the brother of Darius. The prince or- 
 dered his hands and ears to be cut off, and 
 his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot 
 at by the soldiers. 
 
 L. Bestia, a seditious Roman, who con- 
 spired with Catiline against his country. 
 
 Betis, a river in Spain. Vid. Beetis. 
 A governor of Gaza, who bravely de- 
 fended himself against Alexander, for 
 which he was treated with cruelty by the 
 conqueror. 
 
 Beturia, a country in Spain. 
 
 Bia, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. 
 
 Bianor, a son of Tiberius and Manto 
 the daughter of Tiresias, who received the 
 surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Et- 
 ruria. A Trojan chief killed by Agam- 
 emnon. A centaur killed by Theseus. 
 
 Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, 
 was king of Argos, and brother to the fa- 
 mous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in 
 love with Perone, daughter of Neleus king 
 of Pylos ; but the father refused to give his 
 daughter in marriage before he received 
 the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus at his 
 brother's request, went to seize the oxen, 
 and was caught in the fact. He, however, 
 one year after received his liberty from 
 Iphiclus, who presented him with his oxen 
 as a reward for his great services. Bias 
 received the oxen from his brother, and 
 obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in 
 
 marriage. A Grecian prince, who went 
 
 to the Trojan war. A river of Pelopon- 
 nesus. One of the seven wise men of 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Bibaculu9, (M. Furius) a Latin poet, in 
 the age of Cicero. 
 
 Biblia and Billia, a Roman lady fa- 
 mous for her chastity. She married Duil- 
 lius. 
 
 Biblis, a woman who became ena- 
 moured of her brother Caunus, and was 
 changed into a fountain near Miletus. 
 
 Biblina, a country of Thrace. 
 
 Biblus, a city of Phoenicia. 
 
 Bibracte, a large town of the JEdul in 
 Gaul, where Caesar often wintered. 
 
 BibijL'js, a son of M. Calpurnius Bibu- 
 
 lus by Portia, Cato's daughter. One of 
 
 the friends of Horace bore that name. 
 
 Bice 3, a marsh near the Palus Mceotis. 
 
 Bicon, a Greek who assassinated Athe- 
 nodorus, because he made himself master 
 of a colony which Alexander had left at 
 Bactra. 
 
 Bicorniger, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Bicornis, the name of Alexander among 
 the Arabians. 
 
 Biformis, (two forms,) a surname of 
 Bacchus and of Janus. 
 
 Bifrons, a surname of Janus, because 
 he was represented with two faces among 
 the Romans, as acquainted with the past 
 and future. 
 
 Bilbilis, a town of Celtiberia, where 
 Martial was born. A river of Spain. 
 
 Bimater, a surname of Bacchus, which 
 signifies that he had two mothers. 
 
 Bingium, a town of Germany. 
 
 Bion, a philosopher and sophist of Bo- 
 rysthenes in Scythia, who rendered him- 
 self famous for his knowledge of poetry, 
 music, and philosophy. He died 241 B. C. 
 
 A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote 
 
 pastorals in an elegant style. A soldier 
 
 in Alexander's army. A native of Pro- 
 
 pontis in the age of Pherecydes. A 
 
 man of Syracuse, who wrote on rhetoric. 
 
 A native of Abdera, disciple to De- 
 
 mocritus. A man of Soli, who compos- 
 ed an history of ^Ethiopia. Another 
 
 who wrote nine books on rhetoric. 
 
 Birrhus. Vid. Coelius. 
 
 Bi3ALTjE,a people of Scythia, or accord- 
 ing to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. 
 
 Bisaltes, a man of Abydos. 
 
 Bisaltis, a patronymic of Theophane. 
 
 Bisanthe, a town on the Hellespont. 
 
 Biston, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built 
 Bistonia in Thrace, whence the Thracians 
 are often called Bistones. 
 
 Bi8toni9, a lake of Thrace, near Ab- 
 dera. 
 
 Bithus. Vid. Bacchius. 
 
 Bithya:, a certain race of women in 
 Scythia, whose eyes, as Pliny reports, kill- 
 ed those who gazed upon them for some 
 time. 
 
 Bithynia, a country of Asia Minor, for 
 merly called Bebrycia. It was bounded 
 by the Euxine on the north, on the south 
 by Phrygia and Mysia, on the west by the 
 Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia. 
 
 Bitias, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and 
 Hiera, brought up in a wood sacred to Ju- 
 piter. He followed the fortune of iEneas, 
 and, with his brother, was killed by the 
 Rutuli in Italy, One of Dido's lovers. 
 
 Biton. Vid. Cloebis. 
 
 Bituitus, a king of the Allobroges, con- 
 quered by a small number of Romans. 
 
 Bituntum, a town of Spain. 
 
 Bituriges, a people of Gaul divided 
 from the ;Edui by the Ligeria. 
 
BCE 
 
 90 
 
 BO 
 
 Bituricum, a town of Gaul, formerly 
 the capital of the Belgaj. 
 
 Bizia, a citadel near Rhodope belong- 
 ing to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was 
 born there. 
 
 Bl_ena, a fruitful country of Pontus. 
 
 Bljesii, two Romans, who killed them- 
 selves because Tiberius deprived them of 
 the priesthood. 
 
 Jun. Bljesus, a governor of Gaul. 
 
 Blandenona, a place near Placentia. 
 
 BLANDU9iA,a fountain on the borders of 
 the country of the Sabines near Mandela, 
 Horace's country seat. 
 
 Blastofhcenices, a people of Lusitania. 
 
 Blemmyes, a people of Africa, who, as 
 is fabulously reported, had no heads, but 
 had the eyes and mouth placed in the 
 breast. 
 
 Blenina, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Blitius Catulinus, was banished into 
 the iEgean sea after Piso's conspiracy. 
 
 Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarus 
 kept his treasures in Bithynia. 
 
 Boadicea. Vid. Boudicea. 
 
 Bo^: and Boea, a town of Laconia. 
 
 Boagrius, a river of Locris. 
 
 Bocalias, a river in the island of Sala- 
 mis. 
 
 Boccae, a king of Mauritania. Applied 
 in a general sense to any native of Africa. 
 
 Bocchoris, a wise king and legislator 
 of Egypt. 
 
 Bocchus, a king of Getulia, in alliance 
 with Rome, who perfidiously delivered 
 J.gurtha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Mari- 
 us. 
 
 Boduagnatus, a leader of the Nervii, 
 when Ccesar made war against them. 
 
 Boduni, a people of Britain who sur- 
 rendered to Claudius Caesar. 
 
 Boea. Vid. Boae. 
 
 Ba!BE, a town of Thessaly. A lake 
 
 of Crete. 
 
 Bcebeis, a lake of Thessaly near mount 
 
 Bcebia lex was enacted to elect four 
 
 pretors every year. Another to insure 
 
 proprietors in the possession of their lands. 
 
 Another, A. U. C. 571, against using 
 
 bribes at elections. 
 
 Boedromia, an Athenian festival. 
 
 Bceotarchje, the chief magistrates in 
 Boeotia. 
 
 Bceotia, a country of Greece, bounded 
 on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, 
 east by Euboea, and west by the bay of 
 Corinth. The inhabitants were reckon- 
 ed rude and illiterate, fonder of bodilv 
 strength than of mental excellence ; yet 
 their country produced many illustrious 
 men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, 
 &c. 
 
 Bceotus, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. 
 
 B(eorobistas, a man who made himself 
 absolute among the Getee, by the strictness 
 of his discipline. 
 
 Boethius, a celebrated Roman, banish- 
 ed and afterwards punished with death, 
 on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theo- 
 doric king of the Ostrogoths, A. D. 525. 
 
 Boetus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who 
 
 wrote a poem on the battle of Pbilippi. 
 
 A river of Spain, more properly called 
 Bcetis. 
 
 Ba:us, one of the Heraclida?. 
 
 Boges and Boes, a Persian who des- 
 troyed himself and family when besieged 
 by the Athenians. 
 
 Bogud, a king of Mauritania in the in- 
 terest of Cassar. 
 
 Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present 
 at the battle of Actium. 
 
 Bon, a people of Celtic Gaul, who mi- 
 grated into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north 
 of Italy on the banks of the Po. 
 
 Bojocalus, a general of the Germans 
 in the age of Tiberius, &,c. 
 
 Bola, a town of the ^Equi in Italy. 
 
 Bolanus. Vid. Bollanus. 
 
 Bolbe, a marsh near Mygdonia. 
 
 Bolbitinum, one of the mouths of the 
 Nile, with a town of the same name. 
 Naucrautis was built near it. 
 
 Bolgius, a general of Gaul, in an expe- 
 dition against Ptolemy king of Macedo- 
 nia. 
 
 Bolina, a virgin of Achaia, who reject- 
 ed the addresses of Apollo, and threw her- 
 self into the sea to avoid his importunities. 
 
 Bolinjeus, a river near Bolina. 
 
 Bolissus, a town and island near Chios. 
 
 Bollanus, a man whom Horace repre- 
 sents, as of the most irascible temper, and 
 the most inimical to loquacity. 
 
 Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who kill 
 ed a Roman ambassador. 
 
 Bomienses, a people near ^Etolia. 
 
 Bomilcar, a Carthaginian general, son 
 of Amilcar. He was suspected of a con- 
 spiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the 
 forum, where he had received all his dig- 
 nity. An African, for some time the 
 
 instrument of all Jugurtha's cruelties. 
 He conspired against Jugurtha, who put 
 him to death. 
 
 Bomonice, youths that were whipt at 
 the altar of Diana Orthia, during the fes- 
 tivals of the goddess. 
 
 Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, 
 Cybele, Rhea, by the Greeks ; and by the 
 Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. Her festivals 
 were celebrated only in the night by the 
 Roman matrons in the houses of the high- 
 est officers of the state. In the latter ages 
 of the republic, however, the sanctity of 
 these mysteries was profaned. 
 
 Bononia, called also Felsina, a town 
 on the borders of the Rhine. 
 
 Bonosius, an officer of Probus, who as- 
 sumed the imperial purple in Gaul. 
 
 Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whose 
 worship was first introduced by the pea- 
 sants. 
 
BR 
 
 91 
 
 BR 
 
 Boosura, {bovis cauda) a town of Cy- 
 prus, where Venus had an ancient temple. 
 
 Bootes, a northern constellation near 
 Jhe Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and 
 Arctophylax. 
 
 Bootus and Bceotus, a son of Neptune 
 and Menalippe, exposed by his mother, 
 but preserved by shepherds. 
 
 Borea, a town taken by Sext. Pompey. 
 
 Boreades, the descendants of Boreas, 
 who long possessed the supreme power 
 and the priesthood in the island of the 
 Hyperboreans. 
 
 Boreas, the name of the north wind 
 blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. 
 According to the poets, he was son of As- 
 traeus and Aurora, but others make him 
 son of the Strymon. He was worshipped 
 as a deity, and represented with wings 
 and white hair. 
 
 Boreasmi, a festival at Athens in honor 
 of Boreas. 
 
 Boreus, a Persian. 
 
 Borges, a Persian who burnt himself ra- 
 ther than submit to the enemy. 
 
 Bornos, a place of Thrace. 
 
 Borsippa, a town of Babylonia, sacred 
 to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants 
 eat bats. 
 
 Borus, a son of Perieres, who married 
 Polydora the daughter of Peleus. 
 
 Borvsthenes, a large river of Scythia, 
 falling into the Euxine sea, now called 
 
 the Dnieper. There was a city of the 
 
 same name on the borders of the river, 
 built by a colony of Milesians, 655 years 
 before the christian era. It was also call- 
 ed Olba Salvia. A horse with which 
 
 the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his 
 death, he was honored with a monument. 
 
 Bosphorus and Bosporus, two narrow 
 straits, situate at the confines of Europe 
 and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, 
 and the other, Thracian Bosporus. 
 
 Boter, a freedman of Claudius. 
 
 Bottia, a colony of Macedonians in 
 Thrace. The people were called Bottiai. 
 
 Bottijeis, a country at the north of 
 Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. 
 
 Boudicea, a queen in Britain, who re- 
 belled upon being insulted by the Ko- 
 mans. She poisoned herself when con- 
 quered, A. D. 61. 
 
 Bouianum, an ancient colony of the 
 Samnites, at the foot of the Apennines 
 not far from Beneventum. 
 
 Bovill.s2, a town of Latium near Rome. 
 Another in Campania. 
 
 Brachmanes, Indian philosophers, who 
 derive their name from Brahma, one of 
 the three beings whom God, according to 
 their theology, created, and. with whose 
 assistance he formed the world. 
 
 Br^sia, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
 tharme. 
 
 Branchiale9, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 Branchid-s, a people of Asia near the 
 
 river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexan 
 
 der. The priests of Apollo Didymaeus, 
 
 who gave oracles in Caria. 
 
 Branchsxlides, a chief of the Boeo- 
 tians. 
 
 Branchus, a youth of Miletus, son of 
 Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave 
 him the power of prophecy. He gave ora- 
 cles at Didyme, which became inferior to 
 none of the Grecian oracles, except Del- 
 phi. 
 
 Brasi SL) a town of Laconia. 
 
 Brasidas, a famous general of Lace- 
 dajinon, son of Tellus, who, after many 
 great victories over Athens and other Gre- 
 cian states, died of a wound at Amphi- 
 polis, which Cleon, the Athenian, had be- 
 sieged, B. C. 422. A man of Cos. 
 
 Brasideia, festivals at Lacedajmon, in 
 honor of Brasidas. 
 
 Brasilas, a man of Cos. 
 
 Braure, a woman who assisted in the 
 murder of Pittacus, king of the Edoni. 
 
 Brauron, a town of Attica, where Di- 
 ana had a temple. The goddess had 
 three festivals called Brauronia, celebrated 
 once every fifth year. They sacrificed a 
 goat to the goddess, and it was usual to 
 sing one of the books of Homer's Iliad. 
 The most remarkable that attended were 
 young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrat- 
 ed to Diana. 
 
 Brenni and Breuni, a people of Nori- 
 cum. 
 
 Brennus, a general of the Galli Seno- 
 nes, who invaded Italy, defeated the Ro- 
 mans at the river Allia, and entered their 
 city without opposition. The Romans 
 fled into the capitol, and left the whole 
 city in the possession of the enemies. 
 The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in 
 the night, and the capitol would have 
 been taken had not the Romans been 
 awakened by the noise of geese which 
 were before the doors, and immediately 
 repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was 
 in banishment, marched to the relief of 
 his country, and so totally defeated the 
 Gauls, that not one remained to carry 
 the news of their destruction.- — Another 
 Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece 
 with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and 
 endeavoured Jo plunder the temple of 
 Apollo at Delphi. He killed himself in a 
 fit of intoxication, B. C. 278, after being 
 defeated by the Delphians. 
 
 Brenthe, a ruined city of Arcadia. 
 
 Brescia, a city of Italy, which had 
 gods peculiar to itself. 
 
 Brettii, a people of Italy. 
 
 Briareus, a famous giant, son of Coelus 
 and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 
 heads, and was called by men iEgeon, 
 and only by the gods Briareus. A Cy- 
 clops, made judge between Apollo and 
 Neptune, in their dispute about the isth- 
 mus and promontory of Corinth, He gave 
 
BR 
 
 92 
 
 BR 
 
 the former to Neptune, and the latter to 
 Apollo. 
 
 Brias, a town of Pisidia. 
 
 Brigantes, a people in the northern 
 parts of Britain. 
 
 Briqanti nus, a lake of Rhoetia between 
 the Alps, now the lake of Constance. — 
 The town on its eastern bank is now 
 Bregentz in the Tyrol, anciently called 
 Brigantium. 
 
 Brilessus, a mountain of Attica. 
 
 Brimo, (terror) a name given to Proser- 
 pine and Hecate. 
 
 Briseis, a woman of Lyrnessus, call- 
 ed also Hippodamia. When her country 
 was taken by the Greeks, and her hus- 
 band Mines and brother killed in the 
 fight, she fell to the share of Achilles, in 
 the division of the spoils. 
 
 Brisks, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to 
 the priest Chryses. His daughter Hippo- 
 damia was called Briseis from him. 
 
 Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from 
 his nurse Brisa, or his temple at Brisa, a 
 promontory at Lesbos. 
 
 Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. 
 
 ( Vid. Britannia.) A nation in Gallia 
 
 Belgica. 
 
 Britannia, an island in the Northern 
 ocean, the greatest in Europe, conquered 
 by Julius Cresar during his Gallic wars, 
 B. C. 55, and first known to be an island 
 by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was 
 a Roman province from the time of its 
 conquest till the 418th year of the christian 
 era. The name of Britain was unknown 
 to the Romans before Ctesar conquered it. 
 
 Britannicus, a son of Claudius Caesar 
 by Messalina. Nero was raised to the 
 throne in preference to him, by means of 
 Agrippina, and caused him to be poisoned. 
 His corpse was buried in the night ; but 
 it is said that a shower of rain "washed 
 away the white paint which the murderer 
 had put over his face, so that it appeared 
 quite black, and discovered the effects of 
 poison. 
 
 Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of 
 Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, 
 who devoted herself to hunting, and be- 
 came a great favorite of Diana. A sur- 
 name of Diana. 
 
 Britomarus, a chief of the Galli Insu- 
 bres, conquered by ^milius. 
 
 Britones, the inhabitants of Britain. 
 
 Brixellum, a town in Italy near Man- 
 tua, where Otho slew himself when de- 
 feated. 
 
 Brixia, a town of Italy beyond the Po, 
 at the north of Cremone, now Brescia. 
 
 Brizo, the goddess of dreams, worship- 
 ped in Delos. 
 
 Brocubelus, a governor of Syria, who 
 fled to Alexander, when Darius was mur- 
 dered by Bessus. 
 
 Bromius, a surname of Bacchus. A 
 
 son of /Sgyptus. 
 
 Bromus, one of the Centaurs. 
 
 Brongus, a river falling into the lster. 
 
 Brontes, (thunder) one of the Cyclops. 
 
 Brontinus, a Pythagorean philosopher. 
 
 The father of Theano, the wife of 
 
 Pythagoras. 
 
 Broteas and Ammon, two men famous 
 
 for their skill in the cestus. One of the 
 
 Lapithse. 
 
 Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Miner- 
 va, who burned himself to avoid the ridi- 
 cule to which his deformity subjected him. 
 
 Bructeri, a people of Germany, inhab- 
 iting the country at the east of Holland. 
 
 Brumalia, festivals celebrated at Rome 
 in honor of Bacchus, about the month of 
 December. They were first instituted by 
 Romulus. 
 
 Brundusium now Brundisi, an ancient 
 city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea,where 
 the Appian road was terminated. The 
 Romans generally embarked at Brundusi- 
 um for Greece. It is famous for the birth 
 of the poet Pacuvius, and the death of 
 Virgil, and likewise for its harbor. Little 
 remains of the ancient city, and even its 
 harbor has now been choked up by the 
 negligence of the inhabitants. 
 
 Brutidius, a man dragged to prison in 
 Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favoring 
 Sejanus. 
 
 Brutii, a people in the furthest parts of 
 Italy, who were originally shepherds of 
 the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in 
 quest of a settlement. 
 
 Brutulus, a Samnite, who killed him- 
 self, upon being delivered to the Romans 
 for violating a treaty. 
 
 Brutus, Lucius Junius, a celebrated 
 Roman, son of M. Junius and Tarquinia; 
 who, on the murder of his father and bro- 
 ther by Tarquin the Proud, being unable to 
 revenge their death, pretended insanity, 
 which artifice saved his life. He was called 
 Brutus for his stupidity, which, however, 
 he soon afterwards showed to be feigned. 
 When Lucretia, to avoid the brutality of 
 Tarquin, killed herself, Brutus snatched 
 the dagger from the wound, and swore 
 immortal hatred to the royal family. (B. C. 
 509.) This animated the Romans ; the 
 Tarquins were proscribed, and the royal 
 authority vested in the hands of consuls. 
 Brutus made the people swear they never 
 would again submit to kingly authority; 
 but the first who violated their oaths were 
 his own sons, who conspired with the 
 Tuscans to restore the Tarquins. They 
 were tried and condemned before their 
 father, who attended at their execution. 
 Brutus was slain in a battle with Aruns, 
 and his body conveyed to Rome ; where 
 the matrons testified their grief by mourn- 
 ing a whole year for the father of the re- 
 public. Marcus Junius Brutus, who 
 
 was lineally descended from Junius Bru- 
 tus. He inherited the republican princi- 
 
BU 
 
 93 
 
 BU 
 
 pies of his great progenitors and in the 
 civil wars joined himself to the side of 
 Pompey. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cae- 
 sar not only spared the life of Brutus, hut 
 made him one of his most intimate friends. 
 He, however, soon forgot the favors of 
 Caesar, who was now become ambitious 
 and tyrannical; and he conspired with 
 many illustrious citizens of Rome, and 
 stabbed him in the senate-house. B. C. 
 42. Antony, whom Brutus, contrary to 
 the opinion of his associates, refused to 
 seize, gained ground in behalf of his friend 
 Caesar, and the murderers were soon oblig- 
 ed to leave Rome. Brutus retired into 
 Greece, where he gained himself many 
 friends by his arms, as well as by persua- 
 sion, and he was soon after pursued thither 
 by Antony, whom young Octavius ac- 
 companied. A battle was fought at Phi- 
 lippi. Brutus, who commanded the right 
 wing of the republican army, defeated the 
 enemy; but Cassius, who had the care 
 of the left, was overpowered, and as he 
 knew not the situation of his friend, and 
 grew desperate, he ordered one of his 
 freedmen to run him through. Brutus 
 deeply deplored his fall, and in the ful- 
 ness of his grief, called him the last of 
 the Romans. In another battle, the wing 
 which Brutus commanded obtained a vic- 
 tory ; but the other was defeated, and he 
 found himself surrounded by the soldiers 
 of Antony. He however made his es- 
 cape, and soon after fell upon his sword, 
 B. C. 42. Antony honored him with a 
 magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less 
 celebrated for his literary talents, than 
 his valor in the field. He married Portia, 
 the daughter of Cato, who killed herself, 
 by swallowing burning coals when she 
 
 heard the fate of her husband. D. Jun. 
 
 Albinus, one of Caesar's murderers, who, 
 after the battle of Mutina, was deserted 
 by the legions, with which he wished to 
 march against Antony. He was put to 
 death by Antony's orders, though consul 
 
 elect. Jun., one of the first tribunes of 
 
 the people. One of Carbo's generals. 
 
 Bryas, a general of the Argives against 
 Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom 
 
 he had offered violence. A general in 
 
 the army of Xerxes. 
 
 Bryaxis, a marble sculptor, who assist- 
 ed in making the Mausoleum. 
 
 Bryce, a daughter of Danaus by Po- 
 lyxo. 
 
 Bryges, a people of Thrace, afterwards 
 called Phryges. 
 
 Brygi, a people of Macedonia, conquer- 
 ed by Mardonius. 
 
 Brysea, a town of Laconia. 
 
 Bubacene, a town of Asia. 
 
 Bueaces, an eunuch of Darius, &c. 
 
 Bubaris, a Persian who married the 
 daughter of Amyntas, against whom he 
 had been sent with an army. 
 
 Bubastiacus, one of the mouths of the 
 Nile. 
 
 Bubastis, a city of Egypt, in the east- 
 ern parts of the Delta, where cats were 
 held in great veneration. 
 
 Bubasus, a country of Caria, whence 
 Bubasides applied to the natives. 
 
 Bubon, an inland city of Lycia. 
 
 Bucephala, a city of India, near the 
 Hydaspes, built by Alexander, in honor of 
 his favorite horse Bucephalus. 
 
 Bucephalus, a horse of Alexander's, 
 whose head resembled that of a bull. 
 Alexander was the only one who could 
 mount on his back, and be always knelt 
 down to take up his master. He was 
 thirty years old when he died. 
 
 Bucilianus, one of Ca?sar's murderers. 
 
 Bucolica, a sort of poem which treats 
 of the care of the flocks, and of the plea- 
 sures and occupations of the rural life, 
 with simplicity and elegance. 
 
 Bucolicum, one of the mouths of the 
 Nile. 
 
 Buconopf, a king of Arcadia, after La- 
 
 ias. A son of Laomedon and the 
 
 nymph Calybe. A son of Hercules and 
 
 Praxithea. A son of Lycaon, king of 
 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Bucolus, a son of Hercules and Marse. 
 A son of Hippocoon. 
 
 Budii, a nation of Media. 
 
 Budini, a people of Scythia. 
 
 Budorum, a promontory of Salamis. 
 
 Bulbus, a Roman senator, remarkable 
 for his meanness. 
 
 Bulis, a town of Phocis, built by a co- 
 lony from Doris near the sea, above the 
 
 bay of Corinth. A Spartan given up 
 
 to Xerxes, to atone for the offence his 
 countrymen had done for putting the 
 king's messengers to death. 
 
 Bullatius, a friend of Horace. 
 
 Bullis, a town of Illyricum, near the 
 sea, south of Apollonia. 
 
 Bumellus, a river of Assyria. 
 
 Bunea, a surname of Juno. 
 
 Bunus, a son of Mercury and Alcida- 
 mea, who obtained the government of 
 Corinth when ^Eetes went to Colchis. 
 
 Bupalus, a statuary of Clazomenae. 
 Vid. Anthermus. 
 
 Buphagus, a son of Japetus and Thor- 
 nax killed by Diana. A river of Arcadia 
 bears his name. A surname of Hercu- 
 les, given him on account of his gluttony. 
 
 Buphonia, a festival in honor of Jupi- 
 ter at Athens, where an ox was immo- 
 lated. 
 
 Buprasium, a city, country, and river 
 of Elis. 
 
 Bura, a daughter of Jupiter, from whom 
 Bura or Buris, once a flourishing city in 
 the bay of Corinth received its name. 
 
 Buraicus, an epithet applied to Hercu- 
 les, from his temple near Bura. A river 
 
 of Achaia. 
 
BU 
 
 94 
 
 BY 
 
 Burrhus AFRAMus 3 a chief of the pne- 
 
 torian guards, put to death by Nero. 
 
 A brother-in-law of the emperor Coin- 
 modus. 
 
 Bursa, the capital city of Bithynia. 
 
 Bursia, a town of Babylonia. 
 
 Busa, a woman of Apulia who enter- 
 tained one thousand Romans after the 
 battle of Cannre. 
 
 Busjs, a nation of Media. 
 
 Busiris, a king of Egypt, son of Nep- 
 tune and Lybia, or Lysianassa, who sacri- 
 ficed all foreigners to Jupiter with the 
 greatest cruelty. When Hercules visited 
 Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar 
 bound hand and foot. The hero soon 
 disentangled himself, and offered the ty- 
 rant, his son Amphidamas, and the min- 
 isters of his cruelty on the altar. 
 
 Buta, a town of Achaia. 
 
 Buteo, a surname of M. Fabius. A 
 
 Roman orator. 
 
 Butes, one of the descendants of Amy- 
 cus, king of the Bebry ces,very expert in the 
 combat of the cestus. One of the Argo- 
 nauts. A Trojan slain by Camilla. 
 
 A son of Boreas who built Naxos. 
 
 A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest 
 of Minerva and Neptune. He married 
 
 Chthonia, daughter of Erechtheus. An 
 
 arm-bearer to Anchises, and afterwards to 
 Ascanius, killed by Turnus. A gov- 
 ernor of Darius, besieged by Conon the 
 Athenian. 
 
 Buthrotum, now Buti-into, a sea-port 
 town of Epirus opposite Corcyra, visited 
 by ^Eneas, in his way to Italy from Troy. 
 
 Buthrotus, a river in Italy near Locri. 
 
 Buthvreus, a noble statuary, disciple to 
 Myron. 
 
 Butoa, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 near Crete. 
 
 Butorides, an historian who wrote 
 concerning the pyramids. 
 
 Butos, a town of Egypt, where there 
 
 was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and 
 an oracle of Latona. 
 
 Butuntum, an inland town of Apulia. 
 
 Botus, a son of Pandion. 
 
 Buzvges, an Athenian who first plough- 
 ed with harnessed oxen. 
 
 Byblesia and Bybassia, a country of 
 Caria. 
 
 Byblia, a name of Venus. 
 
 Byblii, a people of Syria. 
 
 Byblis, a daughter of Miletus and Cy- 
 anea.- — A small island in the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 Byblus, a town of Syria, not far from 
 the sea, where Adonis had a temple. 
 
 Bylliones, a people of lllyricum. 
 
 Byrrhus, a robber, famous for his dissi- 
 pation. 
 
 Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Car- 
 thage, on which was the temple of iEscu- 
 lapius. Asdrubal's wife burnt it when 
 the city was taken. When Dido came to 
 Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as 
 much land as could be encompassed by a 
 bull's hide. After the agreement, she cut 
 the hide in small thongs, and enclosed a 
 large piece of territory, on which she built 
 a citadel which she called Byrsa, (BtQOa, 
 a hide.) 
 
 Byzacium, a country of Africa. 
 
 Byzantium, a town situate on the Thra • 
 cian Bosphorus, and chosen by Constan- 
 tine the Great for the capital of the east- 
 ern Roman empire ; afterwards called Con- 
 stantinopolis. 
 
 BvzAs,ason of Neptune, king of Thrace, 
 from whom it is said Byzantium received 
 its name. 
 
 Byzeres, a people of Pontus, between 
 Cappadocia and Colchis. 
 
 Byzes, a celebrated artist in the age of 
 Astyages. 
 
 Byzia, a town in the possession of the 
 kings of Thrace, hated by swallows, on 
 account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. 
 
 CA 
 
 CA 
 
 CAANTHUS, a son of Oceanua and 
 Tethys. He was ordered by his fa- 
 ther to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo 
 had carried away, and he burnt in re- 
 venge the ravisher's temple near the Isth- 
 mus. He was killed for this impiety by 
 the god, and a monument raised to his 
 memory. 
 
 Cabade9, a king of Persia. 
 
 Cabala, a place of Sicily where the 
 Carthaginians were conquered by Diony- 
 eius. 
 
 Cabales, a people of Africa. 
 
 Cab alii, a people of Asia Minor. 
 
 Cabalinus, a clear fountain on mount 
 Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called 
 also IFippocrenc, as raised from the ground 
 by the foot of Pegasus. 
 
 Caballinum, a town of the iEdui, now 
 Chalons, on the Saone. 
 
 Cabarnos, a deity worshipped at Paros. 
 His priests were called Cabarni. 
 
 Cabas3us, a town of Cappadocia. A 
 
 village near Tarsus. 
 
 Caballio, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Cabira, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she 
 
 had three sons. A town of Paphla- 
 
 gonia. 
 
CA 
 
 95 
 
 c^: 
 
 Cabiri, certain deities held in the great- 
 est veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Mace- 
 donia, and Phrygia, but more particularly 
 in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros. 
 
 Cabiria, a surname of Ceres. The 
 
 festivals of the Cabiri. 
 
 Cabuka, a fountain of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Caburus, a chief of the Helvii. 
 
 Caca, a goddess among the Romans, 
 sister to Cacus. The vestals offered sa- 
 crifices in her temple. 
 
 Cachales, a river of Phocis. 
 
 Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan 
 and Medusa, represented as a three-head- 
 ed monster, and as vomiting flames. He 
 resided in Italy, and the avenues of his 
 cave were covered with human bones, 
 lie was killed by Hercules. 
 
 Cacuthis, a river of India flowing into 
 the Ganges. 
 
 Cacyparis, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Cadi, a town of Phrygia — of Lydia. 
 
 Cadmea, a citadel of Thebes, built by 
 Cadmus. 
 
 Cadmeis, an ancient name of Boeotia. 
 
 Cadmus, son of Agenor, king of Phoeni- 
 cia, by Telephassa or Agriope. He was 
 sent in search of his sister Europa, but as 
 his search proved fruitless, he consulted 
 the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to 
 build a city, and to call the country Boe- 
 otia. He obeyed the directions of the 
 oracle ; and as he wished to thank the 
 god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions 
 to fetch water from a neighboring grove. 
 The waters were sacred to Mars, and 
 guarded by a dragon. Cadmus attacked 
 the dragon, and overcame it, and sowed 
 the teeth in a plain, upon which armed 
 men suddenly rose up from the ground. 
 He threw a stone in the midst of them, 
 and they instantly turned their arms one 
 against the other, till all perished except 
 five, who assisted him in building his city. 
 Cadmus was the first who introduced the 
 use of letters into Greece ; but some main- 
 tain, that the alphabet which he brought 
 from Phoenicia, was only different from 
 that which is used by the ancient inhabit- 
 ants of Greece. This alphabet consisted 
 only of sixteen letters, to which Palame- 
 des afterwards added four, and Simonides 
 of Melos the same number. The worship 
 of many of the Egyptian and Phoenician 
 deities was also introduced by Cadmus, 
 who is supposed to have come into Greece 
 one thousand four hundred and ninety- 
 three years before the Christian era, and 
 to have died sixty-one years after. He also 
 
 founded the city of Thebe3. A son of 
 
 Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an his- 
 torian in the age of Crcesus, and as the 
 writer of an account of some cities of 
 Ionia, in four books. He is called the an- 
 cient, in contradistinction from another of 
 the same name and place, son of Arche- 
 laus. A Roman executioner. 
 
 Cadra, a hill of Asia Minor. 
 
 Caduceus, a rod intwined at one end 
 by two serpents, in the form of two equal 
 semicircles. It was the attribute of Mer- 
 cury and the emblem of power, and it 
 had been given him by Apollo in return 
 for the lyre. 
 
 Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the east 
 of the Garonne. 
 
 Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea. 
 
 Cadytis, a town of Syria. 
 
 C-«a, an island of the JRgean sea among 
 the Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, 
 from Ceus the son of Titan. 
 
 C.ecias, a wind blowing from the north. 
 
 Cecilia, the wife of Sylla. The 
 
 mother of Lucullus. A daughter of 
 
 Atticus. 
 
 Cecilia Caia, or Tanaquil. Vid. Ta- 
 naquil. 
 
 C.tecilia j„ex, was proposed A. U. C. 
 693, by Csecil. Metellus Nepos, to remove 
 taxes from all the Italian states, and to 
 
 give them free exportation. Another 
 
 called also Didia, A. U. C. 656, by the 
 consul Q,. Caecilius Metellus, and T. Di- 
 dius. It required that no more than one 
 single matter should be proposed to the 
 people in one question : and that every 
 law, before it was preferred, should be 
 exposed to public view on three market 
 
 days. Another, concerning fullers. 
 
 Another, A. U. C. 701, to restore to the 
 censors their original rights and privileges, 
 which had been lessened by P. Clodius 
 
 the tribune. Another called also Ga- 
 
 binia, A. U. C. 685, against usury. 
 
 CiEcrLiANus, a Latin writer before the 
 age of Cicero. 
 
 C.*:cilii, a plebeian family at Rome, 
 which gave birth to many illustrious gen- 
 erals and patriots. 
 
 C-ecilius Claudius Isidorus, a man 
 who left in his will to his heirs, four thou- 
 sand one hundred and sixteen slaves, three 
 thousand six hundred yokes of oxen, two 
 hundred and fifty-seven thousand small 
 cattle, and six hundred thousand pounds 
 of silver. Epirus, a freedman of Atti- 
 cus, who opened a school at Rome, and is 
 said to have first taught reading to Virgil 
 and some other growing poets. A Sici- 
 lian orator in the age of Augustus, who 
 wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison 
 between Demosthenes and Cicero, and 
 an account of the orations of Demosthenes. 
 
 Metellus. Vid. Metellus. Statius, 
 
 a comic poet, deservedly commended by 
 Cicero and Gluintilian. 
 
 C.ecina Tuscus, a son of Nero's nurse, 
 
 made governor of Egypt. A Roman 
 
 who wrote some physical treatises. A 
 
 citizen of Volaterra? defended by Cicero. 
 
 C-ecubum, a town of Campania in Italy, 
 near the bay of Caieta, famous for the ex- 
 cellence and plenty of its wines. 
 
 Cjeculus, a son of Vulcan. He was 
 
c^: 
 
 96 
 
 CM 
 
 called Cceculus, because his eyes were 
 small. After a life spent in plundering 
 and rapine, he built Prameste ; but be- 
 ing unable to find inhabitants, he implored 
 Vulcan to show whether he really was 
 his father. Upon this a flame suddenly 
 shone among a multitude who were as- 
 sembled to see some spectacle, and they 
 were immediately persuaded to become 
 the subjects of Caeculus. 
 
 Q. Cjedicius, a consul, A. U. C. 498. 
 
 Another, A. U. C. 465. A military 
 
 tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted 
 himself to rescue the Roman army from 
 the Carthaginians, B. C. 254. He escaped 
 with his life. A friend of Turnus. 
 
 Cjelia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 635, 
 by Cffilius, a tribune. It ordained, that in 
 judicial proceedings before the people, in 
 cases of treason, the votes should be given 
 upon tablets contrary to the exception of 
 the Cassian law. 
 
 Celius, an orator, disciple to Cicero. 
 
 He died very young. A man of Tarra- 
 
 cina, found murdered in his bed. His 
 sons were suspected of the murder, but 
 
 acquitted. Aurelianus, a writer about 
 
 three hundred years after Christ. L. 
 
 Antipater, wrote an history of Rome. 
 
 Tubero, a man who came to life after he 
 
 had been carried to the burning pile. 
 
 Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted 
 
 Romulus against the Caeninenses. Sa- 
 
 binus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, 
 who composed a treatise on the edicts of 
 
 the curule ediles. One of the seven 
 
 hills on which Rome was built. 
 
 Cemaro, a Greek, who wrote an ac- 
 count of India. 
 
 Cene, a small island in the Sicilian 
 
 sea. A town on the coast of Laconia, 
 
 whence Jupiter is called Caenius. 
 
 C.eneus, one of the Argonauts. A 
 
 Trojan killed by Turnus. 
 
 C.enides, a patronymic of Eetion, as 
 descended from Caeneus. 
 
 Cenina, a town of Latium near Rome. 
 
 C^enis, a promontory of Italy, opposite 
 to Pelorus in Sicily. 
 
 Cenis, a Thessalian woman, daughter 
 of Elatus. In the wars of the Lapithne 
 against the Centaurs, she offended Jupi- 
 ter, and was overwhelmed with a huge 
 pile of wood, and changed into a bird. 
 
 Q,. Servilius Cjepio, a Roman consul, 
 A. U. C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He 
 plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which 
 
 he was punished by divine vengeance 
 
 A quaestor who opposed Saturninus. 
 
 C^eratus, a town of Crete. A river. 
 
 C^ere, Cjeres, anciently Agylla, now 
 Cer-vetej-i, a city of Etruria, once the cap- 
 ital of the whole country. It was in be- 
 ing in the age of Strabo. 
 
 Cjsresi, a people of Germany. 
 
 C-esar, a surname given to the Julian 
 family at Rome, either because one of 
 
 them kept an elephant, which bears the- 
 same name in the Punic tongue, or be- 
 cause one was born with a thick head of 
 hair. The twelve first Roman emperors 
 were distinguished by the surname of 
 C&sar. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, 
 the family of Julius Caesar was extinguish- 
 ed. But after such a lapse of time, the 
 appellation of Caesar seemed inseparable 
 from the imperial dignity, and therefore it 
 was assumed by the successors of the Ju- 
 lian family. C. Julius Caesar, the first 
 
 emperor of Rome, was son of L. Caesar 
 and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He 
 was descended, according to some ac- 
 counts, from Julus the son of iEneas. 
 When he reached his fifteenth year he lost 
 his father, and the year after he was made 
 priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his 
 ambition, and endeavored to remove him ; 
 but Caesar understood his intentions, and, 
 to avoid discovery, changed every day his 
 lodgings. He was received into Sylla's 
 friendship some time after. His eloquence 
 procured him friends at Rome ; and the 
 generous manner in which he lived, equal- 
 ly served to promote his interest. He ob- 
 tained the office of high priest, and after 
 he had passed through the inferior em- 
 ployments of the state, he was appointed 
 over Spain. At his return to Rome, he- 
 was made consul. He was appointed for 
 the space of five years over the Gauls, by 
 the interest of Pompey, to whom he had 
 given his daughter Julia in marriage.. 
 Here he enlarged the boundaries, of the 
 Roman empire by conquest, and invaded 
 Britain, which was then unknown to the 
 Roman people. The death of Julia and 
 of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Ro- 
 man senate, and the ambition of Caesar 
 and Pompey, soon became the causes of a 
 civil war. Caesar's petitions were receiv- 
 ed with coldness or indifference by the 
 Roman senate ; and, by the influence of 
 Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him 
 of his power. Antony, who opposed it as 
 tribune, fled to Caesar's camp with the 
 news ; and the ambitious general at once 
 made it a plea of resistance. On pretence 
 of avenging the violence which had been 
 offered to the sacred office of tribune, he 
 crossed the Rubicon, which was the boun- 
 dary of his province. This was a decla- 
 ration of war, and Ctesar entered Italy 
 sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with' 
 all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and 
 retired to Dyrrachium ; and Caesar, after 
 he had subdued all Italy, in sixty days,, 
 entered Rome, and provided himself with 
 money from the public treasury. He went 
 to Spain, where he conquered; the parti- 
 sans of Pompey, and, at his. return to. 
 Rome, was declared dictator, and soon 
 after consul. When he left F;Qme, he went 
 in quest of Pompey. In (he plains of 
 Pharsalia, B. C. 48, the tvs.q, hostile gen> 
 
C.E 
 
 97 
 
 CA 
 
 erals engaged. Pompey was conquered, 
 and fled into Egypt, where he was mur- 
 dered. Caesar, after he had made a noble 
 use of victory, pursued his adversary into 
 Egypt, where he for some time forgot his 
 fame and character in the arms of Cleo- 
 patra. After several conquests in Africa, 
 the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and 
 that of Pompey 's sons in Spain, he entered 
 Rome, and triumphed over five different 
 nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, 
 and Spain, and was created perpetual dic- 
 tator. But now his uncommon success 
 created him enemies, and the chiefest of 
 the senators, among whom was Brutus his 
 most intimate friend, conspired against 
 him, and stabbed him in the senate-house 
 on the ides of March. He died, pierced 
 with twenty-three wounds, the 15th of 
 March, B. C. 44, in the fifty-sixth year of 
 his age. Casca gave him the first blow, 
 and immediately he attempted to make 
 some resistance ; but when he saw Brutus 
 among the conspirators, he submitted to 
 his fate, and fell down at their feet, muf- 
 fling up his mantle, and exclaiming, Tu 
 quoque Brute ! The learning of Caesar de- 
 serves commendation, as well as his mili- 
 tary character. He reformed the calendar. 
 He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic 
 wars, on the spot where he fought his 
 battles ; and the composition has been ad- 
 mired for the elegance as well as the cor- 
 rectness of its style. His qualities were 
 such that in every battle he could not but 
 be conqueror, and in every republic, mas- 
 ter. It was after his conquest over Phar- 
 naces in one day, that he made use of 
 tbese remarkable words, to express the 
 celerity of his operations ; Veni, vidi, vici. 
 Conscious of the services of a man who 
 beautified and enriched the capital of his 
 country with public buildings, libraries, 
 and porticos, the senate permitted the dic- 
 tator to wear a laurel crown on his bald 
 head ; and h*is said, that they were going 
 to give him the title of king all over the 
 Roman empire, except Italy, when he 
 was murdered. It is said that he con- 
 quered three hundred nations, took eight 
 hundred cities, and defeated three millions 
 of men, one of which fell in the field of 
 battle. Pliny says that he could employ 
 at the same time, his ears to listen, his 
 eyes to read, his hand to write, and his 
 mind to dictate. His death was preceded 
 by uncommon prodigies ; and immediately 
 after his death, a large comet made its ap- 
 pearance. Lucius, was father to the 
 
 dictator. He died suddenly, when putting 
 on his shoes. Octavianus. Vid. Au- 
 gustus. Caius, a tragic poet and orator. 
 
 His brother C. Lucius was consul, and 
 followed, as well as himself, the party of 
 Sylla. They were both put to death by 
 
 order of Marius. Lucius, an uncle of 
 
 M. Antony, who followed the interest of 
 9 
 
 Pompey, and was proscribed by Augustus, 
 for which Antony proscribed Cicero,, the 
 friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was 
 
 put to death by J. Caesar, in his youth. 
 
 Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name 
 of Caesars, Caius, and Lucius. Augus- 
 ta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on 
 the Iberus, and now called Saragossa. 
 Cesarea, a city of Cappadocia, — of Bi- 
 
 thynia, of Mauritania, — of Palestine. 
 
 There are many small insignificant towns 
 of that name. 
 
 C.ksarion, the son of J. Caesar, by queen 
 Cleopatra. He was put to death by Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 Cjesennius P-etus, a general sent by 
 Nero to Armenia. 
 
 Cesetius, a Roman who protected his 
 children against Caesar. 
 
 Cassia, a surname of Minerva. A 
 
 wood in Germany. 
 Cesius, a Latin poet, whose talents 
 
 were not of uncommon brilliancy. A 
 
 lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. 
 C.eso, a son of &. Cincinnatus, who re- 
 volted to the Volsci. 
 
 C-esonia, an infamous woman who 
 married Caligula, and was murdered at 
 the same time with her daughter Julia. 
 
 Cjesonius Maximus, was banished from 
 Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship 
 with Seneca, &c. 
 Cetulum, a town of Spain. 
 Cagaco, a fountain of Laconia. 
 Caicinus, a river of Locris. 
 
 Caicus, a companion of .<Eneas. A 
 
 river of Mysia, falling into the iEgean sea, 
 opposite Lesbos. 
 
 Caieta, a town, promontory, and har- 
 bor of Campania, which received its name 
 from Caieta, the nurse of iEneas, who was 
 buried there. 
 
 Cafus and Caia, a praenomen very com- 
 mon at Rome to both sexes. 
 Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. 
 Q,. Calaber, called also Smyrnseus. 
 wrote a Greek poem in fourteen books, as 
 a continuation of Homer's Iliad, about the 
 beginning of the third century. 
 
 Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna 
 Graecia. It was fertile, and produced a 
 variety of fruits, much cattle, and excel- 
 lent honey. 
 Calabrus, a river of Calabria. 
 Calagurritani, a people of Spain, who 
 ate their wives and children, rather than 
 yield to Pompey. 
 
 Calais and Zethes. Vid. Zethes. 
 Calagutis, a river of Spain. 
 Calamis, an excellent carver. 
 Calamisa, a place of Samos. 
 Calamos, a town of Asia, near mount 
 Libanus. A town of Phoenicia. An- 
 other of Babylonia. 
 
 Calamus, a son of the river Maeander, 
 who was tenderly attached to Carpo. 
 Calanus. a celebrated Indian philoso 
 E 
 
CA 
 
 98 
 
 CA 
 
 pher, one of the gymnosophists. He fol- 
 lowed Alexander in his Indian expedition, 
 and being sick, in his eighty-third year, 
 he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which 
 he mounted, to the astonishment of the 
 king and of the army. When the pile was 
 fired, Alexander asked him whether he 
 had any thing to say : " No," said he, " I 
 shall meet you again in a very short time." 
 Alexander died three months after in Bab- 
 ylon. 
 
 Calaon, a river of Asia, near Colophon. 
 
 Calaris, a city of Sardinia. 
 
 Calathana, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. 
 
 Calathus, a son of Jupiter and An- 
 tiope. 
 
 Calates, a town of Thrace near To- 
 mus, on the Euxine sea. 
 
 Calatia, a town of Campania, on the 
 Appian way. It was made a Roman col- 
 ony in the age of Julius Caesar. 
 
 Calatije, a people of India, who eat 
 the flesh of their parents. 
 
 Calavif, a people of Campania. 
 
 Calavius, a magistrate of Capua, who 
 rescued some Roman senators from death. 
 
 Calaurea and Calauri a, an island near 
 Trcezene in the bay of Argos. The tomb 
 of Demosthenes was seen there. 
 
 Calbis, a river of Caria. 
 
 Cajlce, a city of Campania. 
 
 Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son 
 ofThestor. He accompanied the Greeks 
 lo Troy, in the office of high priest. He 
 nad received the power of divination from 
 Apollo. Calchas was informed, that as 
 soon as he found a man more skilled than 
 nimself in divination, he must perish ; 
 and this happened near Colophon, after 
 the Trojan war. He was unable to tell 
 how many figs were in the branches of a 
 certain fig-tree ; and when Mopsus men- 
 tioned the exact number, Calchas died 
 through grief. 
 
 Calchedonia. Vid. Calchedon. 
 
 Calchinia, a daughter of Leucippus. 
 She had a son by Neptune, who inherited 
 his grandfather's kingdom of Sicyon. 
 
 Caldus Cjelius, a Roman who killed 
 himself when detained by the Germans. 
 
 Cale, Cales, and Calenum, now Cal- 
 vi, a town of Campania. 
 
 Caledonia, a country at the north of 
 Britain, now called Scotland. The red- 
 dish hair and lofty stature of its inhabit- 
 ants seemed to denote a German extrac- 
 tion. 
 
 Calentum, a place of Spain, where it 
 is said they made bricks so light that they 
 swam on the surface of the water. 
 
 Calenus, a famous soothsayer of Etru- 
 
 ria, in the age of Tarquin. A lieutenant 
 
 of Caesar's army. After Cfesar's murder, 
 he concealed some that had been pro- 
 scribed by the triumvirs, and behaved 
 with great honor to them. 
 
 Cales. Fid. Cale. A city of Bithy- 
 
 nia on the Euxine. 
 
 Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed 
 by Diomedes in the Trojan war. 
 
 Caletje, a people of Belgic Gaul, now 
 Pays de Cauz, in Normandy. Their town 
 is called Caletum. 
 
 Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by 
 Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship 
 of Protesilaus. 
 
 Calex, a river of Asia Minor, falling 
 into the Euxine sea. 
 
 Caliadne, the wife of Egyptus. 
 
 Caliceni, a people of Macedonia. 
 
 M. Calidius, an orator and pretorian 
 who died in the civil wars, &c. L. Ju- 
 lius, a man remarkable for his riches, the 
 excellency of his character, his learning 
 and poetical abilities. He was proscribed 
 by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. 
 
 Caligula, Cjesar, fourth emperor of 
 the Romans, was son of Germanicus, and 
 grandson of Tiberius. He was a most 
 cruel and tyrannical monarch, and often 
 immolated innocent persons for his amuse- 
 ment. Wild beasts were fed in his palace 
 with human victims, and a favorite horse 
 was made high priest and consul, kept in 
 marble apartments, and adorned with the 
 most valuable trappings and pearls. He 
 frequently appeared in public places in 
 the most indecent manner, encouraging 
 roguery, committing incest with his three 
 sisters, and establishing public places of 
 prostitution. He was at length murdered, 
 in his twenty-ninth year, by his subjects 
 
 Calipus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, 
 B. C. 330. 
 
 Calis, a man in Alexander's army, tor- 
 tured for conspiring against the king. 
 
 Call.escherus, the father of Critias. 
 
 Callaici, a people of Lusitania, now 
 Oallicia, at the north of Spain. 
 
 Callas, a general of Alexander. Of 
 
 Cassander against Polyperchon. A riv- 
 er of Euboea. 
 
 Callatebus, a town of Caria. 
 
 Calle, a town of ancient Spain, now 
 Oporto, at the mouth of the Douro in Por- 
 tugal. 
 
 Calleteria, a town of Campania. 
 
 Calleni, a people of Campania. 
 
 Callia, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Calli ade9, a magistrate of Athens when 
 Xerxes invaded Greece. 
 
 Calli as, an Athenian appointed to make 
 peace between Artaxerxes and his coun- 
 try. A son of Temenus, who murdered 
 
 his father with the assistance of his bro- 
 thers. A Greek poet, son of Lysima- 
 
 chus. His compositions are lost. A 
 
 partial historian of Syracuse. An Athe- 
 nian greatly revered for his patriotism. 
 A soothsayer. An Athenian, com- 
 mander of a fleet against Philip, whose 
 
 ships he took. A rich Athenian, who 
 
 liberated Cimon from prison, on condition 
 
CA 
 
 99 
 
 CA 
 
 of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. 
 A historian, who wrote an explana- 
 tion of the poems of Alcaeus and Sappho. 
 
 Callibius, a general in the war be- 
 tween Mantinea and Sparta. 
 
 Callicerus, a Greek poet, some of 
 whose epigrams are preserved in the An- 
 thologia. 
 
 Callichorus, a place of Phocis, where 
 the orgies of Bacchus were yearly cele- 
 brated. 
 
 Callicles, an Athenian, whose house 
 was not searched on account of his recent 
 marriage, when an inquiry was made af- 
 ter the money given by Harpalus. A 
 
 statuary of Megara. 
 
 Callicolona, a place of Troy, near the 
 Simois. 
 
 Callicrates, an Athenian, who seized 
 upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by im- 
 posing upon Dion when he had lost his 
 popularity. He was expelled by the 
 sons of Dionysius, after reigning thirteen 
 
 months. An officer intrusted with the 
 
 care of the treasures of Susa by Alexan- 
 der. An artist, who made, with ivory, 
 
 ants and other insects, so small that they 
 
 could scarcely be seen. An Athenian, 
 
 who, by his perfidy constrained the Athe- 
 nians to submit to Rome. A Syrian, 
 
 who wrote an account of Aurelian's life. 
 
 A brave Athenian killed at the battle 
 
 of Plataea. 
 
 Callicratidas, a Spartan, who suc- 
 ceeded Lysander in the command of the 
 fleet. He was defeated and killed near 
 the Arginusae, in a naval battle, B. C. 406. 
 
 One of the four ambassadors sent by 
 
 the Lacedaemonians to Darius, upon the 
 rupture of their alliance with Alexander. 
 A Pythagorean writer. 
 
 Callidius, a celebrated Roman orator, 
 contemporary with Cicero. 
 
 Callidromus, a place near Thermopy- 
 lae. 
 
 Calligetus^ man of Megara, received 
 in his banishment by Pharnabazus. 
 
 Callimachus, an historian and poet of 
 Cyrene. He had, in the age of Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, 
 and had Apollonius of Rhodes among his 
 pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Calli- 
 machus to lash him severely in a satirical 
 poem, under the name of Ibis. He wrote 
 a work in one hundred and twenty books 
 on famous men, besides treatises on birds ; 
 but of all his numerous compositions, only 
 thirty-one epigrams, an elegy, and some 
 
 hymns on the gods, are extant.- An 
 
 Athenian general killed in the battle of 
 Marathon. His body was found in an 
 erect posture, all eovered with wounds. 
 
 A Colophonian, who wrote the life of 
 
 Homer. 
 
 Callimedon, a partisan of Phocion, at 
 Athens, condemned by the populace. 
 
 Calumeles, a youth ordered to be kill- 
 
 ed and served up as meat by Apollodorus 
 of Cassandrea. 
 
 Callinus, an orator, who is said to have 
 first invented elegiac poetry, B. C. 776. 
 Some of his verses are to be found in Sto- 
 baeus. 
 
 Calliope, one of the Muses, daughter 
 of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided 
 over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is 
 said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apol- 
 lo, and Horace supposes her able to play 
 on any musical instrument. 
 
 Callipatira, daughter of Diagoras, and 
 wife of Callianax the athlete, went dis- 
 guised in man's clothes with her son Pi- 
 sidorus, to the Olympic games. When 
 Pisidorus was declared Victor, she discov- 
 ered her sex through excess of joy, and 
 was arrested, as women were not permit- 
 ted to appear there on pain of death. The 
 victory of her son obtained her release ; 
 and a law was instantly made, which 
 forbade any wrestlers to appear but na- 
 ked. 
 
 Calliphon, a painter of Samos, famous 
 
 for his historical pieces, A philosopher 
 
 who made the summum bonum consist in 
 pleasure joined to the love of honesty. 
 This system was opposed by Cicero. 
 
 Calliphron, a celebrated dancing mas- 
 ter, who had Epaminondas among his pu- 
 pils. 
 
 Callipidje, a people of Scythia. 
 
 Callipolis, a city of Thrace on the Hel 
 
 lespont. A town of Sicily near ^Etna. 
 
 A city of Calabria on the coast of Ta- 
 
 rentum, now called Gallipoli. 
 
 Callipus, or Calippus, an Athenian, 
 disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &c. 
 
 Vid. Callicrates. A Corinthian, who 
 
 wrote an history of Orchomenos. A 
 
 philosopher. A general of the Atheni- 
 ans when the Gauls invaded Greece by 
 Thermopylae. 
 
 Callipyges, a surname of Venus. 
 
 Callirhoe, a daughter of the Scaman- 
 der, who married Tros, by whom she had 
 
 Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus. A 
 
 fountain of Attica where Callirhoe killed 
 
 herself. Vid. Coresus. A daughter of 
 
 Oceanus and Tethys mother of Echidna, 
 
 Orthos, and Cerberus, by Chrysaor. A 
 
 daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who 
 kindly received Diomedes at his return 
 from Troy. He abandoned her, upon which 
 
 she killed herself. A daughter of the 
 
 Achelous, who married Alcmreon. A 
 
 daughter of Phocus the Boeotian, whose 
 
 beauty procured her many admirers. A 
 
 daughter of Piras and Niobe. 
 
 Calliste, an island of the vEgean sea 
 called afterwards Thera. Its chief town 
 was founded one thousand one hundred 
 and fifty years before the Christian era, 
 by Theras. 
 
 Callisteia, a festival at Lesbos, during 
 which, all the women presented them- 
 
CA 
 
 100 
 
 CA 
 
 selves in the temple of Juno, and the fair- 
 est was rewarded in a public manner. 
 
 Callisthenes, a Greek who wrote an 
 history of his own country in ten books. 
 
 • A man who with others attempted 
 
 to expel the garrison of Demetrius from 
 
 Athens. A philosopher of Olynthus, 
 
 intimate with Alexander, whom he ac- 
 companied in his oriental expedition, in 
 the capacity of a preceptor. He refused to 
 pay divine honors to the king, for which 
 he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated, 
 exposed ,to wild beasts, and dragged about 
 in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison 
 which ended together his tortures and his 
 
 life, B. C. 328 A writer of Sybaris. 
 
 A freedman of Lucrfllus. It is said that he 
 gave poison to his master. 
 
 Callisto and Calisto, called also He- 
 lice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Ar- 
 cadia, and one of Diana's attendants. 
 
 Callistonicus, a celebrated statuary at 
 Thebes. 
 
 Callistratus, an Athenian, appointed 
 general with Timotbeus and Chabrias 
 
 against Lacedaemon. An orator of 
 
 Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the 
 
 most eloquent of his age. An Athenian 
 
 orator, with whom Demosthenes made an 
 intimate acquaintance after he had heard 
 
 him plead. A Greek historian. A 
 
 comic poet, rival of Aristophanes. A 
 
 statuary. A secretary of Mithridates. 
 
 A grammarian, who made the alpha- 
 bet of the Samians consist of twenty-four 
 letters. 
 
 Callixena, an infamous woman of 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Callixenus, a general who perished by 
 
 famine. An Athenian, imprisoned for 
 
 passing sentence of death upon some pris- 
 oners. 
 
 Calon, a statuary. 
 
 Calor, now Calore, a river in Italy near 
 Beneventum. 
 
 Calpe, a lofty mountain in the most 
 southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount 
 Abyla on the African coast. These two 
 mountains were called the pillars of Her- 
 cules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar. 
 
 Calphurnia, a daughter of L. Piso, 
 who was Julius Caesar's fourth wife. The 
 night previous to her husband's murder, 
 she dreamed that the roof of her house 
 had fallen, and that he had been stabbed 
 in her arms ; and on that account she at- 
 tempted, but in vain, to detain him at 
 home. 
 
 Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman 
 bribed by Jugurtha. It is said that he 
 
 murdered his wives when asleep. 
 
 Crassus, a patrician, who went with Reg- 
 ulus against the Massyli. He was seized 
 by the enemy, and was ordered to be sac- 
 rificed to Neptune. Bisaltia, the king's 
 daughter, fell in love with him, and gave 
 him an opportunity of escaping and con- 
 
 quering her father. Calphurnius returned 
 victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself. 
 A man who conspired against the em- 
 peror Nerva. Galerianus, son of Piso. 
 
 Piso, condemned for using seditious 
 
 words against Tiberius. Another fa- 
 mous for his abstinence. Titus, a Latin 
 
 poet, born in Sicily in the age of Diocle- 
 sian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, 
 and generally found with the works of 
 the poets who have written on hunting. 
 
 Calpurnia, or Calphurnia, a noble 
 family in Rome, derived from Calpus son 
 of Numa. It branched into the families 
 of the Pisones Bibuli, Flammae, Caesen- 
 nini, Asprftnates, &c. 
 
 Calpurnia and Calphurnia lex, was 
 enacted A. U. C. 604, severely to punish 
 such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. 
 A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to 
 
 the gods by her father, who was advised 
 to do it, in a dream, if he wished to con- 
 quer the Cimbri. A woman who killed 
 
 herself when she heard that her husband 
 was murdered in the civil wars of Marius. 
 
 The wife of J. Caesar. A favorite 
 
 of the emperor Claudius. A woman 
 
 ruined by Agrippina on account of her 
 beauty. 
 
 Calyia, a female minister of Nero's 
 hists. 
 
 CALviNA,an infamous woman of Rome. 
 
 Calvisius, a friend of Augustus. 
 
 Calumnia and Impudentia, two dei- 
 ties worshipped at Athens. 
 
 Calusidius, a soldier in the army of 
 Germanicus. When this general wished 
 to stab himself with his own sword, Calu- 
 sidius offered him his own, observing that 
 it was sharper. 
 
 Calu9ium, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Calvus Corn. Licinius, a famous ora- 
 tor, equally known for writing iambics. 
 
 Calybe, a town of Thrace. The 
 
 mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. An 
 
 old woman priestess "in the temple which 
 Juno had at Ardea. 
 
 Calycadnus, a river of Cilicia. 
 
 Calyce, a daughter of ^Eolus, son of 
 flelenus and Enaretta daughter of Del- 
 
 machus. A Grecian girl, who fell in 
 
 love with a youth called Evathlus. As 
 she was unable to gain the object of her 
 love, she threw herself from a precipice. 
 
 A daughter of Hecaton mother of 
 
 Cycnus. 
 
 Calydium, a town on the Appian way. 
 
 Calydna, an island in the Myrtoan sea. 
 
 Calydon, a city of iEtolia, where GEne- 
 us, the father of Meleager, reigned. Dur- 
 ing the reign of GEneus, Diana sent a wild 
 boar to ravage the country, on account of 
 the neglect which had been shown to her 
 divinity by the king. All the princes of 
 the age assembled to hunt this boar, which 
 is greatly celebrated by the poets, under 
 the name of the chase of Calydon, or the 
 
CA 
 
 103 
 
 CA 
 
 Calyduiiian boar. Melcag;r killed the an- 
 imal with his own hand, and gave tiie 
 head to Atalanta, of whom he was en- 
 amored. A son of ^Etolus and Pronoe 
 
 daughter of Phorbus. He gave his name 
 to a town of iEtolia. 
 
 Calydonis, a name of Deianira, as liv- 
 ing in Calydon. 
 
 Calybonius, a surname cf Bacchus. 
 
 Calymne, an island near Lebynthos. 
 
 Calynda, a town of Caria. 
 
 Calypso, one of the Oceanides, was 
 goddess of silence, and reigned in the is- 
 land of Ogygia, whose situation and even 
 existence is doubted. When Ulysses was 
 shipwrecked on her coasts, she received 
 him with great hospitality, and offered 
 him immortality if he would remain with 
 her as a husband. 
 
 Camalodunum, a Roman colony in Bri- 
 tain, supposed Maiden, or Colchester. 
 
 CiMASiiuM, a town of Asia Minor. 
 
 C a marina, a town of Italy. A lake 
 
 of Sicily, with a town of the same name, 
 built B. C. 55:2. It was destroyed by the 
 Syracusans, and rebuilt by a certain Hip- 
 ponous. 
 
 Cambaules, a general of some Gauls 
 who invaded Greece. 
 
 Cambes, a prince of Lydia, of such vo- 
 racious appetite that he ate his own 
 wife. 
 
 Cambre, a place near Puteoli. 
 
 Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia. 
 
 Cambyses, king of Persia, was son of 
 Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, 
 and was so offended at the superstition of 
 the Egyptians, that he killed their god 
 Apis, and plundered their temples. He 
 killed his brother Smerdis from mere sus- 
 picion, and flead alive a partial judge, 
 whose skin he nailed on the judgment 
 seat, and appointed his son to succeed 
 him, telling him to remember where he 
 sat. He died of a small wound he had 
 given himself with his sword as he mount- 
 ed on horseback, five hundred and twen- 
 ty-one years before Christ. He left no 
 issue to succeed him, and his throne was 
 usurped by the magi, and ascended by Da- 
 rius soon after. A person of obscure 
 
 origin, to whom king Astyages gave his 
 
 daughter Mandane in marriage. A 
 
 river of Asia which flows from mount 
 Caucasus into the Cyrus. 
 
 Camelani, a people of Italy. 
 
 Camelit^:, a people of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Camera, a field of Calabria. 
 
 Camerinum and Camertium, a town of 
 Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The in- 
 habitants were called Camertes. 
 
 Camerinus, a Latin poet, who wrote a 
 poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. 
 
 Some of the family of the Camerini 
 
 were distinguished for their zeal as citi- 
 zens, as well as for their abilitie? as schol- 
 ars. 
 
 9* 
 
 Camerium, an ancient town of Italy 
 near Rome, taken by Romulus. 
 
 Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by 
 ^Eneas. Fid. Camerinum. 
 
 Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was 
 daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. She 
 was educated in the woods, inured to the 
 labors of hunting, and fed upon the milk 
 
 of mares. Her father devoted her, when 
 young, to the service of Diana. When 
 she was declared queeu, she marched at 
 the head of an army and accompanied by 
 three youthful females of equal courage as 
 herself, to assist Turnus against iEneas. 
 She was so swift that she could run, or 
 rather fly over a field of corn without 
 bending the blades, and make her way 
 , over the sea without wetting her feet. 
 I She died by a wound she had received 
 from Aruns. 
 
 Camilii and Camilla, the priests in- 
 stituted by Romulus for the service of the. 
 gods. 
 
 Camillus, L. Furius, a celebrated Ro- 
 man, called a second Romulus, from his 
 services to his country. He was banishel 
 by the people for distributing, contrary fy 
 his vow, the spoils he had obtained at 
 Veii. During his exile, Rome was be. 
 sieged by the Gauls under Brennus. In 
 the midst of their misfortunes, the besieg- 
 ed Romans elected him dictator, and he 
 forgot their ingratitude, and marched to 
 the relief of his country, which he deliv- 
 ered, after it had been for some time in 
 the possession of the enemy. He died in 
 the eightieth year of his age, B. C. 365. 
 
 A name of Mercury. An intimate 
 
 friend of Cicero. 
 
 Camiro and Clytia, two daughters of 
 Pandarus of Crete. Jupiter to punish 
 upon them the crime of their father, who 
 was accessary to the impiety of Tantalus, 
 ordered the harpies to carry them away 
 and deliver them to the furies. 
 
 C'AMiRUsandCAMiRA,atown of Rhodes. 
 
 Camissares, a governor of part of Cili- 
 cia, father to Datames. 
 
 CAMMA,awomanof Galatia, who aveng- 
 ed the death of her husband Sinetus upon 
 his murderer Sinorix, by making him 
 drink in a cup, of which the liquor was 
 poisoned. 
 
 Camcenje, a name given to the muses 
 from the sweetness and melody of their 
 songs. 
 
 Campana lex, or Julian agrarian law, 
 was enacted by J. Caesar, A. U. C. 691, to 
 divide some lands among the people. 
 
 Campania, a country of Italy, of which 
 Capua was the capital. It is celebrated 
 for its delightful views, and for its fertili- 
 ty. Capua is often called Campana urbs. 
 
 Campe, kept the hundred-handed mon- 
 sters confined in Tart;irus. Jupiter killed 
 her, because she refused to give them their 
 liberty to come to his assistance against 
 the Titans. 
 
CA 
 
 102 
 
 CA 
 
 Camfasfe and Pancaste, a beautiful 
 Concubine of Alexander, whom the king 
 gave to Apelles. 
 
 Campi Diomedis, a plain situate in 
 Apulia. 
 Campsa, a town near Pallene. 
 Campus Martius, a large plain at Rome, 
 without the walls of the city, where the 
 Roman youths performed their exercises, 
 and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw 
 the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse, 
 drive a chariot, &c. The public assem- 
 blies were held there, and the officers of 
 state chosen, and audience given to for- 
 eign ambassadors. It was adorned with 
 statues, columns, arches, and porticos, 
 and its pleasant situation made it very 
 frequented. It was called Martius, be- 
 cause dedicated to Mars. 
 
 Camuloginus, a Gaul raised to great 
 honors by Caesar, for his military abili- 
 ties. 
 
 Camulus, a surname of Mars among the 
 Sabines and Etrurians. 
 Can a, a city and promontory of iEolia. 
 Canace, a daughter of iEolus and Ena- 
 retta. 
 Canache, one of Action's dogs. 
 Canachus, a statuary of Sicyori. 
 Can.e, a city of Locris — of JBolia. 
 Canarii, a people near mount Atlas in 
 Africa, who received this name because 
 Ihey fed in common with their dogs. The 
 islands which they inhabited were called 
 Fortunate by the ancients, and are now 
 known by the name of the Canaries. 
 Canathus, a fountain of Nauplia. 
 Candace, a queen of ^Ethiopia, in the 
 age of Augustus. 
 
 Candavia, a mountain of Epirus, which 
 separates Illyria from Macedonia. 
 
 Candaules, or Myrsilus, son of Myr- 
 sus, was the last of the Heraclidae who 
 sat on the throne of Lydia. 
 
 Candei, a people of Arabia who fed on 
 serpents. 
 Candiope, a daughter of Oenopion. 
 Candyba, a town of Lycia. 
 Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, 
 daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king 
 of the Laurentes. When Circe had chang- 
 ed her husband into a bird, she lamented 
 him so much, that she pined away, and 
 was changed into a voice. She was reck- 
 oned as a deity by the inhabitants. 
 
 Canephoria, festivals at Athens in 
 honor of Bacchus, or, according to others, 
 of Diana. 
 
 Canethum, a place of Eubaea. A 
 
 mountain in Bceotia. 
 
 Caniculares dies, certain days in the 
 eummer, in which the star Canis is said 
 to influence the season, and to make the 
 days more warm during its appearance. 
 
 Caridia, a certain woman of Neapolis, 
 against whom Horace inveighed as a sor- 
 ceress. 
 
 Canidius, a tribune, who proposed a 
 law to empower Poinpey to go only with 
 twolictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the 
 Alexandrians. 
 
 Caninefates, a people near Batavia, 
 where modern Holland now is situate. 
 
 C. Caninius Rebilus, a consul with J. 
 Ceesar, after the death of Trebonius. He 
 was consul only for seven hours, because 
 his predecessor died the last day of the 
 year, and he was chosen only for the re- 
 maining part of the day. Lucius, a 
 
 lieutenant of Cagsar's army in Gaul. 
 
 Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. 
 
 Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero. 
 
 Canistius, a Lacedaemonian courier, 
 who ran one thousand two hundred stadia 
 in one day. 
 
 Can i us, a poet of Gades, cotemporary 
 with Martial. He was so naturally merry 
 
 that he always laughed. A Roman 
 
 knight, who went to Sicily for his amuse- 
 ment, where he bought gardens well 
 stocked with fish, which disappeared on 
 the morrow. 
 
 Cannje, a small village of Apulia, near 
 the Ausidus, where Hannibal conquered 
 the Romans. The spot where this famous 
 battle was fought is now shown by the 
 natives, and denominated the field of 
 blood. 
 
 Canopicum ostium, one of the mouths 
 of the Nile, twelve miles from Alexan- 
 dria. 
 
 Canopus, a city of Egypt, twelve miles 
 from Alexandria, celebrated for the tem- 
 ple of Serapis. It was founded by the 
 Spartans, and it received its name from 
 Canopus the pilot of the vessel of Mene- 
 laus, who was buried in this place. The 
 inhabitants were dissolute in their man- 
 ners. The pilot of the ship of Mene- 
 
 laus, who died in his youth on the coast 
 of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. 
 
 Cantabra, a river falling into the In- 
 dus. 
 
 Cantabri, a ferocious and warlike peo- 
 ple of Spain. 
 
 Cantaerije lacus, a lake in Spain, 
 where a thunderbolt fell, and in which 
 twelve axes were found. 
 
 Cantharus, a famous sculptor of Si- 
 cyon. A comic poet of Athens. 
 
 Canthus, a son of Abas, one of the 
 Argonauts. 
 
 Cantium, a country in the eastern parts 
 of Britain, now called Kent. 
 
 Canui.eia, one of the first vestals cho 
 
 sen by Numa. A law. Vid. Canu- 
 
 leius. 
 
 C. Canuleius, a tribune of the people 
 of Rome, A. U. C. 310, who made a law 
 to render it constitutional for the patri- 
 cians and plebeians to intermarry. 
 
 Canulia, a Roman girl. 
 
 Canusium, now Canom, a town of Apu- 
 lia. 
 
CA 
 
 103 
 
 CA 
 
 Canusius, a Gree^ historian under Pto- 
 lemy Auletes. 
 
 Canutius Tiberinus, a tribune of the 
 people, who, like Cicero, furiously attack- 
 ed Antony when declared an enemy to 
 
 the state. His satire cost him his life. 
 
 A Roman actor. 
 
 Capaneus, a noble Argive, son of Hip- 
 ponous and Astinome, and husband to 
 Evadne. He was so impious, that when 
 he went to the Theban war, he declared 
 that he would take Thebes even in spite 
 of Jupiter. Such contempt provoked the 
 god, who struck him dead with a thun- 
 derbolt. 
 
 Capella, an elegiac poet in the age of 
 
 J. Caesar. Martianus, a Carthaginian, 
 
 A. D. 490, who wrote a poem on the mar- 
 riage of Mercury and philology, and in 
 praise of the liberal arts. A gladiator. 
 
 Capena, a gate of Rome. 
 
 Capenas, a small river of Italy. 
 
 Capeni, a people of Etruria, in whose 
 territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. 
 
 Caper, a river of Asia Minor. 
 
 Capetus, a king of Alba, who reigned 
 25 years. A suitor of Hippodamia. 
 
 Caphareus, a lofty mountain and pro- 
 montory of Euboea. 
 
 Caphyje, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Capio, a Roman, famous for his friend- 
 ship with Cato. 
 
 Capito, the uncle of Paterculus, who 
 
 joined Agrippa against Crassus. Fon- 
 
 teius, a man sent by Antony to settle his 
 disputes with Augustus. A man ac- 
 cused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely 
 
 punished by the senate. An epic poet 
 
 of Alexandria, who wrote on love. An 
 
 historian of Lycia. A poet who wrote 
 
 on illustrious men. 
 
 Capitolini ludi. games yearly cele- 
 brated at Rome in honor of Jupiter, who 
 preserved the capitol from the Gauls. 
 
 Cafitolinus, a surname of Jupiter, 
 
 from his temple on mount Capitolinus. 
 
 A surname of M. Manlius, who, for his 
 ambition, was thrown down from the 
 Tavpeian rock which he had so nobly de- 
 fended. A mountain at Rome, called 
 
 also Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. 
 The capitol was built upon it. A con- 
 sul with Marcellus. Julius, an author 
 
 in Dioclesian's reign. 
 
 Capitolium, a celebrated temple and 
 citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock. It 
 was begun by Servius Tullius, finished by 
 Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by 
 the consul Horatius after the expulsion 
 of the TarquinS from Rome. It was built 
 upon four acres of ground ; the front was 
 adorned with three rows of pillars, and 
 the other sides with two. The ascent to 
 it from the ground was by an hundred 
 steps. Its thresholds were made of brass, 
 and its roof was gold. It was adorned 
 with vessels and shields of solid silver. 
 
 with golden chariots, &x. It was burin 
 during the civil wars of Marius, and Syl- 
 la rebuilt it, but died before the dedica- 
 tion, which was performed by Q. Catulus. 
 It was again destroyed in the troubles 
 under Vitellius ; and Vespasian, who en- 
 deavoured to repair it, saw it again in 
 ruins at his death. Domitian raised it 
 again, for the last time, and made it more 
 grand and magnificent than any of his 
 predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in 
 gilding it. The consuls and magistrates 
 offered sacrifies there, when they first en- 
 tered upon their offices, and the proces- 
 sion in triumphs was always conducted 
 to the capitol. 
 
 Cappadocia, a country of Asia Minor, 
 between the Halys, and the Euphrates, 
 and the Euxine. The inhabitants were 
 of a dull and submissive disposition, and 
 addicted to every vice. The kings of 
 Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Aria- 
 rathes. 
 
 Cappadox, a river of Cappadocia. 
 
 Capraria, now Cabrera, a mountain is- 
 land on the coast of Spain, famous for its 
 goats. 
 
 Capreje, now Capri, an island on the 
 coast of Campania, abounding in quails, 
 and famous for the residence and de- 
 baucheries of the emperor Tiberius, dur- 
 ing the seven last years of his life. 
 
 Capreje Palus, a place near Rome, 
 where Romulus disappeared. 
 
 Capricornus, a sign of the Zodiac, in 
 which appear 28 stars in the form of a 
 goat. When the sun enters this sign it is 
 the winter solstice, or the longest night 
 in the year. 
 
 Caprificialis, a day sacred to Vulcan, 
 on which the Athenians offered him mo- 
 ney. 
 
 Caprima, a town of Caria. 
 
 Capripedes, a surname of Pan, the 
 Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having 
 goats' feet. 
 
 Caprius, a great informer in Horace's 
 age. 
 
 Caprotina, a festival celebrated at 
 Rome in July, in honor of Juno, at which 
 women only officiated. 
 
 Cafrus, a harbor near mount Athos. 
 
 Capsa, a town of Libya, surrounded by 
 vast deserts full of snakes. 
 
 Capsage, a town of Syria. 
 
 Capua, the chief city of Campania m 
 Italy, supposed to have been founded by 
 Capys, the companion of Anchises. The 
 city was very ancient, and so opulent that 
 it even rivalled Rome, and was called al- 
 tera Roma. 
 
 Capys, a Trojan who came with ^Eneas 
 into Italy, and founded Capua. A son of 
 Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. 
 He was father of Anchises by Themis. 
 
 Capys Sylvius, a king of Alba, who 
 I reigned twenty-eight years. 
 
CA 
 
 104 
 
 CA 
 
 Car, a son of Phoroneus, king of Me- 
 
 gara. A son of Manes, who married 
 
 Callirhoe, daughter of the Mreander. Ca- 
 rta received its name from him. 
 
 Carabactra, a place in India. 
 
 Carabis, a town of Spain. 
 
 Caracalla. Vid. Antoninus. 
 
 Caracates, a people of Germany. 
 
 Caractacus, a king of the Britons, con- 
 quered by an officer of Claudius Cssar, 
 A. D. 47. 
 
 Carje, certain places between Susa and 
 the Tigris, where Alexander pitched his 
 camp. 
 
 Cak-eus, a surname of Jupiter in Bcco- 
 tia, — in Caria. 
 
 Caralis, the chief city of Sardinia. 
 
 Carambis, now Kerempi, a promontory 
 of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Caram's, one of the Heraclidffi, the first 
 who laid the foundation of the Macedo- 
 nian empire, B. C. 814. A general of 
 
 Alexander. An harbor of Phoenicia. 
 
 Carau9ius, a tyrant of Britain for seven 
 years, A. D. 293. 
 
 Carbo, a Soman orator who killed him- 
 self because he could not curb the licen- 
 tious manners of his countrymen. 
 
 Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who 
 embraced the party of Marius, and after 
 the death of Cinna succeeded to the gov- 
 ernment. He was killed in Spain, in his 
 
 third consulship. An orator, son of 
 
 Carbo the orator, killed by the army when 
 desirous of reestablishing the ancient mil- 
 itary discipline. 
 
 Carchedon, the Greek name of Car- 
 thage. 
 
 Carcinus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, 
 in the age of Philip of Macedon. Ano- 
 ther of Athens. Another of Naupac- 
 
 tum. A man of Ehegium. An Athe- 
 nian general, who laid waste Peloponne- 
 sus in the time Pericles. 
 
 Carcinus, a constellation, the same as 
 the Cancer. 
 
 Cardaces, a people of Asia Minor. 
 
 Cardamyle, a town of Argos. 
 
 Cardia, a town in the Thracian Cher- 
 sonesus. 
 
 Carduchi, a warlike nation of Media, 
 along the borders of the Tigris. 
 
 Cares, a nation which inhabited Caria, 
 and thought themselves the original pos- 
 sessors of that country. 
 
 Caresa, an island of the ^Egean sea, 
 opposite Attica. 
 
 Caressus, a river of Troas. 
 
 Carfinia, an immodest woman of 
 Rome. 
 
 Caria, now Mdinclli, a country of Asia 
 Minor, whose boundaries have been dif- 
 ferent in different ages. It was at the 
 south of Ionia, at the east and north of 
 the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phry- 
 gia Major and Lycia. It has been called 
 
 Phoenicia. The chief town was Iialicar- 
 nassus. A port of Thrace. 
 
 Carias, a town of Peloponnesus. A 
 
 general. 
 
 Cariate, a town of Bactriana, where 
 Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes. 
 
 Cakilla, a town of the Piceni, destroy- 
 ed by Annibal, for its great attachment to 
 Rome. 
 
 Carina, a virgin of Caria. 
 
 Carinje, certain edifices at Rome, built 
 in the manner of ships, which were in 
 the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that 
 it was a street in which Pompey's house 
 was built. 
 
 Carine, a town near the Caicus in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Carinus, (M. Aurelius) a Roman who 
 attempted to succeed his father Carus as 
 emperor. He was famous for his de- 
 baucheries and cruelties. Dioclesian de- 
 feated him in Dalmatia, and he was kill- 
 ed by a soldier, A. D. 268. 
 
 Carisiacum, a town of ancient Gaul, 
 now Cressy in Picardy. 
 
 Carissanum, a place of Italy near 
 which Milo was killed. 
 
 Caristum, a town of Liguria. 
 
 Carmania, a country of Asia, between 
 Persia and India. 
 
 Carmanor, a Cretan, who purified 
 Apollo of slaughter. 
 
 Carme, a nymph, daughter of Eubulu8 
 and mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. 
 She was one of Diana's attendants. 
 
 Carmelus, a god among the inhabitants 
 of mount Carmel, situate between Syria 
 and Judsea. 
 
 Carmenta and Carmentis, a prophet- 
 ess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with 
 whom she came to Italy, and was receiv- 
 ed by king Faunus, about 60 years before 
 the Trojan war. She was the oracle of 
 the people of Italy during her life, and 
 after death she received divine honors. 
 She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks 
 offered her sacrifices under the name of 
 Themis. 
 
 Carmentales, festivals at Rome in ho- 
 nor of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of 
 January, near the Porta Carmentalis, be- 
 low the capitol. 
 
 Carmentalis Porta, one of the gates 
 of Rome in the neighborhood of the cap- 
 itol. It was afterwards called Scelerala, 
 because the Fabii passed through it in 
 going to that fatal expedition where they 
 perished. 
 
 Carmides, a Greek of an uncommon 
 memory. 
 
 Carna and Cardinea, a goddess at 
 Rome. The Romans offered her beans, 
 bacon, and vegetables, to represent the 
 simplicity of their ancestors. 
 
 Carnasius, a village of Messenia in 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
CA 
 
 105 
 
 CA 
 
 Ca-r.n-ea.des, a philosopher of Cyrene in 
 Africa, founder of a sect called the third 
 or new Academy. Carneades denied that 
 any thing could he perceived or under- 
 stood in the world, and he was the first 
 who introduced an universal suspension 
 of assent. He died in the 90th year of 
 his age, B. C. 128. 
 
 Carneia, a festival observed in most of 
 the Grecian cities, but more particularly 
 at Sparta, where it was first instituted, 
 about 675 B. C. in honor of Apollo sur- 
 named Carneus. 
 
 Carnion, a town of Laconia. A 
 
 river of Arcadia. 
 
 Carnus, a prophet of Acarnania, from 
 whom Apollo was called Carneus. 
 
 Carnutes, a people of Celtic Gaul. 
 
 Carpasia and Carpasium, a town of 
 Cyprus. 
 
 Carpathus, an island in the Mediterra- 
 nean between Rhodes and Crete, now 
 called Scapanto. 
 
 Carpia, an ancient name of Tartessus. 
 
 Carpis, a river of Mysia. 
 
 Carpo, a daughter of Zephyrus, and 
 one of the Seasons. She was drowned 
 in the Maeander, and was changed by 
 Jupiter into all sorts of fruit. 
 
 Carpophora, a name of Ceres and Pro- 
 serpine in Tegea. 
 
 Carpophorus, an actor greatly esteem- 
 ed by Domitian. 
 
 Carr.^e and Carrhje, a town of Meso- 
 potamia, near which Crassus was killed. 
 
 Carri nates Secundus, a poor but in- 
 genious rhetorician, who came from Ath- 
 ens to Rome, where the boldness of hi9 
 expressions exposed him to Caligula's re- 
 sentment. 
 
 Carruca, a town of Spain. 
 
 Carseoli, a town of the iEqui, at the 
 west of the lake Fucinus. 
 
 Cartalias, a town of Spain. 
 
 Carteia, a town at the extremity of 
 Spain, supposed to be the same as Calpe. 
 
 Cartexa, a town of Mauritania, now 
 Tenet, on the shores of the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 Carth^ea, a town in the island of Cea. 
 
 Carthaginienses, the inhabitants of 
 Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. 
 
 Carthago, a celebrated city of Africa, 
 :he rival of Rome, and long the capital 
 of the country, and mistress of Spain, Si- 
 cily 13)3 Sardinia. Most writers seem to 
 agree that it was first built by Dido, about 
 869 yeara before the christian era. This 
 city and republic flourished for 737 years, 
 and the time of its greatest glory was un- 
 der Annibal and Amilcar. It maintained 
 three famous wars against Rome, called 
 the Punic wars ; in the third of which 
 Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio 
 the second Africanus, B. C."l47, and only 
 5000 persons were found within the walls. 
 ft was 23 miles in circumference, and 
 
 when it was set on fire by the Romans, it 
 burned incessantly during 17 days. It 
 was afterwards partly rebuilt by the dif- 
 ferent emperors. Carthage was conquer- 
 ed from the Romans by the arms of Gen- 
 seric, A. D. 439 ; and it was for more than 
 a century the seat of the Vandal empire 
 in Africa, and fell into the hands of the 
 Saracens in the seventh century. The Car- 
 thaginians were governed as a republic, 
 and had two persons yearly chosen among 
 them with regal authority. They were 
 very superstitious, and generally offered 
 human victims to their gods. They bore 
 the character of a faithless and treacher- 
 ous people, and the proverb Punica fides 
 is well known. Nova, a town built in 
 Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterra- 
 nean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian gene- 
 ral. It now bears the name of Carthagena. 
 A daughter of Hercules. 
 
 Carthasis, a Scythian, &x. 
 
 Carthea, a town of Cos. 
 
 Carvilius, a king of Britian, who at- 
 tacked Caesar's naval station by order of 
 
 Cassivelaunus, &c. Spurius, a Roman 
 
 who made a large image of the breast- 
 plates taken from the Samnites, and 
 placed it in the capitol. The first Ro- 
 man who divorced his wife during the 
 space of above 600 years. 
 
 Carus, a Roman emperor who succeed- 
 ed Probus. He was a prudent and active 
 general, he conquered the Sarmatians, 
 and continued the Persian war which hia 
 predecessor had commenced. He reigned 
 two years, and died on the banks of the 
 Tigris as he was going in an expedition 
 
 against Persia, A. D. 283. One of those 
 
 who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, 
 by order of Alexander. 
 
 Carva, a town of Arcadia. A city 
 
 of Laconia. Here a festival was observed 
 in honor of Diana Caryatis. Tt was then 
 usual for virgins to meet at the celebra- 
 tion, and join in a certain dance, said 
 to have been first instituted by Castor and 
 Pollux. 
 
 Caryanda, a town and island on the 
 coast of Caria, now Karacoion. 
 
 Caryat.'e, a people of Arcadia. 
 
 Carystius Antigonus, an historian, 
 B. C. 248. 
 
 Carystus, a maritime town on the 
 south of Euboea, still in existence, famous 
 for its marble. 
 
 Caryum, a place of Laconia, where 
 Aristomenes preserved some virgins. 
 
 Casca, one of Caesar's assassins, who 
 gave him the first blow. 
 
 Cascellius Aulus, a lawyer of great 
 merit in the Augustan age. 
 
 Casilinum, a town of Campania. — 
 When it was besieged by Hannibal, a 
 mouse sold for 200 denarii. 
 
 Casina and Casinum, a town of Cam- 
 pania. 
 
 E* 
 
CA 
 
 106 
 
 CA 
 
 Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. 
 
 Another at the east of Pelusium, 
 
 where Pompey's tomb was raised by Adri- 
 an. Another in Syria, from whose top 
 
 the sun can be seen rising, though it be 
 still the darkness of night at the bottom 
 of the mountain. 
 
 Casmenje, a town built by the Syracu- 
 sans in Sicily. 
 
 Casmilla, the mother of Camilla. 
 
 Casperia, wife of Rhoetus king of the 
 Marrubii. A town of the Sabines. 
 
 Casperula, a town of the Sabines. 
 
 Caspije Port.e, certain passes of Asia, 
 which some place about Caucasus and the 
 Caspian sea, and others between Persia 
 and the Caspian sea. 
 
 Caspiana, a country of Armenia. 
 
 Caspii, a Scythian nation near the Cas- 
 pian sea. Such as had lived beyond their 
 seventieth year were starved to death. 
 Their dogs were remarkable for their 
 fierceness. 
 
 Caspium mare, or Hyrcanum, a large 
 sea in the form of a lake, which lies be- 
 tween the Caspian and Hyrcanian moun- 
 tains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in 
 'ts capacious bed the tribute of several 
 large rivers. Ancient authors assure us, 
 that it produced enormous serpents and 
 fishes, different in color and kind from 
 those of all other waters. 
 
 Caspius mon3, a branch of mount Tau- 
 rus, between Media and Armenia, at the 
 east of the Euphrates. 
 
 Cassandane, the mother of Cambyses 
 by Cyrus. 
 
 Cassander, son of Antipater, made 
 himself master of Macedonia after his fa- 
 ther's death, where he reigned for eighteen 
 years. He died of a dropsy. 
 
 Cassandra, daughter of Priam and He- 
 cuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, 
 who promised to grant her whatever she 
 might require. She asked the power of 
 knowing futurity ; and as soon as she had 
 received it, slighted her heavenly lover. 
 The god, in his disappointment, wetted 
 her lips with his tongue, and by this ac- 
 tion effected that no credit or reliance 
 should ever be put upon her predictions, 
 however true or faithful they might be. 
 She was looked upon by the Trojans as 
 insane, and she was even confined, and her 
 predictions were disregarded. In the divi- 
 sion of the spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, 
 who was enamored of her, took her as his 
 wife, and returned with her to Greece. 
 She repeatedly foretold to him the sudden 
 calamities that awaited his return ; but 
 he gave no credit to her, and was assas- 
 sinated by his wife Clytemnestra. Cas- 
 sandra shared his fate, and saw all her 
 prophecies but too truly fulfilled. 
 
 Cassanpria, a town of the peninsula 
 ofPallenein Macedonia, called also Po- 
 tid&a. 
 
 Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius 
 Longinus, A. U. C 649. By it no man 
 condemned or deprived of military power 
 was permitted to enter the senate-house. 
 
 Another enacted by C. Cassius, the 
 
 pretor, to choose some of the plebeians to 
 
 be admitted among the patricians. 
 
 Another, A. U. C. 616, to make the suf- 
 frages of the Roman people free and inde- 
 pendent. It ordained that they should be 
 received upon tablets. Another A. U. 
 
 C. 267, to make a division of the territo- 
 ries taken from the Hernici, half to the 
 
 Roman people, and half to the Latins. 
 
 Another enacted A. U. C. 596, to grant a 
 consular power to P. Anicius and Octa- 
 vius on the day they triumphed over Ma- 
 cedonia. 
 
 Cassiodorus, a great statesman and 
 writer in the sixth century. He died A. 
 
 D. 562, at the age of one hundred. 
 Cassiope and Cassiopea, married Ce- 
 
 pheus, king of ^Ethiopia, by whom she 
 had Andromeda. She boasted herself to 
 be fairer than the Nereides ; upon which, 
 Neptune punished the insolence of Cas- 
 siope, and sent a huge sea-monster to 
 ravage ..Ethiopia. The wrath of Neptune 
 could be appeased only by exposing An- 
 dromeda to the fuiy of a sea-monster ; 
 and just as she was going to be devoured, 
 Perseus delivered her. Cassiope was made 
 a southern constellation, consisting of 
 
 thirteen stars called Cassiope. A city 
 
 of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in 
 
 the island of Corcyra. The wife of 
 
 Epaphus. 
 
 Cassiterides, islands in the western 
 ocean, where tin was found, supposed to 
 be the Stilly islands, the Land's end, and 
 Lizard point, of the moderns. 
 
 Cassi velaunus, a Britain invested with 
 sovereign authority when J. Caesar made 
 a descent upon Britain. 
 
 C. Cassius, a celebrated Roman, who 
 made himself known by being first quaes- 
 tor to Crassus in his expedition against 
 Parthia. He married Junia the sister of 
 Brutus, and with him he resolved to mur- 
 der Caasar on account of his oppressive 
 ambition. When the provinces were di- 
 vided among Caesar's murderers, Cassius 
 received Africa ; and when his party hrd 
 lost ground at Rome, by the superior in- 
 fluence of Augustus and M. Antony, he 
 retired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus 
 and their adherents. In the battle that 
 was fought there, the wing which Cas- 
 sius commanded was defeated, and his 
 camp was plundered. Fearful to fall into 
 the enemy's hands, h? ordered one of his 
 freedmen to run him through, and he per- 
 ished by that very sword which had given 
 wounds to Caesur. He was a strict fol- 
 lower of the doctrine of Epicurus. A 
 
 Roman citizen, who condemned his son 
 to death, on pretence of his raising com- 
 
CA 
 
 107 
 
 CA 
 
 motions in the state. A tribune of the 
 
 people, who made many laws tendi ng to di- 
 minish the influence of the Roman nobili- 
 ty. One of Poinpey's officers, who, dur- 
 ing the civil wars, revolted to Cresar with 
 
 ten ships. A poet of Parma, of great 
 
 genius. Spurius, a Roman, put to death 
 
 on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, 
 after he had been three times consul, B. C. 
 
 485. Brutus, a Roman who betrayed 
 
 his country to the Latins, and fled to the 
 temple of Pallas, where his father con- 
 fined him, and he was starve 1 to death. 
 
 Longinus, an officer of Caesar in 
 
 Spain, much disliked. A consul to 
 
 whom Tiberius married Drusilla, daugh- 
 ter of Germanicus. : — A lawyer whom 
 
 Nero put to death because he bore the 
 
 name of J. Ceesar's murderer. L. He- 
 
 mina, the most ancient writer of annals 
 at Rome. He lived A. U. C. G08. Lu- 
 cius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in 
 Jhe execution of the law has rendered the 
 Jvords Cas.<i<ii,t justices applicable to rigid 
 
 judges. Longinus, a critic. Lucius, 
 
 a consul with C. Marius, slain with his 
 
 army by the Gauls Senones. An officer 
 
 under Aurelius, made emperor by his sol- 
 iiers, and murdered three months after. 
 Felix, a physician in the age of Tibe- 
 rius, who wrote on animals. Severus, 
 
 an orator who wrote a severe treatise on 
 illustrious men and women. He died in 
 exile, in his twenty-fifth year. The fam- 
 ily of the Cassii branched into the sur- 
 name of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, 
 &c. 
 
 Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of 
 Phocis. 
 
 Castabala, a city of Cilicia, whose in- 
 habitants made war with their dogs. 
 
 Castabus, a town of Chersonesus. 
 
 Castalia, a town near Phocis. A 
 
 daughter of the Achelous. 
 
 Castalius fons, or Castalia, a foun- 
 tain of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. 
 The waters of this fountain were cool and 
 excellent, and they had the power of in- 
 spiring those that drank of them with the 
 true fire of poetry. The muses have re- 
 ceived the surname of Castalides from this 
 fountain. 
 
 Castanea, a town near the Peneus, 
 whence the nuces Castanea received their 
 name. 
 
 Castellum menapiorum, a town of 
 
 Belgium on the Maese, now Kessel. 
 
 Morinorum, now mount Cassel, in Flan- 
 ders. Cattorum, now Hesse Cassel. 
 
 Ca9thenes, a bay of Thrace, near By- 
 zantium. 
 
 Castianira, a Thracian mistress of 
 Priam, and mother of Gorgythion. 
 
 Castor and Pollux, were twin broth- 
 ers, sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of 
 
 Tyndarus, king of Sparta. Mercury, 
 
 Immediately after their birth, carried the 
 
 two brothers to Pallena, where they were 
 educated ; and as soon as they had arriv- 
 ed to years of maturity, they embarked 
 with Jason to go in quest of the golden 
 fleece. In this expedition both behaved 
 with superior courage : Pollux conquered 
 and slew Amycus, in the combat of the 
 cestus, and was ever after reckoned the 
 god and patron of boxing and wrestling. 
 Castor distinguished himself in the man- 
 agement of horses. The brothers cleared 
 the Hellespont, and the neighboring seas, 
 from pirates, after their return from Col- 
 chis, from which circumstance they have 
 been always deemed the friends of navi- 
 gation. During the Argonautic expedi- 
 tion, in a violent storm, two flames of 
 fire were seen to play around the heads 
 of the sons of Leda, and immediately the 
 tempest ceased and the sea was calmed. 
 From this occurrence their power to pro- 
 tect sailors has been more firmly credited, 
 and the two mentioned fires, which are 
 very common in storms, have since been 
 known by the name of Castor and Pollux ; 
 and when they both appeared it was a 
 sign of fair weather ; but if only one was 
 seen it prognosticated storms, and the aid 
 of Castor and Pollux was consequently 
 solicited. Castor and Pollux made war 
 against the Athenians to recover their sis- 
 ter Helen, whom Theseus had carried 
 away ; and from their clemency to the 
 conquered, they acquired the surname of 
 Anaces, or benefactors. They were in- 
 itiated in the sacred mysteries of the Ca- 
 biri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. 
 They were invited to a feast when Lyn- 
 ceus and Idas were going to celebrate 
 their marriage with Phnebe and Talaira, 
 the daughters of Leucippus, who was 
 brother to Tyndarus. Their behavior af- 
 ter this invitation was cruel. They be- 
 came enamored of the two women whose 
 nuptials they were to celebrate, and re- 
 solved to carry them away and marry 
 them. This violent step provoked Lyn- 
 ceus and Idas : a battle ensued, and Cas- 
 tor killed Lynceus, and was killed by 
 Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his 
 brother by killing Idas ; and as he was 
 immoital, and tenderly attached to his 
 brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore 
 him to life, or to be deprived himself of 
 immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor to 
 share the immortality of his brother ; and 
 consequently, as long as the one was upon 
 the earth, so long was the other detained 
 in the infernal regions, and they alternate- 
 ly lived and died every day ; or according 
 to others, every six months. This act of 
 fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by making 
 the two brothers constellations in heaven, 
 under the name of Oemini, which never 
 appear together, but when one rises the 
 other sets, and so on alternately. They 
 received divine honors after death, and 
 
CA 
 
 108 
 
 CA 
 
 were generally called Dioscuri, sons of 
 
 Jupiter. An ancient physician. A 
 
 swift runner. A friend of /Eneas, who 
 
 accompanied him into Italy. An ora- 
 tor of Rhodes, related to king Deiotarus. 
 He wrote two books on Babylon, and one 
 on the Nile. A gladiator. 
 
 Castra Alexandri, a place of Egypt 
 
 about Pehisium. Cornelia, a maritime 
 
 town of Africa, between Carthage and 
 
 Utica. Annibalis,a town of the Brutii, 
 
 now Roccella. Cyri, a country of Cili- 
 
 cia, where Cyrus encamped when he 
 
 marched against Croesus. Julia, a town 
 
 of Spain. Posthumiana, a place of 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Castratius, a governor of Placentia 
 during the civil wars of Marius. 
 
 Castrum Novum, a place on the coast 
 
 of Etruria. Truentinum, a town of 
 
 Picenum. -Inui, a town on the shores 
 
 of the Tyrrhene sea. 
 
 Castulo, a town of Spain, where An- 
 nibal married one of the natives. 
 
 Catabathmos, a great declivity near 
 Cyrene, fixed by Sallust as the boundary 
 of Africa. 
 
 Catadupa, the name of the large cata- 
 racts of the Nile. 
 
 Catagogia, festivals in honor of Venus 
 celebrated by the people of Eryx. Vid. 
 Anagogia. 
 
 Catamentele3, a king of the Sequani, 
 in alliance with Rome, &c. 
 
 Catana, a town of Sicily, at the foot of 
 mount /Etna, founded by a colony from 
 Chalcis, seven hundred and fifty-three 
 years before the Christian era. Ceres had 
 there a temple, in which none but women 
 were permitted to appear. 
 
 Cataonia, a country above Cilicia, near 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 Cataracta, a city of the Samnites. 
 
 Cataractes, a river of Pamphylia, now 
 Dodcnsom. 
 
 Catenes, a Persian by whose means 
 Bessus was seized. 
 
 Cathjsa, a country of India. 
 
 Cat-hart, certain gods of the Arcadians. 
 
 An Indian nation, where the wives 
 
 accompany their husbands to the burning 
 pile, and are burnt with them. 
 
 Catia, an immodest woman, mentioned 
 by Horace. 
 
 Catiena, an infamous woman in Juve- 
 nal's age. 
 
 Catienus, an actor at Rome in Horace's 
 age. 
 
 L. Sergius Catilina, a celebrated Ro- 
 man descended of a noble family. When 
 he had squandered away his fortune by 
 his debaucheries and extravagance, and 
 been refused the consulship, he secretly 
 wieditated the rain of his country, and 
 conspired with many of the most illustri- 
 ous of the Romans, as dissolute as him- 
 eelf, to extirpate the senate, plunder the 
 
 treasury, and set Rome on fire. This con 
 spiracy was timely discovered by the con- 
 sul Cicero, whom he had resolved to mur- 
 der ; and Catiline, after he had declared 
 his intentions in the full senate, and at- 
 tempted to vindicate himself, on seeing 
 five of his accomplices arrested, retired to 
 Gaul, where his partisans were assem- 
 bling an army; while Cicero at Rome 
 punished the condemned conspirators. 
 Petreius, the other consul's lieutenant, at- 
 tacked Catiline's ill disciplined troops, 
 and routed them. Catiline was killed in 
 the engagement, bravely fighting, about 
 the middle of December, B. C. 63. His 
 character has been deservedly bianded 
 with the foulest infamy. 
 
 Catilli, a people near the river Anio. 
 
 Catilius, a pirate of Dalmatia. 
 
 Catillus, or Catilus, a son of Amphi- 
 araus, who came to Italy with his broth- 
 ers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built 
 Tibur, and assisted Turnus against /Ene- 
 as. 
 
 Catina, a town of Sicily, called also 
 Catana. Another of Arcadia. 
 
 M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of 
 
 Insubria. Vestinus, a military tribune 
 
 in M. Antony's army. 
 
 Catizi, a people of the Pygnueans, sup- 
 posed to have been driven from their coun- 
 try by cranes. 
 
 Cato, a surname of the Porcian family, 
 rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a 
 celebrated Roman, afterwards called Cen- 
 sorius, from his having exercised the office 
 of censor. He rose to all the honors of 
 the state, and the first battle he ever saw 
 was against Annibal, at the age of seven- 
 teen, where he behaved with uncommon 
 valor. He was remarkable for his love of 
 temperance ; he never drank but water, 
 and was always satisfied with whatever 
 meats were laid upon his table by his ser- 
 vants, whom he never reproved with an 
 angry word. During his censorship, he 
 behaved with the greatest rigor and im- 
 partiality, showed himself an enemy to all 
 luxury and dissipation, and even accused 
 his colleague of embezzling the public 
 money. He is famous for the great oppo- 
 sition which he made against the intro- 
 duction of the finer arts of Greece into 
 Italy. It appears, however, that he chang- 
 ed his opinion, and made himself remark- 
 able for_the knowledge of Greek, which 
 he acquired in his old age. He himself 
 educated his son, and instructed him in 
 writing and grammar. He was univer- 
 sally deemed so strict in his morals, that 
 Virgil makes him one of the judges of 
 hell. He repented only of three thing3 
 during his life ; to have gone by sea when 
 he could go by land, to have passed a day 
 inactive, and to have told a secret to his 
 wife. In Cicero's age there were one 
 hundred and fifty orations of his, besides 
 
CA 
 
 109 
 
 CA 
 
 •etters, and a celebrated work called Oi- 
 gines. Cato died in an extreme old age, 
 
 about 150 B. C. Marcus, the son of the 
 
 censor. He lost his sword in a battle, and 
 though wounded and tired, he went to 
 his friends, and, with their assistance, 
 renewed the battle, and recovered his 
 sword. A courageous Roman, grand- 
 father to Cato the censor. Valerius, a 
 
 grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the 
 
 time of Sylla. xMarcus, surnamed Uti- 
 
 censis, from his death at Utica, was great 
 grandson to the censor of the same name. 
 He was austere in his morals, and a strict 
 follower of the tenets of the Stoics ; he 
 was careless of his dress, often appeared 
 barefooted in public, and never travelled 
 but on foot. He was such a lover of dis- 
 cipline, that in whatever office he was 
 employed, he always reformed its abu- 
 ses, and restored the ancient regulations. 
 When he was set over the troops in the 
 capacity of a commander, his removal was 
 universally lamented, and deemed almost 
 a public loss by his affectionate soldiers. 
 In the conspiracy of Catiline, he support- 
 ed Cicero, and was the chief cause that 
 the conspirators were capitally punished. 
 When the first triumvirate was formed 
 between Cajsar, Pompey, and Crassus, 
 Cato opposed them with all his might, and 
 with an independent spirit foretold to the 
 Roman people all the misfortunes which 
 soon after followed. After repeated ap- 
 plications he was made pretor, but he 
 seemed rather to disgrace than support 
 the dignity of that office, by the meanness 
 of his dress. He applied for the consul- 
 ship, but could never obtain it. After the 
 battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the com- 
 mand of the Corcyrean fleet ; and when 
 he heard of Pompey's death, on the coast 
 of Africa, he traversed the deserts of 
 Libya, to join himself to Scipio. When 
 Scipio had been defeated, partly for not 
 paying regard to Cato's advice, Cato forti- 
 fied himself in Utica, but, however, not 
 with the intentions of supporting a siege. 
 When Caesar approached near the city, 
 Cato disdained to fly, and rather than fall 
 alive into the conqueror's hands, he stab- 
 bed himself, after he had read Plato's 
 treatise on the immortality of the soul, 
 B. C. 46, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. 
 A son of Cato of Utica, who was kill- 
 ed in a battle, after he had acquired much 
 honor. 
 
 Catrea, a town of Crete. 
 
 Catreus, a king of Crete, killed by his 
 son at Rhodes, unknowingly. 
 
 Oatta, a woman who had the gift of 
 prophecy. 
 
 Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. 
 
 Catuliana, a surname of Minerva, from 
 L. Catulus, who dedicated a standard to 
 her. 
 
 Catullus, C. or Q,. Valerius, a poet 
 10 
 
 of Verona, whose compositions, elegant 
 and simple, are the offspring of a luxuri- 
 ant imagination. Catullus was the first 
 Roman who imitated with success the 
 Greek writers, and introduced their num- 
 bers among the Latins. Catullus died in 
 the forty-sixth year of his age, B. C. 40. 
 A man surnamed Urbicarius, was a 
 
 mimographer. 
 
 Q,. Luctatius Catulus, went with three 
 hundred ships during the first Punic war 
 against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 
 six hundred of their ships under Hamil- 
 car, near the iEgates. This celebrated 
 victory put an end to the war. An ora- 
 tor distinguished also as a writer of epi- 
 grams, and admired for the neatness, ele- 
 gance, and polished style of his composi- 
 tions. A Roman sent by his country- 
 men to carry a present to the god of Del- 
 phi, from the spoils taken from AsdrubaJ. 
 
 Caturioes, a people of Gaul, now Char- 
 ges, near the source of the Durance. 
 
 Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhab- 
 ited the present province of Comtat in Pro- 
 vence. 
 
 Cavarillus, a commander of some 
 troops of the iEdui in Caesar's army. 
 
 Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the 
 Senones by Cassar, and banished by his 
 subjects. 
 
 Caucasus, a celebrated mountain be- 
 tween the Euxine and Caspian seas, which 
 may be considered as the continuation of 
 the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is 
 immense. It was inhabited anciently by 
 various savage nations who lived upon the 
 wild fruits of the earth. Prometheus was 
 tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and 
 continually devoured by vultures, accord- 
 ing to ancient authors. ' 
 
 Caucon, a son of Clinus, who first in- 
 troduced the Orgies into Messenia, from 
 Eleusis. 
 
 Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, 
 originally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of 
 Scythia. 
 
 Caudi and Caudium, a town of the 
 Samnites. 
 
 Cavii, a people of Illyricum. 
 
 Caulonia, or Caulon, a town of Italy 
 near the country of the Brutii, destroyed 
 in the wars between Pyrrhus and the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Caunius, a man -raised to affluence from 
 poverty by Artaxerxes. 
 
 Caucus, a son of Miletus and Cyane. 
 
 A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes, 
 
 where Protogenes was born. The climate 
 was considered as unwholesome, espe- 
 cially in summer. 
 
 Cauros, an island in the ^Egean sea. 
 
 Caurus, a wind blowing from the west. 
 
 Caus, a village of Arcadia. 
 
 Cayci, or Chauci, a nation of Germa- 
 ny, now the people of Friesland and 
 Groningen. 
 
CE 
 
 110 
 
 CE 
 
 C a reus, a river of Mysia. 
 
 Cayster, or Caystrus, now KitchscJc- 
 Meinder, a rapid river of Asia. Accord- 
 ing to the poets, the banks and neighbor- 
 hood of this river were generally frequent- 
 ed by swans. 
 
 Cea or Ceos, an island near Eubcea, 
 called also Co. 
 
 Ceades, aThracian, whose son Euphe- 
 mus was concerned in the Trojan war. 
 
 Ceba, now Ceva, a town of modern 
 Piedmont, famous for cheese. 
 
 Ceballinus, a man who gave informa- 
 tion of the snares laid against Alexander. 
 
 Cebarenses, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Cebenna mountains, now the Cevennes. 
 
 Cebes, a Theban philosopher, one of 
 the disciples of Socrates, B. C. 405. 
 
 Ceeren, the father of Asterope. 
 
 Cebrenia, a country of Troas with a 
 town of the same name, called after the 
 river Cebrewus, which is in the neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 Cebriones, one of the giants conquer- 
 ed by Venus. An illegitimate son of 
 
 Priam. 
 
 Cebrus now Zebris, a river falling into 
 the Danube. 
 
 Cecidas, an ancient dithyrambic poet. 
 
 Cecilil : 9. Vid. Ca?cilius. 
 
 Cecina, a river near Volaterra, in Etru- 
 ria. 
 
 A. CECiNNA,a Roman knight in the in- 
 terest of Pompey, who used to breed up 
 young swallows, and send them to carry 
 
 news to his friends as messengers. 
 
 A scribe of Octavius Caesar. A consu- 
 lar man suspected of conspiracy, and mur- 
 dered by Titus, after an invitation to sup- 
 per. 
 
 CECROPiA,the original name of Athens, 
 in honor of Cecrops, its first founder. 
 
 Cecropid-e, an ancient name of the 
 Athenians. 
 
 Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who 
 led a colony to Attica about 1556 years be- 
 fore the Christian era, and reigned over 
 part of the country which was called from 
 iiim Cecropia. He married the daughter 
 of Actseus a Grecian prince, and was 
 deemed the first founder of Athens. Af- 
 ter a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating 
 his newly formed kingdom, and in polish- 
 ing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, 
 leaving three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, 
 
 and Pandrosos. The second of that 
 
 name, was the seventh king of Athens, 
 and the son and successor of Erechtheus. 
 He reigned 40 years, and died 1307, B. C. 
 
 Cercyphal-e, a place of Greece, where 
 the Athenians defeated the fleet of the 
 Peloponnesians. 
 
 CEDREATrs, the name of Diana among 
 the Qrchomenians. 
 
 Cedon, an Athenian general, killed in 
 an engagement against the Spartans. 
 
 Csortjsii, an Indian nation. 
 
 Ceglcsa, the mother of Asopus by Nep- 
 tune. 
 
 Obi, the inhabitants of the island Cea. 
 
 Celadon, a man killed by Perseus, at 
 
 the marriage of Andromeda. A river 
 
 of Greece, flowing into the Alpheus. 
 
 Celadus, a river of Arcadia. An is- 
 land of the Adriatic sea. 
 
 Celjen.'e, or Celene, a city of Phry- 
 gia, of which it was once the capital. 
 
 Cel.eno, one of the daughters of Atlas, 
 ravished by Neptune. One of the har- 
 pies. One of the Danaides. A 
 
 daughter of Neptune and Ergea. A 
 
 daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus 
 by Apollo. 
 
 Celejc, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Celeia and Cela, a town of Noricum. 
 
 Celelates, a people ofLiguria. 
 
 Celendrje, Celendris, and Celende- 
 ris, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, 
 with a harbor of the same name at the 
 mouth of the Selinus. 
 
 Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who first 
 taught how persons guilty of murder 
 might be expiated. 
 
 Celenna or Cel-ena, a town of Cam 
 pania, where Juno was worshipped. 
 
 Celer, a man who with Severus un- 
 dertook to rebuild Nero's palace after the 
 
 burning of Rome. A man called Fabi- 
 
 us, who killed Remus when he leaped 
 over the walls of Rome, by order of Rom- 
 ulus. Metius, a noble youth to whom 
 
 Statius dedicated a poem. 
 
 Celeres, three hundred of the noblest 
 and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by 
 Romulus to be his body guards, to at- 
 tend him wherever he went, and to pro- 
 tect his person. 
 
 Celetrum, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Celeus, a king of Eleusis, father to 
 Triptolemus by Metanira. He gave a 
 kind reception to Ceres, who taught his 
 
 son the cultivation of the earth. A 
 
 king of Cephallenia. 
 
 Celmus, a man who nursed Jupiter, 
 by whom he was greatly esteemed. He 
 was changed into a magnet stone for say- 
 ing that Jupiter was mortal. 
 
 Celon.e, a place of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Celsus, an epicurean philosopher in 
 
 the second century. Corn, a physician, 
 
 in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight 
 books on medicine, besides treatises on 
 agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. 
 Albinovanus, a friend of Horace. — 
 
 Some of his elegies have been preserved. 
 
 Juventius, a lawyer who conspired 
 
 against Domitian. Titus, a man pro- 
 claimed emperor, A. D. 265, against his 
 will, and murdered seven days after. 
 
 Celt.*:, a name given to the nation that 
 inhabited the country between the Ocean 
 and the Palus Maotis, more particularly 
 given to a part of the Gauls, whose conn- 
 trv, called Gallia Celtica, was situate be- 
 
CL 
 
 111 
 
 CE 
 
 twees the rivers Serruana and Garumna, 
 modernly called la Seine and la. Oaronne. 
 
 Celti'beri, a people of Spain, descend- 
 ed from the Celt<e. Their country, called 
 Celliucrui, is now known by the name of 
 Arragon. 
 
 Celtica, a well populated part of Gaul, 
 inuabited by the Celts. 
 
 Celtici, a people of Spain. The pro- 
 montory which bore their name is now 
 Cape Finislerrc. 
 
 Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix 
 among the Arverni. 
 
 Celtorii, a people of Gaul, near the 
 Senones. 
 
 Celtoscyth.e, a northern nation of 
 Scythians. 
 
 Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. 
 
 Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bot- 
 tom of the Pyrenean mountains. 
 
 Oenabum, or Gexabum. Vid. Gena- 
 bum. 
 
 Cenjjcm, a promontory of Euboea, 
 where Jupiter Caneus had an altar raised 
 by Hercules. 
 
 Cenchre.e, now Kenkri, a town of Pe- 
 loponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 A harbor of Corinth. 
 
 CENCHREis,the wife of Cinyras king of 
 Cyprus, or as others say, of Assyria. 
 
 Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Sa- 
 lamis, or as some say of Pyrene. He 
 killed a large serpent at Salamis. 
 
 Cenchrius, a river of Ionia near Ephe- 
 sus, where some suppose that Latona was 
 washed after she had brought forth. 
 
 Cenepolis, a town of Spain, the same 
 as Carthago Nova. 
 
 Cenetium, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Cenneus. Vid. Casnis. 
 
 Cenimagni, a people on the western 
 parts of Britain. 
 
 Cenisa. Vid. Caenina. 
 
 CenoSt, a town of Italy. 
 
 Censores, two magistrates of great au- 
 thority at Borne, first created, B. C. 443. 
 Their office was to number the people, 
 estimate the possessions of every citizen, 
 reform and watch over the manners of the 
 people, and regulate the taxes. They could 
 inquire into the expenses of every citizen, 
 and even degrade a senator from all his pri- 
 vileges and honors, if guilty of any extrav- 
 agance. The office of public censor was 
 originally exercised by the kings. The 
 emperors abolished the censors, and took 
 upon themselves to execute their office. 
 
 Censorious. Ap. C!. was compelled, 
 after many services to the state, to assume 
 the imperial purple by the soldiers, by 
 whom he was murdered some days after, 
 
 A. D. 270. Martius, a consul. A 
 
 grammarian of the third century. 
 
 Cexsus, the numbering of the people at 
 
 Rome. A god worshipped at Rome, 
 
 the same as Consus. 
 
 Centaretus, a Galatian, who, when 
 
 Antiochus was killed, mounted his horse 
 in the greatest exultation. The horse, as 
 if conscious of disgrace, immediately leap- 
 ed down a precipice, and killed himself 
 and his rider. 
 
 Cextauri, a people of Thessaly, half 
 men and half horses. They were the off- 
 spring of Centaurus, son of Apollo, by 
 Stilba, daughter of the Peneus. This fa- 
 ble of the existence of the Centaurs, 
 monsters supported upon the four legs of 
 a horse, arises from the ancient people of 
 Thessaly having tamed horses, and hav- 
 ing appeared to the neighbors mounted 
 on horseback, a sight very uncommon at 
 that time, and which, when at a dis- 
 tance, seems only one body, and conse- 
 quently one creature. Many of the Cen- 
 taurs were slain by Hercules. 
 
 Centaurus, a ship in the fleet of ^Eneas, 
 which had the figure of a Centaur. 
 
 Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia. 
 
 Centores, a people ofScythia. 
 
 Centoripa, or Centuripa. Vid. Cen- 
 turipa. 
 
 Centrites, a river between Armenia 
 and Media. 
 
 Centrones, a people of Gaul, severely 
 beaten by J. Caesar when they attempted 
 to obstruct his passage. They inhabited 
 the modern country of Tarantaise in Sa- 
 voy. There was a horde of Gauls of the 
 same name subject to the Nervii, now 
 supposed to be near Courtray in Flanders. 
 
 Centronius, a man who squandered 
 his immense riches on useless and whim- 
 sical buildings. 
 
 Centumviri, the members of a court of 
 justice at Rome. They were originally cho- 
 sen, three from the thirty-five tribes of the 
 people, and though one hundred and five, 
 they were always called Centumvirs. — 
 They were afterwards increased to the 
 number of one hundred and eighty, and 
 still kept their original name. The pretor 
 sent to their tribunal causes of the great- 
 est importance, as their knowledge of the 
 law was extensive. Their tribunal was 
 distinguished by a spear with an iron 
 head, whence a decree of their court was 
 called Hastm judicium. Their sentences 
 were very impartial, and without appeal. 
 
 Centum cellum, a sea-port town of 
 Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a 
 villa. It is now Civita Vecchia, and be- 
 longs to the Pope. 
 
 Centuria, a division of the people 
 among the Romans, consisting of a hun- 
 dred. The Roman people were originally 
 divided into three tribes, and each tribe 
 into ten Curias. Servius Tullius made a 
 census ; and when he had the place of 
 habitation, name, and profession of every 
 citizen, which amounted to eighty thou- 
 sand men, all able to bear arms, he divid- 
 ed them into six classes, and each class 
 into several centuries or companies of a 
 
CE 
 
 112 
 
 CE 
 
 hundred men. The first class consisted 
 of 80 centuries. The word Centwria is 
 also applied to a subdivision of one of the 
 Roman legions which consisted of an 
 hundred men, and was the half of a 
 manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and 
 the sixtieth part of a legion. The com- 
 mander of a centuria was called centu- 
 rion, and he was distinguished from the 
 rest by the branch of a vine which he 
 carried in his hand. 
 
 Centuripa, now Centorlu, a town of 
 Sicily at the foot of Mount iEtna. 
 
 Ceos and Cea, an island. Vid. Co. 
 
 Cephalas, a lofty promontory of Africa 
 near the Syrtis Major. 
 
 Cefhaledion, a town of Sicily, near 
 the river Himera. 
 
 Cefhallen, a noble musician, son of 
 Lampus. 
 
 Cephalena, and Cephallenia, an 
 island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, 
 whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to 
 the Trojan war. It abounds in oil and 
 excellent wines. It is about 90 miles in 
 circumference, and from its capital Samo, 
 or Samos, it has frequently been called 
 Same. 
 
 Cephalo, an officer of Eumenes. 
 
 Cephaloedis and Cephaludium, now 
 Cephalu, a town at the north of Sicily. 
 
 Cephalon, a Greek of Ionia, who 
 wrote an history of Troy, besides an 
 epitome of universal history from the age 
 of Ninus to Alexander, which he divided 
 into nine books, inscribed with the name 
 of the nine muses. He affected not to 
 know the place of his birth, expecting it 
 would be disputed like Homer's. He 
 lived in the reign of Adrian. 
 
 Cephalus, son of Deioneus, king of 
 Thessaly, by Diomede, daughter of Xu- 
 thus, married Procris, daughter of Erech- 
 theus, king of Athens. Aurora fell in 
 love with him, and carried him away ; 
 but he refused to listen to her addresses, 
 and was impatient to return to Procris. 
 The goddess sent him back ; and to try 
 the fidelity of his wife, she made him put 
 on a different form, and he arrived at the 
 house of Procris in the habit of a mer- 
 chant. He found her unfaithful, and she 
 fled from her husband, and devoted her- 
 self to hunting in the island of Eubcea, 
 where she was admitted among the at- 
 tendants of Diana, who presented her 
 with a dog always sure of his prey, and 
 a dart which never missed its aim, and 
 always returned to the hands of its mis- 
 tress of its own accord. After this, Pro- 
 cris returned in disguise to Cephalus, 
 and a reconciliation was easily made be- 
 tween them. They loved one another 
 with more tenderness than before, and 
 Cephalus received from his wife the pre- 
 sents of Diana. As he was particularly 
 fond Of hunting, he every morning early 
 
 repaired to the woods, and after much 
 toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the 
 cool shade, and earnestly called for Aura, 
 or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous 
 word was mistaken for the name of a 
 mistress ; and some informer reported to 
 the jealous Procris, that Cephalus daily 
 paid a visit to a mistress, whose name 
 was Aura. Procris too readily believed 
 the information, and secretly followed 
 her husband into the woods. According 
 to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to 
 the cool, and called after Aura. At the 
 name of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up 
 her head to see her expected rival. Her 
 motion occasioned a rustling among the 
 leaves of the bush that concealed her; 
 and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to 
 be a wild beast, and he let fly his uner- 
 ring dart. Procris was struck to the heart, 
 and instantly expired in the arms of her 
 husband, confessing that ill-grounded 
 
 jealousy was the cause of her death. 
 
 A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timo- 
 leon in regulating the republic of Syra- 
 cuse. A king of Epirus. An orator 
 
 frequently mentioned by Demosthenes. 
 
 Cepheis, a name given to Andromeda 
 as daughter of Cepheus. 
 
 Cephenes, an ancient name of the 
 
 Persians. A name of the ^Ethiopians, 
 
 from Cepheus, one of their kings. 
 
 Cepheus, a king of -^Ethiopia, father 
 of Andromeda, by Cassiope. He was 
 one of the Argonauts, and was changed 
 
 into a constellation after his death. A 
 
 son of Lycurgus present at the chase of 
 the Calydonian boar. 
 
 Cephisia, a part of Attica, through 
 which the Cephisus flows. 
 
 Cephisiades, a patronymic of Eteocles. 
 
 Cephisidorus, a tragic poet of Athens, 
 
 in the age of iEschylus. An historian 
 
 who wrote an account of the Phocian 
 war. 
 
 Cephision, the commander of some 
 troops sent by the Thebans to assist Me- 
 galopolis. 
 
 Cephisodotus, a disciple of Isocrates, 
 a great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a 
 book of proverbs. 
 
 Cephisus and Cephissus, a celebrated 
 river of Greece, which flows into the lake 
 Copais. The Graces were particularly 
 fond of this river, whence they are called 
 the goddesses of the Cephisus. There 
 was a river of the same name in Atti- 
 ca, and another in Argolis. A man 
 
 changed into a sea-monster, by Apollo, 
 when lamenting the death of his grand- 
 son. 
 
 Cephren, a king of Egypt, who built 
 one of the pyramids. 
 
 Cepio or Cjepio, a man who by a quar- 
 rel with Drusus caused a civil war al 
 
 Rome. Servilius, a Roman consul, 
 
 who put an end to the war in Spain. 
 
CE 
 
 113 
 
 CE 
 
 Cepion, a musician. 
 Ceraca, a town of Macedonia. 
 Ceracates, a people of Germany* 
 Cerambus, a man changed into a 
 beetle, or, according to others, into a bird, 
 on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, be- 
 fore the deluge. 
 
 Ceramicus, now Keramo, a bay of Ca- 
 ria, near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, re- 
 ceiving its name from Ceramus. A 
 
 public walk, and a place to bury those 
 that were killed in defence of their coun- 
 try, at Athens. 
 
 Ceramium, a place of Rome, where 
 Cicero's house was built. 
 
 Ceramus, a town at the west of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Ceras, a people of Cyprus metamor- 
 phosed into bulls. 
 
 Ceras us, now Kcresoun, a maritime 
 city of Cappadocia, from which cherries 
 were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. 
 
 Another, built by a Greek colony from 
 
 Sinope. 
 Cerata, a place near Megara. 
 Ceratus, a river of Crete. 
 Ceraunia, a town of Achaia. 
 Ceraunia and Ceraunii, large moun- 
 tains of Epirus, extending far into the 
 sea, and forming a promontory which 
 divides the Ionian and Adriatic seas. 
 
 Mount Taurus is also called Cerau- 
 
 nius. 
 
 Cerauiui, mountains of Asia, opposite 
 the Caspian sea. 
 
 Ceraunus, a river of Cappadocia. 
 
 A surname of Ptolemy the 2d, from his 
 boldness. 
 Cerausius, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 Cerbalus, a river of Apulia. 
 Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian 
 Bosphorus. 
 
 Cerberus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of 
 Echidna's union with Typhon. He was 
 stationed at the entrance of hell, to pre- 
 vent the living from entering the infernal 
 regions, and the dead from escaping from 
 their confinement. 
 
 Cercaphus, a 6on of iEolus. A son 
 
 of Sol, of great power at Rhodes. 
 
 Cercasorum, a town of Egypt, where 
 the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian 
 and Canopic mouths. 
 Cerceis, one of the Oceanides. 
 Cercene, a country of Africa. 
 Cercestes, a son of ^Egyptus and 
 Phnsnissa. 
 
 Cercides, a native of Megalopolis, 
 who wrote iambics. 
 Cercii, a people of Italy. 
 Cercina and Cercinna, a small island 
 of the Mediterranean, near the smaller 
 Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. A moun- 
 tain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. 
 Cercinium, a town of Macedonia. 
 Cercius and Rhetiu3, charioteers of 
 Castor and Pollux. 
 
 10* 
 
 Cercope3, a people of Ephcsus, mad* 
 
 prisoners by Hercules. The inhabitants 
 
 of the island Pithecusa changed into 
 monkies on account of their dishonesty. 
 
 Cercops, a Milesian, author of a fab- 
 ulous history, mentioned by Athenceus. 
 
 A Pythagorean philosopher. 
 
 Cercyon and Cercyones, a king of 
 Eleusis, son of Neptune, or, according to 
 others, of Vulcan. He obliged all stran- 
 gers to wrestle with him ; and as he was 
 a dexterous wrestler, they were easily 
 conquered and put to death. After many 
 cruelties, he challenged Theseus in wrest- 
 ling, and he was conquered and put to 
 death by his antagonist. 
 
 Cercyra and Corcyra, an island in 
 the Ionian sea. 
 Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis. 
 
 Cere alia, festivals in honor of Ceres ; 
 first instituted at Rome by Memmius the 
 edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. 
 
 Ceres, the goddess of corn and of har- 
 vests, was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. 
 She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she 
 called Pherephata, fruit-bearing, and after- 
 wards Proserpine. This daughter was 
 carried away by Pluto, as she was gather- 
 ing flowers in the plains near Enna. The 
 grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter 
 was so great, that Jupiter granted Proser- 
 pine to pass six months with her mother, 
 
 and the rest of the year with Pluto 
 
 The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to 
 Ceres, every man according to his abilities; 
 and the fountain of Cyane, through which 
 Pluto opened himself a passage with his 
 trident, when carrying away Proserpine, 
 was publicly honored with an offering 
 of bulls, and the blood of the victims 
 was shed in the waters of the fountain. 
 Ceres was represented with a garland of 
 ears of corn on her head, holding in one 
 hand a lighted torch, and in the other a 
 poppy, which was sacred to her. 
 
 Ceressus, a place of Boeotia. 
 
 Ceretje, a people of Crete. 
 
 Cerialis Anicius, a consul elect, who 
 wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as 
 to a god, after the discovery of the Piso- 
 nian conspiracy. 
 
 Cerii, a people of Etruria. 
 
 Cerilli or Carill.e, now Cirella, a 
 town of the Brutii near the Laus. 
 
 Cerillum, a place of Lucania. 
 
 Cerinthus, now Zero, a town of Eu- 
 boea, whose inhabitants went to the Tro- 
 jan war, headed by Elphenor, son of 
 
 Chalcedon. A beautiful youth, long 
 
 the favorite of the Roman ladies, and 
 
 especially of Sulpitia. One of the early 
 
 heretics from Christianity. 
 
 Cermanus, a place where Romulus 
 was exposed by one of the servants of 
 Amulius. 
 
 Cerne, an island without the pillara of 
 Hercules, on the African coast. 
 
CE 
 
 114 
 
 CH 
 
 Csrmbs, a priest of Cybele. 
 
 Ceroiy, a fountain of HistiaBotis, whose 
 waters rendered black all the sheep that 
 drank of them. 
 
 Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king 
 of Persia, given as an hostage to Augustus. 
 
 Cerossus, a place of the Ionian sea. 
 
 Cerpheres, a king of Egypt, who is 
 supposed to have built the smallest pyra- 
 mid. 
 
 Cerrh.ei, a people of Greece, who 
 profaned the temple of Delphi. 
 
 Cerretani, a people of Spain that in- 
 habited the modern district of Cerdana 
 in Catalonia. 
 
 Cersobleptes, a king of Thrace, con- 
 quered by Philip king of Macedonia. 
 
 Certima, a town of Celtiberia. 
 
 Certonium, a town of Asia Minor. 
 
 Cervarius, a Roman knight who con- 
 spired with Piso against Nero. 
 
 P. Cervius, an officer under Verres. 
 
 Ceryces, a sacerdotal family at Athens. 
 
 Cerycius, a mountain of Bceotia. 
 
 Cerymica, a town of Cyprus. 
 
 Cerynea, a town of Achaia, and moun- 
 tain of Arcadia. 
 
 Cerynites, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent and 
 avaricious Carthaginian. 
 
 Cesennia, an infamous woman, born 
 of an illustrious family at Rome. 
 
 Cestius, an epicurean of Smyrna, who 
 taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of 
 
 Cicero. A governor of Syria. Seve- 
 
 rus, an informer under Nero. — Proculus, 
 a man acquitted of an accusation of em- 
 bezzling the public money. A bridge 
 
 at Rome. 
 
 Cestrina, part of Epirus. 
 
 Cestrinus, son of Helenus and Andro- 
 mache ; after his father's death he settled 
 in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and 
 called the country Cestrina. 
 
 Cetes, a king of Egypt, the same as 
 Proteus. 
 
 Cethegus, the surname of one of the 
 branches of the Cornelii — Marcus, a con- 
 sul in the second Punic war. — A tribune 
 at Rome, who joined Catiline in his con- 
 spiracy against the state. He was ap- 
 prehended, and, with Lentulus, put to 
 
 death by the Roman senate. A Trojan, 
 
 killed by Turnus. P. Corn, a powerful 
 
 Roman, who embraced the party of Ma- 
 rius against Sylla. 
 
 Cetii, a people of Cilicia. 
 
 Cetius, a river of Mysia. A moun- 
 tain which separates Noricum from Pan- 
 nonia. 
 
 Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, 
 who married Phorcys, by whom she had 
 the three Gorgons. 
 
 Ceus aril C.eus, a son of Ccelus and 
 Terra, who married Phcebe, by whom he 
 
 had Latona and Asteria. The father 
 
 of Trcezen. 
 
 Ceyx, a king of Trachinia, son of Lu- 
 cifer, and husband of Alcyone. He was 
 drowned, as he went to consult the oracle 
 of Claros. His wife was apprized of his 
 misfortune in a dream, and found his 
 dead body washed on the sea shore. They 
 were both changed into birds called A1- 
 cyons. 
 
 Chabi.nus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. 
 
 Chabria, a village of Egypt. 
 
 Chabrias, an Athenian general and 
 philosopher, who chiefly signalized him- 
 self when he assisted the Boeotians against 
 Agesilaus. He at last fell a sacrifice to 
 his excessive courage, B. C. 376. 
 
 Chabryis, a king of Egypt. 
 
 Ch.eanit.e, a people at the foot of 
 Caucasus. 
 
 Ch-ereas, an Athenian, who wrote on 
 
 agriculture. An officer who murdered 
 
 Caligula, A. D. 41. An Athenian, &c. 
 
 Chieedemus, a brother of Epicurus. 
 
 Chjiremon, a comic poet, and disciple 
 
 of Socrates. A stoic, who wrote on 
 
 the Egyptian priests. 
 
 Ch.erephon, a tragic poet of Athens, 
 in the age of Philip of Macedonia. 
 
 Ch.erestrata, the mother of Epicurus, 
 descended of a noble family. 
 
 Ch.erinthus, a beautiful youth. 
 
 Ch.erippus, an extortioner. 
 
 Ch,ero, the founder of Chasronea. 
 
 Ch.eronia, Ch^roptea, and Cherro- 
 nea, a city of Bceotia, on the Cephisus, 
 celebrated "for a defeat of the Athenians, 
 by the Boeotians, B. C. 447, and for the 
 victory which Philip of Macedonia ob- 
 tained there with 32,000 men, over the 
 confederate army of the Thebans and 
 the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, 
 the 2d of August, B. C. 338. Plutarch 
 was born there. The town was anciently 
 called Arne. 
 
 CHALiEON, a city of Locris. A port 
 
 of Boeotia. 
 
 Chales, a herald of Busiris, put to 
 death by Hercules. 
 
 Chalc^a, a town of Caria of Phoe- 
 nicia. 
 
 Chalcea, an island with a town near 
 Rhodes. A festival at Athens. 
 
 Chalcedon and Chalcedonia, now 
 Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia. 
 
 CHALciDENE,a part of Syria, very fruit- 
 ful. 
 
 Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the 
 
 isthmus between Teos and Erythrae. 
 
 A people near the Phasis. 
 
 Chalcidius, a commander of the Lace- 
 daemonian fleet killed by the Athenians, 
 &c 
 
 Chalcidica, a country of Thrace of 
 
 Syria. 
 
 Chalcidicus, an epithet applied to Cu- 
 mae in Italy, as built by a colony from 
 Chalcis. 
 Chalckeus, a surname of Minerva, be- 
 
CH 
 
 115 
 
 CH 
 
 cause she had a temple at Chalcis in 
 Euboea. 
 
 Chalciope, a daughter of iEetes king 
 of Colchis, who married Phryxus son of 
 Athamas, who had fled to her father's 
 court for protection. She had some chil- 
 dren by Phryxus, and she preserved her 
 life from the avarice and cruelty of her 
 father, who had murdered her husband to 
 
 obtain the golden fleece. The mother 
 
 of Thessalus by Hercules. The daugh- 
 ter of Rhexenor, who married ^Egeus. 
 
 Ch\lcts, now Egripo, the chief city of 
 Eubcea, in that part which is nearest to 
 Bneotia. There were three other towns 
 of the same name in Thrace, Acarnania, 
 and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinth- 
 ians. 
 
 Chalciti3, a country of Ionia. 
 
 Chalcodon, a son of ^Egyptus, by Ara- 
 bia. A man of Cos, who wounded Her- 
 cules. The father of Elephenor, one of 
 
 the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. 
 
 A man who assisted Hercules in his war 
 against Augias. 
 
 Chalcos, a Messenian, who reminded 
 Antilochus, son of Nestor, to beware of 
 the ^Ethiopians, by whom he was to per- 
 ish. 
 
 Chalcus, a man made governor of Cy- 
 zicus by Alexander. 
 
 Chald^a, a country of Asia, between 
 the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is 
 Babylon. 
 
 Chalojei, the inhabitants of Chaldaea. 
 
 Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Chalonitis, a country of Media. 
 
 Chaltbes and Calybes, a people of 
 Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very pow- 
 erful, and possessed of a great extent of 
 country, abounding in iron mines, where 
 the inhabitants worked naked. 
 
 Chalybon, now supposed to be Aleppo, 
 a town of Syria, which gave the name of 
 Chalybonitis to the neighboring country. 
 
 Chalybonitis, a country of Syria, fa- 
 mous for its wines. 
 
 Chalybs, a river of Spain. 
 
 Chamani and Chamaviri, a people of 
 Germany. 
 
 Chane, a river between Armenia and 
 Albania, falling into the Caspian sea. 
 
 Chaon, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 
 A son of Priam. 
 
 Chaones, a people of Epirus. 
 
 Chaonia, a mountainous part of Epirus. 
 
 Chaonitis, a country of Assyria. 
 
 Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of 
 matter, and confused assemblage of inac- 
 tive elements, which, as the poets suppose, 
 preexisted the formation of the world, and 
 from which the universe was formed by 
 the hand and power of a superior being. 
 Chaos was deemed, by some, as one of 
 the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one 
 of the infernal deities. 
 Charadra, a town of Phocis 
 
 Charadros, a river of Phocis, falling 
 into the Cephisus. 
 
 Charadrus, a place of Argos, where 
 military causes were tried. 
 
 Char.eada9, an Athenian general, sent 
 with twenty ships to Sicily during the Pel- 
 oponnesian war. He died 426, B. C. 
 
 Charandjei, a people near Pontus. 
 
 Charax, a town of Armenia. A phi- 
 losopher of Pergainus, who wrote an his- 
 tory of Greece in forty books. 
 
 Charax es and Charaxus, a Mityle- 
 nean, brother to Sappho, who became pas- 
 sionately fond of Rhodope, upon whom he 
 squandered all his possessions, and reduc- 
 ed himself to poverty, and the necessity 
 of piratical excursions. 
 
 Charaxus, one of the centaurs. 
 
 Chares, an Athenian general. A 
 
 statuary of Lindus, who was twelve years 
 employed in making the famous Colossua 
 
 at Rhodes. An historian of Mitylene, 
 
 who wrote a life of Alexander. An 
 
 Athenian who fought with Darius against 
 Alexander. A river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Charicles, one of the thirty tyrants sef 
 
 over Athens by the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 A famous physician under Tiberius. 
 
 Chariclides, an officer of Dionysius 
 the younger, whom Dion gained to de- 
 throne the tyrant. 
 
 Chariclo, the mother of Tiresias, great- 
 ly favored by Minerva. A daughter of 
 
 Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. 
 
 Charidemus, a Roman exposed to wild 
 
 beasts. An Athenian, banished by 
 
 Alexander, and killed by Darius. 
 
 Charila, a festival observed once in 
 nine years by the Delphians. 
 
 Charilaus and Charillus, a son of 
 Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and 
 protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He died 
 
 in the sixty-fourth year of his age. A 
 
 Spartan, who changed the monarchical 
 power into an aristocracy. 
 
 Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leu- 
 tychides. 
 
 Charini and Carini, a people of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Charis, a goddess among the Greeks, 
 surrounded with pleasures, graces, and 
 delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. 
 
 Charisia, a town of Arcadia. A fes- 
 tival in honor of the Graces, with dances 
 which continued all night. 
 
 Charisius, an orator at Athens. 
 
 Charistia, festivals at Rome, celebrat- 
 ed on the twentieth of February, by the 
 distribution of mutual presents, with the 
 intention of reconciling friends and rela- 
 tions. 
 
 Charites and Gratis, the Graces, 
 daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, 
 are three in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and 
 Euphrosyne. They were the constant at- 
 tendants of Venus, and they were repre- 
 sented as three young, beautiful, and mo- 
 
CH 
 
 116 
 
 CH 
 
 dest virgins, all holding one another by 
 the hand. 
 
 Chariton, a writer of Aphrodisium, at 
 the latter end of the fourth century. 
 
 Charmadas, a philosopher of uncom- 
 mon memory. 
 
 Charme and Carme, the mother of Bri- 
 tomartis by Jupiter. 
 
 Charmides, a Lacedemonian, sent by 
 
 the king to quell seditions in Crete. A 
 
 boxer. A philosopher of the third 
 
 academy, B. C. 95. 
 
 Charminus, an Athenian general, who 
 defeated the Peloponnesians. 
 
 Charmione, a servant maid of Cleopa- 
 tra, who stabbed herself after the example 
 of her mistress. 
 
 Charmis, a physician of Marseilles, in 
 Nero's age, who used cold baths for his 
 patients. 
 
 Charmosyna, a festival in Egypt. 
 
 Charmotas, a part of Arabia. 
 
 Charmus, a poet of Syracuse. 
 
 Charon, a Theban, who received into 
 his house Pelopidas, and his friends, when 
 
 they delivered Thebes from tyranny. 
 
 An historian of Lampsacus, son of Py- 
 
 theus. An historian of Naucratis, who 
 
 wrote an history of his country, and of 
 
 Egypt- A Carthaginian writer, &c. 
 
 A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who 
 conducted the souls of the dead in a boat 
 over the river Styx and Acheron to the 
 infernal regions, for an obolus. This fa- 
 ble of Charon and his boat is borrowed 
 from the Egyptians. 
 
 Charondas, a man of Catana, who 
 gave laws to the people of Thurium, and 
 made a law that no man should be per- 
 mitted to come armed into the assembly. 
 He inadvertently broke this law, and when 
 told of it, he fell upon his sword, B. C. 
 446. 
 
 Charonea, a place of Asia, &c. 
 
 Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emit- 
 ting deadly vapors. 
 
 Charon ium, a cave near Nysa, where 
 the sick were supposed to be delivered 
 from their disorders by certain supersti- 
 tious solemnities. 
 
 Charofs and CHAROPEs,a Trojan, kill- 
 ed by Ulysses. A powerful Epirot 
 
 who assisted Flaminius when making war 
 
 against Philip the king of Macedonia. 
 
 The first decennial archon at Athens. 
 
 Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on 
 the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirl- 
 pool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. 
 
 Chaubi and Chauci, a people of Ger- 
 many, supposed to inhabit the country 
 now called Friesland and Bremen. 
 
 Chaula, a village of Egypt. 
 
 Chauros. Vitl. Cauros. 
 
 Chea, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Chel.e, a Greek word, signifying claies, 
 which is applied to the Scorpion, one of 
 the signs of the zodiac. 
 
 Cheles, a satrap of Seleucus . 
 
 Chelidon, a mistress of Verres. 
 
 Chelidonia, a festival at Rhodes, in 
 which it was customary for boys to go 
 begging from door to door, and singing 
 
 certain songs. The wind Favonius was 
 
 called also Chelidonia. 
 
 Chelidonia, now Kelidoni, small is- 
 lands opposite the promontory of Taurus, 
 of the same name, very dangerous to sail- 
 ors. 
 
 Chelidonis, a daughter of king Leoty- 
 chides. 
 
 Chelidonium, a promontory of mount 
 Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian 
 sea. 
 
 Chelone, a nymph changed into a tor- 
 toise by Mercury. 
 
 Chelonis, a daughter of Leonidas king 
 of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. 
 
 Chelonophagi, a people of Carmania, 
 who fed upon turtle, and covered their 
 habitations with the shells. 
 
 Chelydoria, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of 
 
 Chen a, a town of Laconia. 
 
 Chen m, a village on mount CEta. 
 
 Chenion, a mountain in Asia Minor, 
 from which the ten thousand Greeks first 
 saw the sea. 
 
 Chenius, a mountain near Colchis. 
 
 Cheops and Cheospes, a king of Egypt, 
 after Khampsinitus, who built famous py- 
 ramids. 
 
 Chepheren, a brother of Cheops, who 
 also built a pyramid. The Egyptians in- 
 veterately hated these two royal brothers. 
 
 Cheremocrates, an artist who built 
 Diana's temple at Ephesus. 
 
 Cherisophus, a commander of eight 
 hundred Spartans, in the expedition of 
 Cyrus. 
 
 Cherophon, a tragic writer of Athens, 
 in the age of Philip. 
 
 Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled 
 to Periander by Chile 
 
 Chersidamas, a Trojan killed by Ulys- 
 ses in the Trojan war. 
 
 Chersipho, an architect. 
 
 Chersonesus, a Greek word, rendered 
 by the Latins Peninsula. 
 
 "Cherusci, a people of Germany, who 
 long maintained a war against Rome. 
 
 Chidnjei, a people near Pontus. 
 
 Chidorus, a river of Macedonia near 
 Thessalonica. 
 
 Chiliarchus, a great officer of state at 
 the court of Persia. 
 
 Chilius and Chileus, an Arcadian who 
 advised the Lacedaemonians, when Xerxes 
 was in Greece, not to desert the common 
 cause of their country. 
 
 Chilo, a Spartan philosopher, who has 
 been called one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece. He died through excess of joy, in 
 the arms of his son, who had obtained a 
 
CH 
 
 117 
 
 CH 
 
 victory at Olympia, B. C. 597. One of 
 
 the Ephori at Sparta, B. C. 556. 
 
 Chilonis, the wife of Theopompus king 
 of Sparta. 
 
 Chim-era, a celebrated monster, sprung 
 from Echidna and Typhon, which had 
 three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and 
 a dragon, and continually vomited flames. 
 From the union of the Chimaera with Or- 
 thos, sprung the Sphinx, and the lion of 
 
 Nemsea. One of the ships in the fleet 
 
 of iEneas. 
 
 Chimarus, a river of Argolis. 
 
 Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Chiomara, a woman who cut off the 
 head of a Roman tribune when she had 
 been taken prisoner. 
 
 Chi on, a Greek writer. 
 
 Chione, a daughter of Daedalion, of 
 whom Apollo and Mercury became en- 
 amored. Chione grew so proud that she 
 even preferred her beauty to that of Dia- 
 na, for which impiety she was killed by 
 the goddess, and changed into a hawk. 
 
 A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 
 
 who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She 
 threw her son into the sea, but he was 
 preserved by his father. 
 
 Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed 
 by some to be the inventor of comedy. 
 
 Chionis, a victor at Olympia. 
 
 Chios, now Scio, an island in the Mge- 
 an sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on 
 the coast of Asia Minor. It was well in- 
 habited, and could once equip a hundred 
 ships 5 and its chief town, called Chios, 
 had a beautiful harbor, which could con- 
 tain eighty ships. The wine of this island, 
 so much celebrated by the ancients, is 
 still in general esteem. Chios was an- 
 ciently called -iEthalia, Macris, and Pity- 
 asa. 
 
 Chiron, a centaur, half a man and half 
 a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn. He 
 was famous for his knowledge of music, 
 medicine, and shooting ; and he instruct- 
 ed, in all the polite arts, the greatest he- 
 roes of his age. He was wounded in the 
 knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, 
 in his pursuit of the centaurs. As the 
 wound was incurable, and the cause of 
 the most excruciating pains, Chiron beg- 
 ged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. 
 His prayers were heard, and he was plac- 
 ed by the god among the constellations, 
 under the name of Sagittarius. 
 
 Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. 
 Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were 
 celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, 
 and a ram was always sacrificed to her. 
 
 Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who 
 came with JGneas into Italy, and was 
 killed by Turnus. Another, &c. 
 
 Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who 
 
 married Zephyrus. A daughter of Am- 
 
 phion, who married Neleus king of Pylos, 
 
 by whom she had one daughter and twelve 
 sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed 
 by Hercules. 
 
 Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Con- 
 stantino, one of the Cassars, in Diocle- 
 sian's age, who reigned two years after 
 the emperor's abdication, and died July 
 25, A. D. 306. 
 
 Choarina, a country near India, reduc- 
 ed by Craterus. 
 
 Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. An 
 
 Indian river. A river of Media, flow- 
 ing into the Tigris, and now called Ka- 
 run. Its waters are so sweet that the 
 kings of Persia drank no other. 
 
 Chobus, a river of Colchis. 
 
 Charades and Pharos, two islands op- 
 posite Alexandria in Egypt. Others in 
 
 the Euxine sea. An island in the Io- 
 nian sea, or near the Hellespont. 
 
 Chq:rilus, a tragic poet of Athens, who 
 wrote one hundred and fifty tragedies, of 
 
 which thirteen obtained the prize. An 
 
 historian of Samos. Two other poets, 
 
 one of whom was very intimate with He- 
 rodotus. The other was one of Alexan- 
 der's flatterers and friends, and a poor 
 writer. 
 
 Chcere.e, a place of Boeotia. 
 
 Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to 
 Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king 
 of Trcezene. 
 
 Chonuphis, an Egyptian prophet. 
 
 Chorasmi, a people of Asia near the 
 Oxus. 
 
 Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutu- 
 
 lian war. Another. A priest with 
 
 iEneas. 
 
 Chorozbus, a man of Elis, who obtained 
 
 a prize the first olympiad. A youth of 
 
 Mygdonia, who was enamored of Cassan- 
 dra. 
 
 Choromn^ei, a people subdued by Ni- 
 nus. 
 
 Chosroes, a king of Persia, in Justin- 
 ian's reign. 
 
 Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned 
 in Terence's Andria. 
 
 Chremetes, a river of Libya. 
 
 Chresiphon, an architect of Diana's 
 temple in Ephesus. 
 
 Chresphontes, a son of Aristomachus. 
 VOL. Aristodemus. 
 
 Chrestus, an approved writer of Ath- 
 ens. 
 
 Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. 
 
 Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chlo- 
 ris, who, with ten brothers, was killed in 
 
 a battle by Hercules. A son of Priam, 
 
 killed by Diomedes. 
 
 Chromis, a captain in the Trojan war. 
 
 A young shepherd. A Phrygian, 
 
 killed by Camilla. A son of Hercules. 
 
 Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. An 
 
 Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, surviv- 
 ed a battle between three hundred of his 
 countrymen and three hundred Spartans. 
 
CH 
 
 118 
 
 CI 
 
 Chronius, a man who built a temple of 
 Diana at Orcliomenos. 
 
 Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, or 
 time. 
 
 Chryasus, a king of Argus, descended 
 from Inachus. 
 
 Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia, 
 famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. 
 
 A daughter of Halmus, mother of 
 
 Phlegias by Mars. 
 
 Chrysame, a Thessalian, priestess of 
 Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, 
 which she sent to the enemies of her 
 country, who eat the flesh and became 
 delirious, and were an easy conquest. 
 
 Ckrysantas, a man who refrained from 
 killing another, by hearing a dog bark. 
 
 Chrysanthius, a philosopher in the age 
 of Julian. 
 
 Chrysantis, a nymph who told Ceres, 
 when she was at Argos with Pelasgus, 
 that her daughter had been carried away. 
 
 Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Nep- 
 tune. He married Callirhoe, one of the 
 Oceanides, by whom he had Geryon, 
 
 Echidna, and the Chimsera. A rich 
 
 king of Iberia. A son of Glaucus. 
 
 Chrysaoreus, a surname of Jupiter, 
 from his temple at Stratonice. 
 
 Chrysaoris, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Chrysas, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Cfiryseis, the daughter of Chryses. 
 
 Chrysermus, a Corinthian, who wrote 
 an history of Peloponnesus, and of India, 
 besides a treatise on rivers. 
 
 Chryses, the priest of Apollo, father of 
 
 Astynome, called from him Chryseis. 
 
 A daughter of Minos. 
 
 Chrysippe, a daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Ckrysippus, a natural son of Pelops, 
 highly favored by his father, for which 
 Hippodamia, his step-mother, ordered her 
 own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill 
 him, and to throw his body into a well, 
 on account of which they were banished. 
 
 A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who 
 
 wrote about three hundred and eleven 
 treatises. He died through excess of wine, 
 or as others say, from laughing too much 
 on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver 
 plate, 207 B. C. in the eightieth year of 
 his age. A freedman of Cicero. 
 
 Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. 
 
 A priestess of Juno at Mycenaj. 
 
 Chrysoaspides, soldiers in the armies 
 of Persia, whose arms were all covered 
 with silver. 
 
 Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sylla. — 
 A celebrated singer in Domitian's reign. 
 
 Chrysolaus, a tyrant of Methymna. 
 
 Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Chrysopolis, a promontory and port of 
 Asia. 
 
 Chrysorrho^e, a people in whose coun- 
 try are golden streams. 
 
 Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Chrysostom, a bishop of Constantino- 
 
 ple, who died A. D. 407, in his fifty-third 
 year. 
 
 Chrysothemis, a name given by Ho- 
 mer to Iphigenia, daughter of Agamem- 
 non and Clytemnestra. A Cretan, who 
 
 first obtained the poetical prize at the 
 Pythian games. 
 
 Chryxus, a leader of the Boii, grand- 
 son of Brennus, who took Rome. 
 
 Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheu3, 
 who married Butes. A surname of Ce- 
 res, from a temple built to her by Chtho- 
 nia, at Hermione. 
 
 Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor 
 
 in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. 
 
 One of the soldiers who sprang from the 
 
 dragon's teeth, sown by Cadmus. A 
 
 son of ^Egyptus and Calfiadne. 
 
 Chitrium, a name given to part of the 
 town of Clazomenae. 
 
 Cibal^:, now Swilei, a town of Panno- 
 nia. 
 
 Cibarites, a country of Asia. 
 
 Cibyra now Bunai, a town ofPhrygia 
 of Caria. 
 
 C. Cicereius, a secretary of Scipio Af- 
 ricanus, who obtained a triumph over the 
 Corsicans. 
 
 M. T. Cicero, born at Arpinum, was 
 son of a Roman knight, and lineally de- 
 scended from the ancient kings of the Sa- 
 bines. His mother's name was Helvia. 
 After displaying many promising abilities 
 at school, he was taught philosophy by Piso, 
 and law by Mutius Scasvola; he was natur- 
 ally of a weak and delicate constitution,and 
 he visited Greece on account of his health ; 
 though, perhaps, the true cause of his ab- 
 sence from Rome might be attributed to 
 his fear of Sylla. His friends were 
 anxious for his return ; and when at last 
 he obeyed their solicitations, he applied 
 himself with uncommon diligence to ora- 
 tory, and was soon distinguished above 
 all the speakers of his age in the Roman 
 forum. After he had passed through the 
 offices of edile and preetor, he stood a can- 
 didate for the consulship, A. U. C. 691 ; 
 and the patricians and the plebeians were 
 equally anxious to raise him to that dig- 
 nity, against the efforts and bribery of 
 Catiline. Catiline, with many dissolute 
 and desperate Romans, had conspired 
 against their country, and combined to 
 murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, 
 Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline 
 of treason against the state ; but as his 
 evidence was not clear, his efforts were 
 unavailing. He, however, stood upon his 
 guard, and by the information of his 
 friends, his life was saved from the dag- 
 ger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Cat- 
 iline had sent to assassinate him. After 
 this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the 
 senate, to leave the city ; and this despe- 
 rate conspirator marched out in triumph to 
 meet the twenty thousand men who were 
 
CI 
 
 119 
 
 CI 
 
 assembled to support his cause. The lieu- 
 tenant of C. Antony, the other consul, de- 
 feated them in Gaul ; and Cicero, at Rome, 
 punished the rest of the conspirators with 
 death. After this memorable deliverance, 
 Cicero was styled The father of his country, 
 and a second founder of Rome. The ve- 
 hemence with which he had attacked 
 Clodius, proved injurious to him; and 
 when his enemy was made tribune, Ci- 
 cero was banished from Home, though 
 twenty thousand young men were sup- 
 porters of his innocence. Wherever he 
 went, he was received with the highest 
 marks of approbation and reverence : and 
 when the faction had subsided at Rome, 
 the whole senate and people were unani- 
 mous for bis return. After sixteen months 
 absence, he entered Borne with universal 
 satisfaction. After much hesitation dur- 
 ing the civil commotions between Caesar 
 and Pompey, he joined himself to the 
 latter, and followed him to Greece. When 
 victory had declared in favor of Caesar, at 
 the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to 
 Brundusium, and was reconciled to the 
 conqueror, who treated him with great 
 humanity. When Cajsar had been stab- 
 bed in the senate, Cicero recommended a 
 general amnesty, and was the most earn- 
 est to decree the provinces to Brutus and 
 Cassius. But when he saw the interest 
 of Cassar's murderers decrease, and Anto- 
 ny come into power, he retired to Athens. 
 He soon after returned, but lived in per- 
 petual fear of assassination. Augustus 
 courted the approbation of Cicero, and ex- 
 pressed his wish to be his colleague in 
 the consulship. But his wish was not 
 sincere ; he soon forgot his former profes- 
 sions of friendship ; and when the two 
 consuls had been killed at Mutina, Au- 
 gustus joined his interest to that of An- 
 tony, and the triumvirate was soon after 
 formed. The great enmity which Cicero 
 bore to Antony was fatal to him ; and 
 Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the tri- 
 umvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel, 
 and each to dispatch his enemies, produc- 
 ed their list of proscription. About two 
 hundred were doomed to death, and Cice- 
 ro was among the number upon the list 
 of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to 
 whom he partly owed "his greatness, and 
 Cicero was pursued by the emissaries 
 of Antony, among whom was Popilius, 
 whom he had defended upon an accusa- 
 tion of parricide. He had fled in a litter 
 towards the sea of Caieta ; and when the 
 assassins came up to him, he put his head 
 out of the litter, and it was severed from | 
 the body by Herennius. This memorable 
 event happened in December, 43 B. C, af- 
 ter the enjoyment of life for sixty-three 
 years, eleven month?, and five days. The 
 learning and the abilities of Cicero have 
 been the admiration of every age and 
 
 country, and his style has always been ac- 
 counted as the standard of pure latinity. 
 
 Marcus, the son of Cicero, disgraced 
 
 his father's virtues, and was fond of 
 
 drinking. Quintus, the brother of the 
 
 orator, was Cresar's lieutenant in Gaul, 
 and proconsul of Asia for three years. 
 
 Ciceronts villa, a place near Puteoli 
 in Campania. 
 
 Cichvris, a town of Epirus. 
 
 Ci cones, a people of Thrace near the 
 Hebrus. 
 
 Cicuta, an old avaricious usurer. 
 
 Cilicia, a country of Asia Minor, on 
 the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the 
 south of mount Taurus, and the west of 
 the Euphrates. The country was opulent, 
 and was governed by kings, under some 
 of the Roman emperors ; but reduced into 
 
 a province by Vespasian. Part of the 
 
 country between ^.-Eolia and Troas. 
 
 Cilissa, a town of Phrygia. 
 
 Cilix, a son of Phoenix, who after seek- 
 ing in vain his sister Europa, settled in a 
 country to which he gave the name of 
 Cilicia. 
 
 Cilla, a town of Africa Propria. 
 
 A town of yEolia of Troas. 
 
 Cilles, a general of Ptolemy, conquered 
 by Demetrius. 
 
 Cillus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose 
 honor a city was built. 
 
 Cilnius, the surname of Maecenas. 
 
 Cilo, Jun. an oppressive governor of 
 Bithynia and Pontus. 
 
 Cimber, Tull. one of Cassar's mur- 
 derers. He laid hold of the dictator's 
 robe, which was a signal for the rest to 
 strike. 
 
 Cimberius, a chief of the Suevi. 
 
 Cimbri, a people of Germany. 
 
 Cimbricum eellum, was begun by the 
 Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of 
 the Roman territories, B. C. 109. These 
 barbarians were so courageous, and even 
 desperate, that they fastened their first 
 ranks each to the other, with cords. In 
 the first battle they destroyed eighty thou- 
 sand Romans, under the Consuls Manlius 
 and Servilius Cfepio. The war was fin- 
 ished by a very bloody engagement in the 
 consulship of Marius. 
 
 Ciminus, now Vitcrbe, a lake and moun- 
 tain of Etruria. 
 
 Cimmerii, a people near the Palus Mce 
 otis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized 
 upon the kingdom of Cyaxares. An- 
 other nation on the western coast of Italy, 
 generally imagined to have lived in caves 
 near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, 
 in concealing themselves from the light of 
 the sun, to have made their retreat the re- 
 ceptacle of their plunder. 
 
 Cimmeris, a town of Troas, formerly 
 called Edonis. 
 
 Cimmerium, now Crim, a town of Tau- 
 rica Chersonesus. 
 
CI 
 
 120 
 
 CI 
 
 Cimolis and Cinolis, a town of Paph- 
 lagonia. 
 
 Cimolus, now Argentiera, an island in 
 the Cretan sea, producing clialk and ful- 
 ler's earth. 
 
 Cim'on, an Athenian, son ofMiltiades 
 and Hegisipyle, famous for his debauche- 
 ries in his youth, and the reformation of 
 his morals when arrived to years of dis- 
 cretion. He behaved with great courage 
 at the battle of Salamis, and rendered 
 himself popular by his munificence and 
 valor. He died as he was besieging the 
 town of Citium in Cyprus, B. C. 449, in 
 the fifty-first year of his age. He may be 
 called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit 
 and boldness defeated the armies of the 
 
 barbarians. An Athenian, father of 
 
 Miltiades. A Roman, supported in 
 
 prison by the milk of his daughter. 
 
 An Athenian, who wrote anaccount of 
 the war of the Amazons against his coun- 
 try. 
 
 Cinjjthon, an ancient poet of Lacedae- 
 mon. 
 
 Cinaradas, one of the descendants of 
 Cinyras, who presided over the ceremo- 
 nies of Venus at Paphos. 
 
 Cincia lex, was enacted by M. Cinci- 
 us, tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549. 
 By it no man was permitted to take any 
 money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. 
 
 L. Q. Cincinnatus, a celebrated Bo- 
 man, who was informed, as he ploughed 
 his field, that the senate had chosen him 
 dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed 
 land with regret, and repaired to the field 
 of battle, where his countrymen were 
 closely besieged by the Volsci and ^Equi. 
 He conquered the enemy and returned to 
 Borne in triumph ; and sixteen days after 
 his appointment, he laid down his office, 
 and retired back to plough his fields. He 
 flourished about four hundred and sixty 
 years before Christ. 
 
 L. Cincius Alimentus, a praetor of Si- 
 cily in the second Punic war. Marcus, 
 
 a tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549, au- 
 thor of the Cincia lex. 
 
 Cineas, a Thessalian, minister and 
 friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He 
 was sent to Rome by his master to sue for 
 a peace, which he, however, could not 
 
 obtain. A king of Thessaly. An 
 
 Athenian, &c. 
 
 Cinesias, a Greek poet of Thebes in 
 Boeotia. 
 
 Cinethon, a Spartan, who wrote gene- 
 alogical poems. 
 
 Cinga, now Cinea, a river of Spain. 
 
 Cingetorix, a prince of Gaul, in alli- 
 ance with Rome. A prince of Britain, 
 
 who attacked Caesar's camp. 
 
 Cingulum, now Cingoli, a town of Pi- 
 cenum, whose inhabitants are called Cin- 
 gulani. 
 
 Ciniata, a place of Galatia. 
 
 Cinithii, a people of Africa. 
 
 L. Corn. Cinna, a Eoman who op- 
 pressed the republic with his cruelties, 
 and was banished by Octavius, for at- 
 tempting to make the fugitive slaves free. 
 ■One of Caesar's murderers. C. 
 
 Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Cae- 
 sar'. He went to attend the obsequies of 
 Caesar, and being mistaken by the popu- 
 lace for the other Cinna, he was torn to 
 
 pieces. A grandson of Pompey. He 
 
 conspired against Augustus, who pardon- 
 ed him, and made him one of his most in- 
 timate friends. A town of Italy taken 
 
 by the Romans from the Samnites. 
 
 Cinnadon, a Lacedaemonian youth, 
 who resolved to put to death the Ephori, 
 and seize upon the sovereign power. His 
 conspiracy was discovered, and he was 
 put to death. 
 
 Cinnamus, a hair-dresser at Rome. 
 
 Cinniana, a town of Lusitania, famous 
 for the valor of its citizens. 
 
 Cinxia, a surname of Juno, who pre- 
 sided over marriages. 
 
 Cinyps and Cinyfhus, a river, and 
 country of Africa near the Garamantes, 
 whence Cinyphius. 
 
 Cinyras, a king of Cyprus, son of Pa- 
 phus, who married Cenchreis, by whom 
 he had a daughter called Myrrha. He was 
 so rich that his opulence became pro- 
 verbial. A son of Laodice. A man 
 
 who brought a colony from Syria to Cy- 
 prus. A Ligurian, who assisted iEneas 
 
 against Turnus. 
 
 Cios, a river of Thrace. A commer- 
 cial place of Phrygia. The name of 
 
 three cities in Bithynia. 
 
 Cipfus, a noble Roman, who, as he re- 
 turned home victorious, was told that if 
 he entered the city he must reign there. 
 Unwilling to enslave his country, he as- 
 sembled the senate without the walls, and 
 banished himself for ever from the city, 
 and retired to live upon a single acre of 
 ground. 
 
 Circ2eum, now Circello, a promontory 
 of Latium, near a small town called Cir- 
 ceii, at the south of the Pontine marshes. 
 
 Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, 
 celebrated for her knowledge of magic and 
 venomous herbs. She was sister to ^Eetes 
 king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of 
 Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince 
 of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain 
 his kingdom. She was expelled by her 
 subjects, and carried by her father upon 
 the coasts of Italy, in an island called 
 ^Eaea. 
 
 Circenses ludi, games performed in 
 the circus at Rome. They were in imita- 
 tion of the Olympian games among the 
 Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were 
 often called the great games. The cele- 
 bration continued five days, beginning on 
 the fifteenth of September. Some sea- 
 
CL 
 
 121 
 
 CL 
 
 fights and skirmishes, called hy the Ro- 
 mans Naumachiae, were afterwards ex- 
 hibited in the circus. 
 
 Circius, a part of moirnt Taurus. A 
 
 rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in 
 Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in any 
 other country. 
 
 CiRcuMPADANiAGRi T the country around 
 the river Po. 
 
 Circus, a large and elegant building at 
 Rome, where plays and shows were ex- 
 hibited. There were about eight at Rome ; 
 the first, called Maximus Circus, was the 
 grandest, raised and embellished by Tar- 
 quin Prise us. 
 
 Ciris, the name of Scyfla daughter of 
 Nisus, who was changed into a bird. 
 
 Cirr^atum, a place near Arpinum, 
 where C. Marius lived when young. 
 
 Cirrha and Cyrrha, a town of Phocis, 
 at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo 
 was worshipped. 
 
 Cirtha and Cirta, a town of Numidia. 
 
 Cjsalpina Gallia, a part of Gaul, call- 
 ed also Citerior and Togata. 
 
 Cispadajta Gallta, a part of ancient 
 Gaul, south of the Po. 
 
 Cisrhenani, part of the Germans who 
 lived nearest Rome, on the west of the 
 Shine. 
 
 Cissa, a river of Pontus. An island 
 
 near Istria. 
 
 Cisseis, a patronymic given to Hecuba 
 as daughter of Cisseus. 
 
 Cisseus, a king of Thrace, father to He- 
 cuba, according to some authors. A 
 
 son of Melampus, killed by .Eneas. A 
 
 son of ^Egyptus. 
 
 Cissia, a country of Susiana, of which 
 Susa was the capital. 
 
 CissiiE, some gates in Babylon. 
 
 Cissides, a general of Dionysius sent 
 with nine gallies to assist the Spartans, 
 &c. 
 
 Cissoessa, a fountain of Boeotia. 
 
 Cis.sus, a mountain of Macedonia. A 
 
 city of Thrace. A man who acquainted 
 
 Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. 
 
 Cissusa, a fountain where Bacchus was 
 washed when young. 
 
 Cistenj:, a town of ^Eolia. A town 
 
 of Lycia. 
 
 Cithjeron, a king who gave his name 
 to a mountain of Boeotia, situate at the 
 south of the river Asopus, and sacred to 
 Jupiter and the Muses. 
 
 Citharista, a promontory of Gaul. 
 
 Citium, now Chitti, a town of Cvprus, 
 where Cimon died in his expedition against 
 Egypt. 
 
 Cius, a town of Mysia. 
 
 J. Civilis, a powerful Batavian, who 
 raised a sedition against Galba. 
 
 Cizycum, a city of Asia in the Propon- 
 tis, the same as Cyzicus. 
 
 Cladeus, a river of Elis. 
 
 CivAfSss, a river falling into the later. 
 11 
 
 Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus, 
 
 Clanius, or Clanis, a river of Campa- 
 nia — of Etruria, now Chiana. 
 
 Clarus, or Claros, a town of Ionia, fa- 
 mous for an oracle of Apollo. An is- 
 land of the Mgean, between Tenedos and 
 
 Scios. One of the companions of 
 
 iEneas.. 
 
 Clastidium, now Schiatezzo, a town of 
 Liguria. A village of Gaul. 
 
 Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, 
 descended from Clausus a king of the Sa- 
 bines. It gave birth to many illustrious 
 patriots- in the republic. 
 
 Claudia, a vestal virgin accused of in- 
 continence. She proved her innocence by 
 removing a ship which had brought the 
 image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in 
 
 one of the shalfow places of the river. 
 
 A step- daughter of M. Antony, whom Au- 
 gustus married. The wife of the poet 
 
 Statius.. A daughter of Appius Clau- 
 dius, betrothed to Tib. Gracchus. The 
 
 wife of Metellus Celer. A town of No- 
 
 ricum. A Roman road, which led from 
 
 the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. 
 
 A tribe which received its name from 
 
 Appius Claudius. duinta, a daughter 
 
 of Appius Csrcus, whose statue in the ves- 
 tibulum of Cybele's temple was unhurt 
 when that edifice was reduced to ashes. 
 
 Antonia, a daughter of the emperor 
 
 Claudius, killed by Nero. 
 
 Claudia lex, the title of several laws, 
 De Comitiis, de usura, de negotiatione, &c. 
 
 Claudia aq_u^:, the first water brought 
 to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 
 eleven miles, erected A. U. C. 441. 
 
 Claudianus, a celebrated poet of Alex- 
 andria in Egypt. 
 
 Claudiopolis, a town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Claudius I. (Tiber. Drusus Nero) son 
 of Drusus, Livia's second son, succeeded 
 as emperor of Rome, after the murder of 
 Caligula, whose memory he endeavored 
 to annihilate. He was at last poisoned by 
 his wife Agrippina, who wished to raise 
 her son Nero to the throne. He died in 
 
 the sixty- third year of his age. The 
 
 second emperor of that name; was a Dal- 
 matian, who succeeded Gallienus. His 
 character was marked with bravery, and 
 tempered with justice and benevolence. 
 
 Nero, a consul with Liv. Salinator, 
 
 who defeated and killed Asdrubal, near 
 
 the river Metaurum. The father of the 
 
 emperor Tiberius. Polios, an historian. 
 
 Pontius, a general of the Samnites, 
 
 who conquered theRomans at Furcae Cau- 
 
 dinae. Petilius, a dictator. Appius, 
 
 an orator. App. Caecus, a Roman cen- 
 sor, who built an aqueduct, A. U. C. 441, 
 which brought water to Rome from Tus- 
 culum, at the distance of seven or eight 
 
 miles. A praetor of Sicily. Publius, 
 
 a great enemy to Cicero. Pulcher, a 
 
 consul, who, when consulting the sacred 
 
CL 
 
 122 
 
 CL 
 
 chickens, ordered them to he dipped in 
 water, because they would not eat. He 
 was unsuccessful in his expedition, and 
 
 disgraced on his return to Rome. The 
 
 name of Claudius is common to many Ro- 
 man consuls, and other officers of state ; 
 but nothing is recorded of them, and their 
 name is but barely mentioned. 
 
 Clavienus, an obscure poet in Juve- 
 nal's age. 
 
 Claviger, a surname of Janus, from 
 his being represented with a key. Hercu- 
 les received also that surname, as he was 
 armed with a club. 
 
 Cjlausius, or Clusius, a surname of 
 Janus. 
 
 Clausus, or Claudius, a king of the 
 Sabines, who assisted Turnus against 
 JEneas. 
 
 Clazomen.3e and Clazomena, now 
 Vourla, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of 
 the iEgean sea, between Smyrna and 
 Chios. 
 
 Cleadas, a man of Plataea, who raised 
 tombs over those who had been killed in 
 the battle against Mardonius. 
 
 Cleander, one of Alexander's officers, 
 who killed Parmenio by the king's com- 
 mand. The first tyrant of Gela. A 
 
 soothsayer of Arcadia. A favorite of 
 
 the emperor Commodus, who was put to 
 death, A. D. 190. 
 
 Cleandridas, a Spartan general. A 
 
 man punished with death for bribing two 
 of the Ephori. 
 
 Cleanthes, a stoic philosopher of As- 
 sos in Troas, successor of Zeno. Out of 
 respect for his virtues, the Roman senate 
 raised a statue to him in Assos. It it said 
 that he starved himself in his ninetieth 
 year, B. C. 240. 
 
 Clearchus, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pon- 
 tus, who was killed during the celebration 
 of the festivals of Bacchus, after the en- 
 joyment of the sovereign power during 
 
 twelve years, 353 B. C. The second 
 
 tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B. C. 
 
 288. A Lacedaemonian sent to quiet 
 
 the Byzantines. He was recalled, but 
 refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the 
 younger, who made him captain of thir- 
 teen thousand Greek soldiers. He ob- 
 tained a victory over Artaxerxes, who was 
 bo enraged at the defeat, that when Clear- 
 chos fell into his hands, by the treachery 
 of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate 
 
 death. A disciple of Aristotle, who 
 
 wrote a treatise on tactics. 
 
 Clearides, a son of Cleonymus, gov- 
 ernor of Amphipolis. 
 
 Clemens Romanus, one of the fathers 
 of the church, said to be contemporary 
 
 with St. Paul. Another of Alexandria. 
 
 A senator who favored the party of 
 
 Niger against Severus. 
 
 Clementia, one of the virtues to whom 
 the Romans paid adoration. 
 
 Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander's 
 flatterers. 
 
 Cleobis and Biton, two youths, sons 
 of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. 
 When oxen could not be procured to draw 
 their mother's chariot to the temple of 
 Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, 
 and drew it forty-five stadia to the tem- 
 ple, amidst the acclamations of the multi- 
 tude. Cydippe entreated the goddess to 
 reward the piety of her sons with the best 
 gift that could be granted to a mortal. 
 They went to rest, and awoke no more. 
 
 Cleobula, the wife of Amyntor. A 
 
 daughter of Boreas and Orithya, called 
 
 also Cleopatra. A woman, mother of a 
 
 son called Euripides, by Apollo. An- 
 other who bore Cepheus and Amphida- 
 mus to iEgeus. The mother of Pithus 
 
 Cleobulina, a daughter of Cleobulus, 
 remarkable for her genius, learning, judg- 
 ment, and courage. 
 
 Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men 
 of Greece. He died in the seventieth year 
 
 of his age, B. C. 564. An historian. 
 
 One of the Ephori. 
 
 Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander 
 to demand Porus to surrender. 
 
 Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas. 
 
 Cleodjeus, a son of Hyllus. 
 
 Cleodamus, a Roman general under 
 Gallienus. 
 
 Cleodemus, a physician. 
 
 Cleodora, a nymph, mother <t f Parnas- 
 sus. One of the Danaides. 
 
 Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and 
 Amphion, changed into a stone. 
 
 Cleogenes, a son of Silenus. 
 
 Cleolaus, a son of Hercules, by Ar- 
 gele. 
 
 Cleoj'achds, a boxer of Magnesia. 
 
 Cleomantes, a Lacedaemonian sooth- 
 sayer. 
 
 Cleombrotus, son of Pausanias. a king 
 of Sparta, after his brother Agesipolis 1st. 
 He was killed in the engagement at Leuc- 
 tra, and his army destroyed, B. C. 371. 
 
 A son-in-law of Leonidas king of 
 
 Sparta, who, for a while, usurped the 
 kingdom, after the expulsion of his father- 
 in-law. A youth of Ambracia. 
 
 Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Asty- 
 palaea, above Crete. Divine honors were 
 paid to him after his death. 
 
 Cleomenes 1st, king of Sparta, con- 
 quered the Argives, and freed Athens from 
 the tyranny of the Pisistratidae. He killed 
 
 himself in a fit of madness, 491 B. C. 
 
 The second, succeeded his brother Agesi- 
 polis 2d. He reigned sixty-one years in 
 
 the greatest tranquillity. The third, 
 
 succeeded his father Leonidas. He made 
 war against the Achaeans, and attempted 
 to destroy their league. Aratus, the gen- 
 eral of the Achaeans, who supposed him- 
 self inferior to his enemy, called Antigo- 
 nus to his assistance : and Cleomenes, 
 
CL 
 
 123 
 
 CL 
 
 When lie had fought the unfortunate bat- 
 tle of Sellasia, B. C. 22& retired into Egypt, 
 to the court of Ptolemy Evergetes. Ptole- 
 my received him with great cordiality ; 
 but his successor soon expressed his jeal- 
 ousy of this noble stranger, and imprison- 
 ed him. Cleomenes killed himself, B. C. 
 219. 
 
 Cleon, an Athenian, who, though ori- 
 ginally a tanner, became general of the 
 armies of the state, by his intrigues and 
 eloquence. He was killed at Amphipolis, 
 in a battle with Brasidas the Spartan gen- 
 eral, 422 B. C. A general of Messenia. 
 
 A statuary. A poet who wrote a 
 
 poem on the Argonauts. An orator of 
 
 Halicarnassus. A Sicilian, one of Al- 
 exander's flatterers. A tyrant of Si- 
 
 cyon. A friend of Phocion. 
 
 Cleonje and Cleona, a village of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, between Corinth and Argos. 
 A town of Phocis. 
 
 Cleo^e, a daughter of Asopus. 
 
 Cleonica, a virgin of Byzantium, acci- 
 dentally killed by Pausanias. Cleonica 
 often appeared to him, and he was anx- 
 ious to make a proper expiation to her 
 manes. 
 
 Cleonicus, a freedman of Seneca. 
 
 Cleonn-is, a Messenian, who disputed 
 with Aristodemus for the sovereign power 
 of his country. 
 
 Cleontmus, a son of Cleomenes 2d, 
 who called Pyrrhus to his assistance, be- 
 cause Areus his brother's son, had been 
 preferred to him in the succession ; but 
 the measure was unpopular, and even 
 the women united to repel the foreign 
 
 prince. A general who assisted the 
 
 Tarentines, and was conquered by Mmyl- 
 
 ius the Roman consul. A person so 
 
 cowardly that Cleonymo timidior became 
 proverbial. 
 
 Cleopater, an officer of Aratus. 
 
 Cleopatra, the grand-daughter of At- 
 talus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, 
 after he had divorced Olympias. When 
 Philip, was murdered by Pausanias, Cleo- 
 patra was seized by order of Olympias, 
 and put to death. A sister of Alexan- 
 der the Great. A daughter of Boreas. 
 
 A daughter of Idas and Marpessa. 
 
 One of the Danaides. A daugh- 
 ter of Amyntas of Ephesus. A sister of 
 
 Mithridates. A daughter of Tros and 
 
 Callirhoe. A daughter of Ptolemy Phil- 
 
 ometor. A wife and sister of Ptolemy 
 
 Evergetes. A queen of Egypt, celebrat- 
 ed for her beauty and her cunning. As 
 she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his 
 expedition to Parthia, summoned her to 
 appear before him. She arrayed herself 
 in the most magnificent apparel, and ap- 
 peared before her judge in the most cap- 
 tivating attire. Her artifice succeeded ; 
 Antony became enamoured of her, and 
 publicly married her, forgetful of his con- 
 
 nexions with Octavia, the sister of Au- 
 gustus. This behaviour was the cause 
 of a rupture between Augustus and An- 
 tony ; and these two celebrated Romans 
 met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by fly- 
 ing with sixty sail, ruined the interest of 
 Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra 
 had retired to Egypt, where soon after 
 Antony followed her. Antony killed 
 himself upon the false information that 
 Cleopatra was dead ; and as his wound 
 was not mortal, he was carried to the 
 queen, who drew him up by a cord from 
 one of the windows of the monument, 
 where she had retired and concealed her- 
 self. Antony soon after died of his 
 wounds ; and Cleopatra destroyed her- 
 self by the bite of an asp, not to fall into 
 the conqueror's hand. Cleopatra was a 
 voluptuous and extravagant woman, and 
 in one of the feasts she gave to Antony at 
 Alexandria, she melted pearls into her 
 drink to render her entertainment more 
 sumptuous and expensive. She died B. 
 C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged 
 39. Egypt became a Roman province at 
 
 her death. A daughter of Ptolemy 
 
 Epiphanes. 
 
 Cleopatris or Arsinoe, a fortified 
 town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf. 
 
 Cleophanes, an orator. 
 
 Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles, 
 famous for his skill in riding. 
 
 Cleophes, a queen of India. 
 
 Cleopholus, a Samian who wrote an 
 account of Hercules. 
 
 Cleophon, a tragic poet of Athens. 
 
 Cleophylus, a man whose posterity 
 saved the poems of Homer. 
 
 Cleopompus, an Athenian, who took 
 Thronium, and conquered the Locrians, 
 
 &c. A man who married the nymph 
 
 Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. 
 
 Cleoptolemus, a man of Chalcis, 
 whose daughter was given in marriage to 
 Antiochus. 
 
 Cleopus, a son of Codrus. ' 
 
 Cleora, the wife of Agesilaus. 
 
 Cleostratus, a youth devoted to be 
 sacrificed to a serpent, among the Thes- 
 pians, &c. An ancient philosopher and 
 
 astronomer of Tenedos. 
 
 Cleoxenus, wrote an history of Persia. 
 
 Clepsydra, a fountain of Messenia. 
 
 Cleri, a people of Attica. 
 
 Clesides, a Greek painter, about 276 
 years before Christ. 
 
 Cleta and Phaenna, two of the 
 Graces, according to some. 
 
 Clidemus, a Greek who wrote the his- 
 tory of Attica. 
 
 Climax, a pass of mount Taurus. 
 
 Climenus, a descendant of Hercules. 
 
 Clinias, a Pythagorean philosopher. 
 
 A son of Alcibiades. The father of 
 
 Alcibiades. The father of Aratus, kill- 
 ed B. C. 283. A friend of Solon. 
 
CL 
 
 124 
 
 CL 
 
 'Clinitpides, an Athenian general in 
 Lesbos. 
 
 Clinus of Cos, was general of 7,000 
 Greeks, in the pay of king Nectanebus. 
 He was killed with some of his troops, 
 by Nicostratus and the Argives, as be 
 passed the Nile. 
 
 Clio, the first of the Muses, daughter 
 of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided 
 over history. She is represented crowned 
 Avith laurels, holding in one hand a trum- 
 pet, and a book in the other. One of 
 
 Cyrene's nymphs. 
 
 Clisithera, a daughter of I&omeneus, 
 •murdered by Leucus. 
 
 Clisthenes, the last tyrant of Sicyon. 
 —An Athenian of the family of Alcnue- 
 
 on. An effeminate and incontinent 
 
 person. An orator. 
 
 Clitje, a people of Cilicia. A place 
 
 near mount Athos. 
 
 Clitarchus, a man who made himself 
 absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of 
 Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion. 
 An historian, who accompanied Al- 
 exander the Great. 
 
 Clite, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung 
 herself when she saw her husband dead. 
 
 Cliternia, a town of Italy^ 
 
 Clitodemus, an ancient writer. 
 
 Clitomachus, a Carthaginian philoso- 
 pher. An athlete of a modest counte- 
 nance and behavior. 
 
 Clitonymus, wrote a treatise on Syba- 
 ris and Italy. 
 
 Clitophon, a man of Rhodes, who 
 wrote an history of India. 
 
 Clitor, a son of Lycaon. A son of 
 
 Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, 
 called after his name. A river of Arca- 
 dia. 
 
 Cutoria, the wife of Cimon the Athe- 
 nian. 
 
 Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose, 
 waters, when drunk, made oxen white. 
 
 Clitus, a familiar friend and foster- 
 brother of Alexander. Alexander killed 
 him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, at a 
 
 feast. A commander of Polyperchon's 
 
 ships, defeated by Antigonus. A Tro- 
 jan prince, killed by Teucer. A disci- 
 ple of Aristotle. 
 
 Cloacina, a goddess at Rome, who 
 presided over the Cloacae. 
 
 Cloanthus, one of the companions of 
 .<Eneas. 
 
 Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudi- 
 ated for her lasciviousness. An opulent 
 
 matron at Rome. A vestal virgin. 
 
 Another of the same family. A woman 
 
 who married &. Metellus, and afterwards 
 disgraced herself. 
 
 Clodia lex, the title of several laws, 
 de Cypro, de Magistratibus, de Religione, 
 de Provinciis, &c. 
 
 Clodii forum, a town of Italy. 
 
 Pb. Clodius, a Roman descended from 
 
 an illustrious family, and remarkable for 
 his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. 
 He was an enemy to Cato, and was also 
 an inveterate enemy to Cicero ; and by 
 his influence, he banished him from 
 Rome. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was 
 recalled, and all his goods restored to him. 
 Clodius was some time after murdered by 
 
 Milo. Licinius, wrote an history of 
 
 Rome. Gluirinalis, a rhetorician in 
 
 Nero's age. Sextus, a rhetorician of 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 Cloclia, a Roman virgin given with 
 other maidens as hostages to Porsenna 
 king of Etruria. She escaped from her 
 confinement, and swam across the Tiber 
 to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was 
 rewarded by her countrymen, with an 
 
 equestrian statue in the Via Sacra, A 
 
 patrician family descended from Cloelius, 
 one of the companions of ^Eneas. 
 
 Closlle foss-e, a place near Rome. 
 
 Clcelius Gracchus, a general of the 
 Volsci and Sabines, conquered by Q.. Cin- 
 cinnatus. Tullus, a Roman ambassa- 
 dor put to death by Tolumnius king of 
 the Veientes. 
 
 Clonas, a musician. 
 
 Clonia, the mother of Nycteus. 
 
 Clojjius, a Boeotian, who went Avith 50 
 ships to the Trojan war. — A Trojan kill- 
 ed by Messapus in Italy. Another, 
 
 killed by Turnus. 
 
 Clotho, the youngest of the three Par- 
 C33, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, was 
 supposed to preside over the moment that 
 we are born. She held the distaff in her 
 hand, and span the thread of life. 
 
 Cluacina, a name of Venus. 
 
 Cluentius, a Roman citizen, accused 
 by his mother of having murdered his 
 father- 54 years B C. He was ably de- 
 fended by Cicero. 
 
 Cluilia fossa, a place 5 miles distant 
 from Rome. 
 
 Clupea and Clypea, noAv Aklibia, a 
 town 22 miles east of Carthage. 
 
 Clusia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, 
 of whom V. Torquatus the Roman gen- 
 eral became enamored. 
 
 Clusini fontes, baths in Etruria. 
 
 Clusium, nowChiusi, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 The surname of Janus, when his temple 
 Avas shut. 
 
 Cluvia, a noted debauchee. 
 
 Cluvius Rufus, a qurestor, A. U. C. 693. 
 A man of Puteoli appointed by Cae- 
 sar to divide the lands of Gaul. 
 
 Clymene, a daughter of Oceanus and 
 
 Tethys, Avho married Japetus. One of 
 
 the Nereides. A daughter of Mymas, 
 
 mother of Atalanta by Jasus. The 
 
 mother of Phaeton by Apollo. 
 
 Clymeneides, a patronymic given to 
 Phaeton's sisters. 
 
 Clymenus, a king of Orchomenos. He 
 
CN 
 
 125 
 
 C(E 
 
 received a wound from a stone thrown 
 
 by a Theban, of which he died. One 
 
 of the descendants of Hercules. A son 
 
 of Phoroueus. A king of Elis. A 
 
 son of (Eucus king of Calydon. 
 
 Clyson-ymus, a son of Amphidamas, 
 killed by Patroclus. 
 
 Clvtemnestra, a daughter of Tynda- 
 rus king of Sparta, by Leda, who married 
 Agamemnon king of Argos. When Aga- 
 memnon went to the Trojan war, he left 
 his cousin JSgysthus to take care of his 
 wife, of his family, and all his domestic 
 affairs. In the absence of Agamemnon, 
 iEgysthus made his court to Clytemnes- 
 tra, and publicly lived with her. Her in- 
 fidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon 
 before the walls of Troy, and he resolved 
 to take full revenge upon the adulterers 
 at his return. He was prevented from 
 putting his schemes into execution ; Cly- 
 temnestra, with her adulterer, murdered 
 him at his arrival, as he came out of the 
 bath. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had 
 brought from Troy, shared his fate. After 
 this murder, Clytemnestra publicly mar- 
 tied yEgysthus, and he ascended the 
 Ihroue of Argos. Orestes, after an ab- 
 sence of seven years, returned to Myce- 
 fJEEj resolved to avenge his father's mur- 
 der. He concealed himself in the house 
 of his sister Electra, who had been mar- 
 ried to a person of mean extraction and 
 indigent circumstances. His death was 
 publicly announced ; and when ^Egysthus 
 and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple 
 of Apollo, to return thanks to the god, for 
 the death of the surviving son of Aga- 
 memnon, Orestes, who with his faithful 
 friend Pylades, had concealed himself in 
 the temple, rushed upon the adulterers, 
 and killed them with his own hand. 
 
 Clytia, or Clytie, daughter of Ocean- 
 us and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She 
 
 was changed into a sun-flower. A 
 
 mother of Pelops, by Tantalus. A 
 
 daughter of Pandarus. 
 
 Clytius, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. 
 
 A youth in the army of Turn us. A 
 
 giant, killed by Vulcan! The father of 
 
 Pireus, who faithfully attended Telema- 
 chus. A son of ./Solus. 
 
 Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war. 
 
 Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia. 
 
 Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Cnagia, a surname of Diana. 
 
 Cnemus, a Macedonian general. 
 
 Cneus, or Cn^eus, a prrenomen common 
 to many Romans. 
 
 Cnidinium, a name given to a monu- 
 ment near Ephesus. 
 
 Cnidus and Gnidus, a town and prom- 
 ontory of Doris in Caria. 
 
 Cnopus, one of the descendants of Co- 
 drus, who went to settle a colony, &c. 
 
 Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. 
 
 Csfososj or Gnossus, a town, of Crete. 
 if* 
 
 Co, Coos anil Cos, now Z;Vj, one of the 
 Cyclades, situate near the coasts of Asia. 
 Its chief town is called Cos. It was fa- 
 mous for its fertility. 
 
 Coamani, a people of Asia. 
 
 Coastr.e and Coactr.e, a people of 
 Asia. 
 
 Cobares, a celebrated magician of Me- 
 dia. 
 
 Cocalus, a king of Sicily, who hospita- 
 bly received Dfedalus, when he fled be- 
 fore Minos. 
 
 Cocceiu3 Nerva, a friend of Horace 
 
 and Mecamas. An architect of Rome. 
 
 A nephew of Otho. 
 
 Coccygius, a mountain of Peloponne- 
 sus. 
 
 Cocintum, a promontory of the Brutii, 
 now cape Stilo. 
 
 Cocles, Pub. Horat. a celebrated Ro- 
 man, who, alone, opposed the whole army 
 of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while 
 his companions behind him were cutting 
 off the communication with the other 
 shore. When the bridge was destroyed, 
 Codes leapt into the Tiber, and swam 
 across with his arms. 
 
 Cocti-s: and Cottije, certain parts ot 
 the Alps. 
 
 Cocytus, a river of Epirus. Its ety- 
 mology, the unwholesomeness of its wa- 
 ter, and above all, its vicinity to the Ache- 
 ron, have made the poets call it one of 
 
 the rivers of hell. A river of Campa 
 
 nia. 
 
 Codanus srNUs, one of the ancient 
 names of the Baltic. 
 
 Codomanu3, a surname of Darius the 
 third, king of Persia. 
 
 Codrii>.e, the descendants of Codrus. 
 
 Codropolis, a town of Illyricum. 
 
 Codrus, the seventeenth and last king 
 of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the 
 Heraclidee made war against Athens, the 
 oracle declared that the victory would be 
 granted to that nation whose king was 
 killed in battle. The Heraclidre upon thij 
 gave strict, orders to spare the life of Co- 
 drus ; but the patriotic king disguised him- 
 self, and attacked one of the enemy, by 
 whom he. was killed. The Athenians ob- 
 tained the victory, and Codrus was de- 
 servedly called the father of his country. 
 
 A man who killed Hegesias, tyrant of 
 
 Ephesus. A Latin poet. Another, 
 
 in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty 
 became a proverb. 
 
 CtEciLius, a centurion. 
 
 Co;la, a place in the bay of Euboea. 
 A part of Attica. 
 
 Coxlaletje, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Cozlesyria and Coclosyria, a country 
 of Syria. Its capital was Damascus. 
 
 Cq:lia, the wife of Sylla. 
 
 CrELius, a Roman, defended by Cicero. 
 
 A general of Carbo.— An orator. 
 
 — — A lieutenant of Antony's, Cur- 
 
CO 
 
 126 
 
 CO 
 
 sor, a Roman knight, in the age of Tibe- 
 rius.- A man, who after spending his 
 
 all in dissipation and luxury, became a 
 
 public robber. A Roman historian, who 
 
 flourished B. C. 121. A hill of Rome. 
 
 CffiLus, or Uranus, an ancient deity, 
 supposed to be the father of Saturn, Ocean- 
 us, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, 
 whom he afterwards married. The num- 
 ber of his children, according to some, 
 amounted to forty-five. They were called 
 Titans. 
 
 Ccenus, an officer of Alexander, son-in- 
 law to Parmenio. 
 
 Cceranus, a stoic philosopher. A 
 
 person slain by Ulysses. A Greek cha- 
 rioteer to Merion. 
 
 Coes, a man of Mitylene, made sove- 
 reign master of his country, by Darius. His 
 countrymen stoned him to death. 
 
 Ccsus, a son of Ccelus and Terra. A 
 
 river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. 
 Cogamus, a river of Lydia. 
 Cogidunus, a king of Britain. 
 Cohibus, a river of Asia near Pontus. 
 Cohors, a division in the Roman ar- 
 mies, consisting of about six hundred men. 
 It was the sixth part of a legion. 
 
 Coljenus, a king of Attica, before the 
 age of Cecrops. 
 
 Colaxes, a son of Jupiter and Ora. 
 Colaxais, one of the remote ancestors 
 of the Scythians. 
 
 Colchi, the inhabitants of Colchis. 
 Colchis and Colchos, a country of 
 Asia, famous for the expedition of the Ar- 
 gonauts, and the birthplace of Medea. It 
 was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and pro- 
 duced excellent flax. The inhabitants 
 were originally Egyptians. 
 Colekda, a town of Spain. 
 Colias, now Agio Nicolo, a promontory 
 of Attica. 
 
 Collatia, a town on the Anio, built by 
 the people of Alba. 
 
 L. Tarquinius Collatinus, a nephew 
 of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lu- 
 cretia, to whom Sext. Tarquin offered vi- 
 olence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tar- 
 quins from Rome, and were made first 
 
 consuls. One of the seven hills of 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Collina, one of the gates of Rome. 
 
 A goddess at Rome, who presided over 
 hills. One of the original tribes estab- 
 lished by Romulus. 
 
 Collucia, an infamous woman. 
 Jun. Colo, a governor of Pontus. 
 Colons, a place of Troas. 
 Colone, a city of Phocis — of Erythraea — 
 
 of Thessaly — of Messenia. A rock of 
 
 Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus. 
 
 Colonia Agrippina, a city of Germany 
 
 on the Rhine, now Cologne. The name 
 
 of several towns in different parts of the 
 Roman empire. 
 Colonos, an eminence near Athens, 
 
 where Cfidipus retired during his banish- 
 ment. 
 
 Colophon, a town of Ionia, at a small 
 distance from the sea. It was one of the 
 cities which disputed for the honor of 
 having given birth to Homer. 
 
 Colosse and Colossis, a large town of 
 Phrygia, near Loadicea. One of the first 
 Christian churches was established there, 
 and one of St. Paul's epistles was address- 
 ed to it. 
 
 Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at 
 Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven 
 wonders of the world. Its feet were upon 
 the two moles which formed the entrance 
 of the harbor, and ships passed full sail 
 between its legs. It was one hundred and 
 five feet high, and every thing in equal 
 proportion, and few could clasp round its 
 thumb. It was the work of Chares, the 
 disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 
 twelve years in making it. It was begun 
 three hundred years before Christ ; and 
 after it had remained unhurt during fifty- 
 six or eighty-eight years, it was partly de- 
 molished by an earthquake, 224 B. C. 
 
 Colotes, a Teian painter, disciple of 
 
 Phidias. A disciple of Epictetus. A 
 
 follower of Epicurus. A sculptor, who 
 
 made a statue of ^Esculapius. 
 
 Colpe, a city of Ionia. 
 
 Colubraria", now Monte Colubrc, a 
 small island at the east of Spain. 
 
 Columba, a dove, the symbol of Venus 
 among the poets. Doves were supposed 
 to give oracles in the oaks of the forest of 
 Dodona. 
 
 Columella, (L. Jun. Moderatus), a 
 native of Gades, who wrote, among other 
 works, twelve books on agriculture, of 
 which, the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. 
 
 Column.*: Herculis, a name given to 
 two mountains on the extremest parts of 
 Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the 
 
 Mediterranean. Protei, the boundaries 
 
 of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of 
 Proteus. 
 
 Coluthus, a native of Lycopolis in 
 Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the 
 rape of Helen, in imitation of Homer. 
 
 Colyttus, a tribe of Athens. 
 
 Comagena, a part of Syria above Cili- 
 cia. 
 
 Comana, a town of Pontus. Another 
 
 in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of 
 Bellona, where there were above six thou- 
 sand ministers of both sexes. 
 
 Comania, a country of Asia. 
 
 Comarea, the ancient name of cape 
 Comorin in India. 
 
 Comari, a people of Asia. 
 
 Comarus, a port in the bay of Ambracia. 
 
 Comastus, a place of Persia. 
 
 Combabus, a favorite of Stratonice, wife 
 of Antiochus. 
 
 Combe, a daughter of Ophius, who first 
 invented a brazen suit of armor. 
 
CO 
 
 127 
 
 CO 
 
 Combi, or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the 
 Nile. 
 
 Combrea, a town near Pallene. 
 
 Combutis, a general under Brennus. 
 
 Cometes, the father of Asterion, and 
 one of the Argonauts. One of the Cen- 
 taurs, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. 
 
 A son of Thesti'is, killed at the chase 
 
 of the Calydonian hoar. One of the 
 
 Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of 
 Persia. A son of Orestes. 
 
 Cometho, a daughter of Pterilaus, who 
 deprived her father of a golden hair in his 
 head, upon which depended his fate. She 
 was put to death by Amphitryon for her 
 perfidy. 
 
 Q.. Cominius, a Roman knight who 
 wrote some illiberal verses against Tibe- 
 rius. 
 
 Comitia, (orum), an assembly of the 
 Roman people. The Comitium was a 
 large hall, which was left uncovered at 
 me top, in the first ages of the republic ; 
 so that the assembly was often dissolved 
 in rainy weather. The Comitia were call- 
 ed, some consularia, for the election of the 
 consuls ; others prmtoria, for the election 
 of praetors, &c. These assemblies were 
 more generally known by the name of 
 Comitia, Curiata, Centuriata, and Tributa. 
 Their object was the electing of magis- 
 trates, and all the public officers of state. 
 
 Comius, a man appointed king over the 
 Attrebates, by J. Caesar, for his services. 
 
 Commagene. Vid. Comagena. 
 
 Commodus, (L. Aurelius Antoninus), 
 son of M. Antoninus, succeeded his father 
 in the Roman empire. He was naturally 
 cruel and licentious. He required divine 
 honors from the senate, and they were 
 granted. He was wont to put such an im- 
 mense quantity of gold dust in his hair, 
 that when he appeared bare-headed in the 
 sun-shine, his head glittered as if sur- 
 rounded with sun-beams. He was mur- 
 dered in the thirty-first year of his age, 
 and the thirteenth of his reign, A. D. 
 192. 
 
 Commoris, a village of Cilicia. 
 
 Comow, a general of Messenia. 
 
 Compitalia, festivals, celebrated by the 
 Romans the twelfth of January and the 
 sixth of March, in the cross ways, in hon- 
 or of the household gods called Lares. 
 
 Compsa, now Consa, a town of the Hir- 
 pini in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius. 
 
 Compsatus, a river of Thrace. 
 
 Compusa, a town of Bithynia. 
 
 Comum, now Como, a town at the north 
 of Insubria, in the modern dutchy of Mi- 
 lan. It was the birth-place of the younger 
 Pliny. 
 
 Comus, the god of revelry, feasting, and 
 nocturnal entertainments. He was rep- 
 resented as a young and drunken man, 
 with a garland of flowers on his head, and 
 a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. 
 
 Concani, a people of Spain, who lived 
 chiefly on milk mixed with horses' blood. 
 
 Concerdia, a town belonging to Venice 
 in Italy. 
 
 Concordia, the goddess of peace and 
 concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first 
 raised a temple in the capitol. 
 
 Condate, a town of Gaul, now Rennes 
 in Brittany. 
 
 Condalus, an avaricious officer. 
 
 Condivicnum, a town of Gaul, now 
 Nantes in Brittany. 
 
 Condochates, a river of India, flowing 
 into the Ganges. 
 
 Condrusi, a people of Belgium, now 
 Condroti in Leige. 
 
 Condylia, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Cone, a small island at the mouth of 
 the Ister. 
 
 Conetodunus and Cotuatus, two des- 
 perate Gauls, who raised their country- 
 men against Rome. 
 
 Confluentes, a town at the confluence 
 of the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblcntz. 
 
 Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, who 
 died about 479 years B.C. 
 
 Congedus, a river of Spain. 
 
 Coniaci, a people of Spain. 
 
 Conimbrica, a town of Spain, now Co- 
 imbra of Portugal. 
 
 Conisaltus, a god worshipped at Ath- 
 ens. 
 
 Conisci, a people of Spain. 
 
 Connidas, the preceptor of Theseus, in 
 whose honor the Athenians instituted a 
 festival called Connideia. 
 
 Co no n, a famous general of Athens, son 
 of Timotheus. By his means the Athe- 
 nians fortified their city with a strong 
 wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and 
 iEoIia. He was perfidiously betrayed by 
 a Persian, and died in prison, B. C. 393. 
 A Greek astronomer of Samos. He 
 
 was intimate with Archimedes, and flour- 
 ished 247 B. C. A Grecian mythologist, 
 
 in the age of Julius Caesar. 
 
 Consentes, the name which the Ro- 
 mans gave to the twelve superior gods, the 
 Dii majorum gentium. They were twelve 
 in number, whose names Ennius has 
 briefly expressed in these lines : 
 
 Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, 
 Mars, 
 
 Mcrcurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apol- 
 lo. Varro, de R. R. 
 
 Consentia, now Cosenza, a town in 
 the country of the Brutii. 
 
 Considius JEq.vus, a Roman knight. 
 Caius, one of Pompey's adherents. 
 
 Consilinum, a town of Italy. 
 
 Constans, a son of Constantine. Vid. 
 Constantinus. 
 
 Constantia, a grand-daughter of the 
 great Constantine, who married the empe- 
 ror Gratian. 
 
 Constaktifa, a princess, wife of th* 
 
CO 
 
 128 
 
 CO 
 
 emperor Gallus. Another of the impe- 
 rial family. 
 
 Constantiivofoms, (Stambuul) formerly 
 Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble 
 and magnificent city, built by Constantino 
 the Great, and solemnly dedicated A. D. 
 330. It was the capital of the eastern Ro- 
 man empire, and was called, after its 
 foundation, Roma nova, on account of its 
 greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. 
 The beauty of its situation, with all its 
 conveniences, have been the admiration 
 of every age. 
 
 Constantinus, sumamed the Great, 
 from the greatness of his exploits, was 
 son of Constantius. As soon as he be- 
 came independent, he assumed the title 
 of Augustus, and made war against Licin- 
 ius, his brother-in-law, and colleague on 
 the throne, because he was cruel and ambi- 
 tious. He conquered him, and obliged him 
 to lay aside the imperial power. He after- 
 wards became sole emperor, and began to 
 reform the state. He founded a city in a 
 most eligible situation, where old Byzanti- 
 um formerly stood, and called it by his 
 own name, Constajitinopolis. Thither he 
 transported part of the Roman senate ; 
 and by keeping his court there, he made 
 it the rival of Rome, in population and 
 magnificence. From that time the two 
 imperial cities began to look upon each 
 other with an eye of envy ; and soon af- 
 ter the age of Constantine, a separation 
 was made of the two empires, and Rome 
 was called the capital of the western, and 
 Constantinonolis was called the capital of 
 the eastern dominions of Rome. The em- 
 peror has been distinguished for personal 
 courage, and praised for the protection he 
 extended to the christians. Constantine 
 was learned, and preached, as well as 
 composed, many sermons, one of which 
 remains. He died A. D. 337, after a reign 
 of thirty-one years of the greatest glory 
 and success. He left three sons, Constan- 
 tinus, Constans, and Constantius, among 
 
 whom he divided his empire. The 
 
 name of Constantine was very common 
 to the emperors of the east, in a later pe- 
 riod. A private soldier in Britain, 
 
 raised on account of his name to the im- 
 perial dignity. A general of Belisarius. 
 
 CoifsTANTius Chlorus, son of Eutropi- 
 us, and father of the great Constantine. 
 
 1 — The second son of Constantine the 
 
 Great. The father of Julian and Gal- 
 lus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, 
 
 and died A. D. 337. A Roman general 
 
 of Nyssa, who married Placidia, the sister 
 of Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, 
 an honor he enjoyed only seven months. 
 He died universally regretted, 421 A. D. 
 and was succeeded by his son Valentinian 
 
 in the west One of the servants of 
 
 Attila. 
 
 Constjales Ludi, or Con9Ualia, festi- 
 
 vals at Rome in honor of Coiu-us, the god 
 of counsel, whose altar Romulus discov- 
 ered under the ground. 
 
 Consul, a magistrate at Rome, wit!) re- 
 gal authority for the space of one year. 
 There were two consuls, a consulendo, 
 annually chosen in the Campus Martius. 
 The two first consuls wereL. Jun. Brutus, 
 and L. Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A. 
 U. C. 244, after the expulsion of the Tar- 
 quins. In the first ages of the republic, 
 the two consuls were always chosen from 
 patrician families, or noblemen ; but the 
 people obtained the privilege A. U. C. 388, 
 of electing one of the consuls from their 
 own body ; and sometimes both were 
 plebeians. The first consul among the 
 plebeians was L. Sextius. It was requir- 
 ed that every candidate for the consulship 
 should be forty-three years of age, called 
 legitimum tempus. He was always to ap- 
 pear at the election as a private man, 
 without a retinue ; and it was requisite 
 before he canvassed for the office, to have 
 discharged the inferior functions of qures- 
 tor, edile, and praetor. Sometimes these 
 qualifications were disregarded. The 
 power of the consuls was unbounded, am! 
 they knew no superior but the gods and 
 the laws : but after the expiration of their 
 office, their conduct was minutely scruti- 
 nized by the people, and misbehaviour 
 was often punished by the laws. The 
 badge of their office was the prate rta, a 
 robe fringed with purple, afterwards ex- 
 changed for the toga picta or pahiata. 
 They were preceded by twelve lietors, 
 carrying the fasces or bundle of sticks, in 
 the middle of which appeared an axe. The 
 office of consul, so dignified during the 
 times of the commonwealth, becarve a 
 mere title under the emperors, and retain- 
 ed nothing of its authority but the useless 
 ensigns of original dignity. 
 
 Consus, a deity at Rome, who presided 
 over councils. His temple was covered 
 in the Maximus Circus, to show that coun- 
 cils ought to be secret and inviolable. 
 
 Consygna, the wife of Niconiedes king 
 of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs. 
 
 Contadesdus, a river of Thrace. 
 
 Contubia, a town in Spain. 
 
 Coon, the eldest son of Antenor. killed 
 by Agamemnon. 
 
 Coos, C09, Cea, and Co, an island of 
 the ^Egean sea. 
 
 Cop.e, a place of Greece, near the Ce- 
 phisus. 
 
 Copais lacus, now Limnc, a lake of Bob- 
 otia, famous for its excellent eels. 
 
 Cophas, a son of Artabazus. A river 
 
 of India. 
 
 Cophontis, a burning mountain of Bac- 
 triana. 
 
 Copia, the goddess of plenty, among 
 the Romans represented as bearing a horn 
 filled with grapes, fruits, &c. 
 
CO 
 
 129 
 
 CO 
 
 Copillus, a general of the Tectosagae, 
 taken by the Romans. 
 
 C. Coponius, a commander of the fleet 
 of Rhodes, at Dyracchium, in the interest 
 of Pompey. 
 
 Coprates, a river of Asia, falling into 
 the Tigris. 
 
 Copreus, a son of Pelops, who fled to 
 Mycenas, at the death of Iphitus. 
 
 Coptus and Coptos, now Kypt, a town 
 of Egypt, about one hundred leagues from 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines 
 of the Volsci. 
 
 Coracesium and Coracensium, a mari- 
 time town ofPamphylia. 
 
 C'oraconasus, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Coraletj:, a people of Scythia. 
 
 Coralli, a savage people of Pontus. 
 
 Coranus, a miser. 
 
 Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tybur- 
 tus, who fought against iEneas. 
 
 Corax, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily. 
 A mountain of ^Etolia. 
 
 Coraxi, a people of Colchis. 
 
 Corbeds, a Gaul, &c. 
 
 Corbis and Orsua, two brothers, who 
 fought for the dominion of a city, in the 
 presence of Scipio, in Spain. 
 
 Corbulo, Domitius, a prefect of Bel- 
 gium, who, when governor of Syria, rout- 
 ed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and 
 made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, 
 jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be 
 murdered ; and Corbulo hearing this, fell 
 upon his sword, A. D. 66. 
 
 Corcyra, an island in the Ionian sea, 
 about twelve miles from Buthrotum, on 
 the coast of Epirus ; famous for the ship- 
 wreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Al- 
 cinous. It is now called Corfu. 
 
 Corduba, now Cordova, a famous city 
 of Hispania Bsetica. 
 
 Cordyla, a port of Pontus. 
 
 Core, a daughter of Ceres, the same as 
 Proserpine. 
 
 Coressus, a hill near Ephesus. 
 
 Coresus, a priest of Bacchus at Caly- 
 don in Bceotia, who was deeply enamored 
 of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him 
 with disdain. He complained to Bacchus, 
 who visited the country with a pestilence. 
 The Calydonians were directed by the 
 oracle, to appease the god by sacrificing 
 Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was 
 led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to 
 sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and 
 stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of 
 her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, 
 killed herself on the brink of a fountain, 
 which afterwards bore her name. 
 
 Coretas, a man who first gave oracles 
 at Delphi. 
 
 Corfinium, now San Ferino, the capi- 
 tal of the Peligni. 
 
 C»ria, a surname of Minerva, among 
 the Arcadians. 
 
 Corinna, a celebrated woman of Tana- 
 gra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. It 
 is said, that she obtained five times a po- 
 etical prize, in which Pindar was her com- 
 petitor ; but it must he acknowledged, 
 that her beauty greatly contributed to de- 
 feat her rivals. A woman of Thespis, 
 
 celebrated for her beauty. Ovid's mis- 
 tress was also called Corinna. 
 
 Corinnus, an ancient poet in the time 
 of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a 
 poem. 
 
 Corinthiacus sinus, is now called the 
 gulf of Lepanto. 
 
 Corinthus, an ancient city of Greece, 
 now called Corito, situated on the middle 
 of the Isthmus of Corinth, at the distance 
 of about sixty stadia on either side from 
 the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus 
 son of ^Eolus, A. M. 2616. The inhabi- 
 tants were once very powerful, and had 
 great influence among the Grecian states. 
 They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and 
 delivered it from the tyranny of its op- 
 pressors, by the means of Timoleon. Co- 
 rinth was totally destroyed by L. Mum- 
 mius, the Roman consul, and burnt to 
 the ground, 146 B. C. The riches which 
 the Romans found there, were immense. 
 During the conflagration, all the metals 
 which were in the city melted and mix- 
 ed together, and formed that valuable 
 composition of metals, which has since 
 been known by the name of Corinthium 
 JEs. J. Caesar planted a colony at Co- 
 rinth, and endeavored to raise it from its 
 ruins, and restore it to its former gran- 
 deur. The government of Corinth was 
 monarchical, till 779 years B. C. when 
 officers called Prytanes were instituted. 
 An actor at Rome. 
 
 Coriolanus, the surname of Caius 
 Martius, from his victory over Corioli, 
 where, from being a private soldier, he 
 gained great honors. After a number of 
 military exploits, and many services to 
 his country, he was refused the consul- 
 ship by the people. This raised his re- 
 sentment ; and, when the Romans had 
 received a present of corn from Gelo, king 
 of Sicily, he insisted that it should be 
 sold for money, and not distributed gratis. 
 His imprudent advice provoked the peo- 
 ple, who wished him to be put to death ; 
 but this rigorous sentence was prevented 
 by the influence of the senators, and he 
 was banished. Coriolanus retired among 
 the Volsci to Attius Tirllus, his greatest 
 enemy, from whom he met a friendly re- 
 ception. Attius advised him to declare 
 war against Rome, and Coriolanus march- 
 ed at the head of the Volsci as general. 
 His approach greatly alarmed the Romans, 
 and they sent several embassies to recon- 
 cile him to his country, and solicit his re- 
 turn ; but he was deaf to all proposals, 
 and bade them prepare for war. He pitch- 
 F* 
 
CO 
 
 130 
 
 CO 
 
 ed bfi camp at the distance of live miles 
 from the city ; and his enmity against his 
 country would have proved fata!, had not 
 his wife, Voluinnia, and his mother, Ve- 
 turia, been prevailed upon by the Roman 
 matrons to go and appease his resentmeir. 
 Their meeting was tender and affecting; 
 Coriolanus long remained inexorable ; but 
 their tears and entreaties at length suc- 
 ceeded, and he marched the troops from 
 the neighborhood of Rome. The conduct 
 of Coriolanus displeased the Volsci, and 
 he was summoned to appear before the 
 people at Antium ; but the clamours 
 which his enemies raised were so preva- 
 lent, that he was murdered at the place 
 appointed for his trial, B. C. 488. 
 
 Corioli and Coriolla, a town of La- 
 tium on the borders of the Volsci, taken 
 by the Romans under C. Martius, called 
 from thence Coriolanus. 
 
 Corissus, a town of Ionia. 
 
 Coritus. Vid. Corytus. 
 
 Cormassa, a town of Pamphylia. 
 
 Cormus, a river near Assyria. 
 
 Cornelia lex, de Civtiate, was enact- 
 ed A. U. C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It 
 confirmed the Sulpician law, and requir- 
 ed that the citizens of the eight newly 
 elected tribes should be divided among 
 the 35 ancient tribes. Other laws were 
 also enacted under this title ; viz. de 
 Judiciis ; de Sumptibus ; de Municipiis ; de 
 Jtlagistratibus, 4' c - 4' c - 
 
 Cornelia, a daughter of Cinna, who 
 was the first wife of J. Ceesar. She be- 
 came mother of Julia, Pompey's wife. 
 
 A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who mar- 
 ried Pompey, after the death of her hus- 
 band P. Crassus. She has been praised 
 
 for her great virtues. A daughter of 
 
 Scipio Africanus, who married Sempro- 
 nius Gracchus, and was the mother of 
 Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Her vir- 
 tues have been deservedly commended, 
 as well as the wholesome principles she 
 inculcated in her two sons. When a 
 Carnpanian lady made once a show of 
 her jewels at Cornelia's house, and en- 
 treated her to favor her with a sight of 
 her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, 
 saying, These are my jewels. A ves- 
 tal virgin, buried alive in Domitian's age, 
 as guilty of incontinence. 
 
 Cornelii, an illustrious family at 
 Rome. — Dolobella, a friend and admirer 
 
 of Cleopatra. An officer of Sylla, 
 
 whom J. Csesar bribed to escape the pro- 
 scription which threatened his life. 
 
 Cethegus, a priest, degraded from his 
 office for want of attention. — Oil. a man 
 chosen by Mercellus to be his colleague 
 
 in the consulship. Balbus, a man 
 
 who hindered J. Caesar from rising up at 
 
 the arrival of the senators. Cossus, a 
 
 military tribune. Balbus, a man of 
 
 Gades, intimate with Cicero. A freed- 
 
 ijian oi' Sylla the dictator. Scipio, a 
 
 man appointed master of the horse, by 
 
 Camillas, when dictator. Callus, an 
 
 elegiac poet. Marcellus, a man killed 
 
 in Spain, by Galba. C. Nepos, an his- 
 torian. Merula, a consul, sent against 
 
 the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. 
 
 Severus, an epic poet in the age of 
 
 Augustus. Thuscus, a mischievous 
 
 person. Lentulus Cethegus, a consul. 
 
 Aur. Celsus, wrote eight books on 
 
 medicine, still extant. Cn. and Publ. 
 
 Scipio. Lentulus, a high priest. 
 
 Corniculum, a town of Latium. 
 
 Cornificius, a poet and general in the 
 
 age of Augustus. A lieutenant of J. 
 
 Cffisar. A friend of Cicero, and his 
 
 colleague in the office of augur. 
 
 Corngier, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Cornutus, a stoic philosopher, of Af- 
 rica, preceptor to Persius the satirist. 
 
 A pr&tor of Rome, in the age of Cicero. 
 A Roman, saved from the proscrip- 
 tion of Marius, by his servants, who 
 hung up a dead man in his room, and 
 said it was their master. 
 
 Corcebus, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon 
 and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in 
 the Trojan war, with the hopes of being 
 rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for 
 his services. Cassandra advised him in 
 vain to retire from the war. He was 
 
 killed by Peneleus. A courier of Elis, 
 
 killed by Neoptolemus. A hero of Ar- 
 
 golis, who killed a serpent called Posne, 
 sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and 
 placed by some authors in the numbers 
 of the furies. 
 
 Corona, a town of Messenia. 
 
 Coronea, a town of Bceotia. — A town 
 of Peloponnesus— of Corinth— of Cyprus 
 —of Ambracia— of Phthiotis. 
 
 Coronis, a daughter of Phlegias, loved 
 
 by Apollo, and mother of iEsculapius. 
 
 The daughter of Coronams, king of Pho- 
 cis, changed into a crow by Minerva, 
 
 when flying before Neptune. One of 
 
 the daughters of Atlas and Pleione. 
 
 Coronia, a town of .Acarnania. 
 
 Coronus, a son of Apollo. A son of 
 
 Phoroneus king of the Lapithee. 
 
 Corrhagium, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Corsi, a people of Sardinia, descend- 
 ed from the Corsicans. 
 
 Corsia, a town of Bceotia. 
 
 Corsica, a mountainous island in the 
 Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its 
 inhabitants were savage, and bore the 
 character of robbers, liars, and atheists. 
 They lived to a great age, and fed on 
 honey. The Greeks called it Cyrnos 
 
 Corsote, a town of Armenia. 
 
 Cor9ura, an island in the bay of Car- 
 thage. 
 
 Cortona, an ancient town of Etruria. 
 
 Corvinu9, a name given to M. Valerius 
 from a crow, which assisted him when he 
 
CO 
 
 131 
 
 CR 
 
 was fighting against a Gaul. — An orator. 
 
 Messala, an eloquent orator, in the 
 
 Augustan age, distinguished for integrity 
 and patriotism. 
 
 T. Coruncasus, the first plebeian who 
 
 was made high-priest at Rome. The 
 
 family of the Coruncani was famous for 
 the number of its great men. 
 
 Corus, a river of Arabia. 
 
 CoRYBAifTEs, the priests of Cybele, 
 called also Galli. In the celebration of 
 their festivals, they beat their cymbals, 
 and behaved as if delirious. 
 
 Corybas, a son of Jasus and Cybele. 
 A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. 
 
 Corybassa, a city of Mysia. 
 
 Corybus, a promontory of Crete. 
 
 Corycia, a nymph, mother of Lycorus, 
 by Apollo. 
 
 CoRYctDEs, the nymphs who inhabited 
 the foot of Parnassus. 
 
 Corycius, an old man of Tarentum, 
 whose time was happily employed in 
 taking care of his bees. 
 
 Corycus, now Curco, a lofty mountain 
 of Cilicia, with a town of the same name, 
 and also a cave, with a grove which pro- 
 duced excellent saffron. Another at 
 
 the foot of Parnassus. 
 
 Corydon, a fictitious name of a shep- 
 herd. 
 
 Coryla, and Coryleum, a village of 
 Paphlagonia. 
 
 Coryna, a town of Ionia. 
 
 Corymbifer, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Coryneta and Corynetes a famous 
 robber killed by Theseus. 
 
 Coryphasium, a promontory of Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 Coryphe, a daughter of Oceanus. 
 
 Corythenses, a place of Tegea. 
 
 Corythus, a king of Corinth. 
 
 Corytus, a king of Etruria, father to 
 Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have 
 put to death, to obtain the kingdom. It 
 is also a town and mountain of Etruria. 
 
 Cos, an island. 
 
 Cosa and Cossa, or Cosje, a town of 
 Etruria. 
 
 CoscoNius,a Latin writer. — A wretch- 
 ed epigram writer. 
 
 Cosingas, a Thracian priest of Juno. 
 
 Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania, 
 killed by Pompey. 
 
 Cosmus, an effeminate Roman. 
 
 Cossea, a part of Persia. 
 
 Cossus, a surname given to the family 
 
 of the Cornelii. A Roman, who killed 
 
 Volumnius, king of Veii, and obtained 
 the Spolia Opima, A. U. C. 317. 
 
 Cossutii, a family at Rome, of which 
 Cossutia, Caesar's wife, was descended. 
 One of the family was distinguished as 
 an architect about 200 B. C. 
 
 Co9toecei, robbers in Gallatia. 
 
 Cosyra, a barren island in the African 
 
 Cotes and Cottes, a promontory of 
 Mauritania. 
 
 Cothon, a small island near the citadel 
 of Carthage, with a convenient bay. 
 
 Cothonea, the mother of Triptolemus. 
 
 Cotiso, a king of the Daci. 
 
 Cotonis, an island near the Echinades. 
 
 Cotta M. Aurelius, a Roman, who 
 opposed Marius. He was surnamed Pon- 
 ticus, because he took Heraclea of Pontus 
 by treachery. An orator, greatly com- 
 mended by Cicero. A governor of 
 
 Paphlagonia. A spendthrift, in the age 
 
 of Nero, &c. An officer of Caesar, in 
 
 Gaul. A poet mentioned by Ovid. 
 
 Cottije Alpes, a certain part of the 
 Alps. 
 
 Cottus, a giant, son of Ccelus and Ter- 
 ra, who had one hundred hands, and fifty 
 heads. A man among the iEdui, &c. 
 
 Coty-eum, a town of Galatia— of Phry- 
 gia. 
 
 CoTYL-aEtrs, a surname of iEsculapius. 
 
 Cotylius, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Cotyora, a city of Asia Minor, founded 
 by a colony from Sinope. 
 
 Cotys, the father of Asia. A son of 
 
 Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his 
 
 father on the throne of Meeonia. A 
 
 king of Thrace. A king of the Odrysae. 
 
 A king of Armenia Minor, who fought 
 
 against Mithridates, in the age of Clau- 
 dius. 
 
 Cotytto, the goddess of all debauchery, 
 whose festivals were called Cotyttia. A 
 festival of the same name was observed in 
 Sicily. The goddess Cotytto is supposed 
 to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres. 
 
 Cragus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, 
 part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. 
 
 Crambusa, a town of Lycia. 
 
 Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, 
 from their king Cranaus. 
 
 Cranapes, a Persian, &c. 
 
 Cranaus, the second king of Athens. 
 A city of Caria. 
 
 Crane, a nymph. — A town of Arcadia. 
 
 Craneum, a gymnastic 3chool at Co- 
 rinth. 
 
 Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. 
 
 Cranon andCRANNON,atown of Thes- 
 saly, on the borders of Macedonia. 
 
 Crantor, a philosopher of Soli, among 
 the pupils of Plato, B. C. 310. An ar- 
 mor-bearer of Peleus. 
 
 Crassipe9, a surname of the family of 
 the Furii. 
 
 L. Crassitius, a man who opened a 
 school at Rome. 
 
 Crassus, a grandfather of Crassus the 
 
 Rich, who never laughed. Publ. Licin- 
 
 ius, a Roman high-priest, about 131 years 
 B. C. who went into Asia with an army 
 against Aristonicus, where he was killed, 
 
 and buried at Smyrna. M. Licinius, a 
 
 celebrated Roman, surnamed Rich, on ac- 
 count of his opulence. When the gladia- 
 
CR 
 
 132 
 
 CR 
 
 tors, with Spartacus at their head, had 
 spread an universal alarm in Italy, and 
 defeated some of the Roman generals, 
 Crassus was sent against them. A battle 
 was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered 
 twelve thousand of the slaves, and by this 
 decisive blow, he sooif put an end to the 
 war. He was soon after made consul 
 with Pompey ; and in this high office he 
 displayed his opulence, by entertaining 
 the populace at ten thousand tables. He 
 was afterwards censor, and formed the 
 first triumvirate with Pompey and Caesar. 
 As his love of riches was more predomi- 
 nant than that of glory, Crassus never 
 imitated the ambitious conduct of his col- 
 leagues, but was satisfied with the pro- 
 vince of Syria, which seemed to promise 
 an inexhaustible source of wealth. He 
 was conquered by the general of the king 
 of Parthia, and his head was cut off, B. C. 
 53. Publius, the son of the rich Cras- 
 sus, went into Parthia with his father. 
 When he saw himself surrounded by the 
 enemy, and without any hope of eseape, 
 he ordered one of his men to run him 
 through. L. Licinius, a celebrated Ro- 
 man orator. A son of Crassus the Rich, 
 
 killed in the civil wars. 
 
 Crastinus, a man in Ctesar's army, 
 killed at the battle of Pharsalia. 
 
 Cratais, the mother of Sylla, supposed 
 to be the same as Hecate. 
 
 Cratjcus, conspired against Archelaus. 
 
 Crater, a bay of Campania near Mise- 
 nus. 
 
 Craterus, one of Alexander's generals. 
 He rendered himself conspicuous by his 
 literary fame, as well as by his valor in 
 the field. He was killed in a battle against 
 
 Eumenes, B. C. 321. A physician of 
 
 Atticus. A painter whose pieces adorn- 
 ed the public buildings of Athens. An 
 
 Athenian, who collected into one body, 
 all the decrees which had passed in the 
 
 public assemblies at Athens. A famous 
 
 sculptor. 
 
 Crates, a philosopher of Bceotia, son of 
 Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenqs the 
 Cynic, B. C. 324. He sold his estates, 
 and gave the money to his fellow-citizens. 
 He was naturally deformed, and he ren- 
 dered himself more hideous by sewing 
 sheep's skins to his mantle, and by the 
 
 singularity of his manners. A stoic, 
 
 who opened a school at Rome, where he 
 
 taught grammar. A native of Perga- 
 
 mus. who wrote an account of the most 
 striking events of every age, B. C. 165. 
 A philosopher of Athens.- — An Athe- 
 nian comic poet. 
 
 Cratesiclea, the mother of Cleomenes. 
 
 Cratesipolis, a queen of Sicyon. 
 
 Cratesipidas, a commander of the La- 
 cedaemonian fleet. 
 
 Crate vas, a general of Cassander. 
 
 Cratevs a son of Minos. 
 
 Crathis, a river of Achaia, falling into 
 
 the b;iy of Corinth. Another in Magna 
 
 Gracia whose waters were supposed to 
 give a yellow color to the hair and beard 
 of those that drank them. 
 
 Cratinus, a native of Athens, celebrat- 
 ed for his comic writings, and his fond- 
 ness for drinking. He died at the age of 
 ninety-seven, B. C. 431 years. A wrest- 
 ler of an uncommon beauty. A river 
 
 of Asia. 
 
 Cratippus, a philosopher of Mitylene, 
 who, among others, taught Cicero's son at 
 
 Athens. An historian contemporary 
 
 with Thucydides. 
 
 Cratylus, a philosopher, preceptor to 
 Plato after Socrates. 
 
 Crausije, two islands on the coast of 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Crausis, the father of Philopoemen. 
 
 Crauxidas, a man who obtained an 
 Olympic crown at a horse race. 
 
 Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, 
 falling into the Tiber. 
 
 Cremma, a town of Lycia. 
 
 Cremmyon and Crommyon, a town near 
 Corinth. 
 
 Cremni and Cremnos, a commercia. 
 place on the Palus Maeotis. 
 
 Cremona, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on 
 the Po, near Mantua. 
 
 Cremonis Jugum, a part of the Alps. 
 
 Cremides, a place of Bithynia. 
 
 Cremutius Cordus, an historian who 
 starved himself for fear of the resentment 
 of Tiberius, whom he had offended, by 
 calling Cassius the last of the Romans. 
 
 Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid. 
 
 Creon, king of Corinth, was son of Si- 
 syphus. He promised his daughter Glauce 
 to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To re- 
 venge the success of her rival, Medea sent 
 her for a present, a gown covered with 
 poison. Glauce put it on, and was seized 
 with sudden paius. Her body took fire, 
 and she expired in the greatest torments. 
 
 A son of Menoetius, father to Jocasta, 
 
 the wife and mother of QSdipus. At the 
 death of Laius, who had married Jocas- 
 ta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of 
 Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx 
 were intolerable, Creon offered his crown, 
 and daughter in marriage, to him who 
 could explain the asnigmas which the mon- 
 ster proposed. ^Edipus was happy in his 
 explanations, and he ascended the throne 
 of Thebes, and married Jocasta without 
 knowing that she was his mother, and by 
 her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteo- 
 cles. Creon was afterwards killed by 
 
 Theseus. The first annual archon at 
 
 Athens, 684 B. C. 
 
 Creontiades, a son of Hercules, killed 
 by his father, because he had slain Lycus. 
 
 Creophilus, a Samian, who hospitably 
 entertained Homer. An historian. 
 
 Creterius Pollio, a Roman, who spent 
 
CR 
 
 133 
 
 CR 
 
 his all in the most extravagant debauch- 
 ery. 
 
 Cres, an inhabitant of Crete. The 
 
 first king of Crete. 
 
 Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria. 
 
 Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. 
 
 Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, 
 who attempted to recover the Peloponne- 
 sus. 
 
 CREssrus, belonging to Crete. 
 
 Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of 
 a part of the country called Crestonia. 
 
 Cresus and Ephesus, two men who 
 built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. 
 
 Creta, one of the largest islands of the 
 Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the 
 Cyclades. It was once famous for its hun- 
 dred cities, and for the laws which the 
 wisdom of Minos established there. 
 
 Cret.eu3, a poet mentioned by Proper- 
 tius. 
 
 Crete, the wife of Minos. A daugh- 
 ter of Deucalion. 
 
 Cretea, a country of Arcadia. 
 
 Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. 
 
 Creteus, a Trojan, distinguished as a 
 
 poet and musician. Another, killed by 
 
 Turnus. 
 
 Cretheis, the wife of Acastus, king of 
 Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, son 
 of iEacus. 
 
 Cretheus, a son of ^Eolus, father of 
 ^Eson, by Tyro his brother's daughter. 
 
 Ceethon, a son of Diodes, engaged in 
 the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He 
 was slain by ^neas. 
 
 Creticus, a certain orator. A sur- 
 name of M. Antony's father. 
 
 Cressas, a famous boxer. 
 
 Creusa, a daughter of Creon king of 
 Corinth. As she was going to marry Ja- 
 son, who had divorced Medea, she put on 
 a poisoned garment, which immediately 
 set her body on fire, and she expired in the 
 most excruciating torments. A daugh- 
 ter of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecuba. 
 She married ^Eneas, by whom she had 
 some children, among which was Asca- 
 
 nius. A daughter of Erechtheus king 
 
 of Athens. A town of Bceotia. 
 
 Creusis, a naval station of the Thes- 
 pians. 
 
 Criasus, a son of Argos, king in Pelo- 
 ponnesus.. 
 
 Crinippu3, a general of Dionysius the 
 elder. 
 
 Crinis, a stoic philosopher. A priest 
 
 of Apollo. 
 
 Crinisus and Crimisus, now Caltabel- 
 lota, a river on the western parts of Sicily 
 near Segesta. 
 
 Crino, a daughter of Antenor. One 
 
 of the Danaides. 
 
 Crison, a man of Himera, who obtain- 
 ed a prize at Olympia. 
 
 Crispina, a Roman matron. 
 
 CRr9PiNU9, a praetorian, who, though 
 12 
 
 originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the 
 acquisition of riches, raised to the honors 
 
 of Roman knighthood by Domitian. A 
 
 stoic philosopher, remarkable for his lo- 
 quacity. 
 
 Crispus Sallustius. Vid. Sallustius. 
 
 Virio, a famous orator. The second 
 
 husband of Agrippina. Flav. Jul. a son 
 
 of the great Constantine, made Caesar by 
 his father, and distinguished for valor and 
 extensive knowledge. 
 
 Crissjsus sinus, a bay on the coasts of 
 Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay 
 of Salona. 
 Critala, a town of Cappadocia. 
 Critheis, a daughter of Melanippus. 
 Crithote, a town of the Thracian Cher- 
 sonesus. 
 
 Critias, one of the thirty tyrants set 
 over Athens by the Spartans. He was 
 eloquent and well bred, but of dangerous 
 principles, and he cruelly persecuted his 
 enemies, and put them to death. He was 
 killed in a battle against those citizens 
 
 whom his oppression had banished. A 
 
 philosopher. A man who wrote on re- 
 publics. Another, who addressed an 
 
 elegy to Alcibiades. 
 
 Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates. 
 
 A physician in the age of Artaxerxes 
 
 Longimanus. An historian of Naxus. 
 
 A Macedonian historian. 
 
 Critobulus, a general of Phocis. A 
 
 physician in the age of Philip king of Ma- 
 cedonia. A son of Crito, disciple to 
 
 Socrates. 
 
 Critodemus, an ancient historian. 
 
 Critognatus, a celebrated warrior of 
 Alesia, when Caesar was in Gaul. 
 
 Critolaus, a citizen of Tegea in Arca- 
 dia, who, with two brothers, fought against 
 the two sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, 
 to put an end to a long war between their 
 respective nations. The brothers of Cri- 
 tolaus were both killed, and he alone re- 
 mained to withstand his three bold antag- 
 onists. He conquered them; and when, 
 at his return, his sister deplored the death 
 of one of his antagonists, to whom she 
 was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of re- 
 sentment. The offence deserved capital 
 punishment ; but he was pardoned, on 
 account of the services he had rendered 
 
 his country. A peripatetic philosopher 
 
 of Athens. An historian who wrote 
 
 about Epirus. 
 
 Crius, a soothsayer. A man of Mgi- 
 
 na. A river of Achaia. 
 
 Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Crobyzi, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Crocale, one of Diana's attendants. 
 
 Croce^e, a town of Laconia. 
 
 Crocodilopolis, a town of Egypt, near 
 the Nile, above Memphis. 
 
 Crocus, a beautiful youth enamored of 
 the nymph Smilax. He was changed into 
 a flower of the same name, on account of 
 
CT 
 
 134 
 
 CU 
 
 the impatience of his love, and Smilax 
 was metamorphosed into a yew-tree. 
 
 Croesus, the fifth and last of the Merm- 
 nados, who reigned in Lydia, was son of 
 Alyattes, and passed for the richest of 
 mankind. He was the first who made the 
 Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. 
 His court was the asylum of learning ; and 
 ^Esop, the famous fable-writer, among 
 others, lived under his patronage. The 
 kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his 
 person, and the power was transferred to 
 Persia. 
 
 Cromi, a people of Arcadia. 
 
 Cromitis, a country of Arcadia. 
 
 Crommyon and Cromyon, a place of 
 Attica, where Hercules killed a large sow. 
 A town near Corinth. 
 
 Cromna, a town of Bithynia. 
 
 Cromus, a son of Neptune. A son of 
 
 Lycaon. 
 
 Cronia, a festival at Athens, in honor 
 of Saturn. 
 
 Cronium, a town of Elis — of Sicily. 
 
 Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near 
 which were the sources of the Nile. 
 
 Cross.ea, a country situate partly in 
 Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. 
 
 Crotaxus, a navigable river of Italy. 
 
 Croton, a man killed by Hercules. 
 
 Crotona, a town of Italy, still known 
 by the same name, in the bay of Taren- 
 tum. The inhabitants were excellent war- 
 riors, and great wrestlers. 
 
 Crotoniat.e, the inhabitants of Cro- 
 tonn. 
 
 Crotcniatis, a part of Italy, of which 
 Ciotona is the capital. 
 
 Crotofiades and Crotopias, patrony- 
 mics of Linus, grandson of Crotopus. 
 
 Crotopus, a king of Argos. 
 
 Crotus, a son of Eumene the nurse of 
 the Muses He devoted his life to the la- 
 bors of the chase, and after death Jupiter 
 placed him among the constellations under 
 the name of Sagittarius. 
 
 Crttnos, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Crusis, a place near Olynthos. 
 
 Crustumerium and Crustumeria, a 
 town of the Sabines. 
 
 Ceustumindm, a town of Etruria, near 
 Veil, famous for pears. 
 
 Crustumium, Crustunus and Crus- 
 turnenius, now Conca, a river flowing 
 from the Apennines, by Ariminum. 
 
 Crynis, a river of Bithynia. 
 
 Crypta, a passage through mount Pau- 
 silypus. 
 
 Ctkatus, one of the Grecian chiefs be- 
 fore Troy. 
 
 Ctemene, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Ctenos, a harbor of Chersonesus Tau- 
 rica. 
 
 Ctesias, a Greek historian and physi- 
 cian of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artax- 
 erxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. 
 He cured the king's wounds, and was his 
 
 I physician for seventeen years. He wrote 
 an history of the Assyrians and Persians. 
 A sycophant of Athens. An histo- 
 rian of Ephesus. 
 
 Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexan- 
 dria, who flourished 135 years B. C. He 
 was the inventor of the pump, and other 
 hydraulic instruments. He also invented 
 a clepsydra, or a water-clock. The modern 
 manner of measuring time with an hour- 
 glass is an imitation of the clepsydra of 
 
 Ctesibius. A cynic philosopher. An 
 
 historian, who flourished 254 years B. C. 
 and died in his hundred and fourth year. 
 
 Ctesicles, a general of Zacynthos, &c. 
 
 Ctesidemus, a painter who had Auti- 
 philus for pupil. 
 
 Ctesilochus, a noble painter, who rep- 
 resented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. 
 
 Ctesiphon, an Athenian, son of Leos- 
 thenes, who advised his fellow-citizens 
 publicly to present Demosthenes with a 
 golden crown for his probity and virtue. 
 This was opposed by the orator ^Eschines, 
 the rival of Demosthenes, who accused 
 Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthe- 
 nes undertook the defence of his friend, 
 in a celebrated oration still extant, and 
 iEschines was banished. A Greek ar- 
 chitect, who made the plan of Diana's 
 
 temple at Ephesus. An elegiac poet, 
 
 whom king Attalus set over his posses- 
 sions in ^Eolia. A Greek historian. 
 
 A large village of Assyria. 
 
 Ctesippus, a son of Chabrias. A 
 
 man who wrote an history of Scythia. 
 
 One of the descendants of Hercules. 
 
 Ctimene, the youngest daughter of La- 
 ertes by Anticlea. 
 
 Cularo, a town of the Allobroges in 
 Gaul, called afterwards Gralianopolis, and 
 now Orenoble. 
 
 Cuma and Cumje, a town of iEolia, in 
 
 Asia Minor. A city of Campania, 
 
 near Puteoli. There was one of the Sibyls, 
 that fixed her residence in a cave in the 
 neighborhood, and was called the Cvmcean 
 Sibyl. 
 
 Cumandm, a country house of Foinpey 
 near Cumae. Another of Varro. 
 
 Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, five hun- 
 dred stadia from Babylon, famous for a 
 battle fought there between Artaxerxes 
 and his brother Cyrus the younger B. C. 
 401. 
 
 Cuneus, a cape of Spain, now Algarve. 
 
 Cupavo, a son ofCycnus who assisted 
 yEneas against Turnus. 
 
 Cupentus, a friend of Turnus, killed by 
 ^Eneas. 
 
 Cupido, a celebrated deity among the 
 ancients, god of love, and love itself. 
 There are, according to the more received 
 opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a 
 lively ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and 
 Venus ; whilst the other son of Nox and 
 Erebus, is distinguished by his debauche- 
 
cu 
 
 135 
 
 CY 
 
 ry and riotous disposition. Cupid is rep- 
 resented as a winged infant, naked, arm- 
 ed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. 
 On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, 
 he is represented as amusing himself with 
 some childish diversion. His power was 
 generally known by his riding on the back 
 of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to 
 pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among 
 the ancients he was worshipped with the 
 same solemnity as his mother Venus. 
 
 Cupiennius, a friend of Augustus, who 
 made himself ridiculous for the effemina- 
 cy of his dress. 
 
 Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which 
 Tatius was king. 
 
 Curetes, a people of Crete, called also 
 Corybantes. They were entrusted with 
 the education of Jupiter. 
 
 Curetis, a name given to Crete, as be- 
 ing the residence of the Curetes. 
 
 Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. 
 Romulus originally divided the people in- 
 to three tribes, and each tribe into ten 
 Curiae. Over each Curia was appointed 
 a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of 
 his respective assembly. The sacrifices 
 were called Curionia, and the priest Curio. 
 He was to be above the age of fifty. His 
 morals were to be pure and unexceptiona- 
 ble, and his body free from all defects. 
 
 The word Curia was also applied to 
 
 public edifices among the Romans. These 
 were generally of two sorts, divine and 
 civil. The Curia was solemnly consecra- 
 ted by the Augurs, before a lawful assem- 
 bly could be convened there. A town 
 
 of the Rhoeti, now Coirc, the capital of 
 the Grisons. 
 
 Curia lex, de Comitiis, was enacted by 
 M. Curius Dentatus the tribune. 
 
 Curias. Via". Curium. 
 
 Curiatii, a family of Alba. The three 
 Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and 
 lost the victory, were of this family. 
 
 Q.. Curio, an excellent orator, who call- 
 ed Caesar in full senate, Omnium mulierum 
 
 virutn, et onniium virorum mulierem. 
 
 His son, C. Scribonius, was tribune of 
 the people, and an intimate friend of 
 Caesar. 
 
 Curiosolit-e, a people among the Celtae. 
 
 Curium, a town of Cyprus. 
 
 Curius Dentatus Marcus Annius, a 
 Roman, celebrated for his fortitude and 
 frugality. He was three times consul, and 
 
 was twice honored with a triumph. 
 
 A lieutenant of Cresar's cavalry, to whom 
 eix cohorts of Pompey revolted. 
 
 Curtia, a patrician family, which mi- 
 grated with Tatius to Rome. 
 
 Curtillus, a celebrated epicure. 
 
 M. Curtius, a Roman youth who de- 
 voted himself to the gods Manes for the 
 safety of his country about 360 year3 B. C. 
 A wide gap called afterwards Curtius 
 lacus, had suddenly opened in the forum, 
 
 and the oracle had said that it never 
 would close before Rome threw into it 
 whatever it had most precious. Curtius 
 immediately perceived that no less than a 
 human sacrifice was required. He armed 
 himself; mounted his horse, and solemn- 
 ly threw himself into the gulf, which in- 
 stantly closed over his head. Q>. Rufus. 
 
 Vid. Quintus. Nicias, a grammarian, 
 
 intimate with Pompey. Montanus,an 
 
 orator and poet under Vespasian. Atti- 
 cus, a Roman knight, who accompanied 
 
 Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. 
 
 Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped. 
 
 Fons, a stream which conveyed water 
 
 to Rome from the distance of forty miles, 
 by an aqueduct. 
 
 Curulis Magistratus, a state officer at 
 Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in 
 an ivory chair in public assemblies. The 
 dictator, the consuls, the censors, the pra:- 
 tors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and 
 therefore were called curules magistratus. 
 
 Cuss.ei, a nation of Asia, destroyed by 
 Alexander. 
 
 Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into 
 the Danube, now the Vag. 
 
 Cutilium, a town of the Sabines. 
 
 Cyamosorus, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Cyane, a nymph of Syracuse. A 
 
 nymph of Sicily, who endeavored to as- 
 sist Proserpine when she was carried 
 away by Pluto. The god changed her in- 
 to a fountain now called Pisme, a few 
 
 miles from Syracuse. A town of Lycia. 
 
 An inkeeper. 
 
 Cyaneje, now the Favorane, two rugged 
 islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, 
 about twenty stadia from the mouth of 
 the Thracian Bosphorus. They were 
 sometimes called Symplegades and Planetm. 
 
 Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the 
 Mseander, mother of Byblis and Caunus, 
 by Miletus, Apollo's son. 
 
 Cyaneus, a large river of Colchis. 
 
 Cyanippe, a daughter of Adrastus. 
 
 Cyanippus, a Syracusan, who derided 
 
 the orgies of Bacchus. A Thessalian, 
 
 whose wife met with the same fate as 
 Procris. 
 
 Cyaraxes, or Cyaxares, son of Phra- 
 ortes, was king of Media and Persia. He 
 died after a reign of forty years, B. C. 585. 
 
 Another prince, supposed by some to 
 
 be the same as Darius the Mede. 
 
 Cybebe; a name of Cybele. 
 
 Cybele 7 a goddess, daughter of Ccelus 
 and Terra, and wife of Saturn. In Phry- 
 gia the festivals of Cybele were observed 
 with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, 
 called Corybantes, Galli, in the celebration 
 of the festivals, imitated the manners of 
 madmen, and filled the air with dreadful 
 shrieks and bowlings, mixed with the 
 confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers 
 and spears. This was in commemoration 
 of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of hei 
 
CY 
 
 136 
 
 CY 
 
 favorite Atys. Cybele held keys in her 
 hand, and her head was crowned with 
 rising turrets, and sometimes with the 
 leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears 
 riding in a chariot drawn by two tame 
 lions ; Atys follows by her side, carrying 
 a ball in his hand, and supporting himself, 
 upon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the god- 
 dess. The Romans, by order of the Si- 
 bylline books, brought the statue of the 
 goddess from Pessmus into Italy. It is 
 supposed that the mysteries of Cybele 
 were first known about 1580 years B. C. 
 
 Cybele and Cybela, a town of Phry- 
 gia. 
 
 Cybelus, a mountain of Phrygia, where 
 Cybele was worshipped. 
 
 Cybira, a town of Phrygia, whence Cy- 
 biraticus. 
 
 Cybistria, a town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Cycesium, a town of Peloponnesus, 
 near Pisa. 
 
 Cychreus, a son of Neptune and Sala- 
 mis. After death he was honored as a 
 god in Salamis and Attica. 
 
 Cyclades, a name given to certain is- 
 lands of the ^Egean sea, those particularly 
 that surround Delos. They were about 
 fifty-three in number. 
 
 Cyclopes, a certain race of men of gi- 
 gantic stature, supposed to be the sons of 
 Ccelus and Terra. They had but one eye 
 in the middle of the forehead. They in- 
 habited the western parts of the island of 
 Sicily ; and because they were uncivil- 
 ized in their manners, the poets speak of 
 them as men-eaters. From their vicinity 
 to mount yEtna, they have been supposed 
 to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have 
 fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. — 
 The most solid walls and impregnable 
 fortresses were said, among the ancients, 
 to be the work of the Cyclops. The. Cy- 
 clops were reckoned among the gods. 
 Apollo destroyed them all, because they 
 had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, 
 with which his son iEsculapius had been 
 killed. A people of Asia. 
 
 Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, kill- 
 ed by Hercules. A son of Neptune, in- 
 vulnerable in every part of his body. 
 Achilles fought against him ; but when he 
 saw that his' darts were of no effect, he 
 threw him on the ground and smothered 
 him. He stripped him of his armor, and 
 saw him suddenly changed into a bird of 
 
 the same name. A son of Hyrie, 
 
 changed into a swan. A son of Sthe- 
 
 nelus, king of Liguria. He was deeply 
 afflicted at the death of his friend and re- 
 lation Phaeton, and metamorphosed into 
 a swan. A horse's name. 
 
 Cydas, a profligate Cretan, made judge 
 at Rome by Antony. 
 
 Cydias, an Athenian of great valor. 
 
 A painter who made a painting of the Ar- 
 gonauts. 
 
 Cydippe, the wife of Anaxilaus. 
 
 The mother of Cleobis and Biton. A 
 
 girl beloved by Acontius. One of Cy- 
 
 rene's attendants. 
 
 Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, 
 where Alexander bathed when covered 
 with sweat. The consequences proved 
 almost fatal to the monarch. 
 
 Cydon, a friend of Turnus against 
 iEneas. 
 
 Cydon and Cydonia, now Canea, a 
 town of Crete, built by a colony from Sa- 
 mos. 
 
 Cydonia, an island opposite Lesbos. 
 
 Cydrara, a city of Phrygia. 
 
 Cydrolaus, a man who led a colony to 
 Samos. 
 
 Cygnus. Vid. Cycnus. 
 
 Cylabus, a place near Argos in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 Cylbiani, mountains of Phrygia where 
 the Cayster takes its rise. 
 
 Cylices, a people among the Illyrians. 
 
 Cylindus, a son of Phryxus and Cal- 
 liope. 
 
 Cyllabaris, a public place for exercises 
 at Argos. 
 
 Cyllabarus, a gallant of the wife of 
 Diomedes. 
 
 Cyllarus, the most beautiful of all 
 the Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylo- 
 nome. They perished both at the same 
 
 time. A celebrated horse of Pollux or 
 
 of Castor, according to Seneca. 
 
 Cyllen, a son of Elatus. 
 
 Cyllene, the mother of Lycaon, by Pe- 
 lasgus. A naval station of Elis in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. — A mountain of Arcadia, with 
 a small town on its declivity. 
 
 Cylleneius, a surname of Mercury, 
 from his being born on the mountain Cyl- 
 lene. 
 
 Cyllyrii, certain slaves at Syracuse. 
 
 Cylon, an Athenian, who aspired to 
 tyranny. 
 
 Cyma or Cym.e, the largest and most 
 beautiful town of ^Eolia. 
 
 Cymodoce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of 
 the Nereides. 
 
 Cymolus and Cimolus, an island of the 
 Cretan sea. 
 
 Cymothoe, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Cynara, one of Horace's favorites. 
 
 Cyn^girus, an Athenian, celebrated for 
 his extraordinary courage. He was bro- 
 ther to the poet ^Eschylus. 
 
 Cyn^thium, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Cynane, a daughter of Philip, king of 
 Macedonia. 
 
 Cynapes, a river falling into the Euxine. 
 
 Cynesh and Cynetji, a nation of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Cynethussa, an island in the ^Egean 
 sea. 
 
 Cynia, a lake of Acarnania. 
 
 Cynici, a sect of philosophers founded 
 by Antisthenes the Athenian. They were 
 
CY 
 
 137 
 
 CY 
 
 famous for their contempt of riches, for 
 tlie negligence of their dress, and the length 
 of their beards. 
 
 Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus 
 king of Sparta, who obtained tiie first 
 prize in the chariot races at the Olympic 
 games. 
 
 Oyno, a woman who preserved the life 
 of Cyrus. 
 
 Cynocephale, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Cynooephali, a nation in India, who 
 have the head of a dog. 
 
 Cynophontis, a festival at Argos, ob- 
 served during the dog-days. 
 
 Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of 
 Sputa. 
 
 Cynortion, a mountain of Peloponne- 
 sus. 
 
 Cynos, a town of Locris. Another 
 
 in Thessaly. 
 
 Cynosar«e3, a surname of Hercules. 
 A small village of Attica. 
 
 Cyn-03sema, a promontory of the Thra- 
 cian Chersonesus. 
 
 Cynosura, a nymph of Ida in Crete. 
 She nursed Jupiter who changed her into 
 a star. 
 
 Cynthia, a beautiful woman. A 
 
 surname of Diana. 
 
 Cynthius, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, so high 
 that it is said to overshadow the whole is- 
 land. 
 
 Cynurenses, a people of Arcadia. 
 
 Cynus, a naval station of Opuns. 
 
 Cyparissi and Cyparissia, a town of 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Cyparissus, a youth, son of Telephus 
 of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He was chang- 
 ed into a cypress tree. A town near 
 
 Delphi. 
 
 Cyphara, a fortified place of Thessaly. 
 
 Cyprianus, a native of Carthage, who, 
 though born of heathen parents, became a 
 convert to Christianity, and the bishop of 
 his country. He died a martyr, A. D. 258. 
 
 Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cle- 
 opatra. A large island in the Mediter- 
 ranean sea. It has been celebrated for 
 giving birth to Venus, surnamed Cypris. 
 
 Cypselides, the name of three princes 
 as descendants of Cypselus, who reigned 
 at Corinth during seventy-three years. 
 
 Cypselus, a king of Arcadia. A man 
 
 of Corinth, son of Eetion, and father of 
 Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadae, 
 and seized upon the sovereign power, 
 
 about S59 years before Christ. The 
 
 father of Miltiades. 
 
 Cyraunis, an island of Libya. 
 
 Cyrbian t a, a province of the Elymxans. 
 
 Cyre, a fountain near Cyrene. 
 
 Cyrexaica, a country of Africa, of 
 which Cyrene is the capital. 
 
 Cyrenaici, a sect of philosophers who 
 followed the doctrine of Aristippus. They 
 placed their sunvnum honum in pleasure. 
 IS* 
 
 Cyrene, the daughter of the river Pe- 
 ncils, of whom Apollo became enamored. 
 
 She was the mother of Aristams. A 
 
 celebrated city of Libya, to which Aris- 
 tams, who was the chief of the colonists 
 settled there, gave his mother's name. It 
 was situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, 
 about eleven miles from the Mediterra- 
 nean sea. 
 
 Cyriades, one of the thirty tyrants who 
 harassed the Roman empire, in the reign 
 of Gallienus. He died A. D. 259. 
 
 Cyrillus, a bishop of Jerusalem, who 
 died A. D. 386. A bishop of Alexan- 
 dria, who died A. D. 444. 
 
 Cyrne, a place of Euboea. 
 
 Cyrnus, a driver in the games which 
 
 Scipio exhibited in Africa. A man of 
 
 Argos, who founded a city in Chersone- 
 sus. A river that falls into the Caspian 
 
 sea. An island on the coast of Liguria, 
 
 the same as Corsica. 
 
 Cyrrjei, a people of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Cyrrhad-e, an Indian nation. 
 
 Cyrrhes, a people of Macedonia. 
 
 Cyrrhestica, a country of Syria neai 
 Cilicia. 
 
 Cykrhus and Cyrus, a river of Iberia, 
 in Asia. 
 
 Cyrsilus, an Athenian, stoned to deatli 
 by his countrymen. 
 
 Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Camby- 
 ses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, 
 king of Media. Cyrus subdued the east- 
 ern parts of Asia, and made war against 
 Croesus, king of Lydia, whom he conquer- 
 ed, B. C. 548. He invaded the kingdom 
 of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon, 
 by drying the channels of the Euphrates, 
 and marching his troops through the bed 
 of the river, while the people were cele- 
 brating a grand festival. He afterwards 
 marched against Tomyris, the queen of the 
 MassagetsB, a Scythian nation, and was 
 defeated in a bloody battle, B. C. 530. 
 The victorious queen, who had lost her son 
 in a previous encounter, was so incensed 
 against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, 
 and threw it into a vessel filled with hu- 
 man blood, exclaiming Satia tc sanguine 
 quern sitisti. Xenophon has written the 
 life of Cyrns ; but his history is not per- 
 fectly authentic. The younger Cyrus, 
 
 was the younger son of "Darius Nothusj 
 and the brother of Artaxerxes. He was 
 sent by his father, at the age of sixteen, to 
 assist the Lacedemonians against Athens. 
 Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the 
 death of Nothus ; and Cyrus, who was of 
 an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate 
 him. At last he took the field with an 
 army of one hundred thousand barbarians, 
 and thirteen thousand Greeks under the 
 command of Clearchiir!. Artaxerxes met 
 him with riine hundred thousand men near 
 Cunaxa. It is said that the two royal bro- 
 thers met in person, and engaged with 
 
CY 
 
 138 
 
 CY 
 
 the most inveterate fury, and their en- 
 gagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 
 
 years B. C. A rival of Horace, in the 
 
 affections of~one of his mistresses. A 
 
 poet of Panopolis, in the age of Theodo- 
 sius. 
 
 Cyrus and Cyropolis, a city of Syria, 
 built by the Jews in honor of Cyrus. 
 
 Cyrus, a river of Persia, now Kur. 
 
 Cyta, a town of Colchis. 
 
 Cytjsis, a surname of Medea. 
 
 Cythera, now Cerigo, an island on the 
 coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was 
 particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, 
 who was from thence surnamed Cytheraa. 
 
 CvTHERiEA, a surname of Venus. 
 
 Ctthebun, a place of Attica. 
 
 Cytherus, a river of Elis. 
 
 Cythnos, now Thermia, an island near 
 Attica, famous for its cheese. 
 
 Cytineum, one of the four cities called 
 Tetrapolis, in Doris. 
 
 Cytissorus, a son of Phryxus. 
 
 Cytorus, now Kudros, a mountain and 
 town of Galatia. 
 
 Cyzicum, or Cyzicus, an island of the 
 Propontis, about five hundred and thirty 
 stadia in circumference, with a town call- 
 ed Cyzicus. 
 
 Cyzicus, a son of QEneus and Stilba, 
 who reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably 
 received the Argonauts, in their expedi- 
 tion against Colchis. After their depart- 
 ure from the court of Cyzicus, they were 
 driven back in the night, by a storm, upon 
 the coast; and the inhabitants furiously 
 attacked them, supposing them to be the 
 Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this 
 nocturnal engagement, many were killed 
 on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the 
 
 hand of Jason himself. The chief town 
 
 of the island of Cyzicum, built where the 
 island is joined by the bridges to the con- 
 tinent. 
 
 DM 
 
 DAJE, Dahje, or Dai, now the Pakistan, 
 a people of Scythia. 
 
 Daci and Dace, a warlike nation of 
 Germany, beyond the Danube, whose 
 country, called Dacia, was conquered by 
 the Romans under Trajan, after a war of 
 fifteen years, A. D. 103. 
 
 D-acius, a surname assumed by Domi- 
 tian. 
 
 Dactyli, a name given to the priests of 
 Cybele. 
 
 Dadicje, a people of Asiatic Scythia. 
 
 D.kdala, a mountain and city of Lycia. 
 
 A name given to Circe, from her being 
 
 cunning, and like Daedalus, addicted to de- 
 ceit and artifice. Two festivals in Bceo- 
 
 tia. 
 
 D-kdalion, a son of Lucifer. 
 
 Dj.dalus, an Athenian, son of Eupala- 
 mus. He was the most ingenious artist of 
 bis age. He made statues, which moved 
 of themselves, and seemed to be endowed 
 with life. Talus, his sister's son, promis- 
 ed to be as great as himself, by the inge- 
 nuity of his inventions; and therefore, from 
 envy, he threw him down from a window 
 and killed him. After the murder of this 
 youth, Dfedalus, with his son Icarus, fled 
 from Athens to Crete, where Minos, king 
 of the country, gave him a cordial recep- 
 tion. Diedalus made a famous labyrinth 
 for Minos, but having incurred his displea- 
 sure, was ordered to be confined in it 
 himself. Here he made himself wings 
 with feathers and wax, and carefully fitted 
 them to his bodv, and to that of his son, 
 
 DA 
 
 who was the companion of his confine- 
 ment. They took their flight in the air 
 from Crete ; but the heat of the sun melt- 
 ed the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose 
 flight was too high, and he fell into that 
 part of the ocean, which from him has 
 been called the Icarian sea. The father, 
 by a proper management of his wing?, 
 alighted at Cumee, where he built a tem- 
 ple to Apollo, and thence directed his 
 course to Sicily. Here he left many 
 monuments of his ingenuity. He was 
 despatched by the king who was afraid of 
 the power of Minos, who had declared 
 war against him, because he had given an 
 
 asylum to Daedalus. There were two 
 
 statuaries of the same name. 
 
 D-emon, a kind of spirit which, as the 
 ancients supposed, presided over the ac- 
 tions of mankind, gave them their pri- 
 vate counsels, and carefully watched over 
 their most secret intentions. Some of the 
 ancient philosophers maintained that 
 every man had two of these Demons ; 
 the one bad, and the other good. 
 
 Dai, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. 
 
 Daicles, a victor at Olympia, B. C. 753. 
 
 Daidis, a solemnity observed by the 
 Greeks. It lasted three days. 
 
 Daimachus, a master of horse at Syra- 
 cuse. 
 
 Daimenes, a general of the Acheeans. 
 An officer exposed on a cross, by 
 
 Dionysius of Syracuse. 
 
 Daiphron, a son of Mgyplus, killed by 
 his wife 
 
DA 
 
 139 
 
 DA 
 
 Da ira, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
 Eleusis by Mercury. 
 
 Daldia, a town of Lydia. 
 
 Dalmatius, one of the Caesars, in the 
 age of Constantine, who died A. D. 337. 
 
 Dalmatia, a part of Illyricum, at the 
 east of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on the 
 west, whose inhabitants, called Dalmata, 
 were conquered by Metellus, B. C. 118. 
 They chiefly lived upon plunder. 
 
 Dalmium, the chief town of Dalmatia. 
 
 Damagetus, a man of Rhodes, who in- 
 quired of the oracle what wife he ought 
 to marry? and received for answer the 
 daughter of the bravest of the Greeks. 
 He applied to Aristomenes and obtained 
 his daughter in marriage, B. C. 670. 
 
 Damalis, an infamous woman of Rome. 
 
 Damas, a Syracusan in the interest of 
 Agathocles. 
 
 Damascena, a part of Syria near mount 
 Libanus. 
 
 Damascius, a stoic of Damascus, who 
 wrote a philosophical history, the life of 
 Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary 
 events, in the age of Justinian. 
 
 Damascus, a rich and ancient city of 
 Damascene in Syria. 
 
 Damasia, a town called also Augusta, 
 now Ausburg, in Swabia on the Leek. 
 
 Damasichthon, a king of Thebes. 
 
 Damas i ppus, a captain in Philip's army. 
 
 A senator who accompanied Juba 
 
 when he entered Utica in triumph. A 
 
 great enemy of Sylla. An orator. 
 
 One of Niobe's sons. 
 
 Damasistratus, a king of Plataea, who 
 buried Laius. 
 
 DAMA3iTHYNUs,ason of Candaules, ge- 
 neral in the army of Xerxes. A king of 
 
 Calyndae, sunk in his ship by Artemisia. 
 
 Damastes, a man of Sigseum, disciple 
 of Hellanicus. A famous robber. 
 
 Damastor, a Trojan chief, killed by 
 Patroclus. 
 
 Damia, a surname of Cybele. A wo- 
 man to whom the Epidaurians raised a 
 statue. 
 
 Dami as, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia. 
 
 Damippus, a Spartan taken by Marcellus 
 as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. 
 He discovered to the enemy that a certain 
 part of the city was negligently guarded, 
 and in consequence of this discovery Sy- 
 racuse was taken. 
 
 Dami s, a man who disputed with Aris- 
 todemus the right of reigning over the 
 Messenians. 
 
 Damnii, a people at the north of Britain. 
 
 Damnonii, a people of Britain, now sup- 
 posed Devonshire. 
 
 Damnorix, a celebrated Gaul, in the in- 
 terest of Julius Cassar, &c. 
 
 Damo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, 
 by order of her father, devoted her life to 
 perpetual celibacy, and induced others to 
 follow her example. 
 
 Damocles, one of the flatterers of Dto- 
 nysius the elder, of Sicily. 
 
 Damocrates, a hero, &c. 
 
 Damocrita, a Spartan matron, wife of 
 Alcippus, who severely punished the 
 enemies who had banished her husband. 
 
 Damocritus, a timid general of the 
 
 Achasans. A Greek writer. A man 
 
 who wrote a poetical treatise upon medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Damon, a victor at Olympia. A poet 
 
 and musician of Athens, intimate with 
 Pericles. He was banished for his in- 
 trigues about four hundred and thirty 
 
 years before Christ A Pythagorean 
 
 philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. 
 When he had been condemned to death 
 byDionysius, he obtained from the tyrant 
 leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, 
 on promise of returning at a stated hour 
 to the place of execution. Pythias pledg- 
 ed himself to undergo the punishment 
 which was to be inflicted on Damon, 
 should he not return in time, and he con- 
 sequently delivered himself into the hands 
 of the tyrant. Damon returned at the ap- 
 pointed moment, and Dionysius was so 
 struck with the fidelity of those two 
 friends, that he remitted the punishment, 
 and entreated them to permit him to share 
 their friendship, and enjoy their confi- 
 dence. A man of Cheronsea, who kill- 
 ed a Roman officer, and was murdered by 
 
 his fellow-citizens. A Cyrenean, who 
 
 wrote an history of philosophy. 
 
 Damophantu9, a general of Elis, in the 
 age of Philopoemen. 
 
 Damophila, a poetess of Lesbos, wife 
 of Pamphilus. 
 
 Damophilus, an historian. A Rho- 
 
 dian general against the fleet of Deme- 
 trius. 
 
 Damophon, a sculptor of Messenia. 
 
 Damostratus, a philosopher who wrote 
 a treatise concerning fishes. 
 
 Damoxenus, a comic writer of Athens. 
 A boxer of Syracuse. 
 
 Damvrias, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Dana, a large town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Danace, the name of the piece of money 
 which Charon required to convey the dead 
 over the Styx. 
 
 Danae, the daughter of Acrisius king 
 of Argos, by Eurydice seduced by Jupiter. 
 
 A daughter of Leontium, mistress to 
 
 Sophron, governor of Ephesus. A 
 
 daughter of Danaus, to whom Neptune 
 offered violence. 
 
 Danai, a name given to the people of 
 Argos, and to all the Greeks. 
 
 Danaides, the fifty daughters of Danaud 
 king of Argos. When their uncle JEgyp- 
 tus came from Egypt with his fifty sons, 
 they were promised in marriage to their 
 cousins ; but before the celebration of 
 their nuptials, Danaus, who had been in- 
 formed by an oracle that h« was to be kill- 
 
DA 
 
 140 
 
 DA 
 
 ed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, 
 made his daughters solemnly promise that 
 they would destroy their husbands. They 
 were provided with daggers by their fa- 
 ther, and all, except Hypermnestra, stain- 
 ed their hands with the blood of their cou- 
 sins, the first night of their nuptials. The 
 sisters were purified of this murder by 
 Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter; 
 but according to the more received opin- 
 ion, they were condemned to severe pun- 
 ishment in hell, and were compelled to fill 
 with water a vessel full of holes, so that 
 the water ran out as soon as poured into 
 it, and therefore their labor was infinite, 
 and their punishment eternal. 
 
 Dan ala, a castle of Galatia. 
 
 Danapris, now the JVieper, a name given 
 in the middle ages to the Borysthenes. 
 
 Danaus, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, 
 king of Egypt, and father of the Danaidcs. 
 
 Dandaki and Dandarid.*, certain in- 
 habitants near mount Caucasus. 
 
 Dandon, a man of Illyricum, who, as 
 Pliny reports, lived five hundred years. 
 
 DANUBius,a celebrated river, the great- 
 est in Europe. The Greeks called it Tster. 
 The Danube was generally supposed to be 
 the northern boundary of the Roman em- 
 pire in Europe. 
 
 Daochus, an officer of Philip. 
 
 Daphn.e, a town of Egypt, on one of the 
 mouths of the Nile. 
 
 Daphnius, a general of Syracuse, 
 against Carthage. 
 
 Daphne, a daughter of the river Peneus 
 or of the Ladon, by the goddess Terra, of 
 whom Apollo became enamored. This 
 passion had been raised by Cupid, with 
 whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest 
 over the serpent Python, had disputed the 
 power of his darts. Daphne heard with 
 horror the addresses of the god, and en- 
 deavored to remove herself from his im- 
 portunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; 
 and Daphne, fearful of being caught, en- 
 treated the assistance of the gods, who 
 changed her into a laurel. Apollo crown- 
 ed his head with the leaves of the laurel, 
 and for ever ordered that that tree should 
 
 he sacred to his divinity. A daughter 
 
 of Tiresias, priestess in the temple of Del- 
 phi, supposed by some to be the same as 
 Manto. She was called Sibyl, on account 
 of the wildness of her looks and expres- 
 sions, when she delivered oracles. A 
 
 famous grove near Antioch, consecrated to 
 voluptuousness. 
 
 Daphnephoria, a festival in honor of 
 Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the 
 Boeotians. It was then usual to adorn an 
 olive bough with garlands of laurel and 
 other Mowers, and place on the top a brazen 
 globe, on which were suspended smaller 
 ones. In the middle was placed a number 
 of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and 
 the bottom was adorned with a saffron col- 
 
 ored garment. The globe on the top repre- 
 sented the Sun, or Apollo; that in the mid- 
 dle was an emblem of the moon, and the 
 others of the stars. The crowns, which 
 were 65 in number, represented the sun's 
 annual revolutions. This bough was car- 
 ried in solemn procession by a beautiful 
 youth of an illustrious family, and whose 
 parents were both living. He was prece- 
 ded by one of his nearest relations, bearing 
 a rod adorned with garlands, and behind 
 ! him followed a train of virgins with branch- 
 i es in their hands. In this order the pro- 
 j cession advanced as far as the temple of 
 i Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, where suppli- 
 ! catory hymns were sung to the god. 
 
 Daphnis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of 
 Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was 
 educated by the nymphs, Pan taught him 
 to sing and play upon the pipe, and the mu- 
 ses inspired him with the love of poetry. 
 It is supposed he was the first who wrote 
 pastoral poetry, in which his successor 
 Theocritus so happily excelled. A ser- 
 vant of Nicocrates, tyrant of Cyrene. 
 
 A grammarian. A son of Paris and 
 
 CEnone. 
 
 Daphnus, a river of Locris. A physi- 
 cian who preferred a supper to a dinner, 
 because he supposed that the moon assisted 
 digestion. 
 
 Daiiaba, a town of Arabia. 
 
 Darantasi a, a town of Belgic Gaul, call- 
 ed also Forum Claudii,nnd now Mutter. 
 
 Daraps, a king of the Gangaridfe. 
 
 Dardani, the inhabitants of Dardania. 
 
 Also a people of Mcesia very inimical 
 
 to the neighboring power of Macedonia. 
 
 Dardania, a town or country of Troas, 
 from which the Trojans were called Dar- 
 dani and Durdanidce. There is also a coun- 
 try of the same name near Illyricum. 
 
 Dardanides, a name given to ^Eneas, as 
 descended from Dardanus. 
 
 Dardanium, a promontory of Troas, call- 
 ed from the small town of Dardanus, about 
 seven miles from Abydos. 
 
 Dardanus, a son of Jupiter and Electra. 
 He built the city of Dardania, and was 
 reckoned the founder of the kingdom of 
 Troy. A Trojan killed by Achilles. 
 
 Dardarii, a nation near the Palus Mee- 
 otis. 
 
 Dares, a Phrygian, who lived during the 
 Trojan war, of which he wrote the history 
 
 in Greek. One of the companions of 
 
 .Eneas, killed by Turnus in Italy. 
 
 Daretis, a country of Macedonia. 
 
 Daria, a town of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Darjaves, the name of Darius in Per- 
 sian. 
 
 Darioerigum, a town of Gaul, now 
 Feiines in Britany. 
 
 Darit-t., a people of Persia. 
 
 Darius, a noble satrap of Persia, son of 
 Hystaspes, who conspired with six other 
 noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped 
 
DA 
 
 141 
 
 DE 
 
 the crown of Persia after the death of 
 Cambyses. On the murder of the usurper, 
 the seven conspirators universally agreed, 
 that he whose horse neighed first should be 
 appointed king. On the morrow before 
 sun-rise, when they proceeded altogether, 
 the horse of Darius suddenly neighed; and 
 at the same time a clap of thunder was 
 heard, as if in approbation of the choice. 
 Darius was 29 years old when he ascended 
 the throne, and he soon distinguished him- 
 self by his activity and military accom- 
 plishments. He besieged Babylon; which 
 he took, after a siege of 20 months, by the 
 artifice of Zopyrus. From thence he 
 marched against the Scythians, and in his 
 way conquered Thrace. The burning of 
 Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, in- 
 censed the Athenians, and a war was kin- 
 dled between Greece and Persia. Mardo- 
 nius, the king's son-in-law, was intrusted 
 with the care of the war, but his army was 
 destroyed by the Thracians ; and Darius, 
 more animated by his loss, sent a more 
 considerable force, under the command of 
 Datis and Artaphernes. They were con- 
 quered at the celebrated battle of Mara- 
 thon, by 10,000 Athenians ; and the Per- 
 sians lost in that expedition no less than 
 206,000 men. Darius was not dishearten- 
 ed by this severe blow, hut he resolved to 
 carry on the war in person, and immedi- 
 ately ordered a still larger army to be lev- 
 ied. He died in the midst of his prepara- 
 tions, B. C. 485, after a reign of 36 years, 
 
 in the 65th year of his age. The second 
 
 king of Persia of that name, was also call- 
 ed Ochus, or Nothus, because he was the 
 illegitimate son of Artaxerxes. He died 
 
 B. C. 404, after a reign of 19 years. 
 
 The third of that name was the last king 
 of Persia, surnamed Codomanus. He was 
 son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and de- 
 scended from Darius Nothus. The peace 
 of Darius was early disturbed, and Alex- 
 ander invaded Persia to avenge the injuries 
 which the Greeks had suffered from the 
 predecessors of Darius. The king of Per- 
 sia met his adversary in person, at the head 
 of 600,000 men. A battle was fought near 
 the Granicus, in which the Persians were 
 easily defeated. Another was soon after 
 fought near Issus ; and Alexander left 
 110,000 of the euemy dead on the field of 
 battle, and took among the prisoners of 
 war, the mother, wife, and children of Da- 
 rius. These losses weakened, but discour- 
 aged not Darius, he assembled another 
 more powerful army, and the last decisive 
 battle was fought at Arbela. The intrepid- 
 ity of Alexander, and the superior valor 
 of the Macedonians, prevailed over the ef- 
 feminate Persians ; and Darius, sensible of 
 his disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media. 
 
 His misfortunes were now completed. 
 
 Bessus, the governor of Bactriana, took 
 away his life, in hopes of succeeding him 
 
 on the throne ; and Darius was found by 
 the Macedonians in his chariot, covered 
 with wounds, and almost expiring, B. C. 
 331. In him the empire of Persia was ex- 
 tinguished 228 years after it had been first 
 
 founded by Cyrus the Great. A son of 
 
 Xerxes, who married Artaynta, and was 
 killed by Artabanus. A son of Artax- 
 erxes, who conspired against his father's 
 life, and was capitally punished. 
 Dascon, a man who founded Camarina. 
 Dascylitis, a province of Persia. 
 Dascylus, the father of Gyges. 
 Dasea, a town of Arcadia. 
 Dasius, a chief of Salapia, who favored 
 Annibal. 
 
 Dassaretjs, Dassarit^e, Dassareni, or 
 Dassaritii, a people of Illyricum, or Mac- 
 edonia. 
 
 Datames, a son of Camissares, governor 
 of Caria, and general of the armies of Ar- 
 taxerxes, 362 B. C. 
 
 Dataphernes, one of the friends of Bes- 
 sus. After the murder of Darius, he be- 
 trayed Bessus into Alexander's hands. 
 
 Datis, a general of Darius 1st, defeated 
 at the celebrated battle of Marathon, by 
 Miltiades, and some time after put to death 
 by the Spartans. 
 
 Datos, or Daton, a town of Thrace, on 
 a small eminence, near the Strymon. 
 
 Davara, a hill near Mount Taurus, in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Daulfs, a nymph, from whom the city 
 of Daulis in Phocis, anciently called Ana- 
 cris, received its name. 
 
 Dauni, a people on the eastern part of 
 Italy. 
 
 Daunia, a name given to the northern 
 parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adri- 
 atic. Juturna, the sister of Turnus, 
 
 was called Daunia, after she had been made 
 a goddess by Jupiter. 
 
 Daunus, a son of Pilumnus, and Danae. 
 He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where 
 
 he reigned over part of the country. 
 
 A river of Apulia, now Carapelle. 
 
 Daurifer andDAURisEs, a brave gene- 
 ral of Darius, treacherously killed by the 
 Carians. 
 
 Davus, a comic character, in the Andria 
 of Terence. 
 Debje, a nation of Arabia. 
 Decapolis, a district of Judea from its 
 ten cities. 
 
 Decebalus, a warlike king of theDaci, 
 who made a successful war against Domi- 
 tian, who was conquered by Trajan. He 
 destroyed himself, and his head was 
 brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Ro- 
 man province, A. D. 103. 
 
 Deceleum, or ea, now Biala Castro, a 
 small village of Attica, north of Athens. 
 
 Decelus, a man who informed Castor 
 and Pollux, that their sister, whom The- 
 seus had carried away, was concealed at 
 Aphidnae. 
 
DE 
 
 142 
 
 DE 
 
 Decemviri, ten magistrates of absolute 
 authority among the Romans. Their pow- 
 er was absolute ; aiJ other offices ceased 
 after their election, and they presided over 
 the city with regal authority. The first 
 decemvirs were Appius Claudius, T. Ge- 
 nutius, P. Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, 
 A. Manlius, Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. 
 Romulus, Sp. Posthumius, A. U. C. 303. 
 Under them, the laws which had been ex- 
 posed to public view v that every citizen 
 might speak his sentiments), were publicly 
 approved of as constitutional, and ratified 
 by the priests and augurs in the most sol- 
 emn and religious manner. These laws 
 were ten in number, and were engraved 
 on tables of brass ; two were afterwards 
 added, and they were called the laws of 
 the twelve tables, leges duodecivi tabularum, 
 and leges decemvir ales. In the third year 
 after their creation, the decemvirs became 
 odious, on account of their tyranny ; and 
 the attempt of Ap. Claudius to ravish Vir- 
 ginia, was followed by the total abolition 
 of the office. There were other offi- 
 cers in Rome, called decemvirs, who were 
 originally appointed, in the absence of the 
 praetor, to administer justice. 
 
 Decetia, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Decia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 442, 
 to empower the people to appoint two pro- 
 per persons to fit and repair the fleets. 
 
 L. Dectdius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Cae- 
 sar's camp. 
 
 Decineus, a celebrated soothsayer. 
 
 Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman con- 
 sul, who, after many glorious exploits, 
 devoted himself to the gods Manes for the 
 safety of his country, in a battle against 
 the Latins, 338 years B. C. His son Deci- 
 us imitated his example, and devoted him- 
 self in like manner in his fourth consul- 
 ship, when fighting against the Gauls and 
 Samnites, B. C. 296. His grandson also 
 did the same in the war against Pyrrhus 
 
 and the Tarentines, B. C. 280. Brutus, 
 
 conducted Caesar to the Senate-house the 
 
 day that he was murdered.- (Cn. Me- 
 
 tius, Q,. Trajanus) a native of Pannonia, 
 sent by the emperor Philip, to appease a 
 sedition in Moesia. Instead of obeying his 
 master's command, he assumed the impe- 
 rial purple, and soon after marched against 
 him, and at his death became the only- 
 emperor. 
 
 Decurio, a subaltern officer in the Ro- 
 man armies. He commanded a decuria, 
 which consisted of ten men, and was the 
 third part of a turma, or the 30th part of a 
 
 legio of horse. There were certain 
 
 magistrates in the provinces, called decu- 
 riones municipales. 
 
 Decumates agri, lands in Germany. 
 
 Deditamenes, a friend of Alexander. 
 
 Degis, a brother of Decebalus king of 
 the Daci. 
 
 Dejanira, a daughter of CEneus, king 
 
 of ^Etolia, and wife of Hercules. As De- 
 janira was once travelling with her hus- 
 band, they were stopped by the swollen 
 streams of the Evenus, and the centaur 
 Nessus offered Hercules to convey her 
 safe to the opposite shore. The hero con- 
 sented ; but no sooner had Nessus gained 
 the bank, than he attempted to carry De- 
 janira away in the sight of her husband. 
 Hercules, upon this, aimed, from the other 
 shore, a poisoned arrow at the seducer, 
 and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as 
 he expired, wished to avenge his death 
 upon his murderer ; and he gave Dejanira 
 his tunic, which was covered with blood, 
 poisoned and infected by the arrow, ob- 
 serving, that it had the power of reclaim- 
 ing a husband from unlawful loves. De- 
 janira accepted the present ; and when 
 Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she 
 sent him the centaur's tunic, which in- 
 stantly caused his death. Dejanira was 
 so disconsolate at the death of her hus- 
 band, which she had ignorantly occasion- 
 ed, that she destroyed herself. 
 
 Deicoon, a Trojan prince, intimate 
 
 with ^neas. A son of Hercules and 
 
 Megara. 
 
 Deidamia, a daughter of Lycomedes, 
 
 king of Scyros. A daughter of Pyrrhus, 
 
 killed by the Epirots. A daughter of 
 
 Adrastus, king of Argos. 
 
 Deileon, a companion of Hercules in 
 his expedition against the Amazons. 
 
 Deilochus, a son of Hercules. 
 
 Deimachus, a son of Neleus and Chlo- 
 
 ris, killed by Hercules. The father of 
 
 Enarette. 
 
 Deioces, a son of Phraortes, by whose 
 means the Medes delivered themselves 
 from the yoke of the Assyrians. 
 
 Deiochus, a Greek captain, killed by 
 Paris in the Trojan war. 
 
 Deione, the mother of Miletus by 
 Apollo. 
 
 Deioneus, a king of Phocis, who mar- 
 ried Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, by 
 whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter 
 Dia in marriage to Ixion^ who promised 
 to make a present to his father-in-law. 
 Deioneus accordingly visited the house of 
 Ixion, and was thrown into a large hole 
 filled with burning coals, by his son-in- 
 law. 
 
 Deiopeia, a nymph, the fairest of all 
 the fourteen nymphs that attended upon 
 
 Juno. One of the attendant nymphs of 
 
 Cyrene. 
 
 Deiotarus, a governor of Galatia, made 
 king of that province by the Roman people. 
 He joined Brutus with a large army, and 
 faithfully supported the republican cause 
 Delotarus died in an advanced old age. 
 
 Deiphila. Fid. Deipyle. 
 
 Deiphobe, a sibyl of Cumse, daughter 
 of Glaucus. 
 
 DtiFHORt'f,a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 
DE 
 
 143 
 
 DE 
 
 who, after the death of his brother Paris, 
 married Helen. His wife unworthily be- 
 trayed him, to her old husband Menelaus, 
 to whom she wished to reconcile herself, 
 
 and he was shamefully lulled by him. 
 
 A son of Hippolytus, who purified Hercu- 
 les after the murder of Iphitus. 
 
 Deiphon, the son of Triptolemus and 
 Meganira ; whom Ceres loved so passion- 
 ately, that she wanted to make him im- 
 mortal, and made him pass through fire 
 for that purpose 5 but, being disturbed by 
 the cries of his mother, the goddess, in a 
 hurry, mounted her car, and left Deiphon 
 
 to perish in the flames. The husband 
 
 of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus, king 
 of Argos. 
 
 Deiphontes, a general of Temenus, 
 
 who took Epidauria. A general of the 
 
 Dorians. 
 
 Deipyle, a daughter of Adrastus, who 
 married Tydeus, by whom she had Dio- 
 medes. 
 
 Deiptlus, a son of Sthenelus, in the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Deipvrus, a Grecian chief, during the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Deldon, a king of Mysia, defeated by 
 Crassus. 
 
 Delia, a festival celebrated every fifth 
 year in the island of Delos, in honor of 
 Apollo. 
 
 Delia, a surname of Diana, because she 
 was born in Delos. 
 
 Deliades, a son of Glaucus, killed by 
 his brother Bellerophon. The priest- 
 esses in Apollo's temple. 
 
 Delium, a temple of Apollo. A 
 
 town of Bu20tia opposite Calchis. 
 
 Delius, a surname of Apollo, because 
 he was born in Delos. Quint., an offi- 
 cer of Antony, who, when he was sent to 
 cite Cleopatra before his master, advised 
 her to make her appearance in the most 
 captivating attire. 
 
 Delmatius, PI. Jul., a nephew of Con- 
 stantine the Great, honored with the title 
 of Caesar, and put in possession of Thrace, 
 Macedonia, and Achaia. He was assas- 
 sinated by his own soldiers. 
 
 Delminium, a town of Dalmatia. 
 
 Delos, one of the Cyclades at the north 
 of Naxos, which now bears the name of 
 Sailles. The island is celebrated for the 
 nativity of Apollo and Diana ; and one of 
 the altars of Apollo, in the island, was 
 reckoned among the seven wonders of the 
 world. The whole island of Delos was 
 held in the highest veneration. 
 
 Delphi, now Castri, a town of Phocis, 
 situate in a valley at the south-west side 
 of mount Parnassus. It was also called 
 Pytho, because the serpent Python was 
 killed there ; and it received the name of 
 Delphi, from Delphus, the son of Apollo. 
 Some have also called it Parnassia Nape, 
 the valley, of Parnassus. It was famous 
 
 for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle 
 celebrated in every age and country. 
 
 Delphicus, a surname of Apollo, from 
 the worship paid to his divinity at Delphi. 
 
 Delphinia, festivals atvEgina, in honor 
 of Apollo of Delphi. 
 
 Delphinium, a place in Boeotia, oppo- 
 site Eubrea. 
 
 Delphis, the priestess of Delphi. 
 
 Delphus, a son of Apollo who built 
 Delphi, and consecrated it to his father. 
 
 Delphyne, a serpent which watched 
 over Jupiter. 
 
 Delta, a part of Egypt, which lies be- 
 tween the Canopian and Pelusian mouths 
 of the Nile. 
 
 Demades, an Athenian, who', from a 
 sailor, became an eloquent orator, and ob- 
 tained much influence in the state. He 
 was put to d^ath, with his son, on suspi- 
 cion of treason, B. C. 322. One of his 
 orations is extant. 
 
 Dem-tsnetus, a rhetorician of Syracuse, 
 enemy to Timoleon. 
 
 Demaooras, one of Alexander's flatter- 
 ers. An historian who wrote concern- 
 ing the foundation of Rome. 
 
 Demarata, a daughter of Hiero. 
 
 Demaratus, the son and successor of 
 Ariston on the throne of Sparta, B. C. 526. 
 A rich citizen of Corinth, of the fam- 
 ily of the Bacchiadae. A Corinthian 
 
 exile at the court of Philip king of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Demarchus, a Syracusan, put to death 
 by Dionysius. 
 
 Demareta, the wife of Gelon. 
 
 Demariste, the mother of Timoleon. 
 
 Dematria, a Spartan mother, who kill- 
 ed her son, because he returned from a 
 battle without glory. 
 
 Demetria, a festival in honor of Ceres 
 called by the Greeks Demeter. 
 
 Demetrias, a town of Thessaly. — The 
 name was common to other places. 
 
 Demetrius, a son of Antigonus and 
 Stratonice,surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer 
 of towns. At the age of twenty-two, he 
 was sent by his father against Ptolemy, 
 who invaded Syria. He was defeated 
 near Gaza ; but he soon repaired his loss, 
 by a victory over one of the generals of 
 the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a 
 fleet of two hundred and fifty ships to 
 Athens, and restored the Athenians to 
 liberty. His uncommon success raised 
 the jealousy of the successors of Alexan- 
 der ; and they united to destroy Antigo- 
 nus and his son. Their hostile armies 
 met at Ipsus, B. C. 301. Antigonus was 
 killed in the battle ; and Demetrius, after 
 a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill 
 success raised him many enemies ; and 
 the Athenians, who had lately adored 
 him as a god, refused to admit him into 
 I their city. Demetrius died in the fifty- 
 ! fourth year of his age, after a confinement 
 
DE 
 
 144 
 
 DE 
 
 of three years, in the power of his son-in- 
 law Seleucus. A prince who succeed- 
 ed his father Antigonus on the throne of 
 Macedonia. He reigned eleven years, 
 and was succeeded by Antigonus Doson. 
 
 A son of Philip king of Macedonia, 
 
 delivered as an hostage to the Romans. 
 When he returned to Macedonia, he was 
 falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who 
 was jealous of his popularity, and his 
 father too credulously consented to his 
 
 death, B. C. 180. A Magnesian. 
 
 A servant of Cassius. A son of Deme- 
 trius of Cyrene. A freed man of 
 
 Pompey. A son of Demetrius, sur- 
 
 named Slender. A prince surnamed 
 
 Soter, was son of Seleucus Philopater, the 
 son of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. 
 His father gave him as a hostage to the 
 
 Romans. The second, surnamed JYi- 
 
 canor, or Conqueror, was son of Soter, to 
 whom he succeeded by the assistance of 
 Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven 
 out the usurper Alexander Bala, B. C. 
 146. His pride and oppression rendered 
 him odious, and Demetrius, unable to re- 
 sist the power of his enemies, fled to Pto- 
 lemais, which was then in the hands of 
 his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut 
 up against his approach, by Cleopatra; 
 and he was killed by order of the governor 
 of Tyre, whither he had fled for protec- 
 tion. The third, surnamed Eucerus, 
 
 was son of Antiochus Gryphus. He was 
 taken in a battle against the Parthians, 
 and died in captivity. Phalereus, a dis- 
 ciple of Theophrastus, who gained such 
 an influence over the Athenians, by his 
 eloquence, and the purity of his manners, 
 that he was elected decennial archon, B. 
 C. 317. He so embellished the city, and 
 rendered himself so popular by his munifi- 
 cence, that the Athenians raised three 
 hundred and sixty brazen statues to his 
 honor. Yet in the midst of all this popu- 
 larity, his enemies raised a sedition against 
 him, and he was condemned to death, and 
 all his statues thrown down, after obtain- 
 ing the sovereign power for ten years. He 
 put an end to his life by the bite of an asp, 
 284 B. C. According to some, Demetrius 
 enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus, 
 and enriched his library at Alexandria 
 
 with two hundred thousand volumes. 
 
 A Cynic philosopher, disciple of Apollo- 
 nius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. 
 He died in a great old age ; and Seneca 
 observes, that nature had brought him forth, 
 to show mankind, that an exalted genius can 
 live securely without being corrupted by the 
 
 vices of the surrounding world. One of 
 
 Alexander's flatterers. A native of By- 
 zantium, who wrote on the Greek poets. 
 
 « An Athenian killed at Mantinea, 
 
 when fighting against the Thebans. 
 
 A writer who published an history of the 
 imiptiona of the Gauls into Asia." A 
 
 philological writer, in the age of Cicero. 
 A stage player. Syrus, a rhetori- 
 cian at Athens. A geographer, sur- 
 named the Calatian. 
 
 Demo, a Sibyl of Curns. 
 
 Demoanassa, the mother of iEgialeus. 
 
 Democedes, a celebrated physician of 
 Crotona, son of Calliphon, and intimate 
 with Polycrates. 
 
 Demochares, an Athenian sent with 
 some q»f his countrymen with an embassy 
 to Philip king of Macedonia. The mon- 
 arch gave them audience ; and when he 
 asked them what he could do to please 
 the people of Athens ? Demochares re- 
 plied, " Hang yourself." A poet of 
 
 Soli. A statuary, who wished to make 
 
 a statue of mount Athos. A general of 
 
 Pompey the younger, who died B. C. 36. 
 
 Democles, a man accused of disaffec- 
 tion towards Dionysius. 
 
 Democoon, a natural son of Priam, kill- 
 ed by Ulysses. 
 
 Democrates, an architect of Alexan- 
 dria. A wrestler. An Athenian who 
 
 fought on the side of Darius, against the 
 Macedonians. 
 
 Democritus, a celebrated philosopher 
 of Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He 
 travelled over the greatest part of Europe, 
 Asia, and Africa, in quest of knowledge, 
 and returned home in the greatest pov- 
 erty. He was accused of insanity, and 
 Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into 
 the nature of his disorder. The physi- 
 cian had a conference with the philoso- 
 pher, and declared that not Democritus, 
 but his enemies were insane. He contin- 
 ually laughed at the follies and vanity of 
 mankind, who distract themselves with 
 care, and are at once a prey to hope and 
 to anxiety. He died in the one hundred 
 
 and ninth year of his age, B. C. 361. 
 
 An Ephesian, who wrote a book on Di- 
 ana's temple. A powerful man of 
 
 Naxos. 
 
 Demodice, the wife of Cretheus, king 
 of Iolchos. Some call her Biadice, or 
 Tyro. 
 
 Demodochus, a musician at the court of 
 
 Alcinous. A Trojan chief, who came 
 
 with ^Eneas into Italy, where he was 
 killed. An historian. 
 
 Demoleus, a Greek, killed by ^Eneas in 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Demoleon, a centaur, killed by The- 
 seus at the nuptials of Pirithous. A 
 
 son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. 
 
 Demon, an Athenian, nephew to De- 
 mosthenes. He was at the head of the 
 government during the absence of his 
 uncle, and obtained a decree that Demos- 
 thenes should be recalled, and that a ship 
 should be sent to bring him back. 
 
 Demonassa, a daughter of Amphiaraus, 
 who married Thersander. 
 
 Demonax, a celebrated philosopher of 
 
DE 
 
 145 
 
 DE 
 
 Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He died 
 in his hundredth year. A man of Man- 
 tinea, sent to settle the government of Cy- 
 rene. 
 
 Demonica, a woman who betrayed 
 Ephesus to Brennus. 
 
 Demophantus, a general killed by An- 
 tigonus. 
 
 Demophile, a name given to the sibyl 
 of Cuime. 
 
 Demophilus, an Athenian archon. 
 
 An officer of Agathocles. 
 
 Demophon, an Athenian, who assisted 
 the Thebans in recovering Cadmea. 
 
 Demofhoon, son of Theseus and Phffi- 
 dra, was king of Athens, B. C. 1182, and 
 
 reigned thirty-three years. A friend of 
 
 .<Eneas, killed by Camilla. 
 
 Demopolis, a son of Themistocles. 
 
 Demos, a place of Ithaca. 
 
 Demosthenes, a celebrated Athenian, 
 son of a rich black-smith, called Demosthe- 
 nes and of Cleobule. At the age of seven- 
 een he gave an early proof of his elo- 
 quence and abilities against his guardians, 
 from whom he obtained the retribution 
 of the greatest part of his estate. His 
 rising talents were however impeded by 
 weak lungs, and a difficulty of pronuncia- 
 tion. To correct the stammering of his 
 voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth; 
 and removed the distortion of his features, 
 which accompanied his utterance, by 
 watching the motions of his countenance 
 in a looking-glass. That his pronuncia- 
 tion might be loud and full of emphasis, 
 he frequently ran up the steepest and most 
 uneven walks, where his voice acquired 
 force and energy ; and on the sea-shore, 
 when the waves were violently agitated, 
 he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself 
 to the noise and tumults of a public as- 
 sembly. He also confined himself in a 
 subterraneous cave, to devote himself 
 more closely to studious pursuits ; and to 
 eradicate all curiosity of appearing in pub- 
 lic, he shaved one half of his head. His 
 abilities, as an orator, raised him to con- 
 sequence at Athens, and he was soon 
 placed at the head of the government. 
 His triumph and popularity, however, 
 were short. When Antipater made war 
 against Greece, he demanded that all the 
 orators should be delivered up into his 
 hands. Demosthenes with all his adher- 
 ents fled to the temple of Neptune in Ca- 
 lauria, and when he saw that all hopes of 
 safety were banished, he took a dose of 
 poison, which he always carried in a quill, 
 and expired on the day that the Thesmo- 
 phoria were celebrated, in the sixtieth 
 year of his age, B. C. 322. The Athen- 
 ians raised a brazen statue to his honor 
 with an inscription translated into this 
 distich : 
 Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne,fidsset y 
 
 GrcBcia non Macedce succubuisset hero. 
 13 
 
 Demosthenes has deservedly been called 
 
 the prince of orators. An Athenian 
 
 general, sent to succeed Alcibiades in Si- 
 cily. He was put to death by the Syra- 
 
 cusians, B. C. 413. The father of the 
 
 orator Demosthenes. He was very rich. 
 A governor of Cssarea. 
 
 Demostratus, an Athenian orator. 
 
 Demuchus, a Trojan, son of Philetor, 
 killed by Achilles. 
 
 Demylus, a tyrant who tortured the phi- 
 losopher Zeno. 
 
 Denselet^:, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Deobriga, a town on the Iberus in 
 Spain, now Miranda de Ebro. 
 
 Deodatus, an Athenian who opposed 
 the cruel resolutions of Cleon against the 
 captive prisoners of Mitylene. 
 
 DEois,a name given to Proserpine from 
 her mother Ceres, who was called Deo. 
 
 Derje, a place of Messenia. 
 
 Derbe, a town of Lycaonia. 
 
 Derbices, a people near Caucasus, who 
 killed all those that had reached their 
 seventieth year. They buried such as died 
 a natural death. 
 
 Derce, a fountain in Spain, whose wa- 
 ters were said to be uncommonly cold. 
 
 Dercennus, an ancient king in Latium. 
 
 Derceto and Dercetis, a goddess of 
 Syria, called also Atergatis. whom some 
 suppose to be the same as Astarte. 
 
 Dercyllidas, a general of Sparta, cele- 
 brated for his military exploits. He took 
 nine different cities in eight days. 
 
 Dercyleus, a man appointed over Atti- 
 ca by Antipater. 
 
 Dercynus, a son of Neptune, killed by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Dersjei, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Derthona, now Tortona, a town of Li- 
 guria. 
 
 Dertose, now Tortosa, a town of Spain 
 near the Iberus. 
 
 Derusijei, a people of Persia. 
 
 Desudaba, a town of Media. 
 
 Deva, a town of Britain, now Chester, 
 on the Dee. 
 
 Deucalion, a son of Prometheus, who 
 married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epime- 
 theus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, 
 and in his age the whole earth was over- 
 whelmed with a deluge. Prometheus ad- 
 vised his son to make himself a ship, and 
 by this means he saved himself and his 
 wife Pyrrha. The vessel was tossed about 
 during nine successive days, and at last 
 stopped on the top of mount Parnassus, 
 where Deucalion remained till the waters 
 had subsided. As soon as the waters had 
 retired from the surface of the earth, Deu- 
 calion and his wife went to consult the 
 oracle of Themis, and were directed to re- 
 pair the loss of mankind, by throwing be- 
 hind them the bones of their grandmother. 
 This was nothing but the stones of the 
 earth ; and after some hesitation about 
 G 
 
DI 
 
 146 
 
 DI 
 
 the meaning of the oracle, they obeyed. 
 The stones thrown by Deucalion became 
 men, and those of Pyrrha women. The 
 deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated 
 in ancient history, is supposed to have 
 
 happened 1503 years B. C. One of the 
 
 Argonauts. A son of Minos. A son 
 
 of Abas. 
 
 Deucetiu9, a Sicilian general. 
 
 Deudorix, one of the Cherusci, led in 
 triumph by Germanicus. 
 
 Dexamene, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Dexamenus, a man delivered by Her- 
 cules from the hands of his daughter's 
 suitors. A king of Olenus in Achaia. 
 
 Dexippus, a Spartan who assisted the 
 people of Agrigentum. 
 
 Dexithea, the wife of Minos. 
 
 Dexius, a Greek, father of Iphinous, 
 killed by Glaucus in the Trojan war. 
 
 Dia, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pi- 
 
 rithous by Ixion. An island in the 
 
 TEgean sea, seventeen miles from Delos. 
 
 It is the same as Naxos. Another on 
 
 the coast of Crete. A city of Thrace— 
 
 Eubcea — Peloponnesus — Lusitania — Italy 
 — Scythia — Caria — Bithynia— and Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 Diactorides, one of Agarista's suitors. 
 
 The father of Eurydame, the wife of 
 
 Leutychides. 
 
 Discus, of Megalopolis, a general of the 
 Achaeans, who killed himself when his 
 affairs became desperate. 
 
 Diadumenianus, a son of Macrinus, 
 who enjoyed the title of Caesar during his 
 father's lifetime. 
 
 DiAGONand Diagum, a river of Pelopon- 
 nesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and se- 
 parating Pisa from Arcadia. 
 
 DiAGONDA3,aTheban who abolished all 
 nocturnal sacrifices. 
 
 Diagoras, an Athenian philosopher. 
 His father's name was Teleclytus. From 
 the greatest superstition, he became a 
 most unconquerable atheist ; because he 
 saw a man who laid a false claim to one 
 of his poems, and who perjured him&elf, 
 go unpunished. He lived about four hun- 
 dred and sixteen years before Christ. 
 
 An athlete of Rhodes, four hundred and 
 sixty years before the Christian era. Pin- 
 dar celebrated his merit in a beautiful ode 
 still extant. He saw his three sons crown- 
 ed the same day at Olympia, and died 
 through excess of joy. 
 
 Di alis, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first 
 instituted by Numa. 
 
 Diallus, an Athenian, who wrote an 
 history of all the memorable occurrences 
 of his age. 
 
 Diamastigosi9, a festival at Sparta in 
 honor of Diana Orthia, when boys were 
 whipped before the altar of the goddess. 
 These boys, called Bomonicse, were ori- 
 ginally free-born Spartans ; but, in the 
 more delicate ages, they were of mean 
 
 birth, and generally of a slavish origin 
 These flagellations were so severe, that 
 the blood gushed in profuse torrents, and 
 many expired under the lash of the whip 
 without uttering a groan, or betraying any 
 marks of fear. Such a death was reckon- 
 ed very honorable, and the corpse was 
 buried with much solemnity, with a gar- 
 land of flowers on its head. 
 
 Diana was the goddess of hunting. She 
 was born at the same birth as Apollo, and 
 obtained from her father the permission to 
 live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside 
 over the travails of women. She devoted 
 herself to hunting, and obtained permis- 
 sion of Jupiter to have for her attendants 
 sixty of the Oceanides, and twenty other 
 nymphs, all of whom, like herself, abjur- 
 ed the use of marriage. She is represent- 
 ed with a bent bow and quiver, and at- 
 tended with dogs, and sometimes drawn 
 in a chariot by two white stags. Some- 
 times she appears with wings, holding a 
 lion in one hand, and a panther in the 
 other, with a chariot drawn by two heif- 
 ers, or two horses of different colors. She 
 was called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pro 
 nuba, when invoked by women in child 
 bed, and Trivia when worshipped in the 
 cross- ways where her statues were gene- 
 rally erected. She was supposed to be 
 the same as the moon, and Proserpine or 
 Hecate, and from that circumstance she 
 was called Triformis. The most famous 
 of her temples was that of Ephesus, which 
 was one of the seven wonders of the 
 world. 
 
 Dianasa, the mother of Lycurgus. 
 
 Dianium, a town and promontory of 
 Spain, now Cape Martin, where Diana 
 was worshipped. 
 
 Dia si a, festivals in honor of Jupiter at 
 Athens. 
 
 Dibio, a town of France, now Dijon in 
 Burgundy\ 
 
 Dicjea and Dicearchea, a town of 
 Italy. 
 
 Dic.Et'3, an Athenian who was super- 
 naturally apprised of the defeat of the Per- 
 sians in Greece. 
 
 Dice, one of the Horae, daughters of Ju- 
 piter. 
 
 Dicearchus, a Messenian famous for 
 his knowledge of philosophy, history, and 
 mathematics. 
 
 Diceneu3, an Egyptian philosopher in 
 the ace of Augustus. 
 
 Dicomas, a king of the Getn?. 
 
 Dictje and Dict.eus mons, a mountain 
 of Crete. Jupiter was called Dkttsus, be- 
 cause worshipped there. 
 
 Dictamnum and Dictynna, a town of 
 Crete, where the herb called dictamnua 
 chiefly grows. 
 
 Dictator, a magistrate at Rome invest- 
 ed with regal authority. This officer wag 
 first chosen during the Roman wars against 
 
DI 
 
 147 
 
 DI 
 
 the Latin3. The consuls being unable to 
 raise forces for the defence of the state, 
 because the plebeians refused to enlist, if 
 they were not discharged from all the 
 debts they had contracted with the patri- 
 cians, the senate found it necessary to 
 elect a new magistrate with absolute and 
 incontrollable power to take care of the 
 state. The dictator remained in office 
 for six months, after which he was again 
 elected, if the affairs of the state seemed 
 to be desperate ; but if tranquillity was 
 reestablished, he generally laid down his 
 power before the time was expired. He 
 knew no superior in the republic, and 
 even the laws were subjected to him. He 
 was chosen only when the state was in 
 imminent dangers from foreign enemies 
 or inward seditions. The dictator, as soon 
 as elected, chose a subordinate officer, 
 called his master of horse, magister equi- 
 tum. This officer was totally subservient 
 to the will of the dictator. 
 
 Dictidienses, certain inhabitants of 
 mount Athos. 
 
 Dictynna, a nymph of Crete, who first 
 
 invented hunting nets. A festival at 
 
 Sparta in honor of Diana. A city of 
 
 Crete. 
 
 Dictys, a Cretan, who went with Ido- 
 
 meneus to the Trojan war. A king of 
 
 the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and 
 
 Nays. A centaur, killed at the nuptials 
 
 of Pirithous. 
 
 Didas, a Macedonian who was employ- 
 ed by Perseus to render Demetrius sus- 
 pected to his father Philip. 
 
 Didia lex, de Sumptibus, by Didius, 
 A. U. C. 606, to restrain the expenses that 
 attended public festivals and entertain- 
 ments. 
 
 Didius, a governor of Spain, conquered 
 
 by Sertorius. A man who brought Cas- 
 
 sar the head of Pompey's eldest son. A 
 
 governor of Britain, under Claudius. 
 
 Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the 
 murder of Pertinax, bought the empire 
 which the Pretorians had exposed to sale, 
 A. D. 192. The soldiers revolted against 
 him, and put him to death, after a short 
 reign. 
 
 Dido, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, 
 who married Sichfeus, her uncle, who 
 was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who 
 succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Be- 
 lus, murdered Sichasus, to get possession 
 of the immense riches which he possess- 
 ed ; and Dido set sail in quest of a settle- 
 ment, with a number of Tyrians, to whom 
 the cruelty of the tyrant became odious. 
 A storm drove her fleet on the African 
 coast, and she bought of the inhabitants 
 as much land as could be covered by a 
 bull's hide, cut into thongs. Upon this 
 piece of land she built a citadel, called 
 Byrsa. Her beauty, as well as the fame 
 of her enterprise, gained her many ad- 
 
 mirers ; and her subjects wished to com- 
 pel her to marry Iarbas, king of Maurita- 
 nia, who threatened them with a dreadful 
 war. Dido begged three months to give 
 her decisive answer ; and during that 
 time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wish- 
 ing, by a solemn sacrifice, to appease the 
 manes of Sichaeus, to whom she had pro- 
 mised eternal fidelity. When all was 
 prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile 
 in presence of her people. According to 
 Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was 
 caused by the sudden departure of iEneas. 
 This poetical fiction represents ^Eneas as 
 living in the age of Dido, and introduces 
 an anachronism of near three hundred 
 years. 
 
 Didyma, a place of Miletus. An is- 
 land in the Sicilian sea. 
 
 Didym.eus, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 Didymaon, an excellent artist. 
 
 Didyme, one of the Cyclades. A city 
 
 of Sicily. One of the Lipari isles, now 
 
 Saline. A place near Miletus, where 
 
 the Branchidae had their famous oracle. 
 
 Didymum, a mountain of Asia Minor. 
 
 Didymus, a freedman of Tiberius. 
 
 A scholiast on Homer, flourished B. C. 
 40. 
 
 Dieneces, a Spartan, who, upon hear- 
 ing, before the battle of Thermopylae, that 
 the Persians were so numerous that their 
 arrows would darken the light of the sun, 
 observed, that it would be a great conven- 
 ience, for they then should fight in the 
 shade. 
 
 Diespiteh, a surname of Jupiter, as be- 
 ing the father of light. 
 
 Digentia, a small river which watered 
 Horace's farm, in the country of the Sa- 
 bines. 
 
 Digma, a part of the Piraeus at Athens. 
 
 Dn, the divinities of the ancient inhab- 
 itants of the earth were very numerous. 
 Every object which caused terror, inspired 
 gratitude, or bestowed affluence, received 
 the tribute of veneration. The Romans, 
 generally speaking, reckoned two classes 
 of the gods, the dii majorum gentium, or dii 
 consulentes, and the dii minorxim gentium. 
 The former were twelve in number, six 
 males and six females. In the class of 
 the latter, were ranked all the gods which 
 were worshipped in different parts of the 
 earth. There were also some called demi- 
 gods, who deserved immortality by the 
 greatness of their exploits, and for their 
 uncommon services to mankind. In pro- 
 cess of time also, all the passions, and the 
 moral virtues, were reckoned as powerful 
 deities, and temples were raised to a god- 
 dess of concord, peace, &c. Afterwards, 
 not only good and virtuous men, who had 
 been the patrons of learning and the sup- 
 porters of liberty, but also thieves and pi- 
 rates, were admitted among the gods: 
 and the Roman senate courteously granted 
 
DI 
 
 148 
 
 DI 
 
 immortality to the most cruel and aban- 
 doned of their emperors. 
 
 Du, a people of Thrace, on mount Rho- 
 dope. 
 
 Dimassus, an island near Rhodes. 
 
 Dinarchus, a Greek orator, son of Sos- 
 tratus, and disciple to Theophrastus, at 
 Athefis. He suffered himself to be bribed 
 by the enemies of the Athenians, 307 B. 
 
 C. A Corinthian ambassador, put to 
 
 death by Polyperchon. A native of De- 
 
 los, who collected some fables in Crete. 
 
 Dindymus or a (orum,) a mountain of 
 Phrygia. 
 
 Dinia, a town of Phrygia. A town 
 
 of Gaul, now Digue in Provence. 
 
 Diniche, the wife of Archidamus. 
 
 Dinias, a general of Cassander. A 
 
 man of Phera?, who seized the supreme 
 
 power at Cranon. A man who wrote 
 
 an history of Argos. 
 
 Dinochares, an architect, who finished 
 the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it 
 had been burnt by Erostratus. 
 
 Dinocrates, an architect of Macedonia, 
 who proposed to Alexander to cut mount 
 Athos in the form of a statue, holding a 
 city in one hand, and in the other a bason, 
 into which all the waters of the mountain 
 
 should empty themselves. A general 
 
 of Agathocles. A Messenian, who be- 
 haved with great effeminacy and wanton- 
 ness. He defeated Philopoemen, and put 
 him to death, B. C. 183. 
 
 Dinodochus, a swift runner. 
 
 Dinolochus, a Syracusan, who compos- 
 ed fourteen comedies. 
 
 Dinomenes, a tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 Dinon, a governor of Damascus, under 
 
 Ptolemy. The father of Clitarchus, 
 
 who wrote an history of Persia in Alexan- 
 der's age. 
 
 Dinosthenes, aman who made himself 
 a statue of an Olympian victor. 
 
 Dinostratus, a celebrated geometrician 
 in the age of Plato. 
 
 Dioclea, festivals in the spring at Me- 
 
 gara, in honor of Diocles. A town on 
 
 the coast of Dalmatia. 
 
 Diocles, a general of Athens. A 
 
 comic poet of Athens. An historian, 
 
 the first Grecian who ever wrote concern- 
 ing the origin of the Romans. One of 
 
 the four brothers placed over the citadel 
 
 of Corinth, by Archelaus. A rich man 
 
 of Messenia. A general of Syracuse. 
 
 Diocletianopolis, a town of Thessaly, 
 called so in honor of Dioclesian. 
 
 Diocletianus, (Caius Valerius Jovius) 
 a celebrated Roman Emperor, born of an 
 obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first 
 a common soldier, and by merit and suc- 
 cess he gradually rose to the office of a gen- 
 eral, and at the death of Numerian, he 
 was invested with the imperial purple. — 
 He was bold and resolute, active and dili- 
 gent. His cruelty, however, against the 
 
 followers of Christianity has been deserv- 
 edly branded with the appellation of un- 
 bounded tyranny, and insolent wanton- 
 ness. After he had reigned 21 years in the 
 greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated 
 the crown at Nicomedia, on the first of 
 May, A. D. 304, and retired to a private sta- 
 tion at Salona. Maximian, his colleague, 
 followed his example, but not from volun- 
 tary choice. He lived nine years after his 
 abdication in the greatest security and en- 
 joyment at Salona, and died in the 68th 
 year of his age. Dioclesian is the first 
 sovereign who voluntarily resigned his 
 power. 
 
 Diodorus, an historian, surnamed Sicu- 
 lus, because he was born at Argyra in Sic- 
 ily. He wrote an history of Egypt, Persia, 
 Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Car- 
 thage, which was divided into 40 books, 
 of which only 15 are extant, with some 
 few fragments. This valuable composition 
 was the work of an accurate inquirer, and 
 it is said that he visited all the places of 
 which he has made mention in his history- 
 It was the labor of 30 years. A disciple 
 
 of Euclid, in the age of Plato. A comic 
 
 poet. A son of Echeanax, who, with 
 
 his brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, mur 
 
 dered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus. 
 
 An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the 
 
 life of Anaximander. An orator of Sar- 
 
 des, in the time of the Mithridatic war. 
 
 A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero 
 
 A general of Demetrius. A writer, 
 
 surnamed Periegetus, who wrote a descrip- 
 tion of the earth. An African. 
 
 Dioetas, a general of Achaia. 
 
 Diogenes, a celebrated Cynic philoso- 
 pher of Sinope, pupil of Antisthenes ; re- 
 markable for the singularity of his man- 
 ners, and contempt of riches. It was his 
 practice to dress in the garb which distin- 
 guished the Cynics, and walk about the 
 streets with a tub over his head, which 
 served him as a house and a place of re- 
 pose. Alexander III. once condescended 
 to visit the philosopher in his tub ; and 
 asked him if there was anything in which 
 he could gratify or oblige him. "Get out 
 of my sunshine," was the answer of the 
 cynic. Such an independence of mind so 
 pleased the monarch, that he turned to his 
 courtiers, and said, "Were I not Alexan- 
 der, I would wish to be Diogenes." After 
 a life spent in the greatest indigence, he 
 
 died, in his 96th year, B. C. 324. There 
 
 was also a philosopher of this name who 
 attended Alexander in his Asiatic expedi- 
 tion, for the purpose of marking out and 
 
 delineating his march, &c. A stoic of 
 
 Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He died 
 in the 88th year of his age, after a life of 
 
 the most exemplary virtue. A native 
 
 of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge 
 
 of philosophy and physic. Laertiua, 
 
 an epicurean philosopher, born in Cilicia. 
 
or 
 
 149 
 
 DI 
 
 Diogenes died A. D. 223, A Macedo- 
 nian, who betrayed dalamis to Aratus. 
 
 DioGEJfiA, a daughter of Celeus. 
 
 A daughter of the Cephisus, who married 
 Erechtheus. 
 
 Diogenus, a man who conspired with 
 Dyarnus against Alexander. 
 
 Diognetus, a philosopher who instruct- 
 ed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in 
 writing dialogues. 
 
 Diomeda, a daughter of Phorbas, whom 
 Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his 
 
 mistress after the loss of Briseis. The 
 
 wife of Deion of Amyclas. 
 
 DioiiEDEs,sonof Tydeus,and Deiphyle, 
 king of ^Etolia, and one of the bravest of 
 the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He 
 went with Ulysses to steal the palladium 
 from the temple of Minerva at Troy ; and 
 assisted in murdering Rhesus, king of 
 
 Thrace, and carrying away his horses. 
 
 On his return from the siege of Troy, he 
 found that his wife /Egiale had been un- 
 faithful. He resolved to abandon his na- 
 tive country which was the seat of his dis- 
 grace. He came to t hat part of Italy which 
 has been called Magna Grap.cia, where he 
 built a city called Argyrippa, and married 
 the daughter of Daunus, the king of the 
 country. He died there in extreme old 
 
 age. A king of Thrace, son of Mars 
 
 and Cyrene, who fed his horses with hu- 
 man flesh. A friend of Alcibiades. 
 
 A grammarian. 
 
 Diomedon, an Athenian general, put to 
 death for his negligence at Arginusse. 
 
 Dion, a Syracusan, famous for his pow- 
 ers and abilities ; he was betrayed and 
 murdered by his friend, Callicrates, B. C. 
 354. His death was universally lamented 
 by the Syracusans, and a monument was 
 raised to his memory. A town of Mac- 
 edonia. Cassius, a native of Nicaja in 
 
 Bithynia. His father's name was Aproni- 
 amis. He was raised to the greatest offi- 
 ces of state in the Roman empire by Perti- 
 nax and his three successors. Naturally 
 fond of study, he improved himself by 
 unwearied application, and was ten years 
 in collecting materials for an history of 
 R.onie, which he made public in SO books, 
 afte* a laborious employment of 12 years 
 in composing it. Dion nourished about 
 
 the 230th year of the christian era. A 
 
 famous Christian writer, surnamed Chry- 
 sostom. 
 
 Dionjea, a surname of Venus, supposed 
 to be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 
 
 Dione, a nymph, daughter of Nereus 
 and Doris. 
 
 Dionysia, festivals in honor of Bacchus 
 among the Greeks. At first they were 
 celebrated with great simplicity, and the 
 time was consecrated to mirth. It was 
 then usual to bring a vessel of wine adorn- 
 ed with a vine branch, after which follow- 
 ed n goat, a basket of figs, p.nd {he (paZXo!, 
 13* ' 
 
 The worshippers imitated in their dress 
 and actions the poetical fictions concerning 
 Bacchus. They clothed themselves in 
 fawn's skins, fine linen, and mitres, they 
 carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, 
 and crowned themselves with garlands of 
 ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, 
 Pan, and tbe satyrs by the uncouth man- 
 ner of their dress, and their fantastical 
 motions. Some rode upon asses, and others 
 drove the goats to slaughter for the sacri- 
 fice. In this manner both sexos joined in 
 the solemnity, and ran about the hills and 
 country, nodding their heads, dancing in 
 ridiculous postures, and filling the air with 
 hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying 
 aloud, Evoe Bacche ! lo ! Io ! Evoe ! Iac- 
 che ! Iobacche ! Evohe ! With such so- 
 lemnities were the festivals of Bacchus 
 celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the 
 Athenians. The festivals of Bacchus were 
 almost innumerable. They were celebrat- 
 ed by the Greeks with great licentiousness, 
 and contributed much to the corruption of 
 morals among all ranks of people. They 
 were also introduced into Tuscany, and 
 from thence to Rome. 
 
 Dionvsides, two small islands near 
 Crete. Festivals in honor of Bacchus. 
 
 Dion? sias, a fountain. 
 
 Dionysides, a tragic poet of Tarsus. 
 
 Dionysiodorus, a famous geometer. 
 
 A Boeotian historian. A Tarentine, 
 
 who obtained a prize at Olympia. 
 
 Dionysion, a temple of Bacchus in At- 
 tica. 
 
 Dionysipoli3, a town of Thrace. 
 
 Dionysius 1st, a tyrant of Sicily, who 
 usurped the throne," and vowed eternal 
 enmity against Carthage. He experienced 
 various success in his wars against that 
 republic ; but his tyranny and cruelty at 
 home rendered him odious to his subjects ; 
 and he became so suspicious, that he 
 would not admit even his wife or chil- 
 dren to his private apartments, without 
 a previous examination of their garments ; 
 and never trusted his head to a barber, 
 but always burned his beard. He made 
 a subterraneous cave in a rock cut in 
 the form of a human ear, eighty feet in 
 height, and 250 in length, for the pur- 
 pose of hearing the discourse of his vic- 
 tims, who were confined in chambers 
 above. He died B. C. 368, at the age of 
 63, after a reign of 33 years ; and wa3 suc- 
 ceeded by his son, Dionysius II., who in 
 herited ail his father's vices, yet wished 
 to be thought a great poet ; and it is said 
 that he died through excess of joy, at 
 hearing that a tragedy of his own compo- 
 sition had been rewarded with a poetical 
 
 prize. An historian of HaUcartiassus, 
 
 who left his country and carne to reside at 
 Rome, that he might carefully study all 
 the Greek and Latin writers, whose com 
 positions treated of the Roman history 
 
BI 
 
 150 
 
 DO 
 
 After an unremitted application, during 
 twenty -four years, he gave to the world his 
 Roman antiquities in twenty books, of 
 which only the eleven first are now ex- 
 tant, nearly containing the account of 
 three hundred and twelve years. To the 
 merits of the elegant historian, Diony- 
 sius, also added the equally respectable 
 character of the eloquent orator, the critic, 
 and the politician. He lived during the 
 Augustan age, and came to Rome about 
 
 thirty years before the Christian era. 
 
 A tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age 
 of Alexander the Great. He was of such 
 an uncommon corpulence that he never 
 exposed his person in public. A sur- 
 name of Bacchus. A disciple of Chae- 
 
 remon. — A native of Chalcis, who wrote 
 
 a book entitled the origins of cities. 
 
 A commander of the Ionian fleet against 
 
 the Persians. A general of Antiochus 
 
 Hierax. A philosopher of Heraclea, dis- 
 ciple to Zeno. An epic poet of Mitylene. 
 
 A sophist of Pergamus. A writer 
 
 in the Augustan age. The music mas- 
 ter of Epaminondas. A celebrated 
 
 critic. A rhetorician of Magnesia. 
 
 A Messenian madman. A native of 
 
 Thrace, generally called the Rhodian, 
 because he lived there. He wrote some 
 grammatical treatises and commentaries, 
 B. C. 64. A painter of Colophon. 
 
 Diophanes, a man who joined Pelopon- 
 nesus to the Achaean league. A rheto- 
 rician intimate with Tib. Gracchus. 
 
 Diophantus, an Athenian general of 
 the Greek troops in the service of Necta- 
 
 nebus of Egypt. A Greek orator of 
 
 Mitylene, preceptor to Tib. Gracchus. 
 
 An arithmetician of Alexandria in the 
 
 fourth century. 
 
 Diopcenus, a noble sculptor of Crete. 
 
 Diopolis, a name of Cabira, a town of 
 Paphlagonia. 
 
 Diores, a friend of JEneas, killed by 
 Turnus. 
 
 Dioryctus, a place of Acarnania, where 
 a canal was cut to make Leucadia an is- 
 land. 
 
 Dioscorides, a native of Cilicia who 
 was physician to Antony and Cleopatra, 
 or lived as some suppose in the age of Ne- 
 ro. A man who wrote an account of the 
 
 republic of Lacedaemon. A nephew 
 
 of Antigonus. A Cyprian, blind of one 
 
 eye. A disciple of Isocrates An 
 
 astrologer. 
 
 Dioscoridis insula, an island at the 
 south of the entrance of the Arabic Gulf. 
 
 Dioscuri, or sons of Jupiter, a name giv- 
 en to Castor and Pollux. 
 
 Dioscurias, a town of Colchis. 
 
 Diospage, a town of Mesopotamia. 
 
 DiosPOLis,or Theb^e, a famous city of 
 Egypt. 
 
 Diotime, a woman who gave lectures 
 upon philosophy. 
 
 Diotimus, an Athenian skilled in mari- 
 time affairs. A stoic who flourished 85, 
 
 B. C. 
 
 Diotrephes, an Athenian officer. 
 
 Dioxiffe, one of the Danaides. 
 
 Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander. 
 
 An Athenian boxer. A Trojan killed 
 
 by Turnus. 
 
 Dip-e-e, a place of Peloponnesus, where 
 a battle was fought between the Arcadi- 
 ans and Spartans. 
 
 Diphilas, a man sent to Rhodes by the 
 Spartans to destroy the Athenian faction 
 
 there. A governor of Babylon. An 
 
 historian. 
 
 Diphilus, an Athenian general, A.TJ. C. 
 
 311. An architect so slow in finishing 
 
 his works, that Diphilo tardior became a 
 proverb. A tragic writer. 
 
 Diphoridas, one of the Ephoriat Sparta. 
 
 Difocnje, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Dipolis, a name given to Lemnos, as 
 having two cities, Hephaestia and Myrina. 
 
 Dipsas, a river of Cilicia, flowing from 
 mount Taurus. A profligate and incon- 
 tinent woman. A kind of serpent. 
 
 Dipylon, one of the gates of Athens. 
 
 Dir.e, the daughters of Acheron and 
 Nox, who persecuted the souls of the guilty. 
 They are the same as the Furies, and some 
 suppose that they are called Furies in hell, 
 Harpies on earth, and Dine in heaven. 
 
 Dirce, a woman whom Lycus, king of 
 Thebes, married after he had divorced 
 Antiope. She treated Antiope with great 
 cruelty, and was so severely punished for 
 it by her sons, that the gods from pity 
 changed her into a fountain. 
 
 Dircenna, a cold fountain of Spain 
 near Bilbilis. 
 
 Dirphya, a surname of Juno. 
 
 Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as 
 Pluto the god of hell. 
 
 Discordia, a malevolent deity, daughter 
 of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcae 
 and Death. She was driven from heaven 
 by Jupiter, because she sowed dissentions 
 among the gods, and was the cause of con- 
 tinual quarrels. 
 
 Dithyrambus, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Dittani, a people of Spain. 
 
 Divi, a name chiefly appropriated to 
 those who were made gods after death, or 
 the Lares, and Penates, and other domestic 
 gods. 
 
 Divitiacu9, one of the jEdui, intimate 
 with Cassar. 
 
 Dium, a town of Eubcea. A promon- 
 tory of Crete. A town of Macedonia. 
 
 Divodurum a town of Gaul, now Meli 
 in Lorrain. 
 
 Divus Fidius, a god of the Sabines. 
 
 Diyllus, an Athenian historian. A 
 
 statuary. 
 
 Doberes, a people of Paeonia. 
 
 Docilis, a gladiator at Rome. 
 
 Docimus, a man of Tarentum, deprived 
 
DO 
 
 151 
 
 DO 
 
 of his military dignity by Philip, son of 
 
 Ainyntas. An officer of Antigonus. — 
 
 An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. 
 
 Dodosa, a town of Thesprotia, in Epi- 
 rus, or according to others, in Thessaly. 
 There was in its neighborhood, upon a 
 small hill called Tmarus a celebrated ora- 
 cle of Jupiter. The town and temple of 
 the god were first built by Deucalion, after 
 the universal deluge. It was supposed to 
 be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, 
 and according to the traditions of the 
 Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was 
 founded by a dove. 
 
 Dodonsus, a surname of Jupiter from 
 Dodona. 
 
 Dodose, a daughter of Jupiter and Eu- 
 ropa. A fountain in the forest of Do- 
 dona. 
 
 Dodonides, the priestesses who gave 
 oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Do- 
 dona. 
 
 Don, a people of Arabia Felix. 
 
 Dolabella, P. Corn., a Roman who 
 married the daughter of Cicero. After 
 the death of J. Caesar, he received the 
 government of Syria, as his province. He 
 was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea, and 
 when he saw that all was lost, he killed 
 himself, in the twenty-seventh year of his 
 age. A proconsul of Africa. Anoth- 
 er who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, 
 and Boii at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283. 
 The family of the Dolabella? distin- 
 guished themselves at Rome. 
 
 Dolichaon, the father of the Hebrus. 
 
 Doliche, an island in the iEgean sea. 
 
 —A town of Syria — of Macedonia. 
 
 Dolius, a faithful servant of Ulysses. 
 
 Dolomena, a country of Assyria. 
 
 Dolon, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, fa- 
 mous for his swiftness. A poet. 
 
 Dolonci, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Dojlopes, a people of Thessaly, near 
 mount Pindus. 
 
 Dolopia, the country of the Dolopes, 
 near Pindus. 
 
 Dolops, a Trojan, son of Lampus, kill- 
 ed by Menelaus. 
 
 Domidtjcus, a god who presided over 
 marriage. 
 
 Dominica, a daughter of Petronius, who 
 married the emperor Valens. 
 
 Domitia lex de Religione, transferred 
 the right of electing priests from the col- 
 lege to the people, A. U. C. 630. 
 
 Domitia Longina, an infamous Roman 
 lady, wife of the emperor Domitian. 
 
 Domitianus, Titus Flavius, son of Ves- 
 pasian and Flavia Domatilla, made him- 
 self emperor of Rome, at the death of his 
 brother Titus, whom according to some 
 accounts he destroyed by poison. In the 
 latter part of his reign Domitian became 
 suspicious, and his anxieties were increas- 
 ed by the stings of remorse. He was so 
 distrustful even when alone, that round 
 
 the terrace, where he usually walked, he 
 built a wall with shining stone, that from 
 them he might perceive as in a looking- 
 glass whether any body followed him. 
 All these precautions were unavailing, 
 he perished by the hand of an assassin 
 the eighteenth of September, A. D. 96, in 
 the forty-fifth year of his age, and the fif- 
 teenth of his reign. He was the last of 
 the twelve Caesars. 
 
 Domitilla, Flavia, wife of Vespasian. 
 A niece of the emperor Domitian. 
 
 Domitius Domitianus, a general of Di- 
 oclesian in Egypt. He assumed the im- 
 perial purple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and 
 supported the dignity of emperor for about 
 
 two years. He died a violent death. 
 
 Cn. yEnobarbus, a Roman consul, who 
 conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 
 twenty thousand of the enemy on the field 
 of battle, and took three thousand prison- 
 ers. A grammarian in the reign of 
 
 Adrian. A Roman who revolted from 
 
 Antony to Augustus. The father of 
 
 Nero, famous for his cruelties and debauch- 
 eries. A tribune of the people, who 
 
 conquered the Allobroges. A consul. 
 
 Another consul under Caligula. 
 
 A Latin poet called also Marsus in the 
 
 age of Horace. Afer, an orator, who 
 
 was preceptor to Guintilian. He was 
 made a consul by Nero, and died A. D. 59. 
 
 ^Elius Donatus, a grammarian who 
 
 flourished A. D. 353. A bishop of Numi. - 
 
 dia, A. D. 311. A bishop of Africa. 
 
 Donilaus, a prince of Gallograecia. 
 
 Donuca, a mountain of Thrace. 
 
 Donysa, one of the Cyclades. 
 
 Doracte, an island in the Persian gul 
 
 Dores, the inhabitants of Doris. 
 
 Dori and Dorica, a part of Achaianear 
 Athens. 
 
 Doricus, an epithet applied not only to 
 Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. 
 
 Dorienses, a people of Crete of Gy- 
 rene. 
 
 Dorieus, a son of Anaxandridas, who 
 
 went with a colony into Sicily. A son 
 
 of Diagoras of Rhodes. 
 
 Dorilas, a rich Libyan prince, killed 
 in the court of Cepheus. 
 
 Dorilaus, a general of the great Mith- 
 ridates. 
 
 Dorion, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Doris, a country of Greece, between 
 Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It was 
 called Tetrapolis, from the four cities of 
 Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, 
 Borium, which it contained. The name 
 of Doris has been common to many parts 
 
 of Greece. A goddess of the sea, 
 
 daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She 
 married her brother Nereus, by whom she 
 
 had fifty daughters called Nereides. 
 
 A woman of Locri, whom Dionysius the 
 elder, married the same day with Aristo- 
 mache. One of the fifty Nereides. 
 
DR 
 
 152 
 
 Bfl 
 
 DoHiscus, a place of Thrace near the 
 sea, where Xerxes numbered his forces. 
 
 Dorium, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 One of the Danaides. 
 
 Dorics, a mountain of Asia Minor. 
 
 DoassN.Ntrs, a comic poet of great merit. 
 
 Dorso, C. Fabius, a Roman, who when 
 Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, 
 issued from the capitol, which was then 
 besieged, to go and offer a sacrifice, which 
 was to be offered on mount Guirinalis. 
 
 Dorus, a son of Deucalion, who left 
 Phthiotis, and went to make a settlement 
 near mount Ossa. The country was call- 
 ed Doris. A city of Phoenicia. 
 
 Doryasus, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus. 
 
 Doryclu3, an illegitimate son of Priam. 
 A brother of Phineus king of Thrace. 
 
 Doryi^eum and Dorvl^us, a city of 
 Phrygia, now Eski Shehr. 
 
 Dorylas, one of the centaurs killed by 
 Theseus. 
 
 Dorylaus, a warlike person, intimate 
 with Mithridates Evergetes, and general 
 of the Gnossians, B.C. 125. 
 
 Doryssus, a king of Laceda?mon, killed 
 in a tumult. 
 
 Dosci, a people near the Euxine. 
 
 Dosiadas, a poet who wrote a piece of 
 poetry in the form of an altar which The- 
 ocritus has imitated. 
 
 Dosiades, a Greek, who wrote an histo- 
 ry of Crete. 
 
 Doson, a surname of Antigonus, be- 
 cause he promised and never performed. 
 
 Dossenus. Via*. Dorsennus. 
 
 Dotadas, a king of Messenia. 
 
 Doto, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Dotus, a general of the Paphlagoniar.s, 
 in the army of Xerxes. 
 
 Doxaxder, a man mentioned by Jirit- 
 toile. 
 
 Dracanus, a mountain where Jupiter 
 took Bacchus from his thigh. 
 
 Draco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. 
 When he exercised the office of archon, 
 he made a code of laws, B. C. 623, which, 
 on account of their severity, were said to 
 be written in letters of blood. By them, 
 idleness was punished with as much se- 
 verity as murder, and death was denounc- 
 ed against the one as well as the other. 
 These laws were at first enforced, but 
 they were often neglected on account of 
 their extreme severity, and Solon totally 
 abolished them, except that one which 
 punished a murderer with death. The 
 
 popularity of Draco was very great. 
 
 A man who instructed Plato in music. 
 
 Dracontides, a wicked citizen of 
 Athens. 
 
 Dracus, a general of the Acha?ans, con- 
 quered by Mummius. 
 
 Deances, a friend of Latinus, remarka- 
 ble for his weakness and eloquence. 
 
 Drasgina, a province of Persia. 
 
 Draft.?, a seditious Gaul. 
 
 Dravus, a river of Noricum. 
 
 Drefana and Drepanum, now Trapani, 
 a town of Sicily near mount Eryx, in the 
 form of a scythe. A promontory of Pe- 
 loponnesus. 
 
 Drilo, a river of Macedonia. 
 
 Drimackus, a famous robber of Chios. 
 
 Drinus, a small river falling into the 
 Save and Danube. 
 
 Driofides, an Athenian ambassador 
 sent to Darius when the peace with Alex- 
 ander had been violated. 
 
 Drios, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Droi, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Drom^us, a surname of Apollo in Crete. 
 
 Dropici, a people of Persia. 
 
 Dropion, a king of Paeonia. 
 
 Druentius and Druentia, now Du- 
 rance, a rapid river of Gaul. 
 
 Drugeri, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Druidje, the ministers of religion 
 among the ancient Gauls and Britons. 
 They were held in the greatest venera- 
 tion by the people. Their life was aus- 
 tere and recluse from the world, their 
 dress was peculiar to themselves, and 
 they generally appeared with a tunic 
 which reached a little below the knee. 
 As the chief power was lodged in their 
 hands, they punished as they pleased, and 
 could declare war and make peace at their 
 option. Their power was extended not 
 only over private families, but they could 
 depose magistrates and even kings, if their 
 actions in any manner deviated from the 
 laws of the state. 
 
 Druna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, fall- 
 ing into the Rhone. 
 
 Drusilla Li via, a daughter of Germa- 
 nicus and Agrippina, famous for tier licen- 
 tiousness. A daughter of Agrippa king 
 
 of Judea. 
 
 Druso, an unskilful historian and mean 
 usurer. 
 
 Drusus, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, 
 who made himself famous by his intrepid- 
 ity and courage in the provinces of lUyri- 
 
 cum and Pannonia. A son of Gennani- 
 
 cus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of 
 the greatest trust under Tiberius. The 
 emperor became suspicious of him, and 
 put him to death. A son of the em- 
 peror Claudius, who died by swallowing 
 
 a pear thrown in the air. An ambitious 
 
 Roman, grandfather toCato. Livius, 
 
 father of Julia Au«usta, was intimate with 
 Brutus, and killed-himself with him after 
 
 the battle of Philippi. M. Livius, a 
 
 celebrated Roman who renewed the pro- 
 posals of the Agrarian laws, which had 
 proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was mur- 
 dered as he entered his house, B. C. ]90. 
 
 Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius No 
 
 ro and Livia, adopted by Augustus. 
 
 Marcus, a prestor. The plebeian family 
 
 of the Drusi produced eight consuls, two 
 censors, and one dictator. 
 
DU 
 
 153 
 
 DY 
 
 Dryades, nymphs that presided over 
 the woods. 
 
 Dryantiades, a patronymic of Lycur- 
 gus, king of Thrace, son of Dryas. 
 
 Dryas, a son of Hippolocus. He went 
 with Eteocles to the Theban war, where 
 
 he perished. A son of Mars, who 
 
 went to the chase of the Calydonian boar. 
 
 A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithous, 
 
 who killed Khaatus. A daughter of 
 
 Faunus, who so hated the sight of men, 
 
 that she never appeared in public. A 
 
 son of Lycurgus, killed by his own father 
 
 in a fury. A son of iEgyptus, murdered 
 
 by his wife Eurydice. 
 
 Drymjea, a town of Phocis. 
 
 Drymo, a sea nymph, one of the attend- 
 ants of Cyrene. 
 
 Drymus, a town between Attica and 
 Bceotia. 
 
 Dryofe, a woman of Lemnos. A 
 
 virgin of CEchalia. A nymph, mother 
 
 of Tarquitus by Faunus. A nymph of 
 
 Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury. 
 
 Dryopeia, an anniversary day observ- 
 ed at Asine in Argolis, in honor of Dry- 
 ops the son of Apollo. 
 
 Dryopes, a people of Greece, near 
 mount CEta. 
 
 Dryopis and Dryopida, a small country 
 at the foot of mount CEta in Thessaly. 
 
 Dryops, a son of Priam. A son of 
 
 Apollo A friend of -(Eneas. 
 
 Drvpetis, the younger daughter of Da- 
 rius. 
 
 Dubis, or Alduadubis, the Dauz, a 
 river of Gaul. 
 
 Dubius, a town of Britain. 
 
 Ducetius, a Sicilian general, who died 
 B. C. 440. 
 
 Duillia Lex, A. U. C. 304. It made it 
 a crime to leave the Roman people with- 
 out its tribunes. Another, A. U. C. 392, 
 
 to regulate what interest ought to be paid 
 for money lent. 
 
 C. Duillius Nepos, a Roman consul, 
 the first who obtained a victory over the 
 naval power of Carthage, B. C.260. 
 
 Dulichium, an island of the Ionian sea, 
 opposite the Achelous. 
 
 Dumnorix, a powerful chief among the 
 ^Edui. 
 
 Dunax, a mountain of Thrace. 
 
 Duratius Picto, a Gaul, who remained 
 
 in perpetual friendship with the Roman 
 people. 
 
 Duris, an historian of Samos, who flour- 
 ished B. C. 257. 
 
 Durius, a large river of ancient Spain, 
 now called the Duero. 
 
 Durocasses, the chief residence of the 
 Druids in Gaul, now Dreux. 
 
 Duronia, a town of the Samnites. 
 
 Dusn, some deities among the Gauls. 
 
 Duumviri, two noble patricians at 
 Rome, first appointed by Tarquin to keep 
 the Sybilline books, which were supposed 
 to contain the fate of the Roman empire. 
 These priests continued in their original 
 institution till the year U. C. 388, when a 
 law was proposed by the tribunes to in- 
 crease the number to ten, to be chosen 
 promiscuously from patrician and plebeian 
 families. 
 
 Dyagondas, a Theban legislator, who 
 abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. 
 
 Dyardenses, a river in the extremities 
 of India. 
 
 Dymje, a town of Achaia. 
 
 DvMiEi, a people of ^Etolia. 
 
 Dymas, a Trojan, who joined himself to 
 iEneas when Troy was taken, and was at 
 last killed by his countrymen, who took 
 him to be an enemy because he had dress- 
 ed himself in the armor of one of the 
 
 Greeks he had slain. The father of 
 
 Hecuba. 
 
 Dymnus, one of Alexander's officers. 
 He conspired with many of his fellow sol- 
 diers against his master's life. The con- 
 spiracy was discovered, and Dymnus stab- 
 bed himself before he was brought before 
 the king. 
 
 Dynamene, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Dynaste, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Dyras, a river of Trachinia. 
 
 Dyraspes, a river of Scythia. 
 
 Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among 
 the inhabitants of that neighborhood. 
 
 Dyrrachium, now Durazzo, a large city 
 of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic 
 sea. 
 
 Dysaules, a brother of Celeus, who in- 
 stitued the mysteries of Ceres at Ce- 
 leae. 
 
 Dyscinetus, an Athenian archon. 
 
 Dysorum, a mountain of Thrace. 
 
 Dyspontii, a people of Elis. 
 
 EA 
 
 EB 
 
 EANES, a man supposed to have killed 
 Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus 
 in Thessaly. 
 
 Eanus, the name of Janus among the 
 ancient Latins. 
 
 Earinus, a beautiful boy, in the service 
 of Domitian. 
 
 Easium, a town of Achaia in Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Ebbome, a festival in honor of Apoilo 
 Q* 
 
EC 
 
 154 
 
 EL 
 
 at Athens on the seventh day of every lu- 
 nar month. 
 
 Ebon, a name given to Bacchus. 
 
 Ebora, a town of Portugal, now Evora. 
 
 Eboracum, York in England. 
 
 Ebud.e, the western isles of Britain, 
 now Hebrides. 
 
 Eburones, a people of Belgium, now 
 the county of Liege. 
 
 Ebusus, one of the Baleares, one hun- 
 dred miles in circumference, which pro- 
 duces no hurtful animals. A man en- 
 gaged in the Rutulian war. 
 
 Ecbatana (orum) now Hamedan, the 
 capital of Media. A town of Syria. 
 
 Eoechiria, the wife of Iphitus. 
 
 Ecetra, a town of the Volsci. 
 
 Echecrates, a Thessalian, who offered 
 violence to Phoebas the priestess of Apol- 
 lo's temple of Delphi. 
 
 Echedamia, a town of Phocis. 
 
 Echelatus, a man who led a colony to 
 Africa. 
 
 Echelta, a fortified town in Sicily. 
 
 Echelus, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- 
 
 troclus. Another, son of Agenor, killed 
 
 by Achilles. 
 
 Echembrotus, an Arcadian, who ob- 
 tained the prize at the Pythian games. 
 
 Echemon,u son of Priam, killed by Di- 
 omedes. 
 
 Echemus, an Arcadian, who conquered 
 the Dorians. A king of Arcadia. 
 
 Echeneus, a Pheacian. 
 
 Echephron, one of Nestor's sons. 
 
 A son of Priam. A son of Hercules. 
 
 Echepolis, a Trojan, killed by Antilo- 
 chus. 
 
 Echestratus, a son of Agis 1st, king 
 tf Sparta, who succeeded his father, B.C. 
 1058. 
 
 Echevethenses, a people of Tegea in 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Echidna, a celebrated monster, repre- 
 sented as a beautiful woman in the upper 
 parts of the body, but as a serpent below 
 the waist. 
 
 Echidorus, a river of Thrace. 
 
 Echinades or Echini, five small is- 
 lands near Acarnania, at the mouth of the 
 river Achelous. 
 
 Echinon, a city of Thrace. 
 
 Echinus, an island in the ^Egean. A 
 
 town of Acarnania of Phthiotis. 
 
 Echinussa, an island near Euboea. 
 
 Echion, one of those men who sprung 
 from the dragon's teeth sown by Cad- 
 mus. He succeeded Cadmus on the throne 
 
 of Thebes. A son of Mercury and An- 
 
 tianha, who was the herald of the Argo- 
 nauts. A man who often obtained a 
 
 prize in running. A musician at Rome 
 
 in Domitian's age. A statuary. A 
 
 painter. 
 
 Echionides, a patronymic of Pentheus. 
 Echionius, an epithet applied to a per- 
 son born in Thebes. 
 
 Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, 
 one of Juno's attendants. Her loquacity 
 displeased Jupiter ; and she was deprived 
 of the power of speech by Juno. Echo 
 fell in love with Narcissus, and on being 
 despised by him, she pined away, and was 
 changed into a stone. 
 
 Ecnomos, a mountain of Sicily. 
 
 Edessa and Edesa, a town of Syria. 
 
 Edess2e portus, a harbor of Sicily, near 
 Pachynus. 
 
 Edeta or Leria, a town of Spain along 
 the river Sucro. 
 
 Edissa and jEdessa, a town of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also 
 Edonus. 
 
 Edoni or Edones, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Edonides, a name given to the priest- 
 esses of Bacchus. 
 
 Edylius, a mountain which Sylla seized 
 to attack the people of Cheronaea. 
 
 Eetion, the father of Andromache, kill- 
 ed by Achilles. The commander of the 
 
 Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedo- 
 nians under Clytus. 
 
 Egelidus, a river of Etruria. 
 
 Egeria, a nymph of Aricia in Italy. 
 Egeria was courted by Numa, and accord- 
 ing to Ovid she became his wife. 
 
 Egesaretus, a Thessalian of Larissa, 
 who favored the interest of Pompey du- 
 ring the civil wars. 
 
 Egesinus, a philosopher, pupil to Evan- 
 der. 
 
 Egesta, a daughter of Hippotes the 
 Trojan. 
 
 Egnatia Maximilla, a woman who 
 accompanied her husband into banishment 
 under Nero. A town. Vid. Gnatia. 
 
 P. Egnatius, a crafty and perfidious Ro- 
 man in the reign of Nero. 
 
 Eion, a commercial place at the mouth 
 of the Strymon. 
 
 Eione9, a village of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Eioneus, a Greek killed by Hector in 
 
 the Trojan war. A Thracian, father to 
 
 Rhesus. 
 
 Elabontas, a river near Antioch. 
 
 El^ea, a town of ^Eolia. An island 
 
 in the Propontis. 
 
 Eljeus, a part of Epirus. A surname 
 
 of Jupiter. A town of the Thracian 
 
 Chersonesus. 
 
 Elagabalus, the surname of the sun at 
 Emessa. 
 
 Elaites, a grove near Canopus in Egypt. 
 
 Elaius, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Elaphijea, a surname of Diana in Elis. 
 
 Elaphus, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Elapheboha, a festival in honor of Di- 
 ana the Huntress. In the celebration a 
 cake was made in the form of a deer, and 
 offered to the goddess. 
 
 Elaptoniijs, a youth who conspired 
 against Alexander. 
 Elara, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupi- 
 
EL 
 
 155 
 
 EL 
 
 ler. A daughter of Orchomenus king 
 
 of Arcadia. 
 
 Elatea, the largest town of Phocis, near 
 the Cephisus. 
 
 Elatia, a town of Phocis of Thes- 
 
 saly. 
 
 Elatus, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, 
 
 B. C. 760. A mountain of Asia of 
 
 Zacynthus. A king in the army of 
 
 Priam, killed by Agamemnon. 
 
 Elaver, a river in Gaul. 
 
 ELEA,atown of Campania — of JEolia. 
 
 Electra, one of the Oceauides. A 
 
 daughter of Atlas, changed into a constel- 
 lation. One of the Danaides. A 
 
 daughter of Agamemnon king of Argoa. 
 Her adventures and misfortunes form one 
 of the interesting tragedies of the poet 
 
 Sophocles. A sister of Cadmus. A 
 
 city and river of Messenia in Peloponne- 
 sus. One of Helen's female attendants. 
 
 Electro, a gate of Thebes. 
 
 Electrides, islands in the Adriatic sea, 
 which received their name from the quan- 
 tity of amber, (electrum) which they pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Electrvon, a king of Argos, son of 
 Perseus and Andromeda. He sent his sons 
 against the Teleboans, who had ravaged 
 his country, and they were all killed ex- 
 cept Lycimnius. Upon this Electryon 
 promised his crown and daughter in mar- 
 riage to him who could undertake to pun- 
 ish the Teleboans for the death of his sons. 
 Amphitryon offered himself and succeed- 
 ed. Electryon inadvertently perished by 
 the hand of his son-in-law. 
 
 Elei, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. 
 They were formerly called Epei. 
 
 Eleleus, a surname of Eacchus. 
 
 Eleon, a village of Bceotia. Another 
 
 in Phocis. 
 
 Eleontom, a town of the Thracian 
 Chersonesus. 
 
 ^ Elephantis, a poetess. A princess 
 
 b/ whom Danaus had two daughters. 
 
 An island in the river Nile. 
 
 Elephantophagi, a people of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Elephenor, son of Chalcedon, was one 
 of Helen's suitors. 
 
 Eleporus, a river of Magna Graecia. 
 
 Eleuchia, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Eleus, a city of Thrace. A river of 
 
 Media. A king of Elis. 
 
 Eleusinia, a great festival, the most 
 celebrated of all the religious ceremonies 
 of Greece, whence it is often called by 
 way of eminence, uvotjjQhx, the mysteries. 
 This festival was sacred to Ceres and Pro- 
 Berpine, every thing contained a mystery, 
 and Ceres herself was known only by the 
 name of a^^eiu from the sorrow and grief 
 {a/&oz) which she suffered for the loss of 
 her daughter. The Hierophantes had three 
 Attendants. The Eleusinianmvsterieshave 
 been deemed the most sacred" and solemn 
 
 of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. 
 Some have supposed them to be obscene 
 and abominable, and that from thence pro- 
 ceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They 
 were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the 
 reign of Adrian, where they were observ- 
 ed with the same ceremonies as before, 
 though perhaps with more freedom and 
 licentiousness. They lasted about 1,800 
 years, and were at last abolished by Theo- 
 dosius the Great. 
 
 Eleusis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, 
 celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. 
 
 Eleuther, a son of Apollo. One of 
 
 the Curetes. 
 
 Eleuth£r.e, a village of Bosotia. 
 
 Eleutheria, a festival celebrated at 
 Plata±a in honor of Jupiter Eleutherius, or 
 the assertor of liberty, by delegates from 
 almost all the cities of Greece. The Pla- 
 taeans celebrated also an anniversary festi- 
 val in memory of those who had lost their 
 lives in the famous victory obtained by the 
 Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius 
 the Persian general. After him followed 
 chariots loaded with myrrh, garlands, 
 and a black bull, and certain free young 
 men. There was also a festival of the 
 same name observed by the Samians in 
 honor of the god of Love. Slaves also, 
 when they obtained their liberty, kept a 
 holyday which they called Eleutheria. 
 
 Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina. 
 
 Eleutherocilices, a people of Cilicia. 
 
 Eleutheros, a river of Syria. 
 
 Elicius, a surname of Jupiter. 
 
 Eliensis and Eliaca, a sect of philoso- 
 phers founded by Phtedon of Elis. 
 
 Elimea, or Elimiotis, a district of Ma- 
 cedonia. 
 
 Elis, a country of Peloponnesus. The 
 capital of the country called Elis, now 
 Belviderc, became large and populous in 
 the age of Demosthenes, though in the age 
 of Homer it did not exist. Elis was fa- 
 mous for its horses. 
 
 Eliphasii, a people of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more common- 
 ly known by the name of Dido. 
 
 Elissus, a river of Elis. 
 
 Ellopia, a town of Euboea. An an- 
 cient name of that island. 
 
 Elorus, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Elos, a city of Achaia. 
 
 Elot.-e. Fid. Helotae. 
 
 Elpenor, one of the companions of 
 Ulysses, changed into a hog by Circe's 
 potions, and afterwards restored to his for- 
 mer shape. 
 
 Elpinice, a daughter of Miltiades, who 
 married a man that promised to release 
 from confinement her brother and hus- 
 band, whom the laws of Athens had made 
 responsible for the fine imposed on his 
 father. 
 
 Eluina, a surname of Ceres. 
 
 Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. 
 
EN 
 
 156 
 
 EP 
 
 Eltmais, a country of Persia, between 
 the Persian gulf and Media. The capital 
 of the country was called Elymais, and 
 was famous for a rich temple of Diana. 
 
 Elymi, a nation descended from the 
 Trojans. 
 
 Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes 
 in Sicily. 
 
 Elyrus, a town of Crete. 
 
 Elysium and Elysii Campi, a place or 
 island in the infernal regions, where, ac- 
 cording to the mythology of the ancients, 
 the souls of the virtuous were placed after 
 death. There happiness was complete, 
 the pleasures were innocent and refined. 
 The air was wholesome, serene, and tem- 
 perate | the birds continually warbled in 
 the groves, and the inhabitants were bless- 
 ed with another sun and other stars. The 
 Elysian fields were, according to some, in 
 the Fortunate islands on the coast of Af- 
 rica, in the Atlantic. 
 
 Emathia, a name given anciently to the 
 countries which formed the empires of 
 Macedonia and Thessaly. 
 
 Emathion, a son of Titan and Aurora, 
 
 who reigned in Macedonia. A man 
 
 killed at the nuptials of Perseus and An- 
 dromeda. 
 
 Emathion, a man killed in the wars of 
 Turnus. 
 
 Embatum, a place of Asia, opposite 
 Chios. 
 
 Embolima, a town of India. 
 
 Emerita, a town of Spain, famous for 
 dying wool. 
 
 "Emessa and Emissa, a town of Phoeni- 
 cia. 
 
 Emoda, a mountain of India. 
 
 Empedocles, a philosopher, poet, patri- 
 ot, and historian of Agrigentum in Sicily, 
 who flourished 444 B. C. It is reported 
 that his curiosity to visit the flames of the 
 crater of zEtna, proved fatal to him. Some 
 maintain that he wished it to be believed 
 that he was a god, and that his death 
 might be unknown, he threw himself into 
 the crater and perished in the flames. 
 The volcano, however, by throwing up 
 one of his sandals, discovered to the world 
 that Empedocles had perished by fire. 
 
 Emperamus, a Lacedfemonian general 
 in the second Messenian war. 
 
 Empoclus, an historian. 
 
 Emporia Punica, certain places near 
 the Syrtes. 
 
 Emporia, a town of Spain in Catalonia, 
 now Amj>urias. 
 
 Enceladus, a son of Titan and Terra, 
 struck with Jupiter's thunders, and over- 
 whelmed under mount yEtna. A son 
 
 of TEgyptus. 
 
 Enchelej;, a town of Illyricum. 
 
 Endeis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. 
 
 Endera, a place of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Endymion, a shepherd, son of ^Ethlius 
 and Calvce. It is said that he required of 
 
 Jupiter to grant to him to be always 
 young, and to sleep as much as he would ; 
 whence came the proverb of Endymionis 
 somiium dormire to express a long sleep. The 
 fable of Endymion's amours with Diana, 
 or the moon, arises from his knowledge of 
 astronomy, and as he passed the night on 
 some high mountain, to observe the hea- 
 venly bodies, it has been reported that he 
 was courted by the moon. 
 
 Eneti, or Heneti, a people near Paph- 
 lagonia. 
 
 Engyum, now Gangi, a town of Sicily. 
 
 E.nienses, a people of Greece. 
 
 Eniopeus, a charioteer of Hector. 
 
 Enipeus, a river of Thessaly, flowing 
 near Pharsalia. A river of Elis in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 Enispe, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Enna, now Castro Janni, a town of Si- 
 cily, with a beautiful plain. 
 
 Ennia, was the wife of Macro, and af- 
 terwards of the emperor Caligula. 
 
 Gt. Ennius, an ancient poet, born at Ru- 
 dii in Calabria. He obtained the name 
 and privileges of a Roman citizen by his 
 genius and the brilliancy of his learning. 
 His style is rough and unpolished, but his 
 defects, which are more particularly at- 
 tributed to the age in which he lived, "have 
 been fully compensated by the energy of 
 his expressions and the fire of his poetry. 
 He wrote in verse eighteen books of the 
 history of the Roman republic. He died 
 of the gout, contracted by frequent intoxi- 
 cation, about one hundred and sixty-nine 
 years before the Christian era, in the 
 seventieth year of his age. 
 
 Ennomus, a Trojan prince killed by 
 Achilles. 
 
 Ennosickus, terrcs concussor, a surname 
 of Neptune. 
 
 Enope, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
 Pylos. 
 
 Enops, a shepherd loved by the nymph 
 
 Neis, by whom he had Satnius. The 
 
 father of Thestos. A Trojan killed by 
 
 Patroclus. 
 
 Enos, a maritime town of Thrace. 
 
 Enosichthon, a surname of Neptune. 
 
 Enotoccetje, a nation whose ears are 
 described as hanging down to their 
 heels. 
 
 Entella, a town of Sicily inhabited by 
 Campanians. 
 
 Entellus, a famous athlete among the 
 friends of iEneas. 
 
 Enyalius, a surname of Mars. 
 
 Enyo, a sister of Mars, called by the 
 Latins Bellona. 
 
 Eone, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Eord^a, a district at the west of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Eos, the name of Aurora among the 
 Greeks. 
 
 Eous, one of the horses of the sun 
 
 Epagris, one of the Cyclades. 
 
EP 
 
 157 
 
 EP 
 
 Epaminondas, a famous Theban de- 
 scended from the ancient kings of Boeotia. 
 He has been celebrated for his private vir- 
 tues and military accomplishments. He 
 formed a most sacred and inviolable friend- 
 ship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved 
 in a battle. By his advice Pelopidas de- 
 livered Thebes from the power of Lace- 
 doeraon. This was the signal of war. 
 Epaminondas was set at the head of the 
 Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans 
 at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 
 371 years B. C. He was successful in a 
 war in Thessaly, and assisted the Eleans 
 against the Lacedaemonians. The hostile 
 armies met near Mantinea, and while 
 Epaminondas was bravely fighting in the 
 thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal 
 wound in the breast, and expired exclaim- 
 ing, that he died unconquered, when he 
 iieard that the Bceotians obtained the vic- 
 tory, in the forty-eighth year of his age, 
 three hundred and sixty-three years before 
 Christ. The Thebans severely lamented 
 his death. 
 Epantelii, a people of Italy. 
 Epaphroditus, a freedman punished 
 with death for assisting Nero to destroy 
 
 liimseif. A freedman of Augustus sent 
 
 to spy Cleopatra. A name assumed by 
 
 jSylla. 
 
 Epaphus, a son of Jupiter and Io, who 
 founded a city in Egypt, which he called 
 Memphis. 
 
 Epasnactus, a Gaul in alliance with 
 Home. 
 
 Epebolus, a soothsayer of Messenia. 
 Epei and Elei, a people of Peloponne- 
 sus. 
 
 Epetium, now Viscio, a town of Illyri- 
 cum. 
 
 Epeus, a son of Endymion. A son 
 
 of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of 
 J the famous wooden horse which proved 
 , the ruin of Troy. 
 
 Ephesus, a city of Ionia. It is famous 
 
 \ for a temple of Diana, which was reckon- 
 
 \ ed one of the seven wonders of the world, 
 
 • .-and was four hundred and twenty-five 
 
 jtfeet long and two hundred feet broad. 
 
 r IThe roof was supported by one hundred 
 
 --and twenty-seven columns, sixty feet high, 
 
 which had been placed there by so many 
 
 kings. This celebrated building was not 
 
 tetally completed till two hundred and 
 
 twenty years after its foundation. Ctesi- 
 
 phon was the chief architect. 
 
 Ephem, a number of magistrates at 
 Afife.ens first instituted by Demophoon, the 
 son of Theseus. They were superior to 
 the Areopagites, and their privileges were 
 great and numerous. 
 
 Epi HALTE9, or Ephialtus, a giant, son 
 of Ne A ~>tune, who grew nine inches every 
 
 month. • An Athenian famous for his 
 
 couragt ! and strength. A Trachinian 
 
 who la i a detachment of the army of 
 14 
 
 Xerxes by a secret path to attack the Spar- 
 tans at Thermopylee. 
 
 Ephori, powerful magistrates at Sparta, 
 who were first created by Lycurgus ; or, 
 according to some, by Theopompus, B. C. 
 760. They were five in number. They 
 were much the same as the tribunes of 
 the people at Rome, created to watch with 
 a jealous eye over the liberties and rights 
 of the populace. 
 
 Ephorus, an orator and historian of Cu- 
 mae in iEolia, about three hundred and 5 
 fifty -two years before Christ. 
 
 Ephtra, the ancient name of Corinth. 
 A city of Threspotia in Epirus. An- 
 other in Elis — iEtolia. One of Cyrene's- 
 
 attendants. 
 
 Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mo- 
 ther and wife of GEdipus. A daughter 
 
 of iBgeus, mother of Thestalus by Hercu- 
 les. 
 
 Epicerides, a man of Cyrene, greatly 
 esteemed for his beneficence. 
 
 Epicharis, a woman accused of conspi- 
 racy against Nero. 
 
 Epicharmus, a poet and Pythagorean 
 philosopher of Sicily, who introduced 
 comedy at Syracuse in the reign of Hiero. 
 
 Epicles, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. 
 
 Eficlides, a Lacedaemonian of the fam- 
 ily of the Eurysthenidae. He was raised 
 to the throne by his brother Cleomenes 3d, 
 against the laws and constitution of Spar- 
 ta. 
 
 Epicrates, a Milesian, servant to J. 
 
 Caesar. A poet of Ambracia. The name 
 
 is applied to Pompey, as expressive of su- 
 preme authority. 
 
 Epictetus, a Stoic philosopher of Hie- 
 ropolis in Phrygia, originally the slave of 
 Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. His 
 style is concise and devoid of all orna- 
 ment, full of energy and useful maxims. 
 The value of his compositions is well 
 known from the saying of the emperor 
 Antoninus, who thanked the gods he 
 could collect from the writings of Epicte- 
 tus wherewith to conduct life with honor 
 to himself and advantage to his country. 
 
 Epicurus, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Attica ; who, after improving his mind by 
 travelling, visited Athens, where he es- 
 tablished himself, and soon attracted a 
 number of followers by the sweetness and 
 gravity of his manners. He taught them 
 that the happiness of mankind consisted 
 in that pleasure which arises not from 
 sensual gratification or from vice, but from 
 the enjoyments of the mind and the 
 sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warm- 
 ly attacked by the philosophers of the dif- 
 ferent sects, and particularly by the stoics ; 
 but Epicurus refuted all the accusations 
 of his adversaries by the purity of his mor- 
 als, and by his frequent attendance at 
 places of public worship. Of all the phi- 
 losophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the 
 
EP 
 
 158 
 
 ER 
 
 only one whose writings deserve attention 
 for their number ; he having written no 
 less than three hundred volumes. He 
 died at the age of seventy-two, B. C. 270. 
 Epicydes, a tyrant of Syracuse, B. C. 
 213. 
 
 Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on 
 the Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. 
 Epidaphne, a town of Syria, called also 
 Antioch. 
 
 Epidauria, a festival at Athens. A 
 
 country of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Epidaurus, a town at the north of Ar- 
 golis in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to 
 
 the worship of iEsculapius. A town of 
 
 Dalmatia, now Ragusi Vecchio — of Laco- 
 nia. 
 
 Epidium, one of the western isles of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Epidius, a man who wrote concerning 
 unusual prodigies. 
 
 Epidot.s:, certain deities who presided 
 over the birth and growth of children, and 
 were known among the Romans by the 
 name of Dli averrunci. They were wor- 
 shipped by the Lacedaemonians, and chief- 
 ly invoked by those who were persecuted 
 by the ghosts of the dead. 
 
 Epigenes, a Babylonian astrologer and 
 historian. 
 
 Epigeus, a Greek killed by Hector. 
 
 Epigoni, the sons and descendants of 
 the Grecian heroes who were killed in the 
 first Theban war.— This name has been 
 applied to the sons of those Macedonian 
 veterans who in the age of Alexander 
 formed connexions with the women of 
 Asia. 
 
 Epigonus, a mathematician of Ambra- 
 cia. 
 
 Epigranea, a fountain of Bceotia. 
 
 Epii and Epei, a people of Elis. 
 
 Epilaris, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Epimelides, the founder of Corone. 
 
 Epimenes, a man who conspired against 
 Alexander's life. 
 
 Epimenides, an epic poet of Crete, con- 
 temporary with Solon. He is reckoned 
 one of the seven wise men. 
 
 Epimetheus, a son of Japetus and Cly- 
 mene, one of the Oceanides, who incon- 
 siderately married Pandora. Epimetheus 
 was changed into a monkey by the gods, 
 and sent to the island of Pithecusa. 
 
 Epimethis, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the 
 daughter of Epimetheus. 
 
 Epiochus, a son of Lycurgus, who re- 
 ceived divine honors in Arcadia. 
 
 Epione, the wife of ^Esculapius. 
 
 Epiphanea, a town of Cilicia. An- 
 other of Syria. 
 
 Epiphanes, a surname given to the An- 
 
 tiochus's, kings of Syria. A surname 
 
 of one of the Ptolemies. 
 
 Epiphanius, a bishop of Salamis, who 
 was active in refuting the writings of Ori- 
 gen. He died A D. 403. 
 
 Epipol.*:, a district of Syracuse, on the 
 north side, surrounded by a wall, by Di- 
 onysius. 
 
 Epirus, a country situate between Ma- 
 cedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. 
 
 Epistrophus, a son of Iphitus king of 
 Phocis, who went to the Trojan war. 
 
 Epitades, a man who first violated a 
 law of Lycurgus, which forbade laws to 
 be made. 
 Epium, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 Epona, a beautiful girl. 
 
 Epopeus, a son of Neptune and Canace 
 
 A grandson to Phoebus. He reigned 
 
 at Corinth. 
 
 Eporedorix, a powerful person among 
 the ^Edui. 
 
 Epulo, a Rntulian killed by Achates. 
 
 Epytides, a patronymic given to Peri- 
 phas the companion of Ascanius. 
 
 Epytus, a king of Alba. A king of 
 
 Arcadia. A king of Messenia. A 
 
 herald in the Trojan war. 
 
 Equajusta, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Equicolus, a Rutilian. 
 
 EquiRiA, festivals established at Rome 
 in honor of Mars. 
 
 Equotuticum, now Castel Franco, a 
 little town of Apulia. 
 
 Eracon, an officer of Alexander. 
 
 Er^ka, a city of Greece. 
 
 Erana, a small village of Cilicia. 
 
 Erasenus, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Erasippus, a son of Hercules and Ly- 
 sippe. 
 
 Erasistratus, a celebrated physician, 
 grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. 
 
 Erato, one of the Muses, who presided 
 
 over lyric, tender and amorous poetry. 
 
 One of the Nereides. One of the Dry- 
 
 ades, wife of Areas, king of Arcadia. 
 
 One of the Danaides who married Bromius. 
 A queen of the Armenians. 
 
 Eratosthenes, was a native of Cyrene, 
 and the second intrusted with the care of 
 the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his 
 time to grammatical criticism and philos- 
 ophy, but more particularly to poetry and 
 mathematics. He starved himself after he 
 had lived to his eighty-second year, B. C 
 194. 
 
 Eratostratus, anEphesian who, in the 
 hope of immortalizing his name, burnt 
 the famous temple of Diana, the same 
 night that Alexander the Great was born. 
 
 Eratu9, a son of Hercules andDynastc 
 A king of Sicyon. 
 
 Erbessus, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Erchia, a small village of Attica. 
 
 Erebus, a deity of hell, son of Chaos 
 and Darkness. 
 
 Erechtheus, son of Pandion first, was 
 the sixth king of Athens. After death he 
 received divine honors at Athens. He 
 reigned fifty years, and died B. C. 1347. 
 
 Erechthides, a name given to the 
 Athenians, from their king Erechtheu s. 
 
ER 
 
 159 
 
 ER 
 
 Erembi, a people of Arabia. 
 
 Eremus, a country of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Erenea, a village of Megara. 
 
 Eressa, a town of .^Eolia. 
 
 Eresus, a town of Lesbos, where The- 
 ophrastus was horn. 
 
 Eretria, a city of Eubcea on the Euri- 
 pus. 
 
 Eretum, a town of the Sabines. 
 
 EREUTHALioN,a man killed by Nestor. 
 
 Ergane, a river whose waters intoxi- 
 cate as wine. A surname of Minerva. 
 
 Ergenna, a celebrated soothsayer of 
 Etruria. 
 
 Ergias, a Rhodian who wrote a history 
 of his country. 
 
 Erginus, a king of Orchomenos, son of 
 Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to 
 pay him a yearly tribute of one hundred 
 oxen, because his father had been killed 
 by a Theban. Hercules attacked his ser- 
 vants, who came to raise the tribute, and 
 mutilated them, and he afterwards killed 
 
 Erginus. A river of Thrace. A son 
 
 of Neptune. 
 
 Ergijjinus, a man made master of the 
 ship Argo, after the death of Typhis. 
 
 Eribcea, a surname of Juno. The 
 
 mother of Ajax Telamon. 
 
 Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine. 
 
 Ericetes, a man of Lycaonia, killed 
 by Messapus in Italy. 
 
 Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous 
 for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and 
 medicine. One of the Furies. 
 
 Erichthonius, the fourth king of Ath- 
 ens. He was very deformed, and had the 
 
 tails of serpents instead of legs. Erich- 
 
 thon was young when he ascended the 
 throne of Athens. He reigned fifty years, 
 and died B. C. 1437. He was made a con- 
 stellation after death under the name of 
 Bootes. A son of Dardanus who reign- 
 ed in Troy, and died 1374 B. C. after a long 
 reign of about seventy -five years. 
 
 Ericinium, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Ericusa, one of the Lipari isles, now 
 Mlicudi. 
 
 Eridanus, one of the largest rivers of 
 Italy, now called the Po. 
 
 Erigone, a daughter of Icarius. She 
 was made a constellation, under the name 
 
 of Virgo. A daughter of ^Egisthus and 
 
 Clytemnestra. 
 
 Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog- 
 star. 
 
 Erigonus, a river of Thrace. A paint- 
 er. 
 
 Erigyus, one of Alexander's officers. 
 
 Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage. 
 
 Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
 
 Eriptna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate 
 with Sappho. 
 
 Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eume- 
 
 des. The word signifies the fury of the 
 
 mind. A surname of Ceres. 
 
 Eriopis, a daughter of Medea 
 
 l Eriphaxi3, a Greek woman famous for 
 | her poetical compositions. 
 
 Eriphidas, a Lacedfemonian who being 
 sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, 
 assembled the people, and beheaded five 
 hundred of the ringleaders. 
 
 ERiPHYLE,.a sister of Adrastus king of 
 Argos, who married Amphiaraus. The 
 treachery of Eriphyle compelled her hus- 
 hand to go to a war in which it was fore- 
 told that he would perish ; but he charged 
 his son Alcmceon to murder his mother as 
 soon as he was informed of his death. 
 Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, 
 and his death was no sooner known than 
 his last injunctions were obeyed. 
 
 Eris, the goddess of discord among the 
 Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia 
 of the Latins. 
 
 Erisicthon, a Thessalian, son of Tri- 
 ops, who derided Ceres and cut down her 
 groves. This impiety irritated the god- 
 dess, who afflicted him with continual 
 hunger. 
 
 Erithus, a son of Actor, killed by Per- 
 seus. 
 
 Erixo, a Roman knight condemned for 
 having whipped his son to death. 
 
 Erochus, a town of Phocis. 
 
 Eropus or ^Eropas, a king of Macedo- 
 nia, B. C. 602. 
 
 Eros, a servant, of whom Antony de- 
 manded a sword' to kill himself. Eros 
 produced the instrument, but instead of 
 giving it to his master he killed himself in 
 
 his presence. A comedian. A son 
 
 of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. 
 
 Erostratus. Vid. Eratostratus. 
 
 Erotia, a festival in honor of Eros the 
 god of love. 
 
 Erruca, a town of the Volsci in Italy. 
 
 Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. 
 
 Erxias, a man who wrote an history of 
 Colophon. 
 
 Eryalus, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- 
 troclus. 
 
 Erymas, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
 
 Erybium, a town at the foot of mount 
 Parnassus. 
 
 Erycina, a surname of Venus from 
 mount Eryx, where she had a temple. 
 
 Erymanthis, a surname of Callisto. 
 
 Arcadia is also known by that name. 
 
 Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and 
 town of Arcadia. 
 
 Erymn.e, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Erymneus, a Peripatetic philosopher. 
 
 Erymus, a huntsman of Cyzicus. 
 
 Erythea, an island between Gades and 
 Spain. A daughter of Geryon. 
 
 Erythini, a town of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Erythrje, a town of Ionia, once the 
 
 residence of a Sibyl. A town of Boeo- 
 
 tia one in Libya another in Lo- 
 
 cris. 
 
 Erythr^um mare, a part of the ocean 
 on the coast of Arabia. 
 
EY 
 
 160 
 
 EU 
 
 Erythras, a son of Hercules. A son 
 
 of Perseus and Andromeda. 
 
 Erythrion, a son of Athamas and The- 
 mistone. 
 
 Erythros, a place of Latium. 
 
 Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, killed 
 
 in combat, by Hercules. An Indian 
 
 killed byhis subjects for opposing Alexan- 
 der. A mountain of Sicily now Giuli- 
 
 ano near Drepanum. 
 
 Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who art- 
 fully killed the tyrant Learchus. 
 
 Esernus, a famous gladiator. 
 
 Esquili.e and Esquilinus mons, one 
 of the seven hills of Rome, which was 
 joined to the city by king Tullus. 
 
 Essedones, a people of Asia. 
 
 Essui, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Estijeotis, a district of Thessaly on the 
 river Peneus. 
 
 Esula, a town of Italy nearTibur. 
 
 Estiaia, solemn sacrifices to Vesta. 
 
 Etearckus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. 
 
 Eteoclus andPoLYNicEs, sons of CEdi- 
 
 pus, who hated and killed each other. 
 
 A Greek, the first who raised altars to the 
 Graces. 
 
 Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of 
 the army of Adrastus, celebrated for his 
 valor, disinterestedness and magnanimity. 
 A son of Iphis. 
 
 Eteocret.e, an ancient people of Crete. 
 
 Eteones, a town of Boeotia. 
 
 Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Me- 
 nelaus. 
 
 Eteonicus, a Lacedaemonian general. 
 
 Etesi.3s, winds of a gentle and mild na- 
 ture, very common for five or six weeks 
 in spring and autumn. 
 
 Ethalion, one of the Tyrrhene sailors, 
 changed into dolphins for carrying away 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Etheleum, a river of Asia. 
 
 Ethoda, a daughter of Amphion and 
 Niobe. 
 
 Ethemon, a person killed at the mar- 
 riage of Andromeda. 
 
 Etias, a daughter of ^Eneas. 
 
 Etis, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
 
 Etylus, the father of Theocles. 
 
 Evadne, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles 
 of Argos, who slighted the addresses of 
 Apollo, and married Capaneus one of the 
 seven chiefs who went against Thebes. 
 A daughter of Neffira. 
 
 Evages, a poet famous for his genius 
 but not for his learning. 
 
 Evagoras, a king of Cyprus, who re- 
 took Salamis, which had been taken from 
 his father by the Persians. He was as- 
 sassinated by an eunuch, 374 B. C. Eva- 
 goras deserves to be commended for his 
 sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity. 
 
 A man of Elis who obtained a prize at 
 
 the Olympian games. A Spartan fa- 
 
 mous for his services to the people of Elis. 
 
 Etagore, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Evan, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Evakder, a son of the prophetess Car- 
 mente, king of Arcadia. An accidental 
 murder obliged him to leave bis country, 
 and he came to Italy. It is said that he 
 first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, 
 and introduced there the worship of the 
 Greek deities. A philosopher who flou- 
 rished B. C. 215. 
 
 Evangelus, a Greek historian. A 
 
 comic poet. 
 
 EvA^GORiDEs,aman of Elis, who wrote 
 an account of all those who had obtained 
 a prize at Olympia. 
 
 Evanthes, a man who planted a colony 
 
 in Lucania. A celebrated Greek poet. 
 
 An historian of Miletus. A philo- 
 sopher of Samos. 
 
 Evarchus, a river of Asia Minor. 
 
 Evas, a native of Phrygia, who accom- 
 panied ^Eneas into Italy. 
 
 Evax, an Arabian prince. 
 
 Eubages, certain priests held in great 
 veneration among the Gauls and Britons. 
 
 Eubatas, an athlete of Cyrene. 
 
 Eubius, an obscene writer. 
 
 Euecea, the largest island in the ^Egean 
 sea after Crete, now called Negropont. It 
 is separated from the continent of Bceotia 
 
 by the narrow straits of the Euripus. 
 
 One of the three daughters of the river 
 Asterion. A town of Sicily. 
 
 Euboicus, belonging to Eubcea. 
 
 Eubote, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Eubotes, a son cf Hercules. 
 
 Eubule, an Athenian virgin, daughter 
 of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by 
 order of the oracle of Delphi. 
 
 Eubulides, a philosopher of Miletus. 
 
 An historian. A famous statuary 
 
 of Athens. 
 
 Eubulus, an Athenian orator. A 
 
 comic poet. An historian. A philo- 
 sopher. 
 
 Eucerus, a man of Alexandria. 
 
 Euchenor, a son of iEgyptus and Ara- 
 bia. 
 
 Etjchides, an Athenian who went to 
 Delphi and returned the same day, a jour- 
 ney of about one hundred and seven 
 miles. 
 
 Euclides, a native of Megara, disciple 
 of Socrates, B. C. 404. A mathemati- 
 cian of Alexandria, who flourished 300 
 B. C. Euclid established a school at Al- 
 exandria, which became very famous. 
 
 Euclus, a prophet of Cyprus. 
 
 Eucrate, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Eucrates, the father of Procles the his- 
 torian. 
 
 Euctemon, a Greek of Cuma?, exposed 
 to great barbarities. An astronomer. 
 
 Euctresii, a people of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Eudjemon, a general of Alexander. 
 
 Eudamidas, a son of Archidamus 4th, 
 brother to Agis 4th, A son of Archida- 
 

 161 
 
 EU 
 
 mus, king of Sparta. The commander 
 
 of a garrison stationed at Trcezene. 
 
 Eudamus, a son of Agesilaus of the 
 Ileraclida;. A learned naturalist. 
 
 Eudemus, the physician of Livia, the 
 wife of Drusus. An orator of Megalopo- 
 lis. An historian of Naxos. 
 
 Eudocia, the wife of the emperor The- 
 odosius the younger. 
 
 Eudocimus, a man who appeased a mu- 
 tiny among some soldiers by telling them 
 that an hostile army was in sight. 
 
 Eudora, one of the Nereides. One 
 
 of the Atlantides. 
 
 Eudorus, a son of Mercury. 
 
 Eudoxi Specula, a place in EgypE. 
 
 Eudoxia, the wife of Arcadius. A 
 
 daughter of Theodosius the younger. 
 
 Eudoxus, a son of yEschines of Cnidus, 
 who distinguished himself by his know- 
 Sedge of astrology, medicine, and geome- 
 try. He died in his fifty-third year, 13. C. 
 352. A native of Cyzicus. A Si- 
 cilian, son of Agathocles. A physi- 
 cian. 
 
 Evelthon, a king of Salamis in Cy- 
 prus. 
 
 Euemeridas, an historian of Cnidus. 
 
 Evemerus, an ancient historian of Mes- 
 senia, intimate with Cassander. 
 
 Evenor, a painter, father of Parrhasius. 
 
 Evenus, an elegiac poet of Paros. A 
 
 river running through iEtolia, and falling 
 
 into the Ionian sea. A son of Jason 
 
 and Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos. 
 
 Evephenus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
 whom Dionysius condemned to death be- 
 cause he had alienated the people of Me- 
 tapontum from his power. 
 
 Everes, a son of Peteralaus, the only 
 one of his family who did not perish in a 
 battle against Electryon. A son of Her- 
 cules and Parthenope. The father of 
 
 Tiresias. 
 
 EvERGET-a:, a people of Scythia called 
 also Arimaspi. 
 
 Evergetes, a surname signifying bene- 
 factor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and 
 to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of 
 Egypt. It was also commonly given to 
 the kings of Syria and Pontus, and to some 
 of the Roman emperors. 
 
 Evesperides, a people of Africa. 
 
 Euganei, a people of Italy on the bor- 
 ders of the Adriatic. 
 
 Eugeox, an ancient historian before the 
 Peloponnesian war. 
 
 Eugenius, an usurper of the imperial 
 title, A. D. 392. 
 
 Euhemerus. Vid. Evemerus. 
 
 Euhydrum, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Euhyus and Evius, a surname of Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 Evippe, one of the Danaides. An- 
 other. The mother of the Pierides. 
 
 Evippus, a son of Thestius, killed by 
 his brother Iphiclus, in the chase of the 
 14* • 
 
 Calydonian boar. A Trojan killed by 
 
 Patroclus. 
 
 Eulimene, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Eumachius, a Campanian who wrote 
 an history of Annibal. 
 
 Eumjeus, a herdsman and steward of 
 Ulysses. 
 
 Eumedes, a Trojan, who came to Italy 
 with iEneas. 
 
 Eumelis, a famous augur. 
 
 Eumelus, a son of Admetus, king of 
 Pherre in Thessaly. He went to the Tro- 
 jan war, and had the fleetest horses in 
 
 the Grecian army. A man whose 
 
 daughter was changed into a bird. A 
 
 man contemporary with Triptolemus. 
 
 One of the followers of iEneas. One 
 
 of the Bacchiadfe. A king of the Cim- 
 merian Bosphorus, who died B. C. 304. 
 
 Eumenes, a Greek officer in the army 
 of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He 
 was the most worthy of all the officers of 
 Alexander to succeed after the death of 
 his master. He conquered Paphlagonia 
 and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the 
 government, till the power and jealousy 
 of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He 
 was put to death by Antigonus, B. C. 315. 
 
 A king of Pergamus, B. C. 263. He 
 
 was a great patron of learning, and given 
 much to wine. He died after a reign of 
 
 twenty-two years. The second of that 
 
 name succeeded his father Attalus on the 
 throne of Asia and Pergamus. His king- 
 dom was small and poor, but he rendered 
 it powerful and opulent, and his alliance 
 with the Romans did not a little contri- 
 bute to the increase of his dominions. He 
 died B. C. 159, after a reign of thirty-eight 
 
 years. A celebrated orator of Athens. 
 
 An historical writer in Alexander's 
 
 army. 
 
 Eumenia, a city of Phrygia. A city 
 
 of Thrace — of Caria — of Hyrcania. 
 
 Eumenides and Eumenes, a man men- 
 tioned by Ovid. 
 
 Eumenides, a name given to the Furies 
 by the ancients. They sprang from the 
 drops of blood which flowed from the 
 wound which Ccelus received from his 
 son Saturn. They were supposed to be 
 the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, 
 and therefore appeared stern and inexora- 
 ble ; always employed in punishing the 
 guilty upon earth, as well as in the infer- 
 nal regions. 
 
 Eumenidia, festivals in honor of the 
 Eumenides. 
 
 Eumenius, a Trojan killed by Camilla 
 in Italy. 
 Eumolpe, one of the Nereides. 
 Eumolpid-^, the priests of Ceres at the 
 celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. 
 The Eumolpidas were descended from 
 Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was 
 made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king 
 ofAtheiiB. The priesthood continued in 
 
EU 
 
 162 
 
 fiu 
 
 the family of Eumoipus for one thousand 
 two hundred years. 
 
 Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of 
 Neptune and Chione. 
 
 Eumonides, a Theban. 
 
 Etjiweo-s, a son of Jason by Ilypsipyle, 
 daughter of Thoas. 
 
 Eunapius, a physician, sophist, and his- 
 torian, born at Sard is. 
 
 Eunomia, a daughter of Juno, one of 
 the Horse! 
 
 Eunomus, a son of Prytanes, who suc- 
 ceeded his father on the throne of Sparta. 
 
 -= A famous musician of Locri?. — A 
 
 man killed by Hercules. — ■ — A Thracian, 
 who advised Demosthenes not to be dis- 
 couraged by his ill success in his first at- 
 tempts to speak in public. The father 
 
 of Lycurgus killed by a kitchen knife. 
 
 Eunus, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the 
 minds of the servile multitude by pretend- 
 ed inspiration and enthusiasm." Oppres- 
 sion and misery compelled two thousand 
 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw 
 himself at the head of fifty thousand men. 
 With such a force he defeated the Roman 
 armies, till Perpehna obliged him to sur- 
 render by famine, and exposed on a cross 
 the greatest part of his followers ; B. C. 
 132. 
 
 Euonymos, one of the Lipari isles. 
 
 Euoras, a grove of Laconia. 
 
 Eupagium, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Eupalamon, one of the hunters of the 
 Calydonian boar. 
 
 Eupalamus, the father of Daedalus and 
 of Metiadusa. 
 
 Eupator, a son of Antiochus. The 
 
 surname of Eupator was given to many of 
 the Asiatic princes. 
 
 Eupatoria, a town of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Another in Pontus, now Te/ienikeh. 
 
 Eupeithes, a prince of Ithaca, father to 
 Antinous. 
 
 Eupkaes, succeeded Androcles on the 
 throne of Messenia, and died B. O. 730. 
 
 Euphantus, a poet and historian of 
 Olynthus. 
 
 Eupheme, a woman who was nurse to 
 the Muses. 
 
 Euphemus, a son of Neptune and Euro- 
 pa, so swift and light that he could run 
 over the sea without scarce wetting his 
 
 feet. One of the Greek captains before 
 
 Troy. 
 
 Euphorbtjs, a famous Trojan, the first 
 who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector 
 
 killed. A physician of Juba, king of 
 
 Mauritania. 
 
 Euphorion, a Greek poet of Chalcis in 
 Eubaea, in the age of Antiochus the Great. 
 He died in his fifty-sixth year, B. C. 220. 
 
 The father of ^Eschylus bore the same 
 
 name. 
 
 Euphranor, a famous painter and sculp- 
 tor of Corinth. This name was common 
 to many Greeks. 
 
 Euphrates, a disciple of Plato who 
 governed Macedonia with absolute author- 
 ity in the reign of Perdiccas. A stoic 
 
 philosopher in the age of Adrian.- A 
 
 large and celebrated river of Mesopota- 
 mia. 
 
 Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon. 
 
 Eupiirosypja, one of the Graces. 
 
 EuFLiEA, an island of the Tyrrhene sea. 
 
 Eupolis, a comic poet of Athens, who 
 flourished four hundred and thirty-five 
 years before the Christian era. 
 
 Eupompus, a geometrician of Macedo- 
 nia. A painter. 
 
 Eurianassa, a town near Chios. 
 
 Euripides, a celebrated tragic poet born 
 at Salamis the day on which the army of 
 Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He 
 applied himself to dramatical composition, 
 and his writings became so much the ad- 
 miration of his countrymen, that the un- 
 fortunate Greeks, who had accompanied 
 Nicias in his expedition against Syracuse, 
 were freed from slavery, only by repeating 
 some verses from the pieces of "Euripides. 
 Euripides retired from Athens to the court 
 of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where 
 lie received the most conspicuous marks 
 of royal munificence and friendship. It 
 is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him 
 in his solitary walks, and tore his body to 
 pieces four hundred and seven years be- 
 fore the christian era, in the seventy- 
 eighth year of ids age. Euripides wrote 
 seventy-five tragedies, of which only 
 nineteen are extant. In his person he 
 was noble and majestic, and his deport- 
 ment was always grave and serious. He 
 was slow in composing, and labored with 
 difficulty. 
 
 Euripus, a narrow strait which, sepa- 
 rates the island of Euboea from the coast 
 of Bceotia. 
 
 Euristhenes. Vid. Eurysther.es. 
 
 Euromus, a city of Caria. 
 
 Europa, one of the three grand divi- 
 sions of the earth, known among the an- 
 cients, extending, according to modern 
 surveys, about three thousand miles from 
 north to south, and twenty-five hundred 
 from east to west. It is supposed to re- 
 ceive its name from Europa, who was car- 
 ried there by Jupiter. A daughter of 
 
 Agenor kingof Phoenicia, and Telephassa. 
 She was so beautiful that Jupiter became 
 enamored of her, and assumed the shape 
 of a bull and mingled with the herds of 
 Agenor, while Europa, with her female 
 attendants, was gathering flowers in the 
 meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful 
 animal, and at last had the courage to sit 
 upon his back. The god precipitately re- 
 tired towards the shore, and crossed the 
 sea with Europa on his back, and arrived 
 
 safe in Crete. One of the Oceanides. 
 
 A part of Thrace near mount Hsemus. 
 
 Europjeus, a patronymic of Minos. 
 
EU 
 
 163 
 
 EU 
 
 Europs, a king of Sicyon. 
 
 Eurofus, a king of Macedonia. A 
 
 town of Macedonia. 
 
 Eurotas, a son of Lelex, father to 
 Sparta, who married Lacednemon.- — A 
 river of Laconia, flowing by Sparta. Lau- 
 rels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its 
 
 banks in great abundance. A river in 
 
 Thessaly near mount Olympus. 
 
 EuROTo,a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
 
 Eurus, a wind blowing from the eastern 
 parts of the world. 
 
 Euryale, a queen of the Amazons. 
 
 A daughter of Minos. A daughter 
 
 of Prcetus, king of Argos. One of the 
 
 Gorgons. 
 
 Euryalus, one of the Peloponnesian 
 
 chiefs who went to the Trojan war. 
 
 An illegitimate son of Ulysses. A son 
 
 of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules. 
 
 A Trojan who came with yEneas into 
 
 Italy. A pleasant place of Sicily near 
 
 Syracuse. A Lacedaemonian general. 
 
 Eurybates, a herald in the Trojan war. 
 
 A warrior of Argos, often victorious 
 
 at the Nemean games. One of the Ar- 
 gonauts. 
 
 Eurybia, the mother of Lucifer and all 
 
 the stars. A daughter of Pontus and 
 
 Terra. A daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Eurybiades, a Spartan general. He 
 has been charged with want of courage, 
 and with ambition. 
 
 Eurybius, a son of Eurytus king of 
 Argos. A son of Nereus and Chloris. 
 
 Euryclea, a beautiful daughter of Ops 
 of Ithaca. 
 
 Eurycles, an orator of Syracuse. A 
 
 soothsayer of Athens. 
 
 Eurycrates, a king of Sparta. 
 
 Eurycratidas, a son of Anaxander. 
 
 Eurydamas, a Trojan skilled in the in- 
 terpretation of dreams. One of Pe- 
 nelope's suitors. A wrestler of Gyrene. 
 
 Eurydame, the wife of Leotychides, 
 king of Sparta. 
 
 Eurydamidas, a king of Lacedremon, 
 of the family of the Proclidae. 
 
 Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas, king 
 of Macedonia. A daughter of Amyn- 
 tas, who married her uncle Aridaeus, the 
 illegitimate son of Philip. She hung her- 
 self by the order of Olympias. The 
 
 wife of the poet Orpheus. " Vid. Orpheus. 
 
 A daughter of Adrastus. One of 
 
 the Danaides who married Dyas. The 
 
 wife of Lycurgus, king of Nemaea in Pe- 
 loponnesus. 
 
 Eurygania, a wife of CEdipus. 
 
 Euryleon, a king of the Latins. 
 
 Eurylochus, one of the companions of 
 Ulysses, the only one who did not taste 
 
 the potions of Circe. A man who broke 
 
 a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrr- 
 hae. A man who discovered the con- 
 spiracy which was made against Alexan- 
 der, by Hermolaus and others. 
 
 Eurymachus, a powerful Theban. 
 
 One of Penelope's suitors. 
 
 Eurymede, the wife of Glaucus king of 
 Ephyra. 
 
 Euhymedon, the father of Peribcea, by 
 
 whom Neptune had Nausithous. -A 
 
 river of Pamphylia. 
 
 Eurymejjes, a son of Neleus and Chlo- 
 ris. 
 
 Eukynome, one of the Oceanides. A 
 
 daughter of Apollo. A woman of Lem- 
 
 nos. The wife of Lycurgus. The 
 
 mother of Asopus by Jupiter. 
 
 Eurynomus, one of the deities of hell. 
 
 Euryone, a daughter of Amyntas king 
 of Macedonia. 
 
 Eurypon, a celebrated king of Sparta. 
 
 Eurypyle, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Eurypylus, a son of Telephus and As- 
 
 tyoche. A Grecian at the Trojan war. 
 
 A prince of Olenus. A son of Te - 
 
 menus king of Messenia who conspired 
 
 against his father's life. A soothsayer 
 
 in the Grecian camp before Troy. 
 
 Eurysthenes, a son of Aristoiiemus, 
 who lived in perpetual dissention with his 
 twin brother Procles, while they both sat 
 on the Spartan throne. After the death 
 of the two brothers, the Lacedaemonians 
 permitted two kings to sit on the throne, 
 one of each family. There sat on the 
 throne of Sparta thirty-one kings of the 
 family of Eurysthenes, and only twenty- 
 four of the Proclidffi. 
 
 Eurystheus, the son of Sthenelus, 
 and king of Mycenas ; who, at Juno's in- 
 stigation, set his brother Hercules twelve 
 difficult labors. 
 
 Euryte, a daughter of Hippodamus. 
 
 The mother of Hallirhotius. 
 
 Euryte-s, a town of Achaia. 
 
 Eurytele, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Eurythemis, the wife of Thestius. 
 
 Eurythion and Eurytion, a centaur 
 whose insolence to Hippodamia was the 
 cause of the quarrel between the Lapithae 
 and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. 
 A herdsman of Geryon killed by Her- 
 cules. A son of Lycaon. A silver- 
 smith. A man of Heraclea convicted 
 
 of adultery. 
 
 Eurytis, a patronymic of Iole. 
 
 Eurytus, a son of Mercury, among the 
 
 Argonauts. A king of 03chalia, father 
 
 to Iole. Hercules conquered him, and put 
 him to death because he refused him his 
 
 daughter as the prize of his victory. A 
 
 son of Actor. A son of Augias killed 
 
 by Hercules. A person killed in hunt- 
 ing the Calydonian boar. A son of 
 
 Hippocoon. 
 
 Eusebia, an empress, wife to Constan- 
 tius. 
 
 Eusebius, a bishop of Caesarea. 
 
 Eusebius, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Eusepus and Pedasus, the twin sons of 
 Bucolion killed in the Trojan war. 
 
EU 
 
 16- 
 
 EX 
 
 Eustathius, a Greek commentator on 
 
 the works of Homer. A man who wrote 
 
 a very foolish romance in Greek. 
 
 Eut.s:a, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Eutelidas, a famous statuary of Argos. 
 
 Euterpe, one of the Muses, daughter 
 to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided 
 over music, and was looked upon as the 
 inventress of the flute and of all wind in- 
 struments. The name of the mother of 
 
 Themistocles. 
 
 Euthycrates, a sculptor of Sicyon, son 
 of Lysippus. He was peculiarly happy in 
 
 the proportions of his statues. A man 
 
 who betrayed Olynthus to Philip. 
 
 Euthydemus, an orator and rhetorician. 
 
 Euthymus, a celebrated boxer. 
 
 Eutrapelus, a man described as artful 
 and fallacious by Horace. A hair-dres- 
 ser. 
 
 Eutrapelus, a friend of M. Antony. 
 
 Eutropius, a Latin historian in the age 
 of Julian, under whom he carried arms. 
 
 Eutychide, a woman who was thirty 
 times brought to bed. 
 
 Eutvchides, a learned servant of Atti- 
 cus. A sculptor. 
 
 Euxanthius, a daughter of Minos and 
 Dexithea. 
 
 Euxenidas, a painter. 
 
 Euxenus, a man who wrote a poetical 
 history of the fabulous ages of Italy. 
 
 Euxinus Pontus, a sea between Asia 
 and Europe, partly at the north of Asia 
 Minor and at the west of Colchis. It 
 abounds in all varieties of fish, and re- 
 ceives the tribute of above forty rivers. It 
 is called the Black sea, from the thick dark 
 fogs which cover it. 
 
 Euxippe, a woman who killed herself 
 because the ambassadors of Sparta had 
 offered violence to her virtue. 
 
 Exadius, one of the Lapithre at the nup- 
 tials of Pirithous. 
 
 Ex.ethes, a Parthian who cut off the 
 head of Crassus. 
 
 Exagonus, the ambassador of a nation 
 in Cyprus to Rome. 
 
 Exomatr.s, a people of Asiatic Sarma- 
 tia. 
 
 FA 
 
 FA 
 
 FABARIA, festivals at Rome in hon- 
 or of Carna wife of Janus. 
 
 Fabauis, now Farfa, a river of Italy. 
 
 Fabia lex, de ambitu, was to circum- 
 scribe the number of Sectatorcs or attend- 
 ants which were allowed to candidates in 
 canvassing for some high office. 
 
 Fabia, a tribe at Rome. A ves- 
 tal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero's 
 wife. 
 
 Fabiani, some of the Luperci at Rome. 
 
 Fabii, a noble and powerful family at 
 Rome, who were once so numerous that 
 they took upon themselves to wage war 
 against the Veientes. They came to a 
 general engagement near the Cremera, in 
 which all the family, consisting of three 
 hundred and six men, were totally slain, 
 B. C. 477. There only remained one 
 whose tender age had detained him at 
 Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii 
 in the following ages. 
 
 Fabius Maximus Rullianus was the first 
 of the Fabii who obtained the surname of 
 Maximus, for lessening the power of the 
 populace at elections. He was five times 
 consul, twice dictator, and once censor. 
 
 Rusticus, an historian in the age of 
 
 Claudius and Nero. He was intimate 
 
 with Seneca. Marcellinus, a historian 
 
 in the second century. Q. Maximus, a 
 
 celebrated Roman, first surnamed Verru- 
 cosus from a wart on his lip, and Agnicula 
 from his inoffensive manners. In his first 
 
 consulship, he obtained a victory over Li- 
 guria,and the fatal battle of Thrasymenus 
 occasioned his election to the dictatorship. 
 In this important office he began to op- 
 pose Annibal, by harassing his army by 
 countermarches and ambuscades, foi 
 which he received the surname of Cunc- 
 tator or delayer. Such operations for the 
 commander of the Roman armies, gave 
 offence to some, and Fabius was even ac- 
 cused of cowardice. He died in the one 
 hundredth year of his age, after he had 
 been five times consul, and twice honored 
 with a triumph. The Romans were so 
 sensible of his great merit and services, 
 that the expenses of his funeral were de- 
 frayed from the public treasury. His 
 
 son bore the same name, and showed him- 
 self worthy of his noble father's virtues. 
 
 Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an 
 
 historical account of his country, from the 
 age of Romulus to the year of Rome five 
 
 hundred and thirty-six. A loquacious 
 
 person mentioned by Horace. A Roman 
 
 consul, surnamed Ambustus, because he 
 was struck with lightning. A lieuten- 
 ant of Caesar in Gaul. A chief priest at 
 
 Rome when Brennus took the city. A 
 
 Roman sent to consult the oracle of Del- 
 phi, while Annibal was in Italy. An- 
 other chosen dictator merely to create new 
 senators. 
 
 Fab rate ri a, a colony and town of the 
 Volsci. 
 
FA 
 
 165 
 
 FE 
 
 Fabricfus, a latin writer in the reign 
 of Nero, who employed his pen in satiriz- 
 ing and detaining the senators. Caius 
 
 Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in 
 his first consulship obtained several victo- 
 ries over the Samnites and Lucanians, 
 and was honored with a triumph. The 
 riches which were acquired in those bat- 
 tles were immense, the soldiers were lib- 
 erally rewarded by the consul, and the 
 treasury was enriched with 400 talents. 
 Fabricius never used rich plate at his 
 table : a small salt cellar, whose feet were 
 of horn, was the only silver vessel which 
 appeared in his house. He lived and died 
 
 in the greatest poverty. A bridge at 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Fabulla, an infamous woman. 
 
 Facelina, a small place on the north of 
 Sicily. 
 
 Fadus, a Rutilian killed in the night by 
 Euryalus. 
 
 Fj:sul33, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Falcidia lex was enacted by the tri- 
 bune Falcidius, A. U. C. 713, concerning 
 wills and the right of heirs. 
 
 Faleria, a town of Picenum. 
 
 Falerii, now Palari, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Falerina, a tribe at Rome. 
 
 Falernus, a fertile mountain and plain 
 of Campania, famous for its wine. 
 
 Falisci, a people of Etruria, originally a 
 Macedonian colony. 
 
 Fama, was worshipped by the ancients 
 as a powerful goddess, and generally re- 
 presented blowing a trumpet. 
 
 Fannia, a woman of Minturnae who 
 hospitably entertained Marius in his flight. 
 
 Fannia lex, de Sumptibus, by Fannius 
 the consul, A. U. C. 593. 
 
 Fannii, two orators of whom Cicero 
 Speaks. 
 
 Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by 
 
 Horace. Caius, an author in Trajan's 
 
 reign. 
 
 Fanum Vacunje, a village in the coun- 
 try of the Sabines. 
 
 Farfarus, a river of the Sabines. 
 
 Fascelis, a surname of Diana. 
 
 Fascellina, a town of Sicily near Pan- 
 ormus. 
 
 Faucula, a woman who privately con- 
 veyed food to the Roman prisoners at 
 Capua. 
 
 Faventia, a town of Spain — of Italy. 
 
 Faveria, a town of Istria. 
 
 Faula, a mistress of Hercules. 
 
 Fauna, a deity among the Romans, 
 daughter of Picus, and originally called 
 Marica. 
 
 Faunalia, festivals at Rome in honor 
 of Faunus. 
 
 Fauni, certain deities of the country, 
 represented as having the legs, feet, and 
 ears of goats, and the rest of the body hu- 
 man. They were called satyrs by the 
 Greeks. 
 
 Faunus, a son of Picus, who is said to 
 have reigned in Italy about 1300 years B. 
 C. His bravery as well as wisdom have 
 given rise to the tradition that he was son 
 of Mars. 
 
 Favo, a Roman mimic. 
 
 Favorinus, a philosopher under Adrian. 
 
 Fausta, a daughter cf Sylla. The 
 
 wife of the emperor Constantine. 
 
 Faustina, the wife of the emperor An- 
 toninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her 
 daughter, of the same name, became the 
 
 most abandoned of her sex. The third 
 
 wife of the emperor, Heliogabalus. 
 
 Faustitas, a goddess among the Ro- 
 mans supposed to preside over cattle. 
 
 Faustulus, a shepherd ordered to ex- 
 pose Romulus and Remus. He privately 
 brought them up at home. 
 
 Faustus, an obscure poet under the first 
 Roman emperors. 
 
 Februus, a god at Rome, who presided 
 over purifications. The Feralia, sacri- 
 fices which the Romans offered to the gods 
 Manes, were called Fcbrua. 
 
 Feciales, a number of priests at Rome, 
 employed in declaring war and making 
 peace. 
 
 Felginas, a Roman knight killed by 
 Pompey. 
 
 Felix, M. Antonius, a freed man of 
 Claudius Caesar, made governor of Juda?.a, 
 Samaria, and Palestine. 
 
 Feltria, a town of Italy. 
 
 Fenestella, a Roman historian in the 
 
 age of Augustus. One of the gates at 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Fenni or FiNNi,the inhabitants ofFin- 
 ningia, or Eningia, considered as Finland, 
 
 Feralia, a festival in honor of the dead, 
 observed at Rome the seventeenth or 
 twenty-first of February. It continued 
 for eleven days, during which time pre- 
 sents were carried to the graves of the de- 
 ceased, marriages were forbidden, and 
 the temples of the gods were shut. 
 
 Ferentinum, a town of the Hernici, at 
 the east of Rome. 
 
 Ferentum, or Forentum, a town of 
 Apulia. 
 
 Feretrius, a surname of Jupiter, afe- 
 rendo, because he had assisted the Ro- 
 mans, or a feriendo, because he had con- 
 quered their enemies under Romulus. 
 
 FERiiE Latins, festivals at Rome in- 
 stituted by Tarquin the Proud. The 
 principal magistrates of forty-seven towns 
 in Latium usually assembled on a mount 
 near Rome, where they altogether with 
 the Roman magistrates offered a bull to 
 Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried 
 home some part after the immolation, af- 
 ter they had sworn mutual friendship and 
 alliance. It continued but one day origin- 
 ally, but in process of time four days were 
 dedicated to its celebration. The feriaa 
 among the Romans were certain daya set 
 
FL 
 
 166 
 
 FO 
 
 apart to celebrate festivals, and during 
 that time it was unlawful for any person 
 to work. They were either public or pri- 
 vate. The public were of four different 
 kinds. The feri<z privates were observed 
 only in families, in commemoration of 
 birth days, marriages, funerals, and the 
 like. 
 
 Feronia, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
 sided over the woods and groves. 
 
 Fescennia, a town of Etruria, now 
 Oalese. 
 
 Fesulje, or Fjesul.e, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Festus, a friend of Domitian. Porci- 
 
 us, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as 
 governor of Judnea, under Claudius. 
 
 Fibrenus, a river of Italy. 
 
 Ficana, a town of Latium. 
 
 Ficaria, a small island on the east of 
 Sardinia. 
 
 Ficulea, or Ficulnea, a town of La- 
 tium. 
 
 Fidena, an inland town of Latium, 
 whose inhabitants are called Fidenates. 
 
 Fidentia, a town of Gaul on the south 
 of the Po. 
 
 Fides, the goddess of faith, oaths, and 
 honesty, worshipped by the Romans. 
 
 Fidicul-e, a place of Italy. 
 
 Fidius Dius, a divinity by whom the 
 Romans generally swore. Some suppose 
 him to be Hercules. 
 
 Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged 
 Mithridates in Pritane. He was deserted 
 by his troops for his cruelty, upon which 
 he killed himself. 
 
 Firmum, now Fcrmo, a town of Pice- 
 nirni on the Adriatic. 
 
 M. Firmius, a powerful native of Se- 
 leucia, who proclaimed himself emperor, 
 and was at last conquered by Aurelian. 
 
 Fiscellus, a part of the Apennine 
 mountains in Umbria. 
 
 Flacilla Arv"TONiA,aRoman matron in 
 Nero's age. 
 
 Flaccus, a consul who marched against 
 Sylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria. 
 
 A poet. A governor of Egypt who 
 
 died A. D. 39. 
 
 Flacilla JElia, the mother of Arcadi- 
 us and Honorius. 
 
 Flaminia Lex agraria, by C. Flami- 
 nius, the tribune, A. U. C. 525. 
 
 Flaminia via, a celebrated road which 
 led from Rome to Ariminum and Aqui- 
 leia. A gate of Rome. 
 
 C. Flaminius, a Roman consul of a 
 turbulent disposition, who was drawn 
 into a battle near the lake of Thrasyme- 
 nus, by the artifice of Annibal. He was 
 killed in the engagement, with an im- 
 mense number of Romans, B. C. 217. 
 
 T. Q,. Flaminius, or Flamininus, a cel- 
 ebrated Roman raised to the consulship, 
 A. U. C. 556. He was trained in the art 
 of war against Annibal. He was sent at 
 the bead of the Roman troops against 
 
 Philip, king of Macedonia, and in his ex- 
 pedition he met with uncommon success, 
 and received the name of father and de- 
 liverer of Greece. Flaminius was found 
 dead in his bed, after a life spent in the 
 greatest glory, in which he had imitated 
 with success the virtues of his model 
 Scipio. Lucius, the brother of the pre- 
 ceding, signalized himself in the wars of 
 Greece Calp. Flamma, a tribune. 
 
 Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flana- 
 tes, in Liburnia. 
 
 Flavia lex mgraria, by L. Flavius, A. 
 U. C. 693. 
 
 Flavianum, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Flavinia, a town of Latium. 
 
 Flavius, a senator who conspired with 
 
 Piso against Nero. A tribune of the 
 
 people deposed by J. Caesar. A Roman 
 
 who informed Gracchus of the violent 
 measures of the senate against him. 
 
 Flevus, the right branch of the Rhine, 
 which formed a large lake on its falling 
 into the sea, called Flevo, now Zuider- Zee. 
 
 Flora, the goddess of flowers and gar- 
 dens among the Romans, the same as the 
 Chloris of the Greeks. She was repre- 
 sented as crowned with flowers, and hold- 
 ing in her hand the horn of plenty. A 
 
 celebrated woman passionately loved by 
 Pompey the Great. 
 
 Floralia, games, in honor of Flora at 
 Rome. They were observed yearly, and 
 exhibited a scene of the most unbounded 
 licentiousness. 
 
 Florentia, a town of Italy, now Flor- 
 ence. 
 
 Florianus, a man who wore the impe- 
 rial purple at Rome only for two months, 
 A. D. 276. 
 
 Florus, L. Annasus Julius, a Latin his- 
 torian of the same family which produced 
 
 Seneca and Lucan, A. D. 116. Julius, 
 
 a friend of Horace. 
 
 Fluonia, a surname of Juno Lucina. 
 
 Folia, a woman of Ariminum, famous 
 for her knowledge of poisonous herbs. 
 
 Fons Solis, a fountain in the province 
 of Cyrene, cool at mid-day and warm at 
 the rising and setting of the sun. 
 
 Fontanus, a poet. 
 
 Fonteia, a vestal virgin. 
 
 Fonteius Capito, an intimate friend 
 of Horace. A Roman who raised com- 
 motions in Germany after the death of 
 Nero. A man who conducted Cleopa- 
 tra into Syria by order of Antony. 
 
 FoRMiiE, a maritime town of Campania 
 at the south east of Caieta. 
 
 Formianum, a villa of Cicero, near 
 which the orator was assassinated. 
 
 Formio, now Risano, a river of Istria. 
 
 Fornax, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
 sided over the baking of bread. 
 
 Foro Appii, a people of Italy, whose 
 capital was called Forum Jlpvi. 
 
 Fortut>a, a powerful deity among the 
 
FU 
 
 167 
 
 FU 
 
 ancients, daughter of Oceanus. She was 
 the goddess of fortune, and from her hand 
 were derived riches and poverty, pleas- 
 ures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. 
 She was worshipped in different parts of 
 Greece, and in Achaia her statue held the 
 horn of plenty in one hand, and had a 
 winged cupid at its feet. Her most famous 
 temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, 
 where presents and offerings were regu- 
 larly sent from every part of the country. 
 
 Fortunate insula, islands at the 
 west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. 
 They are supposed to be the Canary isles 
 of the moderns, and were represented as 
 the seats of the blessed, where the souls 
 of the virtuous were placed after death. 
 
 Foruli, a town of the Sabines built on 
 a stony place. 
 
 Forum — appii, a town of Latium on 
 
 the Appia via. Augustum, a place at 
 
 Rome. Allieni, a town of Italy, now 
 
 Fcrrara. Many places bore the name of 
 Forum wherever there was a public mar- 
 ket, or rather where the praetor held his 
 court of justice. 
 
 Fosr, a people of Germany near the 
 Elbe. 
 
 Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio between 
 
 Corsica and Sardinia. Drusi or Drusi- 
 
 ana, a canal, opened by Drusus from the 
 Rhine to the Issel. Mariana, a ca- 
 nal cut by Marius from the Rhone to Mar- 
 seilles. 
 
 Foss^: Philsitinje, one of the mouths 
 of the Po. 
 
 Franci, a people of Germany and Gaul, 
 whose country was called Francia. 
 
 Fraus, a divinity worshipped among the 
 Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night, 
 
 Fregella, a famous town of the Vol- 
 sci. 
 
 Fregen.e, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Frentani, a people of Italy, near Apu- 
 lia. 
 
 Fretum, (the sea) is sometimes applied 
 by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the 
 straits of Messina. 
 
 Frigidus, a river of Tuscany. 
 
 Frisii, a people of Germany near the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Sex. Jul. Frontinus, a celebrated ge- 
 ometrician, who made himself known by 
 the books he wrote on stratagems and 
 aqueducts, dedicated to Trajan. 
 
 Fronto, a preceptor of M. Antoninus, 
 
 by whom he was greatly esteemed. 
 
 Julius, a learned Roman, who delighted 
 in the company of poets. 
 
 Frusino, a small town of the Volsci. 
 
 Fucinus, a lake of Italy in the country 
 of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, 
 attempted to be drained by J. Caesar and 
 afterwards by Claudius, but with no suc- 
 cess. The lake surrounded by a ridge of 
 high mountains is now called Celano. 
 
 Fufidius, a wretched usurer. 
 
 Fufius Geminus, a man greatly promo- 
 ted by the interest of Li via. 
 
 Fugalia, festivals at Rome to celebrate 
 the flight of the Tarquins. 
 
 Fulgi nates, a people of Umbria. 
 
 Q,. Fulgi nus, a brave officer in Caesar's 
 legions. 
 
 Fulgora, a goddess at Rome who pre- 
 sided over lightning. 
 
 Fullinum and Fulginum, a small town 
 of Umbria. 
 
 Fulvia lex was proposed but rejected 
 A. U. C. 623, by Flaccus Fulvius. It 
 tended to make all the people of Italy cit- 
 izens of Rome. 
 
 Fulvia, a bold and ambitious woman 
 who married the tribune Clodius, and 
 afterwards Curio, and at last M. Antony 
 She took a part in all the intrigues of her 
 husband's triumvirate and showed herself 
 cruel as well as revengeful. Antony di- 
 vorced her to marry Cleopatra, and after 
 ineffectual attempts at revenge, she died 
 
 forty years before the Christian era. 
 
 A woman who discovered to Cicero the 
 designs of Catiline upon his life. 
 
 Fulvius, a Roman senator, intimate 
 with Augustus. A friend of C. Grac- 
 chus who was killed in a sedition with 
 
 his son. Flaccus Censor, a Roman who 
 
 plundered a marble temple of Juno, to 
 finish the building of one which he had 
 
 erected to Fortune. Ser. Nobilior, a 
 
 Roman consul who went to Africa after 
 the defeat of Regulus. After he had ac- 
 quired much glory against the Carthagi- 
 nians, he was shipwrecked at his return 
 with two hundred Roman ships. 
 
 Fundanus, a lake near Fundi in Italy. 
 
 Fundi, a town of Italy near Caieta. 
 
 Furii, a family which migrated from 
 Medullia in Latium and came to settle at 
 Rome under Romulus. 
 
 Furia lex de Testamentis, by C. Furius 
 the tribune. It forbade any person to 
 leave as a legacy more than a thousand 
 asses, except to the relations of the master 
 who manumitted, with a few more excep- 
 tions. 
 
 Furina, the goddess of robbers. 
 
 Furius, a military tribune with Camil- 
 
 lus. A Roman slave who obtained his 
 
 freedom. M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of 
 
 Cremona. 
 
 Furnius, a man condemned of adultery. 
 
 Arist. Fuscus, a friend of Horace. 
 
 Corn, a praetor sent by Domitian against 
 the Daci, where he perished. 
 
 Fusia lex de Comitiis, A. U. C. 527, 
 forbade any business to be transacted at 
 the public assemblies on certain days, 
 
 though among the fasti. Another, A. 
 
 TJ. C. 690. Caninia. another by Camil- 
 
 lus and C. Caninius Galbus, A. U. C, 751. 
 
 Fusius, a Roman orator. A Roman, 
 
 killed in Gaul. A Roman actor, whom 
 
 Horace ridicules. 
 
GA 
 
 168 
 
 GA 
 
 G 
 
 TAB ALES, a people of Aquitain. 
 Gabaza, a country of Asia. 
 Gabellus, now La Secchia, a river fall- 
 ing into the Po. 
 
 Gabene and Gabiene, a country of 
 Persia. 
 
 Gabienus, a friend of Augustus, be- 
 headed by order of Sext. Pompey. 
 
 Gabii, a city of the Volsci, built by the 
 kings of Alba, but now no longer in exist- 
 ence. Komulus and Remus were edu- 
 cated there. 
 
 Gabina, the name of Juno, worshipped 
 at Gabii. 
 
 Gab ini a lex de Comitiis, by A. Gabi- 
 nius, the tribune, A. U. C. 614. It re- 
 quired that in the public assemblies for 
 electing magistrates, the votes should be 
 
 given by tablets, and not viva voce. 
 
 The title of other laws De Comitiis, De Mi- 
 litia, De Usura, &c. 
 
 Gabinianus, a rhetorician, in the reign 
 of Vespasian. 
 
 Gabinius, a Roman historian. Au- 
 
 iius, a Roman consul, who made war in 
 Judaea, and reestablished tranquillity 
 there. He died about forty years before 
 
 Christ, at Salona. A lieutenant of 
 
 Antony. A consul, who behaved with 
 
 uncommon rudeness to Cicero. 
 
 Gades, Gadis, and Gadira, a small is- 
 land in the Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, 
 twenty-five miles from the columns of 
 Hercules. 
 
 Gaditanus, a surname of Hercules, 
 from Gades. 
 G-^satj:, a people on the Rhone. 
 Gjetulia, a country of Libya, the favor- 
 ite retreat of wild beasts, and now called 
 Bildulgerid. 
 G^tulicus, Cn. Lentulus, an officer 
 
 in the age of Tiberius. A poet who 
 
 wrote some witty but indelicate epigrams. 
 Gala, father of Masinissa, was king of 
 Numidia. 
 Galabrii, a nation near Thrace. 
 Galactophagi, a people of Asiatic Scy- 
 thia. 
 
 Galanthis, a servant maid of Alcme- 
 na, whose sagacity eased the labors of 
 her mistress. 
 
 Galata, a town of Syria. An island 
 
 near Sicily. A town of Sicily. A 
 
 mountain of Phocis. 
 Galat.e, the inhabitants of Galatia. 
 Galatjea and Galathjea, a sea nymph, 
 daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was 
 passionately loved by the Cyclops Poly- 
 phemus, whom she treated with coldness 
 and disdain ; while Acis, a shepherd of 
 Sicily, enjoyed her unbounded affection. 
 
 The daughter of a Celtic king. A 
 
 country girl. 
 
 Galatia, or Gallogrjecia, a country 
 of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, the 
 Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. 
 
 The name of ancient Gaul among the 
 Greeks. 
 
 Galaxia, a festival, in which they boil- 
 ed a mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, 
 called T'aXutiu by the Greeks. 
 
 Galba, a surname of the first of the Sul- 
 pilii, from the smallness of his stature. 
 
 A king among the Gauls, who made 
 
 war against J. Caesar. A brother of 
 
 the emperor Galba, who killed himself. 
 A mean buffoon, in the age of Tibe- 
 rius. Servius, an infamous lawyer at 
 
 Rome. Servius Sulpicius, a Roman 
 
 who rose gradually to the greatest offices 
 of the state, and exercised his power in 
 the provinces with equity and unremitted 
 diligence. He dedicated the greatest part 
 of his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly to 
 avoid the suspicions of Nero. Nero or- 
 dered him to be put to death, but he es- 
 caped from the hands of the executioner, 
 and was publicly saluted emperor. When 
 he was seated on the throne, he suffered 
 himself to be governed by favorites, who 
 exposed to sale the goods of the citizens 
 to gratify their avarice. He was assassin- 
 ated in the seventy-third year of his age, 
 and in the eighth of his reign, and Otho 
 proclaimed emperor in his room, January 
 16th, A. D. 69. A learned man, grand- 
 father to the emperor of the same name. 
 
 Sergius, a celebrated orator before the 
 
 age of Cicero. 
 
 Galenus Claudius, a celebrated physi- 
 cian in the age of M. Antoninus and his 
 successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an 
 architect. He was very intimate with 
 Marcus Aurelius the emperor, after whose- 
 death he returned to Pergamus, where he; 
 died, in his ninetieth year, A. D. 193. 
 Galeol.e, certain prophets in Sicily. 
 
 Galeria, one of the Roman tribes. . 
 
 The wife of Vitellius. Faustina, the- 
 
 wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Galerius, a native of Dacia, made em- 
 peror of Rome, by Dioclesian. 
 
 Galesus, now Galeso,& river of Cala- 
 bria, flowing into the bay of Tarentum. 
 
 A rich person of Latium, killed as he 
 
 attempted to make a reconciliation be- 
 tween the Trojans and Rutufians. 
 Galil^a, a celebrated country of Syria. 
 Galinthiadia, a festival at Thebes, in 
 honor of Galinthias, a daughter of Prcetus. 
 Galli, a nation of Europe, naturally 
 fierce, and inclined to war. They were- 
 very superstitious ; and in their sacrifices 
 
 they often immolated human victims. 
 
 The priests of Cybele. 
 
 Gallia, a large country of Europe, call- 
 ed Galatia by the- Greeks. The inhabit- 
 ants were called Qalli, Celtiberi, and Cel- 
 toscythtB, by themselves Celtce, by the 
 Greeks Galata. Ancient Gaul was di- 
 vided into four different parts by the Ro- 
 mans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbonensis,, 
 Aquitania, as# Gelttea. The inhabitants 
 
GA 
 
 169 
 
 GA 
 
 were great warriors ; and their valor over- 
 came the Roman armies, took the cities 
 of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different 
 ages. They spread themselves over the 
 greatest part of the world. They were 
 very superstitious. 
 
 Gallicanus mons, a mountain of Cam- 
 pania. 
 
 Gallicus Ager, was applied to the 
 country between Picenum and Ariminum. 
 
 Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on 
 
 the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf of 
 Lyons. 
 
 Gallienus Publ. Lucjnius, a son of 
 the emperor Valerian. He reigned con- 
 jointly with his father for seven years, 
 and ascended the throne as sole emperor, 
 A. D. 260. In his youth, he showed activ- 
 ity and military talent, but when he came 
 to the purple, he delivered himself up to 
 pleasure and indolence. His time was 
 spent in the greatest debauchery. He often 
 appeared with his hair powdered with 
 golden dust; and enjoyed tranquillity at 
 home, while his provinces abroad were 
 torn by civil quarrels and seditions. His 
 cruelties irritated the people and the army ; 
 emperors were elected, and no less than 
 thirty tyrants aspired to the imperial pur- 
 ple. Gallienus was assassinated at Milan 
 by some of his officers, in the fiftieth year 
 of his age, A. D. 268. 
 
 Gallinaria Sylva, a wood near Cuma3 
 in Italy. 
 
 Gallipolis, a fortified town of the Sa- 
 lentines. 
 
 Gallogrjecia, a country of Asia Minor, 
 near Bithynia and Cappadocia. 
 
 C. Gallonius, a Roman knight appoint- 
 ed over Gades. 
 
 P. Gallonius, a luxurious Roman. 
 
 Gallus. Vid. Alectryon. A general 
 
 ofOtho. A lieutenant of Sylla. An 
 
 officer of M. Antony, &c. Caius, a 
 
 friend of the great Africanus, famous for 
 
 his knowledge of astronomy. ^Elius, 
 
 the third governor of Egypt in the age of 
 
 Augustus. Cornelius, a Roman knight, 
 
 who rendered himself famous by his poet- 
 ical, as well as military talents. Vibius 
 
 Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul, in the 
 age of Augustus. A Roman who assas- 
 sinated Decius, the emperor, and raised 
 himself to the throne. He showed him- 
 self indolent and cruel, and was at last 
 assassinated by his soldiers, A. D. 253. 
 Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a bro- 
 ther of the emperor Julian, raised to the 
 imperial throne under the title of Caesar, 
 by Constantins his relation. He conspir- 
 ed against his benefactor, and was be- 
 headed, A. D. 354. A small river of 
 
 Phrygia. 
 
 Gamaxus, an Indian prince. 
 
 Gamelia, a surname of Juno. A fes- 
 tival privately observed at three different 
 times The first was the celebration of a 
 15 
 
 marriage, the second was in commemora- 
 tion of a birth day, and the third was an 
 anniversary of the death of a person. 
 
 Gandarit-e, an Indian nation. 
 
 Gangama, a place near the Pains Maeo- 
 tis. 
 
 Gangaridje, a powerful people near the 
 mouths of the Ganges. 
 
 Ganges, a large river of India, falling 
 into the Indian ocean. It was held in the 
 greatest veneration by the inhabitants, 
 and this superstition is said to exist still 
 in some particular instances. 
 
 Gannas'cus, an ally of Rome, put to 
 death by Corbulo, the Roman general. 
 
 Ganymede, a goddess, better known by 
 the name of Hebe. 
 
 Ganymedes, a beautiful youth of Phry- 
 gia. He was taken up to heaven by Ju- 
 piter as he was hunting, or rather tending 
 his father's flocks on mount Ida, and he 
 became the cup-bearer of the gods in the 
 place of Hebe. He is generally represent- 
 ed sitting on the back of a flying eagle in 
 the air. 
 
 Gar.*:ticum, a town of Africa. 
 
 Garamantes, a people in the interior 
 parts of Africa, now called the deserts of 
 Zahara. 
 
 Garamantis, a nymph who became 
 mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus, 
 by Jupiter. 
 
 Garamas, a king of Libya. 
 
 Garatas, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Gareat2e, a people of Arcadia. 
 
 Gareathyra, a town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Garganus, now St. Jlngelo, a lofty 
 mountain of Apulia. 
 
 Gargaphia, a valley near Plata?a, with 
 a fountain of the same name. 
 
 Gargaris, a king of the Curetes, who 
 first found the manner of collecting ho- 
 ney. 
 
 Gargarus, a town and mountain of 
 Troas, famous for its fertility. 
 
 Gargettus, a village of Attica. 
 
 Gargittiu.s, a dog which keptGeryon's 
 flocks. He was killed by Hercules. 
 
 Gargilius Martialis, an historian. 
 
 A celebrated hunter. 
 
 Garites, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul. 
 
 Garumna, a river of Gaul, now called 
 Garonne. 
 
 Gastron, a general of Laceda?mon. 
 
 Gathej., a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Gauoamela, a village near Arbela be- 
 yond the Tigris. 
 
 Gavlus and Gauleon, an island in the 
 Mediterranean sea, opposite Libya. It pro- 
 duces no venomous creatures. 
 
 Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, fa- 
 mous for its wines. 
 
 Gaus and Gaos, a man who followed 
 the interest of Arfaxerxes, from whom 
 he revolted, and by whom he was put to 
 death. 
 
 II 
 
GE 
 
 170 
 
 GE 
 
 Gaza, a famous town of Palestine. 
 
 Gebenna, a town and mountain of 
 Gaul. 
 
 Gedrosia, a barren province of Persia. 
 
 Geganii, a family of Alba, part of which 
 migrated to Rome, under Romulus. 
 
 Gela, a town on the southern parts of 
 Sicily, about ten miles from the sea. 
 
 Gelanor, a king of Argos. 
 
 Gellia Cornelia lex, de Civitate, by 
 L. Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentulus, A. 
 U. C. 681. It enacted, that all those who 
 had been presented with the privilege of 
 citizens of Rome by Pompey, should re- 
 main in the possession of that liberty. 
 
 Gellias, a native of Agrigentum, fa- 
 mous for his munificence. 
 
 Gellius, a censor. A consul who 
 
 defeated a party of Germans, in the inte- 
 rest of Spartacus. 
 
 Aulus Gellius, a Roman grammarian 
 in the aire of M. Antoninus, about 130 
 A. D. He published a work which he 
 called Modes Atticm, because he composed 
 it at Athens during the long nights of the 
 winter. 
 
 Gelo and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes, 
 who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 
 four hundred and ninety-one years before 
 the Christian era. He reigned seven years, 
 and his death was universally lamented 
 
 at Syracuse. A man who attempted 
 
 to poison Pyrrhus. A governor of 
 
 Bceotia. 
 
 Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela. 
 
 Gelone3 and Geloni, a people of Scy- 
 thia, inured from their youth to labor and 
 fatigue. 
 
 Gelgs, a port of Caria. 
 
 Gemini, a sign of the zodiac, which re- 
 presents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons 
 of Leda. 
 
 Geminius, a Roman who acquainted 
 M. y\ntony with the situation of his affairs 
 at Rome.- — An inveterate enemy of Ma- 
 rius. A friend of Pompey. 
 
 GEMi>-us,an astronomer and mathema- 
 tician of Rhode?, B. C. 77. 
 
 Gemonije, a place at Rome where the 
 carcasses of criminals were thrown. 
 
 Genabum, a town of Gaul, now Orle- 
 ans, on the Loire. 
 
 Genau.ni, a people of Vindelicia. 
 
 Geneva, an ancient, populous, and 
 well fortified city in the country of the 
 Aliobro;:es. 
 
 Genisus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by 
 the Argonauts. 
 
 Genius, a spirit, or daemon, which, ac- 
 cording to the ancients, presided over the 
 birth ami life of every man. 
 
 Genssric, a famous Vandal prince 
 who passed from Spain to Africa, where 
 he took Carthaee. 
 
 Gentihs, a king of Illyricura, who was 
 conquered, and led in trkimch by the Ro- 
 mans, P.. C. 169. 
 
 Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town 
 of Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. 
 
 Genucius, a tribune of the people. 
 
 A consul. 
 
 Genusus, now Semno, a river of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Genutia lex, de magistratibus, by L. 
 Genutius the tribune, A. U. C. 411. It 
 ordained that no person should exercise 
 the same magistracy within ten years, or 
 be invested with two offices in one year. 
 
 Georgica, a poem of Virgil in four 
 books, which treats of husbandry. 
 
 Gephyra, one of the cities of the Seie- 
 ucidaj in Syria. 
 
 Gephyr^i, a people of Phoenicia. 
 
 Gerjestus, a port of Eubcea. 
 
 Gerania, a mountain between Megara 
 and Corinth. 
 
 Geranthrjs, a town of Laconia. 
 
 Geresticus, a harbor of Teios in Ionia. 
 
 Gercithum, a town near Cumag in 
 yEolia. 
 
 Gergobia, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Gerion, an ancient augur. 
 
 Germania, an extensive country of Eu- 
 rope, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants 
 were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and 
 always proved a watchful enemy against 
 the Romans. Caesar first entered their 
 country, but he rather checked their fury 
 than conquered them. The ancient Ger- 
 mans were very superstitious, and, in 
 many instances, their religion was the 
 same as that of their neighbors, the Gauls. 
 Their rude institutions, gradually gave 
 rise to the laws and manners which still 
 prevail in the countries of Europe, which 
 their arms invaded or conquered. 
 
 Germanicus Cesar, a son of Drusus 
 and Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He 
 was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and 
 raised to the most important offices of the 
 state. He distinguished himself by his 
 success in the German wars, and was 
 rewarded with a triumph on his return to 
 Rome. He was secretly poisoned at 
 Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A. 1). 19, 
 in the thirty fourth year of his age. The 
 news of his death was received with the 
 greatest grief, and the most bitter lamen- 
 tations, and Tiberius seemed to be the 
 only one who rejoiced in his fail. Ger- 
 manicus has been commended not only for 
 his military accomplishments, but for his 
 
 learning, humanity and benevolence. 
 
 This name was common in the age of the 
 emperors, not only to those who had ob- 
 tained victories over the Germans, but 
 even to those who had entered the borders 
 of their country at the head of an army. 
 
 Germanii, a people of Persia. 
 
 Gerrh.e, a people of Scythia. 
 
 Gerus and Gerrkus, a river of Scythia. 
 
 GERONTHRiE, a town of Laconia, where 
 a yearly festival, called Clcrcntlmza, was 
 observed in honor ef Mars. 
 
GL 
 
 171 
 
 GL 
 
 Geryon and Geeyostes, a celebrated- 
 monster, represented as having three bod- 
 ies and three heads. He was destroyed 
 by Hercules. 
 
 Gessat.e, a people of Gallia Togata. 
 
 G-essoriacum, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Gessus, a river of Ionia. 
 
 Geta, a man who raised seditions at 
 
 Rome in Nero's reign. Septimius, a 
 
 son of the emperor Severus, brother to 
 Caracalla. After his father's death he 
 reigned at Rome, conjointly With his 
 brother ; but Caracalla, who envied his 
 virtues, and was jealous of his popularity, 
 murdered him in the arms of his mother. 
 Geta had not reached the twenty-third 
 year of his age, and the Romans had rea- 
 son to lament the death of so virtuous a 
 prince. 
 
 Getje, a people of European Scythia, 
 near the Daci. 
 
 Gigantes, the sons of Coelus and Ter- 
 ra, represented as men of uncommon 
 stature", with strength proportioned to 
 their gigantic size. Some of them, as 
 Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had fifty 
 heads and one hundred arms, and serpents 
 instead of legs. They were of a terrible 
 aspect, their hair hung loose about their 
 shoulders, and their beard was suffered to 
 grow untouched. Pallene and its neigh- 
 borhood was the place of their residence. 
 They conspired to dethrone Jupiter, who 
 was obliged to call Hercules to his assist- 
 ance. With the aid of this celebrated 
 hero, the giants were soon put to flight 
 and defeated. Some were crushed to 
 pieces under mountains or buried in the 
 sea ; and others were flayed alive, or beat- 
 en to death with clubs. 
 
 Gigirtum, a town of Phcenicia. 
 
 GiG!3, one of the female attendants of 
 Parvsntis, who was privy to the poisoning 
 of Statira. 
 
 Gildo, a governor of Africa, in the reign 
 of Arcadius. 
 
 Gillo, an infamous adulterer, in Juve- 
 nal's age. 
 
 Gindane9, a people of Libya. 
 
 Gindes, a river of Albania.— . — Another 
 of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Ginge. Vid. Gigis. 
 
 Gingunum, a mountain of Umbria. 
 
 Gippius, an infamous Roman. 
 
 Gisco, son of Hamilcon the Carthagin- 
 ian general, was banished from his coun- 
 try by the influence of his enemies. He 
 was afterwards recalled, and empowered 
 by the Carthaginians to punish in what 
 manner he pleased, those who had occa- 
 sioned his banishment. He Avas made a 
 general soon after, in Sicily, against the 
 Corinthians, about three hundred and nine 
 years before the Christian era ; and by his 
 success and intrepidity, he obliged the 
 enemies of his country to sue for peace. 
 
 Gladiatorii ludi, combats originally 
 
 exhibited on the grave of deceased persons 
 at Rome. They were first introduced at 
 Rome by the Bruti, upon the death of their 
 father, A. U. C. 488. Originally captives, 
 criminals, or disobedient slaves, were 
 trained up for combat ; but when the di- 
 version became more frequent, and was 
 exhibited on the smallest occasion, to pro- 
 cure esteem and popularity, many of the 
 Roman citizens enlisted themselves among 
 the gladiators, and Nero at one show, ex- 
 hibited no less than four hundred senators 
 and six hundred knights. After these 
 cruel exhibitions had been continued for 
 the amusement of the Roman populace, 
 they were abolished by Constantine the 
 Great, near six hundred years after their 
 first institution. 
 
 Glanis, a river of Cuirwe — of Iberia — 
 of Italy. 
 
 Glanum, a town of Gaul, now St. Rctni, 
 in Provence. 
 
 Glafhyre and Glapmyra, a daughter 
 of Archelaus the high-priest of Bellona in 
 Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and 
 intrigues. Mark Antony gave the king 
 dom of Cappadocia to her two sons. 
 
 Glaphyrus, an infamous Roman. 
 
 Glauce, the wife of Actams, daughter 
 
 of Cychrams. A daughter of Cretheus, 
 
 mother of Telamon. One of the Nerei- 
 des. 
 
 Glaucia, a surname of the Servilian 
 family. 
 
 Glaucipfe, one of the Danaides. 
 
 Glatjcippus, a Greek who wrote a trea- 
 tise concerning the sacred rights of Athens. 
 
 Glaucon, a writer of dialogues at 
 Athens. 
 
 Glauconome, one of the Nereides. 
 
 GLAUcopis,a surname of Minerva, from 
 the blueness of her eyes. 
 
 Glaucus, a son of Hippolochus, the son 
 of Beilerophon. He assisted Priam in the 
 Trojan war, and had the simplicity to ex- 
 change his golden suit of armor with Bio- 
 medes for an iron one, whence came the 
 proverb of Olaucl et JDiomedis permutatio, 
 to express a foolish purchase. He was 
 
 killed by Ajax. A fisherman of Anthe- 
 
 don in Breotia, son of Neptune and Nais, 
 or according to others of Polybius the son 
 of Mercury. He leaped into the water, 
 and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and 
 
 Tethys, at the request of the gods. A 
 
 son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Me- 
 rope the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia 
 
 a village of Boeotia. A son of Minos 
 
 the 2d, and Pasiphae, who was smothered 
 in a cask of honey, restored to life by the 
 
 physician Polyidus. A son of Epytus, 
 
 who succeeded his father on the throne of 
 Messenia.- — A son of Antenor, killed by 
 
 Agamemnon. An Argonaut. A son 
 
 of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. A son 
 
 of Hippolytus, whose descendants reigned 
 in Ionia. An athlete of Euboaa. A 
 
GO 
 
 112 
 
 GO 
 
 son of Priam A physician of Cleopa- 
 tra. A warrior, in the age of Phocion. 
 
 A physician exposed on a cross, be- 
 cause Hephmstion died while under his 
 
 care. An artist of Chios. A Spartan. 
 
 A grove of Baeotia. A bay of Caria. 
 
 An historian of Rhegiurn in Italy. 
 
 A bay and river of Libya — of Pelopon- 
 nesus — of Colchis. 
 
 Glautias, a king of Illyricum. 
 
 Glicon, a physician of Pansa. 
 
 Glissas, a town of Bceotia, with a small 
 river in the neighborhood. 
 
 Glvcera, a beautiful woman, celebrat- 
 ed by Horace. A woman of Sicyon 
 
 skilful in making garlands. 
 
 Glycerium, an infamous woman of 
 Thespis, who presented her countrymen 
 with the painting of Cupid, which Praxi- 
 teles had given her. 
 
 Glycon, a man remarkable for his 
 
 strength. A physician who attended 
 
 Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his 
 patron's wound. 
 
 Glvmpes, a town on the borders of the 
 Lacedremonians and Messenians. 
 
 Gnatia, a town of Apulia. 
 
 Gnossis and Gnossia, an epithet given 
 to Ariadne, because she lived, or was born 
 at Gnossus. 
 
 Gnossus, a famous city of Crete, the 
 residence of king Minos. 
 
 Gobanitio, a chief of the Arverni. 
 
 Gobar, a governor of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Gobares, a Persian governor. 
 
 Gobryas, a Persian, one of the seven 
 noblemen who conspired against the usur- 
 per Smerdis. 
 
 Golgi, a place of Cyprus, sacred to Ve- 
 nus Oolg-ia, and to Cupid. 
 
 Gomphi, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Gonatas, one of the Antigoni. 
 
 Goniades, nymphs in the neighbor- 
 hood of the river Cytherus. 
 
 Gonippus andPANORMus,twoyouthsof 
 Andania. 
 
 Gonni and Gonocondylos, a town of 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Gonoessa, a town of Troas. 
 
 Gonussa, a town of Sicyon. 
 
 Gordi.<£i, mountains in Armenia. 
 
 Gordianus, M. Antonius Africanus, a 
 son of Metius Marcellus, descended from 
 Trajan, by his mother's side. In the 
 greatest affluence, he cultivated learning, 
 and was an example of piety and virtue. 
 He applied himself to the study of poetry, 
 and composed a poem in thirty books upon 
 the virtues of Titus Antonius, and M. 
 Aurelius. After he had attained his 80th 
 year in the greatest splendor and domestic 
 tranquillity, he was roused from his peace- 
 ful occupations by the tyrannical reign of 
 the Maximini, and he was proclaimed 
 emperor by the rebellious troops of his 
 province. Maximinus marched against 
 him with the greatest indignation ; and 
 
 Gordian sent his son, with whom he shar 
 ed the imperial dignity, to oppose the ene- 
 my. Young Gordian was killed ; and the 
 father, worn out with age, and grown des- 
 perate on account of his misfortunes, 
 strangled himself at Carthage, before he 
 had been six weeks at the head of the 
 empire, A. D. 236. M. Antonius Afri- 
 canus, son of Gordianus. He passed into 
 Africa, in the character of lieutenant to 
 his father, and seven years after he was 
 elected emperor, in conjunction with him. 
 He marched against the partisans of Maxi- 
 minus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and 
 was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th 
 of June, A. D. 236, after a reign of about 
 six weeks. M. Antonius Pius, grand- 
 son of the first Gordian, was but twelve 
 years old when he was honored with the 
 title of Csesar. He was proclaimed em- 
 peror, in the sixteenth year of his age, and 
 his election was attended with universal 
 marks of approbation. Gordian was as- 
 sassinated in the east, A. D. 244. The 
 senate, sensible of his merit, honored him 
 with a most splendid funeral. 
 
 Gordium, a town of Phrygia. 
 
 Gordius, a husbandman, afterwards 
 king of Phrygia; remarkable for tying a 
 knot, on which the empire of Asia de- 
 pended, in so intricate a manner, that 
 Alexander the Great, unable to unravel it, 
 cut it to pieces. A tyrant of Corinth. 
 
 Gorgasus, a man who received divine 
 honors at Phera? in Messenia. 
 
 Gorge, a daughter of GEneus, king of 
 Calydon. Her tomb was seen at Amphis- 
 sa in Locris. One of the Danaides. 
 
 Gorgias, a celebrated sophist and ora- 
 tor, born at Leontium in Sicily. He lived 
 to his one hundred and eighth year, and 
 
 died B. C. 400. An officer of Antiochus 
 
 Epiphanes. A Macedonian, forced to 
 
 war with Amyntas. 
 
 Gorgo, the wife of Leonidas king of 
 
 Sparta. The name of the ship which 
 
 carried Perseus, after he had conquered 
 Medusa. 
 
 Gorgones, three celebrated sisters, 
 daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose 
 names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medu- 
 sa, all immortal except Medusa. Accord- 
 ing to the mythologists, their hairs were 
 entwined with serpents, their hands were 
 of brass, their wings of the color of gold, 
 their body was covered with impenetrable 
 scales, and their teeth were as long as the 
 tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to 
 stones all those on whom they fixed their 
 eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her 
 hair. 
 
 Gorgo nia, a surname of Pallas, because 
 Perseus, armed with her shield, had con- 
 quered the Gorgon, who had polluted her 
 temple with Neptune. 
 
 Gorgonius, a man ridiculed by Horace. 
 
 Gorgophone, a daughter of Perseus 
 
gr 
 
 ra 
 
 GR 
 
 and Andromeda, who married Perieres 
 king of Messenia. After the death of 
 Perieres, she married CEbuius. She is the 
 first whom the mycologists mention a3 
 
 having had a second husband. One of 
 
 the Danaides. 
 
 Gorgophopjus, a son of Electryon and 
 Anaxo. 
 
 Gorgophora, a surname of Minerva, 
 from her a?gis, on which was the head of 
 the gorgon Medusa. 
 
 Gorgus, the son of Aristomenes the 
 Messenian.- — A son of Theron tyrant of 
 
 Agrigentum. A man whose knowledge 
 
 of metals proved very serviceable to Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 Gorgythion, a son of Priam, killed by 
 Teucer. 
 
 Gortu-e, a people of Euboea. 
 
 Gortvn, Gortys, and Gortyna, an in- 
 land town of Crete. 
 
 Gortynia, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 GoTTHr, a celebrated nation of Germa- 
 ny, called also Gothones, Gutones, Gytho- 
 nes, and Guttones. They were warriors 
 by profession, as well as all their savage 
 neighbors. They plundered Rome, un- 
 der Alaric, one of their most celebrated 
 kings, A. D. 410. 
 
 Gracchus, T. Sempronius, father of 
 Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, twice con- 
 sul, and once censor, was distinguished 
 by his integrity, as well as his prudence 
 and superior ability either in the senate 
 or at the head of the armies. He made 
 war in Gaul, and met with much suc- 
 cess in Spain. He married Sempronia, of 
 the family of the Scipio's, a woman of 
 great virtue, piety, and learning. Their 
 children, Tiberius and Caius, who had 
 been educated under the watchful eye of 
 their mother, rendered themselves famous 
 for their eloquence, seditions, and an ob- 
 stinate attachment to the interests of the 
 populace, which at last proved fatal to 
 them. After lives of violent dissension 
 with the patrician orders, they both perish- 
 ed by a violent death. Sempronius, a 
 
 Roman, banished to the coast of Africa 
 and assassinated by order of Tiberius, 
 after he had been banished fourteen years. 
 
 A general of the Sabines, taken by 
 
 Q.. Cincinnatus. A Roman consul, de- 
 feated by Annibal. 
 
 Gradivus, a surname of Mars among 
 the Romans. 
 
 (ir-eci, the inhabitants of Greece. 
 
 Gr^cia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
 bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, 
 south by the Mediterranean sea, east by 
 the JEgean, and north by Thrace and Dal- 
 matia. It is generally divided into four 
 large provinces ; Macedonia, Epirus, 
 Achaia or Hellas, and Peloponnesus. 
 This country has been reckoned superior 
 15* 
 
 to every other part of the earth, on ac- 
 count of the salubrity of the air, the tem- 
 perature of the climate, the fertility of 
 the soil, and, above all, the fame, learning, 
 and arts of its inhabitants. While the 
 Greeks rendered themselves illustrious by 
 their military exploits, the arts and scien- 
 ces were assisted by conquest, and receiv- 
 ed fresh lustre from the application and 
 industry of their professors. The labors 
 of the learned were received with admi- 
 ration, and the merit of a composition was 
 determined by the applause or disappro- 
 bation of a multitude. Their generals 
 were orators ; and eloquence seemed to be 
 so nearly connected with the military pro- 
 fession, that he was despised by his sol- 
 diers who could not address them upon 
 any emergency with a spirited and well- 
 delivered oration. The learning, as well 
 as the virtues of Socrates, procured him a 
 name ; and the writings of Aristotle have, 
 perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame 
 than all the conquests and trophies of his 
 royal pupil. The Greeks planted several 
 colonies, and totally peopled the western 
 coasts of Asia Minor. For some time 
 Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexan- 
 der and his successors ; and at last, after 
 a spirited though ineffectual struggle hi 
 the Achaean league, it fell under the pow- 
 er of Rome, and became one of its de- 
 pendent provinces governed by a procon- 
 sul. 
 
 Gr«.cia magna, a part of Italy, where 
 the Greeks planted colonies, whence the 
 name. 
 
 Grjecinus, a senator put to death by 
 Caligula. 
 
 Gr^cus, a man from whom some sup- 
 pose that Greece received its name. 
 
 Graius, an inhabitant of Greece. 
 
 Grampius mon9, the Grampian moun- 
 tains in Scotland. 
 
 Granicus, a river of Bithynia. 
 
 Granius Petronius, an officer, who 
 being taken by Pompey's generals, re- 
 fused the life which was tendered to him ; 
 observing that Caesar's soldiers received 
 not, but granted life. He killed himself. 
 
 A questor whom Sylla had ordered to 
 
 he strangled, only one day before he died 
 
 a natural death. A son of the wife of 
 
 Marius, by a former husband. Gfcuiii- 
 
 tus, a man intimate with Crassus and 
 other illustrious men of Rome, whose vice3 
 he lashed with an unsparing hand. 
 
 Gratis, three goddesses. Vid. Cha- 
 rites. 
 
 Gratianus, a native of Pannonia, father 
 to the emperor Valentinian 1st. He who 
 became sole emperor in the sixteenth year 
 of his age. He soon after took, as his 
 imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he 
 appointed over the eastern parts of the 
 empire. His enmity to the Pagan super- 
 
GY 
 
 174 
 
 GY 
 
 stition of his subjects proved his ruin ; 
 and Maximinus, who undertook the de- 
 fence of the worship of Jupiter and of all 
 the gods, was joined by an infinite num- 
 ber of discontented Romans, and met Gra- 
 tian near Paris in Gaul. Grecian was for- 
 saken by his troops in the field of battle, 
 and was murdered by the rebels, A. D. 
 383, in the twenty-fourth year of his age. 
 A Roman soldier, invested with the im- 
 perial purple by the rebellious army in 
 Britain, and assassinated four months 
 after. 
 
 GRATiDi^,a woman at Neapolis, called 
 Canidia by Horace. 
 Gration, a giant killed by Diana. 
 Gratius Faliscl t 9, a Latin poet, con- 
 temporary with Ovid. 
 
 Gravii, a people of Spain. 
 Gravisc.e, now Eremo de St. Augustino, 
 a maritime town of Etruria. 
 
 Gravius, a Roman knight of Puteoli. 
 Gregorius, Theod. Thaumaturgus, a 
 disciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of 
 Neocasarea, the place of his birth. He 
 died A. D. 266, and it is said he left only 
 seventeen idolaters in his diocese, where 
 he had found only seventeen Christians. 
 
 Nazianzen, surnamed the Divine, 
 
 was bishop of Constantinople. His wri- 
 tings rival those of the most celebrated 
 orators of Greece, in eloquence, sublimity, 
 
 and variety. A bishop of Nyssa, author 
 
 of the Nicene creed. 
 
 Grinnes, a people among the Batavians. 
 Grophus, a man distinguished as much 
 for his probity as his riches. 
 
 Grudii, a people tributary to the Ner- 
 vii. 
 
 Grumentum, now Armento, an inland 
 town of Lucania. 
 
 Gryllus, a son of Xenophon, who kill- 
 ed Epaminondas, and was himself slain, 
 
 at the battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. 
 
 One of the companions of Ulysses, chang- 
 ed into a swine by Circe. 
 
 Geyneum and Grynium, a town near 
 .Clazomenae, where Apollo had a temple 
 with an oracle. 
 
 Gryneus, one of the Centaurs. 
 Gyarus and Gyaros, an island in the 
 iEgean sea, near Delos. 
 Gyas, one of the companions of ^Eneas. 
 
 A part of the territories of Syracuse. 
 
 A Rutulian, killed by ^Eneas in Italy. 
 
 Gyg-eus, a lake of Lydia. 
 Gyge, a maid of Parysatis. 
 
 Gyges, or Gyes, a son of Coelus and 
 Terra, represented as having fifty heads 
 and a hundred hands. He, with his 
 brothers, made war against the gods, and 
 
 was afterwards punished in Tartarus. 
 
 A Lydian, to whom Candaules, king of 
 
 the country, showed his wife naked.- 
 
 A man killed by Turnus, in his wars with 
 
 ^Eneas.- A beautiful hoy of Cnidus. 
 
 Gylippus, a Lacedsmonian, sent B. C« 
 414, by his countrymen to assist Syracuse, 
 against the Athenians. He obtained a 
 celebrated victory over Nicias and Demos- 
 thenes, the enemy's generals, and obliged 
 them to surrender. He accompanied Ly- 
 sander, in his expedition against Athens 
 and was present at the taking of that cele- 
 brated town. After the fall of Athens, 
 he disgraced himself by embezzling pub- 
 lic money committted to his care. An 
 
 Arcadian in the Rutulian war. 
 
 Gymnasia, a large city near Colchis. 
 
 Gymnasium, a place among the Greeks, 
 where all the public exercises were per- 
 formed, and where not only wrestlers and 
 dancers exhibited, but also philosophers, 
 poets, and rhetoricians repeated their 
 compositions. The room was high and 
 spacious, and could contain many thou- 
 sands of spectators. The laborious exer- 
 cises of the Gymnasium were running, 
 leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, 
 and boxing. 
 
 Gymnesi.se, two islands in the Mediter- 
 ranean, called Baleares by the Greeks. 
 
 Gymnetes, a people of ^Ethiopia, who 
 lived almost naked. 
 
 Gymnij:, a town of Colchis. 
 
 Gymnosophistje, a certain sect of phi- 
 losophers in India, who according to some, 
 placed their summum bonum in pleasure, 
 and their sumvnun malum in pain. They 
 lived naked as their name implies, and 
 for thirty-seven years they exposed them- 
 selves in the open air, to the heat of the 
 sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and 
 the coldness of the night. 
 
 Gynjeceas, a woman said to have been 
 the wife of Faunus, and the mother of 
 Bacchus and of Midas. 
 
 Gyn^cothcenas, a name of Mars at 
 Tegea, on account of a sacrifice offered 
 by the women without the assistance of 
 the men. 
 
 Gyndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assy- 
 ria, falling into the Tigris. 
 
 Gytheum, a seaport town of Laconia 
 
HA 
 
 ir 
 
 HA 
 
 HABiS, a king of Spain, who first 
 taught his subjects agriculture. 
 Hadrianopolis, a town of Thrace. 
 
 Had ri anus, a Roman emperor. C. 
 
 Fabius, a prastor in Africa. 
 
 Hjemon, a Theban youth, son of Creon, 
 who was so captivated with the beauty of 
 Antigone, that he killed himself on her 
 
 tomb. A Rutulian engaged in the wars 
 
 of Turnus. A friend of ^Eneas against 
 
 Turnus. 
 
 H.emus, a high mountain which sepa- 
 rates Thrace from Thessaly. A stage- 
 player. 
 
 Hages, a brother of king Porus who op- 
 posed Alexander, &c. One of Alexan- 
 der's flatterers. A man of Cyzicus, 
 
 killed by Pollux. 
 
 Hagno, a nymph. A fountain of Ar- 
 cadia. 
 
 Hagnagora, a sister of Aristomenes. 
 
 Hal^esus and Halesus, a son of Aga- 
 memnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. He 
 
 was killed by Pallas. A river in Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 
 Halala, a village at the foot of mount 
 Taurus. 
 
 Hale ntum, a town at the north of Sicily. 
 
 Halesa, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Halesius, a mountain and river near 
 .-Etna. 
 
 Halia, one of the Nereides. A festi- 
 val at Rhodes in honor of the sun. 
 
 Haliacmon, a river which separates 
 Thessaly from Macedonia, and falls into 
 the Sinus Thermiacus. 
 
 IIaliartus, a town of Bosotia, founded 
 
 by Haliartus, the son of Thersander. 
 
 A town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Halicarnassus, now Bodroun, a mari- 
 time city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where 
 the mausoleum was erected. 
 
 Halicyje, a town of Sicily, now Saleme. 
 
 Halieis, a town of Argolis. 
 
 Halimede, a Nereid. 
 
 Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune and 
 Euryte, who offered violence to Alcippe, 
 daughter of Mars. This offended Mars, 
 and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited 
 Mars to appear before the tribunal of jus- 
 tice to answer for the murder of his son. 
 The cause was tried at Athens, and the 
 murderer was acquitted. 
 
 Halithersus, an old man, who fore- 
 told to Penelope's suitors the return of 
 Ulysses. 
 
 Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for 
 
 his skill in dancing. A Trojan, who 
 
 came with iEneas into Italy. 
 
 Halizones, a people of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Halmus, a son of Sysiphus, father to 
 Chrysogone. 
 
 Halmydessus, a town of Thrace. 
 
 Halocrates, a son of Hercules and 
 Olympusa. 
 
 Halone, an island of Propontis, oppo- 
 site Cyzicus. 
 
 Halonnesus, an island on the coast of 
 Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus 
 Thermiacus. 
 Halotia, a festival in Tegea. 
 Halotus, an eunuch, who used to taste 
 the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the 
 emperor's food by order of Agrippina. 
 
 Halus, a city of Achaia of Thessaly 
 
 of Parthia. 
 
 Haly^eetus, a man changed into a bird 
 of the same name. 
 
 Halycus, now Platani, a river at the 
 south of Sicily. 
 
 Halys, now Kizil-ermark, a river of Asia 
 Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling 
 into the Euxine sea. A man of Cyzi- 
 cus killed by Pollux. 
 
 Halyzia, a town of Epirus near the 
 Achelous. 
 
 Hamadryades, nymphs who lived in 
 the country, and presided over trees, with 
 which they were said to live and die. 
 Hamje, a town of Campania. 
 Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia. 
 Harcalo, a man famous for his know- 
 ledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He touch- 
 ed the most venomous serpents and rep- 
 tiles without receiving the smallest injury. 
 Harmatelia, a town of the Brachma- 
 nes in India. 
 Harmatris, a town of ^Eolia. 
 Hamillus, an infamous debauchee. 
 Harmodius, a friend of Aristogiton, 
 who delivered his country from the ty- 
 ranny of the Pisistratidae, B. C. 510. 
 
 Harmonides, a Trojan beloved by Mi- 
 nerva. 
 
 Harpagus, a general of Cyrus. A 
 
 river near Colchis. 
 
 Harpalion, a son of Pylsmenes king 
 of Paphlagonia who assisted Priam during 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Harpalus, a man intrusted with the 
 treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His 
 hopes that Alexander would perish in his 
 expedition, rendered him dissipate, negli- 
 gent, and vicious. When brought to jus- 
 tice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, 
 where he was at last assassinated by 
 
 Thimbro, B. C. 325. A robber who 
 
 scorned the gods. A celebrated as- 
 tronomer of Greece. 
 
 Harpalyce, the daughter of Harpalycus, 
 king of Thrace. Her mother died when 
 she was but a child, and her father fed 
 her with the milk of cows and mares, and 
 inured her early to sustain the fatisues of 
 
 hunting. A beautiful virgin, daugh- 
 
 ter of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. 
 She was changed into an owl. A mis- 
 tress of Iphiclus, son of Thestius. She 
 died through despair on seeing herself de- 
 spised by her lover. 
 Harpalycus, one of the companions of 
 
 ^Eneas, killed by Camilla. The father 
 
 of Harpafyce. 
 Harpasa, a town of Caria. 
 
HE 
 
 116 
 
 HE 
 
 IIarpasus, a river of Caria. 
 
 Harfocrates, a divinity supposed to 
 be the same as Orus the son of Isis, 
 among the Egyptians. The Romans plac- 
 ed his statues at the entrance of their 
 temples. 
 
 Harpocration, a platonic philosopher 
 
 of Argos. A sophist called also iElius. 
 
 Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria. 
 
 Another, surnamed Caius. 
 
 Harfyke, winged monsters, who had 
 the face of a woman, the body of a vul- 
 ture, and had their feet and fingers arm- 
 ed with sharp claws. They were three 
 in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, 
 daughters of Neptune and Terra. 
 
 Harudes, a people of Germany. 
 
 Haruspex, a soothsayer at Rome, who 
 drew omens by consulting the entrails of 
 beasts that were sacrificed. He received 
 the name of Jlruspez, ab aris aspiciendis, 
 and that of Extisp ex, ab cxtis inspiciendis. 
 The order of Aruspices was first estab- 
 lished at Rome by Romulus, and the first 
 Aruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they 
 were particularly famous in that branch 
 of divination. This custom of consulting 
 the entrails of victims did not originate in 
 Tuscany, but it was in use among the 
 Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c.,and 
 the more enlightened part of mankind 
 well knew how to render it subservient to 
 their wishes or tyranny. 
 
 Q,. Haterius, a patrician and orator at 
 
 Rome under the first emperors. Agrip- 
 
 pa, a senator in the age of Tiberius. 
 
 Antoninus, a dissipated senator, supported 
 by Nero. 
 
 Haustaxe3, a man who conspired with 
 Bessus against Darius. 
 
 Hebdole. Vid. Ebdome. 
 
 Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 
 As she was fair, and always in the bloom 
 of youth, she was called the goddess of 
 youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer 
 to all the gods. 
 
 Hebesus, a Rutulian, killed in the night 
 by Euryalus. 
 
 Hebeus, now Marissa, a river of Thrace, 
 which was supposed to roll its waters 
 
 upon golden sands. A youth of Lipara, 
 
 beloved by Neobule. A man of Cyzi- 
 
 cus, killed by Pollux. A friend of 
 
 /Eneas son of Doliehaon, killed by Me- 
 zentius in the Rutulian war. 
 
 Hecale, a town of Attica. 
 
 Hecalesia, a festival in honor of Jupi- 
 ter of Hecale, instituted by Theseus. 
 
 Hecamede, a daughter of Arsinous. 
 
 Hecale fasum, a celebrated temple at 
 Stratonice in Caria. 
 
 Hecat-eus, an historian of Miletus. 
 
 A Macedonian, intimate with Alexander. 
 
 A Macedonian brought to the army 
 
 against his will by Amyntas. 
 
 Hecate, a daughter of Perses and As- 
 teria, W@ same as Proserpine, or Diana, 
 
 She wa3 called Luna in heaven, Diana 
 on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell, 
 whence her name of Diva triformis, ter- 
 gemina, triceps. 
 
 Hecatesia, a yearly festival observed 
 in honor of Hecate. 
 
 Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupil to 
 Panactius. He wrote on the duties of 
 man. 
 
 Hecatomboia, a festival celebrated in 
 honor of Juno by the Argians and people 
 of JEgina. There were also public games 
 first instituted by Archinus, a king of Ar- 
 gos, in which the prize was a shield of 
 brass with a crown of myrtle. 
 
 Hecatomphonia, a solemn sacrifice 
 offered by the Messenians to Jupiter, 
 when any of them had killed an hundred 
 enemies. 
 
 Hecatompolis, an epithet given to 
 Crete, from the hundred cities which it 
 once contained. 
 
 Hecatompylos, an epithet applied to 
 Thebes in Egypt on account of its hun- 
 dred gates. Also the capital of Parthia, 
 
 in the reign of the Arsacides. 
 
 Hecatonnesi, small islands between 
 Lesbos and Asia. 
 
 Hector, son of king Priam and Hecu- 
 ba, was the most valiant of all the Trojan 
 chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He 
 married Andromache the daughter of Ee- 
 tion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was 
 appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, 
 when Troy was besieged by the Greeks ; 
 and the valor with which he behaved 
 showed how well qualified he was to dis- 
 charge that important office. When Achil- 
 les had driven back the Trojans towards 
 the city, Hector too great to fly, waited 
 the approach of his enemy near the Scean 
 gates. The sight of Achilles terrified him, 
 and he fled before him in the plain. The 
 Greek pursued and Hector was killed, and 
 his body was dragged in cruel triumph by 
 the conqueror round the tomb of Patro- 
 
 clus. A son of Parmenio drowned in 
 
 the Nile. Alexander honored his remains 
 with a magnificent funeral. 
 
 Hecuba, daughter of Dymas a Phrygian 
 prince, was the second wife of Priam 
 king of Troy, and proved the chastest of 
 women, and the most tender and unfortu- 
 nate of mothers. During the Trojan war 
 she saw the greatest part of her children 
 perish by the hands of the enemy. When 
 Troy was taken, Hecuba, as one of the 
 captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses, and 
 embarked with the conquerors "for Greece. 
 The Greeks landed in the Thracian Cher- 
 sonesus to load with fresh honors the 
 grave of Achilles. During their stay the 
 hero's ghost appeared to them, and de- 
 manded, to ensure the safety of their re- 
 turn, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba's 
 daughter. They complied and Polyxena 
 was torn from her mother to be sacrificed. 
 
HE 
 
 177 
 
 HE 
 
 Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief 
 was still more increased at the sight of 
 the body of her son Polydorus washed on 
 tbe shore, who had been recommended by 
 his father to the care and humanity of 
 Polymnestor king of the country. She 
 determined to revenge the death of her 
 son, but was hindered from executing her 
 bloody purpose, and fled with the female 
 companions of her captivity. She after- 
 wards threw herself into the sea. Hecuba 
 was the mother of many children, among 
 whom were Hector, Paris, Troilus, Creu- 
 sa, Cassandra, &c. &.c. 
 
 Hecub-e Sepulchrum, a promontory of 
 Thrace. 
 
 Hedila, a poetess of Samos. 
 
 FIedonjsum, a village of Bceotia. 
 
 Hedymeles, an admired musician in 
 Domitian'sage. 
 
 Hegelochus, a general of six thousand 
 Athenians sent to Mantinea. An Egyp- 
 tian general who flourished B. C. 128. 
 
 HEGEMON,aThrasian poet in the age of 
 
 Alcibiades. Another poet, who wrote a 
 
 poem on the war of Leuctra. 
 
 Hegesianax, an historian of Alexan- 
 dria. 
 
 Hegesius, a tyrant of Ephesus. A 
 
 philosopher who so eloquently convinced 
 his auditors of their failings and follies, 
 and persuaded them that there were no 
 dangers after death, that many were guilty 
 
 of suicide. An historian. A famous 
 
 orator of Magnesia. 
 
 Hegesilochus, one of the chief magis- 
 trates of Rhodes in the age of Alexander. 
 
 Another native of Rhodes, 171 years 
 
 before the christian era. 
 
 Hegesinous, a man who wrote a poem 
 on Attica. 
 
 Hegesinus, a philosopher of Pergamus, 
 who flourished B. C. 193. 
 
 Hegjesippus, an historian who wrote 
 6ome things upon Pallene. 
 
 Hegesipyle, the mother of Cimon. 
 
 Hegesistratus, an Ephesian who con- 
 sulted the oracle to know in what partic- 
 ular place he should fix his residence. He 
 was directed to settle where he found 
 peasants dancing with crowns of olives. 
 This was in Asia, where he founded 
 Elea,&c. 
 
 Hegetorides, a Thrasian, who, upon 
 seeing his country besieged by the Athe- 
 nians, and a law forbidding any one on 
 pain of death to speak of peace, went to 
 the market place with a rope about his 
 neck, and boldly told his countrymen to 
 treat him as they pleased, provided they 
 saved the city from the calamities which 
 the continuation of the war seemed to 
 threaten The Thrasians were awakened, 
 the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides 
 pardoned. 
 
 Helena, the most beautiful woman of 
 her age, daughter of Leda and Jupiter. 
 
 Her beauty was universally admired, and 
 her hand eagerly sought after by all the 
 young princes of Greece. Tyndarus was 
 rather alarmed than pleased at the sight 
 of such a number of illustrious suitors. 
 He knew that he could not prefer one 
 without displeasing all the rest, and from 
 this perplexity he was at last drawn by 
 the artifice of Ulysses. This prince ad- 
 vised the king to bind, by a solemn oath, 
 all the suitors, that they would approve of 
 the uninfluenced choice which Helen 
 should make of one among them ; and 
 engage to unite together to defend her 
 person and character if ever any attempts 
 were made to ravish her from the arms of 
 her husband. The advice of Ulysses was 
 followed, the princes consented, and Helen 
 fixed her choice upon Menelaus and mar- 
 ried him. Hermione was the early fruit 
 of this union, which continued for three 
 years with mutual happiness. After this, 
 Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came 
 to Lacedaemon on pretence of sacrificing 
 to Apollo. He was kindly received by 
 Menelaus, but shamefully abused his fa- 
 vors, and in his absence in Crete he cor- 
 rupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and 
 persuaded her to follow him to Troy B.<L 
 1198. At his return Menelaus, highly sen- 
 sible of the injury he had received, assem- 
 bled the princes, and reminded them 
 of their solemn promises. They resolv- 
 ed to make war against the Trojans ; and 
 soon their combined forces assembled and 
 sailed for the coast of Asia. The behav- 
 ior of Helen during the Trojan war is not 
 clearly known. When Paris was killed 
 in the ninth year of the war, she volunta- 
 rily married Deiphobus, one of Priam's 
 sons, and when Troy was taken she made 
 no scruple to betray him, and to introduce 
 the Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate 
 herself with Menelaus. She returned to 
 Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave 
 the errors which she had committed — 
 The age of Helen has been a matter of 
 
 deep inquiry among the chronologists. 
 
 A young woman of Sparta, often con- 
 founded with the daughter of Leda. As 
 she was going to be sacrificed, because 
 the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came 
 and carried away the knife of the priest. 
 
 An island on the coast of Attica. 
 
 A daughter of the emperor Constantine 
 
 who married Julian. The mother of 
 
 Constantine. 
 
 Helenia, a festival in Laconia, in ho- 
 nor of Helen, who received their divine 
 honors. 
 
 Helenor, a Lydian prince who accom- 
 panied ^Eneas to Italy. 
 
 Helejtus, a celebrated soothsayer, son 
 of Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected 
 by all the Trojans. He was the only one 
 of Priam's sons who survived the ruin of 
 
 his country. A Rutulian killed by Pallas. 
 
 H* 
 
HE 
 
 178 
 
 HE 
 
 Helerni LtjctjSj a place near Rome. 
 
 Heles or Hales, a river of Lucania 
 near Velia. 
 
 Heliades, the daughters of the Sun and 
 Clymene. They were three in number, 
 Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa. 
 They were so afflicted at the deatli of their 
 brother Phaeton, that they were changed 
 by the gods into poplars, and their tears 
 into precious amber, on the banks of the 
 
 river Po. The first inhabitants of 
 
 Rhodes. 
 
 Heliast.£, a name given to the judges 
 of the most numerous tribunal at Athens. 
 They consisted of one thousand, and 
 sometimes of one thousand five hundred. 
 
 Helicaon, a Trojan prince, son of An- 
 tenor. 
 
 Helice, a star near the north pole, ge- 
 nerally called Ursa major. A town of 
 
 Achaia. A daughter of Silenus, king of 
 
 ^3giale. A daughter of Lycaon, king 
 
 of Arcadia. 
 
 Helicon, now Zagaro-Vouni, a moun- 
 tain of Eceotia, on the borders of Phocis. 
 It was sacred to the Muses, who had there 
 a temple. A river of Macedonia. 
 
 Heliconiades, a name given to the 
 Muses. 
 
 Heliconis, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Heliodorus, one of the favorites of 
 
 Seleucus Philopator, king of Syria. A 
 
 Greek mathematician of Larissa. A 
 
 famous sophist and author of an entertain- 
 ing romance, called JEthiopica. A learn- 
 ed Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace. 
 
 A man who wrote a treatise on tombs. 
 
 A poet. A geographer. A sur- 
 geon at Rome in Juvenal's age. 
 
 Heliogaealus, a deity among the Phoe- 
 nicians. M. Aurelius Antoninus, a 
 
 Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, 
 called Heliogabalus, because he had been 
 priest of that divinity in Phoenicia. After 
 the death of Macrinus he was invested 
 with the imperial purple, and the senate, 
 however unwilling to submit to a youth 
 only fourteen years of age, approved of 
 his election, and bestowed upon him the 
 title of Augustus. Rome however soon 
 displayed a scene of cruelty and debauch- 
 ery. The prince raised his horse to the 
 honors of the consulship, and obliged his 
 subjects to pay adoration to the god Heli- 
 ogabalus, which was no other than a large 
 black stone, whose figure resembled that 
 of a cone. His licentiousness soon dis- 
 pleased the populace, and Heliogabalus, 
 was slain by his soldiers in the eighteenth 
 year of his age, after a reign of three years, 
 nine months and four days. His cruelties 
 were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. 
 
 Heliopolis, now Matarca, a famous city 
 
 of Lower Egypt. There was a small 
 
 village of the" same name near Babylon. 
 - — —A town of Syria, now Balbeck. 
 
 Helisson, a town and river of Arcadia. 
 
 Helium, a name given to the mouth of 
 the Maese in Germany. 
 
 Helius, a celebrated favorite of the 
 emperor Nero, put to death by order of 
 
 Galba, for his cruelties. The Greek 
 
 name of the sun, or Apollo. 
 
 Helixus, a river of Cos. 
 
 Hellanice, a sister of Clitus, who was 
 nurse to Alexander. 
 
 Hellanicus, a celebrated Greek histo- 
 rian, born at Mitylene. A brave officer 
 
 rewarded by Alexander. An historian 
 
 of Miletus. 
 
 Hellanocrates, a man of Larissa. 
 
 Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly, 
 
 sometimes applied to all Greece. A 
 
 beautiful woman mentioned by Horace as 
 beloved by Marius ; the lover killed her 
 in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroy- 
 ed himself. 
 
 Helle, a daughter of Athamas and Ne- 
 phele, sister to Phryxus. She fled from 
 her father's house with her brother, to 
 avoid the cruel oppression of her mother- 
 in-law, Ino. According to some accounts 
 she was carried through the air on a gold- 
 en ram which her mother had received 
 from Neptune, and in her passage she be- 
 came giddy and fell from her seat into that 
 part of the*sea which from her received 
 the name of Hellespont. 
 
 Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 
 reigned in Phthiotis about one thousand 
 four hundred and ninety- five years before 
 the Christian era, and gave the name of 
 Hellenians to his subjects. 
 
 Hellenes, the inhabitants of Greece. 
 
 Hellespontias, a wind blowing from 
 the north-east. 
 
 Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a 
 narrow strait between Asia and Europe, 
 near the Propontis, which received its 
 name from Helle who was drowned there 
 in her voyage to Colchis. It is celebrated 
 for the love and death of Leander, and 
 for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built 
 
 over it when he invaded Greece. The 
 
 country along the Hellespont on the Asiat- 
 ic coast bears the same name. 
 
 Hellopia, a small country of Eubcea. 
 The people were called Hcllopes. 
 
 Hellotia, two festivals, one of which 
 was observed in Crete, in honor of Euro- 
 pa, whose bones were then carried in sol- 
 emn procession, with a myrtle garland no 
 less than twenty cubits in circumference. 
 The other festival was celebrated at Cor- 
 inth with games and races, where young 
 men entered the lists and generally ran 
 with burning torches in their hands. It 
 was instituted in honor of Minerva. 
 
 Helnes, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. 
 
 Heloris, a general of the people of 
 Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana, which 
 Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell 
 in battle. 
 
 Helorijm and IIelorus, now Muri Ucci, 
 
HE 
 
 179 
 
 HE 
 
 a town and river of Sicily. A river of 
 
 Magna Graicia. 
 
 Helos, a place of Arcadia: A town 
 
 of Laconia taken and destroyed by the 
 Lacedaemonians under Ay;is the third, of 
 the race of the HeracluicE, because they 
 refused to pay the tribute which was im- 
 posed upon them. The conquerors reduc- 
 ed the inhabitants to the lowest and most 
 miserable slavery, and made a law which 
 forbade their masters either to give thenl 
 their liberty, or to sell them in aiiy other 
 ccuntry. 
 
 Helots and Helotes, the public slaves 
 of Sparta. 
 
 Helvetia, a vestal virgin struck dead 
 with lightning in Trajan's reign. 
 
 IIelvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, 
 conquered by J. C;esar. 
 
 Helvia, the mother of Cicero. Rici- 
 
 na, a town of Picenum. 
 
 Helvidia, the name of a Roman fa- 
 mily. 
 
 Helvii, now Vivers, a people of Gaul, 
 along the Rhone. 
 
 Kelvillum, a town of Umbria, now 
 Sijlllo. 
 
 Helvina, a fountain of Aquinum. 
 
 Hslvius Cinna proposed a law, which 
 however was not passed, to permit Cssar 
 
 to marry whatever woman he chose. 
 
 A poet. 
 
 Helum, a river of Scythia. 
 
 Helymus and Paxopes, two hunters at 
 the court of Acestes in Sicily. 
 
 Hemathion, a son of Aurora and Ge- 
 phalus, or Tithonus. 
 
 IIemithea, a daughter of Cycnus and 
 Proclea, exposed with her brother Tenes 
 by her father, and carried by the wind to 
 Tenedos. Achilles offered her violence, 
 but the earth opened and swallowed her 
 after she had entreated the assistance of 
 the gods. 
 
 Heneti, a people of Paphlagonia, who 
 are said to have settled in Italy near the 
 Adriatic, where they gave the name of 
 Veneiia to their habitations. 
 
 Heniochi, a people of Asiatic Sarma- 
 tia, near Colchis. 
 
 Hephjestia, the capital town of Lem- 
 
 nos. A festival in honor of Vulcan at 
 
 Athens. 
 
 Heph.estiade3, a name applied to the 
 Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan. 
 
 Heph^stii, mountains in Lycia which 
 are set on fire by the lightest touch of a 
 burning torch. 
 
 Hephjjstio, a Greek grammarian of 
 Alexandria in the age of the emperor Ve- 
 rus. 
 
 Heph.*:stion, a Macedonian famous for 
 his intimacy with Alexander. Alexander 
 often observed that Craterus was the 
 friend of the king, but Hephsstion the 
 friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbata- 
 na, three hundred and twenty-five years 
 before the Christian era. 
 
 IIsptaphonos, a portico, which receiv- 
 ed this name, because the voice was re- 
 echoed seven times in it. 
 
 IIeptapolis, a country of Egypt, which 
 contained seven cities. 
 
 Heptapylos, a surname of Thebe3 in 
 Bccotia. from its seven gates. 
 
 Hera, the name of Juno among the 
 
 Greeks. A daughter of Neptune and 
 
 Ceres. A town of iEolia and of Arca- 
 dia.— A town of Sicily, called also 
 
 Hybla. 
 
 Heraclea, an ancient town of Sicily, 
 near Agrigentum. A town of Macedo- 
 nia. Another in Pontus, celebrated for 
 
 its naval power. There were no less 
 
 than forty cities of that name in different 
 parts of the world, all built in honor of 
 
 Hercules. A daughter of Hiero, tyrant 
 
 of Sicily. 
 
 Heracleia, a festival at Athens cele- 
 brated every fifth year, in honor of Hercu- 
 les. The Thisbians and Thebans in Bceo- 
 tia, observed a festival of the same name, 
 in which they offered apples to the god. 
 
 There was also a festival at Sicyon in 
 
 honor of Hercules. At Lindus, a so- 
 lemnity of the same name was also ob- 
 served", and at the celebration nothing was 
 heard but execrations and profane words. 
 
 Heracleum, a promontory of Cappado- 
 
 cia. A town of Egypt. The port 
 
 town of Gnossus in Crete. 
 
 Heracleotes, a surname of Dionysius 
 the philosopher. A philosopher of He- 
 raclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all 
 the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was 
 not an evil. A severe illness, attended 
 witi) the most acute pains, obliged him. to 
 renounce his principles, and at the same 
 time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 
 two hundred and sixty-four yoars before 
 the Christian era. 
 
 Heraclidje, the descendants of Hercu- 
 les, grenlty celebrated in ancient history. 
 Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus 
 all the rights and claims which he had 
 upon the Peloponnesus. The recovery of 
 the Peloponnesus by the descendants of 
 Hercules forms an interesting epoch in an- 
 cient history, which is universally believ- 
 ed to have happened eighty years after the 
 Trojan war, or one thousand one hundred 
 and four years before the Christian era. 
 This conquest was totally achieved about 
 one hundred and twenty years after the 
 first attempt of Hyllus. 
 
 Heraclides, a philosopher of Heraclea 
 in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seu- 
 sippr.s and Aristotle. He lived about 
 three hundred and thirty-five years before 
 the Christian era. An historian of Pon- 
 tus surnamed Lembus., who flourished B. 
 
 C. 177. A man who, after the retreat 
 
 of Dionysius the younger from Sicily, rais- 
 ed cabals against Dion, in whose hands 
 the sovereign power was lodged. He was 
 
HE 
 
 180 
 
 HE 
 
 put to death by Dion's order. A youth 
 
 of Syracuse in the battle in which Nicias 
 was defeated. A son of Agathocles. 
 
 Heraclitus, a celebrated Greek philo- 
 sopher of Ephesus, who flourished about 
 five hundred years before the Christian 
 era. Naturally of a melancholy disposi- 
 tion, he passed his time in a solitary and 
 unsocial manner, and received the appel- 
 lation of the obscure philosopher, and the 
 mourner, from his unconquerable custom 
 of weeping at the follies, frailty, and vi- 
 cissitude of human affairs. He fixed his 
 residence in a dunghill, in hopes that the 
 continual warmth which proceeded from 
 it might dissipate a dropsical complaint, 
 and restore him to the enjoyment of his 
 former health. Such a remedy proved 
 ineffectual, and the philosopher suffered 
 himself to die in the sixtieth year of his 
 age. Some say that he was torn to pieces 
 
 by dogs. A Lyric poet. A writer 
 
 of Halicarnassus, intimate with Callima- 
 
 chus. A native of Lesbos. A writer 
 
 of Sicyon. 
 
 Heraclius, a river of Greece. A 
 
 brother of Constantine. A Roman em- 
 peror, &c. 
 
 Her.ea, a town of Arcadia. Festi- 
 vals at Argos in honor of Juno, who was 
 the patroness of that city. They were also 
 observed by the colonies of the Argives 
 which had been planted at Samos and 
 ^Egina. There was a festival of the same 
 name in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, 
 in which sixteen matrons wove a garment 
 
 for the goddess. There were also 
 
 others instituted by Hippodamia, who had 
 received assistance from Juno when she 
 married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each 
 attended by a maid, presided at the cele- 
 bration. There was also a solemn day 
 
 of mourning at Corinth which bore the 
 same name, in commemoration of Medea's 
 children, who were buried in Juno's tem- 
 ple. Another festival of the same name 
 
 at Pallene. 
 
 Her-ei montes, a chain of mountains 
 at the north of Sicily. 
 
 Her.eum, a temple and grove of Juno, 
 
 situate between Argos and Mycenae. A 
 
 town of Thrace. 
 
 Herbessus, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Herbita, an inland town of Sicily. 
 
 Herceius, an epithet given to Jupiter. 
 
 Herculanea via, a mound raised be- 
 tween the Lucrine lake and the sea, called 
 also Herculeum iter. 
 
 Herculaneum, a town of Campania 
 swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an earth- 
 quake, produced from an eruption of 
 mount Vesuvius, August 24th, A. D. 79, 
 in the reign of Titus. After being buried 
 under the lava for more than one thou- 
 sand six hundred years, these famous 
 cities were discovered in the beginning of 
 the last century. 
 
 Hercules, a celebrated hero ; who, af- 
 ter death, was ranked among the gods, 
 and received divine honors. He was the 
 son of Jupiter and Alcmena ; and his birth 
 was attended with many supernatural 
 events. In his eighteenth year he deliv- 
 ered the neighborhood of mount Cithreron 
 from a huge lion, and released his country 
 from the annual tribute of an hundred 
 oxen, which it paid to Erginus, king of 
 Orchomenos. As Hercules, by the will 
 of Jupiter, was subjected to the power of 
 Eurystheus, his brother, king of Argos, 
 and obliged to obey him in every respect, 
 Eurystheus ordered him to appear at My- 
 cena?, and perform whatever labors he 
 should impose upon him. Hercules re- 
 fused ; but afterwards consulted the oracle 
 of Apollo, and was told that he must be 
 subservient for twelve years to the will of 
 Eurystheus. He therefore repaired to My- 
 cenre, determined to bear with fortitude 
 whatever gods or men imposed upon him. 
 Eurystheus commanded him to achieve a 
 number of enterprises the most difficult 
 and arduous ever known, generally called 
 the Twelve Labors of Hercules ; which 
 were as follows : — 1. He was to kill the 
 lion of Nemsea, which ravaged the coun- 
 try near Mycenae. The hero boldly at- 
 tacked him with his club, pursued him to 
 his den, and, after a sharp engagement, 
 choked him to death. He then carried 
 the. dead beast on his shoulders to Myce 
 nse. — 2. To destroy the Lernaean hydra, 
 which, accordmg to Diodorus, had one 
 hundred heads. — 3. To bring alive and 
 unhurt into the presence of Eurystheus a 
 stag, famous for its incredible swiftness, 
 its golden horns, and brazen feet. In the 
 accomplishment of this task Hercules was 
 a whole year occupied ; but he at length 
 caught the stag in a trap. — 4. To bring 
 alive a wild boar which ravaged the neigh- 
 borhood of Erymanthus. — 5. To clean the 
 stables of Augias, where three thousand 
 oxen had been confined for many years. — 
 6. To kill the carnivorous birds which in- 
 fested the country near the lake Stympha- 
 lis, in Arcadia. — 7. To bring alive a pro- 
 digious wild boar which laid waste the 
 island of Crete. — 8. To obtain the mares 
 of Diomedes, which fed upon human 
 flesh. — 9. To obtain the girdle of the queen 
 of the Amazons. — 10. To kill the monster 
 of Geryon, king of Gades, and bring to 
 Argos his numerous flocks, which lived 
 upon human bodies. — 11. To gather ap- 
 ples from the garden of the Hesperides. — 
 12. This was the last and most dangerous 
 of his exploits, in which he was com- 
 manded to bring upon earth the three- 
 headed dog, Cerberus. Hercules descend- 
 ed into hell by a cave on mount Taenarus, 
 seized the monster, whom he carried be- 
 fore Eurystheus ; and afterwards convey- 
 ed him back. Besides these arduous la- 
 
HE 
 
 181 
 
 HE 
 
 bors, Hercules achieved a number of 
 others, of his own accord, equally great 
 and wonderful.— Such are some of the 
 most striking; characteristics of the life of 
 Hercules, who is said to have supported 
 for a while the weight of the heavens upon 
 his shoulders, and to have separated by 
 the force of his arm the celebrate! moun- 
 tains which were afterwards called the 
 boundaries of his labors. He is held up by 
 the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and 
 piety ; and, as his whole life h ad been 
 employed for the common benefit of man- 
 kind, he was deservedly rewarded with 
 
 immortality. A son of Alexander the 
 
 Great. A surname of the emperor Com- 
 
 modus', sec; 
 
 IIerculsum, a promontory in the coun- 
 try of the Brutii. Fretuin, a name 
 
 given tit fcha strait which forms a commu- 
 nication between the Atlantic and Medi- 
 terranean. 
 
 HiRcu:.cu3, one of Agdppina's mur- 
 derers. 
 
 H^RccLHu.' La.c:us, a lake of Sicily. 
 
 Ii£F>ctTL:s Columns:, two lofty moun- 
 tains, situate one on the most southern 
 extremities of Spain, and the other on the 
 itpp-osire part of Africa. They were call- 
 ed by the ancients Abyia and Calpe. They 
 are reckoned the boundaries of the labors 
 
 of Hercules. Labronis vel Liburni Por- 
 
 tus, _a seaport town, now Leghorn. 
 
 Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of 
 
 Italy, now Spnrtivento. Insula, two 
 
 inlands near Sardinia. Portus, a sea- 
 port of the Brutii, on the western coast. 
 
 Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to 
 
 Hercules. A small island on the coast 
 
 of Spain. 
 
 Hercyha, a nymph who accompanied 
 
 Ceres as she travelled over the world. 
 
 A river of Boeotia. 
 
 Kercynia, a celebrated forest of Ger- 
 many. It contained the modern countries 
 of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, Transylva- 
 nia, and a great part of Russia. 
 
 Herdoxia, a small town of Apulia. 
 
 Herdonius, a man put to death by Tar- 
 quin. 
 
 Herea, a town of Arcadia on an emi- 
 nence, the bottom of which was watered 
 by the Alpheus. 
 
 Herennius Senecio, a Roman histo- 
 rian under Domitian. An officer of 
 
 Sertorius defeated by Pompey. A cen- 
 turion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Anto- 
 ny. He cut off the orator's head. 
 
 Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates 
 his book de Rhetoricd. A Samnite gen- 
 eral. Philo, a Phoenician who wrote a 
 
 book on Adrian's reign. 
 
 Hereus, a son of Lycaon, who founded 
 a city in Arcadia, called Herea. 
 
 Herillus, a philosopher of Chalcedon. 
 
 Herilus, a king of Pneneste, son of the 
 nymph Feronia. 
 
 16 
 
 Hermachus, a native of Mltylene, suc- 
 cessor and disciple of Epicurus, B. C. 
 2o7. 
 
 Herm.-e, statues of Mercury in the city 
 
 of Athens. Two youths who attended 
 
 those who consulted the oracle of Tropho- 
 nius. 
 
 Hsrmjea, a festival in Crete, where the 
 masters waited upon the servants. 
 
 Herm-euoi, a town of Arcadia. A 
 
 promontory at the east of Carthage, now 
 cape Bon. 
 
 IIermagoras Bolides, a famous rheto- 
 rician. A philosopher of Amphipolis. 
 
 A famous orator and philosopher. 
 
 I1erm\n*dic a, a town of the Vaccsi in 
 Spain. 
 
 Hermanocri, a people of Germany. 
 
 Hermann, a people of Germany. 
 
 ILermaphruhitus, a son of Venus and 
 Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the 
 Naiades. 
 
 Hermes, an ancient father of the church, 
 in or near the age of the apostles. 
 
 Hermathena, a statue which repre- 
 sented Mercury and Minerva in the same 
 body. This statue was generally placed 
 in schools where eloquence and philoso- 
 phy were taught. 
 
 Hermeas, a tyrant of Mysia. A gen- 
 eral of Antiochua. 
 
 Hermeia9, a native of Methymna who 
 wrote an history of Sicily. 
 
 Hermes, the name of Mercury among 
 
 the Greeks. A famous gladiator. 
 
 An Egyptian philosopher. 
 
 Hermesianax, an elegiac poet of Colo- 
 phon, son of Agoneus. A native of 
 
 Cyprus, who wrote an history of Phrygia. 
 
 Hermias, a Galatian philosopher in the 
 second century. 
 
 Herminius, a general of the Hermann!. 
 
 A Roman who defended a bridge with 
 
 Codes against the army of Porsenna. 
 
 A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Rutu- 
 lian war. 
 
 Hermione, a daughter of Mars and Ve- 
 nus, who married Cadmus. The gods, 
 except Juno, honored her nuptials with 
 their presence, and she received, as a pre- 
 sent, a rich veil and a splendid necklace 
 which had been made by Vulcan. She 
 was changed into a serpent with her hus- 
 band Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian 
 
 fields. A daughter of Menelaus and 
 
 Helen. She was privately promised in 
 marriage to Orestes the son of Agamem- 
 non ; but her father gave her hand to Pyrr- 
 hus the son of Achilles, whose services he 
 had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrr- 
 hus, at his return from Troy, carried 
 home Hermione and married her. Her- 
 mione, tenderly attached to her cousin 
 Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with horror 
 and indignation. She gave herself to 
 Orestes after the murder of Pyrrhus, and 
 received the kingdom of Sparta as a daw- 
 
HE 
 
 182 
 
 HE 
 
 ry. A town of Argolis where Ceres had 
 
 a famous temple. 
 
 Hermionije, a city near the Riphasan 
 mountains. 
 
 Hermionicus sinus, a bay on the coast 
 of Argolis near Hermione. 
 
 Hermippus, a freedman, disciple of Phi- 
 lo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he 
 was greatly esteemed. He wrote five 
 
 books upon dreams. The son of Lysis, 
 
 who distinguished himself as a poet by 
 
 forty theatrical pieces. A Peripatetic 
 
 philosopher of Smyrna, who flourished 
 B. C. 210. 
 
 Hermocrates, a general of Syracuse. 
 A sophist celebrated for his rising tal- 
 ents. The father-in-law of Dionysius, 
 
 tyrant of Sicily. A Rhodian employ- 
 ed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian 
 states. 
 
 Hermodorus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato. 
 
 A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said 
 
 to have assisted the Roman decemvirs in 
 the composition of the ten tables of laws. 
 
 A native of Salamis. A poet who 
 
 wrote a book on the laws of different na- 
 tions. 
 
 Hermogenes, an architect of Alabanda 
 
 in Caria. A rhetorician in the second 
 
 century. He died A. D. 161, and it is said 
 that his body was opened, and his heart 
 found hairy and of an extraordinary size. 
 
 A lawyer in the age of Dioclesian. 
 
 A musician. A sophist of Tarsus, 
 
 of brilliant talents. 
 
 Hermolaus, a young Macedonian 
 among the attendants of Alexander. As 
 he was one day hunting with the king he 
 killed a wild boar which was coming to- 
 wards him. Alexander, who followed 
 close behind him, was so disappointed 
 because the beast had been killed before 
 he could dart at it, that he ordered Her- 
 molaus to be severely whipped. This 
 treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he con- 
 spired to take away the king's life, with 
 others who were displeased with the cru- 
 el treatment he had received. The plot 
 was discovered by one of the conspira- 
 tors, and Hermolaus was put to death. 
 
 Hsrmopolis, two towns of Egypt, now 
 Jlshmunein and Demenhur. 
 
 Hermotimus, a famous prophet of Cla- 
 zomenae. It is said that his soul separat- 
 ed itself from his body, and wandered in 
 every part of the earth to explain futurity, 
 after which it returned again and animat- 
 ed his frame. 
 
 Hermunduri, a people of Germany, 
 subdued by Aurelius. They were at the 
 north of the Danube. 
 
 Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, whose 
 sands, according to the poets, were cover- 
 ed with gold. It flows into the ^Egean 
 sea. 
 
 Hernici, a people of Campania, cele- 
 brated for their inveterate enmity to Rome. 
 
 Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus at 
 Sestos, greatly enamored of Leander, a 
 youth of Abydos. These two lovers were 
 so faithful to one another, that Leander in 
 the night escaped from the vigilance of 
 his family, and swam across the Helles- 
 pont, while Hero in Sestos directed hi* 
 course by holding a burning torch on the 
 top of a high tower. After many inter- 
 views of mutual affection and tenderness, 
 Leander was drowned in a tempestuous 
 night as he attempted his usual course, 
 and Hero in despair threw herself down 
 from her tower and perished in the sea. 
 
 HERODESjSurnamed the Great and As- 
 calonita, followed the interest of Brutus 
 and Cassius, and afterwards that of Anto- 
 ny. He was made king of Juclrea by 
 means of Antony. He died in the seven- 
 tieth year of his age, after a reign of forty 
 
 years. Antipas, a son of Herod the 
 
 Great, governor of Galihea. Agrippa, 
 
 a Jew, intimate with the emperor Caligu- 
 la. This name was common to many of 
 the Jews. 
 
 Herodianus, a Greek historian who 
 flourished A. D. 247. He was born at Al- 
 exandria, and he was employed among 
 the officers of the Roman emperors. He 
 wrote a Roman history in eight books. 
 
 Herodocus, a physician surnamed Gym- 
 nastic, who flourished B. C. 443. A 
 
 grammarian surnamed Crateleus, B. C. 123. 
 Herodotus, a celebrated historian of 
 Halicarnassus. To procure a lasting fame 
 he publicly repeated at the Olympic games 
 the history which he had composed, in 
 his thirty-ninth year, B. C. 445. It was 
 received with universal applause. Hero- 
 dotus is among the historians what Homer 
 is among the poets, and Demosthenes 
 
 among the orators. A man who wrote 
 
 a treatise concerning Epicurus. A The- 
 
 ban wrestler of Megara, in the age of De- 
 metrius, son of Antigonus. He was six 
 
 feet and a half in height. Another, 
 
 whose victories are celebrated by Pindar. 
 Heroes, a name which was given by 
 the ancients to such as were born from a 
 god, or to such as had signalized them- 
 selves by their actions, and seemed to de- 
 serve immortality by the service they had 
 rendered their country. According to the 
 notions of the stoics, they inhabited a 
 pure and serene climate, situate above the 
 moon. 
 
 Herois, a festival, celebrated every 
 ninth year by the Delphians, in honor of 
 a heroine. 
 
 Heron, two mathematicians, one of 
 whom is called the ancient and the other 
 the younger. 
 
 Heroopolis, a town of Egypt on the 
 Arabic gulf. 
 
 Herophila, a Sybil, who, as some sup- 
 pose, came to Rome in the reign of Tar- 
 quin. 
 
HE 
 
 183 
 
 HI 
 
 Herophilus, an impostor in the reign 
 of J. Caesar, who pretended to be the 
 grandson of Marius. A Greek physi- 
 cian about five hundred and seventy years 
 before the Christian era. 
 
 Herpa, a town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Herse, a daughter of Cecrops, king of 
 Athens, beloveiT by Mercury. Herse be- 
 came mother of Cephalus by Mercury, 
 and after death she received divine hon- 
 ors at Athens. A wife of Danaus. 
 
 Hersephoria, festivals of Athens in 
 honor of Minerva. 
 
 Hersilia, one of the Sabines carried 
 away by the Rom ins at the celebration of 
 the Consualia. She was given and mar- 
 ried to Romulus. 
 
 Hertha and Herta, a goddess among 
 the Germans supposed to be the same as 
 the earth. 
 
 Herult, a savage nation in the northern 
 parts of Europe. 
 
 Hes.exus, a mountain near Paeonia. 
 
 Hesiodus, a celebrated poet born at As- 
 cra, in Bceotia. He lived in the age of 
 Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize 
 in competition with him, according to 
 Varro and Plutarch. His poems are called 
 The Works and the Days, Theogony, and 
 the S'ueld of Hercules ; besides these he 
 wrote others now lost. Hesiod was mur- 
 dered by the sous of Ganyctor of Naupac- 
 tum, and his body was thrown into the 
 sea. Some dolphins brought back the 
 body to the shore, which was immediately 
 known, and the murderers were discov- 
 ered by the poet's dogs, and thrown into 
 the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age 
 of Homer, he lived 907 B. C. 
 
 Hesione, a daughter of Laomedon, 
 king of Troy. It fell to her lot to be ex- 
 posed to a sea-monster, to whom the Tro- 
 jans yearly presented a marriageable vir- 
 gin, to appease the resentment of Apollo 
 and Neptune, whom Laomedon had of- 
 fended, but Hercules promised to deliver 
 her, provided he received as a reward six 
 beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, 
 and Hercules attacked the monster just as 
 he was going to devour Hesione, and he 
 killed him with his club. Laomedon, 
 however, refused to reward the hero's 
 services ; and Hercules, incensed at his 
 treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king 
 and all his family to the sword, except 
 Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his 
 father to give the promised horses to his 
 sister's deliverer. The conqueror gave 
 Hesione in marriage to his friend Tela- 
 mon, and he established Priam upon his 
 father's throne. Paris was afterwards 
 sent to Greece to reclaim the possessions 
 of Hesione, and from this incident arose 
 the Trojan war. The wife of Nauplius. 
 
 Hesperia, a large island of Africa, once 
 
 the residence of the Amazons. A name 
 
 common both to Italy and Spain. It is 
 
 derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting 
 sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks 
 called Italy Hesperia, because it was sit- 
 uate at the setting sun, or in the west. 
 
 A daughter of the Cebrenus. 
 
 Hesperides, three celebrated nymphs, 
 daughters of Hesperus. They were ap- 
 pointed to guard the golden apples which 
 Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their 
 nuptials ; and the place of their residence, 
 placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, ia 
 more universally believed to be near mount 
 Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. 
 This celebrated place or garden abounded 
 with fruits of the most delicious kind, and 
 was carefully guarded by a dreadful drag- 
 on which never slept. 
 
 Hesperis, a town of Cyrenaica, now 
 Bemic or Bengali. 
 
 Hesperitis, a country of Africa. 
 
 Hesperus, a son of Japetus, brother to 
 Atlas. He came to Italy, and the coun- 
 try received the name of Hesperia from 
 
 him, according to some accounts. The 
 
 name of Hesperus was also applied to the 
 planet Venus, when it appeared after the 
 setting of the sun. 
 
 Hestia, one of the Hesperides. 
 
 Hestijea, a town of Euboea. 
 
 Hesus, a deity among the Gauls, the 
 same as the Mars of the Romans. 
 
 Hesychia, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Hesychius, the author of a valuable 
 Greek lexicon in the beginning of the third 
 century. 
 
 Hetriculum, now Lattarico, a town in 
 the country of the Brutii. 
 
 Hetruria and Etruria, a celebrated 
 country of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. 
 The inhabitants were particularly famous 
 for their superstition, and' great confidence 
 in omens, dreams, and auguries. 
 
 Heurippa, a surname of Diana. 
 
 Hexapylum, a gate at Syracuse. 
 
 Hiarbas or Iarbas, a king of Gaitulia. 
 
 Hiber, a name applied to a Spaniard, as 
 living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. 
 
 Hiberma and Hybernia, a large island 
 at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. 
 
 Hibrildes, an Athenian general. 
 
 Hicetaon, a son of Laomedon, brother 
 
 to Priam. The father of Thymoetes, 
 
 who came to Italy with ^Eneas. 
 
 Hicetas, a philosopher of Syracuse. 
 
 A tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 Hiempsal, a king of Numidia. 
 
 Hi era, a woman who married Tele- 
 
 phus, king of Mysia. The mother of 
 
 Pandarus and Bitias, by Alcanor. One 
 
 of the Lipari islands. 
 
 Hierapolis, a town of Syria, near the 
 Euphrates, Another of Phrygia, fa- 
 mous for hot baths. Another of Crete. 
 
 Hierax, a youth who awoke Argus to 
 inform him that Mercury was stealing Io. 
 Mercury killed him, and changed him into 
 a bird of prey. Antiochus king of Syr- 
 
HI 
 
 184 
 
 HI 
 
 ia, and brother to Seleucus, received the 
 surname of Kierax. An Egyptian phi- 
 losopher in the third century. 
 
 Hierichus, the name of Jericho in the 
 holy land, called the city of palm-trees. 
 
 Hiero 1st. a king of Syracuse, after his 
 brother Gelon, who rendered himself odi- 
 ous in the beginning of his reign by his 
 cruelty and avarice. He obtained three 
 different crowns at the Olympic games, 
 two in horse races, and one at a chariot 
 race. In the latter part of his reign he 
 became the patron of learning, genius, and 
 merit. He died, after a reisrn of eighteen 
 
 years, B. C. 467. The second of that 
 
 name, king of Syracuse, and for fifty nine 
 years a firm ally of the Romans. He died 
 in the ninety-fourth year of his age, about 
 two hundred and twenty-five years before 
 the christian era. He liberally patronized 
 the learned, and employed the talents of 
 Archimedes for the good of his country. 
 
 An Athenian, intimate with Nicias 
 
 the general. 
 
 Hierocesarea, a town of Lydia. 
 
 Hierocepia, an island near Paphos in 
 Cyprus. 
 
 Hierocle3, a persecutor of the Chris- 
 tians under Dioclesian. A Platonic phi- 
 losopher, who taught at Alexandria. A 
 
 general in the interest of Demetrius. 
 
 A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, 
 under Dioclesian. An officer. 
 
 Hierodulum, a town of Libya. 
 
 Hieronica lex, by Hiero, tyrant of Si- 
 cily, to settle the quantity of corn, the 
 price and time of receiving it, between the 
 farmers of Sicily, and the collector of the 
 corn tax at Rome. 
 
 Hierontmus, a tyrant of Sicily who 
 succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero, 
 when only fifteen years old. He rendered 
 himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, 
 and debauchery. He was assassinated, 
 and all his family was overwhelmed in 
 his fall, and totally extirpated, B. C. 214. 
 An historian of Rhodes. An Athe- 
 nian set over the fleet, while Conon went 
 to the king of Persia. A Christian wri- 
 ter, commonly called St. Jerome, born in 
 Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal 
 against heretics. He died A. D. 420, in 
 his ninety-first year. 
 
 Hierofhilu3, a Greek physician. 
 
 Hierosolyma, a celebrated city of Pa- 
 lestine, the capital of Jadwa, taken by 
 Pompey, who, on that account, is sur- 
 
 ;d it 
 
 it and destroyed it the 8th of September, 
 A. D. 70. 
 
 Hignatia Via, a large road which led 
 from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, 
 across Macedonia, about five hundred and 
 thirty miles. 
 
 Hilaria, a daughter of Leucippus and 
 Philodice. As she and her sister Phoebe 
 were going to marry their cousins Lyn- 
 
 ceue and Idas, they were carried away by 
 
 Castor and Pollux, who married them*. 
 
 Festivals at Rome in honor of the mother 
 of the gods. 
 
 Hilaru's, a bishop of Foictiers, in 
 France, who wrote several treatises, the 
 most famous of which is on the Trinity, 
 in twelve books. Hilary died A. D. 372, 
 in his eightieth year. 
 
 Hjlleviones, a people of Scandinavia. 
 
 Hjmella, now Ata, a small river in the 
 country of the Sabines. 
 
 Him'era, a city of Sicily built by the 
 people of Zancle, and destroyed by the 
 Carthaginians two hundred and forty 
 
 years after. There were two rivers of 
 
 Sicily of the same name. The ancient 
 
 name of the Eurotas. 
 
 Himilco, a Carthaginian sent to explore 
 
 the western parts of Europe. A son of 
 
 Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the 
 command of the Carthaginian armies in 
 Sicily. He died, with his army, by a 
 plague, B. C. 398. 
 
 Hipfagoras, a man who wrote an ac- 
 count of the republic of Carthage. 
 
 Hipfalcimus, a son of Pelops and Hip 
 podamia, who was among the Argonauts 
 
 Hifpalus, the first who sailed in open 
 sea from Arabia to India. 
 
 Hifparchia, a woman in Alexander's 
 age, who became enamored of Crates, the 
 Cynic philosopher, because she heard him 
 discourse. She married him, though he 
 at first disdained her addresses, and rep- 
 resented his poverty and meanness. 
 
 Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus, who 
 succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens, 
 with his brother Hippias. He patronized 
 some of the learned men of the age, and 
 distinguished himself by his fondness for 
 literature. The seduction of a sister of 
 Harmodius raised him many enemies, and 
 he was at last assassinated by a desperate 
 band of conspirators, with Harmodius and 
 Aristogiton at their head, five hundred 
 
 and thirteen years before Christ. One 
 
 of Antony's freedmen. The first person 
 
 who was banished by ostracism at Athens. 
 The father of Asclepiades. A cele- 
 brated mathematician and astronomer of 
 Nicsea. He was the first who, after 
 Thales and Sulpicius Callus, found out 
 the exact time of eclipses, of which he 
 made a calculation for six hundred years. 
 He died one hundred and twenty-five 
 
 years before the Christian era. An 
 
 Athenian who conspired against Heracli- 
 des, who kept Athens for Demetrius. 
 
 Hipparinus, a son ofDionysius. The 
 
 father of Dion. 
 
 HiFFARiopr, one of Dion's sons. 
 
 Hippasus, a son of Ceyx, who assisted 
 
 Hercules against Eurytus. A pupil of 
 
 Pythagoras, born at Metapontum. He 
 sunposed that evpry thing was produced 
 from fire. A centaur, killed at the nup- 
 
HI 
 
 185 
 
 HI 
 
 tials of Pirithous. An illegitimate, son 
 
 of Priam. 
 
 Hiffeus, a son of Hercules by Procris, 
 eldest of the fifty daughters of Thestius. 
 
 Hifpi, four small islands near Erythte. 
 
 Hipfia, an infamous woman.— — A sur- 
 name of Minerva, and also of Juno. 
 
 Hippias, a philosopher of Elis, who 
 maintained that virtue consisted in not 
 being in want of the assistance of men. 
 A son of Pisistratus, who became ty- 
 rant of Athens after the death of his fa- 
 ther, with his brother Hipparchus. 
 
 Hippis, an historian and poet of Rhegi- 
 um, in the reign of Xerxes. 
 
 Hippius, a surname of Neptune. 
 
 Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who, 
 upon being ravished bv the ambassadors 
 
 of Sparta, killed herself. A celebrated 
 
 town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 Also a town of Spain— of the Brutii. 
 
 IIippobotks, a large meadow near the 
 Caspian sea, where fifty thousand horses 
 could graze. 
 
 Hippobotus, a Greek historian, who 
 composed a treatise on philosophers. 
 
 Hippocentauri, a race of monsters 
 who dwelt in Thessaly. 
 
 Hifpocoo*, a son of CEbalus, brother to 
 Tyndarus. He was put to death by Her- 
 cules. A friend of ^Eneas, who distin- 
 guished himself in the funeral games of 
 Sicily. 
 
 Hippocorystes, a sou of iEgyptus 
 
 of Hippocoon. 
 
 Hippocratk, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Hippocr\tes, a famous physician of 
 Cos ; who delivered Athens from a dread- 
 ful pestilence, in the beginning of the Pe- 
 loponnesian war, and was publicly re- 
 warded with a golden crown, and the 
 privileges of a citizen. His memory is 
 still venerated at Cos, and the present in- 
 habitants of the island show a small 
 house, which Hippocrates, as they men- 
 tion, once inhabited. An Athenian 
 
 general in the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 A mathematician. An officer of Chal- 
 
 cedon, killed by Alcibiades. A Syra- 
 
 cusan defeated by Marcellus. —The 
 
 father of Pisistratus. A tyrant of Gela. 
 
 Hippocratia, a festival in honor of 
 Neptune in Arcadia. 
 
 HippocRE.vE, a fountain of Boeotia, near 
 mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It 
 first rose from the ground, when struck by 
 the feet of the horse Pegasus. 
 
 Hippodamas, a son of the Achelous 
 
 of Priam. 
 
 Hippodamia, the daughter of CEno- 
 maus, who promised her in marriage to 
 him who should outrun him in a chariot, 
 on condition that the defeated should 
 sufFer death. After thirteen had forfeited 
 their lives, Peiops conquered, and obtain- 
 ed the prize. A daughter of Adrastus, 
 
 ting of Argos who married Pirithous, king 
 
 of the Lapithae. A daughter of Danaus. 
 
 A mistress of Achilles, daughter of 
 
 Brises. 
 
 Hippodamus, a man of Miletus, who 
 settled a republic without any previous 
 knowledge of government. A Pytha- 
 gorean philosopher. An Athenian ar- 
 
 chon. A man famous for his voracious 
 
 appetite. 
 
 Hippodick, one of the Danaides. 
 
 Hippodromus, a son of Hercules. 
 
 A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school 
 
 at Athens. A place where horse races 
 
 were exhibited. 
 
 Hippola, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Hippolochus, a son of Bellerophon. 
 
 A son of Glaucus also bore the same name. 
 
 A son of Antimachus, slain in the 
 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Hippolyte, a queen of the Amazons, 
 given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, 
 who had conquered her, and taken away 
 her girdle by order of Eurystheus. SJie 
 had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. 
 
 The wife of Acastus, who fell in love 
 
 with Peleus, who was in exile at her hus- 
 band's court. A daughter of Cretheus. 
 
 Hippolytus, a son of Theseus and Hip- 
 polyte, famous for his virtues and his mis- 
 fortunes. Hippolytus fled from the re- 
 sentment of his father, excited by a false 
 accusation of his step-mother, and, as he 
 pursued his way along the sea shore, his 
 horses were so frightened at the noise of 
 sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely 
 sent there, that they ran among the rocks 
 till his chariot was broken and his body 
 torn to pieces. Temples were raised to 
 his memory, particularly at Trcezene, 
 
 where he received divine honors. A 
 
 son of Ropalus, king of Sicyon, greatly be- 
 loved by Apollo. A giant, killed by 
 
 Mercury. A son of iEgyptus. A 
 
 christian writer in the third century. 
 
 Hippomachus, a musician, who severe- 
 ly rebuked one of his pupils because he 
 was praised by the multitude, and observ- 
 ed, that it was the greatest proof of his 
 ignorance. 
 
 Hippomedon, a son of Nisimachus and 
 Mythidice, who was one of the seven 
 chiefs who went against Thebes. 
 
 Hippomedusa, a daughter of Danaus. 
 
 HippoMEtfEs, an Athenian archon, who 
 exposed his daughter Limone to be de- 
 voured by horses. A son of Macareus 
 
 and Merope, who married Atalanta with 
 the assistance of Venus. These two 
 
 fond lovers were changed into lions. 
 
 The father of Megareus. 
 
 Hippomolgi, a people of Scythia, who 
 lived upon the milk of horses. 
 
 Hippo* and Hippo, a town of Africa. 
 
 Hippona, a goddess who presided over 
 horses. 
 
 Hipponax, a Greek satirist, born at 
 Ephesus, 540 years before the Christian 
 
HI 
 
 186 
 
 HO 
 
 era. As he was naturally deformed, two 
 brothers, Bupbalus and Anthermus, made 
 a statue of him, which, by the deformity 
 of its features, exposed the poet to uni- 
 versal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to 
 avenge the injury, and he wrote such 
 bitter invectives and satirical lampoons 
 against them, that they hanged them- 
 selves in despair. 
 
 Hjpponiates, a bay in the country of 
 the Brutii. 
 
 Hipponium, a city in the country of the 
 Brutii. 
 
 Hipponous, the father of Periboea and 
 Capaneus. He was killed by the thun- 
 derbolts of Jupiter, before the walls of 
 
 Thebes. The first name of Eellero- 
 
 phon. A son of Priam. 
 
 Hippopodes, a people of Scythia, who 
 have horses' feet. 
 
 IIippostratus, a favorite of Lais. 
 
 IIippotades, the patronymic of iEolus. 
 
 Hippotas or Hippotes, a Trojan prince, 
 
 changed into a river. The father of 
 
 iEolus, who from thence is called IIippo- 
 tades. 
 
 Hippothoe, a daughter of Mestor and 
 Lysidice, carried away to the islands call- 
 ed Echinades, by Neptune. One of 
 
 the Nereides. A daughter of Pelias. 
 
 Hippothoon, a son of Neptune and 
 Alope, daughter of Cercyon, exposed in 
 the woods by his mother. Her shame 
 was discovered, and her father ordered 
 her to be put to death. Neptune changed 
 her into a fountain. 
 
 Hippothoontis, one of the twelve 
 Athenian tribes. 
 
 Hippothous, a son of Lethus, killed by 
 
 Ajax in the Trojan war. A son of 
 
 Priam. 
 
 Hiffotion, a prince who assisted the 
 Trojans, and was killed by Merion. 
 
 Hippukis, one of the Cyclades. 
 
 Hifpus, a river falling into the Phasis. 
 
 Hipsides, a Macedonian. 
 
 Hira, a maritime town of Peloponne- 
 sus. 
 
 Hirfiivi, a people of the Samnites. 
 
 &. Hirpinus, a Roman, to whom Flo- 
 race dedicated two of his odes. 
 
 Hirtus, a debauched fellow. 
 
 Hirtia lex de magistratibus, by A. Hir- 
 tius. It required that none of Poropey's 
 adherents should be raised to any office or 
 dignity in the state. 
 
 Hirtius, Aulus, a consul with Pansa, 
 who assisted Brutus when besieged at 
 Mutina by Antony. They defeated An- 
 tony, but were both killed in battle B. C. 
 43. An historian. 
 
 Hisbon, a Rutulian killed by Pallas. 
 
 Hispalis, an ancient town of Spain, 
 now called Seville. 
 
 Hispania or Hispanic, called by the 
 poets Iberia, Hesperia, and Hesprria Ultima, 
 a large country of Europe, separated from 
 
 Gaul by the Pyrcnean mountains, and 
 
 bounded on every other side by the sea. 
 Spain was famous for its rich mines of 
 silver, which employed forty thousand 
 workmen, and daily yielded to the Ro- 
 mans no less than twenty thousand 
 drachms. These have long since failed. 
 
 Hi spanvs, a native of Spain. 
 
 Hispellum, a town of Umbiia. 
 
 Hispo, a noted debauchee. 
 
 Hispulla, an infamous woman. 
 
 IIistaspes, a relation cf Darius III. kill- 
 ed in a battle. 
 
 IIister, a river. Fid. Ister. 
 
 Hister Pacuvius, a man distinguished 
 as much by his vices as his immense 
 riches. 
 
 Histi.'ea, a city cf Eubcea, anciently 
 called Talar.tia. 
 
 Histi.cotis, a country of Thessaly, sit- 
 uate below mount Olympus and mount 
 
 Ossa, anciently called Doris. A smaiV 
 
 country of Eubcea, of which Histia»a, or 
 Estia?a, was the capital. 
 
 Histi.kus, a tyrant of Miletus, who ex- 
 cited the Greeks to take up arms against 
 Persia. An historian of Miletus. 
 
 HoDius,a herald in the Trojan war. 
 
 IIolocron, a mountain of Macedon. 
 
 Homekomastix, a surname given to 
 ZpilUS the critic. 
 
 Humerus, a celebrated Greek poet, the 
 most ancient of all the profane writers. 
 The age in which he lived is not known, 
 though some suppose it to be about one 
 hundred and sixty-eight years after the 
 Trojan war, or, according to others, one 
 hundred and sixty years before the found- 
 ation of Rome. Trie Arundelian Marbles 
 fix his era nine hundred and seven years 
 before Christ, and make him also the con- 
 temporary with Hesiod. No less than 
 seven illustrious cities disputed the right 
 of having eiven birth to the greatest of 
 poets, as it is well expressed in these 
 lines : 
 
 Smyrna, Chins, Colophon, Salaeiis., Rhodos, 
 Argos, JiihciKB, 
 Orbis depatrid certo.t, Homere, tuu. 
 
 He was called Mclesizrenog, because sup- 
 posed to be born on the borders of the 
 river Meles. In his two celebrated poems 
 called the. Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has 
 displayed the most consummate know- 
 ledge of human nature, and rendered him- 
 self immortal by the sublimity, the fire, 
 sweetness and elegancetif his poetry. He 
 deserves a greater share of admiration 
 when we consider that he wrote without 
 a model, and that none cf his poetical im- 
 itators have been able to surpass, or, per- 
 haps, to equal their great master. Alexan- 
 der was so fond of Homer, that he gene- 
 rally placed his compositions under hi3 
 pillow, with his swoid ; and he carefully 
 deposited the Iliad in one of the richest 
 
HO 
 
 187 
 
 HO 
 
 and most valuable caskets of Darius, ob- 
 serving, that the most perfect work of liu- 
 man genius ought to be preserved in a box 
 the i. lost valuable and precious in the 
 world. If is said, that Pisistratus, tyrant 
 of Athens, was the first who collect- 
 ed and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey 
 in the manner in which they now appear 
 to us ; and that it is to the well- directed 
 pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted 
 for their preservation. Besides the Iliad 
 and Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to 
 the opinion of some authors, a poem upon 
 Amphiaraus's expedition against Thebes, 
 besides the Phoceis, the Oercopes, the 
 small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and" the Ba- 
 trachomyomachia, and many hymns to 
 
 some of the gods. One of the Greek 
 
 poets called Plei.ades, born at Hierapolis, 
 B. C. 263. He wrote forty-five tragedies, 
 
 all lost. There were seven other poets, 
 
 of inferior note, who bore the name of Ho- 
 mer. 
 
 Homole, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, 
 once the residence of the Centaurs. 
 
 Homolea, a mountain of Magnesia. 
 
 Homoliffus, a son of Hercules and 
 Xanthis. 
 
 Homoloides, one of the seven fates of 
 Thebes. 
 
 Homonadenses, a people of Cilicia. 
 
 Honor, a virtue worshipped at Rome. 
 
 Honorius, an emperor of the western 
 empire of Rome, who succeeded his fa- 
 ther Theodosius the Great, with his bro- 
 ther Arcadius. He conquered his ene- 
 mies by means of his generals, and suffer- 
 ed himself and his people to be governed 
 by ministers, who took advantage of their 
 imperial master's indolence and inactivity. 
 He died of a dropsy in the thirty-ninth 
 year of his age, fifteenth of August A. D. 
 433. Under him and his brother the R.o- 
 man power was divided into two different 
 empires. The successors of Honorius, 
 who fixed their residence at Rome, were 
 called the emperors of the west, and the 
 successors of Arcadnis, who sat on the 
 throne of Constantinople, were distin- 
 guished by the name of emperors of the 
 eastern Roman empire. This division of 
 power proved fatal to both empires. 
 
 Hora, a goddess at Rome, supposed to 
 be Hersiiia, who married Romulus. She 
 was said to preside over beauty. 
 
 II.)RACirji,-a people near Illyricum. 
 
 Horapolw, a Greek writer, whose age 
 is unknown ; author of Hierughtphica, a 
 curious and entertaining book. 
 
 Hor.-e, thre'i sisters, daughters of Jupi- 
 ter and Themis, called Eunomia. Dice, 
 and Irene. They were the same as the 
 seasons who presided over the spring, 
 suni:ii3'\ and winter, and were repre- 
 sent!'! !>>' iiia potts as opening the g;tes , 
 of heaven and of Olympus. 
 
 SIoaATiA, ■ 'o i • ii- c'i !.■.;, R ;>v. s k'JH- I 
 
 ed by her brother for mourning the death 
 of the Curiatii. 
 
 Horatius Cocles. Vid. Codes. Q,. 
 
 Flaceus, a celebrated poet, born at Venu- 
 sia. His father was a freedman, and, 
 though poor in his circumstances, he lib- 
 erally educated his son. His rising talents 
 claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius, 
 who recommended him to the care of Me- 
 camas and Augustus, the most celebrated 
 patrons of literature. Under the fostering 
 patronage of the emperor and of his minis- 
 ter, Horace gave himself up to indolence 
 and refined pleasure. He was a follower 
 of Epicurus, and, while he liberally indulg- 
 ed his appetites, he neglected the calls of 
 ambition, and never suffered himself to 
 be carried away by the tide of popularity 
 or public employments. He even refused 
 to become the secretary of Augustus, and 
 the emperor was not offended at his re- 
 fusal. He lived at the table of his illus- 
 trious patrons as if he were in his own 
 house ; and Augustus sat at his meals with 
 Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at 
 his left. Horace was warm in his friend- 
 ship, and, if ever any ill-judged reflection 
 had caused offence, the poet immediately 
 made every concession which could effect 
 a reconciliation, and not destroy the good 
 purposes of friendly society. Horace 
 died in the fifty-seventh year of his age, 
 B. C. 8. In his odes Horace is ingenious 
 and elegant ; in his satires and epistles, 
 lively and witty ; in his Art of Poetry 
 
 judicious and tasteful. Three brave 
 
 Romans, born at the same birth, who 
 fought against the three Curiatii, and con- 
 quered them about six hundred and sixty- 
 seven years before Christ. This celebrat- 
 ed fight was fought between the hostile 
 camps of the people of Alba and Rome, 
 and on their success depended the victory. 
 
 A consul, who dedicated the temple 
 
 of Jupiter Capitolinus. 
 
 Horcias, the general of three thousand 
 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigo- 
 nus in Cappadocia. 
 
 Horesti, a people of Britain. 
 
 Hormisdas, a name of some of the Per- 
 sian kings. 
 
 Horratus, a Macedonian soldier, who 
 fought with another private soldier in sight 
 of the whole army of Alexander. 
 
 Hortensia, a celebrated Roman lady, 
 daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose 
 eloquence she had inherited in the most 
 eminent degree. 
 
 Hortensia lex, bv Q.. Hortensius, the 
 dictator, A. U. C. 867. It ordered the 
 whole body of the Roman people to pay 
 implicit obedience to whatever was enact- 
 ed by the commons. 
 
 Hlrta, a divinity among the Romans, 
 who presided over youth. 
 
 Horta, or IIortinum, a town of the Sa 
 bines. 
 
HY 
 
 188 
 
 HY 
 
 0,. Hortensius, a celebrated orator,who 
 began to distinguish himself by his elo- 
 quence, in the Roman forum, at the age 
 of nineteen. His friend and successor 
 Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his 
 oratorical powers, and mentions the un- 
 common extent of his memory. The af- 
 fected actions of Hortensius at the bar 
 procured him the ridiculous surname of 
 Dionysia, a celebrated stage dancer at that 
 time. He was praitor and consul, and 
 died fifty years before Christ in his sixty- 
 third year. His orations are not extant. 
 Hortensius was very rich, and not less 
 than ten thousand casks of Arvisian wine 
 were found in his cellar after his death. 
 
 Corbio, a grandson of the orator of 
 
 the same name. A Roman, slain by 
 
 Antony on his brother's tomb. A pne- 
 
 tor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus. 
 One of Sylla's lieutenants. A Ro- 
 man, the first who introduced the eating 
 of peacocks at Rome. 
 
 Hortona, a town of Italy. 
 
 Horus, a son of Isis, one of the deities 
 
 of the Egyptians. A king of Assyria. 
 
 Hosfitalis, a surname of Jupiter. 
 Hostilia lex was enacted A. U. C. 
 583. By it such as were among the ene- 
 mies of the republic, or absent when the 
 state required their assistance, were guilty 
 of rapine. 
 
 Hostilia, a large town on the Po. 
 Hostius Hostilius, a warlike Roman, 
 presented with a crown of boughs by Ro- 
 mulus, for his intrepid behavior in a bat- 
 tle. A consul. A Latin poet, in the 
 
 age of J. Cffisar, who composed a poem 
 on the wars of Istria. 
 
 Hunni, a people of Sarmatia. 
 Hyacin-thia, an annual solemnity at 
 Amyclae, in Laconia, in honor of Hyacin- 
 thus and Apollo. 
 
 Hyacinthus, a son of Amyclas and Dio- 
 mede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Ze- 
 phyrus. He returned the former's love, and 
 Zephyrus resolved to punish his rival. 
 As Apollo, who was intrusted with the 
 education of Hyacinthus, once played at 
 quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the 
 quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo, 
 upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was 
 killed with the blow. 
 
 Hyades, five daughters of Atlas, king 
 of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate 
 at the death of their brother Hyas, who 
 had been killed by a wild boar, that they 
 pined away and died. They became stars 
 after death, and were placed near Taurus, 
 one of the twelve signs of the Zodiac. 
 
 Hyagms, a Phrygian, father of Marsy- 
 as. He invented the flute. 
 
 IlYALA,acity at the mouth of the Indus. 
 
 One of Diana's attendant nymphs. 
 
 Hyampolis, a city of Phocis. 
 Hyanthes, the ancient name of the 
 inhabitants of Bceotia, from king Hyas. 
 
 Hyantis, an ancient name of Bceotia. 
 Hyarbita, a man who endeavoured to 
 imitate Timogenes. 
 
 Hyas, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by 
 ^Ethra. His extreme fondness for shoot- 
 ing proved fatal to him, and, in his at- 
 tempts to rob a lioness of her whelps, he 
 was killed by the enraged animal. His 
 sisters mourned his death with such con- 
 stant lamentations, that Jupiter, in com 
 passion of their sorrow, changed their 
 into stars. 
 
 Hykla, a mountain in Sicily, called af- 
 terwards Megara, where thyme and odori 
 ferous flowers of all sorts grew in abun- 
 dance. Tt is famous for its honey. There 
 is, at the foot of the mountain, a town of 
 the same name. There is also another 
 
 near mount iEtna. A city of Attica 
 
 bears also the name of Hybla. 
 Hybreas, an orator of Caria. 
 Hybrianes, a people near Thrace. 
 Hyccaron, a town of Sicily. 
 Hyda and Hyde, a town of Lydia. 
 Hydara, a town of Armenia. 
 Hydarnes, one of the seven noble Per- 
 sians who conspired to destroy the usurper 
 Smerdis. 
 
 Hydaspes, a river of Asia, flowing by 
 
 Susa. Another in India. A friend 
 
 of ^Eneas. 
 
 Hydra, a celebrated monster, which in- 
 fested the neighborhood of the lake Lerna 
 in Peloponnesus. It had an hundred 
 heads, according to Diodorus ; fifty, ac- 
 cording to Simonides ; and nine, accord- 
 ing to the more received opinion. As soon 
 as one of these heads was cut off, two im- 
 mediately grew up, if the wound was not 
 stopped by fire. It was one of the labors 
 of Hercules to destroy this dreadful mon- 
 ster. 
 
 HYDRA0TEs,a river of India, crossed by 
 Alexander. 
 
 Hydrophoria, a festival observed at 
 Athens, in commemoration of those who 
 perished in the deluge of Deucalion and 
 Ogyes. 
 
 Hydruntum and Hydrus, a city of Ca- 
 labria, fifty miles south of Brundusium, 
 now Otranto, an insignificant town, scarce 
 containing three thousand inhabitants. 
 Hydrusa, a town of Attica. 
 Hyela, a town of Lucania. 
 Hyempsal, a son of Micipsa, murdered 
 by Jugurtha. 
 
 Hyettus, a town of Bceotia. 
 Hygeia or Hygiea, the goddess of 
 health, daughter of iEsculapius, held in 
 great veneration among the ancients. Her 
 statues represented her with a veil, and 
 the matrons usually consecrated their locks 
 to her. 
 
 Hygiana, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 C. Jul. Hyqinus, a grammarian, one of 
 the freedmen of Augustus. He was a 
 native of Alexandria ; or, according to 
 
HY 
 
 189 
 
 HY 
 
 some, he was a Spaniard, very intimate 
 Willi Ovid. He was appointed librarian to 
 the library of mount Palatine. He wrote 
 a mythological history, which he called 
 fables, and Poetlcon A-:trunc.rdcu;>, and se- 
 veral treatises now lost. 
 
 Hyla and Hyms, n river of Mysia. 
 A colony 'of Phccis. 
 
 IIvLACToRjOne of Action's dogs. 
 
 Hylje, a small town of Bceotia. 
 
 HrL.EU3, a name given to some cen- 
 taurs. 
 
 Hvlas, a son of Thiodamas, king of 
 Mysia and Menodice, stolen away by Her- 
 cules, and carried on board the ship Argo 
 to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Ar- 
 gonauts landed to take a supply of fresh 
 water, and Ilylas, following the example 
 of his companions, went to the fountain 
 with a pitcher, and fell into the water and 
 was drowned. A river of Bithynia. 
 
 Hylax, a dog mentioned by Virgil. 
 
 Hyeia3, a river of Magna Grscia. 
 
 IIvLLAicus,a part of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Hyelus, a son of Hercules and Dejani- 
 ra, who, soon after his father's death, mar- 
 ried Iole. He, as well as his father, was 
 persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and 
 obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. 
 Some time after he attempted to recover 
 the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidte, and 
 was killed in single combat by Echemus, 
 king of Arcadia. A river of Lydia. 
 
 GrLONOME, the wife of Cyllaras. 
 
 Hvlophagi, a people of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 HyjfENiEus and Hymen, the god of mar- 
 riage among the Greeks, was son of Bac- 
 chus and Venus, or according to others, 
 of An.ilo and one of the muses, flymen 
 was generally represented as crowned 
 with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or 
 roses, and holding a burning torch in one 
 hand, and in the other a vest of a purple 
 color. 3t was supposed that he always at- 
 tended at nuptials ; for, if not, matrimo- 
 nial connexions were fatal, and ended in 
 the most dreadful calamities ; and hence 
 people ran about, calling aloud, Hymen ! 
 Hymen ! 
 
 Hymsttus, a mountain of Attica, about 
 two miles from Athens, still famous for its 
 bees and excellent honey. There was 
 also a quarry of marble there. 
 
 Hyp-epa or Ipep-e, now Berki, a town 
 of Lydia. 
 
 Hyp .esia, a country of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Hypanis, a river of European Scythia, 
 
 now called Bog. A river of India. 
 
 Another of Pontus. A Trojan who 
 
 joined himself to iEneas, and was killed 
 by his own people. 
 
 Hyparinus, a son of Dion. The fa- 
 ther of Dion. 
 
 Hypates, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Hypatha, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Hyfatia, a celebrated native of Alex 
 andria. She was assassinated 415 A. D. 
 
 Hypengr, a Trojan killed by Dioruedes. 
 
 Hyperbatus, a pretor of the Achrcans, 
 B. C. 2>i. 
 
 H Y:\hRrsius, a son of jJlgrptus. 
 
 Hyperrgrei, a nation in the northern 
 parts of Europe and Asia, who were said 
 to live to an incredible age, even to a thou- 
 sand years, and in the enjoyment of all 
 possible felicity. The sun was said to 
 rise and set to them but once a year. 
 
 Hyperea and Hyperia, a fountain of 
 Thessaly, with a town of the same name. 
 Another in Messenia. 
 
 Hyperesia, a town of Achaia. 
 
 Hyperides, an Athenian orator, disciple 
 to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival 
 of Demosthenes. He distinguished him- 
 self by his eloquence, and the active part 
 he took in the management of the Athe- 
 nian republic. He was put to death by 
 order of Antipater, B. C. 322. 
 
 Hyperion, a son of Ccelus and Terra, 
 who married Thea, by whom he had Au- 
 rora, the sun and moon. A son of 
 
 Priam. 
 
 Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daugh- 
 ters of Danaus, who married Lynceus, 
 son of ^Egyptus. She disobeyed her fa- 
 ther's bloody commands, who had ordered 
 her to murder her husband the first night 
 of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus to 
 
 escape unhurt from the bridal bed. A 
 
 daughter of Thestius. 
 " Hyperochus, a man who wrote a poet- 
 ical history of Cuma. 
 
 Hyph.eus, a mountain of Campania. 
 
 Hypsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Hypsea, a Roman matron, of the family 
 of the Plautii. 
 
 Hypsenor, a priest of the Scamander. 
 
 Hypseus, a son of the river Peneus. — r 
 A pleader at the Roman bar before the age 
 of Cicero. 
 
 Hypsicratea, the wife of Mithridates. 
 
 Hypsicrates, a Phoenician, who wrote 
 an history of his country, in the Phoeni- 
 cian language. 
 
 Hypsipides, a Macedonian in Alexan- 
 der's army. 
 
 Hypsipyle, a queen of Lemnos, daugh- 
 ter of Thoas and Myrine, celebrated for 
 her crimes and misfortunes. 
 
 Hyrcania, a large and mountainous 
 country of Asia, at the north of Paithia, 
 and at the west of Media, abounding in 
 
 serpents, and wild beasts. A town of 
 
 Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake 
 in the age of Tiberius. 
 
 Hyrcanum mare, a large sea, called also 
 Caspian. 
 
 Hyrganus, a name common to some of 
 the high priests of Judea. 
 
 Hyria, a country of Breotia, near Aulis, 
 with a lake, river, and town of the same 
 
 name. A town of Isauria, on the Caly- 
 
 cadnus. 
 
 Hyrieu3 and HtfREVJ, a peasant, or, ad 
 
HY 
 
 190 
 
 HY 
 
 some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of 
 Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly en- 
 tertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, 
 when travelling over Bceotia. Vid. Orion. 
 
 Hyrmina, a town of Elis, in Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Hyrneto and Hyrnetho, a daughter 
 of Temenus, king of Argos, who married 
 Deyphon, son of Celeus. 
 
 Hyrnithium, a plain of Argos, fertile 
 in olives. 
 
 Hyrtacus, a Trojan of mount Ida, fa- 
 ther to Nisus, one of the companions of 
 ^Eneas. 
 
 Hysia, a town of Bceotia. A village 
 
 of Argos. A city of Arcadia. The 
 
 royal residence of the king of Parthia 
 
 Hyspa, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Hyssus and Hyssi, a port and river of 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 Hystaspes, a noble Persian, of the fa- 
 mily of the Achaemenides. His son Dari- 
 us reigned in Persia after the murder of 
 the usurper Smerdis. Hystaspes was the 
 first who introduced the learning and mys- 
 teries of the Indian Brachmans in Persia, 
 and to his researches in India the sciences 
 were greatly indebted, particularly in Per- 
 sia. 
 
 IA 
 
 IB 
 
 I A, the daughter of Midas, who married 
 Atys. 
 
 Iacchus, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Iader, a river of Dalmatia. 
 
 Ialemus, a wretched singer, son of the 
 muse Calliope. 
 
 Ialmenus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, 
 who went to the Trojan war with his 
 brother Ascalaphus, with thirty ships. 
 
 Ialysus, a town of Rhodes. 
 
 Iambe, a servant maid of Metanira, wife 
 of Celeus, king of Eleusis. 
 
 Iamblicus, a Greek author, who wrote 
 the life of- Pvthagoras, and the history of 
 his follower?, &c. He died A. D. 363. 
 
 Iamenus, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. 
 
 iAiuiDiE, certain prophets among the 
 Greeks, descended from Iamus, a son of 
 Apollo. 
 
 Ianira, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Ianthe, a girl of Crete, who married 
 Iphis. 
 
 Ianthea, one of the Oceanides. One 
 
 of the Nereides. 
 
 Iapis, an ^Etolian, who founded a city 
 
 upon the banks of the Timavus. A 
 
 Trojan favorite of Apollo. 
 
 Iapydia, a district of Illyricum, now 
 Carniola. 
 
 Iapygia, a country on the confines of 
 Italy, called by some Messapia, Peucetia, 
 and Salentinum. 
 
 Iapyx, a son of Daedalus, who conquer- 
 ed a part of Italy, which he called Iapygia. 
 
 A wind which blows from Apulia, 
 
 and is favorable to such as sailed from 
 Italy towards Greece. 
 
 Iarbas, a king of Geetulia, from whom 
 Dido bought land to build Carthage. He 
 courted Dido, but the queen, rather than 
 marry him, destroyed herself. 
 
 Iarchas and Jarchas, a celebrated In- 
 dian philosopher. His seven rings are fa- 
 
 mous for their power of restoring old men 
 to the bloom and vigor of youth. 
 
 Iard a nus, a Ly dian, father of Omphale, 
 
 the mistress of Hercules. A river of 
 
 Arcadia. Another in Crete. 
 
 Iasides, a patronymic given to Palinu- 
 rus — also of Jasus. 
 
 Iasion and Iasius, a son of Jupiter and 
 Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reign- 
 ed over part of Arcadia, where he diligent- 
 ly applied himself to agriculture. He mar- 
 ried the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all 
 the gods were present at the celebration 
 of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two 
 sons, and a daughter, Atalanta, whom he 
 exposed as soon as born, saying that he 
 would raise only male children. 
 
 Iasis, a name given to Atalanta, daugh- 
 ter of Iasius. 
 
 Iasius, a son of Abas, king of Argos. 
 A son of Jupiter. 
 
 Iasu9, a king of Argos, who succeeded 
 his father Triopas. A son of Argus fa- 
 ther of Agenor. A son of Argus and 
 
 Ismena. A son of Lycurgus of Arca- 
 dia. An island with a town of the same 
 
 name on the coast of Caria. 
 
 Iaxartes, now Sir or Sihon, a river of 
 Sogdiana. 
 
 Iaziges, a people on the borders of the 
 Palus Maeotis. 
 
 Iberia, a country of Asia, between Col- 
 chis on the west, and Albania on the east, 
 governed by kings. It is now called Geor- 
 gia. An ancient name of Spain, deriv- 
 ed from the river Iberus. 
 
 Iberus, a river of Spain, now called 
 
 Ebro. A river of Iberia in Asia. A 
 
 fabulous king of Spain. 
 
 Ibi, an Indian nation. 
 
 Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachng. 
 
 Ibycus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about 
 five hundred and forty years before Christ 
 
IC 
 
 191 
 
 ID 
 
 He was murdered by robbers, and at the 
 moment of death lie implored the assist- 
 ance of some cranes which at that mo- 
 ment flew over his head. Some time after 
 as the murderers were in the market 
 place, one of them observed some cranes 
 in the air, and said to his companions, 
 there are the birds that are conscious of the 
 death of Ibycus. These words and the re- 
 cent murder of Ibycus raised suspicions in 
 the people : the assassins were seized and 
 tortured, and they confessed their guilt. 
 The husband of Chloris, whom Ho- 
 race ridicules. 
 
 Icadius, a robber killed by a stone. 
 
 Icaria, a small island in the ^Egean 
 sea. 
 
 Icaris and Icariotjs, a name given to 
 Penelope as daughter of Icarius. 
 
 Icarium mare, a part of the ^Egean 
 sea near the islands of Mycone and Gya- 
 ros. 
 
 Icariu9, an Athenian, father of Eri- 
 gone, He gave wine to some peasants 
 who drank it with the greatest avidity, 
 ignorant of its intoxicating nature. They 
 were soon deprived of their reason, and 
 the fury and resentment of their friends 
 and neighbors were immediately turned 
 upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. 
 After death he was honored with public 
 
 festivals. A son of CEbalus of Lacedae- 
 
 mon. He gave his daughter Penelope in 
 marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca. 
 
 Icarus, a son of Dsdalus, who, with his 
 father, fled with wings from Crete to es- 
 cape the resentment of Minos. His flight 
 being too high proved fatal to him, the 
 sun melted the wax which cemented his 
 wings, and he fell into that part of the 
 iEgean sea which was called after his 
 name. A mountain of Attica. 
 
 Ice i us, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sici- 
 ly One of the Rhemi in Gaul. 
 
 Icelos, one of the sons of Somnus. 
 
 Iceni, a people of Britain who submit- 
 ted to the Roman power. 
 
 Icetas, a man who obtained the su- 
 preme power at Syracuse after the death 
 of Dion. 
 
 Ichn-e, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Ichnusa, an ancient name of Sardinia. 
 
 Ichonuphis, a priest of Heliopolis. 
 
 Ichthyophagi, a people of ^Ethiopia, 
 who received this name from their eating 
 fishes. 
 
 Ichthys, a promontory of Elis in Acha- 
 ia. 
 
 L. Icilius, a tribune of the people who 
 made a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount 
 Aventine was given to the Roman people 
 
 to build houses upon. A tribune who 
 
 made a law A. U. C. 261, that forbade any 
 man to oppose or interrupt a tribune while 
 he was speaking in an assembly. 
 
 Icius, a harbor in Gaul, on the modern 
 straits of Dover. 
 
 Iconium, the capital of Lycaonia. 
 
 Ico3, a small island near Euboea. 
 
 Ictinus, a celebrated architect, 430 
 years before Christ. 
 
 Ictumulorum vicus, a place at the foot 
 of the Alps abounding in gold mines. 
 
 Iculisma, a town of Gaul, now Angou- 
 lesme. 
 
 Ida, a nymph of Crete who went into 
 Phrygia, where she gave her name to a 
 
 mountain of that country. The mother 
 
 of Minos 2d. A celebrated mountain, 
 
 or more properly a ridge of mountains in 
 Troas, chiefly in the neighborhood of 
 Troy. It was covered with green wood, 
 and the elevation of its top opened a fine 
 extensive view of the Hellespont and the 
 
 adjacent countries. A mountain of 
 
 Crete, the highest in the island. 
 
 Id-ea, the surname of Cybele. 
 
 Id^eus, a surname of Jupiter. An 
 
 arm-bearer of king Priam. One of the 
 
 attendants of Ascanius. 
 
 Idalis, the country round mount Ida. 
 
 Idalus, a mountain of Cyprus. 
 
 Idanthyrsus, a powerful king of Scy- 
 thia, who refused to give his daughter in 
 marriage to Darius the 1st, king of Persia. 
 This refusal was the cause of a war be- 
 tween the two nations, and Darius march- 
 ed against ldanthyrsus, at the head of 
 seven hundred thousand men. He was 
 defeated and retired to Persia, after an in- 
 glorious campaign. 
 
 Idarnes, an officer of Darius. 
 
 Idas, a son of Aphareus and Arane, fa- 
 mous for his valor and military glory. He 
 was among the Argonauts, and married 
 Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus king of 
 ^Etolia. Marpessa was carried away by 
 Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife's rav- 
 isher with bows and arrows, and obliged 
 
 him to restore her. A son of ^Egyptus. 
 
 A Trojan killed by Turnus. 
 
 Idea, or Idjja, a daughter of Darda- 
 
 nus. The mother of Teucer by Sca- 
 
 mander. 
 
 Idessa, a town of Iberia. 
 
 Idex, a small river of Italy. 
 
 Idistavisus, a plain, now Hastcnbach, 
 near Oldendorp on the Weser in West- 
 phalia. 
 
 Idmon, son of Apollo and Astoria, was 
 the prophet of the Argonauts. He was 
 killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithy- 
 
 nia. A dyer of Colophon, father to 
 
 Arachne. A man of Cyzicus, killed by 
 
 Hercules. A son of iEgyptus, killed by 
 
 his wife. 
 
 Idomene, a daughter of Pheres, who 
 married Amythaon. 
 
 Idomeneus, succeeded his father Deu- 
 calion on the throne of Crete, and accom- 
 panied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with 
 a fleet of ninety ships. During this cele- 
 brated war he rendered himself famous 
 by his valor, and slaughtered many of the 
 
IL 
 
 192 
 
 IN 
 
 enemy. At his return he made a vow to 
 Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if 
 he escaped from the fury of the seas and 
 storms he would offer to the god whatever 
 living creature first presented itself to his 
 eye on the Cretan shore. This was no 
 other than his son, who came to congratu- 
 late his father upon his safe return. Ido- 
 meneus performed his promise to the god, 
 
 and was banished by his subjects. A 
 
 son of Priam. A Greek historian of 
 
 Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. 
 
 Idothea, a daughter of Prcetus, king of 
 
 Argos. A daughter of the god Proteus. 
 
 One of the nymphs who educated Ju- 
 piter. 
 
 Idrieus, brother to Artemisia, who suc- 
 ceeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. 
 
 Idubed a, a river and mountain of Spain. 
 
 Idume and Idumea, a country of Syria, 
 famous for palm trees. 
 
 Idya, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Igeni, a people of Britain. 
 
 Igilium, now Giglio, an island of the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Ignatius, an officer of Crassus in his 
 
 Parthian expedition. A bishop of An- 
 
 tioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre 
 at Rome, by lions, A. D. 107. 
 
 Iguvium, a town of Umbria, on the via 
 Flaminia, now Qubio. 
 
 Ilaira, a daughter of Leucippus, carried 
 away with her sister Phoebe, by the sons 
 of Leda. 
 
 Ilba, more properly Ilva, an island of 
 the Tyrrhene sea. 
 
 Ilecaones and Ilecaonenses, a people 
 of Spain. 
 
 Ilerda, now Lerida, a town of Spain. 
 
 Ilia, or Rhea, a daughter of Numitor, 
 king of Alba, consecrated by her uncle 
 Amulius to the service of Vesta, which 
 required perpetual chastity. He was how- 
 ever disappointed ; violence was offered 
 to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus 
 and Remus, who drove the usurper from 
 his throne, and restored the crown to their 
 grandfather Numitor, its lawful possessor. 
 Ilia was buried alive for violating the laws 
 of Vesta. 
 
 Iliaoi ludi, games instituted by Au- 
 gustus, in commemoration of the victory 
 he had obtained over Antony and Cleopa- 
 tra. 
 
 Iliacus, an epithet applied to such as 
 belong to Troy. 
 
 Iliades, a surname given to Romulus, 
 
 as son of Ilia. A name given to the 
 
 Trojan women. 
 
 Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by 
 Homer upon the Trojan war. A sur- 
 name of Minerva. 
 
 Ilienses, a people of Sardinia. 
 
 Ilion, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 In one, the eldest daughter of Priam. 
 
 Ilioneus, a Trojan who came into Italy 
 with ^Eneas. One of Niobe's sons. 
 
 Ilipa, a town of Btetica. 
 
 J-Lissua, a small river of Attica, falling 
 into the sea near the Piraeus. There was 
 a temple on its banks, sacred to the Muses. 
 
 Ilithyia, a goddess called also Juno 
 Lucina. Some suppose her to be the same 
 as Diana. 
 
 Ilium, or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built 
 by Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from 
 whom it received its name. It is general- 
 ly taken for Troy itself; and some have 
 supposed that the town was called Ilium, 
 and the adjacent country Troja. 
 
 Illieeris, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Illice, now Elche, a town of Spain with 
 a harbor and bay. 
 
 Illipula, two towns of Spain, one of 
 which is called Major, and the other Mi- 
 nor. 
 
 Illiturgis, Iliturgis, or Ilikgia, a 
 city of Spain. 
 
 Ilorcis, now Lorca, a town of Spain. 
 
 Illyricum, Illyris, and Illyria, a 
 country bordering on the Adriatic sea, 
 opposite Italy. 
 
 Illyricus sinus, that part of the Adri- 
 atic which is on the coast of Illyricum. 
 
 Illyrius, a son of Cadmus and Hermi- 
 one. 
 
 Ilua, now Elba, an island in the Tyr- 
 rhene sea, celebrated for its iron mines. 
 
 Iluiio, now Oleron, a town of Gascony 
 in France. 
 
 Ilus, the fourth king of Troy, was son 
 of Tros by Callirhoe. He built, or rather 
 embellished, the city of Ilium, called also 
 Troy, from his father Tros. Jupiter gave 
 him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of 
 Minerva, and promised that as long as it 
 remained in Troy, so long would the town 
 
 remain impregnable. A name of Asca- 
 
 nius. A friend of Turnus. 
 
 Ilyrgis, a town of Hispania Beetica. 
 
 Imanuentius, a king of part of Britain, 
 killed by Cassivelaunus. 
 
 Imaus, a large mountain of Scythia, 
 which is part of mount Taurus. 
 
 Imbarus, a part of mount Taurus in 
 Armenia. 
 
 Imbracides, a patronymic given to 
 Asius, as son of Imbracus. 
 
 Imbra sides, a patronymic given to 
 Glaucus and Lades. 
 
 Imbrasus, or Parthenius, a river of Sa- 
 
 mos. The father of Pirus, the leadei 
 
 of the Thracians during the Trojan war. 
 
 Imbreus, one of the Centaurs. 
 
 Imbrex, C. Licmius, a poet. 
 
 Imbrius, a Trojan killed by Teucer, son 
 of Mentor. 
 
 Imbrivium, a place of Samnium. 
 
 Imbros, now Embro, an island of the 
 iEgean sea, near Thrace, thirty-two miles 
 from Samothrace, with a small river and 
 town of the same name. 
 
 Inachi, a name given to the Greeks, 
 particularly the Argives 
 
IN 
 
 193 
 
 10 
 
 Inachia, a name given to Peloponne- 
 sus, from the river Inachus. A festival 
 
 in Crete. 
 
 Inachidje, the name of the eight first 
 successors of Inachus, on the throne of 
 Argos. 
 
 Inachides, a patronymic of Epaphus 
 as grandson of Inachus and of Per- 
 seus descended from Inachus. 
 
 In ac his, a patronymic of Io, as daugh- 
 ter of Inachus. 
 
 Inachium, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Te- 
 thys, father of Io. He founded the king- 
 dom of Argos, and was succeeded by 
 Phoroneus, B. C. 1807. A river of Ar- 
 gos. Another in Epirus. 
 
 Inamames, a river in the east of Asia. 
 
 Inarime, an island near Campania, 
 with a mountain, under which Jupiter 
 confined the giant, Typhosus. 
 
 Inarus, a town of Egypt. A tyrant 
 
 of Egypt, who died B. C. 456. 
 
 Inc'itatus, a horse of the emperor Cali- 
 gula, made high priest. 
 
 India, the most celebrated and opulent 
 of all the countries of Asia, bounded on 
 one side by the Indus, from which it de- 
 rives its name. It is situate at the south 
 of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia. &c, 
 along the maritime coasts. It has always 
 been reckoned famous for the riches it 
 contains j and so persuaded were the an- 
 cients of its wealth, that they supposed 
 that its very sands were gold. It contain- 
 ed nine thousand different nations, and 
 five thousand remarkable cities, accord- 
 ing to geographers. Bacchus was the first 
 who conquered it. 
 
 Indibilis, a princess of Spain, betrothed 
 to Albutius. 
 
 Indiqetes, a name given to those dei- 
 ties who were worshipped only in some 
 particular places, or who were become 
 gods from men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. 
 
 Indigeti, a people of Spain. 
 
 Indus, now Sinde, a large river of Asia, 
 from which the adjacent country has re- 
 ceived the name of India. A river of 
 
 Caria. 
 
 Indutiomarus, a Gaul conquered by 
 Caesar. 
 
 Inferum mare, the Tuscan sea. 
 
 Ino, a daughter of Cadmus and Har- 
 monia, wife of Athamas, changed into a 
 sea-goddess by Neptune. , 
 
 Inoa, festivals in memory of Ino, cele- 
 brated yearly with sports and sacrifices at 
 
 Corinth. Another in Laconia, in honor 
 
 of the same. 
 
 Inous, a patronymic given to the god 
 Palremon, as son of Ino. 
 
 Inopus, a river of Delos. 
 
 Insubres, the inhabitants of Insubria, 
 a country near the Po, supposed to be of 
 Gallic origin. 
 
 Intaphernes, one of the seven Persian 
 17 
 
 noblemen who conspired against Smerdis 
 who usurped the crown of Persia. 
 
 Intemelium, a town at the west of Li- 
 guria, on the seashore. 
 
 Interamna, an ancient city of Umbria 
 A colony on the confines of Samni- 
 
 Intercatia, a town of Spain. 
 
 Interrex, a supreme magistrate af 
 Rome, who was intrusted with the care 
 of the government after the death of a 
 king, till the election of another. This 
 office was exercised by the senators alone, 
 and none continued in power longer than 
 five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 
 twelve hours. 
 
 Inui ca strum. It received its name 
 from Inuus, a divinity supposed to be the 
 same as the Faunus of the Latins. 
 
 Inycus, a city of Sicily. 
 
 Io, the daughter of Inachus and Isme- 
 na, turned by Jupiter into a cow, to pre- 
 vent the suspicion of Juno, and worship- 
 ped after her death by the Egyptians, 
 under the name of Isis. 
 
 Iobates and Jobates, a king of Lycia, 
 father of Stenobiea, the wife of Preetus, 
 king of Argos. 
 
 Iobes, a son of Hereules. 
 
 Iclaia, a festival at Thebes, the same 
 as that called Heracleia. It was institu- 
 ted in honor of Hercules and his friend 
 Iolas, who assisted him in conquering the 
 hydra. The place where the exercises 
 were exhibited was called Iolaion, where 
 there were to be seen the monument of 
 Amphitryon, and the cenatoph of Iolas, 
 who was buried in Sardinia. 
 
 Iolas or Iolaus, a son of Iphiclus, king 
 of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in 
 conquering the hydra. He was restored 
 to his youth and vigor by Hebe, at the re- 
 quest of his friend Hercules. Some time 
 afterwards, Iolas assisted the Heraclida? 
 against Eurystheus, and killed the tyrant 
 
 with his own hand. A compiler of a 
 
 Phoenician history. A friend of ^Eneas. 
 
 A son of Antipaier, cup-bearer to 
 
 Alexander 
 
 Iolchos, a town of Magnesia, above 
 Demetrias, where Jason was born. 
 
 Iole, a daughter of Eurytus, king of 
 CEchalia. Her father promised her in 
 marriage to Hercules, but he refused to 
 perforin his engagements, and Iole was 
 carried away by force. It was to extin- 
 guish the love of Hercules for Iole, that 
 Dejenira sent him the poisoned tunic, 
 which caused his death. 
 
 Ion, a son of Xuthus, and Creusa, who 
 married Helice, the daughter of Selinus, 
 king of jEgiale. He succeeded on the 
 throne of his father-in-law, and built a 
 city, which he called Helice, on account 
 
 of his wife. A tragic poet of Chios. 
 
 — —A native of Ephesus. 
 
 Ione, one of the Nereides. 
 I 
 
IP 
 
 194 
 
 IR 
 
 Iones, a name originally given to the 
 subjects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice. 
 
 Ionia, a country of Asia Minor, bound- 
 ed on the north by ^Eolia, on the west by 
 the ^Egean and lcarian seas, on the south 
 by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and 
 part of Caria. It was founded by colo- 
 nies from Greece. Ionia has been always 
 celebrated for the salubrity of the climate, 
 the fruitfulness of the ground, and the 
 
 geniu3 of its inhabitants. An ancient 
 
 name given to Hellas, or Achaia. 
 
 Ionium mare, a part of the Mediterra- 
 nean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, 
 lying between Sicily and Greece. 
 
 Iopas, a king of Africa, among the suit- 
 ors of Dido. lie was an excellent musi- 
 cian, poet, and philosopher 
 
 Iope and Joppa, now JaJ'u, an ancient 
 and famous town of Phoenicia. It was 
 about forty miles from the capital of Judtca. 
 
 A daughter of Iphicles, who married 
 
 Theseus. 
 
 Iophon, a son of Sophocles. A poet 
 
 of Gnossus, in Crete. 
 
 I09, now Aw, an island in the Myrtoan 
 sea. 
 
 Ifhiana»9a, a daughter of Prretus, king 
 of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe 
 
 and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno. The wife 
 
 of Endymion. 
 
 Ipkiclus, or Iphicles, a son of Amphi- 
 tryon and Alcmena, born at the same 
 
 birth with Hercules. A king of Pby- 
 
 lace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus and 
 Clymene. He had bulls famous for their 
 bignes3,and the monster which kept them. 
 A son of Thestius, king of Pleuron. 
 
 Iphicrates, a celebrated general of 
 Athens, who, though son of a shoemaker, 
 rose from the lowest station to the highest 
 offices in the slate. He married a daugh- 
 ter of Cotys, king of Thrace, by whom he 
 had a son called Mnestheus, and died 
 
 380 R. C. A sculptor of Athens. 
 
 An Athenian, sont to Darius the third, 
 king of Persia. 
 
 Iph!da.mu3. a son ofAntenorand The- 
 ano, killed by Agamemnon. 
 
 Iphidemia, a Thessalian woman, rav- 
 ished by the Naxians. 
 
 Iphigenia, a daughter of Agamemnon 
 and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, 
 going to the Trojan war, were detained by 
 contrary winds at Aulb, they were in- 
 formed by one of the soothsayers, that, to 
 appease the gods, they must sacrifice Iphi- 
 genia, Agamemnon's daughter, to Diana. 
 Agamemnon consented to immolate his 
 daughter for the common cause of Greece. 
 Iphigenia came to Aulis : here she saw the 
 bloody preparations for the sacrifice ; she 
 implored the forgiveness and protection 
 of her father, but tears and entreaties were 
 unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his 
 hand, and, as he was going to strike the 
 fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappear- 
 
 ed, and a goat of uncommon size and 
 beauty was found in her place for the sac- 
 rifice. This supernatural change anima- 
 I ted the Gieeks, the wind suddenly became 
 favorable, and the combined fleet set sail 
 j from Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had 
 j raised the compassion of the goddess on 
 whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, 
 j and she carried her to Taurica, where she 
 I entrusted her with the care of her tem- 
 ple. 
 
 Iphimedia, a daughter of Triopas, who 
 | married the giant Alceus. 
 
 Iphimedon, a son of Eurystheus, killed 
 in war. 
 
 Ipkimedusa, one of the daughters of 
 Danaus. 
 
 Iphinoe, one of the principal women of 
 Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all 
 
 the males of the island. One of the 
 
 daughters of Proetus. 
 
 Iphinous, one of the centaurs. 
 
 Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded hi3 
 father on the throne of Argos. A beau- 
 tiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. 
 He became enamored of Anaxarete, and 
 the coldness and contempt he met whh 
 rendered him so desperate that he hung 
 
 himself. A daughter of Thespius. 
 
 A mistress of Patroclus. A daughter of 
 
 Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete. 
 
 Iphition, an ally of the Trojans, son of 
 Otryntheus and-Nais, killed by Achilles. 
 
 Iphitus, a son of Eurytus, king of 
 CEchalia,. kilied by Hercules. A Tro- 
 jan, who survived the ruin of his country, 
 
 and fled with ^Eneas to Italy. A king 
 
 of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of 
 Lycurgus. He reestablished the Olym- 
 pic games three hundred and thirty-eight 
 years after their institution by Hercules. 
 
 Iphthime, a sister of Penelope, who 
 married Eumelus. 
 
 Ipsea, the mother of Medea. 
 
 Ipsus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for 
 a battle which was fought there, between 
 Antigonus and his son, and Seleucus, 
 rtolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. 
 
 Ira, a city of Messenia. This place is 
 famous in history as having supported a 
 siege of eleven years against the Lacedae- 
 monians. 
 
 Iren.*:us, a native of Greece, disciple of 
 Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. 
 His opinions concerning the soul are cu- 
 rious. He suffered martyrdom, A. D. 209. 
 
 Irene, a daughter cf Cratinus the 
 
 painter. One of the seasons among the 
 
 Greeks, called by the moderns Horae. 
 
 Iresus, a delightful spot in Lybia, near 
 Cyrer.e. 
 
 Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Elec- 
 tra, one of the Oceanidcs, messenger of 
 the gods, and more particularly of Juno. 
 Her office was to cut the thread which 
 seemed to detain the soul in the body of 
 those that were expiring. She is the same 
 
IS 
 
 195 
 
 IS 
 
 as the rainbow. A river of Asia Minor. 
 
 A river of Pontus. 
 
 Iru3, a beggar of Itbaca, who executed 
 
 the commissions of Penelope's suitors. 
 
 A mountain of India. 
 
 Is, a small river falling into the Eu- 
 phrates. A small town on the river of 
 
 the same name. 
 
 Is.-.DAs, a Spartan, who, upon seeing 
 the Thebans entering the city, stripped 
 himself naked, and, with a spear and 
 sword, engaged the enemy. 
 Isjea, one of the Nereides. 
 Is.eits, an orator of Calchis, in Eubcsa, 
 who came to Athens, and became there 
 the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the 
 master of Demosthenes. Demosthenes 
 imitated him in preference to Isocrates. 
 Another Greek orator, who came to Rome 
 A. D. 17. 
 
 Isamus, a river of India. 
 
 Isajjder, a son of Bellerophon. 
 
 Isapis, a river of Umbria. 
 
 IsARand Isara, the Isore, a river of Gaul. 
 
 Another called the Oyse, which falls 
 
 into the Seine below Paris. 
 Isar and Isjeus, a river of Vindelicia. 
 IsARCHUs,an Athenian archon,B. C. 44. 
 Is aura, the chief town of Isauria. 
 Isauria, a country of Asia Minor, near 
 mount Taurus. 
 Isauricus, a surname of P. Servilius. 
 Isauros, a river of Umbria. Anoth- 
 er in Magna Grada. 
 Ischemia, an annual festival at Olympia. 
 Ischolaus, a brave and prudent general 
 of Sparta. 
 
 Ischomachus, a noble athlete of Cro- 
 tona. 
 Ischopolis, a town of Pontus. 
 Isdegerdes, a king of Persia, appointed 
 by the will of Arcadius, guardian to The- 
 odosius the second. He died in his thirty- 
 first year, A. D. 408. 
 
 Isia, certain festivals observed in hon- 
 or of Isis, which continued nine days. 
 These festivals were adopted by the Ro- 
 mans, among whom they soon "degenera- 
 ted into licentiousness. 
 
 Isiacorum fortus, a harbor on the 
 shore of the Euxine, near Dacia. 
 
 Isidorus, a native of Charax, in the age 
 of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some histo- 
 rical treatises. A disciple of Chrysos- 
 
 tom. A Christian Greek writer, who 
 
 flourished in the seventh century. 
 
 Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, 
 daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to 
 Diodorus of Sicily. Osiris and Isis reign- 
 ed conjointly in Egypt ; but the rebellion 
 of Typhon, the brother of Osiris, proved 
 fatal to this sovereign. As Isis was sup- 
 posed to be the moon and Osiris the sun, 
 she was represented as holding a globe in 
 her hand, with a vessel full of ears of 
 corn. 
 Ismarus, a rugged mountain of Thrace, 
 
 covered with vines and olives. Its 
 
 wines are excellent. A Theban, Bon of 
 
 Astacus. A 6on of Eumolpus. A 
 
 Lydian who accompanied yEneas to Italy. 
 Ismene, a daughter of GEdipus and Jo- 
 casta, who, when her sister Antigone had 
 been condemned to be buried alive by 
 Creon, for giving burial to her brother 
 Polynices against the tyrant's positive or- 
 ders, declared herself as guilty as her sis- 
 ter, and insisted upon being equally pun- 
 ished with her. A daughter of the river 
 
 Asopus. 
 
 Ismenias, a celebrated musician of The- 
 bes. A Theban, bribed by Timocrates 
 
 of Rhodes. A Theban general, sent to 
 
 Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. 
 As none were admitted into the king's 
 presence without prostrating themselves 
 at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to arti- 
 fice to avoid doing an action which would 
 prove disgraceful to his country. When 
 he was introduced he dropped his ring, 
 and the motion he made to recover it from 
 the ground was mistaken for the most 
 submissive homage, and Ismenias had a 
 
 satisfactory audience of the monarch. 
 
 A river of Bceotia. 
 
 Ismemides, an epithet applied to the 
 Theban women. 
 Ismenitjs, a surname of Apollo. 
 Isme.nus, a son of Apollo and Melia. 
 
 A son of Asopus and Metope. 
 
 A son of Niobe, killed by Apollo. 
 
 Isocrates, a celebrated orator, son of 
 Theodoru3, a rich musical instrument 
 maker at Athens. The defeat of the 
 Athenians at Cberonsea had such an effect 
 upon his spirits, that he did not survive 
 the disgrace of his country, but died, after 
 he had been four days without taking any 
 aliment, in the ninety-ninth year of his 
 age, about three hundred and thirty-eight 
 years before Christ. Isocrates has always 
 been much admired for the sweetness and 
 graceful simplicity of his style, for the 
 harmony of his expressions, and the dig- 
 nity of his language. One of the offi- 
 cers of the Peloponnesian fleet. One 
 
 of the disciples of Isocrates A rhetori- 
 cian of Syria. 
 
 Issa, now Lissa, an island in the Adri- 
 atic sea. A town of Illyricum. 
 
 Isse, a daughter of Macareus, the son 
 of Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, 
 who to obtain her confidence changed 
 himself into the form of a shepherd. 
 
 Issus, now Jliss?, a town of Cilicia, on 
 the confines of Syria, famous for a battle 
 fought there between Alexanderthe Great 
 and the Persians under Darius their king, 
 in October, B. C. 333, in consequence of 
 which it was called Nieopolis. 
 
 Istbr and Istrus, an historian, disci- 
 ple to Callimachus. A large river of 
 
 Europe, called also the Danuhi A son 
 
 of ,-Egyptus 
 
IT 
 
 im 
 
 IX 
 
 Isthmia. sacred games aiming tlie 
 Greeks, which received their name from 
 the isthmus of Corinth, where they were 
 observed. They were celebrated in com- 
 memoration of Melicerta, who was chang- 
 ed into a sea deity, when Jus mother J no 
 had thrown herself into the sea with him 
 in her arms. These games were observed 
 every third, or rather fifth, year. 
 
 Isthmius, a king of Messenia. 
 
 Isthmus, a small neck of land which 
 joins one country to another. 
 
 Istljeoiis, a country of Greece, near 
 Ossa. 
 
 Istria, a province at the west of Illyri- 
 cum,whose inhabitants were originally pi- 
 rates, and lived on plunder. 
 
 Istropolis, a city of Thrace. 
 
 Isus and Antiphus, sons of Priam, the 
 latter by Hecuba, and the former by a 
 concubine. They were both killed by 
 Agamemnon. A city of Boeotia. 
 
 Italia, a cele (rated country of Eu- 
 rope, bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrr- 
 hene seas and the Alpine mountains. 
 The boundaries of Italy appeared to have 
 been formed by nature itself, which seems 
 to have been particularly careful in sup- 
 plying this country with whatever may 
 contribute not only to the support, but also 
 to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It 
 has been called the garden of Europe. 
 The ancient inhabitants called themselves 
 Aborigines, offspring of the soil, and the 
 country was soon after peopled by colo- 
 nies from Greece. 
 
 Italica, a town of Italy, called also 
 
 Corfinium. A town of Spain, now Sc- 
 
 villa la Vieja, 
 
 Italicus, a poet. 
 
 Italtjs, a son ot Telegonus. An Ar- 
 cadian prince, who came to Italy, where 
 he established a kingdom, called after him. 
 
 A prince whose daughter Roma is 
 
 said to have married yEneas or Ascanius. 
 
 Itargris, a river of Germany. 
 
 Itea, a daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Itemales, an old man who exposed 
 GEdipus on mount Cithaeron. 
 
 Ithaca, a celebrated island in the Io- 
 nian sea, on the western parts of Greece, 
 with a city of the same name. It is very 
 rocky and mountainous, and is now 
 
 kno'vn by the name of Inula del Vvmpa:e 
 or Tiduclu. 
 
 Ithacesije, threo islands opposite Vibe 
 on the coast of the Brutii. 
 
 Ithop.alus, a king of Ty'ie, who died 
 j B. C. 595. 
 
 ] thome, a town of Phthiotis.- An- 
 
 j other of Messenia. 
 
 ! Ithomaia, a festival in which musicians 
 contended, observed at llhome, in honor 
 of Jupiter 
 
 Ithyphallus, an obscene name of Pria- 
 pus. 
 
 Itius Portus, a" town of Gaul, now 
 Wetsand, or Boulogne in Picardy. 
 
 Itonia, a surname of Minerva. 
 
 Itonus, a king of Thessaly, son of Deu- 
 calion. 
 • Ituna, a river of Britain, 
 
 [tur.ea, a country of Palestine, whose 
 inhabitants were very skilful in drawing 
 the bow. 
 
 Iturum, a town of Umbria. 
 
 Itylus, a son of Zetheus, and ^Edon, 
 killed by his mother. 
 
 ItVbjK'I, a people of Palestine. 
 
 Itys, a sun of Tereus king of Thrace, 
 by Procne, daughter of Fandion, king of 
 Alliens. lie was killed by his mother 
 when he was about six years old, and 
 served up as meat before his father. He 
 was.changed into a pheasant, his mother 
 into a swallow, and his father into an 
 
 owl. A Trojan who came to Italy with 
 
 iEneas. 
 
 Intus, the name of Ascanius, the son 
 of ^Eneas. A son of Ascanius. 
 
 Ixibatje, a people of Pontus. 
 
 Ixion, a king of Thessaly, sen of Phle- 
 gas. Jupiter carried him to heaven, and 
 introduced him at the tables of the gods. 
 Such a favor, which ought to have awak- 
 ened gratitude in lxion, served only to in- 
 flame his lust ; he Became enamored of 
 Juno, and attempted to seduce her. Ju- 
 piter struck him with his thunder, and 
 ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel 
 in hell which continually whirls round. 
 The wheel was perpetually in motion, 
 therefore the punishment of lxion was 
 eternal. One of the Heraclidie. 
 
 Ixionides, the patronymic of Pirithous 
 son of Ixion. 
 
 JA 
 
 JANICULUM and Janicularius moss, 
 one of the seven hills at Rome, joined 
 to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a 
 kind of citadel, to protect the place against 
 an invasion. This hill was less inhabited 
 than the other partn of the city, on account 
 of the grossness of the air ; though from its 
 
 JA 
 
 top, the eye could have a commanding 
 view of the whole city. It is famous for 
 the burial of king Numa and the poet Itali- 
 cus. 
 
 Janus, the most ancient king who reign- 
 ed in Italy. He was a native of Thes- 
 salv, and son of Apollo, according u> some 
 
JA 
 
 197 
 
 JO 
 
 He came to Italy, where he planted a col- 
 ony and built a small town on the river 
 Tiber, which he called Janiculum. Janus 
 is represented with two faces, because he 
 was acquainted with the past and the fu- 
 ture ; or, according to others, because he 
 was taken for the sun who opens the day 
 at his rising, and shuts it at his setting. 
 Some statues represent Janus with four 
 heads. He was chiefly worshipped among 
 the Romans, where he had many temples. 
 His temple, which was always open in 
 times of war, was shut only three times 
 during above seven hundred years, under 
 Numa, 234 B. C. and under Augustus ; 
 and during that long period of time, the 
 Romans were continually employed in 
 war. A street at Rome, near the tem- 
 ple of Janus. It was generally frequented 
 by usurers, money-brokers, and booksel- 
 lers. 
 
 Jape-tides, a musician at the nuptials 
 of Perseus and Andromeda. 
 
 jAPETus,ason ofCoelus or Titan, who 
 married Asia. The Greeks looked upon 
 him as the father of all mankind. 
 
 Jasof, a celebrated hero, son of iEson, 
 king of Iolchos, whose throne was usurp- 
 ed by Pelias, and the lawful successor 
 driven to retirement and obscurity. Ja- 
 son was commanded by the oracle to visit 
 Iolchos, his native country, and demand 
 the kingdom from the usurper. Pelias 
 consented to abdicate the crown, provid- 
 ed Jason would undertake an expedition 
 against iEetes, king of Colchis, who had 
 murdered their common relation, Phryx- 
 us. Jason accordingly embarked on board 
 a ship called Argo, accompanied by the 
 youngest and bravest of the Greeks ; and, 
 after a series of adventures, arrived at 
 Colchis. iEetes promised to restore the 
 golden fleece, which was the cause of the 
 death of Phryxus, and of the voyage of 
 the Argonauts, provided they submitted to 
 his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls 
 which breathed flames, and had feet and 
 horns of brass, and to plough with them a 
 field sacred to Mars. After this he was to 
 sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, 
 from which armed men would arise, 
 whose fury would be converted against 
 him who ploughed the field. He was also 
 to kill a monstrous dragon, who watched 
 day and night at the foot of the tree on 
 which the golden fleece was suspended. 
 All these labors were to be performed in 
 one day ; but Medea, the king's daughter, 
 whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and 
 potions, was unparalleled, easily extricat- 
 ed Jason from all dangers, to the aston- 
 ishment and terror of his companions, 
 and of iEetes and the people of Colchis, 
 who had assembled to be spectators of 
 these wonderful actions. Jason tamed 
 the bulls with ease, ploughed the field, 
 sowed the dragon's teeth, and, when the 
 17* 
 
 armed men sprang from the earth, he 
 threw a stone in the midst of them, and 
 they immediately turned their weapons 
 one against the other till they all perished. 
 He next went to the dragon, and, by 
 means of enchanted herbs, given him by 
 Medea, he lulled the monster to sleep, and 
 took from the tree the celebrated golden 
 fleece, which was the sole object of his 
 voyage. Jason then set sail for Europe 
 with Medea, whom he had married ; and, 
 after numerous disasters, arrived safely 
 in Thessaly. This expedition has been 
 much celebrated in the ancient ages of the 
 world, and has employed the pens of 
 many writers. Some authors say that 
 Jason afterwards returned to Colchis, 
 where he reigned in great security ; others, 
 that, as he was one day reposing by the 
 side of the ship which had carried him to 
 Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he 
 
 was crushed to death. A native of Ar- 
 
 gos who wrote an history of Greece in four 
 
 books. A tyrant of Thessaly. Tral- 
 
 lianus, a man who wrote tragedies and 
 gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia. 
 
 Jasonidje, a patronymic of Thoas and 
 Euneus, sons of Jason and Hipsipyle. 
 
 Jenisus, a town of Syria. 
 
 Jera, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Jericho, a city of Palestine, besieged 
 and taken by the Romans under Vespa- 
 sian and Titus. 
 
 Jerne, a name of Ireland. 
 
 Jeromus and Jeronymus, a Greek of 
 Cardia, who wrote an history of Alexan- 
 der. A native of Rhodes, disciple of 
 
 Aristotle. 
 
 Jerusalem, the capital of Judea. Vid. 
 Hierosolyme. 
 
 Jetje, a place of Sicily. 
 
 Jocasta, a daughter of Menceceus, who 
 married Laius, king of Thebes, by whom 
 she had CEdipus. She afterwards married 
 her son CEdipus, without knowing who 
 he was. When she discovered that she 
 had married her own son, she hanged 
 herself in despair. 
 
 Jordanes, a river of Judea, illustrious 
 in sacred history. 
 
 Jorn andes, an historian who wrote on 
 the Goths. He died A. D. 552. 
 
 Josephus, Flavius, a celebrated Jew- 
 ish author born at Jerusalem ; who wrote 
 the history of the wars of the Jews, first in 
 Syriac, and afterwards translated it into 
 Greek. He was the author, also, of seve- 
 ral other works on the antiquities of the. 
 Jews ; and though, in some respects, in-, 
 imical to the Christians, yet he has com- 
 mended our Saviour so warmly, that St. 
 Jerome calls him a Christian writer. Jo-| 
 sephus died at the age of 56, A. D. 93. 
 
 Jovianus Flavius Claudius, a native of 
 Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the 
 soldiers after the death of Julian. He at 
 first refused to bft invested with the iml 
 
98 
 
 .IIJ 
 
 periai purple, because his subjects follow- 
 ed the religious principles of the late em- 
 peror ; but they removed his groundless 
 apprehensions, and, when they assured 
 him that they were warm for Christianity, 
 he accepted the crown. Jovian died seven 
 months and twenty days after his ascen- 
 sion. 
 
 Juba, a king of JVumidia and Maurita- 
 nia, who favored the cause of Pompey 
 against J. Caesar. lie was conquered in a 
 battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned 
 by his subjects. He killed himself with 
 Petrelus, who bad shared his good fortune 
 and his adversity. His kingdom became 
 a Roman province, of which SaJIust was 
 
 the first governor. The second of that 
 
 name was the son < f Juba the first. He 
 was led among tne captives to Rome, to 
 adorn the triumph of Caesar. His captivi- 
 ty was the source of the greatest honors, 
 and his application to study procured him 
 more glory tnan he could have obtained 
 from the intieritance of a kingdom. He 
 gained the heart of the Romans by the 
 courteousness of his manners, and Augus- 
 tus rewarded his fidelity by giving him in 
 marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Anto- 
 ny, and conferring upon him the title of 
 king, and making him master of all the 
 territories which his father once possess- 
 ed. 
 
 Judacilius, a na'ive of Asculum, cele- 
 brated for his patriotism. 
 
 Jud.ea, a famous country of Syria, 
 bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phoenicia, the 
 Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. 
 The inhabitants, whose history is best col- 
 lected from the Holy Scriptures, were 
 chiefly governed, after the Babylonish cap- 
 tivity, by the high priests. 
 
 Jugalis, a surname of Juno, because 
 she presided over marriage. 
 
 Jugantes, a people of Britain. 
 
 Jugarius, a street in Rome, below the 
 capitol. 
 
 Jugurtha, the illegitimate son of Ma- 
 nastabal, the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa 
 and Manastabal were the sons of Masinis- 
 sa, king of Numidia. Micipsa, who had 
 inherited his father's kingdom, educated 
 his nephew with his two sons Adherbal 
 and Hiempsal ; but, as he was of an as- 
 piring disposition, he sent him with a body 
 of troops to the assistance of Scipio, who 
 was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose a 
 youth whose ambition seemed to threaten 
 the tranquillity of his children. His hopes 
 were frustrated, Jugurtha showed himself 
 brave and active, and endeared himself lo 
 the Roman general. Micipsa appointed 
 him successor to his kingdom with his two 
 sons, but the kindness of the father prov- 
 ed fatal to the children. Jugurtha de- 
 stroyed Hiempsal, ind stripped Adherbal 
 of his possessions, a/id obliged him to fly to 
 Rome for safety. The Romans listened to 
 
 the well-grounded complaints of Adher. 
 bal, but Jugurtha's gold prevailed among 
 the senators, and the suppliant monarch 
 forsaken in his distress, perished by the 
 snares of his enemy. Caecilius Metellus 
 was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his 
 firmness and success soon reduced the 
 crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly 
 among his savage neighbors for support. 
 Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and 
 fought with equal success. Jugurtha was 
 at last betrayed by his father-in-law Boc- 
 chus, from whom he claimed assistance, 
 and he was delivered into the hands of 
 Sylla, after carrying on a war of five years. 
 He was exposed to the view of the Roman 
 people, and dragged in chains to adorn the 
 triumph of Marius. He was afterwards 
 put in a prison, where he died six days 
 after of hunger, B. C. 106. The name and 
 the wars of Jugurtha have been immortal- 
 ized by the pen of Sallust. 
 
 Julia lex, the name of several laws 
 passed in Rome ; de priminciis, de sumpti- 
 bus, de civitatc, de judicibus, de amlitu, 
 &c. &c. 
 
 Julia, a daughter of J. Cresar, by Cor- 
 nelia, famous for her personal charms and 
 for her virtues. She married Corn. Cospio, 
 whom her father obliged her to divorce to 
 marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable 
 disposition more strongly cemented the 
 friendship of the father and of the son-in- 
 law ; but her sudden death in child-bed, 
 B. C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and re- 
 lationship, and soon produced a civil war. 
 The mother of M. Antony, whose hu- 
 manity is greatly celebrated in saving her 
 brother-in-law J. Cessar from the cruel 
 
 prosecutions of her son. An aunt of 
 
 J. Cffisar, who married C. Marins. Her 
 funeral oration was publicly pronounced 
 
 by her nephew. The only daughter of 
 
 the emperor Augustus, remarkable for her 
 beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She 
 was starved to death, A. D. 14, by order 
 of Tiberius. A daughter of the empe- 
 ror Titus. A daughter of Julia, the 
 
 wife of Agrippa, who married Lepidus, 
 and was banished for her licentiousness. 
 
 A licentious daughter of Germanicus 
 
 and Agrippina, born in the island of Les- 
 bos, A. D. 17. She married a senator 
 called M. Vinucius, at the age of sixteen, 
 and was put to death about the twenty- 
 fourth year of her age. A celebrated 
 
 woman, born in Phoenicia. She is also 
 called Domna. She applied herself to the 
 study of geometry and philosophy, &c. 
 and rendered herselfconspicuous,asmuch 
 by her mental as by her personal charms. 
 She came to Rome, where her learning 
 recommended her to all the literati of the 
 age. She married Septimius Severus, 
 who, twenty years after this matrimonial 
 connexion, was invested with the impe- 
 ril purple She starved herself w.hoa he* 
 
JU 
 
 199 
 
 JU 
 
 ambitious views were defeated by Macri- 
 nus, who aspired to the empire in prefer- 
 ence to her, after the death of Caracalla. 
 A town of Gallia Togata. 
 
 Juliacum, a town of Germany, now 
 Juliers. 
 
 Julianus, a son of Julius Constantius, 
 the brother of Constantine the Great, born 
 at Constantinople. In his youth he was 
 taught the doctrines of the Christian reli- 
 gion, and exhorted to be modest and tem- 
 perate ; but he soon afterwards showed 
 his dislike for Christianity, by secretly 
 cherishing a desire to become one of the 
 votaries of Paganism, and applied himself 
 to the study of magic and astrology. 
 About the twenty-sixth year of his age, 
 he was appointed by Constans over Gaul, 
 with the title of Caesar ; and he distin- 
 guished himself by his prudence, valor, 
 and the numerous victories he obtained 
 over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and 
 Germany. His mildness and condescen- 
 sion gained him the hearts of his soldiers ; 
 and when Constans, to whom Julian was 
 become suspected, ordered him to send 
 him part of his forces, to be sent into the 
 east, the army mutinied, and refused to 
 obey the mandate of the emperor. They 
 compelled Julian to accept the title of in- 
 dependent emperor and of Augustus ; and 
 the death of Constans, which shortly after- 
 wards happened, left him sole master of 
 the Roman empire. Julian then disclosed 
 his religious sentiments, and publicly dis- 
 avowed the doctrines of Christianity. Af- 
 ter he had made his public entry into Con- 
 stantinople, he determined to continue the 
 Persian war; and, when he had crossed 
 the Tigris, he destroyed his fleet, and ad- 
 vanced into the enemy's country. He 
 was, however obliged to retire ; and he 
 marched up the sources of the river, de- 
 termined to imitate the bold return of the 
 ten thousand Greeks. As he advanced 
 through the country, he defeated the offi- 
 cers of Sapor, king of Persia ; but an en- 
 gagement proved fatal to him, and he re- 
 ceived a deadly wound while animating 
 his soldiers. The last moments of Julian 
 were spent in a conversation with a phi- 
 losopher concerning the immortality of the 
 soul ; and he died without showing any 
 sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness of 
 
 his death. A son of Constantine. A 
 
 maternal uncle of the emperor Julian. 
 
 A Roman emperor. A Roman who pro- 
 claimed himself emperor in Italy during 
 
 the reign of Dioclesian. A governor of 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Julii, a family of Alba, brought to 
 Rome by Romulus, where they soon rose 
 to the greatest honors of the state. J. 
 Caesar and Augustus were of this family. 
 
 Juliomaqus, a city of Gaul, now Angers 
 in Anjou. 
 
 Juliopolis, a town of Bithynia. 
 
 Julis, a town of the island of Cos, 
 which gave birth to Simonides, &c. The 
 walls of this city were all marble. 
 
 Julius Cesar. Vid. Cresar. Agri- 
 cola, a governor of Britain, A. C. 80, who 
 first discovered that Britain was an island 
 
 by sailing round it. Obsequens, a Latin 
 
 writer, who flourished A. D. 214. Titi- 
 
 anus, a writer in the age of Diociesian. 
 His son became famous for his oratorical 
 powers, and was made preceptor in the 
 
 family of Maximinus. Africanus, a 
 
 chronologer, who flourished A. D. 220. 
 
 Constantius, the father of the emperor 
 
 Julian. Pollux, a grammarian of Nau- 
 
 pactus, in Egypt. Canus, a celebrated 
 
 Roman, put to death by order of Caracal- 
 la. Proculus, a Roman, who solemnly 
 
 declared to his countrymen, after Romu- 
 lus had disappeared, that he had seen 
 him above an human shape, and that he 
 had ordered him to tell the Romans to 
 honor him as a god. L. Can-ar, a Ro- 
 man consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir. 
 
 Junia lex, Sacrata, by L. Junius Bru- 
 tus, the first tribune of the people, A. U. 
 C. 260. It ordained that the person of the 
 ti-ibune should be held sacred and inviola- 
 ble. Another, A. U. C. 627, which ex- 
 cluded all foreigners from enjoying the 
 privileges or names of Roman citizens. 
 
 Junia, a niece of Cato of Utica, who 
 
 married Cassius. Calvina, a beautiful 
 
 Roman lady 
 
 Junius Bl.esus, a proconsul of Africa 
 
 under the emperors. Lupus, a senator 
 
 who accused Vitellius of aspiring to the 
 sovereignty 
 
 Juno, the daughter of Saturn and Ops, 
 sister and wife of Jupiter, queen of heaven, 
 and goddess of marriages and births. Her 
 temples were numerous, the most famous 
 of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. 
 No woman of debauched character was 
 permitted to enter, or even touch them. 
 She protected cleanliness, patronised the 
 most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and 
 severely punished incontinence and lewd- 
 ness in matrons. The surnames of Juno 
 are various, they are derived either from 
 the function or things over which she pre- 
 sided, or from the places where her wor- 
 ship was established. She is represented 
 sitting on a throne with a diadem on her 
 head, and a golden sceptre in her right 
 hand. Some peacocks generally sat by 
 her, and a cuckoo often perched on her 
 sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed 
 the thousand colors of her beautiful rain- 
 bow. She is sometimes carried through 
 the air in a rich chariot drawn by pea- 
 cocks. The Roman consuls, when they 
 entered upon office, were always obliged 
 to offer her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno 
 of the Romans was called Matrona or Ro- 
 mana. She was generally represented as 
 veiled from head to foot. 
 
JU 
 
 200 
 
 JU 
 
 JtJNONALiA and Junonia, festivals at 
 Rome in honor of Juno. 
 
 Junones, a name of the protecting ge- 
 nii of the women among the Romans. 
 
 Junonia, two islands, supposed to be 
 
 among the Fortunate islands. A name 
 
 which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when 
 he went with six thousand Romans to re- 
 build it. 
 
 Junonigena, a surname of Vulcan as 
 son of Juno. 
 
 Junonis, promontorium, a promontory 
 
 of Peloponnesus. Lacinias templum, a 
 
 temple of Juno in Italy. 
 
 Jupiter, the most powerful of all the 
 gods of the ancients. Several of this 
 name are mentioned by the ancient wri- 
 ters. To that of Crete, who passed for the 
 son of Saturn and Ops, the actions of the 
 rest have been attrihuted. As soon as he 
 was a year old, Jupiter found himself suffi- 
 ciently strong to make war against the Ti- 
 tans, who had imprisoned his father be- 
 cause he had brought up male children. 
 The Titans were conquered, and Saturn 
 set at liberty by the hands of his son. Sa- 
 turn, however, soon after, apprehensive 
 of the power of Jupiter, conspired against 
 his life, and was, for this treachery, driven 
 from his kingdom, and obliged to fly for 
 safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become 
 the sole master of the empire of the world, 
 divided it with his brothers. He reserved 
 for himself the kingdom of heaven, and 
 gave the empire of the sea to Neptune, 
 and that of the infernal regions to Pluto. 
 The peaceful beginning of his reign was 
 soon interrupted by the rebellion of the 
 giants, who were sons of the earth, and 
 who wished to revenge the death of their 
 relations the Titans. They were so pow- 
 erful that they hurled rocks, and heaped 
 up mountains upon mountains, to scale 
 heaven, so that all the gods to avoid their 
 fury fled to Egypt, where they escaped 
 from the danger by assuming the form of 
 different animals. Jupiter, however, an- 
 imated them, and by the assistance of 
 Hercules, he totally overpowered the gi- 
 gantic race, which had proved such tre- 
 mendous enemies. Jupiter, now freed 
 from every apprehension, gave himself up 
 to the pursuit of pleasures. The worship 
 of Jupiter was universal ; he was the 
 Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of 
 Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His 
 surnames were numerous, many of which 
 he received from the place or function 
 over which he presided. The worship of 
 Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in 
 
 solemnity. He is generally represented 
 as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne, 
 holding, in one hand, thunderbolts just 
 ready to be hurled, and, in the other, a 
 sceptre of cypress. His looks express ma- 
 jesty, his beard flows long and neglected, 
 and the eagle stands with expanded wings 
 at his feet. He was represented at Olym- 
 pia with a crown like olive branches, his 
 mantle was variegated with different 
 flowers, particularly by the lily, and the 
 eagle perched on the top of the sceptre 
 which he held in his hand. 
 
 Jura, a high ridge of mountains sepa- 
 rating the Helvetii from the Sequani, or 
 Switzerland from Burgundy. 
 
 Justinus M. Junianus, a Latin histo- 
 rian in the age of Antoninus, who epito- 
 mised the history of Trogns Pompeius. 
 This epitome is replete with many judi- 
 cious reflections, and animated harangues; 
 but the author is often too credulous, and 
 sometimes examines events two minutely, 
 while others are related only in a few 
 
 words too often obscure. Martyr, a 
 
 Greek father formerly a Platonic philoso- 
 pher, born in Palestine. An emperor cf 
 
 the east who reigned nine years, and died 
 
 A. D. 526. Another, who died A. D 
 
 564, after a reign of thirty-eight years. 
 
 Another, who died 577 A. D. after a reign 
 of thirteen years. 
 
 Juturna, a sister of Turnus, king of the 
 Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad- 
 dresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, 
 she was not unfavorable to his passion, so 
 that the god rewarded her love with im- 
 mortality. 
 
 Juvejnali?, Decius Junius, a poet born 
 at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to 
 Rome, and passed some time in declaim- 
 ing; after which he applied himself to 
 write satires, sixteen of which are extant. 
 After the death of Nero, the satirist was 
 sent by Domitian as governor on the fron- 
 tiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 
 eightieth year of his age, and he suffered 
 much from the trouble which attended his 
 office, or rather his exile. He returned, 
 however, to Rome and died in the reign of 
 Trajan, A. D. 128. His writings are fiery 
 and animated, and they abound with hu- 
 mor. He may be called, and with reason, 
 perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. 
 
 Juventas or Juventus, a goddess at 
 Rome, who presided over youth and vi- 
 gor. 
 
 JuvER>-A,or Hibernia, an island at the 
 west of Britain, now called Ireland. 
 
LA 
 
 201 
 
 LA 
 
 LAANDER, a youth, brother to Nico- 
 crates, tyrant of Cyrene. 
 
 Liarchus, the guardian of Battus of 
 Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign power 
 and was assassinated. 
 
 Labaris, a king of Egypt after Sesos- 
 tris. 
 
 Labda, a daughter of Amphion, one of 
 the Bacchiadas, born lame. 
 
 Libdacides, a name given to CEdipus, 
 as descended from Labdacus. 
 
 Labdacus, a son of Polydorus by Nyc- 
 teis, and father to Laius. It is unknown 
 whether he ever sat on the throne of 
 Thebes. 
 
 Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily. 
 
 Labealis, a lake in Dalmatia. 
 
 Labeo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer 
 in the age of Augustus, whose views he 
 opposed, and whose offers of the consul- 
 ship he refused. His works are lost. 
 
 A tribune of the people at Borne, who 
 condemned the censor Metellus to be 
 
 thrown down from the Tarpeian rock. 
 
 Q.. Fabius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 571, 
 who obtained a naval victory over the fleet 
 
 of the Cretans. Actius, an obscure 
 
 poet. 
 
 Laberius, J. Decimus, a Roman knight 
 famous for his poetical talents in writing 
 pantomimes. J. Caesar compelled him to 
 act one of his characters on the stage. 
 Laberius died ten months after the mur- 
 der of J. Caesar. Q,. Durus, a tribune 
 
 of the soldiers in Caesar's legions. 
 
 Laeicum, now Colonna, a town of Italy, 
 called also Laeicum. 
 
 Labienus, an officer of Caesar in the 
 
 wars of Gaul. A Roman who followed 
 
 the interest of Brutus and Cassius. . 
 
 Titus, an historian and orator at Rome in 
 the age of Augustus. The senate ordered 
 his papers to be burnt on account of their 
 seditious contents ; and Labienus, unable 
 to survive the loss of his writings, destroy- 
 ed himself. 
 
 Labinetus or Labynetus, a king of 
 Babylon, &c. 
 
 Labotas, a river near Antioch in Syria. 
 
 A son of Echestratus, who made war 
 
 against Argos. 
 
 Labradeus, a surname of Jupiter in 
 Caria. 
 
 Labron, a part of Italy on the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Labyrinthus, a building whose nume- 
 rous passages and perplexing windings 
 render the escape from it difficult, and 
 almost impracticable. There were four 
 very famous among the ancients, one near 
 the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another 
 in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth 
 in Italy built by Porsenna. That of Egypt 
 was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who 
 saw it, declares that the beauty and the 
 art of the building were almost beyond 
 belief. It was built by twelve kings who 
 
 at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was 
 intended for the place of their burial, and 
 to commemorate the actions of their reign. 
 
 Lacuna, an epithet applied to a female 
 native of Laeonia. 
 
 Laced.emon, a son of Jupiter and Tay- 
 geta the daughter of Atlas. From Lace- 
 daemon and his wife, the capital of Laeonia 
 
 was called Lacedamion and Sparta A 
 
 noble city of Peloponnesus, the capital of 
 Laeonia, called also Sparta, and now 
 known by the name of Misitra. In the 
 year 191, B C. Lacedsemon joined the 
 Achaean league, and about three years af- 
 ter the walls were demolished by order of 
 Philopcemen. The territories of Laeonia 
 shared the fate of the Achaean confede- 
 racy, and the whole was conquered by 
 Mummius, 147 B. C. and converted into a 
 Roman province. The inhabitants of 
 Lacedaemon have rendered themselves il- 
 lustrious for their courage and intrepidity, 
 for their love of honor and liberty, and for 
 their aversion to sloth and luxury. In the 
 affairs of Greece, the interest of the La- 
 cedaemonians was often powerful, and ob- 
 tained the superiority for five hundred 
 years. Their jealousy of the power and 
 greatness of the Athenians is well known. 
 The authority of their monarchs was 
 checked by the watchful eye of the Epho- 
 ri, who had the power of imprisoning 
 the kings themselves if guilty of misde- 
 meanors. The names of Lacedmmon and 
 Sparta are promiscuously applied to the 
 capital of Laeonia, and often confounded 
 together. The latter was applied to the 
 metropolis, and the former was reserved 
 for the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rath- 
 er of the country contiguous to the walls 
 of the city. The place where the city 
 stood is now called Paleo Chori, {the aid 
 town,) and the new one erected on its ruins 
 at some distance on the west is called Mi- 
 satra. There were some festivals cele- 
 brated at Lacedffimon the names of which 
 are not known. It was customary for the 
 women to drag all the old bachelors round 
 the altars and beat them with their fists, 
 that the shame and ignominy to which 
 they were exposed might induce them to 
 marry. 
 
 Laced-emosii and Laced.emones, the 
 inhabitants of Lacedaemon. 
 
 Lacedjimonibs, a son of Cimon by Cli- 
 toria. 
 
 Lacerta, a rich soothsayer in Domi- 
 tian's age. 
 
 Lacetan-ia, a district at the north of 
 Spain. 
 
 Lachares, a man who seized the su- 
 preme power at Athens and was banished 
 
 B. C. 296. An Athenian three times 
 
 taken prisoner. A son of Mithridates 
 
 king of Bosphorus. A robber condemn- 
 ed by M. Antony. An Egyptian buried 
 
 in ttie labyrinth near Arsinoe. 
 
LJE 
 
 202 
 
 LA 
 
 Laches, an Athenian general in the age 
 
 of Epaminondas. An Athenian sent 
 
 with Carias at the head of a fleet in the 
 first expedition undertaken against Sicily 
 
 in the Peloponnesian war. An artist 
 
 who finished the Colossus of Rhodes. 
 
 Lachejis, one of the Parcae. She pre- 
 sided over futurity, and was represented 
 as spinning the thread of life, or accord- 
 ing to others, holding the spindle. 
 
 Lacidas, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, 
 who flourished B. C. 241. He was greatly 
 esteemed by king Attalus who gave him a 
 garden where he spent his hours in study. 
 He died through excess of drinking. 
 
 Lacides, a village near Athens. 
 
 Lacinia, a surname of Juno from her 
 temple at Lacinium in Italy. 
 
 Laciniensis, a people of Liburnia. 
 
 Lacinium, a promontory of Magna Grac- 
 cia, now cape Colonna. 
 
 Lacmon, a part of mount Pindus. 
 
 Laco, a favorite of Galba, mean and 
 
 cowardly in his character. An inhabi 
 
 tant of Laconia or Lacedtemon. 
 
 Lacobriga, a city of Spain. 
 
 Laconia, Laconica, and Lacedjcmon, 
 a country on the southern parts of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia on 
 the north, Messenia on the west, the Me- 
 diterranean on the south, and the bay of 
 Argos at the east. Its extent from north 
 to south was about fifty miles. It is wa- 
 tered by the river Eurotas. The capital is 
 called Sparta or Lacedremon. 
 
 Lacrates, a Theban general. 
 
 Lacrines, a Lacedaemonian ambassa- 
 dor to Cyrus. 
 
 Lactantius, a celebrated Christian wri- 
 ter. The expressive purify, elegance, and 
 energy of his style have gained him the 
 name of the Christian Cicero. He died 
 A. D. 325. 
 
 Lacter, a promontory of the island of 
 Cos. 
 
 Lacydes, a philosopher. 
 
 Lacydus, an effeminate king of Argos. 
 
 Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexan- 
 der, born at Sicyon. 
 
 Lade, an island of the ^Egean sea. 
 
 Lades, a son of Imbrasus, killed by 
 Turn us. 
 
 Ladocea, a village of Arcadia. 
 
 Ladon, a river of Arcadia falling into 
 the Alpheus. An Arcadian who follow- 
 ed .(Eneas into Italy. One of Actteon's 
 
 dogs. 
 
 Ljelaps, one of Action's dog*. The 
 
 dog of Cephalus. 
 
 L-elia, a vestal virgin. 
 
 L.klianus, a general, proclaimed em- 
 peror in Gaul by his soldiers, A. D. 2t58, 
 after the death of Gallienus. His triumph 
 was short ; he was conquered and put to 
 death after a few months reign. 
 
 C. L.blius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 
 614, surnamed Sapiens. Hit? modesty, hu- 
 
 manity, and the manner in which he pat- 
 ronised letters, are as celebrated as his 
 greatness of mind and integrity in the 
 
 character of a statesman. Another 
 
 consul. Archelaus, a famous gramma- 
 rian. 
 
 Ljbka and Lxjena, the mistress of Har- 
 
 modius and Aristogiton. A man who 
 
 was acquainted with the conspiracy form- 
 ed against Caesar, 
 
 L.v.nas, a surname of the Popilii at 
 Rome. 
 
 Ljeneus, a river of Crete. 
 
 L-spa Magna, a town of Spain. 
 
 Laertes, a king of Ithaca, son of Ar- 
 cesius and Chalcomedusa, who married 
 Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. An- 
 ticlea was pregnant by Sisyphus when she 
 married Laertes, and eight months after 
 her union with the king of Ithaca she 
 brought forth a son called Ulysses. Ulys- 
 ses was treated with parental care by La- 
 ertes, though not really his son, and Laer- 
 tes ceded to him his crown and retired into 
 the country, where he spent his time in 
 gardening. A city of Cilicia. 
 
 Laertius Diogenes, a writer born at 
 Laertes. 
 
 L.*strygones, the most ancient inha- 
 bitants of Sicily. They fed on human 
 flesh, and when Ulysses came on their 
 coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured 
 his companions. 
 
 L.tTA, the wife of the emperor Gratian. 
 
 LjKtoria Lex ordered that proper per- 
 sons should be appointed to provide for 
 the security and the possessions of such as 
 were insane, or squandered away their 
 estates. 
 
 L^tus, a Roman whom Commodus con- 
 demned to be put to death. A general 
 
 of the emperor Severus, put to death for 
 his treachery to the emperor. 
 
 L.t.vi, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia 
 Transpadana. 
 
 L-«vinus, a Roman consul sent against 
 Pyrrhus, A. U. C. 474, and defeated. 
 
 Laoaria, a town of Lucania. 
 
 Lagia, a name of the island Delos. 
 
 Laginia, a town of Caria. 
 
 La gits, a Macedonian of mean extrac- 
 tion. He received in marriage Arsinoe 
 the daughter of Meleager, who was then 
 pregnant of king Philip, and being willing 
 to hide the disgrace of his wife, he expos- 
 ed the child in the woods. An eagle pre- 
 served the life of the infant, and fed him 
 with her prey. This uncommon preserv- 
 ation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted 
 the child as bis own, and called him Pto- 
 lemy, conjecturing that as his life had 
 been so miraculously preserved, his days 
 would he spent in grandeur and affluence. 
 This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after 
 the death of Alexander. The first of the 
 Ptolemies is called lMgu#, to distinguish 
 him from his successor* of the s<une name. 
 
LA 
 
 203 
 
 LA 
 
 The surname of Lagides was transmitted 
 to all his descendants on the Egyptian 
 throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Antony's 
 
 mistress. A Rutulian, killed by Pallas 
 
 son of Evander. 
 
 Laousa, an island in the Pamphylian 
 sea. Another near Crete. 
 
 Lagyra, a city of Taurica Chersonesus. 
 
 La jades, a patronymic of CEdipus son 
 of Laius . 
 
 Lai as, a king of Arcadia who succeeded 
 his father Cypselus. A king of Elis. 
 
 Lais, a celebrated courtezan, daughter 
 of Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, 
 born at Hyccara in Sicily. She was car- 
 ried away from her native country into 
 Greece, when Nicias the Athenian gen- 
 eral invaded Sicily. 
 
 Laic*, a son of Labdacus, who succeed- 
 ed to the throne of Thebes. An oracle in- 
 formed him that he should perish by the 
 hand of his son. The child as soon as 
 born was given to a servant, with orders 
 to put him to death. The servant was 
 moved with compassion, and only exposed 
 him on mount Cithseron, where his life 
 was preserved by a shepherd. The child 
 called CEdipus was educated in the court 
 6f Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting 
 with his father in a narrow road proved 
 Bis ruin. CEdipus ordered his father to 
 make way for him without knowing who 
 he was ; Laius refused, and was instantly 
 murdered by his irritated son. 
 
 Lalage, one of Horace's favorite mis- 
 tresses. A woman censured for her 
 
 cruelty. 
 
 Lalassis, a river of Isauria. 
 
 Lamachus, a son of Xenophanes, sent 
 into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed 
 B. C. 414, before Syracuse. A govern- 
 or of Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed 
 his trust to Mithridates. 
 
 Lamalmok, a large mountain of iEthio- 
 pia. 
 
 La mb ran i, a people of Italy. 
 
 Lambrus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, fall- 
 ing into the Po. 
 
 Lamia, a town of Thessaly, famous for 
 a fjjege it supported after Alexander's 
 
 death. A river of Greece, opposite mount 
 
 CEta. A daughter of Neptune, mother 
 
 of Hierophile, an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. 
 
 Lamia and Auxesia, two deities of 
 Crete, whose worship was the same as at 
 Eleusis. 
 
 Lamiacum Bellum happened after the 
 death of Alexander, when the Greeks, 
 and particularly the Athenians, incited by 
 their orators, resolved to free Greece from 
 the garrisons of the Macedonians. 
 
 Lamijc, small islands of the ^Egean, op- 
 posite Troaa. A celebrated family at 
 
 Rome, descended from Lamus. Cer- 
 tain monsters of Africa, who had the face 
 and breast of a woman, and the rest of the 
 body like that of a serpent. 
 
 Lamias J3lius, a governor of Syria un- 
 der Tiberius. Another, during the reign 
 
 of Domitian. 
 
 Lamirus, a son of Hercules by Iole. 
 
 Lami>edo, a woman of Lacedaemon, 
 who was daughter, wife, sister, and mo- 
 ther of a king. She lived in the age of 
 Alcibiades. 
 
 Lampetia, a daughter of Apollo and 
 Neaera. She with her sister Phsetusa 
 guarded her father's flocks in Sicily when 
 Ulysses arrived on the coasts of that is- 
 land. These flocks it wa3 deemed un- 
 lawful and sacrilegious to touch. The 
 companions of Ulysses, impelled by hun- 
 ger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to 
 the threats and entreaties of their chief; 
 but they carried away and killed some of 
 the oxen. The watchful keepers com- 
 plained to their father, and Jupiter, at the 
 request of Apollo, punished the offence of 
 the Greeks. The hides of the oxen ap- 
 peared to walk, and the flesh which was 
 roasting by the fire began to bellow, and 
 nothing was heard but dreadful noises 
 and loud lowings. The companions of 
 Ulysses embarked on hoard their ships, 
 hut here the resentment of Jupiter follow- 
 ed them. A storm arose, and they all per- 
 ished except Ulysses, who saved himself 
 on the broken piece of a mast. Accord- 
 ing to Ovid, L:\mpetia is one of the He- 
 liades, who was changed into a poplar 
 tree at the death of her brother Phaeton. 
 
 Lampeto and Lampedo, a queen of the 
 Amazons, who boasted herself to be the 
 daughter of Mars. 
 
 Lampeus and Lampia, a mountain of 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Lampon, Lampos, or Lampus, one of 
 the horses of fiiomedes — of Hector — of 
 
 Aurora. A son of Laomedon father of 
 
 Dolops. A soothsayer of Athens. 
 
 Lamponia and Lamponium, a city of 
 
 Troas. An island on the coast of 
 
 Thrace. 
 
 Lampojthts, an Athenian general. 
 
 Lampridius JFjL.ivs, a Latin historian in 
 the fourth century, who wrote the lives 
 of some of the Roman emperors. 
 
 Lamprus, a celebrated musician. 
 
 Lampsacus and Lampsacum, now Lam- 
 sak't, a town of Asia Minor on the borders 
 of the Propontis at the north of Abydos. 
 The wine of Lampsacus was famous. 
 
 Lamptera, a town of Phocaja in Ionia. 
 
 Lampteria, a festival at Pellene in 
 Achaia, in honor of Picchus. 
 
 Lampus, a son of yEgyptus. A man 
 
 of Elis. 
 
 Lamus, a king of the Lsstrygones, who 
 is supposed by some to have founded For- 
 mia3 in Italy. The family of the Lamue 
 at Rome was, according to the opinion of 
 
 some, descended from him. A son of 
 
 Hercules and Omphale. — A Latian chief 
 killed by Xisus. A river of Boeotia. 
 
LA 
 
 204 
 
 LA 
 
 L.imtrus, buffoon, a surname Gf one of 
 the Ptolemies. 
 
 Lanassa, a daughter of Cleodams, who 
 
 married Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. 
 
 A daughter of Agathocles. 
 
 Lajvcea, a fountain. 
 
 Lancia, a town of Lusitania. 
 
 Landi, a people of Germany. 
 
 Langia, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Langobardi, a warlike nation of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Langrobriga, a town of Lusitania. 
 
 Lanuvium, a town of Latium, about 
 sixteen miles from Rome on the Appian 
 road. Juno had there a celebrated tem- 
 ple. 
 
 Laoeotas, or Labotas, a Spartan king, 
 of the family of the Agids, who succeed- 
 ed his father Echestratus, B. C. 1093. He 
 sat on the throne for thirty-seven years. 
 
 Laocoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba. 
 As being priest of Apollo, he was commis- 
 sioned by the Trojans to offer a bullock to 
 Neptune to render him propitious. During 
 the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued 
 from the sea, and attacked Laocoon's two 
 sons who stood next to the altar. The 
 father immediately attempted to defend 
 his sons, but the serpents falling upon 
 him squeezed him in their complicated 
 wreaths, so that he died in the greatest 
 agonies. This punishment was inflicted 
 upon him for his temerity in dissuading 
 the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal 
 wooden horse. 
 
 Laodamas, a son of Alcinous, king of 
 the Phoeacians, who offered to wrestle 
 with Ulysses, while at his father's court. 
 A son of Eteocles, king of Thebes. 
 
 Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and 
 Astydamia, who married Protesilaus, the 
 son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. 
 The departure of her husband for the Tro- 
 jan war was the source of grief to her, 
 hut when she heard that he had fallen by 
 the hand of Hector her sorrow was in- 
 creased. She destroyed herself. A 
 
 daughter of Bellerophon by Achemone the 
 daughter of king Iobates. She had a son 
 by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedi- 
 cated herself to the service of Diana, and 
 hunted with her, but her haughtiness 
 proved fatal to her, and she perished by 
 
 the arrows of the goddess. A daughter 
 
 of Alexander, king of Epirus, by Olympia 
 the daughter of Pyrrhus. She was "assas- 
 sinated in the temple of Diana. 
 
 Laodite, a daughter of Priam and He- 
 cuba. Laodice threw herself down from 
 the top of a tower and was killed when 
 
 Troy was sacked by the Greeks. One 
 
 of the Oceanides. A daughter of Ciny- 
 
 ras, by whom Elatus had some children. 
 A daughter of Agamemnon. A sis- 
 ter of Mithridates. A queen of Cappa- 
 
 docia, put to death by her subjects for poi- 
 soning five of her children. A sister 
 
 and wife of Antiochus 2d. She put to 
 death Berenice, whom her husband had 
 married. She was murdered by order of 
 Ptolemy Evergetes, B, C. 246. 
 
 Laodicea, now Ladik, a city of Asia, 
 celebrated for its commerce, and the fine 
 soft and black wool of its sheep. An- 
 other in Media. Another in Syria. 
 
 Another on the borders of Coelesyria. 
 
 Laodicene, a province of Syria, which 
 receives its name from Laodicea, its capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Laodocus, a son of Antenor, whose 
 form Minerva borrowed to advise Panda- 
 rus to break the treaty which subsisted 
 
 between the Greeks and Trojans. An 
 
 attendant of Antilochus. A son of 
 
 Priam. 
 
 Laogonus, a son of Bias, killed by 
 
 Achilles at the siege of Troy.' A priest 
 
 of Jupiter, killed in the Trojan war. 
 
 Laogoras, a king of the Dryopes, who 
 accustomed his subjects to become rob- 
 bers. 
 
 Laogore, a daughter of Cinyras and 
 Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion. She 
 died in Egypt. 
 
 Laomedon, a king of Troy, killed by 
 Hercules for denying him his daughter 
 Hesione, after he had delivered her from 
 the sea-monster, to which she had been 
 exposed, on account of her father's refusal 
 to pay Neptune and Apollo their reward 
 for building the city walls. A dema- 
 gogue of Messina. 
 
 Laomedonteus, an epithet applied to 
 the Trojans from their king Laomedon. 
 
 Laomedontiad*, a patronymic given to 
 the Trojans from Laomedon their king. 
 
 Laonome, the wife of Polyphemus one 
 of the Argonauts. 
 
 Laonomene, a daughter of Thespius, 
 by whom Hercules had two sons and two 
 daughters. 
 
 Laothoe, a daughter of Altes, who 
 
 married Priam. One of the daughters 
 
 of Thespius, mother of Antidus, by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Laous, a river of Lacedsemon. 
 
 Lapathus, a city of Cyprus. 
 
 Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patras 
 in Achaia, where she had a temple with a 
 statue of gold and ivory, which represent- 
 ed her in the habit of a huntress. 
 
 Laphystium, a mountain in Bceotia. 
 
 Lapideus, a surname of Jupiter among 
 the Romans. 
 
 Ijapithje, a people of Thessaly. 
 
 Lapitho, a city of Cyprus. 
 
 Lapithus, a son of Apollo, by Stilbe. 
 He was brother to Centaurus, and mar- 
 ried Orsinome, daughter of Euronymus, 
 by whom he had Phorbas and Periphas 
 The name of Lapitha was given to the nu- 
 merous children of Phorbas and Periphas 
 or rather to the inhabitants of the country 
 of which they had obtained the sovereign- 
 
LA 
 
 205 
 
 LA 
 
 ty. The invention of bits and bridles for 
 horses is attributed to the Lapitha. 
 
 Lapithjeum, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Lara, or Laraxda, one of the Naiads, 
 famous for her beauty and her loquacity. 
 
 Larentia and LAURSNTiA,a courtezan 
 in the first ages of Rome. 
 
 Lares, gods of inferior power at Rome, 
 who presided over houses and families. 
 In process of time their power was ex- 
 tended not only over houses, but also over 
 the country and the sea. The statues of 
 the Lares resembling monkeys, and cover- 
 ed with the skin of a dog, were placed in 
 a niche behind the doors of the houses, or 
 around the hearths. 
 
 Lar.-ja, an infamous woman in Juve- 
 nal's age. 
 
 Largus, a Latin poet who composed 
 with ease and elegance. 
 
 Larides, a s>n of Daucus or Daunus 
 who assisted Turnus against iEneas. 
 
 Larina, a virgin of Italy, who accom- 
 panied Camilla in her war against /Eneas. 
 
 Larinum, or Larina, now Larino, a 
 town of the Frentani on the Tifernus be- 
 fore it falls into the Adriatic. 
 
 Larissa, a daughter of Pelasgus, who 
 gave her name to some cities in Greece. 
 
 A city between Palestine and Egypt, 
 
 where Pornpey was murdered and buried 
 
 according to some accounts. A large 
 
 city on the banks of the Tigris. A city 
 
 of Asia Minor. • — Another in /Eolia, 
 
 seventy stadia from Cyme. Another 
 
 near Ephesus. Another on the borders 
 
 of the Peneus in Thessaly, the most fa- 
 mous of all the cities of that name. Jupi- 
 ter had there a famous temple, on account 
 of which he is called LarisscRtis. 
 
 Larissus, a river of Peloponnesus flow- 
 ing between Elis and Achaia. 
 
 Larius, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 Larntos, a smaH desolate island on the 
 coast of Thrace. 
 
 Laronia, a shameless courtezan in Ju- 
 venal's age. 
 
 Lars Tolujixius, a king of the Veientes 
 conquered by the Romans, and put to 
 deRth, A. U. C. 329. 
 
 T. Larti'js Florus, a consul, who ap- 
 peased a sedition raised by the poorer citi- 
 zens, and was the first dictator ever cho- 
 sen at Rome, B. C. 493. Spurius, one of 
 
 the three Romans who alone withstood 
 the fury of Porsenna's army at the head 
 of a bridge while the communication was 
 cutting down behind them. 
 
 Lartol^tani, a people of Spain. 
 
 Larv-e, a name given to the wicked 
 spirits and apparitions which, according 
 to the notions of the Romans, issued from 
 their graves in the night, and came to ter- 
 rify the world. 
 
 Larymna, a town of Boeotia. An- 
 other in Caria. 
 
 Lartsium, a mountain of Laconia. 
 18 
 
 Las3ia, an ancient name of Andros. 
 
 Lassus, or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet 
 born at Hermione in Peloponnesus, about 
 five hundred years before Christ, and reck- 
 oned among the wise men of Greece by 
 some. 
 
 Lasthenes, a governor of Olynthus 
 corrupted by Philip king of Macedonia 
 
 A Cretan demagogue conquered by 
 
 Metellus the Roman general. A cruel 
 
 minister at the court of the Seleucidse, 
 kings of Syria. 
 
 Lasthenia, a woman who disguised 
 herself to come and hear Plato's lessons. 
 
 Latagus, a king of Pontus. One of 
 
 the companions of /Eneas. 
 
 Lateranus Plautus, a Roman consul 
 elect A. D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso 
 against the emperor Nero proved fatal to 
 him. 
 
 Laterium, the villa of Q,. Cicero at 
 Arpinum, near the Liris. 
 
 Lattalis, a .surname of Jupiter, who 
 was worshipped by the inhabitants of La- 
 tium upon mount Albanus at stated times. 
 
 Latini, the inhabitants of Latium. 
 
 Latinius Latiaris, a celebrated in- 
 former. 
 
 Latinus, a son of Faunus by Marica, 
 king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from 
 him were called Latini. He married Am- 
 ata by whom he had a son and a daugh- 
 ter. The son died in his infancy, and 
 the daughter, called Lavinia, was married 
 to /Eneas. Latinus soon after died, and 
 
 was succeeded by his son-in-law. A 
 
 son of Sylvius /Eneas sumamed also Syl- 
 vius. A son of Ulysses and Circe. 
 
 Lakom, a country of Italy near the 
 river Tiber. The first inhabitants were 
 called Aborigines, and received the name 
 of Latini from Latinus their king. 
 
 Latius, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. 
 
 Latmus, a mountain of Caria near Mi- 
 letus. It is famous for the residence of 
 Endymion. 
 
 Latohius, the god of health among the 
 Corinthians. 
 
 Latobrigi, a people of Belgic Gaul. 
 
 LATois,aname of Diana as being the 
 
 daughter of Latona. A country house 
 
 near Ephesus. 
 
 Latona, a daughter of Coeus the Titan 
 and Phoebe, or, according to Homer, of 
 Saturn. She was admired for her beauty 
 by Jupiter. Juno made Latona the object 
 of her vengeance, and sent the serpent 
 Python to disturb her peace and persecute 
 her. At last, Latona, though persecuted 
 and exposed to the resentment of Juno, 
 became a powerful deity, and saw her 
 children receive divine honors. 
 
 Latopolis, a city of Egypt. 
 
 Latous, a name given to Apclio as son 
 of Latona. 
 
 Latreus, one of the Centaurs, who, 
 I was slain by Caneus. 
 
LE 
 
 206 
 
 LE 
 
 Laudamia, a daughter of Alexander 
 king of Epirus, killed by the* enraged 
 populace. The wife of Protesilaus. 
 
 Laverna, the goddess of thieves and 
 dishonest persons at Rome. Her worship 
 was very popular, and the Romans raised 
 her an altar near one of the gates of the 
 city, which, from that circumstance, was 
 
 called the gate of Laverna. A place 
 
 mentioned by Plutarch, &c. 
 
 Lavermum, a temple of Laverna, near 
 Formiae. 
 
 Laufella, an infamous woman. 
 
 Laviana, a province of Armenia Mi- 
 nor. 
 
 Lavinia, a daughter of king Latinus 
 and Amata. She was betrothed to her 
 relation king Turnus, but because the 
 oracle ordered her father to marry her to 
 a foreign prince, she was given to ^Eneas 
 after the death of Turnus. 
 
 Lavinium or Lavinum, a town of Italy, 
 built by .<Eneas, and called by that name 
 in honor of Lavinia the founder's wife. 
 
 Laura, a place near Alexandria in 
 Egypt. 
 
 Laureacum, a town at the confluence 
 of the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch. 
 
 Laurentalia, certain festivals celebra- 
 ted at Rome in honor of Laurentia, on the 
 last day of April and the twenty -third of 
 December. 
 
 LiURENTEs agri, the country in the 
 neighborhood of Laurentum. 
 
 Laurentini, the inhabitants of Lati- 
 um. They received this name from the 
 great number of laurels which grew in 
 the country. 
 
 Laurentius, belonging to Laurentum 
 or Latium. 
 
 Laurentum, now Paterno, the capital 
 of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of 
 Latinus. 
 
 Laurion, a place of Attica, where were 
 gold mines, from which the Athenians 
 drew considerable revenues. 
 
 Lauron, a town of Spain. 
 
 Lau9, now Laino, a town on a river of 
 the same name, which forms the southern 
 boundary of Lucania. 
 
 Laus Pompeia, a town of Italy. 
 
 Lausus, a son of Numitor, and brother 
 of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle 
 
 Amulius. A son of Mezentius, king of 
 
 the Tyrrhenians, killed by ^Eneas. 
 
 Lautium, a city of Latium. 
 
 Lautumije or Latomije, a prison at 
 Syracuse cut out of the solid rock by Di- 
 onysius, and now converted into a subter- 
 raneous garden. 
 
 Leades, a son of Astacus, who killed 
 Eteoclus. 
 
 Le.<ei, a nation of Pceonia, near Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Le^na, an infamous woman of Ath- 
 ns. 
 
 Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous 
 
 for his amours with Hero. A Milesian 
 
 who wrote an historical commentary upon 
 his country. 
 
 Leandre, a daughter of Amyclas, who 
 married Areas. 
 
 Leandrias, a Lacedaemonian refugee 
 of Thebes. 
 
 Leanira, a daughter of Amyclas. 
 
 Learchus, a son of Athamas and Ino, 
 crushed to death by his father, in a fit of 
 madness. 
 
 Lebadea, now Lioadias, a town of Boe- 
 otia, near mount Helicon. 
 
 Lebedus or Lebedos, a town of Ionia, 
 at the north of Colophon, where festivals 
 were yearly observed in honor of Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 Lebena, a commercial town of Crete. 
 
 Lebinthos and Lebynthos, an island 
 in the iEgean sea. 
 
 LECHiEUM, now Pelago, a port of Cor- 
 inth. 
 
 Lectum, a promontory, now cape Baba. 
 
 Lecythus, a town of Eubcea. 
 
 Leda, a daughter of king Thespius and 
 Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus, king 
 of Sparta. Jupiter transformed himself 
 into a swan to enjoy her favors, and she 
 brought forth two eggs, from one of which 
 sprang Pollux and Helena, and from the 
 other Castor and Clytemnestra, A fa- 
 mous dancer in the age of Juvenal. 
 
 Led.ka, an epithet given to Hermione, 
 as related to Leda. 
 
 Ledus, now Lei, a river of Gaul near 
 the modern Montpelier. 
 
 Leoio, a corps of soldiers in the Ro- 
 man armies, whose numbers have been 
 different at different times. The legion 
 under Romulus consisted of three thou- 
 sand foot and three hundred horse, and 
 was soon after augmented to four thou- 
 sand, after the admission of the Sabines 
 into the city. When Annibal was in It- 
 aly it consisted of five thousand soldiers, 
 and afterwards it decreased to four thou- 
 sand, or four thousand five hundred. 
 Marius made it consist of six thousand 
 two hundred, besides seven hundred 
 horse. This was the period of its great- 
 ness in numbers. Each legion was divi- 
 ded into ten cohorts, each cohort into three 
 tnanipuli, and every manipulus into three 
 centuries or ordines. The chief com- 
 mander of the legion was called legatus, 
 lieutenant. The standards borne by the 
 legions were various. Sometimes a horse 
 or a boar was used, till the age of Marius, 
 who changed all these for the eagle, being 
 a representation of that bird in silver, 
 holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its 
 claws. 
 
 Leitus, or Letus, a commander of the 
 
 Boeotians at the siege of Troy. One of 
 
 the Argonauts. 
 
 Lelaps, a dog that never failed to seize 
 and conquer whatever animal he was or 
 
LE 
 
 207 
 
 LE 
 
 dered to pursue. It was given to Procris 
 by Diana, and Procris reconciled herself 
 to her husband by presenting him with 
 that valuable present. One of Acti- 
 on's dogs. 
 
 Leleges, a wandering people, compos- 
 ed of different unconnected nations. 
 They were originally inhabitants of Ca- 
 ria, and went to the Trojan war with Ai- 
 res their king. The inhabitants of Laco- 
 nia and Megara bore this name for some 
 time, from Lelex, one of their kings. 
 
 Lblegeis, a name applied to Miletus, 
 because once possessed by the Leleges. 
 
 Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a 
 colony to Megara, where he reigned about 
 two hundred years before the Trojan war. 
 
 A Greek, who was the first king of 
 
 Laconiain Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lemavis, a place in Britain, where Cae- 
 sar is supposed to have first landed. 
 
 Lema.nnus, a lake in the country of the 
 Allobroges. ft is now called the lake of 
 Geneva or Lausanne. 
 
 Lemnos, an island in the iEgean sea, 
 between Tenedos, Imbros, and Samo- 
 thrace. It was sacred to Vulcan, called 
 Lemnius pater, who fell there when kicked 
 down from heaven by Jupiter. It was 
 celebrated for two horrible massacres, 
 that of the Lemnian women murdering 
 their husbands, ( Vii. Hipsipyle,) and that 
 of the Lemnians, or Pelasgi,"in killing all 
 the children they had had by some Athe- 
 nian women, whom they had carried 
 away to become their wives. The island 
 of Lemnos, now called Stalimene, was re- 
 duced under the power of Athens by Mil- 
 tiades, and the Carians, who then inhab- 
 ited it, obliged to emigrate. 
 
 Lem>) vices, a people of Gaul, now Li- 
 mousin and Limoges. 
 
 Lemovh, a nation of Germany. 
 
 Lemures, the manes of the dead. The 
 ancients supposed that the souls, after 
 death, wandered all over the world, and 
 disturbed the peace of its inhabitants. 
 The good spirits were called Lares fa.mil- 
 iares, and the evil ones were known by 
 the name of Larvae, or Lemures. 
 
 Lemuria and Lemuralia, festivals ce- 
 lebrated at Rome in the month of May, in 
 honor of the Lemures ; said to have been 
 instituted by Romulus. 
 
 Len ^eus, a surname of Bacchus. There 
 was a festival called Lenma, celebrated in 
 his honor, in which the ceremonies ob- 
 served at the other festivals of the god 
 chiefly prevailed. A learned gramma- 
 rian. 
 
 Lentulus, a celebrated family at Rome, 
 which produced many great men in the 
 commonwealth. The most illustrious 
 were L. Corn. Lentulus, a consul, A. U. 
 C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who 
 
 infested Umbria. -Batiatus Lentulus, 
 
 a man win trained up some gladiators at 
 
 Capua. -Com. Lentulus, surnamed 
 
 Sura. He joined in Cataline's conspira- 
 cy, and assisted in corrupting the Allo- 
 broges. He was convicted in full senate 
 by Cicero, and put iu prison, and after- 
 wards executed. Cn. Lentulus, sur- 
 named Gcetulicus, was made consul, A.D. 
 26, and was, some time after, put to death 
 
 by Tiberius. P. Lentulus, a friend of 
 
 Brutus, mentioned by Cicero as a great 
 
 and consummate statesman. Besides 
 
 these, there are a few others, whose name 
 is only mentioned in history, and whose 
 life was not marked by any uncommon 
 event. The consulship was often in the 
 family of the Lentuli. 
 
 Leo, a native of Byzantium, who flour- 
 ished three hundred and fifty years before 
 the Christian era, famous for his philoso- 
 phical and political talents. A Corinth- 
 ian at Syracuse. A king of Sparta. 
 
 An emperor of the east, surnamed the 
 Thracian.. 
 
 Leocorion, a monument and temple 
 erected by the Athenians to Pasitbea, 
 Theope, and Eubule, daughters of Leos 
 who immolated themselves when an ora- 
 cle had ordered that, to stop the raging 
 pestilence, some of the blood of the citi- 
 zens must be shed. 
 
 Leocrates, an Athenian general, who 
 flourished B. C. 460. 
 
 Leodamas, a son of Eteocles, one of 
 the seven Theban chiefs who defended 
 
 the city against the Argives. A son of 
 
 Hector and Andromache. 
 
 Leodocus, one of the Argonauts. 
 
 Leogoras, an Athenian debauchee. 
 
 Leon, a king of Sparta. A town of 
 
 Sicily, near Syracuse. 
 
 Leona, a courtezan, called also Lsena. 
 
 Leonatus, one of Alexander's generals. 
 His father's name was Eunus. He dis- 
 tinguished himself in Alexander's con- 
 quest of Asia, and once saved the king's 
 life in a dangerous battle. Like the rest 
 of the generals of Alexander, he was am- 
 bitious of power and dominion. He pass- 
 ed from Asia into Europe to assist Antipa- 
 ter against the Athenians, and was killed 
 in a battle which was fought soon after 
 
 his arrival. A Macedonian with Pyr- 
 
 rhus in Italy against the Romans. 
 
 Leonidas, a celebrated king of Lacedse- 
 mon, of the family of the Eurysthenidte, 
 sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes, 
 king of Persia, who had invaded Greece 
 with about five millions of souls. Before 
 the engagement Leonidas exhorted his 
 soldiers, and told them all to dine hearti- 
 ly, as they were to sup in the realms of 
 Pluto. The battle was fought at Ther- 
 mopylae, and the three hundred Spartans, 
 who alone had refused to abandon the 
 scene of action, withstood the enemy 
 with such vigor, that they were obliged to 
 retire, wearied and conquered during three 
 
LE 
 
 208 
 
 LE 
 
 successive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachi- 
 nian, had the perfidy to conduct a detach- 
 ment of Persians by a secret path up the 
 mountains, whence they suddenly fell 
 upon the rear of the Spartans, and crush- 
 ed them to pieces. Only one escaped of 
 the three hundred ; he returned home, 
 where he was treated with insult and re- 
 proaches. A king of Sparta after 
 
 Areus II. two hundred and fifty-seven 
 
 years before Christ. A preceptor to 
 
 Alexander the Great. A friend of Par- 
 
 menio. A learned man of Rhodes. 
 
 Lscistium and Leontini, a town of 
 Sicily, about five miles distant from the 
 seashore. The country was extremely 
 fruitful, whence Cicero calls it the grand 
 magazine of Sicily. The wine which it 
 produced was thebest of the island. 
 
 Leontium, a celebrated courtezan of 
 Athens who studied philosophy under 
 Epicurus, and became one of his most 
 renowned pupils. 
 
 Leom'tocephalus, a strongly fortified 
 city of Phrygia. 
 
 Leon^tos, or Leontopolis, a town of 
 Egypt where lions were worshipped. 
 
 Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated 
 his three daughters for the good of Athens. 
 
 Leostheses, an Athenian general, 
 who, after Alexander's death, drove An- 
 ti pater to Thessaly, where . he besieged 
 him in the town of Lamia. The success 
 which for awhile attended his arms was 
 soon changed by a fatal blow which he 
 received from a stone thrown by the be- 
 sieged, B. C. 323. Another general of 
 
 Athens, condemned on account of the bad 
 success which attended his arms against 
 Peparethos. 
 
 Leotychides, a king of Sparta, son of 
 Menares, of the family of the Proclidae. 
 He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by 
 his courage and valor he put an end to the 
 Persian war at the famous battle of My- 
 cale. Leotychides was accused of a capi- 
 tal crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the 
 punishment which his guilt seemed to de- 
 serve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at 
 Tegea, where he perished B. C. 469, after 
 
 a reign of twenty -two years. A son of 
 
 Agis, king of Sparta, by Timaia. 
 
 Lephvrium, a city of Cilicia. 
 
 Lepida, a noble woman, accused of at- 
 tempts to poison her husband. She was 
 
 condemned under Tiberius. A woman 
 
 who married Scipio. Domitia, a daugh- 
 ter of Drusus and Antonia. She is de- 
 scribed by Tacitus as infamous in her 
 manners, violent in her temper, and yet 
 
 celebrated for her beauty. A wife of 
 
 Galba the emperor. A wife of Cassius. 
 
 Lepidus M. tEmilius, a Roman, cele- 
 brated as being one of the triumvirs with 
 Augustus and Antony. He was of an il- 
 lustrious family, and, like the rest of his 
 contemporaries, he was remarkable for 
 
 his ambition, to which was added a nar- 
 rowness of mind, and a great deficiency 
 of military abilities. Augustus obliged 
 him to resign the power to which he was 
 entitled as being a triumvir. After this 
 degrading event, he sunk into obscurity, 
 and so ended his days in peace, B. C. 13. 
 
 A Roman consul. A son of Julia, 
 
 the grand-daughter of Augustus. An 
 
 orator mentioned by Cicero. A censor. 
 
 Lepinus, a mountain of Italy. 
 
 Lepontii, a people at the source of the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Lepreos, a son of Pyrgeus, who built 
 a town in Elis, which he called after his 
 own name. He laid a wager that he 
 would eat as much as Hercules ; upon 
 which he killed an ox and eat it up. 
 
 Leprium or Lepreos, a town of Elis. 
 
 Leptines, a general of Demetrius. 
 
 A son of Hermocrates, of Syracuse, broth- 
 er to Dionysius. He was sent by his 
 brother against the Carthaginians, and 
 experienced so much success, that he 
 sunk fifty of their ships. He was killed 
 
 in a battle with the Carthaginians. A 
 
 famous orator at Athens, opposed by De- 
 mosthenes. A tyrant of Apollonia, in 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 Leptis, the name of two cities of Af- 
 rica, one of which, called Major, now 
 Lebida, was near the Syrtes ; and the other, 
 called Minor, now Lemta, was about 
 eighteen Roman miles from Adrumetum. 
 
 Leria, an island in the iEgean sea. 
 
 Lerina, or Plan asia, a small island in 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated 
 for a grove and a lake, where, according 
 to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads 
 of their murdered husbands. It was 
 there also that Hercules killed the famous 
 
 hydra. There was a festival, called 
 
 Lernaa, celebrated there in honor of Bac- 
 chus, Proserpine, and Ceres. 
 
 Lero, a small island on the coast of 
 Gaul, called also Lerina. 
 
 Lesbos, a large island in the iEgean sea, 
 now known by the name of Metelin, one 
 hundred and sixty-eight miles in circum- 
 ference. The wine which it produced 
 was greatly esteemed by the ancients, and 
 still is in the same repute among the 
 moderns. The Lesbians were celebra- 
 ted among the ancients for their skill in 
 music, and their women for their beauty. 
 
 Lesbus, or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas, 
 grandson of iEolus. 
 
 Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who 
 flourished B. C. GOO. 
 
 Letanum, a town of Propontis, built by 
 the Athenians. 
 
 Leth.eus, a river of Lydia Anoth- 
 er of Macedonia of Crete. 
 
 Lethe, one of the rivers of hell, whose- 
 waters the souls of the dead drank after 
 they had been confined for a certain space 
 
LE 
 
 209 
 
 LI 
 
 nf time in Tartarus. It had the power of 
 making them forget whatever they had 
 
 done, seen, or heard before. Lethe is a 
 
 river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which 
 runs under the ground, and some time 
 
 after rises again. There is also a river 
 
 of that name in Spain. 
 
 Letus, a mountain of Liguria. 
 
 Leva^a, a goddess at Home, who pre- 
 sided over the action of the person who 
 took up from the ground a newly born 
 child, after it had been placed there by 
 the midwife. 
 
 Leuca, a town of the Salen tines near a 
 
 cape of the same name in Italy. A 
 
 town of Ionia of Crete of Argolis. 
 
 Leucas, or Leucadia, an island of the 
 Ionian sea now called St. Maura, near the 
 coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory 
 called Leucate, Leucas, or Leucates, where 
 desponding lovers threw themselves into 
 the sea. A town of Phoenicia. 
 
 Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. 
 
 Leucaspis, a Lycian, one of the com- 
 panions of --Eneas. 
 
 Leuce, a small island in the Euxine 
 sea, of a triangular form, between the 
 mouths of the Danube and the Borysthe- 
 nes. According to the poets, the souls of 
 the ancient heroes were placed there as in 
 the Elysian fields. One of the Ocean- 
 ides. 
 
 Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the 
 
 Moselle and the Maese. Mountains on 
 
 the west of Crete. 
 
 Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Leucippides, the daughters of Leucip- 
 pus. 
 
 Leucippus, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Abdera, about four hundred and twenty- 
 eight years before Christ, disciple to Zeno. 
 Many of his hypotheses have been adopt- 
 ed by the moderns, with advantage. Di- 
 ogenes has written his life. A brother 
 
 of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married 
 Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom 
 he had two daughters, Hilairaand Phoebe. 
 They were carried away by their cousins 
 Castor and Pollux, as they were going to 
 celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and 
 
 Idas. A son of Xanthus, descended 
 
 from Bellerophon. A son of CEnomaus, 
 
 who became enamored of Daphne, and to 
 obtain her confidence disguised himself 
 in a female dress, and attended his mis- 
 tress as a companion. He gained the af- 
 fections of Daphne by his obsequiousness 
 and attention, but his artifice at last proved 
 fatal through the influence and jealousy of 
 his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and 
 her attendants were ba'hins in the Ladon, 
 the sex of Leucipnus was discovered, and 
 he perished by the darts of the females. 
 
 A son of H?. rules by Marse, one of 
 
 the daughters nf Thespms. 
 
 Leucola, a part of Cyprus. 
 
 Leccon', a tyrant of Bosphoru*, who 
 IS* 
 
 lived in great intimacy with the Atheni- 
 ans. He was a great patron of the useful 
 
 arts. A king of Pontus killed by his 
 
 brother. A son of Athamas and The- 
 
 misto. 
 
 Leucone, a daughter of Aphidas, who 
 gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Leucones, a son of Hercules. 
 
 Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. 
 
 Leucopetra, a place on the isthmus of 
 Corinth, where the Achasans were de- 
 feated by the consul Mummius. A 
 
 promontory six miles east from Rhegium 
 in Italy. 
 
 Leucophrvs, a temple of Diana, with a 
 city of the same name, near the Meander. 
 An ancient name of Tenedos. 
 
 Leucopolis, a town of Caria. 
 
 Leucos, a river of Macedonia near Pyd- 
 na. 
 
 Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrr- 
 hene sea. 
 
 Leuco3yrii, a people of«. Asia Minor, 
 called afterwards Cappadocians. 
 
 Leucothoe, or Leucothea, the wife 
 of Athamas, changed into a sea deity. 
 She was called Matura by the Romans, 
 who raised her a temple, where all the 
 people, particularly women, offered vows 
 for their brothers' children. A daugh- 
 ter of king Orchamus by Eurynome, loved 
 by Apollo, who changed her into a frank- 
 incense tree after she had been buried alive 
 
 by order of her father. An island in 
 
 the Tyrrhene sea, near Caprese. A 
 
 fountain of Samos. A town of Egypt 
 
 of Arabia. 
 
 Leuctra, a village of Bocotia, between 
 Platsea and Thespia, famous for the victo- 
 ry which Epaminondas the Thehan gene- 
 ral obtained over the superior force of 
 Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, on the eighth 
 of July, B.C. 371. 
 
 Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. 
 
 Letjcus, one of the companions of Ulys- 
 ses, killed before Troy. 
 
 Leucyanias, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Leutychides, a Lacedaemonian, made 
 king of Sparta. 
 
 Lexovii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth 
 of the Seine. 
 
 Libanitts, a celebrated sophist of Anti- 
 och in the age of the emperor Julian. He 
 was educated at Athens, and opened a 
 school at Antioch, which produced some 
 of the best and most of the literary char- 
 acters of the age. When Julian had im- 
 prisoned the senators of Antioch for their 
 impertinence, Libanius undertook the de- 
 fence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a 
 visit to the emperor, in which he aston- 
 ished him by the boldness and indepen- 
 dence of his expressions, and the firmness 
 and resolution of his mind. Some of his 
 orations, and above one thousand six hun- 
 dred of his letters are extant ; they discov- 
 er much affectation and obscurity of style 
 
LI 
 
 210 
 
 LI 
 
 LibaNus, a high mountain of Syria, fa- 
 mous for its cedars. 
 
 Libentina, a surname of Venus, who 
 had a temple at Rome. 
 
 Liber, a surname of Bacchus, which 
 signifies free. 
 
 Libera, a goddess, the same as Pros- 
 erpine. A name given to Ariadne. 
 
 Liberalia, festivals yearly celebrated 
 in honor of Bacchus the seventeenth of 
 March. 
 
 Libertas, a goddess of Rome. She 
 was represented as a woman in a light 
 dress, holding a rod in one hand, and a 
 cap in the other. 
 
 Libethra, a fountain of Magnesia in 
 Thessaly, or of Bceotia, sacred to the Mu- 
 ses. 
 
 Libethrides, a name given to the Mu- 
 ses from the fountain Libethra. 
 
 Libici, Libecii, or Libri, a people of 
 Gaul who passed into Italy, A. U. C. 364. 
 
 Libitina, a goddess at Rome who pre- 
 sided over funerals. 
 
 Libo, a friend of Pompey. A Ro- 
 man citizen. A friend of the first 
 
 triumvirate. 
 
 Libon, a Greek architect who built the 
 famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. 
 
 Libophcenices, the inhabitants of the 
 country near Carthage. 
 
 Liburna, a town of Dalmatia. 
 
 Liburnia, now Croatia, a country of 
 lllyricum, between Istria and Dalmatia, 
 whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, 
 in Italy. 
 
 Lieurnides, an island on the coast of 
 Liburnia, in the Adriatic. 
 
 Liburnum mare, the sea which borders 
 on the coasts of Liburnia. 
 
 Lieurnus, a mountain of Campania. 
 
 Libya, a daughter of Epaphus and Cas- 
 siopea, who became mother of Agenor 
 
 and Belus by Neptune. A name given 
 
 to Africa one of the three grand divisions 
 of the ancient globe. Libya, properly 
 speaking, is only a part of Africa, bound- 
 ed on the east by .(Egypt, and on the west 
 by that part called by the moderns the 
 kingdom of Tripoli. 
 
 Libycum mare, that part of the Medi- 
 terranean, which lies on the coast of Cy- 
 rene. 
 
 Libycus and Libystis. Vid. Libya. 
 
 Libys, a sailor. 
 
 Libyssa, a river of Bithynia, with a 
 town of the same name. 
 
 Licates, a people of Vindelicia. 
 
 Licha, a city near Lycia. 
 
 Lichades, small islands near Cceneum, 
 a promontory of Euboea. 
 
 Lichas, a servant of Hercules who 
 brought Jiim the poisoned tunic from De- 
 janira. He was thrown by his master 
 into the sen. 
 
 Liches, an Arcadian, who found the 
 bones of Orestes buried at Tesea. 
 
 Licinia lex, was enacted by L. Lici- 
 nius Crassus, and Q.. Mutius, consuls, 
 
 A. U. C. 657. It ordered all the inhabi- 
 tants of Italy to be enrolled on the list of 
 
 citizens in their respective cities. 
 
 Another by C. Licinius Stolo the tribune 
 It forbade any person to possess five hun- 
 dred acres of land, or keep more than one 
 hundred head of large cattle, or five hun- 
 dred of small. Another by P. Licinius 
 
 Varus, A. U. C. 545, to settle the day for 
 the celebration of the Ludi Apullivares. 
 Another by P. Licinius Crassus Lives, 
 
 B. C. 110. It was the same as the Fanni- 
 
 an law. Another de sodalitiis, by M. 
 
 Licinius the consul 690. Another called 
 
 also JEbutia, by Licinius and iEbutius the 
 tribunes. 
 
 Licinia, the wife of C. Gracchus. 
 
 A vestal virgin accused of incontinence, 
 
 but acquitted A. U. C. 636. The wife 
 
 of Maecenas. 
 
 C. Licinius, a tribune of the people 
 celebrated for the consequence of his fam- 
 ily, for his intrigues and abilities. C 
 
 Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the 
 age of Cicero. Macer, a Roman accu- 
 sed by Cicero when praetor. P. Crassus, 
 
 a Roman sent against Perseus king of 
 
 Macedonia. A consul sent against An- 
 
 nibal. Another who defeated the rob- 
 bers that infested the Alps. A high 
 
 priest. Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in 
 
 the age of Africanus. Mucianus, a Ro- 
 man who wrote about the history and 
 
 geography of the eastern countries. 
 
 P. Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 
 
 two hundred years before Christ. Var- 
 
 ro Murrena, a brother of Proculeius, who 
 conspired against Augustus with Fannius 
 
 Caspio and suffered for his crime. C. 
 
 Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman 
 emperor. His father was a poor peasant 
 of Dalmatia, and himself a common sol- 
 dier in the Roman armies. Having been 
 raised by the favor of Maximianus, lie 
 married the sister of Constantine, who 
 was also one of the emperors. The con- 
 tinual successes of Licinius, increased his 
 pride, and rendered him jealous of the 
 greatness of his brother-in-law. The per- 
 secutions of the Christians, whose doc- 
 trines Constantine followed, soon caused 
 a rupture, and Licinius had the mortifica- 
 tion to lose two battles, one in Pannonia, 
 and the other near Adrianopolis. Ill-for- 
 tune attended Licinius, he was conquered, 
 and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the 
 conqueror obliged him to surrender, and 
 ordered him to be strangled, A. D. 324. 
 
 LiciNus,a barber of Augustus, raised 
 by his master to the rank of a senator. 
 
 Licymnius, a son of Electryon and 
 brother of Alcmena, accidentally killed 
 by Triptolemus, son of Hercules. 
 
 Lide, a mountain of Caria. 
 
 Q,. Ligarius, a Roman pro consul of 
 
LI 
 
 211 
 
 LI 
 
 Africa, after Confidius. In the civil wars 
 he followed the interest of Pompey, and 
 became afterwards one of Cajsar's mur- 
 derers. 
 
 Liger, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Liger, a Rutulian killed by iEneas. 
 
 Liger or Ligeris, now La Loire, a large 
 river of Gaul. 
 
 LinoRAs, an officer of Antioehus king 
 of Syria. 
 
 Ligurks, the inhabitants of Liguria. 
 
 Liguria, a country at the west of Italy, 
 of which the commercial town of Genoa 
 was anciently and is now the capital. 
 Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and 
 its chief harbor now bears the name of 
 Leghorn. 
 
 Ligurinus, a poet. A beautiful 
 
 youth in the age of Horace. 
 
 Ligus, a woman who inhabited the 
 Alps. 
 
 Ligustic.e Ajlpes, a part of the Alps. 
 
 Ligusticum Jhfis, the north part of 
 the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. 
 
 Ligyes, a people of Asia who inhabited 
 the country between Caucasus and the 
 river Pbasfs. 
 
 Ligyrgum, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 LiLii, a town of Achaia near the 
 Cephisus. 
 
 L'ltb.kum, now Boco, a promontory of 
 Sicily, with a town of the same name 
 near the ^E^ates, now Marsalla. Nothing 
 now remains of this once powerful city 
 but the ruins of temples and aqueducts- 
 
 Ltm.e\, a river of Lusitania. 
 
 liSMu'su, a town of Cyprus. 
 
 LsmsjEj a fortified place on the borders 
 
 cf Laconia and Messenia. A town of 
 
 Ihe Thracian Chersonesus. 
 
 Lim?x.eum, a temple of Diana at Lim- 
 flee. 
 
 Limnatidia, a festival in honor of Di- 
 ana. 
 
 Lui.f i ace, the daughter of the Ganges, 
 mother of Atys. 
 
 Limnonia, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Limon, a place of Campania between 
 Neapolis and Puteoli. 
 
 Limoxum, a town of Gaul, afterwards 
 Pictavi, Poictisrs. 
 
 Limyra, a town of Lycia at the mouth 
 of the Limyrus. 
 
 Li.xcasii, a people of Gaul Narbonen- 
 sis. 
 
 LirtDUM, a colony of Britain, now Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 Lixous, a city at the southeast part of 
 Rhodes. A grandson of Apolio. 
 
 Lixgones, now Langre*, a people of 
 Gallia Beljdca, made tributary to Rome by 
 J. Caisar. 
 
 Listeria pai.fs, a lake of Cnnipania. 
 
 Li.wter.vt'm, a town of Campania. 
 
 Linus. This name is common to differ- 
 ent persons whose history is confused, 
 and who are often taken one for the other. 
 
 One who was eon of Ismenius, and born 
 at Thebes in Boeotia, taught music to Her- 
 cules, who in a fit of anger, struck him 
 on the head with his lyre and killed him. 
 A fountain in Arcadia. 
 
 Liodes, one of Penelope's suitors, kill- 
 ed by Ulysses. 
 
 Li para, the largest of the iEolian is- 
 lands on the coast of Sicily, now called 
 the Lipari. It bad a city of the same 
 name. The island was celebrated for the 
 variety of its fruits, and its raisins are 
 
 still in general repute. A town of Etru- 
 
 ria. 
 
 LiPARis,a river of Cilicia, whose wa- 
 ters were like oil. 
 
 Lifhlum, a town of the yEqui. 
 
 Lipodorus, one of the Greeks settled in 
 Asia by Alexander. 
 
 Liquentia, now Livenza, a river of 
 Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 Lirceus, a fountain near Nemsa. 
 
 Liriope, one of the Oceanides, mother 
 of Narcissus by the Cephisus. A foun- 
 tain of Bceotia. 
 
 Liris, now Oarigliano, a river of Cam- 
 pania, which it separates from Latium 
 A warrior killed by Camilla. 
 
 Lisinias, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Lissa, the name of a fury which Euri- 
 pides introduces on the stage. 
 
 Lis3on, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Lissus. now rflesso, a town of Macedo- 
 nia on the confines of Illyricum. A 
 
 river of Thrace. 
 
 Lista, a town of the Sabines. 
 
 Litabrum, now Buitrago, a town of 
 Spain Tarraconensis. 
 
 Litana, a wood in Gallia Togata. 
 
 Litavicus, one of the iEdui, who as- 
 sisted Cresar with ten thousand men. 
 
 Liternum, a town of Campania. 
 
 Lithobolia, a festival celebrated at 
 Trcezene in honor of Lamia and Auxesia, 
 who came from Crete, and was sacrificed 
 by the fury of the seditious populace, and 
 stoned to death. 
 
 Lithrus, a town of Armenia Minor. 
 
 Lithubium, a town of Liguria. 
 
 Lityersas, an illegitimate son of Midas 
 king of Phrygia. He made strangers pre- 
 pare his harvest, and afterwards put them 
 to death. He was at last killed by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Li via Drusilla, a celebrated Roman 
 lady, daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus. 
 She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by 
 whom she had the emperor Tiberius and 
 Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of 
 her husband to the cause of Antony was 
 the beginning of her greatness. Augustus 
 saw her as she fled from the danger which 
 threatened her husband, and he resolved 
 to marry her. He divorced his wife Scrl- 
 bonia, and, with the approbation of the 
 augurs, he celebrated his nuptials with 
 Livia. Her children by Drusus were 
 
LO 
 
 213 
 
 LU 
 
 adopted by the complying emperor : and, 
 that she might make the succession of her 
 son Tiberius more easy, and undisputed, 
 Livia is accused of secretly involving in 
 one common ruin, the heirs and nearest 
 relations of Augustus. Livia died in the 
 
 eighty-sixth year of her age, A. D. 29. 
 
 Another called Horestilla. Another 
 
 called also Ocellina. 
 
 Livia Lex, de sociis, proposed to make 
 all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of 
 
 Rome- Another by M. Livius Drusus 
 
 the tribune A. U. C. 6b2, which required 
 that the judicial power sliould be lodged 
 in the hands of an equal number of knights 
 and senators. 
 
 LivineiuSj a friend of Pompey. 
 
 Livilla, a daughter of Drusus. A 
 
 sister of Caligula. 
 
 Livius Andromcus, a dramatic poet 
 who flourished at Rome about two hundred 
 and forty years before the Christian era. 
 He was the first who turned the personal 
 satires and fescennine verses, so long the 
 admiration of the Romans, into the form 
 
 of a proper dialogue and regular play. 
 
 M. Salinator, a Roman consul sent against 
 
 the Illyrians. Drusus, a tribune who 
 
 joined" the patricians in opposing the am- 
 bitious views of C. Graechus. An un- 
 cle of Cato of Utica. Titus, a native of 
 
 Padua, celebrated for his writings. He 
 passed the greatest part of his life at Na- 
 ples and Rome, but more particularly at 
 the court of Augustus, who liberally pat- 
 ronised the learned, and encouraged the 
 progress of literature. Few particulars of 
 his life are known, yet his fame was so 
 universally spread even in his lifetime, 
 that an inhabitant of Gades traversed 
 Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the 
 man whose writings had given him such 
 pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. 
 Livy died at Padua, in his sixty-seventh 
 year, and according to some, on that same 
 day Rome was also deprived of another of 
 its brightest ornaments by the death of the 
 poet Ovid, A. D. 17. The name of Livy 
 is rendered immortal by his history of the 
 
 Roman empire. A governor of Taren- 
 
 tum who delivered his trust to Annibal, 
 
 &c. A high-priest who devoted Decius 
 
 to the Dii Manes. A commander of a 
 
 Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the 
 Hellespont. 
 
 Lixus, a river of Mauritania with a city 
 of the same name. A son of .Egyptus. 
 
 Lobon, a native of Argos, who wrote a 
 book concerning poets. 
 
 Loceus, a man who conspired against 
 Alexander with Dymnus. 
 
 Locha, a large city of Africa, taken and 
 plundered by Scipio's soldiers. 
 
 Lochias, a promontory and citadel of 
 Egypt near Alexandria. 
 
 Locri, a town of Magna Gnncia in Italy. 
 ■» A town of Locris in Greece. 
 
 LocRra, a country of Greece, whose hv 
 habitants are kiiown by the name of Ozola 
 Epicnemidii, and Opuntii. 
 
 Locusta, a celebrated woman at Rome 
 in the favor of Nero. She poisoned Clau 
 dins and Britannicus, and at last attempt- 
 ed to destroy Nero himself, for which she 
 was executed. 
 
 Lollia Paulina, a beautiful woman 
 who married C. Memmius Eegulus, and 
 afterwards Caligula. She was divorced 
 and put to death by means of Agrippina. 
 
 Lollianus Spurius, a general proclaim- 
 ed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and 
 soon after murdered. A consul. 
 
 M. Lollius, a companion and tutor of 
 C. Cassar the son-in-law of Tiberius. 
 
 Londinum, the capital of Britain found- 
 ed as some suppose between the age of 
 Julius Cffisar and Nero. It has been se- 
 verally called Lovdinimn, Lundimim, &c. 
 
 Loisgarenus, a man guilty of adultery 
 with Fausta, Sylla's daughter. 
 
 Longimanus, a surname of Artaxerxes. 
 
 Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, a cele- 
 brated Greek philosopher and critic of 
 Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek 
 language, and afterwards minister, to Ze- 
 nobia, the famous queen of Palmyra, and 
 his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her 
 cause proved, at last, fatal to him. When 
 the emperor Aurelian entered victorious 
 the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sac- 
 rificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, 
 A. D. 273. Longinus rendered his name 
 immoital by his critical remarks on an- 
 cient authors. His treatise on the sub- 
 lime, gives the world reason to lament the 
 loss of his other valuable compositions. 
 
 Cassius, a tribune driven out of the 
 
 senate for favoring the interest of J. Cte- 
 sar. A governor of Juda-a. A pro- 
 consul. A lawyer whom Nero ordered 
 
 to be put to death. 
 
 Longobardi, a nation of Germany. 
 
 Longula, a town of Latium. 
 
 Longcntica, a maritime city of Spain. 
 
 Lo.vcus, a Roman consul, &c. A 
 
 Greek author w ho wrote a novel called 
 the amours of Da'phnis and Chloe. 
 
 Lordi, a people of I'lyricum. 
 
 Loryma, a town of Doris. 
 
 Lotis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, 
 daughter of Neptune, changed by the gods 
 into a tree called Lotus, consecrated to 
 Venus and Apollo. 
 
 Lotofhagi, a people on the coast of 
 Africa near the Syrtes. 
 
 Lous or Aous, a river of Macedonia 
 near Apollonia. 
 
 Lua, a goddess at Pome, who presided 
 over things which were purified by lustra- 
 tions. 
 
 Luca, now Lucca, a city of Etruria en 
 the river Arnus. 
 
 LrcAGts, one of the friends of Turnus 
 killed by /Etiean. 
 
LU 
 
 213 
 
 LU 
 
 Llcani, a people of Italy, descended 
 from the gssanites', fir from the Brutii. 
 
 Lucania, a country of Italy between 
 the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas. 
 
 CI. Lucanius, a centurion in Ccesar's 
 army. 
 
 Lucanus, M. A?t>'.ku3, a native of Cor- 
 dnba in Spain. He was early removed to 
 Rome, where his rising talents and more 
 particularly his lavished praises and pane- 
 gyrics, recommended him to the emperor 
 Nero. He afterwards joined Piso in a 
 conspiracy against the emperor. The 
 whole was discovered, and the poet had 
 nothing left but to choose the manner of 
 his execution. He had his veins opened 
 in a warm bath. He died in his twenty- 
 sixth year, A. D. 65. Of his compositions 
 none but his Pharsalia remains. This 
 poem, which is an account of the civil 
 wars of Caesar and Pompey, is unfinished. 
 Ocellus or Ucellus, an ancient Pytha- 
 gorean philosopher. 
 
 Lucaria or LuciiRiA, festivals at Rome, 
 celebrated in a large grove between the 
 Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Ro- 
 mans hid themselves when besieged by 
 the Gauls. 
 
 L. Lucceius, a celebrated historian, 
 asked by Cicero to write a history of his 
 consulship. 
 
 Lucceius Ajlbinus, a governor of Mau- 
 ritania after Galba's death. 
 
 LucE.NTuir, a town of Spain now Ali- 
 en nt. 
 
 Luceres, a body of horse composed of 
 Roman knights, first established by Ro- 
 mulus and Tatius. 
 
 Luceria, a town of Apulia, famous for 
 wool. 
 
 Lucerius, a surname of Jupiter. 
 
 Lucetius, a Puitulian, killed by Ilio- 
 neus. 
 
 Lucianus, a celebrated writer of Samo- 
 sata. The emperor M. Aurelius was sen- 
 sible of his merit, and appointed him re- 
 gister to the Roman governor of Egypt, 
 lie died, A. D. 180, in his ninetieth year, 
 and some of the moderns have asserted 
 that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his 
 impiety. The works of Lueian, which 
 are numerous, and written in the Attic 
 dialect, consist partly of dialogues, in 
 which he introduces different characters 
 with much dramatic propriety. His style 
 is easy, simple, elegant, and animated, 
 and he has stored his compositions with 
 many lively sentiments, and much of the 
 true Attic wit. 
 
 Lucifer, the name of the planet Ve- 
 nus, or morning star. 
 
 Luciferi fanum, a town of Spain. 
 
 C. Lucilius, a Roman knight born at 
 Aurunca, illustrious not only for the res- 
 pectability of his ancestors, but more de- 
 servedly for the uprightness and the inno- 
 cence of his own immaculate character. 
 
 Of thirty satires which he wrote, nothing 
 but a few verses remain. He died at Na- 
 ples, in the forty-sixth year of his age, B. 
 
 C. 103. Lucinus, a famous Roman who 
 
 fled with Brutus after the battle of Phi- 
 lippi. He was taken, and carried to the 
 conquerors, whose clemency spared hia 
 
 life. A tribune who attempted in vain 
 
 to elect Pompey to the dictatorship. A 
 
 centurion. A governor of Asia under 
 
 Tiberius. A friend of Tiberius. 
 
 Lucilla, a daughter of M. Aurelius, 
 celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her 
 beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. 
 
 Lucira, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter 
 and Juno, or according to others, of La- 
 tona. As her mother brought her into the 
 world without pain, she became the god- 
 dess whom women in labor invoked, and 
 she presided over the birth of children. 
 She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She 
 had a famous temple at Rome. 
 
 Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the 
 siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms 
 a man who jumped down from one of the 
 
 walls. A brother of M. Antony. A 
 
 Roman general who defeated the Etruri- 
 ans. A relation of J. Ceesar. A man 
 
 put to death for his incontinence. The 
 word Lucius is a praenomen common to 
 many Romans, of whom an account is 
 given under their family names. 
 
 Lucretia, a celebrated Roman Iad3', 
 daughter of Lucretius, and wife of Tar- 
 quinius Collatinus ; who stabbed herself 
 in consequence of the violence she receiv- 
 ed from Sextus, son of Tarquin the Proud. 
 This fatal blow was the signal for rebel- 
 lion. Brutus, L. J., who saw the tragical 
 death of Lucretia, so eloquently and ef- 
 fectively harangued the populace on the 
 barbarity and oppression of the Tarquins, 
 that they were immediately expelled from 
 Rome, and the republican or consular go- 
 vernment established, B. C. 529. Tha 
 
 wife of Numa. 
 
 Lucretilis, now Libretti, a mountain 
 in the country of the Sabines. 
 
 T. Lucretius Carus, a celebrated Ro- 
 man poet and philosopher, who was early 
 sent to Athens, where he studied under 
 Zeno and Phasdrus. The tenets of Epicu- 
 rus and Empedocles, which then prevail- 
 ed at Athens, were warmly embraced by 
 Lucretius, and when united with the infi- 
 nite of Anaximander, and the atoms of De- 
 mocritus, they were explained and eluci- 
 dated in a poem, in six books, which ia 
 called De rerum naturd. It is said that he 
 destroyed himself in the forty-fourth year 
 of his age, about fifty-four years before 
 
 Christ. Gluintus, a Roman who killed 
 
 himself because the inhabitants of Sulmo, 
 over which he was appointed with a gar- 
 rison, seemed to favor the cause of J. Caj- 
 sar. Sp. Tricipitinus, father of Lucre- 
 tia, was made consul after the death of 
 
LU 
 
 214 
 
 LY 
 
 Brutus. — i — An tnterrex at Rome. A 
 
 consul. Osella, a Roman, put to death 
 
 by Sylla. 
 
 Lucrinum, a town of Apulia. 
 
 Lucrinus, a small lake of Campania, 
 opposite Puteoli. It abounded with excel- 
 lent oysters. 
 
 C. Luctatius Catulus, a Roman con- 
 sul with Marius. He was eloquent as 
 well as valiant, and wrote a history of his 
 consulship. C. Catulus, a consul. 
 
 Lucullea, a festival established by the 
 Greeks in honor of Lucullus. 
 
 Luculli horti, gardens of Lucullus. 
 
 Villa, a country seat near mount Mi- 
 
 senus. 
 
 Lucullus, Lucius Liciniu9, a Roman 
 celebrated for his fondness of luxury and 
 for his military talents. He was born 
 about one hundred and fifteen years be- 
 fore the Christian era, and soon distin- 
 guished himself by his proficiency in the 
 liberal arts, and by his military success. 
 He fell into a delirium in the last part of 
 his life, and died in the sixty-seventh or 
 sixty-eighth year of his age. The people 
 showed their respect for his merit, by their 
 wish to give him an honorable burial in 
 the Campus Martius; but their offers were 
 rejected, and he was privately buried, by 
 his brother, in his estate at Tusculum. 
 Lucullus has been admired for his many 
 accomplishments, but he has been censur- 
 ed for his severity and extravagance. The 
 expenses of his meals were immoderate, 
 his halls were distinguished by the differ 
 ent names of the gods; and, when Cicero 
 and Pompey attempted to surprise him, 
 they were astonished at. the costliness of 
 a supper which had been prepared upon 
 the word of Lucullus, who had merely 
 said to his servant that he would sup in 
 
 the hall of Apollo. A consul who went 
 
 to Spain. A Roman put to death by 
 
 Domitian. 
 
 Lucumo, the first name of Tarquinius 
 Priscus, afterwards changed into Lucius. 
 
 Lucus, a king of ancient Gaul. A 
 
 town of Gaul. 
 
 Lugdunensis Gallia, a part of Gaul, 
 which received its name from Lugdunum, 
 the capital city of the province. 
 
 Lugdunum, a town of Gallia Celtica, 
 built at the confluence of the Rhone, and 
 the Arar, or Saone, and now called Lyons. 
 
 Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, now 
 
 Ley den. Convenarum, a town at the 
 
 foot of the Pyrenees, now St. Bertrand. 
 
 Luna, was daughter of Hyperion and 
 Terra, and was the same, according to 
 some mycologists, as Diana. She was 
 worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of 
 the earth with many superstitious forms 
 
 and ceremonies. A maritime town of 
 
 Etruria, famous for the white marble 
 which it produced, and called also Lunen- 
 tis partus. It contained a fine capacious 
 
 harbor, and abounded In wine, cheese 
 
 &.C. 
 
 Lupa, (a site wolf) was held in great 
 veneration at Rome, because Romulus and 
 Remus, according to an ancient tradition, 
 were suckled and preserved by one of 
 these animals. 
 
 Lufercal, a place at the foot of mount 
 Aventine, sacred to Pan, where festivals 
 called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated. 
 
 Lupercalia, a yearly festival observed 
 at Rome the fifteenth of February, in ho- 
 nor of the god Pan. This festival, as 
 Plutarch mentions, was first instituted by 
 the Romans in honor of the she-wolf 
 which suckled Romulus and Remus. It 
 was during the celebration of these festi- 
 vals that Antony offered a crown to J. 
 Caesar, which the indignation of the pop- 
 ulace obliged him to refuse. 
 
 Lufercj, a number of priests at Rome, 
 who assisted at the celebration of the Lu- 
 percalia, in honor of the god Pan. Vid 
 Lupercalia. 
 
 Lupercus, a grammarian in the reign 
 of the emperor Gallienus. 
 
 Lupias, or Lupia, now Lippe, a town of 
 Germany. 
 
 Lupus, a general of the emperor Sev- 
 
 erus. A governor of Britain. A 
 
 quaestor in the reign of Tiberius, &c. A 
 
 comic writer of Sicily. P. Rut. a Ro- 
 man, who, contrary to the omens, march- 
 ed against the Marsi, and was killed with 
 his army. 
 
 Lusitania, a part of ancient Spain, 
 whose extent and situation have not been 
 accurately defined by the ancients. Ac- 
 cording to the better descriptions, it ex- 
 tended from the Tagus to the sea of Can- 
 tabria, and comprehended the modern 
 kingdom of Portugal. 
 
 Lusius, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Lusones, a people of Spain, near the 
 Iberus. 
 
 Lustricus Brutianus, a Roman poet. 
 
 Lutatius Catulus, a Roman who shut 
 the temple of Janus after peace had been 
 made with Carthage. 
 
 Luterius, a general of the Gauls. 
 
 Lutetia, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the 
 confluence of the rivers Sequana and Ma- 
 trona, now Paris. 
 
 C. Lutorius Priscus, a Roman knight, 
 put to death by order of Tiberius. 
 
 Lyj:us, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Lybas, one of the companions of Ulys- 
 ses. 
 
 Lvbva, or Lybissa, a small village of 
 Bithynia. 
 
 Lycabas, an Etrurian, who had been 
 banished from his country for murder. 
 
 Lycabetus, a mountain of Attica, near 
 Athens. 
 
 Lycj:*, festivals in Arcadia, in honor 
 
 of Pan, the god of shepherds. A festi 
 
 val at Argos in honor of Apollo Lycaeus 
 
LY 
 
 215 
 
 LY 
 
 Lyceum, a celebrated place near the 
 banks of the llissus, in Attica. It was in 
 this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aris- 
 totle taught philosophy. 
 
 Lycjjus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred 
 to Jupiter. It was also sacred to Pan, 
 whose festivals, called Lyccea, were cele- 
 brated there. 
 
 Lycambes, the father of Neobule.. He 
 promised his daughter in marriage to the 
 poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused 
 to fulfil his engagement when she had 
 been courted by a man whose opulence 
 had more influence than the fortune of 
 the poet. This irritated Archilochus ; he 
 wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes 
 and bis daughter, and rendered them both 
 so desperate by the satire of his composi- 
 tion, {hat they hanged themselves. 
 
 Lycaon, the first king of Arcadia, son 
 of Pelasgus and Meliboea. He lived about 
 one thousand eight hundred and twenty 
 
 rears hefore the Christian era. An- 
 
 ither king of Arcadia, celebrated for his 
 
 rruelties. A son of Priam and Lao- 
 
 thoe. He was taken by Achilles and 
 
 tarried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. 
 
 The father of Pandarus, killed by Di- 
 
 omedes before Troy. A Gnossian art- 
 ist. 
 
 Lycaoxia, a country of Asia, between 
 Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phry- 
 gia, made a Roman province under Au- 
 gustus. Iconium was the capital. Arca- 
 dia bore also that name from Lycaon, one 
 of its kings. An island in the Tyber. 
 
 Lycas, a priest of Apollo in the interest 
 of Turnus. Another officer of Turnus. 
 
 Lycaste, an ancient town of Crete. 
 
 A daughter of Priam by a concubine. 
 
 Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Lycastus, a son of Minos I. He was 
 father of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of 
 Corybas. A son of Minos, who suc- 
 ceeded his father on the throne of Arca- 
 dia. 
 
 Lyce, one of the Amazons. 
 
 Lyces, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Lychnidus, now Achridna, a city with 
 a lake of the same name, in Illyricum. 
 
 Lycia, a country of Asia Minor, bound- 
 ed by the Mediterranean on the south, Ca- 
 ria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, 
 and Phrygia on the north. It was an- 
 ciently called Milyas, and Tremile, from 
 the Milyie or Solymi, a people of Crete, 
 who came to settle there. 
 
 Lycidas, a centaur, killed by the Lapi- 
 thae. A shepherd's name. A beauti- 
 ful youth. 
 
 Lycimna, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lycimnia, a slave, mother of Helenor 
 by a Lydian prince. 
 
 Lyciscus, an Athenian archon. A 
 
 Messenian of the family of the ^Epytidae. 
 s: A youth of whom Horace was en- 
 amored 
 
 Lycius, a son of Hercules and Toxicre- 
 
 ta. A son of Lycaon. An epithet 
 
 given to Apollo. A surname of Da- 
 
 naus. 
 
 Lycomedes, a king of Scyros, in the 
 ^Egean sea. Lycomedes has rendered 
 himself famous for his treachery to The- 
 seus, who had implored his protection 
 when driven from the throne of Athens by 
 
 the usurper Mnestheus. An Arcadian, 
 
 who, with five hundred chosen men, put 
 to flight one thousand Spartans, and five 
 
 hundred Argives. A seditious person 
 
 at Tegea. A Mantinean general. 
 
 An Athenian, the first who took one of 
 the enemy's ships at the battle of Salamis. 
 
 LvcoN,'a philosopher of Troas. He died 
 
 in the seventy fourth year of his age. 
 
 A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. 
 A poet. A writer of epigrams. 
 
 Lycone, a city of Thrace. A moun- 
 tain of Argolis. 
 
 LvcoPHRo.\,a sort of Periander, king of 
 Corinth. When the infirmities of Perian- 
 der obliged him to look for a successor, 
 Lycophron refused to come to Corinth 
 While his father was there, and he was in- 
 duced to leave Corcyra, only on promise 
 that Periander would come and dwell 
 there while he remained master of Co- 
 rinth. This exchange, however, was pre- 
 vented. The Corcyreans, who were ap- 
 prehensive of the tyranny of Periander, 
 murdered Lycophron before he left that 
 
 island. A brother of Thebe, the wife 
 
 of Alexander, tyrant of Phera?. — -A gen- 
 eral of Corinth, killed by Nicias. A 
 
 native of Cythera, son of Mastor. He 
 
 went to the Trojan war with Ajax. A 
 
 famous Greek poet and grammarian, born 
 at Chalcis, in Euboea. 
 
 Lycopolis, now Siut, a town of Egypt. 
 
 Lycopus, an ^Etolian who assisted the 
 Cyreneans against Ptolemy. 
 
 Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of 
 Parnassus. 
 
 Lycoreus, the supposed founder of Ly- 
 corea, on mount Parnassus. 
 
 Lycorias, one of the attendant nymphs 
 of Cyrene. 
 
 Lycoris, a freedwoman of the senator 
 Volumnius also called Cytheris, and Vo- 
 lumnia, from her master. She is celebrat- 
 ed for her beauty and intrigues. 
 
 Lycormas, a river of iEtolia, whose 
 sands were of a golden color. 
 
 Lycortas, the father of Polybius, who 
 flourished B. C. 184. He was chosen gen- 
 eral of the Achaean league, and he reveng- 
 ed the death of Philopcemen, &c. 
 
 Lycosura, a city built by Lacaon on 
 mount Lycaeus in Arcadia. 
 
 Lyctus, a town of Crete. 
 
 Lycurgides, annual days of solemnity 
 appointed in honor of the lawgiver of 
 
 Sparta. The patronymic of a son of 
 
 Lycurgus. 
 
LY 
 
 216 
 
 LY 
 
 Lycurgus, a king of Neirisa, in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Ke was raised from the dead 
 by ^sculapius. A giant killed by Osi- 
 ris in Thrace. A king of Thrace, son 
 
 of Dryas. Ke ha3 been represented as 
 cruel and impious, on account of the vio- 
 lence which he offered to Bacchus. An 
 
 orator of Athens, surnamed Ibis, in the age 
 of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and 
 impartiality when at the head of the gov- 
 ernment. He died about three hundred 
 
 and thirty years before Christ. A king 
 
 of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Neajra, the 
 daughter of Pereus. He married Cleo- 
 phile, called also Eurynome, by whom he 
 had Am;diidanias. - — A celebrated law- 
 giver of Sparta, son of king Eunomus, and 
 brother to Polydectes. The integrity with 
 which he acted, when guardian of his 
 nephew Charilaus, united with the disap- 
 pointment and the resentment of the 
 queen, raised him many enemies, and he 
 at last yielded to their satire and malevo- 
 lence, and retired to Crete. He travelled 
 like a philosopher, and visited Asia and 
 Egypt, without suffering himself to be cor- 
 rupted by the licentiousness and luxury 
 which prevailed there. The confusion 
 which followed his departure from Spar- 
 ta, now had made his presence totally ne- 
 cessary, and he returned home at the ear- 
 nest solicitations of his countrymen. The 
 disorder which reigned at Sparta, induced 
 him to reform the government ; and the 
 more effectually to execute his undertak- 
 ing, he had recourse to the oracle of Del- 
 phi. He was received by the priestess of 
 the god with every mark of honor, his in- 
 tentions were warmly approved by the 
 divinity, and he was called the friend of 
 gods, and himself rather god than man. 
 After such a reception from the most cele- 
 brated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found 
 no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the 
 state, and all were equally anxious in pro- 
 moting a revolution which had received 
 the sanction of heaven. This happened 
 eight hundred and eighty-four years before 
 the Christian era. After this, Lycurgus 
 retired from Sparta to Delphi, or according 
 to others to Crete, and before his depar- 
 ture he bound all the citizens of Laceds- 
 mon by a solemn oath, that neither they 
 nor their posterity, would alter, violate, 
 or abolish the laws which he had estab- 
 lished, before his return. lie soon after 
 put himself to death, and he ordered his 
 ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful 
 lest if they were carried to Sparta the citi- 
 zens should call themselves freed from the 
 oath which they had taken, and empower- 
 ed to make a revolution. 
 
 Lycus, a king of Bceotia. A king of 
 
 Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers 
 
 came upon his coast. A son of Neptune 
 
 Dy Celmno, made king of a part of Mysia 
 t>y Hercules, A son of ^Egyptus— of 
 
 Mars — of Lycaon, king of Arcadia — ol 
 
 Pandkm, king of Athens. The lather 
 
 of Arcesilaus. One of the companions 
 
 of -(Eneas. A river of Phrygia. A 
 
 river of Sarmatia falling into the Palus 
 
 Masotis. One of the friends of ./Eneas, 
 
 killed by Turnus. A youth beloved 
 
 by Alcffius. A town of Crete. 
 
 Lyde, the wife of the poet Antimachus. 
 
 A woman in Domitian's reign, who 
 
 j pretended she could remove barrenness by 
 medicines, 
 
 Lydia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia 
 Minor, whose boundaries were different 
 at different times. It was first bounded 
 by Mysia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, 
 and Ionia, but in its more flourishing 
 times it contained the whole country 
 which lies between the Halys and the 
 ^Egean sea. It was anciently called Mmo- 
 nia, and received the name of Lydia from 
 
 Lydus one of its kings. A mistress of 
 
 Horace, &,c. 
 
 Lydijls, a river of Macedonia. 
 
 Lydius, an epithet applied to the Ty- 
 ber. 
 
 Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, 
 king of Mseonia. 
 
 Lygdamis, or Lygdamus, a man who 
 
 made himself absolute at Naxos. A 
 
 general of the Cimmerians. An athlete 
 
 of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the 
 
 celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. A 
 
 servant of the poet Propertius. 
 
 Lygii, a nation of Germany. 
 
 Lygodesma, a surname of Diana at 
 Sparta. 
 
 Lymiee, a town of Lycia. 
 
 Lymax, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Lyncides, a man at the court of Ce- 
 pheus. 
 
 Lyncest.*:, a noble family of Macedo- 
 nia. 
 
 Lyncestes, a son of Amyntas, in the 
 army of Alexander. Alexander, a son- 
 in-law of Antipater, who conspired against 
 Alexander, and was put to death. 
 
 Lyncestitjs, a river of Macedonia, 
 whose waters were of an intoxicating 
 quality. , 
 
 Lynceus, son of Aphareus, was among 
 the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and 
 one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp 
 sighted that, as it is reported, he could see 
 through the earth, and distinguish objects 
 
 at the distance of above nine miles. A 
 
 son of ^Egyptus, who married Hypermnes- 
 tra, the daughter of Danaus. His life was 
 spared by the love and humanity of his 
 
 wife. One of the companions of iEneas 
 
 killed by Turnus. 
 
 Lyncus, Lynckus, or Lynx, a cruel 
 king of Scythia, or according to others, of 
 Sicily, suddenly changed into a lynx, an 
 animal which is the emblem of perfidy 
 and ingratitude 
 
 Lyncus, a town of Macedonia. 
 
LY 
 
 217 
 
 LY 
 
 Lyndtjs, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Lyrcje, a people of Scythia. 
 
 Lyrceus, a mountain of Arcadia. Fid. 
 Lycavus. A fountain. 
 
 Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria. 
 
 Lyrnessds, a city of Cilicia. 
 
 Lysander, a celebrated general of Spar- 
 ta, in the last years of the Peloponnesian 
 war. He drew Ephesus from the interest 
 of Athens, and gained the friendship of 
 Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to the 
 Athenian fleet consisting of one hundred 
 and twenty ships, at ^Egospotamos, and 
 destroyed it all, except three ships, with 
 which the enemy's general fled to Evago- 
 ras king of Cyprus. He was famous for 
 his victories over the Athenians, and was 
 killed in a battle against the Thebans. 
 His body was recovered by his colleague, 
 Pausanias, and honored with a magnifi- 
 cent funeral. Lysander has been com- 
 mended for his bravery, but his ambition 
 deserves the severest censure, and his 
 cruelty and his duplicity have greatly 
 
 stained his character. A Trojan chief, 
 
 wounded by Ajax son of Telamon be- 
 fore Troy. One of the Ephori in the 
 
 reign of Agis. A grandson of the great 
 
 Lysander. 
 
 Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy La- 
 gus. 
 
 Lysaniax, a man made king of Ituraea 
 by Antony. 
 
 Lyse, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Lysiades, an Athenian, son of Phs- 
 
 drus the philosopher. An Athenian 
 
 archon. A tyrant of Megalopolis who 
 
 died B.C. 226. 
 
 Lysianassa, one of the Nereides. 
 
 A daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. 
 
 Lysias, a celebrated orator, son of Ce- 
 phalus, a native of Syracuse. His father 
 left Sicily and went to Athens, where Ly- 
 sias was born and carefully educated. 
 He distinguished himself by his eloquence, 
 and by the simplicity, correctness, and 
 purity of his orations. He died in the 
 eighty-first year of his age, three hundred 
 and seventy-eight years before the Chris- 
 tian era. An Athenian general. A 
 
 town of Phrygia. Another of Syria. 
 
 — -A tyrant of Tarsus, B. C. 267. 
 
 Lysicles, an Athenian sent with Chares 
 into Bceotia, to stop the conquests of Phi- 
 lip of Macedonia. He was conquered at 
 Cha?ron»a. 
 
 Lysidice, a daughter of Pelops and 
 Hippodamia. 
 
 Lysimache, a daughter of Abas the son 
 of Melampus. A daughter of Priam. 
 
 Lysimachia, now Hexamili, a city on 
 
 the Thracian Chersonesus. A town of 
 
 iEtolia, built by Lysimachus. 
 
 Lysimachus, a son of Agathocles, who 
 was among the generals of Alexander. 
 After the death of that monarch, he 
 made himself master of part of Thrace, 
 where he built a town which he cal- 
 led Lysimachia. He sided with Cas- 
 sander and Seleucus against Antigonus 
 and Demetrius, and fought with them at 
 the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He was 
 killed in a bloody battle, two hundred and 
 eighty-one years before Christ, in the 
 eightieth year of his age, and his body 
 was found in the heaps of slain only by 
 the fidelity of a little dog, which had care- 
 fully watched near it. An Acartianian, 
 
 preceptor to Alexander the Great. An 
 
 historian of Alexandria. A son of Aris- 
 
 tides. A chief priest among the Jews, 
 
 about two hundred and four years before 
 
 Christ. A physician greatly attached to 
 
 the notions of Hippocrates. A govern- 
 or of Heraclea in Pontus. 
 
 Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near Syr- 
 acuse. 
 
 Lysinoe, now Aglasson, a city of Asia, 
 near Pamphylia. 
 
 Lysippe, a daughter of Prcetus. A 
 
 daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon. 
 He was originally a white-smith, and af- 
 terwards applied himself to painting, till 
 his talents and inclination taught him that 
 he was born to excel in sculpture. He 
 flourished about three hundred and twen- 
 ty-five years before the Christian era in 
 the age of Alexander the Great. The 
 monarch was so partial to the artist, that 
 he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to 
 
 make his statue. A general of the 
 
 Achaean league. A comic poet, some 
 
 of whose plays are mentioned by Athe- 
 
 nBEUS. 
 
 Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, about 
 three hundred and eighty-eight years be- 
 fore the Christian era. 
 
 Lysistratus, an Athenian parasite. 
 
 A brother of Lysippus. He was the first 
 artist who ever made a statue with wax. 
 
 Lysithous, a son of Priam. 
 
 Lyso, a friend of Cicero. 
 
 Lystra, a town of Laconia. 
 
 LYTiEA, a daughter of Hyacinthus. 
 
 LYZArriAs, a king of Chalcis. 
 
MA 
 
 218 
 
 MM 
 
 MACiE, a people of Arabia Felix. 
 They are placed in Africa near the 
 larger Syrtis by Herodotus. 
 
 Macar, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, 
 the first Greek who led a colony to Les- 
 bos. His four sons took possession of the 
 four neighboring islands, Chios, Samos, 
 Cos, and Rhodes. 
 
 Macareus, an ancient historian. A 
 
 son of iEolus, and priest of Apollo, at 
 
 Delphi. One of the companions of 
 
 Ulysses, left at Caieta in Italy, where 
 iEneas found him. A son of Lycaon. 
 
 Macaria, a daughter of Hercules and 
 Dejanira. An ancient name of Cyprus. 
 
 Macaris, an ancient name of Crete. 
 
 Macednus, a son of Lycaon. 
 
 Macedo, a son of Osiris, who had a 
 share in the divine honors which were 
 
 paid to his father. A man who gave 
 
 his name to Macedonia. 
 
 Macedonia, a celebrated country, situ- 
 ated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. 
 The inhabitants of Macedonia were nat- 
 urally warlike, and the Macedonian pha- 
 lanx, or body of soldiers, was always held 
 in the highest repute. 
 
 Macedonicum bellum was undertaken 
 by the Romans against Philip king of Ma- 
 cedonia, some few months after the sec- 
 ond Punic war, B. C. 200. Macedonia 
 was finally reduced into a Roman pro- 
 vince, and governed by a regular procon- 
 sul, about one hundred and forty -eight 
 years before the Christian era. 
 
 Macedonicus, a surname given to Me- 
 tellus, from his conquests in Macedonia. 
 
 Mac ella, a town of Sicily, taken by 
 the consul Duiilius. 
 
 Macer jEmvxius, a Latin poet of Ve- 
 rona, intimate with Tibullus and Ovid. 
 He died B. C. 16. L. Claudius a pro- 
 praetor of Africa in the reign of Nero. 
 
 Mach2era, a river of Africa. A com- 
 mon crier at Rome. 
 
 Machanidas, a man who made himself 
 absolute at Sparta. He was killed by Phi- 
 lopoemen, after being defeated at Manti- 
 nea, B. C. 208.. 
 
 Machaon, a celebrated physician, son 
 of iEsculapius and brother to Podalirus. 
 He received divine honors after death, 
 and had a temple in Messenia. 
 
 Macra, a river flowing from the Apen- 
 nines. 
 
 Macri camfi, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul. 
 A plain near Mutina. 
 
 Macrianus, Titus Fulvius Julius, an 
 Egyptian of obscure birth, who, from a 
 private soldier, rose to the highest com- 
 mand in the army, and proclaimed him- 
 self emperor when Valerian had been 
 made prisoner by the Persians, A. D. 260. 
 He was defeated in Illyricum by the lieu- 
 tenant of Gallienus, and put to death with 
 his son, at his own expressive request, A. 
 I), 969. 
 
 Macrinus, M. Opilius Severus, a na- 
 tive of Africa, who rose from the most 
 ignominious condition to the rank of pre- 
 fect of the praetorian guards, and at last 
 of emperor, after the death of Caracalla, 
 whom he inhumanly sacrificed to his am- 
 bition, A. D. 217. The beginning of his 
 reign was popular ; the abolition of the 
 taxes, and an affable and complaisant be- 
 haviour, endeared him to his subjects. 
 These promising appearances did not long 
 continue, and while he affected to imitate 
 the virtuous Aurelius, without possessing 
 the good qualities of his heart, he became 
 contemptible and insignificant. The pop- 
 ulace were excited, and Heliogabalus was 
 proclaimed emperor. Macrinus attempted 
 to save his life by flight. He was, how 
 ever, seized in Cappadocia, and his head 
 was cut off and sent to his successor, 
 
 June 7th, A. D. 218. A friend of the 
 
 poet Persius. 
 
 Macro, a favorite of the emperor Tibe- 
 rius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, 
 and cruelty. He was obliged by Caligula 
 to kill himself together with his wife, A. 
 D. 38. 
 
 Macrobii, a people of ^Ethiopia, cele- 
 brated for their justice and the innocence 
 of their manners. They generally lived 
 to their 120th year, some say to a thou- 
 sand. 
 
 Macrobius, a Latin writer who died 
 A. D. 415. Macrobius has rendered him- 
 self famous for a composition called Sat- 
 urnalia, a miscellaneous collection of an- 
 tiquities and criticisms, supposed to have 
 been the result of a conversation of some 
 of the learned Romans during the cele- 
 bration of the Saturnalia. 
 
 Macrochir, a Greek name of Arta- 
 xerxes, the same as Longimanus. 
 
 Macrones, a nation of Pontus. 
 
 Mactorium, a town of Sicily at the 
 south near Gela. 
 
 Maculonus, a rich and penurious Ro 
 man. 
 
 Madaura, a town on the borders of Nu- 
 midia and Gsetulia. 
 
 Madestes, a town of Thrace. 
 
 Madetes, a general of Darius. 
 
 Maduateni, a people of Thrace 
 
 Mad yes, a Scythian prince who pursu- 
 ed the Cimmerians in Asia, and conquer- 
 ed Cyaxares, B. C. 623. 
 
 Mjeander, a son of Oceanus and Te- 
 
 thys. A celebrated river of Asia Minor. 
 
 It is celebrated among the poets for its 
 windings, which amount to no less than 
 six hundred, and from which all obliqui- 
 ties have received the name of Matanders 
 
 M^eandria, a city of Epirus. 
 
 Mjeat-s:, a people at the south of Scot 
 land. 
 
 Mjedi, a people of Madica, a district of 
 Thrace near Rhodope. 
 
 Mjllius, a Roman, thrown down froa 
 
MA 
 
 219 
 
 MA 
 
 the Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to tyranny 
 at Rome. 
 
 M.emacteria, sacrifices offered to Ju- 
 piter at Athens in the winter month Mae- 
 niacterion. 
 
 Msxades, a name of the Bacchantes, 
 or priestesses of Bacchus. 
 
 MiSAU, a town of Spain. 
 
 MiSALus, a mountain of Arcadia sa- 
 cred to the god Pan, and greatly frequent- 
 ed by shepherds. A town of Arcadia. 
 
 A son of Lycaon. The father of 
 
 Atalanta. 
 
 MiE^iua, a Roman consul. A dicta- 
 tor accused and honorably acquitted. 
 
 A spendthrift at Rome. 
 
 M-enon, a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 285. 
 
 Mjenus, a river of Germany now called 
 the Mayne. 
 
 Mjsonia, a country of Asia Minor, the 
 same as Lydia. 
 
 JVLeonidje, a name given to the Muses, 
 because Homer was supposed to be a na- 
 tive of Maeonia. 
 
 M.EOMDES, a surname of Homer 
 
 The surname is also applied to Bacchus. 
 
 M-eonis, an epithet applied to Omphale 
 as queen of Lydia or Meeonia. 
 
 M-eotjj, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
 
 Mjeotis Palus, a large lake, or part of 
 the sea between Europe and Asia, at the 
 north of the Euxine. 
 
 M-esia Sylva, a wood in Etruria, near 
 the mouth of the Tiber. 
 
 M-evia, an immodest woman. 
 
 Mjkvius, a poet of inferior note in the 
 Augustan age, who made himself known 
 by his illiberal attacks on the character of 
 the first writers of his time. 
 
 Magas, a king of Cyrene in the age of 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned fifty 
 years, and died B. C. 257. 
 
 Magella, a town of Sicily about the 
 middle of the island. 
 
 Magstj;, a people of Africa. 
 
 Magi, a religious sect among the east- 
 ern nations of the world, and particularly 
 in Persia. They had great influence in 
 the political as well as religious affairs of 
 the state, and a monarch seldom ascended 
 the throne without their previous appro- 
 bation. Zoroaster was founder of their 
 sect. Fid. Zoroaster. 
 
 Magius, a lieutenant of Piso. A man 
 
 in the interest of Pompey, grandfather to 
 the historian Velleius Paterculus. 
 
 Magna Grjecia, a part of Italy. 
 
 Magna Matek, a name given to Cybele. 
 
 Magnentius, an ambitious Roman who 
 distinguished himself by his cruelty and 
 perfidy. He conspired against the life of 
 Constans, and murdered him in his bed. 
 
 Magnes, a young man who found him- 
 self detained by the iron nails which were 
 under his shoes as he walked over a stone 
 mine. This was no other than the mag- 
 net, which received its name from the per- 
 
 son who had been first sensible of its pow- 
 er. A son of iEolus and Anaretta. 
 
 A poet and musician of Smyrna. 
 
 Magnesia, a town of Asia Minor on the 
 Masander, about fifteen miles from Ephe- 
 
 sus, now called Ghizelbizar. Another in 
 
 Lydia destroyed by an earthquake in the 
 
 reign of Tiberius. A country on the 
 
 eastern parts of Thessaly, at the south of 
 Ossa. A promontory of Magnesia. 
 
 Mago, a Carthaginian general sent 
 against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He 
 obtained a victory and granted peace to 
 the conquered. In a battle, which soon 
 after followed this treaty of peace, Mago 
 was killed. His son of the same name 
 succeeded to the command of the Cartha- 
 ginian army, but he disgraced himself by 
 flying at the approach of Timoleon, who 
 had come to assist the Syracusans. He 
 was accused in the Carthaginian Senate, 
 and he prevented by suicide the execu- 
 tion of the sentence justly pronounced 
 against him. His body was hung on a 
 gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy. 
 
 A brother of Annibal the Great. He 
 
 was present at the battle of Cannas, and 
 was deputed by his brother to carry to 
 Carthage the news of the celebrated vic- 
 tory. He was afterwards sent to Spain, 
 where he defeated the two Scipios, and 
 was himself, in another engagement, to- 
 tally ruined. He was defeated in a battle 
 by Quintilius Varus, and died of a mortal 
 wound two hundred and three years be- 
 fore the Christian era. A Carthaginian 
 
 more known by the excellence of his wri- 
 tings than by his military exploits. A 
 
 Carthaginian sent by his countrymen to 
 assist the Romans against Pyrrhus and 
 the Tarentines, with a fleet of one hun- 
 dred and twenty sail. 
 
 Magon, a river of India falling into the 
 Ganges. 
 
 Magontiacum, or Magontea, a large 
 city of Germany, now called Mentz. 
 
 Magus, an officer of Turnus, killed by 
 iEneas 
 
 Maherbal, a Carthaginian who was at 
 the siege of Saguntum, and who com- 
 manded the cavalry of Annibal at the bat- 
 tle of Cannae. 
 
 MAiA,a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
 mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She wa3 
 
 one of the Pleiades. A surname of 
 
 Cybele. 
 
 Majest as, a goddess amongthe Romans, 
 daughter of Honor and Reverence. 
 
 Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an empe- 
 ror of the western Roman empire, raised 
 to the imperial throne A. D. 457. He sig- 
 nalized himself by his private as well as 
 public virtues. He was massacred after 
 a reign of thirty-seven years by one of his 
 generals. 
 
 Majorca, the greatest of the islands 
 called Baleares, on the coast of Spain. 
 
MA 
 
 22G 
 
 MA 
 
 Mala Fostuna, the goddess of evil for- 
 tune, was worshipped among the Romans. 
 
 Malea, a promontory of Lesbos. 
 
 Another in Peloponnesus, at the south of 
 Laconia. 
 
 Malevemum, the ancient name of Be- 
 neventum. 
 
 Malho or Matho, a general of an finny 
 of Carthaginian mercenaries, 258 B. C. 
 
 Malia, a city of Phthiotis near mount 
 CEta and Thermopyhe. There were in its 
 neighborhood some hot mineral waters. 
 
 Malii, a people of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Malis, a servant maid of Omphale, be- 
 loved by Hercules. 
 
 Malleolus, a man who murdered his 
 mother. 
 
 Mallius, a Roman consul defeated by 
 the Gauls. 
 
 Maliophora, a surname under which 
 Ceres had a temple at Megara, because she 
 had taught the inhabitants the utility of 
 wool, and the means of tending sheep to 
 advantage. 
 
 Mallos, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Malthinus, a name under which Ho- 
 race has lashed some of his friends or 
 enemies. 
 
 Mamaus, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Mamercus, a tyrant of Catana, who 
 surrendered to Timoleon. Kis attempts 
 to speak in a public assembly at Syracuse 
 were received with groans and hisses, 
 upon which he dashed his head against a 
 wall and endeavored to destroy himself. 
 
 A dictator at Rome, B. C. 437. A 
 
 consul with D. Brutus. 
 
 Mamerthes, a Corinthian who killed 
 his brother's son in hopes of reigning. 
 
 Mamertina, a town of Campania, fa- 
 mous for its wines. A name of Mes- 
 
 sana in Sicily. 
 
 Mamertini, a mercenary band of sol- 
 diers which passed from Campania into 
 Sicily, at the request of Agathocles. 
 They made themselves masters of Mes- 
 sana* in Sicily, and called the city Mavier- 
 tina from a word in their language signify- 
 ing warlike. They were destroyed by 
 Hiero. 
 
 Mamilia Lex de limitibus, by the tri- 
 bune Mamiiius. It ordained, that in the 
 boundaries of the lands five or six feet of 
 land should be left uncultivated, which 
 no person could convert into private pro- 
 perty. 
 
 Mamilii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
 scended from the Aborigines. 
 
 Mamilius Octavius, a son-in-law of 
 Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon 
 bravery at the battle of Regillce. He is 
 also called Manilius. 
 
 Mammea, the mother of the emperor 
 Severus, who died A. D. 235. 
 
 Mamurius Veturius, a worker in brass 
 in Numa's reign. He was ordered by the 
 monarch to make a number of ancylia or 
 shields, like that one which had fallen 
 
 from heaven, that it might be difficult to 
 distinguish the true one'from the others. 
 He was very successful in his undertak- 
 ing. 
 
 Mamueea, a Roman knight born at For- 
 mise. He followed the fortune of J. Cm- 
 sar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched 
 himself. 
 
 Manastabal, son of Masinissa. 
 C. Mancincjs, a Roman general, who, 
 though at the head of an army of thirty 
 thousand men, was defeated by four thou- 
 sand Numantians, B. C. 138. 
 
 Mandane, a daughter of king Astyages 
 married by her father to Cambyses, an ig- 
 noble person of Persia because a sooth- 
 sayer had prophesied that her son would 
 dethrone him. 
 
 Mandanes, an Indian prince and philo- 
 sopher. 
 
 Mandela, a village in the country of the 
 Sabines. 
 
 Mandonius, a prince in Spain, who for 
 some time favored the cause of the Ro- 
 mans. 
 Mandrocles, a general of Artaxerxes. 
 Mandron, a king of the Bebryces. 
 Mandubii, a people of Gaul. 
 Mandubratius, a young Briton who 
 came over to Caesar in Gaul. 
 
 Manduria, a city of Calabria, near Ta- 
 rentum. 
 
 Manes, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, 
 who reigned in Mceonia. 
 
 Manes, a name generally applied by the 
 ancients to the souls when separated from 
 the body. They were worshipped with 
 great solemnity, particularly by the Ro- 
 mans. A river of Locris. 
 
 Manetho, a celebrated priest of Helio- 
 polis in Egypt, surnamed the Mendesian, 
 B. C. 261. He wrote in Greek an history 
 of Egypt. 
 
 Mania, a goddess, supposed to be the 
 mother of the Lares and Manes. A fe- 
 male servant of queen Berenice the daugh- 
 ter of Ptolemy. A mistress of Deme- 
 trius Poliorcetes. 
 
 Manilia lex, bv Manilius the tribune, 
 A. U. C. 678. It required that all the 
 forces of Lucullus and his province, to- 
 gether with Bithynia, should be delivered 
 to Pompey, and that this general should, 
 without any delay, declare war against 
 
 Mithridates. Another which permitted 
 
 ail those whose fathers had not been in- 
 vested with public offices, to be employed 
 in the management of affairs. A wo- 
 man famous for her debaucheries. 
 
 Manilius, a Roman who married the 
 daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tuscu- 
 lum, and received his fatber-in-law in his 
 
 house, when banished from Rome. 
 
 Caius, a celebrated mathematician and 
 poet of jAntioch. Titus, a learned his- 
 torian in the age of Sylla and Marius. 
 
 Marcus, another mentioned by Cicero. 
 Manimi, a people in Germany. 
 
MA 
 
 221 
 
 xMA 
 
 Manlia lex, bvthe tribune P. Manlius, 
 A. U. C. 557. It revived the office of 
 treviri epulones, first instituted by JNuma. 
 
 Manlius Torquatus, a celebrated Ro- 
 man, whose youth was distinguished by a 
 lively and cheerful disposition. In a war 
 against the Gauls, he accepted the chal- 
 lenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic 
 stature and ponderous arms had rendered 
 him terrible and almost invincible in the 
 eyes of the Romans. The Gaul was con- 
 quered, and Manlius stripped him of his 
 arms, and from the collar (torquis) which 
 he took from the enemy's neck, he was 
 ever after surnamed Torquatus. Manlius 
 was the first Roman who was raised to 
 the dictatorship, without having been pre- 
 viously consul. The severity of Torqua- 
 tus to his son, has been deservedly censur- 
 ed . This father had the courage and heart 
 to put to death his son, because he had 
 engaged one of the enemy, and obtained 
 an honorable victory, without his previous 
 permission. From the rigor of Torquatus, 
 all edicts, and actions of severity and jus- 
 tice have been called Manliana edicta. 
 
 Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whose valor 
 was displayed in the field of battle, even 
 at the early age of sixteen. When Rome 
 was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a 
 body of his countrymen fled into the capi- 
 tol, which he defended when it was sud- 
 denly surprised in the night by the enemy. 
 This action gained him the surname of 
 Capitolinus. A law which Manlius pro- 
 posed, to abolish the taxes on the common 
 people, raised the senators against him ; 
 but he continued to raise factions, and 
 even secretly to attempt to make himself 
 absolute, till at last the tribunes of the 
 people themselves became his accusers. 
 He was condemned and thrown down 
 
 from the Tarpeian rock, A. U. C. 371. 
 
 Imperiosus, father of Manlius Torquatus. 
 
 He was made dictator. Volso, a Roman 
 
 consul who received an army of Scipio in 
 Asia, and made war against the Gallo-gre- 
 cians, whom he conquered. He was ho- 
 nored with a triumph at his return. 
 
 Caius, or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens 
 to collect the best and wisest laws of So- 
 lon, A. U. C. 300. Another, called also 
 
 Cincinnatus. He died of a wound he had 
 received in a battle. — Another, who in his 
 
 prffitor3hip reduced Sardinia. Another, 
 
 who was defeated by a rebel army of 
 
 slaves in Sicily. A praetor in Gaul, who 
 
 fought against the Boii, with very little 
 
 success. Another, called Attilius, who 
 
 defeated a Carthaginian fleet. A Ro- 
 man appointed judge between his son Si- 
 Janus and the province of Macedonia. 
 
 A learned man in the age of Cicero. 
 
 Mannus, the son of Thiasto, both fa- 
 mous divinities among the Germans. 
 
 J. Mansuetus, a friend of Vitellius, 
 
 who entered the Roman armies, and left 
 
 19* 
 
 his son, then very young, at home. The 
 son was promoted by Galba, and soon 
 after met a detachment of the partisans 
 of Vitellius in which his father was. A 
 battle was fought, and Mansuetus was 
 wounded by the hand of his son. 
 
 Mantinea, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. It is famous for the battle 
 which was fought there between Epami- 
 nondas at the head of the Thebans, and 
 the combined force of Lacedasmon, Acha- 
 ia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia, about three 
 hundred and sixty-three years before 
 Christ. 
 
 Mantineus, the father of Ocalea, who 
 married Abas the son of Lynceus and Hy- 
 permnestra. 
 
 Mantinorum oppidum, a town of Cor- 
 sica. 
 
 Mantius, a son of Melampus. 
 
 Manto, a daughter of the prophet Tire- 
 sias, endowed with the gift of prophecy. 
 Manto, acccording to a certain tradition, 
 was so struck at the misfortunes which 
 afflicted Thebes, her native country, that 
 she gave way to her sorrow, and waa 
 turned into a fountain. She received di- 
 vine honors after death. 
 
 Mantua, a town of Italy beyond the 
 Po, founded about three hundred years be- 
 fore Rome, by Bianor or Ocnus, the son 
 of Manto. It was the ancient capital of 
 Etruria. 
 
 Maracanda, a town of Sogdiana. 
 
 Maratha, a village of Arcadia. 
 
 Marathon, a village of Attica, ten miles 
 from Athens, celebrated for the victory 
 which the ten thousand Athenians and 
 one thousand Platsans, under the com- 
 mand of Miltiades, gained over the Per- 
 sian army, consisting of one hundred 
 thousand foot and ten thousand horse. 
 
 A king of Attica, son of Epopeus, 
 
 who gave his name to a email village 
 there. A king of Sicyon. 
 
 Marathos, a town of" Phoenicia. 
 
 Marcella, a daughter of Octavia the 
 sister of Augustus by Marcellus. She 
 married Agrippa. 
 
 Marcellinus Ammianus, a celebrated 
 historian who carried arms under Con- 
 stantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote 
 an history of Rome from the reign of Do- 
 mitian, where Suetonius stops, to the em- 
 peror Valens. His style is neither elegant 
 nor labored, but it is greatly valuable for 
 its veracity, and in many of the actions 
 he mentions, the author was nearly con- 
 cerned. 
 
 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, a fa- 
 mous Roman general. He was the first 
 Roman who obtained some advantage 
 over Hannibal and showed his country- 
 men that he waa not invincible. The 
 troubles which were raised in Sicily by 
 tbe Carthaginians at the death of Hiero 
 nymus, alarmed the Romans, and Marcel- 
 
MA 
 
 222 
 
 MA 
 
 lus, in hts third consulship, was sent with 
 a powerful force against Syracuse. lie 
 attacked it by sea and land, but his opera- 
 tions proved" ineffectual, and the inven- 
 tion and industry of a philosopher ( Vid. 
 Archimedes,) were able to baffle all the 
 efforts, and to destroy all the great and 
 stupendous machines and military engines 
 of the Romans during three successive 
 years. The perseverance of Marcellus at 
 last obtained the victory. After the con- 
 quest of Syracuse, Marcellus was called 
 upon by his country to oppose a second 
 time Annibal. In this campaign he be- 
 haved with greater vigor than before ; but 
 was not sufficiently vigilant against the 
 snares of his adversary. He imprudently 
 separated himself from his camp, and was 
 killed in an ambuscade in the sixtieth year 
 of his age, in his fifth consulship, A. U. C. 
 .546. His body was honored with a mag- 
 nificent funeral by the conqueror, and his 
 ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his 
 
 son. One of his descendants, who bore 
 
 the same name, signalized himself in the 
 civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, by his 
 firm attachment to the latter. — The grand- 
 son of Pompey's friend rendered himself 
 popular by his universal benevolence and 
 affability. The suddenness of his death, 
 at the early age of eighteen, was the cause 
 of much lamentation at Rome, and Virgil 
 procured himself great favors by celebrat- 
 ing the virtues of this amiable prince. 
 
 The son of the great Marcellus who took 
 Syracuse, was caught in the ambuscade 
 which proved fatal to his father, but lie 
 forced his way from the enemy and es- 
 caped. He received the ashes of his fa- 
 ther from the conqueror. The husband 
 
 of Octavia the sister of Augustus. A 
 
 conqueror of Britain. A colleague of 
 
 Cato in the quaestorship. A native of 
 
 Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem on 
 
 physic, divided into forty-two books. 
 
 A Roman drowned in a storm. 
 
 Marcia lex, by Marcius Censorinus. 
 Tt forbade any man to be invested with 
 the office of censor more than once. 
 
 Marcia, the wife of Regulus, when she 
 heard that her husband had been put to 
 death at Carthage in the most excruciat- 
 ing manner, retorted the punishment, and 
 shut up some Carthaginian prisoners in a 
 barrel, which she had previously filled 
 with sharp nails. The senate was obliged 
 
 to stop her wantonness and cruelty. A 
 
 favorite of the emperor Commodus, whom 
 
 he poisoned. A vestal virgin, punished 
 
 for her incontinence. A daughter of 
 
 Philip, who married Catojhe censor. 
 
 An ancient name of the island of Rhodes. 
 
 A daughter of Cato of Utica. A 
 
 stream of water. 
 
 Marciaxa, a sister of the emperor Tra- 
 jan, who, on account of her public and 
 private virtues and her amiable disposi- 
 
 tion, was declared Augusta and empress 
 by her brother. She died A. D. 113. 
 
 Marcianofoms, the capital of Lower 
 Moesia in Greece. 
 
 Marcia>-us, a native of Thrace, born of 
 an obscure family. After he had for some 
 time served in the army as a common sol- 
 dier, he was made private secretary to one 
 of the officers of Theodosius. His win- 
 ning address and uncommon talents rais- 
 ed him to higher stations ; and on the 
 death of Theodosius the 2d, A. D. 450, he 
 was invested with the imperial purple in 
 the east. In the midst of universal popu- 
 larity Marcianus died, after a reign of six 
 years, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, 
 as he was making warlike preparations 
 against the barbarians that had invaded 
 Africa. 
 
 M. Marcius Sabinus, was the progeni- 
 tor of the Marcian family at Rome. His 
 son, who married a daughter of Numa, 
 was made high priest by his father-in-law. 
 
 He was father of Ancus Martius. A 
 
 Roman consul, defeated by the Samnites. 
 Another consul, who obtained a vic- 
 tory over the Etrurians. A man whom 
 
 Catiline hired to assassinate Cicero. 
 
 Marcius Saltus, a place in Liguria. 
 
 Maecomakni, a people of Germany, 
 who originally dwelt on the banks of the 
 Rhine and the Danube. 
 
 Marcus, a praenomen common to many 
 
 of the Romans. Carynensis, a general 
 
 of the Achaean league, 255 B. C. 
 
 Mardi, a people of Persia, on the con- 
 fines of Media. They were very poor, 
 and generally lived upon the flesh of wild 
 beasts. 
 
 Mardia, a place of Thrace, famous for 
 a battle between Constantine and Licini- 
 us, A. D. 315. 
 
 Mardonius, a general of Xerxes, who, 
 after the defeat of his master at Thermo- 
 pylae and Salamis, was left in Greece with 
 an army of three hundred thousand cho- 
 sen men, to subdue the country, and 
 reduce it under the power of Persia. 
 His operations were rendered useless by 
 the courage and vigilance of the Greeks , 
 and, in a battle at Platasa, Mardonius was 
 defeated and left among the slain, B. C. 
 479. 
 
 Mardus, a river of Media, falling into 
 the Caspian sea. 
 
 Mare Mortuum, called also, from the 
 bitumen it throws up, the lake Asphaltites, 
 is situate in Judaea, and near one hundred 
 miles long and twenty-five broad. 
 
 Mareotis, now Siwah, a lake in Egypt, 
 near Alexandria. Its neighborhood is fa- 
 mous for wine. 
 
 Marginia and Margiania, a town and 
 country near the river Oxus, at the east 
 of Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. 
 
 Margites, a man against whom, as 
 some suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to 
 
MA 
 
 233 
 
 MA 
 
 ridicule his superficial knowledge, and to 
 expose his affectation. 
 
 Margus, a river of Mcesia failing into 
 the Danube. 
 
 Mariaba, a city in Arabia, near the Red 
 Sea. 
 
 Maria lex, by C. Marius, the tribune, 
 A. U. C. 634. It ordered the planks called 
 pontes, on which the people stood up to 
 give their votes in the co->nitia, to be nar- 
 rower, that no other might stand there to 
 hinder the proceedings of the assembly by 
 
 appeal, or other distu rbances. Another, 
 
 called also Porcia, by L. Marius and Por- 
 cius, tribunes, A. U. C. 691. It fined a 
 certain sum of money such commanders 
 as gave a false account to the Roman sen- 
 ate, of the number of slain in a battle. 
 
 Mariamma, a Jewish woman, who mar- 
 ried Herodes. 
 
 Marianje fossje, a town of Gaul Nar- 
 bonensis. 
 
 MiEuxDVNCM, a place near Bithynia 
 where the poets feign that Hercules drag- 
 ged Cerberus out of hell. 
 
 Marianus, a surname given to Jupiter, 
 from a temple built to his honor by Ma- 
 rius. 
 
 Marica, a nymph of the river Liris, 
 near Mitfturnae. A city of Campania bore 
 her name. Some suppose her to be the 
 
 same as Circe. A wood on the borders 
 
 of Campania. 
 
 Maricus, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the 
 reign of Vitellius, who refused to devour 
 him. 
 
 Marina, a daughter of Arcadius. 
 
 Marinus, a friend of Tiberius, put to 
 death. 
 
 Marion, a king of Tyre, in the age of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 Marissa, an opulent town of Judaea. 
 
 Maris, a river of Scythia. A son of 
 
 Armisodares, who assisted Priam against 
 the Greeks, and was killed by Antilo- 
 chus. 
 
 Marisus, a river of Dacia. 
 
 Marius, C, a celebrated Roman, born 
 at Arpinum, of obscure and illiterate pa- 
 rents. He first signalized himself under 
 Scipio at the siege of Numantia ; and next 
 passed into Africa against Jugurtha, king 
 of Numidia, whom he defeated. Marius 
 then returned to Rome, where new honors 
 and fresh trophies awaited him. The pro- 
 vinces were suddenly invaded by an army 
 of three hundred thousand barbarians, and 
 Marius was the only man whose activity 
 and boldness could resist so powerful an 
 enemy. He was, therefore, elected con- 
 sul, and sent against them ; two battles 
 were fought ; and two hundred thousand 
 of the enemy were slain, and ninety thou- 
 sand made prisoners. The following year 
 was also marked by the total overthrow 
 of the Cirnbri, another horde of barba- 
 rians, in which one hundred and forty 
 
 thousand were slaughtered by the Ro- 
 mans, and sixty thousand taken prison- 
 ers. After these glorious victories, Ma- 
 rius, with his colleague, Catulus, entered 
 Rome in triumph ; but his restless ambi- 
 tion began to raise seditions, and to op- 
 pose the power of Sylla. This produced 
 a civil war. Sylla refused to deliver up 
 the command of the forces with which he 
 was empowered to prosecute the Mithri- 
 datic war, and resolved to oppose the au- 
 thors of a demand which he considered 
 arbitrary and improper. He advanced to- 
 wards Rome, and Marius was obliged to 
 save his life by flight. He escaped to 
 Campania, but was discovered by the 
 emissaries of Sylla, and dragged to the 
 neighboring town of Minturnae, where the 
 magistrates passed sentence of death on 
 their magnanimous prisoner. The inhab- 
 itants of Minturnae, however, fearful of 
 putting so great a man to death, released 
 him from prison, and favored his escape 
 to Africa, where he joined his son Marius, 
 who had been exciting the princes of the 
 country in his cause. He then set sail to 
 assist his friend Cinna, who had favored 
 his interest at Rome, at the head of only 
 one thousand men ; but his army gradual- 
 ly increased, and he entered the city like 
 a conqueror. His enemies were inhu- 
 manly sacrificed to his fury ; Rome was 
 filled with blood, and he who had been 
 once called the father of his country, 
 marched through the streets attended by 
 a number of assassins, who immediately 
 slaughtered all those whose salutations 
 were not answered by their leader. When 
 he had sufficiently gratified his resent- 
 ment, he again made himself consul ; but 
 he did not long enjoy this dignity : he 
 was worn out with age and infirmities, 
 and he died sixteen days afterwards, aged 
 seventy. B. C. 86. -His son, Caius Ma- 
 rius, was as cruel as his father, and shared 
 his good and adverse fortune. He made 
 himself consul in his twenty-fifth year, 
 and murdered all those senators who op- 
 posed his views. He was defeated by 
 Sylla, and fled to Praneste, where he kill- 
 ed himself. M. Aurelius, a native of 
 
 Gaul, who, from the mean employment of 
 a blacksmith, became one of the generals 
 of Gailienus, and at last caused himself to 
 be. saluted emperor. Three days after this 
 elevation, a man who had shared his pov- 
 erty without partaking of his more pros- 
 perous fortune, publicly assassinated him. 
 Maximus, a Latin writer, who pub- 
 lished an account of the Roman emperors 
 
 from Trajan to Alexander, now lost. 
 
 Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved from 
 death by Otho. Sextus, a rich Span- 
 iard, thrown down from the Tarpeian 
 rock, on account of his riches. 
 
 Marmacus, the father of Pythagoras. 
 
 Marmarexses, a people of Lycia. 
 
MA 
 
 224 
 
 MA 
 
 jVIarmaiuca. Vid. Marmaridte. 
 Marmarid.*:, the inhabitants of that part 
 of Lybia called Marmarica, between Cy- 
 rene and Egypt. They were swift in run- 
 ning, and pretended to possess some drugs 
 or secret power to destroy the poisonous 
 effects of the bite of serpents. 
 Marmarion, a town of Euboea. 
 Marobodui, a nation of Germany. 
 Maron, a son of Evanthes, high priest 
 of Apollo, in Africa, when Ulysses touch- 
 ed upon the coast. An Egyptian who 
 
 accompanied Osiris in his conquests. 
 
 Maronea, a city of the Cicanes, in 
 Thrace, near the Hebrus, of which Bac- 
 chus is the chief deity. The wine has al- 
 ways been reckoned excellent. 
 
 Marpesia, a celebrated queen of the 
 Amazons, who waged a successful war 
 against the inhabitants of mount Cauca- 
 sus. 
 
 Marpessa, a daughter of the Evenus, 
 who married Idas, by whom she had Cle- 
 opatra, the wife of Meleager. Marpessa 
 was tenderly loved by her husband ; and 
 when Apollo endeavored to carry her 
 away, Idas followed him with a bow and 
 arrows, resolved on revenge. Apollo and 
 Idas were separated by Jupiter, who per- 
 mitted Marpessa to go with that of the 
 two lovers whom she most approved of. 
 She returned to her husband. 
 
 Marpesus, a town of Mysia. A 
 
 mountain of Paros, abounding in white 
 marble. 
 
 Marres, a king of Egypt, who had a 
 crow which conveyed his letters wherever 
 he pleased. 
 Marrucini, a people of Picenum. 
 Marruvium, or Marrubium, now San 
 Benedetto, a place near the Liris, in Italy. 
 Mars, the god of war among the an- 
 cients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. 
 The education of Mars was intrusted by 
 Juno to the god Priapus, who instructed 
 him in dancing and every manly exercise. 
 The worship of Mars was not very uni- 
 versal among the ancients; his temples 
 were not numerous in Greece, but in Rome 
 he received the most unbounded honors. 
 His most celebrated temple at Rome was 
 built by Augustus after the battle of Phi- 
 lippi. His priests among the Romans were 
 called Salii ; they were first instituted by 
 Numa, and their chief office was to guard 
 the sacred Ancylia, one of which, as was 
 supposed, had fallen down from heaven. 
 Mars was generally represented in the 
 naked figure of an old man, armed with a 
 helmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes 
 he appeared in a military dress, and with 
 a long flowing beard, and sometimes with- 
 out. He generally rode in a chariot drawn 
 by furious horses which the poets called 
 Flight and Terror. His altars were stain- 
 ed with the blood of the horse, on account 
 of his warlike spirit, and of the wolf, on 
 
 account of his ferocity. Magpies and vul- 
 tures were also offered to him, on ac- 
 count of their greediness and voracity. 
 The Scythians generally offered him asses, 
 and the people of Caria dogs. He presid- 
 ed over gladiators, and was the god of 
 hunting, and of whatever exercises or 
 amusements have something manly and 
 warlike. 
 
 Marsala, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Marsjeus, a Roman ridiculed by Ho- 
 race. 
 
 Marse, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Marsi, a nation of Germany, who after- 
 wards came to settle near the lake Fuci- 
 nus in Italy, in a country chequered with 
 forests abounding with wild boars, and 
 other ferocious animals. 
 
 Marsigm, a people of Germany. 
 
 Marsus Domitiu9, a Latin poet. 
 
 Marstaba, a town of Arabia. 
 
 Marsyas, a celebrated piper of Cehenas, 
 in Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hy- 
 agnis, or OSagrus. He was so skilful in 
 playing on the flute, that he is generally 
 deemed the inventor of it. Marsyas was 
 enamored of Cybele, and he travelled with 
 her as far as Nysa, where he had the im- 
 prudence to challenge Apollo to a trial of 
 his skill as a musician. The god accepted 
 the challenge, and it was mutually agreed 
 that he who was defeated should be flayed 
 alive by the conqueror. The Muses, or 
 according to Diodorus, the inhabitants of 
 Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each ex- 
 erted his utmost skill, and the victory, 
 with much difficulty, was adjudged to 
 Apollo. The god, upon this, tied his an- 
 tagonist to a tree, and flayed him alive. 
 
 The sources of the Marsyas were near 
 
 those of the Mreander, and those two riv- 
 ers had their confluence a little below the 
 town of CelBenae. A writer, who pub- 
 lished a history of Macedonia, from the 
 first origin and foundation of that empire 
 till the reign of Alexander, in which he 
 
 lived. An Egyptian who commanded 
 
 the armies of Cleopatra against her bro- 
 ther Ptolemy Physcon. A man put to 
 
 death by Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily. 
 
 Martha, a celebrated prophetess of 
 Syria. 
 
 Martia, a vestal virgin, put to death 
 for her incontinence. 
 
 Martia aqua, water at Rome, cele- 
 brated for its clearness and salubrity. 
 
 Martiales ludi, games celebrated at 
 Rome in honor of Mars. 
 
 Marti alis, Marcus Valerius, a native 
 of Bilbilis, in Spain, who came to Rome 
 about the twentieth year of his age, 
 where he recommended himself to notice 
 by his poetical genius. As he was the 
 panegyrist of the emperors, he gained the 
 greatest honors, and was rewarded in the 
 most liberal manner. Domitian gave him 
 the tribuneship. Trajan treated the poet 
 
MA 
 
 225 
 
 MA 
 
 with coldness ; and Martial, after he Lad 
 passed thirty-five years in the capital of 
 the world, in the greatest splendor and af- 
 fluence, retired "to his native country, 
 where he had the mortification to be the 
 object of malevolence, satire, and ridicule. 
 Martial died about the one hundred and 
 fourth year of the Christian era, in the 
 seventy-fifth year of his age. He is now 
 well known by the fourteen books of epi- 
 grams which he wrote. A friend of 
 
 Otho. A man who conspired against 
 
 Caracalla. 
 
 Martina, a woman skilled in the know- 
 ledge of poisonous herbs. 
 
 Marti ni anus, an officer, put to death 
 by order of Constantine. 
 
 Martius, a surname of Jupiter in Atti- 
 ca. A Roman consul sent against. Per- 
 seus, &c. A consul against the Dalma- 
 tians, <fcc. Another who defeated the 
 
 Privernates. 
 
 Marullus, a tribune of the people, who 
 tore the garlands which had been placed 
 upon Cresar's statues, and who ordered 
 those that had saluted him king to be im- 
 prisoned. A governor of Judaea. A 
 
 Latin poet in the age of M. Aurelius. 
 
 Marus, (the Morava) a river of Germany. 
 
 Massa B.ee, an informer at the court of 
 Domitian. 
 
 Mas.isylii, a people of Libya, where 
 Syphax reigned. 
 
 Masinissa, son of Gala, was king of a 
 small part of Africa, and assisted the Car- 
 thagin'.ms in their wars against Rome. 
 He proved a most indefatigable and cour- 
 ageous ally, but an act of generosity ren- 
 dered him amicable to the interests of 
 Rome. After the defeat of Asdrubal, 
 Scipio, the first Africanus who had ob- 
 tained the victory, found, among the pris- 
 oners of war, one of the nephews of Ma- 
 sin issa. He sent him back to his uncle 
 loaded with presents, and conducted him 
 with a detachment for the safety and pro- 
 tection of his person. Masinissa was 
 struck with the generous action of the 
 Roman general, he forgot all former hos- 
 tilities, and joined his troops to those of 
 Scipio. This change of sentiments was 
 not the effect of a wavering or unsettled 
 mind, but Masinissa showed himself the 
 most attached and the firmest ally the 
 Romans ever had. At his death Masinis- 
 sa showed the confidence he had in the 
 Romans, and the esteem he entertained 
 for the rising talents of Scipio iEmilianus, 
 by intrusting him with the care of his 
 kingdom, and impowering him to divide 
 it among his sons. Masinissa died in the 
 ninety-seventh year of his age, after a 
 reign of abave sixty years, one hundred 
 and forty-nine years before the Christian 
 era. 
 
 Maso, a name common to several per- 
 sons mentioned by Cicero. 
 
 Massaga, a town of India, taken by 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 Massaght.e, a people of Scythia who 
 dwelt in tents. They had no temples, 
 but worshipped the sun, to whom they of- 
 fered horses on account of their swiftness. 
 
 Massani, a nation at the mouth of the 
 Indus. 
 
 Massicus, a mountain of Campania, 
 
 near Minturnce, famous for its wine. 
 
 An Etrurian prince, who assisted /Eneas 
 against Turnus with one thousand men. 
 
 Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Nar- 
 bonensis, now called Marseilles, founded 
 B. C. 539, by the people of Phoccea, in 
 Asia. It is celebrated for its laws, its fidel- 
 ity for the Romans, and for its being long 
 the seat of literature. 
 
 Massyla, an inland part of Mauritania 
 near mount Atlas. When the inhabitants, 
 called Massyli, went on horseback, they 
 never used saddles or bridles, but only 
 sticks. Their character was warlike, and 
 their love of liberty unconquerable. 
 
 Mastramela, a lake near Marseilles. 
 
 Masurius, a Roman knight under Tibe- 
 rius, learned but poor. 
 
 Masus Domitius, a Latin poet. 
 
 Matho, an infamous informer, patron- 
 ised by Domitian. 
 
 Matieni, a people in the neighborhood 
 of Armenia. 
 
 Matinus, a mountain of Apulia, a- 
 bounding in yew-treos and bees. 
 
 Matisco, a town of the iEdui, in Gaul, 
 now called Macon. 
 
 Matralia, a festival at Rome, in honor 
 of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free- 
 born women were admitted. 
 
 Matrona, a river of Gaul, now called 
 
 the Manic, falling into the Seine. One 
 
 of the surnames of Juno. 
 
 Matronalia, festivals at Rome in hon- 
 or of Mars, celebrated by married women, 
 in commemoration of the rape of the Sa- 
 bines. 
 
 Mattiaci, a nation of Germany, now 
 Marpurg in Hesse. The Mattiacai aquce, 
 was a small town, now JVisbaden opposite 
 Mentz. 
 
 Matuta, a deity among the Romans, 
 She was originally Ino, who was changed 
 into a sea deity, and she was worshipped 
 by sailors as such, at Corinth in a temple 
 sacred to Neptune. 
 
 Mayors, a name of Mars. 
 
 Mavortia, an epithet applied to every 
 country whose inhabitants were warlike. 
 
 Maurt, the inhabitants of Mauritania. 
 This name i3 derived from their black 
 complexion. 
 
 Mauritania, a country on the western 
 part of Africa, which forms the modern 
 kingdom of Fez and Morocco. 
 
 Maurus, a man who flourished in the 
 reign of Trajan, or according to others, of 
 the Antonini. He was governor of Syene. 
 K* 
 
MA 
 
 226 
 
 MA 
 
 in Upper Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem 
 upon the rules of poetry and versification. 
 
 Maurusii, the people of Maurusia, a 
 country near the columns of Hercules. It 
 is also called Mauritania. 
 
 Mausolus, a king ofCaria. His wife 
 Artemisia was so disconsolate at his death, 
 which happened B. C. 353, that she drank 
 up his ashes, and resolved to erect one 
 of the grandest and noblest monuments 
 of antiquity, to celebrate the memory of a 
 husband whom she tenderly loved. This 
 famous monument, which passed for one 
 of the seven wonders of the world, was 
 called Mausoleum, and from it all other 
 nagnificent sepulchres and tombs have re- 
 jeived the same name. It was built by 
 four different architects. The expenses 
 of this edifice were immense, and this 
 gave an occasion to the philosopher Anax- 
 agoras to exclaim, when he saw it, How 
 much money changed into stones! 
 
 Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 
 a son of the emperor Maximianus Hercules. 
 The voluntary abdication of Dioclesian, 
 and of his father, raised him in the state, 
 and he declared himself independent em- 
 peror, or Augustus, A. D. 306. Constan- 
 tine undertook to dethrone him. He gave 
 his adversary battle near Rome, and, after 
 he had lost the victory, he fled back to the 
 city. The bridge over which he crossed 
 the Tiber was in a decayed situation, and 
 he fell into the river and was drowned, on 
 the twenty-fourth of September, A. D. 312. 
 The cowardice and luxuries of Maxentius 
 are as conspicuous as his cruelties. 
 
 Corn. Maximiliana, a vestal virgin 
 buried alive for incontinency, A. D. 92. 
 
 Maximianus, Herculius Marcus Aure- 
 lius Valerius, a native of Sirmium, in 
 Pannonia, who served as a common sol- 
 dier in the Roman armies, and was made 
 by Dioclesian his colleague in the empire. 
 Dioclesian abdicated the imperial purple, 
 and obliged Maximianus to follow his ex- 
 ample, on the first of April, A. D. 304. 
 Maximianus reluctantly complied with 
 the command of a man to whom he owed 
 his greatness ; but, before the first year 
 of his resignation had elapsed, he was 
 roused from his indolence and retreat by 
 the ambition of his son Maxentius. He 
 reassumed the imperial dignity, and 
 showed his ingratitude to his son by 
 wishing him to resign the sovereignty, 
 and to sink into a private person. This 
 proposal was not only rejected with 
 the contempt it deserved, but the troops 
 mutinied against Maximianus, and he fled 
 for safety to Gaul, to the court of Constan- 
 tine, to whom he gave his daughter Faus- 
 tina in- marriage. Here he again acted a 
 conspicuous character, and reassumed 
 the imperial power, which his misfortunes 
 had obliged him to relinquish. He base- 
 ly attempted to murder Constantine, who 
 
 resolved to destroy a man so inimical to 
 his nearest relations. Maximianus was 
 allowed to choose his own death. He 
 strangled himself at Marseilles, A. D. 310, 
 
 in the sixtieth year of his age. Gale- 
 
 rius Valerius, a native of Dacia, who in 
 the first years of his life, was employed in 
 keeping his father's flocks. He entered 
 the army, where his valor and bodily 
 strength recommended him to the notice 
 of his superiors, and particularly to Dio- 
 clesian who invested him with the impe- 
 rial purple in the east, and gave him his 
 daughter Valeria in marriage. Dioclesian 
 afterwards himself dreaded his power, 
 and even, it is said, abdicated the impe- 
 rial dignity by means of his threats. As 
 soon as Dioclesian had abdicated, Galerius 
 was proclaimed Augustus, A. D. 304, but 
 his cruelty soon rendered him odious, and 
 the Roman people raised Maxentius to 
 the imperial dignity the following year. 
 Galerius was obliged to yield to the tor- 
 rent of his unpopularity, and to fly before 
 his more fortunate adversary. He died 
 in the greatest agonies, A. D. 311. 
 
 Maximinus, Caius Julius Verus, the son 
 of a peasant in Thrace. He was origin- 
 ally a shepherd, and, by heading his coun- 
 trymen against the frequent attacks of the 
 neighboring barbarians and robbers, he 
 inured himself to the labors and to the fa- 
 tigues of a camp. He entered the Roman 
 armies, where he gradually rose to the 
 first offices ; and on the death of Alexan- 
 der Severus he caused himself to be pro- 
 claimed emperor, A. D. 235. The popu- 
 larity which he had gained when general 
 of the armies, was at an end when he as- 
 cended the throne. He was delighted 
 with acts of the greatest barbarity, and 
 no less than four hundred persons lost 
 their lives on the false suspicion of having 
 conspired against the emperor's life. His 
 bloody machinations were stopped, and 
 his soldiers, ashamed of accompanying a 
 tyrant whose cruelties had procured him 
 the name of Busiris, Cyclops, and Phala- 
 ris, assassinated him in his tent before the 
 walls of Aquileia, A. D. 236, in the sixty- 
 fifth year of his age. The news of his 
 death was received with the greatest re- 
 joicings at Rome, public thanksgivings 
 were offered, and whole hecatombs flamed 
 on the altars. Maximinus has been repre- 
 sented by historians as of a gigantic sta- 
 ture, immense strength, and remarkable 
 voracity. Maximinus made his son, of 
 the same name, emperor, as soon as he 
 was invested with the purple, and his 
 choice was unanimously approved by the 
 senate, by the people, and by the army . 
 
 Galerius Valerius, a shepherd of 
 
 Thrace, who was raised to the imperial 
 dignity by Dioclesian, A. D. 305. He de- 
 clared war against Licinius, his colleague 
 on the throne, but a defeat, which soon 
 
MA 
 
 227 
 
 ME 
 
 after followed, on the 30th of April, A. D. 
 313, between Heraclea and Adrianopolis, 
 left him without resources and without 
 friends. He expired in the greatest ago- 
 nies, of a dreadful distemper which con- 
 sumed him day and night with inexpressi- 
 ble pains, and reduced him to a mere ske- 
 leton. A minister of the emperor Va- 
 lerian. One of the ambassadors of 
 
 young Theodosius to Attila king of the 
 Huns. 
 
 Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain, 
 who proclaimed himself emperor, A. D. 
 383. The unpopularity of Gratian favor- 
 ed his usurpation, and he was acknow- 
 ledged by his troops. Gratian marched 
 against him, but he was defeated, and 
 soon after assassinated. Maxim us refus- 
 ed the honors of a burial to the remains 
 of Gratian ; and, when he had made him- 
 self master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, 
 he sent ambassadors into the east, and 
 demanded of the emperor Theodosius to 
 acknowledge him as his associate on the 
 throne. Theodosius endeavored to amuse 
 and delay him, but Maximus resolved to 
 support his claim by arms, and crossed the 
 Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome 
 opened her gates to the conqueror. Max- 
 imus was betrayed by his soldiers to The- 
 odosius, and the conqueror, moved with 
 compassion at the sight of his fallen and 
 dejected enemy, granted him life, but the 
 multitude refused him mercy, and instant- 
 ly struck off his head, A. D. 388. Pe- 
 
 tronius, a Roman, descended of an illus- 
 trious family. He caused Valentinian 
 III. to be assassinated, and ascended the 
 throne ; and was stoned to death by his 
 soldiers, after a reign of seventy-seven 
 
 days. Pupianus. Vid. Pupianus. A 
 
 celebrated cynic philosopher and magi- 
 cian of Ephesus. He instructed the em- 
 peror Julian in magic ; and, according to 
 the opinion of some historians, it was in 
 the conversation and company of Maxi- 
 mus that the apostacy of Julian originated. 
 The emperor not only visited the philoso- 
 pher, but he even submitted his writings 
 to his inspection and censure. He was 
 accused of magical practices before the 
 emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephe- 
 sus, A. D. 366. Tyrius, a platonic phi- 
 losopher, in the reign of M. Aurelius. 
 
 One of the Greek fathers of the seventh 
 
 century. Paulus Fabius, a consul with 
 
 M. Antony's son. Horace speaks of him, 
 as of a gay handsome youth, fond of plea- 
 sure, yet industrious and indefatigable. 
 
 An epithet applied to Jupiter. A 
 
 native of Sirmium, in Pannonia. He was 
 originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in 
 the Roman army, he became one of the 
 military tribunes, and his marriage with 
 a woman of rank and opulence soon ren- 
 dered him independent. A general of 
 
 Trajan, killed in the eastern provinces. 
 
 A philosopher, native of Byzantium, 
 
 in the age of Julian the emperor. 
 
 Mazaca, a large city of Cappadocia, the 
 capital of the province. 
 
 Mazaces, a Persian governor of Mem- 
 phis. He made a sally against the Gre- 
 cian soldiers of Alexander, and killed 
 great numbers of them. 
 
 Mazsus, a satrap of Cilicia. A gov- 
 ernor of Babylon. 
 
 Mazares, a satrap of Media, who reduc- 
 ed Priene under the power of Cyrus. 
 
 Mazaxes, a people of Africa, famous for 
 shooting arrows. 
 
 Mazeras, a river of Hyrcania, falling 
 into the Caspian sea. 
 
 Mazices and Mazvges, a people of 
 Libya, very expert in the use of missile 
 weapons. 
 
 Mec.enas or Meccenas, C. Cilnius, a 
 celebrated Roman knight, descended from 
 the kings of Etruria. He has rendered 
 himself immortal by his liberal patronage 
 of learned men and of letters ; and to his 
 prudence and advice Augustus acknow- 
 ledged himself indebted for the security he 
 enjoyed. To the interference of Mecce- 
 nas, Virgil owed the restitution of his 
 lands, and Horace was proud to boast that 
 his learned friend had obtained his for- 
 giveness from the emperor, for joining 
 the cause of Brutus at the battle of Phi- 
 lippi. Meccenas was himself fond of lite- 
 rature, and, according to the most receiv- 
 ed opinion, he wrote an history of ani- 
 mals, a journal of the life of Augustus, a 
 treatise on the different natures and kinds 
 of precious stones, besides the two trage- 
 dies of Octavia and Prometheus, and other 
 things, all now lost. He died eight years 
 before Christ ; and, on his death-bed he 
 particularly recommended his friend Ho- 
 race to the care and confidence of Augus- 
 tus. 
 
 Mechaneus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
 his patronising undertakings. 
 
 Mecisteus, son of Echius or Talaus, 
 
 was one of the companions of Ajax. 
 
 A son of Lycaon. 
 
 Mecrida, the wife of Lysimachus. 
 Medea, a celebrated magician, daugh- 
 ter of ^Eetes, king of Colchis. She was 
 the niece of Circe. When Jason came to 
 Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Me- 
 dea became enamored of him, and it was 
 to her well-directed labors that the Argo- 
 nauts owed their preservation. ( Vid. Ja- 
 son.) 
 
 Medesicaste, a daughter of Priam, 
 who married Imbrius son of Mentor. 
 
 Media, a celebrated country of Asia, 
 bounded on the north by the Caspian 
 sea, west by Armenia, south by Persia, 
 and east by Parthia and Hyrcania. The 
 Medes were warlike in the primitive ages 
 of their power; they encouraged polyga- 
 my, and were remarkable for the homage 
 
ME 
 
 228 
 
 ME 
 
 which they paid to their sovereigns, who 
 were styled kings of kings. 
 
 Medias, a tyrant of Mysia. 
 
 Medicus, a prince of Larissa, in Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 Mediolanum, now Milan, the capital 
 
 of Insubria at the mouth of the Po. 
 
 Auiercorum, a town of Gaul, now Evreux, 
 
 in Normandy. Santonum, another, 
 
 now Saintes, in Guienne. 
 
 Mediomatrices, a nation that lived on 
 the borders of the Rhine, now Mett. 
 
 Mediterraneum mare, a sea which 
 divides Europe and Asia Minor from Afri- 
 ca. It receives its name from its situa- 
 tion, medio terra;, situate in the middle of 
 the land. 
 
 Meditrina, the goddess of medicines, 
 whose festivals, called Meditrinalia, were 
 celebrated at Rome the last day of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Medoacus or Meduacus, a river in the 
 country of the Veneti, falling into the 
 Adriatic sea. 
 
 Medobithyni, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Medobriga, a town of Lusitania, now 
 destroyed. 
 
 Medon, son of Codrus the 17th and last 
 king of Athens, was the first Archon that 
 \vas appointed with regal authority, B. C. 
 J070. His successors were called from 
 iiim Medontidae, and the office of Arcbon 
 remained for above two hundred years in 
 the family of Codrus under twelve per- 
 
 ?etual archons. A man killed in the 
 'rojan war. A statuary of Laceda> 
 
 Jion. One of the Centaurs. One of 
 
 Ihe Tyrrhene sailors changed into dol- 
 phins by Bacchus. A river of Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Medontias, a woman of Abydos, with 
 whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife. 
 
 Meduacus, two rivers, falling near Ve- 
 nice into the Adriatic sea. 
 
 Meduana, a river of Gaul. 
 
 Medullina, an infamous courtezan in 
 Juvenal's age. 
 
 Medus, now Kur, a river of Media, fall- 
 ing into the Araxes. Some take Medus 
 adjectively, a3 applying to any of the great 
 
 rivers of Media. A son of iEgeus and 
 
 Medea, who gave his name to a country 
 of Asia. Medus, when arrived to years 
 of maturity, went to seek his mother, 
 whom the arrival of Theseus in Athens 
 had driven away. He came to Colchis, 
 where he was seized by his uncle Perses, 
 who usurped the throne of ^Eetes, his 
 mother's father, because the oracle had 
 declared that Perses should be murdered 
 by one of the grandsons of JSetes. Me- 
 dus assumed another name, and called 
 himself Hippotes, son of Creon. Mean- 
 while Medea arrived in Colchis disguised 
 in the habit of a priestess of Diana, and 
 when she heard that one of Creon's chil- 
 dren was imprisoned, she resolved to has- 
 
 ten the destruction of a person whose 
 family she detested. To effect this with 
 more certainty she told the usurper, that 
 Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent 
 by his mother to murder him. She beg- 
 ged Perses to give her Hippotes, that she 
 might sacrifice him to her resentment. 
 Perses consented. Medea discovered that 
 it was her own son, and she instantly 
 armed him with the dagger which she 
 had prepared against his life, and ordered 
 him to stab the usurper. He obeyed, and 
 Medea discovered who he was, and made 
 her son Medus sit on his grandfather's 
 throne. 
 
 Medusa, one of the three Gorgons, 
 daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was 
 the only one of the Gorgons who was 
 subject to mortality. She is celebrated for 
 her personal charms and the beauty of her 
 locks. The locks of Medusa were chan- 
 ged into serpents by Minerva, whose tem- 
 ple she had profaned. According to Apol- 
 lodorus and others, Medusa and her sis- 
 ters came into the world with snakes on 
 their heads, instead of hair, with yellow 
 wings and brazen hands. Their body 
 was also covered with impenetrable 
 scales, and their very looks had the pow- 
 er of killing or turning to stones. A 
 
 daughter of Priam. A daughter of 
 
 Sthenelus. 
 
 Megabizi, certain priests in Diana's 
 temple at Ephesus. 
 
 Megabyzus, one of the noble Persians 
 who conspired against the usurper Smer- 
 dis. A son of Zopyrus, satrap to Dari- 
 us. He conquered Egypt. A satrap of 
 
 Artaxerxes. He was discarded and after- 
 wards reconciled to the monarch by means 
 of his mother. He died in the 76th year 
 of his age, B. C. 447, greatly regretted. 
 
 Megacles, an Athenian archon who 
 involved the greatest part of the Atheni- 
 ans in the sacrilege which was committed 
 
 in the conspiracy of Cylon. A brother 
 
 of Dion. A son of Alcmseon, who re- 
 volted with some Athenians after the de- 
 parture of Solon from Athens. A na- 
 tive of Messana in Sicily, famous for his 
 inveterate enmity to Agathocles, tyrant of 
 
 Syracuse. A man who destroyed the 
 
 leading men of Mitylene, because he had 
 been punished. 
 
 Megaclides, a peripatetic philosopher 
 in the age of Protagoras. 
 
 Megjeka, one of the furies, daughter of 
 Nox and Acheron. 
 
 Megale, the Greek name of Cybele, 
 the mother of the gods, whose festivals 
 were called Megalesia. 
 
 Megaleas, a seditious person of Cor- 
 inth. He was seized for his treachery to 
 king Philip of Macedonia, upon which he 
 destroyed himself to avoid punishment. 
 
 Megalesia, games in honor of Cybele 
 instituted by the Phrygians, and introduc- 
 
ME 
 
 229 
 
 ME 
 
 ed at Rome in the second Punic war, 
 r.iien the statue of the goddess was 
 Drought from Persinus. 
 
 MeoaU a, a small island of Campania, 
 neir NeapOlis. 
 
 -Megalopolis, a town of Arcadia in Pe- 
 loponnesus, built by Epaminondas. 
 
 M$gamede, the wife of Thestius, moth- 
 er by him of fifty daughters. 
 
 .M*k:ga..vira, the wife of Celeus, king of 
 Eleisis in Attica. She was mother to 
 Ti iptpleimis, to Whom Ceres, as she trav- 
 elled over Attica, taught agriculture. 
 She received divine honors after death. 
 The wife of Areas. 
 
 JbuAPESTHEs, an illegitimate son of 
 Menelaus, who was married to a daugh- 
 ter of Alector, a native of Sparta. His 
 mother's name was Teridoa, a slave of 
 Menelaus. 
 
 Megara, a daughter of Creon, king of 
 Thebes, given in marriage to Hercules, 
 because he had delivered the Thebans 
 from the tyranny of the Orchomenians. 
 She was killed, with her three children, 
 by her husband, in a fit of madness. 
 
 Megara, a city of Achaia, the capital 
 of a country called Me^aris, founded about 
 1131 B. C. It is situate nearly at an 
 equal distance from Corinth and Athens, 
 on the Sinus Saronicus. It was built 
 upon two rocks, and is still in being, and 
 
 preserves its ancient name. A town of 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 Megareus, the father of Hippomenes. 
 < A son of Apollo. 
 
 Megaris, a small country of Achaia, 
 between Phocis on the west and Attica on 
 the east. 
 
 Megarstjs, a town of Sicily— of Cilicia. 
 A river of India. 
 
 Megasthenes, a Greek historian in the 
 age of Seleucus Nicanor, about three hun- 
 dred years before Christ. He wrote about 
 the oriental nations, and particularly the 
 Indians. 
 
 Meges, one of Helen's suitors, who 
 went with forty ships to the Trojan war. 
 
 Megilla, a native of Locris, remarka- 
 ble for beauty. 
 
 Megista, an island of Lycia, with an 
 harbor of the same name. 
 
 Megistias, a soothsayer who told the 
 Spartans that defended Thermopylae, that 
 they all should perish. A river. 
 
 Mela Pomponius, a Spaniard who flou- 
 rished about the forty-fifth year of the 
 Christian era, and distinguished himself 
 by his geography divided into three books, 
 and written with elegance, with great 
 perspicuity and brevity. 
 
 Melsn^, a village of Attica. 
 
 Melampus, a celebrated soothsayer and 
 physician of Argo3, son of Amythaon and 
 ldomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos 
 in Peloponnesus. The tyranny of his un- 
 cle Neleus, king of Pylos, obliged him to 
 90 
 
 leave his native country, and Prcetus gave 
 him part of his kingdom, over which he 
 established himself About this time the 
 personal charms of Pero, the daughter of 
 Neleus, had gained many admirers, but 
 the father promised his daughter only to 
 him who brought into his hands the oxen 
 of Iphiclus. This condition displeased 
 many ; but Bias, who was also one of her 
 admirers, engaged his brother Melampus 
 to steal the oxen, and deliver them to him. 
 Melampus was caught in the attempt, and 
 imprisoned, and nothing but his services 
 as a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus 
 would have saved him from death. A 
 severe distemper, which had rendered the 
 women of Argos insane, was totally re- 
 moved by Melampus, and Anaxagoras, 
 who then sat on the throne, rewarded his 
 merit by giving him part of his kingdom 
 He received divine honors after death, 
 and temples were raised to his memory. 
 
 The father of Cisseus and Gyas. 
 
 A son of Priam. One of Actaeon's 
 
 dogs. 
 
 Melampyges, a surname of Hercules, 
 from the black and hairy appearance of 
 his back. 
 
 Melanch^tes, one of Actaeon's dogs. 
 
 Melanchljeni, a people near the Cim- 
 merian Bosphorus. 
 
 Melanchrus, a tyrant of Lesbos, who 
 died about 612 B. C. 
 
 Melane, the same as Samothrace. 
 
 Melaneus, a son of Eurytus, from 
 whom Eretria has been called Melaneis. 
 A centaur. 
 
 Melanida, a surname of Venus. 
 
 Melanion, the same as Hippomenes, 
 who married Atalanta. 
 
 Melanippe, a daughter of iEolus who 
 had two children by Neptune, for which 
 her father put out both her eyes, and con- 
 fined her in a prison. Her children de- 
 livered her from confinement, and Nep- 
 tune restored her to her eye-sight. A 
 
 nymph who married Itonus, son of Am- 
 phictyon. 
 
 Melanippides, a Greek poet about five 
 hundred and twenty years before Christ. 
 
 Melanippus, a priest of Apollo, at Cy- 
 
 rene, killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. 
 
 A son of Astacus one of the Theban 
 chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes 
 against the army of Adrastus king of Ar- 
 gos. He was killed by Amphiaraus. 
 
 A son of Mars, who became enamored of 
 Cometho, a priestess of Diana Triclaria. 
 
 A Trojan killed by Antilochus in the 
 
 Trojan war. Another killed by Patro- 
 
 clus. 
 
 Melanosyri, a people of Syria. 
 
 Melanthii, rocks near the island of 
 Samos. 
 
 Melanthiu9, a man who wrote an his- 
 tory of Attica. A famous painter of 
 
 Sicyon. A tragic poet in the age of 
 
ME 
 
 230 
 
 ME 
 
 Phocion. A Trojan killed by Eurypylus 
 
 in the Trojan war. A goat herd killed 
 
 by Telemachus after the return of Ulys- 
 ses. 
 
 Melantho, a daughter of Proteus. 
 
 One of Penelope's women, sister to Me- 
 lanthius. 
 
 Melanthus, Melanthes, or Melan- 
 thius, a son of Andropompus, whose an- 
 cestors were kings of Pylos. He was 
 driven from his paternal kingdom by the 
 Heraclidae, and came to Athens, where his 
 family, surnamed the JVeleidce, sat on the 
 throne till the age of Codrus. 
 
 Melas, a river of Peloponnesus — of 
 Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Cher- 
 
 sonesus. Another in Sicily — in Achaia 
 
 — in Boeotia — in Thessaly. A son of 
 
 Neptune. Another, son of Proteus. 
 
 A son of Phryxus who was among the Ar- 
 gonauts. 
 Meld.e, a city of Gaul. 
 Meleager, a celebrated hero of anti- 
 quity, son of CEneus, king of iEtolia by 
 Althaea, daughter of Thestius. The 
 Parcae were present at the moment of his 
 birth; and Atropos declared that he should 
 live as long as that fire-brand, which was 
 on the fire, remained entire and uncon- 
 sumed. Althaea no sooner heard this, 
 than she snatched the stick from the fire, 
 and kept it with the most jealous care, as 
 the life of her son was destined to depend 
 upon its preservation. The fame of Mele- 
 ager increased with his years ; he signal- 
 ized himself in the Argonautic expedi- 
 tion, and afterwards delivered his country 
 from the neighboring inhabitants, who 
 made war against his father, at the insti- 
 gation of Diana, whose altars CEneus had 
 neglected. No sooner were they destroy- 
 ed than Diana punished the negligence of 
 CEneus by a greater calamity. She sent 
 a huge wild boar, which laid waste all the 
 country, and seemed invincible on account 
 of its immense size. It became soon a 
 public concern, all the neighboring princes 
 assembled to destroy this terrible animal, 
 and nothing became more famous in my- 
 thological history, than the hunting of the 
 Calydonian boar. This troop of armed 
 men attacked the boar with unusual fury, 
 and it was at last killed by Meleager. 
 The conqueror gave the skin and the head 
 to Atalanta, who had first wounded the 
 animal. This partiality to a woman irri- 
 tated the others, and particularly Toxeus 
 and Plexippus, the brothers of Althaea, 
 and they endeavored to rob Atalanta of 
 the honorable present. Meleager defend- 
 ed a woman, of whom he was enamored, 
 and killed his uncles in the attempt. 
 When Althaea was informed that her broth- 
 er had been killed by Meleager, in the mo- 
 ment of resentment, she threw into the fire 
 the fatal stick on which her son's life de- 
 pended, and Meleager died as soon as it 
 
 was consumed. A general, who sup- 
 ported Aridaeus when he had been made 
 king after the death of his brother Alex- 
 ander the Great. A brother of Ptolemy, 
 
 made king of Macedonia B. C. 280 years. 
 
 A Greek poet in the reign of Seleucus 
 
 the last of the Seleucidae. He was born 
 at Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his well- 
 directed labors that we are indebted for 
 the antholog-ia, or collection of Greek epi- 
 grams, which he selected from forty-six 
 of the best and most esteemed poets. 
 
 Meleagrides, the sisters of Meleager 
 daughters of CEneus and Althaea. They 
 were so disconsolate at the death of their 
 brother Meleager, that they refused all ali- 
 ments, and were, at the point of death, 
 changed into birds called Meleagrides, 
 whose feathers and eggs, as it is supposed, 
 are of a different color. 
 
 Melesander, an Athenian general who 
 died B. C. 414. 
 
 Meles, a river of Asia Minor, in Ionia 
 near Smyrna. Some of the ancients sup- 
 posed that Homer was born on its banks. 
 
 A beautiful Athenian youth, greatly 
 
 beloved by Timagoras, whose affections 
 he repaid with the greatest coldness and 
 
 indifference. A king of Lydia, who 
 
 succeeded his father Alyattes, about seven 
 hundred and forty-seven years before 
 Christ. 
 
 Melesigenes or Melesigena, a name 
 given to Homer. 
 Melia, a daughter of Oceanus, who 
 
 married Inachus. A nymph. A 
 
 daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caanthus. 
 
 One of the Nereides. A daughter 
 
 of Agenor. 
 Melibcea, a daughter of Oceanus, who 
 
 married Pelasgus. A daughter of Am- 
 
 phion and Niobe. A maritime town of 
 
 Magnesia in Thessaly. Also an island 
 
 at the mouth of the Orontes in Syria. 
 
 Melibceus, a shepherd introduced in 
 Virgil's eclogues. 
 
 Melicerta, Melicertes, or Melicer- 
 tus, a son of Athamas and Ino, changed 
 into a sea deity by Neptune. Neptune had 
 compassion on the misfortunes of Ino and 
 her son, and changed them both into sea 
 deities. 
 
 Meliguni9, one of the ^Eolian islands 
 near Sicily. 
 
 Melina, a daughter of Thespius, mo- 
 ther of Laomedon, by Hercules. 
 Melisa, a town of Magna Graecia. 
 Melissa, a daughter of Melissus, king 
 of Crete, who with her sister Amalthaea, 
 
 fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. 
 
 One of the Oceanides. A daughter of 
 
 Procles, who married Periander, the son 
 
 of Cypselus, by whom she was killed. 
 
 A woman of Corinth, who refused to ini- 
 tiate others in the festivals of Ceres, after 
 she had received admission. She was 
 torn to pieces upon this disobedience, and 
 
ME 
 
 231 
 
 ME 
 
 the goddess made a swarm of bees rise 
 from her body. 
 
 Mejlissus, a king of Crete, father to 
 
 Melissa and Amaltlnca. An admiral of 
 
 the Samian fleet B. C. 441, defeated by 
 
 Pericles. A philosopher of Samos, about 
 
 four hundred and forty years before the 
 
 Christian era. A freedman of Mecae- 
 
 nas. 
 
 Melita, an island in the Libyan sea, be- 
 tween Sicily and Africa now called Malta. 
 
 Another on the coast of Ulyricum in 
 
 the Adriatic, now Mclede. An ancient 
 
 name of Samothrace. — ^— One of the Ne- 
 reides. 
 
 Melitene, a province of Armenia. 
 
 Melitus, a poet and orator of Athens, 
 who became one of the principal accusers 
 of Socrates. 
 
 Sp. Melius, a Roman knight accused of 
 aspiring to tyranny, on account of his un- 
 common liberality to the populace. He 
 was put to death by Ahala, the master of 
 horse. 
 
 Melixandrus, a Milesian, who wrote 
 an account of the wars of the Lapithae 
 and Centaurs. 
 
 Mella or Mela, a small river of Cisal- 
 pine Gaul. 
 
 Mella Ann-eus, the father of Lucan. 
 He was accused of being privy to Piso's 
 conspiracy against Nero, upon which he 
 opened his veins. 
 
 Melobosis, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Melon, an astrologer, who feigned mad- 
 ness and burnt his house that he might not 
 go to an expedition, which he knew would 
 
 be attended with great calamities. An 
 
 interpreter of king Darius. 
 
 Melos, now Milo, an island between 
 Crete and Peloponnesus, about twenty- 
 four miles from Scyllaeum, about sixty 
 miles in circumference, and of an oblong 
 figure. 
 
 Melpes, now Melpa, a river of Lucania, 
 falling into the Tyrrhene sea. 
 
 Melpia. a village of Arcadia. 
 
 Melpomene, one of the muses, daugh- 
 ter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She pre- 
 sided over tragedy. Her garments were 
 splendid ; she wore a buskin, and held a 
 dagger in one hand and in the other a 
 sceptre and crowns. 
 
 Memaceni, a powerful nation of Asia. 
 
 Memmia Sulpitia, a woman who mar- 
 ried the emperor Alexander Severus. 
 
 Memmia Lex, ordained that no one 
 should be entered on the calendar of cri- 
 minals who was absent on the public ac- 
 counts. 
 
 Memmius, a Roman citizen accused of 
 ambitus. A Roman knight, who render- 
 ed himself illustrious for his eloquence 
 
 and poetical talents. The family of the 
 
 Memmii were plebeians. 
 
 Memnon, a king of ^Ethiopia, son of 
 Tithonus and Aurora. He came with a 
 
 body often thousand men to assist his un- 
 cle Priam, during the Trojan war, where 
 he behaved with great courage, and killed 
 Antilochus, Nestor's son. The aged fa- 
 ther challenged the ^Ethiopian monarch, 
 but Memnon refused it on account of the 
 venerable age of Nestor, and accepted that 
 of Achilles. He was killed in the combat 
 in the sight of the Grecian and Trojan ar- 
 mies. The ^Ethiopians or Egyptians, over 
 whom Memnon reigned, erected a cele- 
 brated statue to the honor of their mon- 
 arch. This statue had the wonderful pro- 
 perty of uttering a melodious sound every 
 day, at sun-rising, like that which is heard 
 at the breaking of the string of a harp 
 when it is wound up. This was effected 
 by the rays of the sun when they fell upon 
 it. This celebrated statue was disman- 
 tled by order of Cambyses, when he con- 
 quered Egypt, and its ruins still astonish 
 modern travellers by their grandeur and 
 
 beauty. A general of the Persian forces, 
 
 when Alexander invaded Asia. He de- 
 fended Miletus against Alexander, and 
 died in the midst of his successful enter- 
 prises, B. C. 333. 
 
 Memphis, a celebrated town of Egypt, 
 on the western banks of the Nile, above 
 the Delta. It once contained many beau- 
 tiful temples, particularly those of the god 
 Apis, whose worship was observed with 
 the greatest ceremonies. It was in the 
 neighborhood of Memphis that those fa- 
 mous pyramids were built, whose grand- 
 eur and beauty still astonish the modern 
 
 traveller. A nymph daughter of the 
 
 Nile, who married Ephesus, by whom she 
 had Libya. The wife of Danaus. 
 
 Memphitis, a son of Ptolemy Physcon 
 king of Egypt, put to death by his father. 
 
 Mena, a goddess worshipped at Rome. 
 
 MENAOr Menes, the first king of Egypt, 
 according to some accounts. 
 
 Menalcas, a shepherd in Virgil's ec- 
 logues. 
 
 Menalcidas, an intriguing Lacedae- 
 monian in the time of the famous Achaaan 
 league. 
 
 Menalippe, a sister of Antiope, queen 
 of the Amazons, taken by Hercules when 
 that hero made war against this celebrat- 
 ed nation. She was ransomed, and Her- 
 cules received in exchange the arms and 
 
 belt of the queen. A daughter of the 
 
 centaur Chiron, beloved by ^Eolus, son 
 of Hellen. She became a constellation 
 after death, called the horse. 
 
 Menander, a celebrated comic poet of 
 Athens, educated under Theophrastus. 
 He was universally esteemed by the 
 Greeks, and received the appellation 
 of Prince of the New Comedy. Of one 
 hundred and eight comedies which he 
 wrote, nothing remains but a few frag- 
 ments. It is said that Menander drowned 
 himself in the fifty-second year of his age, 
 
ME 
 
 232 
 
 ME 
 
 B. C. 293. A man who wrote an ac- 
 count of embassies, &c. A king of Bac- 
 
 tria, whose ashes were divided among his 
 
 subjects. An historian of Ephesus. 
 
 Another of Pergamus. 
 
 Menapii, a people of Belgic Gaul, near 
 the Mosa. 
 
 Menapis, a Persian exile made satrap 
 of Hyrcania, by Alexander. 
 
 Mesas, a freedman of Pompey the 
 Great who distinguished himself by the 
 active and perfidious part he took in the 
 civil wars which were kindled between 
 the younger Pompey and Augustus. 
 
 Mencheees, the twelfth king of Mem- 
 phis. 
 
 Mendes, a city of Egypt, near Lycopo- 
 lis, on one of the mouths of the Nile, 
 called the Mendesian mouth. Pan under 
 the form of a goat was worshipped there 
 with the greatest solemnity. 
 
 Menecles, an orator of Alabanda in 
 Caria, who settled at Rhodes. 
 
 Meneclides, a detractor of the charac- 
 ter of Epaminondas. 
 
 Menecsates, a physician of Syracuse, 
 famous for his vanity and arrogance. He 
 was generally accompanied by some of 
 his patients whose disorders he had cured. 
 He disguised one in the habit of Apollo, 
 and the other in that of ^Esculapius, while 
 he reserved for himself the title and name 
 of Jupiter, whose power was extended 
 over those inferior deities. He lived about 
 three hundred and sixty years before the 
 
 Christian era. One of the generals of 
 
 Seleucus. An historian. 
 
 Menedemus, an officer of Alexander 
 killed by the Dafue. A Socratic philo- 
 sopher of Eretria, who was originally a 
 tent maker, an employment which he left 
 for the profession of arms. It is said that 
 he died through melancholy when Anti- 
 gonus, one of Alexander's generals had 
 made himself master of his country, B. 
 
 C. 301, in the seventy-fourth year of his 
 
 age. A Cynic philosopher of Lampsa- 
 
 cus. An officer of Lucullus. 
 
 Menegetas, a boxer or wrestler in Phi- 
 lip of Macedon's army. 
 
 Menelai portus, an harbor on the coast 
 
 of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. 
 
 Mons, a hill near Sparta. 
 
 Menelai a, a festival celebrated at The- 
 rapna; in Laconia, in honor of Mene- 
 laus. 
 
 Menelaus, a king of Sparta, brother to 
 Agamemnon. His father's name was 
 Atreus. Like the rest of the Grecian prin- 
 ces he solicited the marriage of Helen the 
 daughter of king Tyndarus. By the arti- 
 fice and advice of Ulysses, Helen was per- 
 mitted to choose a husband, and she fixed 
 her eyes upon Menelaus and married him. 
 As soon as the nuptials were celebrated, 
 Tyndarus resigned the crown to his son- 
 in-law, and their happiness was complete. 
 
 The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave 
 opportunities to the Trojan prince Paris to 
 corrupt the fidelity of Helen. This action 
 was highly resented by Menelaus ; he re- 
 minded the Greek princes of their oath and 
 solemn engagements and immediately all 
 Greece took up arms to defend his cause. 
 In the tenth year of the Trojan war, 
 Helen, as it is reported, obtained the for- 
 giveness and the good graces of Menelaus 
 by introducing him with Ulysses, the night 
 that Troy was reduced to ashes, into the 
 chamber of Deiphobus whom she had mar- 
 ried after the death of Paris. This per- 
 fidious conduct totally reconciled her to 
 her first husband ; and she returned 
 with him to Sparta, during a voyage of 
 eight years. He died some time after his 
 
 return. A lieutenant of Ptolemy set 
 
 over Salamis. A city of Egypt. A 
 
 mathematician in the age of the emperor 
 Trajan. 
 
 Menenius Agrippa, a celebrated Ro- 
 man who appeased the Roman populace 
 in the infancy of the consular government 
 by repeating the well known fable of the 
 belly and limbs. He flourished 495, B. C. 
 A Roman consul. An insane per- 
 son in the age of Horace. 
 
 Menephron, a man changed into a wild 
 beast for his unnatural wickedness. 
 
 Menes, the first king of Egypt. He 
 built the town of Memphis. 
 
 Menesthei Portus, a town of Kispania 
 Bfetica. 
 
 Menesteus, or Menestheus, or Mxes- 
 theus, a son of Pereus, who so insinuat- 
 ed himself into the favor of the people of 
 Athens, that, during the long absence of 
 Theseus, he was elected king. He went 
 to the Trojan war, and died in his return 
 
 in the island of Melos. A son of Iphi- 
 
 crates who distinguished himself in the 
 Athenian armies. 
 
 Menesthius, a Greek killed by Pari3 
 in the Trojan war. 
 
 Menetas, a man set governor over Bab- 
 ylon by Alexander. 
 
 Meninx, or Lotophagitis insula, now 
 Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa, 
 near the Syrtis Minor. 
 
 Menippa, one of the Amazons who as- 
 sisted iEetes. 
 
 Menippides, a son of Hercules. 
 
 Menippus, a Cynic philosopher of Phoe- 
 nicia. He wrote thirteen books of satires 
 
 which have been lost. A native of Stra- 
 
 tonice who was preceptor to Cicero for 
 some time. 
 
 Menius, a plebeian consul at Rome. 
 He was the first who made the rostrum at 
 Rome with the beaks of the enemy's 
 
 ships. A son of Lycaon, killed by the 
 
 same thunderbolt which destroyed his fa- 
 ther. 
 
 Mennis, a town of Assyria abounding 
 in bitumen. 
 
ME 
 
 233 
 
 ME 
 
 MeN'odotus, a physician. A Samian 
 
 historian. 
 
 Menceceus, a Theban, father of Hippo- 
 
 nome, Jocasta, and Creon. A young 
 
 Theban, son of Creon. He offered him- 
 self to death, when Tiresias ordered the 
 Thebans to sacrifice one of the descend- 
 ants of those who sprang from the dra- 
 gon's teeth. 
 
 Mengetes, the pilot of the ship of Gyas, 
 at the naval games exhibited by ^Eneas at 
 the anniversary of his father's death. 
 
 Mencetiades. Vid. Menoetius. 
 
 Mencetius, a son of Actor and /Egina, 
 one of the Argonauts. 
 
 Menon, a Thessalian commander in the 
 expedition of Cyrus the younger against 
 
 his brother Artaxerxes. A Thessalian 
 
 refused the freedom of Athens, though he 
 furnished a number of auxiliaries to the 
 
 people. The husband of Semiramis. 
 
 A sophist in the age of Socrates. 
 
 Menophilds, an eunuch to whom Mith- 
 ridates, when conquered by Pompey, in- 
 trusted the care of his daughter. Meno- 
 philus murdered the princess for fear of 
 her falling into the enemy's hands. 
 
 Mentes, a king of the Taphians in 
 jEtolia. 
 
 Mentissa, a town of Spain. 
 
 Mento, a Roman consul. 
 
 Mentor, a faithful friend of Ulysses. 
 
 A son of Hercules. A king of Sido- 
 
 nia. An excellent artist in polishing 
 
 cups and engraving flowers on them. 
 
 Mentllus, a Macedonian set over the 
 garrison which Antipater had stationed at 
 Athens. 
 
 Mera, a priest of Venus. A dog of 
 
 Icarius, who by his cries showed Erigone 
 where her murdered father had been 
 thrown. 
 
 Mera, or Moera, one of the Atlantides 
 who married Tegeates son of Lycaon. 
 
 Mercurii Promontorium, a cape of 
 Africa, near Clypea. 
 
 Mercurius, a celebrated god of antiqui- 
 ty, called Hermes by the Greeks. There 
 were no less than five of this name, to 
 which some add a sixth. To the son of 
 Jupiter and Maia, the actions of all the 
 others have been probably attributed, as 
 he is the most famous, and the best 
 known. Mercury was the messenger of 
 the gods, and of Jupiter in particular ; he 
 was the patron of travellers and of shep- 
 herds ; he conducted the souls of the dead 
 into the infernal regions, and not only pre- 
 sided over orators, merchants, declaim- 
 ers, but he was also the god of thieves, 
 pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. 
 His name is derived a mcrcibus, because 
 he was the god of merchandise among the 
 Latins. Jupiter took him as his messen- 
 ger, interpreter, and cup-bearer in the as- 
 sembly of the gods. This last office he 
 discharged till the promotion of Gany- 
 20* 
 
 mede. He was presented by the king of 
 heaven with a winged cap called petasus, 
 and with wings for his feet called talaria. 
 He had also a short sword called herpe, 
 which he lent to Perseus. With these he 
 was enabled to go into whatever part of 
 the universe he pleased with the greatest 
 celerity, and besides he was permitted to 
 make himself invisible, and to assume 
 whatever shape he pleased. His wor- 
 ship was well established, particularly in 
 Greece, Egypt, and Italy. Sometimes 
 Mercury appears on monuments with a 
 large cloak round his arm, or tied under 
 his chin. The chief ensigns of his power 
 and offices are his cadaceus, his petasus, 
 and his talaria. Sometimes he is like a 
 young man without a beard, holding in 
 one hand a purse, as being a tutelary god 
 of merchants, with a cock on his wrists as 
 an emblem of vigilance, and at his feet a 
 goat, a scorpion, and a fly. Sometimes he 
 rests his foot upon a tortoise. Sometimes 
 his statues represent him as without arms, 
 because, according to some, the power of 
 speech can prevail over every thing even 
 without the assistance of arms. Mercury 
 
 has many surnames and epithets. 
 
 Trismegistus, a priest and philosopher of 
 Egypt who taught his countrymen how 
 to cultivate the olive, and measure their 
 lands, and to understand hieroglyphics. 
 He lived in the age of Osiris, and wrote 
 forty books. 
 
 Meretrix, a name under which Venus 
 was worshipped at Abydos and at Samos. 
 
 Meriones, a charioteer of Idomeneus 
 
 king of Crete during the Trojan war. 
 
 A brother of Jason son of iEson, famous 
 for his great opulence and for his avarice. 
 
 Mermeros, a centaur. A Trojan 
 
 killed by Antilochus. A son of Jason 
 
 and Medea. 
 
 Mermnadj;, a race of kings in Lydia 
 of which Gyges was the first. They were 
 descendants of the Heraclidas. 
 
 Meroe, now Nuabia, an island of iEthi- 
 opia, with a town of the same name, cele- 
 brated for his wines. 
 
 Merope, one of the Atlantides. She 
 married Sisyphus son of iEolus, and, like 
 her sisters, was changed into a constella- 
 tion after death. A daughter of Cypse- 
 
 lus who married Cresphontes king of Mes- 
 senia, by whom she had three children. 
 
 A daughter of CEnopion beloved by 
 
 Orion. A daughter of the Cebrenus 
 
 who married ^Esacus the son of Priam. 
 
 Merops, a king of the island of Cos, 
 who married Clymene, one of the Ocean- 
 ides. He was changed into an eagle and 
 placed among the constellations. A ce- 
 lebrated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, 
 who foretold the death of his sons Adras- 
 tus and Amphius, who were engaged in 
 the Trojan war. One of the compan- 
 ions of iEneas. 
 
ME 
 
 234 
 
 ME 
 
 Meros, a mountain of India, sacred to 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Mertjla Corn, a Roman who fought 
 against the Gauls, and was made consul 
 by Octavius in the place of China. 
 
 Mesabates, an eunuch in Persia, flayed 
 alive by order of Parysatis. 
 Mesabius, a mountain of Bosotia. 
 Mesapia, an ancient name of Bceotia. 
 Mesaubius, a servant of Eumsus the 
 steward of Ulysses. 
 Mesembria, now Mescuria, a maritime 
 
 city of Thrace. Another at the mouth 
 
 of the Lissus. 
 Mesene, an island in the Tigris. 
 Mesomedes, a lyric poet in the age of 
 the emperor Antoninus. 
 
 Mesopotamia, a country of Asia, be- 
 tween the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. 
 
 Messala, a name of Valerius Corvinus, 
 from his having conquered Messana in Si- 
 cily. Another consul. The father 
 
 of Valeria who married the dictator Sylla. 
 
 A tribune in one of the Roman legions 
 
 during the civil war between Vespasian 
 
 and Vitellius. A consul with Domitius. 
 
 A painter at Rome, who flourished 
 
 B. C. 235. 
 
 Messalina Valeria, a daughter of Mes- 
 sala Barbatus. She married the emperor 
 Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cru- 
 elties and incontinence. Another call- 
 ed also Statilia. She was descended of a 
 consular family, and married the consul 
 Atticus Vistinus whom Nero murdered. 
 She received with great marks of ten- 
 derness her husband's murderer and mar- 
 ried him. 
 Messalinus M. Valer. a Roman officer 
 
 in the reign of Tiberius. One of Domi- 
 
 tian's informers. A flatterer of the em- 
 peror Tiberius. 
 
 Messana, an ancient and celebrated 
 town of Sicily on the straits which sepa- 
 rate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently 
 called Zavcle, and was founded one thou- 
 sand six hundred years before the Chris- 
 tian era. The straits of Messana have 
 always been looked npon as very danger- 
 ous, especially by the ancients, on ac- 
 count of the rapidity of the currents, and 
 the irregular and violent flowing and ebb- 
 ing of the sea. 
 
 Messapia, a country of Italy, between 
 Tarentum and Brundusium. It is the 
 same as Calabria. 
 
 Messatis, a town of Achaia. 
 Messe, a town in the island of Cithera. 
 Messeis, a fountain of Thessaly. 
 Messe ne, a daughter of Triopas, king 
 of Argos, who married Polycaon son of 
 Lelex, king of Laconia. She encouraged 
 her husband to levy troops, and to seize a 
 part of Peloponnesus, which, after it had 
 been conquered, received her name. 
 
 Messene, or Messena, now Maura-Ma- 
 tra } a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital 
 
 of the country called Messenia. The in- 
 habitants have rendered themselves fa- 
 mous for the war which they carried on 
 against the Spartans, and which received 
 the appellation of the Messenian tear. 
 
 Messenia, a province of Peloponnesus, 
 situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, 
 and the sea. Its chief city is Messena. 
 
 Mestor, a son of Perseus and Andro- 
 meda, who married Lysidice, daughter of 
 
 Pelops, by whom he had Hippothoe. A 
 
 son of Pterilaus — of Priam. 
 
 Mesula, a town of Italy, in the country 
 of the Sabines. 
 
 Metabtjs, a tyrant of the Privernates. 
 He was father of Camilla. 
 
 Metagitnia, a festival in honor of 
 Apollo, celebrated by the inhabitants of 
 Melite, who migrated to Attica. 
 
 Metanira, the wife of Celeus, king of 
 Eleusis, who first taught mankind agri- 
 culture. 
 
 Metapontum, a town of Lucania in 
 Italy, founded about 1269 years B. C. by 
 Metabus, the father of Camilla, or Epeus, 
 one of the companions of Nestor. A few 
 broken pillars of marble are now the only 
 vestiges of Metapontum. 
 
 Metapontus, a son of Sisyphus, who 
 married Theana. 
 
 Metaurus, now Metro, a town with a 
 small river of the same name in the coun- 
 try of the Brutii. 
 Metella, the wife of Sylla. 
 Metelli, the surname of the family of 
 the Csecilii at Rome, the most known of 
 whom were — A general who defeated the 
 Achaeans, took Thebes, and invaded Ma- 
 cedonia. Q,. Ceecilius, who rendered 
 
 himself illustrious by his successes against 
 Jugurtha the Numidian king, from which 
 he was surnamed JVumidicus. He was ac- 
 cused of extortion and ill management by 
 his lieutenant Marius, who was appointed 
 successor to finish the Numidian war. 
 
 Metellus was acquitted. L. Crecilius, 
 
 another, who saved from the flames the 
 palladium, when Vesta's temple was on 
 fire. He was honored with the dictator- 
 ship, and the office of master of horse. 
 
 Q.. Cascilius Celer, another who distin- 
 guished himself by his spirited exertions 
 against Catiline. He died fifty-seven years 
 
 before Christ. L. Ca?cilius, a tribune in 
 
 the civil wars of J. Caesar and Pompey. 
 He favored the cause of Pompey, and op- 
 posed Csesar when he entered Rome with 
 
 a victorious army. Q. Caecilius, the 
 
 grandson of the high priest, who saved 
 the palladium from the flames, was a war- 
 like general, who, from his conquest of 
 Crete and Macedonia, was surnamed Ma- 
 cedonicus. Nepos, a consul. An- 
 other, who, as tribune, opposed the am- 
 bition of Julius Caesar. A general of 
 
 the Roman armies against the Sicilians 
 and Carthaginians. Lucius Caecilius, or 
 
ME 
 
 235 
 
 MI 
 
 Qnintus, Surname;! Crelicus, from his con- 
 quest in Crete, B. 0. bti, is supposed by 
 some to be the sou of Metelius Macedoni- 
 
 cus. Ciniber, one of the conspirators 
 
 against J. Cffisar. Pius, a general in 
 
 Spain, against tertorius, on whose head 
 he set a price of one hundred talents, and 
 twenty thousand acres of land. A con- 
 sul who commanded in Africa. 
 
 Metharma, a daughter of Pygmalion, 
 king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by 
 Cinyras. 
 
 Methiox, the father of Phorbas. 
 
 Methodius, a bishop of Tyre, who 
 maintained a controversy against Por- 
 phyry. 
 
 Methone, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 A town of Macedonia, south of Pella, 
 
 in the seige of which Philip lost his right 
 eye. Another in Magnesia. 
 
 Methydrium, a town of Peloponnesus, 
 near Megalopolis. 
 
 Methymna, (now Porto Petero), a town 
 of the island of Lesbos, which receives its 
 name from a daughter of Macareus. It is 
 the second city of the island in greatness, 
 population, and opulence, and its territory 
 is fruitful, and the wines it produces, ex- 
 cellent. 
 
 Metiadusa, a daughter of Eupalamus, 
 who married Cecrops. 
 
 Metilia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 
 536, to settle the power of the dictator and 
 of his master of horse. 
 
 Metilii, a patrician family brought 
 from Alba to Rome, by Tullus Hostilius. 
 
 Metilius, a man who accused Fabius 
 Maximus, before the senate. 
 
 Metiochus, a son of Miltiades, who 
 was taken by the Phoenicians, and given 
 to Darius king of Persia. 
 
 Metion, a son of Erechtheus, king of 
 Athens and Praxithea. His sons drove 
 Pandion from the throne of Athens, and 
 were afterwards expelled by Pandion's 
 children. 
 
 Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was 
 Jupiter's first wife, celebrated for her great 
 prudence and sagacity above the rest of 
 the gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest 
 she should bring forth into the world a 
 child more cunning and greater than him- 
 self, devoured her Some time after this 
 adventure the god had his head opened, 
 from which issued Minerva armed from 
 head to foot. 
 
 Metiscus, a charioteer to Turnus. 
 
 Metius Curtius, one of the Sabines 
 who fought against the Romans on ac- 
 count of the stolen virgins. Suffetius, 
 
 a dictator of Alba, in the reign of Tullus 
 Hostilius. He fought against the Romans, 
 and at last, finally to settle their disputes, 
 he proposed a single combat between the 
 Horatii and Curiatii. For his treachery 
 to the Romans Tullu3 ordered Metius to 
 be tied between two chariots, which were 
 
 drawn by four horses two different ways, 
 and his limbs were torn away from his 
 body, about six hundred and sixty-nine 
 
 years before the christian era. A critic. 
 
 Carus, a celebrated informer under 
 
 Domitian. 
 
 Metgecia, festivals instituted by The- 
 seus. 
 
 Meton, an astrologer and mathemati- 
 cian of Athens. A native of Tarentum, 
 
 who pretended to be intoxicated that he 
 might draw the attention of his country- 
 men, when he wished to dissuade them 
 from making an alliance with king Pyr- 
 rhus. 
 
 Metope, the wife of the river Sanga- 
 
 rius. She was mother of Hecuba. The 
 
 daughter of Ladon, who married the Aso- 
 pus. A river of Arcadia. 
 
 Metra, a daughter of Erisichthon, a 
 Thessalian prince, beloved by Neptune. 
 
 Metragyrte, one of the names of Te!- 
 lus or Cybele. 
 
 Metrobius, a player greatly favored by 
 Sylla. 
 
 Metrocles, a pupil of Theophrastus, 
 who had the care of the education of Cle- 
 ombrotus and Cleomenes. He suffocated 
 himself when old and infirm. 
 
 Metrodorus, a physician of Chios, B. 
 C. 444. He was disciple of Democritus, 
 and had Hippocrates among his pupils. 
 
 A painter and philosopher of Strato- 
 
 nice, B. C. 171. A friend of Mithri- 
 
 dates, sent as ambassador to Tigranes, 
 king of Armenia. He was remarkable for 
 his learning, moderation, humanity, and 
 
 justice. Another, of a very retentive 
 
 memory. 
 
 Metrophanes, an officer of Mithri- 
 dates, who invaded Eubcea. 
 
 Metropolis, a town of Phrygia. 
 
 Another of Thessaly near Pharsalia. 
 
 Mettius, a chief of the Gauls, impris- 
 oned by J. Cssar. 
 
 Metulum, a town of Liburnia. 
 
 Mevania, now Bevagna, a town of Um- 
 bria, on the Clitumnus. 
 
 Mevius, a wretched poet. 
 
 Mezentius, a king of the Tyrrhenians 
 when ^Eneas came into Italy. He was re- 
 markable for his cruelties, and put his 
 subjects to death by slow tortures. He 
 was killed by ^Enea3, with his son Lau- 
 sus. 
 
 Micea, a virgin of Elis, daughter of 
 Philodemus, murdered by a soldier called 
 Lucius. 
 
 Micipsa, a king of Numidia, son of Ma- 
 sinissa. 
 
 Micythus, a youth, through whom Bi- 
 omedon made an attempt to bribe Epami- 
 
 nondas. A slave of Anaxilaus, of Rhe- 
 
 gium. 
 
 Midas, a king of Phrygia, son of Gor- 
 dius or Gorgias. The hospitality he show- 
 ed to Silenus, the preceptor of Bacchus, 
 
MI 
 
 236 
 
 MI 
 
 Who had been brought to him by some 
 peasants, was liberally rewarded ; and 
 Midas, when he conducted the old man 
 back to the god, was permitted to choose 
 whatever recompense he pleased. He had 
 the imprudence and the avarice to demand 
 of the god that whatever he touched might 
 be turned into gold. His prayer was 
 granted, but he was soon convinced of his 
 injudicious choice ; and he begged Bac- 
 chus to take away a present which must 
 prove so fatal to the receiver. He was or- 
 dered to wash himself in the river Pacto- 
 lus, whose sands were turned into gold by 
 the touch of Midas. Sometime after this 
 adventure Midas had the imprudence to 
 support that Pan was superior to Apollo in 
 singing and in playing upon the flute, for 
 which rash opinion the offended god 
 changed his ears into those of an ass, to 
 show his ignorance and stupidity. 
 
 Midea, a town of Argolis of Lycia 
 
 -of Boeotia, drowned by the inunda- 
 tions of the lake Copais. A nymph 
 
 who had Aspledon by Neptune. 
 
 Milaniojnt, a youth who became enam- 
 ored of Atalanta. 
 Milesii, the inhabitants of Miletus. 
 Milesiorum murus, a place of Egypt 
 at the entrance of one of the mouths of the 
 Nile. 
 
 Milesius, a surname of Apollo. A 
 
 native of Miletus. 
 
 Miletia, one of the daughters of Sce- 
 dasus, ravished with her sister by some 
 young Thebans. 
 
 Miletium, a town of Calabria, built by 
 
 the people of Miletus of Asia. A town 
 
 of Crete. 
 
 Miletus, a son of Apollo, who fled 
 from Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, 
 whom he meditated to dethrone. He came 
 to Caria, where he built a city which he 
 
 called by his own name. A celebrated 
 
 town of Asia Minor, the capital of all 
 Ionia. The inhabitants early applied 
 themselves to navigation, and planted no 
 less than eighty colonies, or, according to 
 Seneca, three hundred and eighty, in dif- 
 ferent parts of the world. 
 Milias, a part of Lycia. 
 Milichus, a freedman who discovered 
 Piso's conspiracy against Nero. 
 Milinus, a Cretan king, &c. 
 Milionia, a town of the Samnites taken 
 by the Romans. 
 
 Milo, a celebrated athlete of Crotonain 
 Italy. It is said that he carried on his 
 shoulders a young bullock four years old, 
 for above forty yards, and afterwards kill- 
 ed it with one blow of his fist, and eat it 
 up in one day. He was seven times 
 crowned at the Pythian games, and six 
 at Olympia. He presented himself a 
 seventh time, but no one had the courage 
 or boldness to enter the lists against him. 
 In his old age Milo attempted to pull up a 
 
 tree by the roots and break it. He partly 
 effected it, but his strength being gradu- 
 ally exhausted, the tree when half cleft re- 
 united, and his hands remained pinched 
 in the body of the tree. He was their 
 alone, and being unable to disentangle 
 himself, he was eaten up by the wild 
 beasts of the place, about five hundred 
 
 years before the Christian era. T. An- 
 
 nius, a native of Lanuvium, who attempt- 
 ed to obtain the consulship at Rome by 
 intrigue and seditious tumults. Clodius 
 the tribune opposed his views, and was 
 slain by Milo in a chance affray. Cicero 
 undertook the defence of Milo, but the 
 continual clamors of the friends of Clodius, 
 and the sight of an armed soldiery, which 
 surrounded the seat of judgment, so terri- 
 fied the orator, that he forgot the greatest 
 part of his arguments, and the defence he 
 made was weak and injudicious. Milo 
 was condemned and banished to Massi- 
 lia. It was by the successful labors of 
 Milo that the orator was recalled from 
 banishment and restored to his friends. 
 
 A general of the forces of Pyrrhus. 
 
 A tyant of Pisa in Elis. 
 
 Milonius, a drunken buffoon at Rome, 
 accustomed to dance when intoxicated. 
 
 Miltas, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion 
 in explaining prodigies. 
 
 Miltiades, an Athenian, son of Cypse- 
 lus, who obtained a victory in a chariot 
 race at the Olympic games, and led a colo- 
 ny of his countrymen to the Chersonesus. 
 He afterwards left the Chersonesus and 
 returned to Athens. He was present at 
 the celebrated battle of Marathon, in 
 which all the chief officers ceded their 
 power to him, and left the event of the 
 battle to depend upon his superior abili- 
 ties. He obtained an important victory, 
 {Vid. Marathon) over the more numerous 
 forces of his adversaries ; and when he 
 had demanded of his fellow citizens an 
 olive crown as the reward of his valor in 
 the field of battle, he was not only refus- 
 ed, but severely reprimanded for presump- 
 tion. The only reward, therefore, that he 
 received for a victory which proved so 
 beneficial to the interests of universal 
 Greece, was in itself simple and inconsid- 
 erable, though truly great in the opinion 
 of that age. He was represented in the 
 front of a picture among the rest of the 
 commanders who fought at the battle of 
 Marathon, and he seemed to exhort and 
 animate his soldiers to fight with courage 
 and intrepidity. Some time after Milti- 
 ades was intrusted with a fleet of seven- 
 ty ships, and ordered to punish those is- 
 lands which had revolted to the Persians. 
 He was successful at first, but a sudden 
 report that the Persian fleet was coming 
 to attack him, changed his operations as 
 he was besieging Paros. He raised the 
 siege and returned to Athens, where he 
 
MI 
 
 237 
 
 MI 
 
 was accused of treason, and particularly 
 of holding correspondence with the enemy. 
 The falsity of these accusations might have 
 appeared, if Miltiades had been able to 
 come into the assembly. A wound which 
 he had received before Paros detained 
 him at home, and his enemies, taking ad- 
 vantage of his absence, became more ea- 
 ger in their accusations and louder in their 
 clamors. He was condemned to death, 
 but the rigor of the sentence was retract- 
 ed on the recollection of his great services 
 to the Athenians, and he was put into 
 prison till he had paid a fine of fifty tal- 
 ents to the state. His inability to discharge 
 so great a sum detained him in confine- 
 ment, and soon after his wounds became 
 incurable, and he died about four hundred 
 and eighty-nine years before the Christian 
 era. His body was ransomed by his son 
 Cimon, who was obliged to borrow and 
 pay the fifty talents, to give his father a 
 decent burial. An archon at Athens. 
 
 Milto, a favorite of Cyrus the younger. 
 
 Milvius, a parasite at Rome. A 
 
 bridge at Rome over the Tiber, now called 
 Pont de Molle. 
 
 Miltas, a country of Asia Minor better 
 known by the name of Lycia. 
 
 Mimallones, the Bacchanals, who when 
 they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, put 
 horns on their heads. 
 
 Mimas, a giant whom Jupiter destnwed 
 
 with thunder. A high mountain of 
 
 Asia Minor, near Colophon. A Trojan, 
 
 son of Theano and Amycus, born on the 
 same night as Paris, with whom he lived 
 in great intimacy. 
 
 Mimnermus, a Greek poet and musi- 
 cian of Colophon in the age of Solon. He 
 chiefly excelled in elegiac poetry, whence 
 some have attributed the invention of it to 
 him, and, indeed, he was the poet who 
 made elegy an amorous poem, instead of 
 a mournful and melancholy tale. 
 
 Mincius, now Mincio, a river of Vene- 
 tia, flowing from the lake Benacus, and 
 falling into the Po. 
 
 Mindarus, a commander of the Spartan 
 fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He 
 was defeated by the Athenians, and died 
 410 B. C. 
 
 Mineides, the daughters of Minyas or 
 Mineus, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. 
 They were three in number, Leuconoe, 
 Leucippe, and Alcithoe. They derided 
 the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety 
 the god inspired them with an unconquer- 
 able desire of eatins human flesh. They 
 drew lots which of them should give up 
 her son as food to the rest. They were 
 changed into bats. 
 
 Minerya, the goddess of wisdom, war, 
 and all the liberal arts, was produced 
 from Jupiter's brain without a mother. 
 Minerva came all aimed and grown up 
 from her father's brain, and immediately 
 
 was admitted into the assembly of the 
 gods, and made one of the most faithful 
 counsellors of her father. The power of 
 Minerva was great in heaven ; she could 
 hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the 
 life of men, bestow the gift of prophecy, 
 and, indeed, she was the only one'of all 
 the divinities whose authority and conse- 
 quence, were equal to those of Jupiter. 
 The worship of Minerva was universally 
 established ; she had magnificent temples 
 in Egypt, Phoenicia, all parts of Greece, 
 Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. The festivals cel- 
 ebrated in her honor were solemn and 
 magnificent. She was invoked by every 
 artist, and particularly such as worked in 
 wool, embroidery, painting, and sculp- 
 ture. It was the duty of almost every 
 member of society to implore the assist- 
 ance and patronage of a deity who presid- 
 ed over sense, taste, and reason. Miner- 
 va was represented in different ways, ac- 
 cording to the different ch< v acters in 
 which she appeared. She generally ap- 
 peared with a countenance more full of 
 masculine firmness and composure, than 
 of softness and grace. Most usually she 
 was represented with a helmet on her 
 head, with a large plume nodding in the 
 air. In one hand she held a spear, and in 
 the other a shield, with the dying head 
 of Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gor- 
 gon's head was on her breast-plate, with 
 living serpents writhing round it, as well 
 as round her shield and helmet. When 
 she appeared as the goddess of the liberal 
 arts, she was arrayed in a variegated veil, 
 which the ancients called peplum. Some 
 of her statues represented her helmet 
 with a sphinx in the middle, supported on 
 either side by griffins. In some medals, 
 a chariot drawn by four horses, or some- 
 times a dragon or a serpent, with wind- 
 ing spires, appear at the top of her helmet. 
 She was partial to the olive tree ; the owl 
 and cock were her favorite birds, and the 
 dragon among reptiles was sacred to her. 
 The functions, offices, and actions, of Mi- 
 nerva, seem so numerous that they un- 
 doubtedly originate in more than one per- 
 son. 
 
 Minerv.e Castrum, atown of Calabria. 
 
 Proinontorium, a cape at the most 
 
 southern extremity of Campania. 
 
 Minervalia, festivals at Rome in hon- 
 or of Minerva, celebrated in the months 
 of March and June. During the solemni- 
 ty scholars obtained some relaxation from 
 their studious pursuits, and the present, 
 which it was usual for them to offer to 
 their masters, was called Jfincrval, in 
 honor of the goddess Minerva, who patron- 
 ised over literature. 
 
 Minio, now Misrnone, a river of Etruria, 
 
 falling into the Tyrrhene sea. One 
 
 of the favorites of Antiochus, king of 
 Syria. 
 
MI 
 
 238 
 
 MI 
 
 Minn -Ei, a people of Arabia, on the Red 
 sea. 
 
 Miko, a town of Sicily. A town of 
 
 Peloponnesus. A town of Crete. 
 
 Minois, belonging to Minos. Crete is 
 called Minoia regna, as being the legisla- 
 tor's kingdom. A patronymic of Ari- 
 adne. 
 
 Minds, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter 
 and Europa, who gave laws to his sub- 
 jects B. C. 1406, which still remained in 
 full force in the age of the philosopher 
 Plato. His justice and moderation pro- 
 cured him the appellation of the favorite 
 of the gods, the confident of Jupiter, the 
 wise legislator, in every city of Greece ; 
 and, according to the poets,' he was re- 
 warded for his equity, after death, with 
 the office of supreme and absolute judge 
 
 in the infernal regions. The second 
 
 was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos 
 I. and king of Crete. He increased his 
 paternal dominions by the conquest of 
 the neighboring islands, but he showed 
 himself cruel in the war which he carried 
 on against the Athenians, who had put to 
 death his son Androgeus. He took Me- 
 gara by the treachery of Scylla, and, not 
 satisfied with a victory, he obliged the 
 vanquished to bring him yearly to Crete 
 seven chosen boys and the same number 
 of virgins to be destroyed by the Minotaur. 
 This bloody tribute was at last abolished 
 when Theseus had destroyed the monster. 
 Minos was put to death by Cocalus, king 
 of Sicily, about thirty-five years before the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Minotaurus, a celebrated monster, half 
 a man and half a bull. The Minotaur 
 usually devoured the chosen young men 
 and maidens, which the tyranny of Minos 
 yearly exacted from the Athenians. The- 
 seus delivered his country from this shame- 
 ful tribute, when it had fallen to his lot to 
 be sacrificed to the voracity of the Mino- 
 taur, and, by means of Ariadne, the king's 
 daughter, he destroyed the monster, and 
 made his escape from the windings of the 
 labyrinth. 
 
 Minthe, a daughter of Cocytus, loved 
 by Pluto. 
 
 Minturn.*:, a town of Campania, be- 
 tween Sinuessa and Formiae. It was in 
 the marshes, in its neighborhood, that 
 Marius concealed himself in the mud, to 
 avoid the partisans of Sylla. 
 
 Minutia, a vestal virgin, condemned 
 
 to be buried alive A. U. C. 418. A 
 
 public way from Rome to Brundusium. 
 
 Minutius, Augurinus, a Roman consul 
 
 slain in a battle against the Samnites. 
 
 A tribune of the people who put Maelius 
 to death when he aspired to the sovereign 
 
 ty of Rome. Rufus, a master of horse 
 
 to the dictator Fabius Maximus. His dis- 
 obedience to the commands of the dicta- 
 tor was productive of an extension of his 
 
 prerogative, and the master of the horse 
 was declared equal in power to the dicta- 
 tor. A Romanconsul who defended 
 
 Coriolanus from the insults of the people. 
 
 Another, defeated by the zEqui and 
 
 disgraced by the dictator Cincinnatus. 
 
 A tribune who warmly opposed the 
 
 views of C. Gracchus. A Roman cho- 
 sen dictator, and obliged to lay down hia 
 office, because, during the time of his 
 election, the sudden cry of a rat was 
 
 heard. A Roman, one of the first who 
 
 were chosen quaestors. Felix, an Afri- 
 can lawyer, who flourished 207 A. D. 
 
 Miny.e, a name given to the inhabi- 
 tants of Orchomenos, in Bceotia, from 
 Minyas, king of the country. The de- 
 scendants of the Argonauts, as well as 
 the Argonauts themselves, received the 
 name of Minyae. 
 
 Minyas, a king of Bceotia, son of Nep 
 tune and Tritegenia, the daughter of ^Eo- 
 lus. According to Plutarch and Ovid, he 
 had three daughters, who were changed 
 into bats. 
 
 Minycus, a river of Thessaly. 
 
 Minyia, a festival observed at Orcho- 
 menos in honor of Minyas, the king of the 
 place. A small island near Patmos. 
 
 Minytus, one of Niobe's sons. 
 
 Miraces, an eunuch of Parthia. 
 
 Misenus, a son of iEolus, who was pi- 
 per to Hector. After Hector's death he 
 followed .<Eneas to Italy, and was drown- 
 ed on the coast of Campania, because he 
 had challenged one of the Tritons. 
 
 Misitheus, a Roman, celebrated for his 
 virtues and his misfortunes. He died A. 
 D. 243. 
 
 Mithras, a god of Persia, supposed to 
 be the sun, or according to others Venus 
 Urania. His worship was introduced at 
 Rome. 
 
 Mithracenses, a Persian who fled to 
 Alexander after the murder of Darius by 
 Bessus. 
 
 Mithradates, a herdsman of Astyages, 
 ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He 
 refused, and educated him at home as his 
 own son. 
 
 Mithrenes, a Persian who betrayed 
 Sardes. 
 
 Mithridates 1st, was the third king of 
 Pontus. He was tributary to the crown 
 of Persia, and his attempts to make him- 
 self independent proved fruitless. The 
 
 second of that-name, king of Pontus, was 
 grandson to Mithridates I. He reigned 
 about twenty-six years, and died at the 
 advanced age of eighty-four years, B. C. 
 
 302. The III. was son of the preceding 
 
 monarch. He enlarged his paternal pos- 
 sessions by the conquest of Cappadocia 
 and Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 
 
 thirty-six years. The IV. succeeded 
 
 his father Ariobarzanes, who was the son 
 of Mithridates III. The V. succeeded 
 
MI 
 
 239 
 
 MI 
 
 his father Mithridates IV. and strengthen- 
 ed himself on his throne by an alliance 
 with Antiochus the Great, whose daugh- 
 ter Laodice he married. He was succeed- 
 ed by his son Pharnaces. The VI. suc- 
 ceeded his father Pharnaces. He was the 
 first of the kings of Pontus who made 
 alliance with the Romans. He was mur- 
 dered B. C. 123. The VII. surnam- 
 
 ed Eupator, and The, Oreat, succeeded 
 his father Mithridates VI. though only 
 at the age of eleven years. The begin- 
 ning of his reign was marked by am- 
 bition, cruelty, and artifice. He murder- 
 ed his own mother, who had been left by 
 his father coheiress of the kingdom, and 
 he fortified his constitution by drinking 
 antidotes against the poison with which 
 his enemies at court attempted to destroy 
 him. Mithridates never lost an opportu- 
 nity by which he might lessen the influ- 
 ence of his adversaries ; and the more 
 effectually to destroy their power in Asia, 
 he ordered all the Romans that were in 
 his dominions to be massacred. This was 
 done in one night, and no less than 
 150,000, according to Plutarch, or 80,000 
 Romans, as Appian mentions, were made, 
 at one blow, the victims of his cruelty. 
 This universal massacre called aloud for 
 revenge. Aquilius. and soon after Sylla, 
 inarched against Mithridates with a large 
 army. The former was made prisoner, 
 but Sylla obtained a victory over the king's 
 generals, and another decisive engage- 
 ment rendered him master of all Greece, 
 Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which 
 had submitted to the victorious arms of 
 the monarch of Pontus. This ill fortune 
 was aggravated by the loss of about 
 200,000 men, who were killed in the sev- 
 eral engagements that had been fought ; 
 and Mithridates weakened by repeated ill 
 success by sea and land, sued for peace 
 from the conqueror, which he obtained on 
 condition of defraying the expenses which 
 the Romans had incurred by the war, and 
 of remaining satisfied with the posses- 
 sions which he had received from his 
 ancestors. While these negotiations of 
 peace were carried on, Mithridates was 
 not unmindful of his real interest. His 
 poverty, and not his inclinations, obliged 
 him to wish for peace. He immediately 
 took the field with an army of 140,000 in- 
 fantry, and 16,000 horse, which consisted 
 of his own forces and those of his son-in- 
 law Tigranes, king of Armenia. The 
 news of his warlike preparations was no 
 sooner heard, than Lucullus, the consul, 
 marched into Asia, and without delay, he 
 blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who 
 H-as then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic 
 monarch escaped from him, and fled into 
 Ihe heart of his kingdom. The appoint- 
 ment of Glabrio to the command of the 
 Roman forces, instead of Lucullus, was 
 
 favorable to Mithridates, and he recovered 
 the greatest part of his dominions. The 
 sudden arrival of Pompey, however, soon 
 put an end to his victories. A battle, in 
 the night, was fought near the Euphrates, 
 in which the troops of Pontus labored 
 under every disadvantage. An universal 
 overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold 
 in his misfortunes, rushed through the 
 thick ranks of the enemy, at the head of 
 eight hundred horsemen, five hundred of 
 which perished in the attempt to follow 
 him. He fled to Tigranes, but that mon- 
 arch refused an asylum to his father-in- 
 law, whom he had before supported with 
 all the collected forces of his kingdom. 
 Mithridates found a safe retreat. His sub- 
 jects refused to follow him any longer, 
 and they revolted from him, and made 
 his son Pharnaces king. The son show- 
 ed himself ungrateful to his father, and 
 even, according to some writers, he or- 
 dered him to be put to death. This 
 unnatural treatment broke the heart of 
 Mithridates ; he obliged his wife to poison 
 herself, and was himself slain at his own 
 command about sixty-three years before 
 the Christian era, in the 72d year of his 
 age. A king of Parthia, who took De- 
 metrius prisoner. A man made king of 
 
 Armenia by Tiberius. Another, king 
 
 of Armenia. A king of Pergamus. 
 
 A king of Iberia. Another of Coma- 
 
 gena. A celebrated king of Parthia. 
 
 Another, who murdered his father, 
 
 and made himself master of the crown. 
 
 A king of Pontus, put to death by 
 
 order of Galba. A man in the armies 
 
 of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded by the 
 monarch for having wounded Cyrus the 
 younger ; but, when he boasted he had 
 killed him, he was cruelly put to death. 
 
 A son of Ariobarzanes, who basely 
 
 murdered Datames. 
 
 Mithridaticum Bellum, begun eighty- 
 nine years B. C. was one of the longest 
 and most celebrated wars ever carried on 
 by the Romans against a foreign power. 
 The ambition of Mithridates, from whom 
 it receives its name, may be called the 
 cause and origin of it. 
 
 Mithridatis, a daughter of Mithrida- 
 tes the Great. She was poisoned by her 
 father. 
 
 Mithrobarzanes, a king of Armenia. 
 
 An officer sent by Tigranes against 
 
 Lucullus. The father-in-law of Da- 
 tames. 
 
 Mitylene and Mitylenje, the capital 
 city of the island of Lesbos. It was 
 greatly commended by the ancients for 
 the stateliness of its buildings, and the 
 fruitfulness of its soil, but more particu- 
 larly for the great men it produced. 
 
 Mitys, a man whose statue fell upon 
 his murderer, and crushed him to death 
 A river of Macedonia. 
 
MCE 
 
 240 
 
 MO 
 
 MizjEi,a people of Elymaig. 
 
 Mnasalces, a Greek poet, who wrote 
 epigrams. 
 
 Mnasias, an historian of Phoenicia. 
 
 Another of Colophon. A third of Pa- 
 ir®, in Achaia. 
 
 Mnasicles, a general of Thymhro. 
 
 Mnasilus, a youth who assisted Chro- 
 mis to tie the old Silenus, whom they 
 found asleep in a cave. 
 
 Mnasippidas, a Lacedaemonian, who 
 imposed upon the credulity of the people. 
 
 Mnasippus, a Lacedaemonian, sent with 
 a fleet of sixty-five ships and fifteen hun- 
 dred men to Corcyra, where he was kill- 
 ed. 
 
 Mnasitheus, a friend of Aratus. 
 
 Mnason, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 
 twelve hundred pieces of gold for twelve 
 pictures of twelve gods to Asclepiodorus. 
 
 Mnasyrium, a place in Rhodes. 
 
 Mnemon, a surname given to Artax- 
 erxes, on account of his retentive mem- 
 ory. A Rhodian. 
 
 Mnemosyne, a daughter of Ccelus and 
 Terra, mother of the nine Muses, by Ju- 
 piter, who assumed the form of a shep- 
 herd to enjoy her company. The word 
 Mnemosyne signifies memory. A cele- 
 brated fountain of Boeotia. 
 
 Mne9archus, a celebrated philosopher 
 of Greece. 
 
 Mnesidamus, an officer who conspired 
 against the lieutenant of Demetrius. 
 
 Mnesilau9, a son of Pollux and Phoebe. 
 
 Mnesimache, a daughter of Dexame- 
 nus king of Olenus, courted by Eurytion, 
 whom Hercules killed. 
 
 Mnesimachus, a comic poet. 
 
 Mnester, a freedman of Agrippina, 
 who murdered himself at the death of his 
 mistress. 
 
 Mnestheus, a Trojan, who obtained 
 the prize given to the best sailing vessel 
 by iEneas, at the funeral games of Anchi- 
 
 ses, in Sicily. A son of Peteus. A 
 
 freedman of Aurelian. 
 
 Mnestia, a daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Mnestra, a mistress of Cimon. 
 
 Mnevis, a celebrated bull, sacred to the 
 sun in the town of Heliopolis. He was 
 the emblem of Osiris. 
 
 Moaphernes, the uncle of Strabo's 
 mother. 
 
 Modestus, a Latin writer. 
 
 Modia, a rich widow at Rome. 
 
 Mas ci a, one of the tribes at Rome. 
 
 Mcesv s, now Mayne, a river of Germany. 
 
 Mceragetes, fatorum ductor, a surname 
 of Jupiter. 
 
 Mcsris, a king of India, who fled at the 
 
 approach of Alexander. A steward of 
 
 the shepherd Menalcas. A king of 
 
 Egypt. He was the last of the three hun- 
 dred kings from Menes to Sesostris, and 
 
 reigned sixty-eight years. A celebrated 
 
 lake in Egypt, about two hundred and 
 
 twenty miles in circumference, and in- 
 tended as a reservoir for the superfluous 
 waters during the inundation of the Nile. 
 There were two pyramids in it, six hun- 
 dred feet high. 
 
 Mcedi, a people of Thrace, conquered by 
 Philip of Macedonia. 
 
 Mceon, a Sicilian who poisoned Agatho- 
 cles. 
 
 Mcesia, a country of Europe, bounded 
 on the south by the mountains of Dahna- 
 tia, north by mount Ha;mus, extending 
 from the confluence of the Savus and the 
 Danube to the shores of the Euxine. It 
 was divided into Upper and Lower Mce- 
 sia. 
 
 Moleia, a festival in Arcadia, in com 
 memoration of a battle in which Lycurgus 
 obtained the victory. 
 
 Molion, a Trojan prince who distin 
 guished himself in the defence of his coun 
 try against the Greeks. 
 
 Molione, the wife of Actor, son of 
 Phorbas. 
 
 Molo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called 
 
 also Apollonius. A prince of Syria, who 
 
 revolted against Antiochus, and killed 
 himself when his rebellion was attended 
 with ill success. 
 
 Moloeis, a river of Boeotia, near Pla- 
 taea. 
 
 Molorchus, an old shepherd near Cle- 
 onae, who received Hercules with great 
 hospitality. The hero, to repay the kind- 
 ness he received, destroyed the Nemaean 
 lion, which laid waste the neighboring 
 country. 
 
 Molossi, a people of Epirus, who in- 
 habited that part of the country which was 
 called Molossia or Molossis from king Mo 
 lossus. The dogs of the place were fa 
 mous. 
 
 Molossia, or Molossis. Fid. Molossi 
 
 Molossus, a son of Pyrrhus and Andro 
 mache. He reigned in Epirus after the 
 
 death of Helenus. A surname of Jupi 
 
 ter in Epirus. An Athenian general 
 
 The father of Merion of Crete. 
 
 Molfadia, one of the Amazons. 
 
 Molpus, an author who wrote an histo 
 ry of Lacedaemon. 
 
 Molus, a Cretan, father of Meriones. 
 
 A son of Deucalion. Another, son 
 
 of Mars and Demonice. 
 
 Molycrion, a town of iEolia between 
 the Evenus and Naupactum. 
 
 Momemphis, a town of Egypt. 
 
 Momus, the god of pleasantry among the 
 ancients, son of Nox. He was continual- 
 ly employed in satirizing the gods, and 
 whatever they did was freely turned to 
 ridicule. Venus herself was exposed to 
 his satire ; and when the sneering god had 
 found no fault in the body of the naked 
 goddess, he observed as she retired, that 
 the noise of her feet was too loud, and 
 greatly improper in the goddess of beauty. 
 
MO 
 
 241 
 
 MO 
 
 These illiberal reflections upon the gods 
 were the cause that Moraus was driven 
 from heaven. 
 
 Mona, an island between Britain and 
 Hibernia, anciently inhabited by a num- 
 ber of Druids. 
 
 Monjeses, a king of Parthia, who fa- 
 vored the cause of M. Antony against Au- 
 gustus. A Parthian in the age of Mith- 
 ridates. 
 
 Monda, a river, between the Durius and 
 Tagus, in Portugal. 
 
 Monesus, a general killed by Jason at 
 Colchis. 
 
 Moneta, a surname of Juno among the 
 Romans. She received it because she ad- 
 vised them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to 
 Cybele, to avert an earthquake. 
 
 Mosimj, a beautiful woman of Mile- 
 tus, whom Mithridates the Great married. 
 When his affairs grew desperate, she or- 
 dered one of her attendants to stab her. 
 
 Monimus, a philosopher of Syracuse. 
 
 Monodus, a son of Prusias. He had 
 one continued bone instead of a row of 
 teeth. 
 
 Moncecus, now Monaco, a town and 
 port of Liguria, where Hercules had a 
 temple. 
 
 Monoleus, a lake of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Monophage, sacrifices in ^Egina. 
 
 Monophilus, an eunuch of Mithridates. 
 The king intrusted him with the care of 
 one of his daughters ; and the eunuch, 
 when he saw the affairs of his master in a 
 desperate situation, stabbed her lest she 
 should fall into the enemy's hands. 
 
 Mon3 sacer, a mountain near Rome, 
 where the Roman populace retired in a 
 tumult, which was the cause of the elec- 
 tion of the tribunes. 
 
 Mons severus, a mountain near Rome. 
 
 Mo NT anus, a poet who wrote in hexa- 
 meter and elegiac verses. An orator 
 
 under Vespasian. A favorite of Messa- 
 
 lina. One of the senators whom Domi- 
 
 tian consulted about boiling a turbot. 
 
 Montchos, a powerful giant, who could 
 root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. 
 
 Montmus, a servant of Corinth, who, 
 not. being permitted by his master to fol- 
 low Diogenes the cynic, pretended mad- 
 ness and obtained his liberty. 
 
 Mophis, an Indian prince conquered by 
 Alexander. 
 
 Mopsium, a hill and town of Thessaly, 
 between Tempe and Larissa. 
 
 Mopsopia, an ancient name of Athens, 
 from Mopsus one of its kings. 
 
 Mofsuhestia, or Mopsos, a town of Ci- 
 licia near the sea. 
 
 Mopsu9, a celebrated prophet, son of 
 Manto and Apollo, and rival of Calchas, 
 son of Thestor. These famous soothsay- 
 ers were jealous of each other's fame, and 
 determined on a trial of their skill in di- 
 vination. Calchas first asked his antago- 
 21 
 
 nist how many figs a neighboring tree 
 bore. Mopsus replied, " Ten thousand, 
 except one ; and one single vessel can con- 
 tain them all." The figs were gathered, 
 and his conjectures were true. Mopsus 
 now asked his adversary how many young 
 ones a certain pregnant sow would bring 
 forth, Calchas confessed his ignorance ; 
 and Mopsus said, that on the morrow the 
 sow would litter ten, of which only one 
 would be male, all black. This predic- 
 tion was al3o verified ; and Calchas died 
 through the excess of grief which this de- 
 feat produced. After death, Mopsus was 
 ranked among the gods, and had an ora- 
 cle at Malia. A son of Ampyx and 
 
 Chloris, often confounded with the son of 
 Manto. He was the prophet and sooth- 
 sayer of the Argonauts ; and died at his 
 return from Colchis, by the bite of a ser- 
 pent in Lybia. A shepherd of that 
 
 name. 
 
 Morgantium (or ia,) a town of Sicily, 
 near the mouth of the Simethus. 
 
 Morini, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the 
 shores of the British ocean. The shortest 
 passage to Britain was from their territo- 
 ries. 
 
 Moritasgus, a king of the Senones. 
 
 Morius, a river of Boeotia. 
 
 Morpheus, the son and minister of the 
 god Somnus, who naturally imitated the 
 grimaces, gestures, words, and manners, 
 of mankind. He is sometimes called the 
 god of sleep. He is generally represented 
 as a sleeping child of great corpulence, 
 and with wings. 
 
 Mors, one of the infernal deities born 
 of A T ight, without a father. She was wor- 
 shipped by the ancients, particularly by 
 the Lacedaemonians, with great solemni- 
 ty. The moderns represent her as a ske- 
 leton armed with a scythe and ascimetar. 
 
 Morys, a Trojan killed by Meriones dur- 
 ing the Trojan war. 
 
 Mosa, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into 
 the German ocean. 
 
 Moscha, now Mascat, a port of Arabia 
 on the Red sea. 
 
 Moschi, a people of Asia, at the west 
 of the Caspian sea. 
 
 Moschion, a name common to four dif- 
 ferent writers, whose compositions, char- 
 acter, and native place are unknown. 
 
 Moschus, a Phoenician who wrote the 
 history of his country in his own mother 
 
 tongue. A philosopher of Sidon. A 
 
 Greek Bucolic poet in the age of Ptolemy 
 
 Philadelphus. A Greek rhetorician of 
 
 Pergamus in the age of Horace. 
 
 Mosella, a river of Belgic Gaul, now 
 called the Moselle. 
 
 Moses, a celebrated legislator and gen- 
 eral among the Jews, well known in sa- 
 cred history. He was born in Egypt, 1571 
 B. C. and after he had performed 'his mira 
 cles before Pharaoh, conducted the Israel- 
 is 
 
MU 
 
 242 
 
 MU 
 
 ites through the Red sea, and given them 
 laws and ordinances, during their peregri- 
 nation of forty years in the wilderness of 
 Arabia ; he died at the age of one hundred 
 and twenty. 
 
 Mosychlus, a mountain of Lemnos. 
 
 Mosyn^ci, a nation on the Euxine sea. 
 
 Mothone, a town of Magnesia, where 
 Philip lost one of his eyes. The word is 
 oftener spelt Methone. 
 
 Motya, a town of Sicily, besieged and 
 taken by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 Mucianus, a facetious and intriguing 
 general under Otho and Vitellius. 
 
 Mucr.e, a village of Samnium. 
 
 Mulciber, a surname of Vulcan. 
 
 Mulucha, a river of Africa, dividing 
 Numidia from Mauritania. 
 
 Mulvius Pon3, a bridge on the Flami- 
 nian way, about one mile distant from 
 Rome. 
 
 L. Mummius, a Roman consul, sent 
 against the Acheeans, whom he conquer- 
 ed, B. C. 147. He destroyed Corinth, 
 Thebes, and Chalcis, by order of the sen- 
 ate, and obtained the surname of Achai- 
 
 cus from his victories. -Publins, a man 
 
 commended by C. Publicius for the versa- 
 tility of his mind, and the propriety of his 
 
 manners. A Latin poet. M. a pras- 
 
 tor. Spurius, a brother of Achaicus be- 
 fore mentioned, distinguished as an ora- 
 tor, and for his fondness for the stoic phi- 
 losophy. A lieutenant of Crassus de- 
 feated. 
 
 Munatius, Plancus, a consul sent to 
 the rebellious army of Germanicus. He 
 was almost killed by the incensed sol- 
 diery, who suspected that it was through 
 him that they had not all been pardoned 
 and indemnified by a decree of the sen- 
 ate. An orator and disciple of Cicero. 
 
 He was long Antony's favorite, but he left 
 him at the battle of Actium to conciliate 
 the favors of Octavius. Gratus, a Ro- 
 man knight who conspired with Piso 
 against Nero. A friend of Horace. 
 
 Munda, a small town of Hispania Boe- 
 tica. 
 
 Munitus, a son of Laodice the daugh- 
 ter of Priam by Acamas. He was intrust- 
 ed to the care of ^Ethra as soon as born, 
 and at the taking of Troy he was made 
 known to his father, who saved his life, 
 and carried him to Thrace, where he was 
 killed by the bite of a serpent. 
 
 Munychia, a port of Attica, between 
 the Piraeus and the promontory of Suni- 
 um, called after king Munychus, who built 
 there a temple to Diana, and in whose 
 honor he instituted festivals called Muny- 
 chia. The port of Munychia was well for- 
 tified, and of great consequence. 
 
 McRiNA, a celebrated Roman, left at 
 the head of the armies of the republic in 
 Asia by Sylla. He invaded the domin- 
 ions of Mithridates with success, but soon 
 
 after met with a defeat. He was honored 
 
 with a triumph at his return to Rome. 
 
 A man put to death for conspiring against 
 Augustus, B. C. 22. 
 
 Murcus, an enemy of the triumvirate of 
 J. Ctssar. Statius, a man who murder- 
 ed Piso in Vesta's temple in Nero's reign. 
 
 Murgantia, a town of Samnium. 
 
 Murrhenus, a friend of Turnus killed 
 by iEneas. 
 
 Mursa, now Essek, a town of Hungary, 
 where the Drave falls into the Danube. 
 
 Murtia, or Myrtia, a supposed sur- 
 name of Venus, because she presided over 
 the myrtle. 
 
 Mus, a Roman consul. 
 
 Musa Antonius, a freedman and phy- 
 sician of Augustus. He cured his impe- 
 rial master of a dangerous disease under 
 which he labored, by recommending to 
 him the use of the cold bath. He was 
 greatly rewarded for this celebrated cure. 
 
 A daughter of Nicomedes, king of 
 
 Bithynia. 
 
 Mus.e, certain goddesses who presided 
 over poetry, music, dancing, and all the 
 liberal arts. They were daughters of Ju- 
 piter and Mnemosyne, and were nine in 
 number ; Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpo- 
 mene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, 
 Calliope, and Urania. The palm tree, the 
 laurel, and all the fountains of Pindus, 
 Helicon, Parnassus, &c, were sacred to 
 the muses. They were generally repre- 
 sented as young, beautiful, and modest 
 virgins. They were fond of solitude, and 
 commonly appeared in different attire ac- 
 cording to the arts and sciences over which 
 they presided. Sometimes they were re- 
 presented as dancing in a chorus, to inti- 
 mate the near and indissoluble connexion 
 which exists between the liberal arts and 
 sciences. The worship of the muses was 
 universally established. No sacrifices 
 were ever offered to them, though no poet 
 ever began a poem without a solemn in- 
 vocation to the goddesses who presided 
 over verse. 
 
 Musjeus, an ancient Greek poet, sup- 
 posed to have been son or disciple of Li 
 nus or Orpheus, and to have lived about 
 one thousand four hundred and ten years 
 before the Christian era. None of the 
 
 poet's compositions are extant. A Latin 
 
 poet whose compositions were very ob- 
 scene. A poet of Thebes who lived 
 
 during the Trojan war. 
 
 Musonius Rufus, a stoic philosopher of 
 Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. 
 
 Muta, a goddess who presided over si- 
 lence, among the Romans. 
 
 Mustela, a man greatly esteemed by 
 Cicero. A gladiator. 
 
 Muthullus, a river of Numidia. 
 
 Mutia, sister of Metellus Celer, and 
 Pompey's third wife Her incontinent 
 behaviour so disgusted her husband that 
 
3SI¥ 
 
 243 
 
 MY 
 
 at his return from the Mithridatie war, he 
 
 divorced her. A wife of Julius Cassar 
 
 beloved by Clodius the tribune.- The 
 
 mother of Augustus. 
 
 Muti a lex, the same as that which was 
 enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Q,. Mu- 
 tius, A.U. C. 657. 
 
 Mutica, or Mutyce, a town of Sicily 
 west of the cape Pachynus. 
 
 Mutilia, a woman intimate with Livia 
 Augusta. 
 
 Mutina, a Roman colony of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, where M. Antony besieged D. Bru- 
 tus whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius 
 delivered. Mutina is now called Modena. 
 
 Mutines, one of Annibal's generals. 
 
 Mutius, the father-in-law of C. Marius. 
 
 A Roman who saved the life of young 
 
 Marius, by conveying him away from the 
 pursuits of his enemies in a load of straw. 
 
 ■ A friend of Tiberius Gracchus by 
 
 whose means he was raised to the office 
 
 of a tribune. C. Scaevola, surnamed 
 
 Cordus, became famous for his courage 
 and intrepidity. When Porsenna, king 
 of Etruria, had besieged Rome to reinstate 
 Tarquin in all his rights and privileges, 
 Mutius determined to deliver his country 
 from so dangerous an enemy. He dis- 
 guised himself in the habit of a Tuscan, 
 and gained an easy introduction into the 
 camp, and soon into the royal tent. Por- 
 senna sat alone with his secretary when 
 Mutius entered. The Roman rushed upon 
 the secretary and stabbed him to the heart, 
 mistaking him for his royal master. This 
 occasioned a noise, and Mutius, unable to 
 escape, was seized and brought before the 
 king. He gave no answer to the inquiries 
 of the courtiers, and to give them a proof 
 of his fortitude, he laid his right hand 
 on an altar of burning coals, and sternly 
 looking at the king, and without uttering 
 a groan, he boldly told him, that three 
 hundred young Romans like himself had 
 conspired against his life, and entered his 
 camp in disguise. This extraordinary 
 confession astonished Porsenna, he made 
 peace with the Romans and retired from 
 their city. ■ — Q,. Scfevola, a Roman con- 
 sul. He obtained a victory over the Dal- 
 matians, and signalized himself greatly in 
 
 the Marsian war. Another appointed 
 
 proconsul of Asia, which he governed 
 with much popularity. He was murdered 
 in the temple of Vesta, eighty-two years 
 before Christ. 
 
 Mutunus, or Mutinus, a deity among 
 the Romans, much the same as the Pria- 
 pus of the Greeks. 
 
 Mutusc-e, a town of Umbria. 
 
 Muzeri9, a town of India, now Vhin- 
 druk. 
 
 Myagrus, or Myodes, a divinity among 
 the Egyptians, called also Achor. He was 
 entreated by the inhabitants to protect 
 them from flies and cements. 
 
 MiCALE, a celebrated magician, who 
 boasted that he could draw down the 
 moon from her orb. A city and prom- 
 ontory of Asia Minor opposite Samos, ce- 
 lebrated for a battle which was fough 
 there between the Greeks and Persians on 
 the 22d of September, 479 B. C. the same 
 day that Mardonius was defeated at Pla- 
 trea. A woman's name. 
 
 Mycalessus, an inland town of Bceotia, 
 where Ceres had a temple. 
 
 MvcEs.ii, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. It was situate on a small river 
 at the east of the Inachus, about fifty sta- 
 dia from Argos, and received its name 
 from Mycene, a nymph of Laconia. The 
 town of Mycenae was taken and laid in 
 ruins by the Argives B. C. 568. The word 
 MyoeritBUs is used for Agamemnon as he 
 was one of the kings of Mycenae. 
 
 Mycjenis, a name applied to Iphigenia 
 as residing at Mycenae. 
 
 Mycerinus, a son of Cheops, king of 
 Egypt. Afier the death of his father he 
 reigned with great justice and modera- 
 tion. 
 
 Myciberna, a town of the Hellespont. 
 
 Mycithos, a servant of Anaxilaus, ty- 
 rant of Rhegium and afterwards a faithful 
 guardian to his children. 
 
 Mycon, a celebrated painter who with 
 others assisted in making and perfecting 
 
 the Paicile of Athens. A youth of 
 
 Athens changed into a poppy by Ceres. 
 
 Myconos, (or e,) one of the Cyclades 
 between Delos and Ic aria, which received 
 its name from Myconus, an unknown per- 
 son. It is about thiee miles at the east of 
 Delos, and is thirty-six miles in circum- 
 ference. It remained long uninhabited on 
 account of the frequent earthquakes to 
 which it was subject. 
 
 Mydon, one of the Trojan chiefs killed 
 by Antilochus. 
 
 Myecphoris, a town in Egypt, in a 
 small island near Bubastis. 
 
 Myenus, a mountain of iEtolia. 
 
 MyGDON,a brother of Amycus, killed in 
 
 a war against Hercules. A brother of 
 
 Hecuba. 
 
 Mygdonia, a small province of Mace- 
 donia near Thrace, between the rivers 
 Axius and Strymon. Cybele was called 
 Mygdonia, from the worship she received 
 in Mygdonia in Phrygia. A small pro- 
 vince of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Mygdonus, or Mygdon, a brother of 
 Hecuba, Priam's wife, who reigned in part 
 
 of Thrace. A small river running 
 
 through Mesopotamia. 
 
 Mylassa, a town of Caria. 
 
 Myle or Mylas, a small river on the 
 east of Sicily, with a town of the same 
 
 name. Also a town of Thessaly, now 
 
 Mulazzo. 
 
 Myles, a son of Lelex. 
 
 Mylitta, a surname of Venus. 
 
MY 
 
 244 
 
 MY 
 
 Myndus, a maritime town of Caria near 
 Halicarnassus. 
 
 Mynes, a prince of Lyrnessus, who 
 married Briseis. He was killed by Achil- 
 les, and his wife became the property of 
 the conqueror. 
 
 Myonia, a town of Phocis. 
 
 Myonnesus, a town and promontory of 
 Ionia, now Jalanghi-Liman. 
 
 Myra, a town of Lycia on a high hill, 
 two miles from the sea. 
 
 Myriandros, a town of Seleucia in 
 Syria. 
 
 Myrina, a maritime town of iEolia, 
 called also Sebastopolis, and now Sanderlic. 
 
 A queen of the Amazons. A town 
 
 of Lemnos, now Palio Castro. A town 
 
 of Asia, destroyed by an earthquake in 
 
 in Trajan's reign. The wife of Thoas 
 
 king of Lemnos. 
 
 Myrinus, a surname of Apollo, from 
 Myrina in iEolia, where he was worship- 
 ped. A gladiator. 
 
 Myrioe, a town of Arcadia, called also 
 Megalopolis. 
 
 Myrl-Eje or Apamea, a town of Bithy- 
 nia. 
 
 Myrmecides, an artist of Miletus men- 
 tioned as making chariots so small that 
 they could be covered by the wing of a 
 
 fly. 
 
 Myrmidones, a people on the southern 
 borders of Thessaly, who accompanied 
 Achilles to the Trojan war. 
 
 Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man 
 
 of Priene, who wrote an history of Messe- 
 
 nia. A celebrated statuary of Greece, 
 
 peculiarly happy in imitating nature. He 
 flourished about four hundred and forty- 
 two years before Christ. 
 
 Myronianus, an historian. 
 
 Myronides, an Athenian general, who 
 conquered the Thebans. 
 
 MYRRHA,a daughter of Cinyras, king of 
 Cyprus changed into a tree called myrrh. 
 
 Myrsilus, a son of Myrsus, the last of 
 the Heraclidffi, who reigned in Lydia. 
 
 Myrsus, the father of Candaules. A 
 
 Greek historian in the age of Solon. 
 
 Myrtale, a courtezan of Rome. 
 
 Myrtea, a surname of Venus. 
 
 Myrtilus, the son of Mercury and Myr- 
 
 tho, killed by Pelops for murdering his 
 master, CEnomaus, king of Pisa, in a cha- 
 riot-race. 
 
 Myrtis, a Greek woman who distil 
 guished herself by her poetical talents. 
 
 Myrtoum Mare, a part of the JEge&n 
 sea which lies between Eubcea, Attica, 
 and Peloponnesus, as far as cape Malea. 
 
 Myrtuntium, a name given to that part 
 of the sea which lies on the coast of Epi- 
 rus between the bay Ambracia and Leu- 
 cas. 
 
 Myrtusa, a mountain of Libya. 
 
 Mys, an artist famous in working and 
 polishing silver. He beautifully represent- 
 ed the battle of the centaurs andLapithse, 
 on a shield in the hand of Minerva's eta 
 tue made by Phidias. 
 
 Myscellus, or Miscellus, a native of 
 Rhypae in Achaia, who founded Crotona 
 in Italy, accordingtoan oracle, which told 
 him to build a city where he found rain 
 with fine weather. The meaning of the 
 oracle long perplexed him, till he found a 
 beautiful woman all in tears in Italy, 
 which circumstance he interpreted in hia 
 favor. 
 
 Mysia, a country of Asia Minor, gene- 
 rally divided into major and minor. The 
 inhabitants were once very warlike, but 
 they greatly degenerated ; and the words 
 Mysorum ultimus were emphatically used 
 to signify a person of no merit. The an- 
 cients generally hired them to attend their 
 
 funerals as mourners.— A festival in 
 
 honor of Ceres. 
 
 Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the 
 seven wise men of Greece. 
 
 Mystes, a son of the poet Valgius, 
 whose early death was so lamented by the 
 father, that Horace wrote an ode to allay 
 the grief of his friend. 
 
 Mythecus, a sophist of Syracuse. He 
 studied cookery, and when he thought 
 himself sufficiently skilled in dressing 
 meat, he went to Sparta, where he gain- 
 ed much practice, especially among the 
 younger citizens. 
 
 Myus, a town of Ionia on the confines 
 of Caria, founded by a Grecian colony. 
 It is one of the twelve capital cities of Io 
 
 NA 
 
 NA 
 
 NABAZANES, an officer of Darius 3d 
 at the battle of Issus. 
 Nabath2ea, a country of Arabia, of 
 which the capital was called Petra. The 
 word is often applied to any of the eastern 
 countries of the world by the poets. 
 JS'abis, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedre- 
 
 mon, who in all acts of cruelty and op- 
 pression surpassed a Phalaris or a Diony- 
 sius. His house was filled with flatterers 
 and with spies, who were continually em- 
 ployed in watching the words and the ac- 
 tions of his subjects. When he had ex- 
 ercised every art in plundering the citi- 
 
NA 
 
 245 
 
 NA 
 
 zens of Sparta, he made a statue, which 
 in resemblance was like his wife, and was 
 clothed in the most magnificent apparel, 
 and whenever any one refused to deliver 
 up his riches, the tyrant led him to the sta- 
 tue, which immediately, by means of se- 
 cret springs, seized him in its arms, and 
 tormented him in the most excruciating 
 manner with bearded points and prickles, 
 hid under the clothes. He was murdered 
 
 B. C. 19-2, A priest of Jupiter Amnion, 
 
 killed in the second Punic war. 
 
 Nabokassak, a king of Babylon after the 
 division of the Assyrian monarchy. From 
 him the Nabonassarean epoch received its 
 name, agreeing with the year of the world 
 3237, or 746, B. C. 
 
 Nacri campi, a place of Gallia Togita 
 near Mutina. 
 
 Njenia, the goddess of funerals at 
 Rome, whose temple was without the 
 gates of the city. The songs which were 
 sung at funerals were also called ncBiiia. 
 
 Cn. Njsvius, a Latin poet in the first Pu- 
 nic war. His satirical disposition dis- 
 pleased the consul Metellus, who drove 
 him from Rome. He passed the rest of 
 his life in Utica, where he died about two 
 hundred and three years before the Chris- 
 tian era. A tribune of the people at 
 
 Rome, who accused Scipio Africanus of 
 
 extortion. An augur in the reign of 
 
 Tarquin. To convince the king and the 
 Romans of his power, as an augur, he cut 
 a flint with a razor, and turned the ridi- 
 cule of the populace into admiration. 
 
 Njevolus, an infamous pimp in Domi- 
 tian's reign. 
 
 Naharvali, a people of Germany. 
 
 Naiades or Naides, certain inferior dei- 
 ties who presided over rivers, springs, 
 wells, and fountains. The Naiades ge- 
 nerally inhabited the country, and resort- 
 ed to the woods or meadows near the 
 stream over which they presided. They 
 are represented as young and beautiful 
 virgins, often leaning upon an urn, from 
 which flows a stream of water. 
 
 Nais, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
 
 Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. A 
 
 nymph, mother by Bucolion of iEgesus 
 
 and Pedasus. A nymph in an island 
 
 of the Red Sea, who by her incantations 
 turned to fishes all those who approached 
 
 her residence. The word is used for 
 
 water by Tibullus. 
 
 Naissus or Njessus, now Nissa, a town 
 of Moesia, the birth-place of Constantine. 
 
 Nantuates, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Napje^:, certain divinities among the an- 
 cients who presided over the hills and 
 woods of the country. 
 
 Nafata, a town of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Naphilus, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Nar, now Nera, a river of Umbria, 
 whose waters were famous for their sul- 
 phureous properties. 
 21* 
 
 Naubo Martius, now Narbonne, a town 
 of Gaul founded by the consul Marcius, 
 A. U. C. 636. 
 
 Narbonensis Gallia, one of the four 
 great divisions of ancient Gaul, was 
 bounded by the Alps, the Pyrenean moun- 
 tains, Aquitania, Belgicum, and the Me- 
 diterranean, and contained the modern 
 provinces of Languedoc, Provence, Dau- 
 phine, and Savoy. 
 
 Narc.eus, a son of Bacchus and Phys- 
 coa. 
 
 Narcea, a surname of Minerva in Elis, 
 from her temple there erected by Nar- 
 caeus. 
 
 Narcissus, a beautiful youth, son of 
 Cephisus and the nymph Liriope. He 
 saw his image reflected in a fountain, and 
 became enamored of it, thinking it to be 
 the nymph of the place. His fruitless at- 
 tempts to approach this beautiful object so 
 provoked him that he grew desperate and 
 killed himself. His blood was changed 
 into a flower, which still bears his name. 
 A freedman and secretary of Claudi- 
 us, who abused his trust and the infirmi- 
 ties of his imperial master, and plundered 
 the citizens of Rome to enrich himself. 
 Narcissus was compelled to kill himself, 
 
 A. D. 54. A favorite of the emperor 
 
 Nero, put to death by Galba. A wretch 
 
 who strangled the emperor Commodus. 
 
 Nargara, a town of Africa, where Han- 
 nibal and Scipio came to a parley. 
 
 Narisci, a nation of Germany, in the 
 Upper Palatinate. 
 
 Narnia or Narna, anciently Nequinum, 
 now JVami, a town of Umbria. 
 
 Naro, now Narenta, a river of Dalma- 
 tia falling into the Adriatic. 
 
 Narses, a king of Persia, A. D. 294, de- 
 feated by Maximianus Galerius, after a 
 reign of seven years. A Persian gene- 
 ral. 
 
 Narthecis, a small island near Sainos. 
 
 Narycia, or um, or Naryx, a town of 
 Magna Grsecia, built by a colony of Locri- 
 ans after the fall of Troy. 
 
 Nasamones, a savage people of Libya 
 near the Syrtes, who generally lived upon 
 plunder. 
 
 Nascio or Natio, a goddess at Rome, 
 who presided over the birth of children. 
 
 Nasica, the surname of one of the Sci- 
 pios. Nasica was the first who invented 
 the measuring of time by water, B. C. 
 159. An avaricious fellow of Rome. 
 
 Nasidienus, a Roman knight, of great 
 luxury, arrogance, and ostentation. 
 
 L. Nasidius, a man sent by Pompey to 
 assist the people of Massilia. After the 
 battle of Pharsalia, he followed the inte- 
 rest of Pompey 's children, and afterwards 
 revolted to Antony. 
 
 Naso, one of the murderers of J. Ca;- 
 sar. One of Ovid's names. 
 
 Nassus or Nasus, a town of Acarnania, 
 
NA 
 
 246 
 
 NE 
 
 Sear the mouth of the Achelous. Also 
 
 & part of the town, of Syracuse. 
 
 Nas'uAj a general ofthe Suevi, when 
 Caesar was in Gaul. 
 
 Natalis Antoxius, a Roman knight 
 who conspired against Nero with Piso. He 
 was pardoned for discovering the conspi- 
 racy. 
 
 Natiso, now Natisone, a river rising in 
 the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic. 
 
 Natta, a man whose manner of living 
 was so mean that his name became almost 
 proverbial at Rome. 
 
 Nata ; now Nape, a river of Germany, 
 falling into the Rhine at Bingen, below 
 Mentz. 
 
 Naubolus, a charioteer of Laius, king 
 
 of Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphi- 
 
 tus. A son of Lernus, one of the Ar- 
 gonauts. 
 
 Naucles, a general of the mercenary 
 troops of Lacedasmon against Thebes. 
 
 Naucratks, a Greek poet, who was em- 
 ployed by Artemisia to write a panegyric 
 
 upon Mausolus. Another poet. An 
 
 orator who endeavoured to alienate the 
 cities of Lycia from the interest of Bru- 
 tus. 
 
 Naucratis, a city of Egypt on the left 
 side of the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It 
 tvas celebrated for its commerce. 
 
 Navius Actius, a famous augur. 
 
 Naulochus, a maritime town of Sicily 
 
 near Pelorum. A town of Thrace on 
 
 the Euxine sea. A promontory of the 
 
 island of Imbros. A town of the Locri. 
 
 Naupactus or Naupactum, a city of 
 iEtolia, at the mouth of the Evenus, now 
 called Lepanto. 
 
 Nauplia, a maritime city of Peloponne- 
 sus, the naval station of the Argives. The 
 famous fountain Canathos was in its neigh- 
 borhood. 
 
 Naupli ades, a patronymic of Palamedes 
 son of Nauplius. 
 
 Nauplius, a son of Neptune and Amy- 
 mone, king of Euboea. The death of his 
 son Palamedes highly irritated Nauplius, 
 and to revenge the injustice of the Grecian 
 princes, he attempted to debauch their 
 wives and ruin their character. When 
 the Greeks returned from the Trojan war, 
 Nauplius saw them with pleasure distress- 
 ed in a storm on the coasts of Eubosa, and 
 was so disappointed when he saw Ulysses 
 and Diomedes escape from the general ca- 
 lamity, that he threw himself into the sea. 
 
 Nauportus, a town of Pwnnonia on a 
 river of the same name, now called Ober 
 or Upper Laybach. 
 
 Naura, a country of Scythia in Asia 
 — of India within the Ganges. 
 
 Nausicaa, a daughter of Alcinous, king 
 ofthe Phreaceans. She met Ulysses ship- 
 wrecked on her father'3 coasts, and it was 
 to her humanity that he owed ,'.he kind re- 
 ception he experienced from the king. 
 
 Nausicxes, an Athenian sent to assist 
 the Phociaus with five thousand foot. 
 
 Nausimenes, an Athenian whose wife 
 lost her voice from alarm. 
 
 Nausithoe, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Nausithous, a king of the Phseaceans, 
 father to Alcinous. He was son of Nep- 
 tune and Peribcea. The pilot of the 
 
 vessel which carried Theseus into Crete. 
 
 Naustathmus, a port of Phocasa in Io- 
 nia. Also a port of Cyrenaica, now 
 
 Bondaria. 
 
 NAUTEs,a Trojan soothsayer, who com- 
 forted ^Eneas when his fleet had been 
 burnt in Sicily. He was the progenitor 
 of the Nautii at Rome. 
 
 Naxos, now called Naxia, a celebrated 
 island in the iEgean sea, the largest and 
 most fertile of all the Cyclades, about one 
 hundred and five miles in circumference, 
 and thirty broad. The capital was also 
 called Naxos; and near it, on the 20th 
 Sept. B. C. 377, the Lacedaemonians were 
 
 defeated by Chabrias. An ancient town 
 
 on the eastern side of Sicily, founded 
 seven hundred and fifty-nine years before 
 
 the Christian era. A town of Crete, 
 
 noted for hones. A Carian who gave 
 
 his name to the greatest of the Cyclades. 
 
 Nazianzus, a town of Cappadocia 
 where St. Gregory was born. 
 
 Nea, or Nova insula, a small island be- 
 tween Lemnos and the Hellespont, which 
 rose out ofthe sea during an earthquake. 
 
 Ne^ra, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa 
 
 and Lampetia by the Sun. A woman 
 
 mentioned in Virgil. A favorite of Ho- 
 race. A daughter of Pereus. The 
 
 wife of Autolycus. — A daughter of Niobe, 
 
 and Amphion. The wife ofthe Stry- 
 
 mon. 
 
 Ne.ethus, now Neto, a river of Magna 
 Graecia near Crotona. 
 
 Nealces, a friend of Turnus in his war 
 against ^Eneas. 
 
 Nealices, a painter, amongst whose 
 capital pieces are mentioned a painting of 
 Venus, a sea-fight between the Persians 
 and Egyptians, and an ass drinking on 
 the shore, with a crocodile preparing to 
 attack it. 
 
 Neapjdros, (or ia,) a town of Troas. 
 
 Neanthes, an orator and historian of 
 Cyzicum, who flourished 257 years B. C. 
 
 "Nfafolis, a city of Campania, ancient- 
 ly called Parthenope, and now known by 
 the name of Naples, rising like an am- 
 phitheatre at the back of a beautiful 
 
 bay thirty miles in circumference. A 
 
 town in Africa. A city of Thrace. 
 
 A town of Egypt of Palestine of 
 
 Ionia. Also a part of Syracuse, 
 
 Nearchus, an officer of Alexander in 
 
 his Indian expedition. A beautiful 
 
 youth. An old man mentioned by Ci- 
 cero. 
 
 Nebo, a high mountain near Palestine 
 
NE 
 
 247 
 
 NE 
 
 beyond Jordan, from the top of which 
 Moses was permitted to view the promised 
 land. 
 
 Nebrissa, a town of Spain, now Le- 
 brixa. 
 
 Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, where 
 the Himera rises. 
 
 Nebrophonos, a son of Jason and Hyp- 
 sipyle. One of Action's dogs. 
 
 Nebula, a name given to Nephele the 
 wife of Athamas. 
 
 Necessitas, a divinity who presided 
 over the destinies of mankind, and who 
 was regarded as the mother of the Par- 
 es. 
 
 Nechos, a king of Egypt who attempted 
 to make a communication between the 
 Mediterranean and Red seas, B. C. 610. 
 No less than twelve thousand men perish- 
 ed in the attempt. 
 
 Necropolis, one of the suburbs of Al- 
 exandria. 
 
 Nectanebus and Nectanabis, a king 
 of Egypt, who defended his country 
 against the Persians, and was succeeded 
 by Tachos, B. C. 363. 
 
 Necysia, a solemnity observed by the 
 Greeks in memory of the dead. 
 
 Neis, the wife of Endymion. 
 
 Neleus, a son of Neptune and Tyro. 
 He was brother to Pelias, with whom he 
 was exposed by his mother, who wished 
 to conceal her infirmities from her father. 
 They were preserved and brought to Ty- 
 ro, who had then married Cretheus king 
 of Iolchos. Neleus married Chloris the 
 daughter of Amphion, by whom he had a 
 daughter and twelve sons, who were all, 
 except Nestor, killed by Hercules, togeth- 
 er with their father. A river of Eu- 
 
 boea. 
 
 Nelo, one of the Danaides. 
 
 Nem-ea, a town of Argolis between 
 Cleoure and Phlius with a wood, where 
 Hercules, in the sixteenth year of his age, 
 killed the celebrated Nemsan lion. It 
 was the first labor of Hercules to destroy 
 it ; and the hero, when he found that his 
 arrows and his club were useless against 
 an animal whose skin was hard and im- 
 penetrable, seized him in his arms and 
 squeezed him to death. The Nemsean 
 games were originally instituted by the 
 Argives in honor of Archemorus, who 
 died by the bite of a serpent, and Hercules 
 sometime after renewed them. They 
 were one of the four great and solemn 
 games, which were observed in Greece. 
 The conqueror was rewarded with a 
 crown of olive, afterwards of green par- 
 sley, in memory of the adventure of Ar- 
 chemorus, whom his nurse laid down on 
 a sprig of that plant. They were celebra- 
 ?ed every third, or, according to others, 
 very fifth year, or more properly on the 
 first and third vear of every Olympiad, on 
 the twelfth day of the Corinthian month 
 
 Panemos, which corresponds to our Au- 
 gust. A river of Peleponnesus falling 
 
 into the bay of Corinth. 
 
 Nemausus, a town of Gaul, in Langue- 
 doc. 
 
 Nemesia, festivals in honor of Nemesis. 
 
 M. Aurel. Olymp. Nemesianus, a La- 
 tin poet, born at Carthage, of no very bril- 
 liant talents, in the third century, who 
 wrote poems on hunting and bird catch- 
 ing. 
 
 Nemesis, one of the infernal deities, 
 daughter of Nox. She was the goddess of 
 vengeance always prepared to punish im- 
 piety, and at the same time liberally to 
 reward the good and virtuous. She is 
 made one of the Parcrc by some mytholo- 
 gists, and is represented with a helm and 
 a wheel. The people of Smyrna were 
 the first who made her statues with wings, 
 to show with what celerity she is prepared 
 to punish the crimes of the wicked both by 
 sea and land, as the helm and the wheel 
 
 in her hands intimate. A mistress of 
 
 Tibullus. 
 
 Nemesius, a Greek writer. 
 
 Nemetacum, a town of Gaul, now 
 Arras. 
 
 Nemetes, a nation of Germany, now 
 forming the inhabitants of Spire, which 
 was afterwards called Novionwgus. 
 
 Nemoralia, festivals observed in the 
 woods of Aricia, in honor of Diana, who 
 presided over the country and the forests, 
 on which account that part of Italy was 
 sometimes denominated Nemorensis ager. 
 
 Nemossus, (or uwt,) the capital of the 
 Arverni in Gaul, now Clermont. 
 
 Neobule, a daughter of Lycambes, be- 
 trothed to the poet Archilochus. A 
 
 beautiful woman to whom Horace address- 
 ed an ode. 
 
 Neocesaria, a town of Pontus. 
 
 Neochabis, a king of Egypt. 
 
 Neocles, an Athenian philosopher, 
 father, or according to Cicero, brother to 
 
 the philosopher Epicurus. The father 
 
 of Themistocles. 
 
 Neogenes, a man who made himself 
 absolute. 
 
 Neomoris, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Neon, a town ofPhocis. There was 
 
 also another of the same name in the same 
 country on the top of Parnassus. It was 
 
 afterwards called Tithorea. One of the 
 
 commanders of the ten thousand Greeks 
 who assisted Cyrus against Artaxerxes. 
 
 Neontichos, a town of^Etolia near the 
 Hermus. 
 
 Neoptolemus, a king of Epirus, son of 
 Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrhus, 
 from the yellow color of his hair. He was 
 carefully educated under the eye of his 
 mother, and gave early proofs of his 
 valor. He accompanied Ulysses to Lem- 
 nos, to engage Philoctetes to come to the 
 Trojan war. He greatly signalized him- 
 
NE 
 
 248 
 
 NE 
 
 self during the remaining time of the 
 siege, and he was the first who entered 
 the wooden horse. He was inferior to 
 none of the Grecian warriors in valor, 
 and Ulysses and Nestor alone could claim 
 a superiority over him in eloquence, wis- 
 dom, and address. His cruelty however 
 was as great as that of his father. When 
 Troy was taken, the captives were divid- 
 ed among the conquerors, and Pyrrhus 
 had for his share Andromache the widow 
 of Hector, and Helenus the son of Priam. 
 Neoptolemus lived with Andromache af- 
 ter his arrival in Greece, but it is un- 
 known whether he treated her as a law- 
 ful wife, or a concubine. He had a son 
 by this unfortunate princess called Molos- 
 sus, and two others, if we rely on the au- 
 thority of Pausanias. Besides Andro- 
 mache he married Herrnione the daughter 
 of Menelaus, as also Lanassa the daughter 
 of Cleodsus, one of the descendants of 
 Hercules. The cause of his death is va- 
 riously related. In the absence of Neop- 
 tolemus at Delphi, Hermione attempted 
 to murder Andromache, but she was pre- 
 vented by the interference of Peleus, or 
 according to others, of the populace. 
 When she saw her schemes defeated, 
 she determined to lay violent hands upon 
 herself to avoid the resentment of Neop- 
 tolemus. The sudden arrival of Orestes 
 changed her resolutions, and she consent- 
 ed to elope with her lover to Sparta. 
 Orestes at the same time, to revenge and 
 to punish his rival, caused him to be as- 
 sassinated in the temple of Delphi, and 
 he was murdered at the foot of the altar 
 by Machareus the priest, or by the hand 
 of Orestes himself. — A king of the Molos- 
 si, father of Olympias the mother of Alex- 
 ander. Another, king of Epirus. 
 
 An uncle of the celebrated Pyrrhus who 
 
 assisted the Tarentines. A tragic poet 
 
 of Athens greatly favored by Philip king 
 of Macedonia. A relation of Alexan- 
 der. One of the officers of Mithridates 
 
 the Great. A tragic writer. 
 
 Neoris, a large country of Asia, near 
 Gedrosia, almost destitute of waters. 
 
 Nepe, a constellation of the heavens, 
 
 the same as Scorpio. An inland town 
 
 of Etruria, called also Nepete. 
 
 Nephalia, festivals in Greece, in honor 
 of Mnemosyne the mother of the Muses 
 and Aurora, Venus, &c. 
 
 Nephele, the first wife of Athamas 
 king of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus 
 and Helle. She was repudiated on pre- 
 tence of being subject to fits of insanity, 
 and Athamas married Ino the daughter of 
 Cadmus, by whom he had several child- 
 ren. Ino became jealous of Nephele, be- 
 cause her children would succeed to their 
 father's throne before her's, by right of 
 seniority, and she resolved to destroy 
 them. "Nephele was apprized of her wick- 
 
 ed intentions, and she removed her chil- 
 dren from the reach of Ino, by giving 
 them a celebrated ram sprung from the 
 union of Neptune and Theophane, on 
 whose back they escaped to Colchis. Ne- 
 phele was afterwards changed into a 
 cloud, whence her name is given by the 
 
 Greeks to the clouds. A mountain of 
 
 Thessaly, once the residence of the Cen- 
 taurs. 
 
 Nephelis, a cape of Cilicia. 
 
 Nepheiiites, a king of Egypt, who as- 
 sisted the Spartans against Persia, when 
 Agesilaus was in Asia. 
 
 Nefhus, a son of Hercules. 
 
 Nepia, a daughter of Jasus, who mar- 
 ried Olympus king of Mysia. 
 
 Corn. Nepos, a celebrated historian in 
 the reign of Augustus. He was born at 
 Hostilia, and like the rest of his learned 
 contemporaries, he shared the favors and 
 enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. He 
 was the intimate friend of Cicero and of 
 Atticus, and recommended himself to the 
 notice of the great and opulent by delicacy 
 of sentiment and a lively disposition. Of 
 all his valuable compositions, nothing re- 
 mains but his lives of the illustrious Greek 
 and Roman generals. Julius, an empe- 
 ror of the west, &c. 
 
 Nepotianus Flavius Popilius, a son of 
 Eutropia, the sister of the emperor Con- 
 stantine. He proclaimed himself empe- 
 ror after the death of his cousin Constans, 
 and rendered himself odious by his cru- 
 elty and oppression. He was murdered 
 by Anicetus, after one month's reign. 
 
 Nepthys, wife of Typhon. 
 
 Neptuni fanum, a place near Cen- 
 
 chreee. Another in the island of Calau- 
 
 ria. Another near Mantinea. 
 
 NEPTUNiA,atown and colony of Magna 
 Gnecia. 
 
 Neptunium, a promontory of Arabia. 
 
 Neptunius, an epithet applied to Sext. 
 Pompey, because he believed himself to 
 be god of the sea, or descended from him, 
 on account of his superiority in ships. 
 
 Neptunus, a god, son of Saturn and 
 Ops, and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and 
 Juno. Neptune shared with his brothers 
 the empire of Saturn, and received as his 
 portion the kingdom of the sea. This, 
 however, did not seem equivalent to the 
 empire of heaven and earth, which Jupi- 
 ter had claimed, therefore he conspired to 
 dethrone him with the rest of the gods. 
 The conspiracy was discovered, and Jupi- 
 ter condemned Neptune to build the walls 
 of Troy. A reconciliation was soon after 
 made, and Neptune was reinstated to all 
 his rights and privileges. Neptune dis- 
 puted with Minerva the right of giving a 
 name to the capital of Cecropia, but he 
 was defeated, and the olive which the 
 goddess suddenly raised from the earth 
 was deemed more serviceable for the good 
 
NE 
 
 249 
 
 NE 
 
 of mankind than the horse which Neptune 
 had produced by striking the ground with 
 his trident, as that animal is the emblem 
 of war and slaughter. Neptune, as being 
 god of the sea, was entitled to more power 
 than any of the other gods, except Jupiter. 
 Not only the ocean, rivers, and fountains, 
 were subjected to him, but he also could 
 cause earthquakes at his pleasure, and 
 raise islands from the bottom of the sea 
 with a blow of his trident. The worship 
 of Neptune was established in almost ev- 
 ery part of the earth, and the Libyans in 
 particular venerated him above all other 
 nations, and looked upon him as the first 
 and greatest of the gods. He was gene- 
 rally represented sitting in a chariot made 
 of a shell, and drawn by sea horses and 
 dolphins. Sometimes lie is drawn by 
 winged horses, and holds his trident in 
 his hand, and stands up as his chariot flies 
 over the surface of the sea. Homer re- 
 presents him as issuing from the sea, and 
 in three steps crossing the whole horizon. 
 The ancients generally sacrificed a bull 
 and a horse on his altars, and the Roman 
 soothsayers always offered to him the gall 
 of the victims, which in taste resembles 
 the bitterness of the sea water. 
 
 Nereides, nymphs of the sea, daugh- 
 ters of Nereus and Doris. They were 
 fifty, according to the greater number of 
 the mythologists. The Nereides were im- 
 plored as the rest of the deities ; they had 
 altars chiefly on the coasts of the sea, 
 where the piety of mankind made offer- 
 ings of milk, oil, and honey, and often of 
 the flesh of goats. When they were on 
 the sea shore they generally resided in 
 grottos and caves which were adorned 
 with shells, and shaded^by the branches 
 of vines. Their duty was to attend upon 
 the more powerful deities of the sea, and 
 to be subservient to the will of Neptune. 
 They are represented as young and hand- 
 some virgins, sitting on dolphins, and 
 holding Neptune's trident in their hand, 
 or sometimes garlands of flowers. 
 
 Nereius, a name given to Achilles, as 
 son of Thetis, who was one of the Nere- 
 ides. 
 
 Nereus, a deity of the sea, son of Ocean- 
 us and Terra. He married Doris, by whom 
 he had fifty daughters, called the Nere- 
 ides. Nereus was generally represented 
 as an old man with a long flowing beard, 
 and hair of an azure color. The chief 
 place of his residence was in the /Egean 
 sea, where he was surrounded by his 
 daughters, who often danced in choruses 
 round him. He had the gift of prophecy, 
 and informed those that consulted him 
 with the different fates that attended 
 them. He often evaded the importunities 
 of inquirers by assuming different shapes. 
 
 Nerio, or Neriene, the wife of 
 Mara. 
 
 Neriphus, a desert island near the Thra- 
 cian Chersonesus. 
 
 Neritos, a mountain in the island of 
 Ithaca, as also a small island in the Ionian 
 sea, according to Mela. 
 
 Neritum, a town of Calabria, now call- 
 ed Nardo. 
 
 Nerius, a silversmith in the age of Ho- 
 race. An usurer in Nero's age, who 
 
 was so eager to get money, that he mar- 
 ried as often as he could, and as soon de- 
 stroyed his wives by poison, to possess 
 himself of their estates. 
 
 Nero, Claudius Domitius CgRsar, a cele- 
 brated Roman emperor, son of Caius Do- 
 mitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the 
 daughter of Germanicus. He was adopt- 
 ed by the emperor Claudius, A. D. 50, and 
 four years after he succeeded to him on 
 the throne. The beginning of his reign 
 was marked by acts of the greatest kind- 
 ness and condescension, by affability, 
 complaisance, and popularity. He was 
 an enemy to flattery, and when the senate 
 had liberally commended the wisdom of 
 his government, Nero desired them to keep 
 their praises till he deserved them. These 
 promising virtues were soon discovered to 
 be artificial, and Nero displayed the pro- 
 pensities of his nature. He delivered him- 
 self from the sway of his mother, and at 
 last ordered her to be assassinated. He 
 sacrificed to his wantonness his wife Oc- 
 tavia Popprea, and the celebrated writers, 
 Seneca, Lucan, Petronius, &c. The 
 Christians also did not escape his barbari- 
 ty. He had heard of the burning of Troy, 
 and as he wished to renew that dismal 
 scene, he caused Rome to be set on fire 
 in different places. The conflagration be- 
 came soon universal, and during nine suc- 
 cessive days the fire was unextinguished. 
 All was desolation, nothing was heard but 
 the lamentations of mothers whose chil- 
 dren had perished in the flames, the groans 
 of the dying, and the continual fall of 
 palaces and buildings. Nero was the only 
 one who enjoyed the general consterna- 
 tion. He placed himself on the top of a 
 high tower, and he sang on his lyre the 
 destruction of Troy, a dreadful scene 
 which his barbarity had realized before his 
 eyes. He attempted to avert the public odi- 
 um from his head, by a feigned commisera- 
 tion of the miseries of his subjects. He 
 began to repair the streets and the public 
 buildings at his own expense. He built 
 himself a celebrated palace, which he call- 
 ed his golden house. It was profusely 
 adorned with gold, with precious stones, 
 and with whatever was rare and exqui- 
 site. It contained spacious fields, artifi- 
 cial lakes, woods, gardens, orchards, and 
 whatever could exhibit beauty and grand- 
 eur. His profusion was not less remark- 
 able in all his other actions. When he 
 went a fishing his nets were made with 
 L* 
 
NE 
 
 250 
 
 NE 
 
 gold and silk. He never appeared twice 
 in the same garment, and when he under- 
 took a voyage, there were thousands of 
 servants to take care of hjs wardrobe. 
 This continuation of debauchery and ex- 
 travagance, at last, roused the resentment 
 of the people. Many conspiracies were 
 formed against the emperor, but they were 
 generally discovered, and such as were 
 accessary suffered the greatest punish- 
 ments. The most dangerous conspiracy 
 against Nero's life was that of Piso, from 
 which he was delivered by the confes- 
 sion of a slave. The conspiracy of Galba 
 proved more successful ; and the conspi- 
 rator, when be was informed that his plot 
 was known to Nero, declared himself 
 emperor. The unpopularity of Nero fa- 
 vored bis cause, he was acknowledged by 
 all tiie Roman empire, and the senate con- 
 demned the tyrant that sat on the throne 
 to be dragged naked through the streets 
 of Rome, and whipped to death, and af- 
 terwards to be thrown down from the 
 Tarpeian rock like the meanest malefac- 
 tor. This, however, was not done, and 
 Nero, by a voluntary death, prevented the 
 execution of the sentence. He killed 
 himself, A. D. 63, in the thirty-second 
 year of his age, after a reign of thirteen 
 
 years and eight months. Claudius, a 
 
 Roman general sent into Spain to succeed 
 the two Scipios. He suffered himself to 
 be imposed upon by Asdrubal, and was 
 soon after succeeded by young Scipio. 
 He was afterwards made consul, and in- 
 tercepted Asdrubal, who was passing from 
 Spain into Italy with a large reinforce- 
 ment for his brother Annibal. An- 
 other, who opposed Cicero when he wish- 
 ed to punish with death such as w T ere ac- 
 cessary to Catiline's conspiracy. A son 
 
 of Germanicus. Domitian was called 
 
 Nero, because his cruelties surpassed those 
 
 of his predecessors. The Neros were 
 
 of the Claudian family, which, during the 
 republican times of Rome, was honored 
 with twenty eight consulships, five dicta- 
 torships, six triumphs, seven censorships, 
 and two ovations. 
 
 Neronia, a name given to Artaxata by 
 Tiridates, who had been restored to his 
 kingdom by Nero. 
 
 Neronianjs Therm.?:, baths at Rome, 
 made by the emperor Nero. 
 
 Nertobrigia, a town of Spain, on the 
 Bilbilis. 
 
 Nerva Cocceitjs, a Roman emperor 
 after the death of Domitian, A. D. 96. 
 He rendered himself popular by his mild- 
 ness, his generosity, and the active part 
 he took in the management of affairs. He 
 suffered no statues to be raised to his 
 honor, and he applied to the use of the 
 government all the gold and silver statues 
 which flattery had erected to his prede- 
 cessor. In his civil character he was the 
 
 pattern of good manners, of sobriety and 
 temperance. He died on the 27th of July, 
 A. D. 98, in his seventy second year, and 
 his successor showed his respect for his 
 merit and his character by raising him al 
 tars and temples in Rome, and in the pro- 
 vinces, and by ranking him in the num- 
 ber of the gods. Nerva was the first Ro- 
 man emperor who was of foreign extrac- 
 tion. M. Cocceius, a consul in the reign 
 
 of Tiberius. He starved himself, because 
 he would not be concerned in the extra- 
 vagance of the emperor. A celebrated 
 
 lawyer, consul with the emperor Vespa- 
 sian. He was father to the emperor of 
 that name. 
 
 Nervh, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, 
 who continually upbraided the neighbor- 
 ing nations for submitting to the power 
 of the Romans. They attacked J. Cffisa'r, 
 and were totally defeated. Their coun- 
 try forms the modern province of Hai- 
 nault. 
 
 Nerulum, an inland town of Lucania, 
 now Lagonegro. 
 
 Nerium, or Artabrum, a promontory 
 of Spain, now cape Finisterre. 
 
 Nesactum, a town of Istria, at the 
 mouth of the Arsia, now Caslel JVuovo. 
 
 Nes.ea, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Nesimachus, the father of Hippome- 
 don, a native of Argos, who was one of 
 the seven chiefs who made war against 
 Thebes. 
 
 Nesis, now JYisita, an island on the 
 coast of Campania, famous for asparagus. 
 Lucan and Stativis speak of its air as un- 
 wholesome and dangerous. 
 
 Nessus, a celebrated centaur, son of 
 Ixion and the Cloud. He offered violence 
 to Dejanira, whom Hercules had intrusted 
 to his care, with orders to carry her across 
 the river Evenus. 
 
 Nestocees, a famous statuary of Greece, 
 rival to Phidias. 
 
 Nestor, a son of Neleus and Chloris, 
 and king of Pylos. He had eleven bro- 
 thers, who were all killed, with his father, 
 by Hercules. As king of Pylos and Mes- 
 senia he led his subjects to the Trojan 
 war, where he distinguished himself 
 among the rest of the Grecian chiefs, by 
 eloquence, address, wisdom, justice, and 
 an uncommon prudence of mind. Homer 
 displays his character as the most perfect 
 of all his heroes; and Agamemnon ex- 
 claims, that, if he had ten generals like 
 Nestor, he should soon see the walls of 
 Troy reduced to ashes. After the Trojan 
 war, Nestor retired to Greece, where he 
 enjoyed, in the bosom of his family, the 
 peace and tranquillity which were due to 
 his wisdom and to his old age. The man- 
 ner and the time of his death are un- 
 known ; the ancients are all agreed that he 
 
 lived three generations of men. A poet 
 
 of Lycaonia in the age of the emperor 
 
NI 
 
 251 
 
 NI 
 
 Severus. One of the body guards of 
 
 Alexander. 
 
 Nestorius, a bishop of Constantinople, 
 who flourished A. D. 431. 
 
 Nestus, or Nessus, now Nesto, a small 
 river of Thrace. 
 
 Netum, a town of Sicily now called 
 Noto, on the eastern coast. 
 
 Neuri, a people of Sannatia. 
 
 Nicjsa, a widow of Alexander, who 
 
 married Demetrius. A daughter of 
 
 Antipater, who married Penliccas. A 
 
 city of India, built by Alexander on the 
 very spot where he had obtained a victo- 
 ry over king Porus. A town of Achaia. 
 
 A towji of Illyrieum. Another in 
 
 Corsica. Another in Thrace — in Bceo- 
 
 tia. A town of Bithynia. A town of 
 
 Liguria. 
 
 Nicagoras, a sophist of Athens in the 
 reign of the emperor Philip. 
 
 Nicandkr, a king of Sparta, son of Cha- 
 rillns, of the family of the Pioclidse. He 
 reigned thirty-nine years, and died B. C. 
 
 770. A writer of Chalcedon. A 
 
 Greek grammarian, poet, and physician, 
 of Colophon, 137 B. C. 
 
 Nicaxor, a man who conspired against 
 
 the life of Alexander. A son of Parme- 
 
 nio, who died in Hyrcania. A surname 
 
 of Demetrius. A governor of Media, 
 
 conquered by Seleucus. A general of 
 
 the emperor Titus. A man of Stagira, 
 
 by whom Alexander the Great sent a let- 
 ter to recall the Grecian exiles. A gov- 
 ernor of Munychia, who seized the Pirfeus, 
 and was at last put to death by Cassan- 
 
 der. A brother of Cassander, destroyed 
 
 by Olympias. A general of Antiochus, 
 
 king of Syria. 
 
 Nicarchus, a Corinthian philosopher in 
 
 the age of Periander. An Arcadian 
 
 chief, who deserted to the Persians at the 
 return of the ten thousand Greeks. 
 
 Nicarthides, a man set over Persepolis 
 by Alexander. 
 
 Nicator, a surname of Seleucus, king 
 of Syria, from his having been uncon- 
 quered. 
 
 Nice, a daughter of Thestius. 
 
 Nicephorium, a town of Mesopotamia, 
 on the Euphrates, where Venus had a 
 temple. 
 
 Nicephorius, now Khabour, a river 
 which flowed by the walls of Tigrano- 
 certa. 
 
 Nicephorus Cesar, a Byzantine histo- 
 rian. Gregoras, another. A Greek 
 
 ecclesiastical historian. 
 
 Nicer, now the Necker, a river of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Niceratus, a poet who wrote a poem 
 
 in praise of Lysander. The father of 
 
 Nicias. 
 
 Nicetas, one of the Byzantine histo- 
 rians. 
 
 Niceteria, a festival at Athens, in me- 
 
 mory of the victory which Minerva ob- 
 tained over Neptune, in their dispute 
 about giving a name to the capital of the 
 country. 
 
 Nici a, a city. A river falling into the 
 
 Po at Brixellum. It is now called Lenza. 
 
 Nicias, an Athenian general, celebrated 
 for his valor and for his misfortunes. He 
 early conciliated the good will of the peo- 
 ple by his liberality, and he established 
 his military character by taking the island 
 of Cythera from the power of Lacedsmon. 
 When Athens determined to make war 
 against Sicily, Nicias was appointed, with 
 Alcibiades and Lamachus, to conduct the 
 expedition, which he reprobated as impo- 
 litic, and as the future cause of calami- 
 ties to the Athenian power. This expe- 
 dition was unfortunate. Demosthenes was 
 sent with a fleet to assist him, but their 
 combined forces were defeated, and the 
 two generals put to death. The Atheni- 
 ans lamented in Nicias a great and valiant 
 but unfortunate general. A gramma- 
 rian of Rome, intimate with Cicero. A 
 
 man of Nica, who wrote an history of phi- 
 losophers. A physician of Pyrrhus, 
 
 king of Epirus, who made an offer to the 
 Romans of poisoning his master for a sum 
 of money. The Roman general disdained 
 his offers, and acquainted Pyrrhus with 
 
 his treachery. A painter of Athens, in 
 
 the age of Alexander. He was chiefly 
 happy in his pictures of women. 
 
 Nicippe, a daughter of Pelops, who 
 
 married Sthenelus. A daughter of 
 
 Thespius. 
 
 Nicippus, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose 
 sheep brought forth a lion, which was con- 
 sidered as portending his future greatness, 
 and his elevation to the sovereignty. 
 
 Nico, one of the Tarentine chiefs who 
 
 conspired against the life of Annibal. 
 
 A celebrated architect and geometrician. 
 
 One of the slaves of Craterus. The 
 
 name of an elephant remarkable for his 
 fidelity to king Pyrrhus. 
 
 Nicochares, a Greek comic poet in the 
 age of Aristophanes. 
 
 Nicocles, a familiar friend of Phocion, 
 
 condemned to death. A king of Sala- 
 
 mis, celebrated for his contest with a king 
 of Phoenicia, to prove which of the two 
 
 was most effeminate A king of Paphos 
 
 who reigned under the protection of 
 Ptolemy king of Egypt. He killed him- 
 self three hundred and ten years before 
 
 the Christian era. An ancient Greek 
 
 poet. A king of Cyprus, who succeed- 
 ed his father Evagoras on the throne, three 
 hundred and seventy-four years before 
 
 Christ. A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed by 
 
 means of Aratus, the Achajan. 
 
 Nicocrates, a tyrant of Cyrene. An 
 
 author at Athens. A king of Salamis 
 
 in Cyprus, who made himself known by 
 his valuable collection of books. 
 
NI 
 
 252 
 
 NI 
 
 Nicocreon, a tyrant of Salamis, in the 
 age of Alexander the Great. He ordered 
 the philosopher Anaxarchus to be pound- 
 ed to pieces in a mortar. 
 
 Njcodemus, an Athenian appointed by 
 Conon over the fleet which was going to 
 
 the assistance of Artaxerxes. A tyrant 
 
 of Italy. 
 
 Nicodorus, a wrestler of Mantinea, 
 who studied philosophy in his old age. 
 An Athenian archon. 
 
 Nicodromus, a son of Hercules and 
 
 Nice. An Athenian who invaded 
 
 yEgina. 
 
 Nicolatts, a philosopher. A cele- 
 brated Syracusan, who endeavored, in a 
 pathetic speech, to dissuade his country- 
 men from offering violence to the Athe- 
 nian prisoners who had been taken with 
 Nicias their general. His eloquence was 
 unavailing. 
 
 Nicomacha, a daughter of Themisto- 
 cles. 
 
 Nicomachus, the father of Aristotle, 
 
 whose son also bore the same name. 
 
 One of Alexander's friends, who discover- 
 ed the conspiracy of Dymus. An ex- 
 cellent painter. A Pythagorean philo- 
 sopher. A Lacedaemonian general. 
 
 Nicomedes 1st, a king of Bithynia, 
 about two hundred and seventy-eight 
 years before the Christian era. It was by 
 his exertions that this part of Asia became 
 
 a monarchy. The 2d, was ironically 
 
 surnamed Philopater, because he drove his 
 father Prusias from the kingdom of Bithy- 
 nia, and caused him to be assassinated, 
 B. C. 149. He reigned fifty-nine years. 
 The 3d, son and successor of the pre- 
 ceding, was dethroned by his brother So- 
 crates, and afterwards by the ambitious 
 
 Mithridates. The 4th of that name, 
 
 was son and successor of Nicomedes 3d. 
 He passed his life in an easy and tranquil 
 manner, and enjoyed the peace which his 
 alliance with the Romans had procured 
 him. He died B. C. 75, without issue, 
 and left his kingdom, with all his posses- 
 sions, to the Roman people. A cele- 
 brated geometrician in the age of the phi- 
 losopher Eratosthenes. He made himself 
 
 known by his useful machines. An 
 
 engineer in the army of Mithridates. 
 
 One of the preceptors of the emperor M. 
 Antoninus. 
 
 Nicomedia, (now Is-vikmid,) a town of 
 Bithynia, founded by Nicomedes 1st. It 
 was the capital of the country, and it has 
 been compared, for its beauty and great- 
 ness, to Rome, Antioch, or Alexandria. 
 
 Nicon, a pirate of Pluere, in Peloponne- 
 sus. An athlete of Thasos, fourteen 
 
 times victorious at the Olympic games. 
 A native of Tarentum. 
 
 Niconia, a town of Pontus. 
 
 Nicofhanes, a famous painter of 
 Grpece. 
 
 Nicophron, a comic poet of Athens 
 some time after the age of Aristophanes. 
 
 Nicopolis, a city of Lower Egypt.' 
 
 A town of Armenia. A town of Epirus, 
 
 built by Augustus after the battle of Acti 
 
 urn. Another, near Jerusalem, founded 
 
 by the emperor Vespasian. Another, 
 
 in Moesia. Another in Thrace. 
 
 Nicostrata, a courtezan who left all 
 her possessions to Sylla. 
 
 Nicostratus, a man of Argos of great 
 strength. He was fond of imitating Her- 
 cules by clothing himself in a lion's skin. 
 One of Alexander's soldiers. He con- 
 spired against the king's life, with Her- 
 
 molaus. A painter who expressed great 
 
 admiration at the sight of Helen's picture 
 
 by Zeuxis. — A dramatic actor of Ionia. 
 
 A comic poet of Argos. An orator of 
 
 Macedonia, in the reign of the emperor M. 
 
 Antoninus. A son of Menelaus and 
 
 Helen. A general of the Achaeans, who 
 
 defeated the Macedonians. 
 
 Nicotelea, a celebrated woman of 
 Messenia. 
 
 Nicoteles, a Corinthian drunkard 
 
 Niger, a friend of M. Antony, serjt to 
 
 him by Octavia. A surname of Clitus, 
 
 whom Alexander killed in a fit of drunk- 
 enness. C. Pescennius Justus, a cele- 
 brated governor in Syria, well known by 
 his valor in the Roman armies, while yet 
 a private man. At the death of Pertinax 
 he was declared emperor of Rome, and 
 his claims to that elevated situation were 
 supported by a sound understanding, pru- 
 dence of mind, moderation, courage, and 
 virtue. He was remarkable for his fond- 
 ness for ancient discipline, and never 
 suffered his soldiers to drink wine, but 
 obliged them to quench their thirst with 
 water and vinegar. Severus, who had 
 also been invested with the imperial pur- 
 ple, marched against him ; some battles 
 were fought, and Niger was, at last, de- 
 feated, A. D. 194. His head was cut off 
 and fixed to a long spear, and carried in 
 triumph through the streets of Rome. He 
 reigned about one year. 
 
 Niger, or Nigris, a river of Africa, 
 which rises in ^Ethiopia, and falls by 
 three mouths into the Atlantic. 
 
 P. Nigidius Figulus, a celebrated phi- 
 losopher and astrologer at Rome, one of 
 the most learned men of his age. In the 
 civil wars he followed the interest of Pom- 
 pey, for which he was banished by the 
 conqueror. He died in the place of his 
 banishment, 47 years B. C. 
 
 Nigrit.k, a people of Africa, who dwell 
 on the banks of the Niger. 
 
 Nileus, a son of Codrus, who conduct- 
 ed a colony of Ionians to Asia, where he 
 built Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, 
 
 Myus, Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenae. 
 
 A philosopher who had in his possession 
 all the writings of Aristotle. 
 
NI 
 
 253 
 
 NO 
 
 Nilus, a king of Thebes, who gave his 
 naine to the river which flows through 
 ihe middle of Egypt and falls into the 
 Mediterranean sea." The Nile, anciently 
 called JEryptas, is one of the most cele- 
 brated rivers in the world. Its sources 
 were unknown to the ancients, and the 
 moderns are equally ignorant of their 
 situation, whence an impossibility is gen- 
 erally meant by the proverb of Nili caput 
 
 qu-vrere. One of the Greek fathers who 
 
 flourished A. D. 440. 
 
 Ni.n-.vius, a tribune who opposed Clodi- 
 us the enemy of Cicero. 
 
 Ni.nus, a son of Belus who built a city 
 to which he gave his own name, and 
 founded the Assyrian monarchy of which 
 he was the first sovereign, B. C. 2059. He 
 was very warlike, and extended his con- 
 quests from Egypt to the extremities of 
 India and Bactriana. He became enam- 
 ored of Semiramis the wife of one of his 
 officers, and he married her after her hus- 
 band had destroyed himself through fear 
 of his powerful rival. Ninus reigned fifty- 
 two years, and at his death he left his 
 kingdom to the care of his wife Semira- 
 mis, by whom he had a son. Ninus after 
 death received divine honors, and became 
 the Jupiter of the Assyrians and the Her- 
 cules of the Chaldeans. A celebrated 
 
 city, now Nino, the capital of Assyria, 
 built on the banks of the Tigris by Ninus, 
 find called Nineveh in Scripture. 
 
 Nin fas, a son of Ninus and Semiramis, 
 king of Assyria, who succeeded his mo- 
 ther who had voluntarily abdicated the 
 crown. The reign of Ninyas is remarka- 
 ble for its luxury and extravagance. 
 
 Niobe, a daughter of Tantalus, king of 
 Lydia by Euryanassa or Dione. She mar- 
 ried Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom 
 she had ten sons and ten daughters. The 
 number of her children increased her 
 pride, and she had the imprudence not 
 only to prefer herself to Latona who had 
 only two children, but she even insulted 
 her, and ridiculed the worship which was 
 paid to her. This insolence provoked 
 Latona. She entreated her children to 
 punish the arrogant Niobe. Her prayers 
 were heard, and immediately all the sons 
 of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo, 
 and all the daughters, except Chloris, who 
 had married Neleus king of Pylos, were 
 equally destroyed by Diana ; and Niobe, 
 struck at the suddenness of her misfor- 
 tunes, was changed into a stone. A 
 
 daughter of Phoroneus, king of Pelopon- 
 nesus, by Laodice. She was beloved by 
 Jupiter, by whom she had a son called 
 Argus. 
 
 Nimbus, a man killed by horses. 
 
 Niphates, a mountain of Asia, which 
 divides Armenia from Assyria, and from 
 
 which the Tigris takes its rise. A river 
 
 of Armenia, falling into the Tigris. 
 22 
 
 Niphe, one of Diana's companions. 
 
 Nirects, a king of Naxos, son of Cha- 
 rops and Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. 
 He was one of the Grecian chiefs during 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Nisa, a town of Greece. A country 
 
 woman. A place. A celebrated 
 
 plain of Media near the Caspian sea, fa- 
 mous for its horses. 
 
 Nisjea, a naval station on the coasts of 
 
 Megaris. A town of Parthia, called 
 
 also Nisa, 
 
 Nis.ee, a sea nymph. 
 
 Niseia. Vid. Nisus. 
 
 Nisibis, a town of Mesopotamia built 
 by a colony of Macedonians on the Tigris. 
 
 Nisus, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount 
 Ida near Troy. He came to Italy with 
 iEneas, and signalized himself by his 
 valor against the Rutulians. He was unit- 
 ed in the closest friendship with Eurya- 
 lus, a young Trojan, and with him he en- 
 tered, in the dead of night, the enemy's 
 camp. As they were returning victo- 
 rious, after much bloodshed, they were 
 perceived by the Rutulians, who attacked 
 Euryalus. Nisus in endeavoring to res- 
 cue his friend from the enemy's darts, 
 
 perished himself with him. A king of 
 
 Dulichium, remarkable for his probity and 
 
 virtue. A king of Megara, son of Mars s 
 
 or more probably of Pandion. He inherit- 
 ed his father's kingdom with his broth- 
 ers, and received as his portion the coun- 
 try of Megaris. Vid. Scylla. 
 
 Nisyros, an island in the ^Egean sea, 
 at the west of Rhodes, with a town of 
 the same name. 
 
 Nitetis, a daughter of Apries, king of 
 Egypt, married by his successor Amasis 
 to Cyrus. , 
 
 Nitiobriges, a people of Gaul, suppos- 
 ed to be Agenois, in Guienne. 
 
 Nitocris, a celebrated queen of Baby- 
 lon. She ordered herself to be buried 
 over one of the gates of the city, and 
 placed an inscription on her tomb, which 
 signified that her successors would find 
 great treasures within, if ever they were 
 in need of money, but that their labors 
 would be but ill repaid if ever they ven- 
 tured to open it without necessity. Cy- 
 rus opened it through curiosity, and was 
 struck to find within these words, If Viy 
 avarice had not been insatiable thou never 
 wouldst have violated the monuments of the 
 
 dead. A queen of Egypt who built a 
 
 third pyramid. 
 
 Nitria, a country of Egypt with two 
 towns of the same name, above Memphis. 
 
 Nivaria, an island at the west of Afri- 
 ca supposed to be the Teneriff, one of the 
 Canaries. 
 
 Noas, a river of Thrace falling into the 
 Ister. 
 
 Nocmon, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
 
 Noctiluca, a surname of Diana. 
 
NO 
 
 254 
 
 NU 
 
 Nola, an ancient town of Campania, 
 which became a Roman colony before the 
 first Punic war. Augustus died there on 
 his return from Neapolis to Rome. Bells 
 were first invented there in the beginning 
 of the fifth century, from which reason 
 they have been called Nolm or Campancc, 
 in Latin. 
 
 Nomades, a name given to all those un- 
 civilized people who had no fixed habita- 
 tion. 
 
 Nom-e, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Nomentanus, an epithet applied to L. 
 Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He is 
 mentioned by Horace as a mixture of lux- 
 ury and dissipation. 
 
 Nomentum, a town of the Sabines in 
 Italy, famous for wine, and now called 
 Lamentana. 
 
 Nomii, mountains of Arcadia. 
 
 Nomius, a surname given to Apollo, 
 because he fed the flocks of king Adme- 
 tus in Thessaly. 
 
 Nonacris, a town of Arcadia, which 
 received its name from a wife of Lycaon. 
 There was a mountain of the same name 
 in the neighborhood. 
 
 Nonius, a Roman soldier imprisoned for 
 
 paying respect to Galba's statues. A 
 
 Roman who exhorted his countrymen 
 after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and the 
 flight of Pompey, by observing that eight 
 standards (aquilce) still remained in the 
 camp, to which Cicero answered, recte, 
 si nobis cum graculis bellum esset. 
 
 Nonnius Makcellus, a grammarian. 
 
 Nonnus, a Greek writer of the fifth 
 century. 
 
 Nonus, a Greek physician. 
 
 Nopia or Cnopia, a town of Bceotia. 
 
 Nora, now Nour, a place of Phrygia. 
 A town. 
 
 Norax, a son of Mercury and Eury- 
 thsea. 
 
 Norba, a town of the Volsci. Cae- 
 
 sarea a town of Spain on the Tagus. 
 
 C. Norbanus, a young and ambitious 
 Roman who opposed Sylla, and joined his 
 interest to that of young Marius. In his 
 consulship he marched against Sylla, by 
 
 whom he was defeated. A friend and 
 
 general of Augustus. 
 
 Noricum, a country of ancient Illyri- 
 cum, which now forms a part of modern 
 Bavaria and Austria. The iron that was 
 drawn from Noricum was esteemed ex- 
 cellent. 
 
 Northippus, a Greek tragic poet. 
 
 Nortia, a name given to the goddess of 
 Fortune among the Etrurians. 
 
 Nothus, a son of Deucalion. A sur- 
 name of Darius king of Persia. 
 
 Notium, a town of ^Eolia near the Cay- 
 ster. It was peopled by the inhabitants 
 of Colophon. 
 
 Notus ? the south wind, called also Au- 
 Bter. 
 
 Nov.*;, (labernw) the new shops built in 
 the forum at Rome, and adorned with the 
 shields of the Cimbri. 
 
 Novaria, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, 
 now Novara in Milan. 
 
 Novatus, a man who severely attacked 
 the character of Augustus, under a ficti- 
 tious name. 
 
 Novesium, a town of the Ubii, on the 
 west of the Rhine. 
 
 Noviodunum, a town of the iEdui in 
 Gaul, taken by J. Caesar. 
 
 Noviomagus or Neomagus, a town of 
 
 Gaul, now Nizeux in Normandy. 
 
 Another called also Nemetes, now Spire. 
 Another in Batavia. 
 
 Novium, a town of Spain, now Noya.. 
 
 Novius Priscus, a man banished from 
 Rome by Nero, on suspicion that he was 
 
 accessary to Piso's conspiracy. A man 
 
 who attempted to assassinate the emperor 
 Claudius. 
 
 Novum Comum, a town of Insubria on 
 the lake Larinus. 
 
 Nox, one of the most ancient deities 
 among the heathens, daughter of Chaos. 
 From her union with her brother Erebus, 
 she gave birth to the Day and the Light. 
 She was also the mother of the Parens, 
 Hesperides, Dreams, of Discord, Death, 
 Momus, Fraud, &c. She had a famous 
 statue in Diana's temple at Ephesus. She 
 is represented as mounted on a chariot 
 and covered with a veil bespangled with 
 stars. The constellations generally went 
 before her as her constant messengers. 
 
 Nuceria, a town of Campania taken by 
 Annibal. It now bears the name of No- 
 cera, and contains about 30,000 inhabi- 
 tants. A town of Umbria at the foot 
 
 of the Appenines. 
 
 Nuithones, a people of Germany. 
 
 Numa Marcius, a man made governor 
 of Rome by Tullus Hostilius. 
 
 Numa Pompilius, a celebrated philoso- 
 pher, born at Cures, a village of the Sa- 
 bines, on the day that Romulus laid the 
 foundation of Rome. He married Tatia 
 the daughter of Tatius the king of the Sa- 
 bines, and at her death he retired into the 
 country to devote himself more freely to 
 literary pursuits. At the death of Romu- 
 lus, the Romans fixed upon him to be their 
 new king. The beginning of his reign 
 was popular, and he dismissed the three 
 hundred body guards which his predeces- 
 sor had kept around his person, observing 
 that he did not distrust a people who had 
 compelled him to reign over them. He 
 established different orders of priests, and 
 taught the Romans not to worship the 
 deity by images. He encouraged the re- 
 port which was spread of his paying regu- 
 lar visits to the nymph Egeria, and made 
 use of her name to give sanction to the 
 laws and institutions which he had intro- 
 duced* He established the college of the 
 
NU 
 
 255 
 
 NY 
 
 vestals, and told the Romans that the 
 safety of the empire depended upon the 
 preservation of the sacred ancyle ox shield 
 which, as was generally believed, had 
 dropped down from heaven. He dedicat- 
 ed a. temple to Janus, which, during his 
 whole reign, remained shut, as a mark of 
 peace and tranquillity at Rome. Numa 
 died after a reign of forty-three years, in 
 which he had given every possible en- 
 couragement to the useful arts, and in 
 which he had cultivated peace, B. C. 672. 
 
 One of the Rutulian chiefs killed in 
 
 the night by JYisus and Euryalus. 
 
 Numa.na, a town of Picenum in Italy. 
 
 Numantia, a town of Spain near the 
 sources of the river Durius, celebrated for 
 the war of fourteen years which, though 
 unprotected by walls or towers, it bravely 
 maintained against the Romans. 
 
 NiiMANTirfA, a woman accused under 
 Tiberius of making her husband insane 
 by enchantments. 
 
 jVumanus Remulus, a Rutulian who 
 accused the Trojans of effeminacy. 
 
 Numenes, a follower of the doctrines 
 of Plato and Pythagoras, born at Apamea 
 in Syria. 
 
 Numenia, or Neomenia, a festival ob- 
 served by the Greeks at the beginning of 
 every lunar month, in honor of all the 
 gods, but especially of Apollo, or the Sun, 
 who is justly deemed the author of light, 
 and of whatever distinction is made in 
 the months, seasons, days, and nights. 
 
 Numenius, a philosopher who supposed 
 that chaos from which the world was 
 created was animated by an evil and mal- 
 eficent soul. He lived in the second cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Numentana via, a road at Rome which 
 led to mount Sacer through the gate Vimi- 
 nalis. 
 
 Numeria, a goddess at Rome who pre- 
 sided over numbers. 
 
 Numerianus, M. Aurelius, a son of the 
 emperor Carus. He accompanied his fa- 
 ther into the east with the title of Cssar, 
 and at his death he succeeded him with 
 his brother Carinus ; A. D. 282. His 
 reign was short. Eight months after his 
 father's death, he was murdered in his 
 litter by his father-in-law Arrius Aper, 
 who accompanied him in an expedition. 
 A friend of the emperor Severus. 
 
 Numeriu-s, a man who favored the es- 
 cape of Marius to Africa. A friend of 
 
 Pompey taken by J. Caesar's adherents. 
 
 Numicia via, one of the great Roman 
 roads which led from the capital to the 
 town of Brundusium. 
 
 Numicus, a small river of Latium near 
 Lavinium. A friend of Horace. 
 
 Numida, a surname given by Horace to 
 one of the generals of Augustus, from his 
 conquests in Numidia. 
 
 Numidia, an inland country of Africa, 
 
 which now forms the kingdom of Mglers 
 and Bildulgerid. The Numidians were 
 excellent warriors, and in their expedi- 
 tions they always endeavored to engage 
 with the enemy in the night time. They 
 rode without saddles or bridles, whence 
 they have been called infrcani. 
 
 Numidius Quadratus, a governor of 
 Syria under Claudius. 
 
 Numistro, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
 
 Numitor, a son of Procas, king of Alba. 
 — — A son of Phorcus who fought with 
 
 Turnus against iEneas. A rich and 
 
 dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal. 
 
 Numitorius, a Roman who defended 
 Virginia, to whom Appius wished to offer 
 
 violence. Q,. Pullus, a general of Fre- 
 
 gellae. 
 
 Nuncoreus, a son of Sesostris king of 
 Egypt, who made an obelisk, some ages 
 after brought to Rome, and placed in the 
 Vatican. 
 
 Nundina, a goddess whom the Romans 
 invoked, when they named their chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Nursje, a town of Italy. 
 
 Nurscia, a goddess who patronised the 
 Etrurians. 
 
 Nursia, now Nona, a town of Picenum 
 whose inhabitants are called Nursini. Its 
 situation was exposed, and the air consid- 
 ered as unwholesome. 
 
 Nutria, a town of Illyricum. 
 
 Nycteis, a daughter of Nycteus, who 
 was mother of Labdacus. A patrony- 
 mic of Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. 
 
 N ycteli a , festivals in honor of Bacchus, 
 observed on mount Citharon. 
 
 Nyctelius, a surname of Bacchus, be- 
 cause his orgies were celebrated in the 
 night. 
 
 Nycteus, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia. 
 A son of Chthonius. A son of Nep- 
 tune by Celene, daughter of Atlas, king 
 of Lesbos, or of Thebes according to the 
 more received opinion. He married a 
 nymph of Crete called Polyxo or Amal- 
 thasa, by whom he had two daughters, 
 Nyctimene and Antiope. 
 
 Nyctimene, a daughter of Nycteus. 
 
 Nyctimus, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar- 
 cadia. He died without issue and left his 
 kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son of 
 Callisto. 
 
 Nymbjeum, a lake of Peloponnesus in 
 Laconia. 
 
 Nymphje, certain female deities among 
 the ancients. They were generally divid- 
 ed into two classes, nymphs of the land 
 and nymphs of the sea. Of the nymphs 
 of the earth, some presided over woods, 
 and were called Dryades and Hamadnjades, 
 others presided over mountains, and were 
 called Orcades, some presided over hills 
 and dales, and were called Napcece, &c. 
 Of the sea nymphs, some were called 
 Oceanides, Nereides, Naiades, Potamides, 
 
NY 
 
 256 
 
 NY 
 
 Lhnnades, L.c. These presided not only 
 over the sea, but also over rivers, foun- 
 tains, streams and lakes. They were ge- 
 nerally represented as young and beauti- 
 ful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and 
 sometimes they held a vase, from which 
 they seemed to pour water. Sometimes 
 they had grass, leaves, and shells instead 
 of vases. 
 
 Nymph.eum, a port of Macedonia. A 
 
 promontory of Epirus on the Ionian sea. 
 
 A place near the walls of Apollonia, 
 
 sacred to the nymphs, where Apollo had 
 also an oracle. The place was also cele- 
 brated for the continual flames of fire 
 which seemed to rise at a distance from 
 
 the plains. A city of Taurica Chersone- 
 
 sus. The building at Rome where the 
 
 nymphs were worshipped bore also this 
 name. 
 
 Nymphjjus, a man who went into Caria 
 at the head of a colony of Meliaus. 
 
 JNymphidius, a favorite of Nero, who 
 said that he was descended from Caligu- 
 la, lie was slain by the soldiers. 
 
 Nythphis, a native of Heraclea, who 
 wrote xin history of Alexander's life and 
 actions. 
 
 Nymphodorus, a writer of Amphipolis. 
 
 A Syracusan who wrote an history of 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 KiMPHOLEPIEJj Of NYMPHOMASE5,J)Oj- 
 
 s&ised by the nympks. This name was 
 given to the inhabitants of mount Cithse- 
 roh, who believed that they were inspired 
 by the nymphs. 
 
 Nymphon, a native of Colophon. 
 
 Nypsius, a general of Dionysius the ty- 
 rant who took Syracuse, and put all the 
 inhabitants to the sword. 
 
 Nysa or Nyssa, a town of ^Ethiopia, at 
 the south of Egypt, or according to others, 
 of Arabia. This city, with another of the 
 same name in India, was sacred to the 
 god Bacchus. According to some geo- 
 graphers there were no less than "ten 
 
 places of the name of Nysa. A city of 
 
 Thrace. Another seated on the top of 
 
 mount Parnassus, and sacred to Bacchus. 
 
 Nysjeus, a surname of Bacchus, because 
 
 he was worshipped at Nysa. 'A son of 
 
 Dionysius of Syracuse. 
 
 Nysas, a river of Africa, rising in ^Ethi- 
 opia. 
 
 Nysi.se poktje, a small island in Africa. 
 
 Nysiades, a name given to the nymphs 
 of Nysa. 
 
 NysiRos,an island. 
 
 Nysius, a surname of Bacchus as the 
 protecting god of Nysa. 
 
 Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates the Great. 
 
 oc 
 
 oc 
 
 O ARSES, the original name of Artax- 
 erxes Memnon. 
 
 Oarus, a river of Sarmatia, falling into 
 the Palus Moeotis. 
 
 Oasis, a town about the middle of Libya, 
 at the distance of seven days' journey from 
 Thebes in Egypt. There were two" other 
 cities of that name very little known. 
 
 Oaxes, a river of Crete. 
 
 Oaxus, a town of Crete. A son of 
 
 Apollo and the nymph Anchiale. 
 
 Obringa, now JLkr, a river of Germany. 
 
 Obultronius, aqucestor put to death by 
 Galba's orders. 
 
 Ocalea or Ocalia, a town of Boeotia. 
 A daughter of MantineUs, who mar- 
 ried Abas, son of Lynceus and Hyperm- 
 nestra, by whom she had Acrisius and 
 Proetus. 
 
 Oceia, a woman who presided over the 
 sacred rites of Vesta for fifty-seven years 
 with the greatest sanctity. 
 
 Oceanides and Ojeanitides, sea 
 nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from 
 whom they received their name, and of the 
 goddess Tethys. The Oceanides, as the 
 rest of the inferior deities, were honored 
 with libations and sacrifices. Prayers 
 were offered to them, and they were en- 
 
 treated to protect sailors from storms and 
 dangerous tempests. When the sea was 
 calm the sailors generally offered a lamb 
 or a young pig, but if it was agitated by 
 the winds, and rough, a black bull was 
 deemed the most acceptable victim. 
 
 Oceanus, a powerful deity of the sea, 
 son of Ccelus and Terra. He married 
 Tethys, by whom he had the most princi- 
 pal rivers with a number of daughters who 
 are called from him Oceanides. Accord- 
 ing to Homer, Oceanus was the father of 
 all the gods, and on that account he re- 
 ceived frequent visits from the rest of the 
 deities. He is generally represented as an 
 old man with a long flowing beard, and 
 sitting upon the waves of the sea. 
 
 Oceelus, an ancient philosopher of Lu- 
 cania. 
 
 Ocelum, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Ocha, a mountain of Eubcc-a, and the 
 
 name of Eubce-a itself. A sister of 
 
 Ochus buried alive by his orders. 
 
 Ochesius, a general of iEtolia in the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Ochus, a surname given to Artaxerxes 
 
 the third king of Persia. A man of Cy- 
 
 zicus who was killed by the Argonauts. 
 — A prince of Persia, who refused to 
 
o 
 
 :oi 
 
 OD 
 
 visit his native country for fear of giving 
 
 all the women each a piece of gold. A 
 
 river of India, or of Bactriana. A king 
 
 of Persia. 
 
 Oc-nus, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, 
 who assisted JEneas against Turnus. He 
 built a town which he called Mantua after 
 
 his mother's name. A man remarkable 
 
 for his industry. He had a wife as re- 
 markable for her profusion ; she always 
 consumed and lavished away whatever 
 the labors of her husband had earned. 
 He is represented as twisting a cord, 
 which an ass standing by eats up as soon 
 as he makes it. 
 
 Ocriculum, now Oiricoli, a town of Um- 
 bria near Some. 
 
 Ocridion, a king of Rhodes who was 
 reckoned in the number of the gods after 
 death. 
 
 Ocrisia, a woman of Corniculum, who 
 was one of the attendants of Tanaquil the 
 wife of Tarquinius Priscus, mother of 
 Servius Tullius. 
 
 Octacillius, a slave who was manu- 
 mitted, and who afterwards taught rheto- 
 ric at Rome. 
 
 Octavia, a Roman lady sister to the 
 emperor Augustus and celebrated for her 
 beauty and virtues. She married Claudi- 
 us Marcellus, and after his death M. Anto- 
 ny. Her marriage with Antony was a po- 
 litical step to reconcile her brother and her 
 husband. Antony proved for some time 
 attentive to her, but he soon after despised 
 her for Cleopatra, and when she attempt- 
 ed to withdraw him from this unlawful 
 amour by going to meet him at Athens, 
 she was secretly rebuked and totally ban- 
 ished from his presence. This affront was 
 highly resented by Augustus. Octavia 
 had two daughters by Antony, Antonia 
 
 Major and Antonia Minor A daughter 
 
 of the emperor Claudius by Messalina. 
 She was bethrothed to Silanus, but by the 
 intrigues of Agrippina, she was married to 
 the emperor Nero in the sixteenth year of 
 her age". She was soon after divorced and 
 the emperor married Poppsea, who exer- 
 cised her enmity upon Octavia by causing 
 her to be banished into Campania. She 
 was afterwards slain by order of Poppaea. 
 
 Octavianus, or Octavius Cesar, the 
 nephew of Caesar the dictator. 
 
 Octavius, a Roman officer who brought 
 Perseus, king of Macedonia, a prisoner to 
 the consul. He was assassinated by Ly- 
 sias, who was before regent of Egypt. 
 
 The murderer was sent to Rome. A 
 
 man who opposed Metellus in the reduc- 
 tion of Crete by means of Pompey. A 
 
 lieutenant of Crassus in Parthia. A 
 
 governor of Cilicia. A tribune of the 
 
 people at Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus his 
 
 colleague deposed. A commander of 
 
 the forces of Antony against Augustus. 
 An officer who killed himself. A 
 
 tribune of the people, who debauched a 
 woman of Pontus from her husband. She 
 proved unfaithful to him, upon which he 
 murdered her. He was condemned under 
 IMero. A poet in the Augustan age inti- 
 mate with Horace. 
 
 Octodurus, a village in the modern 
 country of Switzerland, now called Mar- 
 tigny. 
 
 Octogesa, a town of Spain. 
 
 Octolophum, a place of Greece. 
 
 Ocyalus, one of the Phsacians with Al- 
 cinous. 
 
 Ocvpete, one of the Harpies who in- 
 fected whatever she touched. The name 
 
 signifies swift flying. A daughter of 
 
 Thaumas. A daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Ocyroe, a daughter of Chiron by Cha- 
 
 riclo, who had the gift of prophecy. A 
 
 woman daughter of Chesias, carried away 
 by Apollo. 
 
 Odenatus, a celebrated prince of Pal- 
 myra. He early inured himself to bear fa- 
 tigues, and by hunting leopards and wild 
 beasts, he accustomed himself to the labors 
 of a military life. He was faithful to the 
 Romans j and Gallienus, the then reign- 
 ing emperor, named Odenatus as his col- 
 league on the throne, and gave the title 
 of Augustus to his children, and to his 
 wife the celebrated Zenobia. He died at 
 Emessa, about the two hundred and six- 
 ty-seventh year of the Christian era. 
 Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and 
 honors. 
 
 Odessus, a sea port town at the west of 
 the Euxine sea in Lower Moesia, below 
 the mouths of the Danube. 
 
 Odeum, a musical theatre at Athens. 
 
 Odinus, a celebrated hero of antiquity, 
 who flourished about seventy years before 
 the Christian era, in the northern parts of 
 ancient Germany, or the modern kingdom 
 of Denmark. He was at once a priest, a 
 soldier, a poet, a monarch, and a conquer- 
 or. When he had extended his power, 
 and increased his fame by conquest, and 
 by persuasion, he resolved to die in a dif- 
 ferent manner from other men. He as- 
 sembled his friends, and with the sharp 
 point of a lance he made on his body nine 
 different wounds in the form of a circle, 
 and as he expired he declared he was go- 
 ing into Scythia, where he should become 
 one of the immortal gods. 
 
 Odites, a son of Ixion. A prince 
 
 killed at the nuptials of Andromeda. 
 
 Odoacer, a king of the Heruli, who 
 destroyed the western empire of Rome, 
 and called himself king of Italy, A. D. 
 478. 
 
 Odomanti, a people of Thrace, on the 
 eastern banks of the Strymon. 
 
 Odones, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Odrys j.:, an ancient people of Thrace, 
 between Abdera and the river Ister. 
 
 Odfssea, one of Homer's epic poems, 
 
(ED 
 
 258 
 
 (EN 
 
 in which he describes in twenty-four 
 books the adventures of Ulysses on his 
 return from the Trojan war, with other 
 material circumstances. 
 
 Odysseum, a promontory of Sicily, at j 
 the west of Pachynus. 
 
 CEa, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. ■ 
 
 Also a place in iEgina. 
 
 CEagrus or CEager, the father of Or- | 
 pheus by Calliope. He was king of ! 
 Thrace. 
 
 CEanthe, and CEanthia, a town of : 
 Phocis, where Venus had a temple. 
 
 CEax, a son of Nauplius and Clymeiie. 
 He was brother to Palamedes. 
 
 CEbalia, the ancient name of Laconia, 
 
 which it received from king CEbalus. 
 
 The same name is given to Tarentum. 
 
 CEbalus, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, 
 who was king of Laconia. He married 
 Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus, by 
 whom he had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, &c. 
 
 A son of Telon and the nymph Sebe- 
 
 this, who reigned in the neighborhood of 
 Neapolis in Italy. 
 
 CEbares, a satrap of Gyrus, against the 
 
 Medes. A groom of Darius son of Hys- 
 
 taspes. 
 
 CEchalia, a country of Peloponnesus 
 in Laconia, with a small town of the same 
 name. This town was destroyed by Her- 
 cules. A small town of Euboea. 
 
 CEclides, a patronymic of Amphiaraus 
 son of CEcleus. 
 
 CEcumenius, wrote In the middle of the 
 tenth century a paraphrase of some of the 
 books of the New Testament in Greek. 
 
 CEdipodia, a fountain of Thebes in 
 Bceotia. 
 
 CEdipus, a son of Laius, king of Thebes 
 and Jocasta. Laius was informed on 
 consulting the oracle, as soon as he mar- 
 ried Jocasta, that he must perish by the 
 hands of his son. The queen became 
 pregnant, and Laius ordered his wife to 
 destroy her child as soon as it came into 
 the world. The mother had not the cour- 
 age to obey, yet she gave the child as soon 
 as born to one of her domestics, with or- 
 ders to expose him on the mountains, 
 where he was soon found by one of the 
 shepherds of Polybus, king of Corinth. 
 The shepherd carried him home ; and the 
 accomplishments of the infant, who was 
 named CEdipus, soon became the admira- 
 tion of the age. His companions envied 
 his strength and his address ; and one of 
 them, to mortify his rising ambition, told 
 him he was an illegitimate child. This 
 raised his doubts ; and he went to consult 
 the oracle of Delphi, and was there told 
 not to return home, for if he did, he must 
 necessarily be the murderer of his father, 
 and the husband of his mother. He 
 therefore resolved not to return to Corinth, 
 hut travelled towards Phocis, and in his 
 journey, met in a narrow road Laius on 
 
 a chariot with his arm-bearer. Laiua 
 haughtily ordered CEdipus to make way 
 for him. CEdipus refused, and a contest 
 ensued, in which Laius and his arm-bear- 
 er were both killed. CEdipus continued 
 his journey, and was attracted to Thebes 
 by the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible 
 monster, whom Juno had sent to lay 
 waste the country, resorted in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Thebes, and devoured all 
 those who attempted to explain, without 
 success, the enigmas which he proposed. 
 The calamity, was now become an object 
 of public concern, and as the successful 
 explanation of an enigma would end in 
 the death of the sphynx, Creon, who at 
 the death of Laius, had ascended the 
 throne of Thebes, promised his crown and 
 Jocasta to him, who succeeded in the at- 
 tempt. CEdipus explained the enigma 
 and the monster dashed his head against 
 a rock and perished. CEdipus ascended 
 the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta, 
 by whom he had two sons Polynices and 
 Eteocles, and two daughters, Ismene and 
 Antigone. Some years after, the Theban 
 territories were visited with a plague ; 
 and the oracle declared that it should 
 cease only when the murderer of king 
 Laius was banished from Bceotia. As the 
 death of Laius had never been examined, 
 and the circumstances that attended it 
 never known, this answer of the oracle 
 was of the greatest concern to the The- 
 bans ; but CEdipus, the friend of his peo- 
 ple, resolved to overcome every difficulty 
 by the most exact inquiries. His research- 
 es were successful, and he was soon 
 proved to be the murderer of his father. 
 In the excess of his grief he put out his 
 eyes, and banished himself from Thebes. 
 He retired towards Attica, led by his 
 daughter Antigone, and came near Colo- 
 nos, where there was a grove sacred to 
 the Furies. On this spot the earth opened 
 and CEdipus disappeared. His tomb was 
 near the Areopagus, in the age of Pausa- 
 nias. Some of the ancient poets repre- 
 sent him in hell, as suffering the punish- 
 ment which crimes like his seemed to de- 
 serve. 
 
 CEme, a daughter of Danaus, by Crino. 
 
 CEnanthe3, a favorite of young Ptole- 
 my king of Egypt. 
 
 CEne, a small town of Argolis. 
 
 CEnea, a river of Assyria. 
 
 CEneus, a king of Calydon in ^Etolia, 
 son of Parthaon or Portheus, and Euryte. 
 He married Althaea the daughter of Thes- 
 tius, by whom he had Clymenus, Melea- 
 ger, Gorge, and Dejanira. He exiled him- 
 self from Calydon, and left his crown to 
 his son-in-law Andremon. He died as he 
 was going to Argolis. His body was bu- 
 ried by the care of Diomedes, in a town 
 of Argolis which from him received the 
 name of (Enoe. 
 
CEO 
 
 259 
 
 OL 
 
 CExiad-e, a town of Acarnania. 
 
 CEnides, a patronymic of Meleager. 
 
 CEnoe, a nymph who married Sicinus, 
 
 the son of Thoas king of Lemnos. 
 
 Two villages of Attica were also called 
 
 CEnoe. A city of Argolis. A town 
 
 of Elis in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 CEnomaus, a king of Pisa, who broke 
 his neck in a chariot-race with Pelops, 
 through the perfidy of his servant Myrti- 
 lus. 
 
 CEnon, a part of Locris on the bay of 
 Corinth. 
 
 CE.yona, an ancient name of the island 
 
 yEgina. Two villages of Attica. A 
 
 town of Troas. 
 
 CEnone, a nymph of mount Ida, daugh- 
 ter of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As 
 she had received the gift of prophecy, she 
 foretold to Paris, whom she married be- 
 fore he was discovered to be the son of 
 Priam, that his voyage into Greece would 
 be attended with the most serious conse- 
 quences, and the total ruin of his country. 
 Paris, when he had received the fatal 
 wound, ordered his body to be carried to 
 CEnone, in hopes of being cured by her 
 assistance. He expired as he came into 
 her presence ; and CEnone was so struck 
 at the sight of his dead body, that she 
 bathed it with her tears, and stabbed her- 
 self to the heart. 
 
 CEnopia, one of the ancient names of 
 the island ./Egina. 
 
 CEnopides, a mathematician of Chios. 
 
 CEnopion, a son of Ariadne by The- 
 seus, or, according to others, by Bacchus. 
 He married Helice, by whom he had a 
 daughter called Hero, or Merope, of whom 
 the giant Orion became enamored. The 
 father, unwilling to give. his daughter to 
 such a lover, and afraid of provoking him 
 by an open refusal, evaded his applica- 
 tions, and at last put out his eyes when he 
 was intoxicated. 
 
 CEnotri, the inhabitants of CEnotria. 
 
 CEnotria, a part of Italy which was af- 
 terwards called Lucania. 
 
 CEnotrides, two small islands on the 
 coast of Lucania, where some of the Ro- 
 mans were banished by the emperors. 
 They were called Iscia and Pontia. 
 
 CEnotrus, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. 
 He passed into Magna Gracia with a colo- 
 ny, and gave the name of CEnotria to that 
 part of the country where he settled. 
 
 CEwusiE, small islands near Chios. 
 
 Others on the coast of the Peloponnesus, 
 near Messenia. 
 
 CEonus, a son of Licymnius, killed at 
 Sparta, where he accompanied Hercules ; 
 and as the hero had promised Licymnius 
 to bring back his son, he burnt his body, 
 and presented the ashes to the afflicted 
 father. From this circumstance arose a 
 custom of burning the dead among the 
 Greeks. A small river of Laconia. 
 
 CEroe, an island of Boeotia, formed by 
 the Asopus. 
 
 CEta, now Banina, a celebrated moun- 
 tain between Thessaly and Macedonia, 
 upon which Hercules burnt himself. Its 
 height has given occasion to the poets to 
 feign that the sun, moon, and stars rose 
 behind it. The straits or passes of 
 Mount CEta are called the straits of 
 Thermopylas from the hot baths and min- 
 eral waters which are in the neighbor- 
 hood. These passes are not more than 
 
 twenty-five feet in breadth. A small 
 
 town at the foot of Mount CEta near Ther- 
 mopylae. 
 
 CEtylus or CEtylum, a town of Laco- 
 nia. 
 
 Ofellus, a man whom, though un- 
 polished, Horace represents as a charac- 
 ter exemplary for wisdom, economy, and 
 moderation. 
 
 Ofi, a nation of Germany. 
 
 Ogdolapis, a navigable river flowing 
 from the Alps. 
 
 Ogdorus, a king of Egypt. 
 
 Oqlosa, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, 
 east of Corsica, famous for wine, and now 
 called Monte Christo. 
 
 Ogmius, a name of Hercules among the 
 Gauls. 
 
 Ogoa, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, un- 
 der whose temple, as was supposed, the 
 sea passed. 
 
 Ogulnia lex, by Q,. and Cn. Ogulnius ; 
 tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 453. It 
 increased the number of pontifices and 
 
 augurs from four to nine. A Roman 
 
 lady as poor as she was lascivious. 
 
 Ogyges, a celebrated monarch, the most 
 ancient of those that reigned in Greece. 
 He was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, 
 of Neptune, and married Thebe the daugh- 
 ter of Jupiter. He reigned in Boeotia, 
 which, from him, is sometimes called 
 Ogygia, and his power was also extended 
 over Attica. 
 
 Ogygia, a name of one of the gates of 
 Thebes in Boeotia. One of the daugh- 
 ters of Niobe and Amphion, changed into 
 
 stones. An ancient name of Boeotia. 
 
 — — The island of Calypso. 
 
 Ogyris, an island in the Indian ocean. 
 
 Oicleus, a son of Antiphates and Zeux- 
 ippe, killed by Laomedon when defend 
 ing the ships which Hercules had brought 
 to Asia when he made war against Troy. 
 
 Oileus, a king of the Locrians. He 
 married Eriope by whom he had Ajax, 
 called Oileus from his father, to discrim- 
 inate him from Ajax the son of Telamon. 
 Oileus was one of the Argonauts. 
 
 Olane, one of the mouths of the Po. 
 A mountain of Armenia. 
 
 Olanus, a town of Lesbos. 
 
 Olastr.e, a people of India. 
 
 Olba, or Olbus, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Olbia, a town of Sarmatia at the conflu 
 
OL 
 
 260 
 
 OL 
 
 ence of the Hypanis and the Borysthenes. 
 
 iftown of Bithynia. A town of 
 
 Gallia Narbonensis. The capital of 
 
 Sardinia. 
 
 Olbius, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Olbus, one of beta's auxiliaries. 
 
 Olchinium, or Olcinium, now Dul- 
 cigno, a town of Dalmatia, on the Adri- 
 atic. 
 
 Oleades, a people of Spain. 
 
 Olearos, or Oliros, one of the Cy- 
 clades, about sixteen miles in circumfe- 
 rence. 
 
 Oleatrum, a town of Spain, near Sa- 
 guntum. 
 
 Olen, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flour- 
 ished some time before the age of Or- 
 pheus, and composed many hymns, some 
 of which were regularly sung at Delphi on 
 solemn occasions. 
 
 Olenius, a Lemnian, killed by his 
 wife. 
 
 Olenus, a son of Vulcan who married 
 Letha:a, a beautiful woman, who pre- 
 ferred herself to the goddesses. She and 
 her husband were changed into stones by 
 
 the deities. A famous soothsayer of 
 
 Etruria. 
 
 Olenus, or Olenum, a town of Pelo- 
 ponnesus between Patrte and Cyllene. 
 
 Another in ^Etolia. 
 
 Oleorus, one of the Cyclades, now Jlnti 
 Paro. 
 
 Oi.GAsys,a mountain of Galatia. 
 
 Oligyrtis, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Olinthus, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 OLisiPo,now Lisbon, a town of ancient 
 Spain on the Tagus, surnamed Felicitas 
 Julia. 
 
 Olitixgi, a town of Lusitania. 
 
 Olizon, a town of Magnesia in Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 T. Ollius, the father of Poppsa, de- 
 stroyed on account of his intimacy with 
 Sejanus. — A river rising in the Alps, and 
 falling into the Po. 
 
 Ollovico, a prince of Gaul, 
 
 Olmije, a promontory near Megara. 
 
 Olmius, a river of Bceotia, near Heli- 
 con, sacred to the Muses. 
 
 Oloosson, now Alessone, a town of 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Olophyxus, a town of Macedonia on 
 mount Athos. 
 
 Olpjf., a fortified place of Epirus, now 
 Forte Castri. 
 
 Olus, a town at the west of Crete. 
 
 Olympeum, a place of Delos. Anoth- 
 er in Syracuse. 
 
 Olympia, celebrated games which re- 
 ceived their name either from Olympia 
 where they were observed, or from Jupiter 
 Olympius, to whom they were dedicated. 
 The general opinion is, that they were 
 first established by Hercules in honor of 
 Jupiter Olympius, after a victory obtained 
 over Augias, B. C. 1222. But "they were 
 
 neglected after their first institution by 
 Hercules, and no notice was taken of 
 them according to many writers, till 
 Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of 
 Sparta, renewed them, and instituted the 
 celebration with greater solemnity. This 
 reinstitution, which happened B. C. 884, 
 forms a celebrated epoch in Grecian his- 
 tory, and is the beginning of the Olympi- 
 ads. They, however, were neglected for 
 some time'afterthe age of Iphitus, till Co- 
 roebus, who obtained a victory B. C. 776, 
 reinstituted them to be regularly and 
 constantly celebrated. The care and su- 
 perintendence of the games were intrust- 
 ed to the people of Elis, till they were ex- 
 cluded by the Pisjeans B. C. 3G4, after the 
 destruction of Pisa. The preparations for 
 these festivals were great. No person was 
 permitted to enter the lists if he had not 
 regularly exercised himself ten months 
 before the celebration at the public gym- 
 nasium of Elis. No unfair dealings were 
 allowed, and whoever attempted to bribe 
 his adversary, was subjected to a severe 
 fine. The wrestlers were appointed by 
 lot. Some little balls, superscribed with 
 a letter, were thrown into a silver urn, 
 and such as drew the same letter were 
 obliged to contend one with the other. 
 He who had an odd letter remained the 
 last, and he often had the advantage, as 
 he was to encounter the last who had ob- 
 tained the superiority over his adversary. 
 In these games were exhibited running, 
 leaping, wrestling, boxing, and the throw- 
 ing of the quoit. Besides these, there 
 were horse and chariot races, and also 
 contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the 
 fine arts. The only reward that the con- 
 queror obtained, was a crown of olive. So 
 small and trifling a reward stimulated 
 courage and virtue, and was more the 
 source of great honors than the most tin- 
 bounded treasures. The statues of the 
 conquerors, called Olympionicae, were 
 erected at Olympia, in the sacred wood of 
 Jupiter. Their return home was that of a 
 warlike conqueror ; they were drawn in 
 a chariot by four horses, and every where 
 received with the greatest acclamations. 
 Their entrance into their native city was 
 not through the gates, but, to make it 
 more grand and more solemn, a breach 
 was made in the walls. Painters and po- 
 ets were employed in celebrating their 
 names ; and indeed the victories severally 
 obtained at Olympia are the subjects of 
 the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The 
 Olympic games were observed after a re- 
 volution of four years, and in the first 
 month of the fifth year, and they contin- 
 ued for five successive days. As they 
 were the most ancient and the most solemn 
 of all the festivals of the Greeks, it will 
 not appear wonderful that they drew so 
 many people together, *• Qt only inhabitants 
 
OL 
 
 26! 
 
 OM 
 
 of Greece, but of the neighboring islands 
 and countries. A town of Elis in Pe- 
 loponnesus, where Jupiter had a temple 
 with a celebrated statue fifty cubits high, 
 reckoned one of the seven wonders of 
 the world. The Olympic games were ce- 
 lebrated in the neighborhood. 
 
 Olympias, a certain space of time which 
 elapsed between the celebration of the 
 Olympic games. The Olympic games were 
 celebrated after the expiration of four com- 
 plete years, whence some have said that 
 ihey were observed every fifth year. This 
 period of time was called Olympiad, and 
 became a celebrated era among the Gieeks, 
 who computed their time by it. The 
 custom of reckoning time by the celebra- 
 tion of the Olympic games was not intro- 
 duced at the first institution of these fes- 
 tivals, but to speak accurately, only the 
 year in which Coroebiis obtained the prize. 
 This olympiad, which has always been 
 reckoned the first, fell, according to the 
 accurate and learned computations of 
 some of the moderns, exactly seven hun- 
 dred and seventy-six years before the 
 Christian era, in the year of the Julian pe- 
 riod 393S, and twenty-three years before 
 
 the building of Rome. A celebrated 
 
 woman who was daughter of a king of 
 Epirus, and who married Philip king of 
 Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander 
 the Great. Her haughtiness, and, more 
 probably, her infidelity, obliged Philip to 
 repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra, the 
 niece cf king Attalus. Olympias was sen- 
 sible of this injury, and Alexander show- 
 ed his disapprobation of his father's mea- 
 sures by retiring from the court to his 
 mother. The murder of Philip, which 
 soon followed this disgrace, and which 
 some have attributed to the intrigues of 
 Olympias, was productive of the greatest 
 extravagances. The queen paid the high- 
 est honor to her husband's murderer. She 
 gathered his mangled limbs, placed a 
 crown of gold on his head, and laid his 
 ashes near those of Philip. When Alex- 
 ander was dead, Olympias seized the gov- 
 ernment of Macedonia, and, to establish 
 her usurpation, she cruelly put to death 
 Aridreus, with his wife Eurydice, as also 
 Nicanor, the brother of Cassander, with 
 one hundred leading men of Macedon, 
 who were inimical to her interest. Such 
 barbarities did not long remain unpunish- 
 ed ; Cassander besieged her in Pydna, 
 where she had retired with the remains of 
 her family, and she was obliged to sur- 
 render after an obstinate siege. The con- 
 queror ordered her to be accused, and to 
 be put to death. A fountain of Arca- 
 dia, which flowed for one year and the 
 next was dry. 
 
 Olympiodorus, a musician, who taught 
 
 Epaminondas music. A native of 
 
 Thebes, in Egypt, whe flourished under 
 
 Theodosms 2d, and wrote twenty-two 
 
 books of history, in Greek. Aq^Athe- 
 
 nian officer, present at the battle of Pla- 
 t?ea. 
 
 Olympius, a surname of Jupiter at 
 Olympia, where the god had a celebrated 
 temple and statue, which passed for one 
 of the seven wonders of the world. It 
 
 was the work of Phidias. A native of 
 
 Carthage, called also Nemesianus. A 
 
 favorite at the court of Honorius. 
 
 Olympus, a physician of Cleopatra, 
 
 queen of Egypt. A poet and musician 
 
 of Mysia, son of Mason and disciple to 
 Marsyas. He lived before the Trojan war, 
 and distinguished himself by his amatory 
 elegies, his hymns, and particularly the 
 beautiful airs which he composed. An- 
 other musician of Phrygia. A son of 
 
 Hercules and Eubcea. A mountain of 
 
 Macedonia and Thessaly, now Lacha. 
 The ancients supposed that it touched the 
 heavens with its top ; and, from that cir- 
 cumstance, they have placed the residence 
 of the gods there, and have made it the 
 court of Jupiter, [t is about one mile and 
 a half in perpendicular height, and is cov- 
 ered with pleasant woods, caves, and 
 
 grottos. A mountain of Mysia. 
 
 Another, in Elis. Another, in Arcadia. 
 
 And another, in the island of Cyprus, 
 
 now Santa Croce. A town on the coast 
 
 ofLycia. 
 
 Olympusa, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Olynthus, a celebrated town and re- 
 public of Macedonia, on the isthmu3 of 
 the peninsula of Pallene. 
 
 Olyras, a river near Thermopylae. 
 
 Olyzon, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Omarius, a Lacedaemonian sent to Da- 
 rius. 
 
 Ombi and Tentyra, two neighboring 
 cities of Egypt, whose inhabitants were 
 always in discord one with another. 
 
 Omole, or Homole, a mountain of 
 
 Thessaly. There were some festivals 
 
 called Homoleia, which were celebrated 
 in Boeotia in honor of Jupiter. 
 
 Omophagia, a festival in honor of Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughter 
 of Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, 
 at his death, left her mistress of his king- 
 dom. Omphale ha.d been informed of the 
 great exploits of Hercules, and wished to 
 see so illustrious a hero. Her wish was 
 soon gratified. After the murder of Eury- 
 tus, Hercules fell sick, and was ordered to 
 be sold as a slave, that he might recover his 
 health, and the right use of his senses. 
 Mercury was commissioned to sell him, 
 and Omphale bought him, and restored 
 him to liberty. The hero became enam- 
 ored of his mistress, and the queen favor- 
 ed his passion, and had a son by him, 
 whom some call Agelaus, and others La- 
 
OP 
 
 262 
 
 OP 
 
 Omphalos, a place of Crete, sacred to 
 Jupiter, on the border of the river Triton. 
 
 Gmphis, a king of India, who delivered 
 himself up to Alexander the Great. 
 
 On.eum, or Ojkneum, a promontory and 
 town of Dalmatia. 
 
 Onakus, a priest of Bacchus, who is 
 supposed to have married Ariadne after 
 she had been abandoned by Theseus. 
 
 Onasimus, a sophist of Athens. 
 
 Onatas, a famous statuary of ^Egina, 
 son of Micon. 
 
 Onchemites, a wind which blows from 
 Onchesmus, a harbor of Epirus, towards 
 Italy. 
 
 Onchestus, a town of Boeotia. 
 
 Oneion, a place of Arcadia. 
 
 Opsesicritus, a cynic philosopher of 
 iEgina, who went with Alexander into 
 Asia, and was sent to the Indian Gymno- 
 sophists. He wrote an history of the king's 
 life. 
 
 Oxesimus, a Macedonian nobleman, 
 treated with great kindness by the Roman 
 emperors. 
 
 Onesippus, a son of Hercules. 
 
 Onesius, a king of Salamis, who re- 
 volted from the Persians. 
 
 Onetorides, an Athenian officer, who 
 attempted to murder the garrison which 
 Demetrius had stationed at Athens. 
 
 Onium, a place of Peloponnesus, near 
 Corinth. 
 
 Onoba, a town near the columns of 
 Hercules. 
 
 Onobala, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Onochokus, a river of Thessaly, falling 
 into the Peneus. 
 
 Onomacritus, a soothsayer of Athens. 
 It is generally believed that the Greek 
 poem, on the Argonautic expedition, at- 
 tributed to Orpheus, was written by Ono- 
 macritus. He flourished about five hun- 
 dred and sixteen years before the Chris- 
 tian era. A Locrian, who wrote con- 
 cerning laws. 
 
 Onomarchus, a Phocian, son of Euthy- 
 crates, and brother of Philomelus, whom 
 he succeeded, as general of his country- 
 men, in the sacred war. After exploits of 
 valor and perseverance, he was defeated 
 and slain in Thessaly by Philip of Mace- 
 don. He died 353 B. C. A man to 
 
 whose care Antigonus intrusted the keep- 
 ing of Eumenes. 
 
 Onomastorides, a Lacedaemonian am- 
 bassador sent to Darius. 
 
 Onomastus, a freedman of the emperor 
 Otho. 
 
 Onophas, one of the seven Persians 
 who conspired against the usurper Smer- 
 
 dis. An officer in the expedition of 
 
 Xerxes against Greece. 
 
 Onosander, a Greek writer. 
 
 Onythes, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by 
 Turnus. 
 
 Opalia, festivals celebrated by the Ro- 
 
 mans, in honor of Ops, on the 14th of the 
 calends of January. 
 
 Ophelas, a general of Cyrene, defeated 
 by Agathocles. 
 
 Opheltes, a son of Lycurgus, king of 
 
 Thrace. One of the companions of 
 
 Accetes, changed into a dolphin by Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 Ophensis, a town of Africa. 
 
 Ophiades, an island on the coast of 
 Arabia, so called from the great number 
 of serpents found there. 
 
 Ophias, a patronymic given to Combe, 
 as daughter of Ophius, an unknown per- 
 son. 
 
 Ophioneus, was an ancient soothsayer 
 in the age of Aristodemus. He was born 
 blind. 
 
 Ophis, a small river of Arcadia, which 
 falls into the Alpheus. 
 
 Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes. 
 
 A small island near Crete. A town 
 
 of Sarmatia. An island near the Ba- 
 
 leares. 
 
 Ophrynium, a town of Troas on the 
 Hellespont. 
 
 Opici, the ancient inhabitants of Cam- 
 pania. 
 
 Opilius, a grammarian, who flourished 
 about ninety-four years before Christ. 
 
 L. Opimius, a Roman who made him- 
 self consul in opposition to the interest 
 and efforts of the Gracchi. He showed 
 himself a most inveterate enemy to C 
 Gracchus and his adherents, and behaved, 
 during his consulship, like a dictator. He 
 
 died of want at Dyrrachium. A rich 
 
 usurer at Rome in the age of Horace. 
 
 Oris, a town on the Tigris, afterwards 
 
 called Antiochia. A nymph who was 
 
 among Diana's attendants. A town 
 
 near the mouth of the Tigris. One of 
 
 Cyrene's attendants. 
 
 Opiter, a Roman consul. 
 
 Opitergini, a people near Aquileia, on 
 the Adriatic. 
 
 Opites, a native of Argos, killed by 
 Hector in the Trojan war. 
 
 Oppia, a vestal virgin, buried alive for 
 her incontinence. 
 
 Oppia lex, by C. Oppius, the tribune, 
 A. U. C. 540. It required that no woman 
 should wear above half an ounce of gold, 
 have party-colored garments, or be carried 
 in any city or town, or to any place with- 
 in a mile's distance, unless it was to cele- 
 brate some sacred festivals or solemni- 
 ties. 
 
 Oppianus, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the 
 second century. His father's name was 
 Agesilaus, and his mother's Zenodota. He 
 wrote some poems celebrated for their ele- 
 gance and sublimity. The poet died of 
 the plague in the thirtieth year of his age. 
 His countrymen raised statues to his hon- 
 or, and engraved on his tomb, that the 
 gods had hastened to call back Oppian in 
 
OR 
 
 263 
 
 OR 
 
 the flower of youth, only because he had 
 already excelled all mankind. 
 
 Opfidius, a rich old man of Rome. 
 
 C. Oppius, a friend of Julius Caesar, ce- 
 lebrated for his life of Scipio Africanus, 
 
 and of Pompey the Great. An officer 
 
 sent by the Romans against Mithridates. 
 He met with ill success, and was sent in 
 chains to the king. 
 
 Ops, (opls,) a daughter of Ccelus and 
 Terra, the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, 
 who married Saturn, and became mother 
 of Jupiter. She was known among the 
 ancients by the different names of Cybele, 
 Bona Dea, Magna Mater, Thya, Tellus, 
 Proserpina, and even of Juno, and Minerva. 
 Tatius built her a temple at Rome. 
 
 Optatus, one of the fathers. 
 
 Optijius Maximus, epithets given to Ju- 
 piter to denote his greatness, omnipotence, 
 and supreme goodness. 
 
 Opus, a city of Locris, on the Asopus, 
 destroyed by an earthquake. 
 
 Ora, a town of India, taken by Alexan- 
 der. One of Jupiter's mistresses. 
 
 Oraculum, an answer of the gods to the 
 questions of men, or the place where those 
 answers were given. Nothing is more 
 famous than the ancient oracles of Egypt, 
 Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed 
 to be the will of the gods themselves, and 
 they were consulted, not only upon every 
 important matter, hut even in the affairs 
 of private life. To make peace or war, to 
 introduce a change of government, to plant 
 a colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, 
 to marry, were sufficient reasons to con- 
 sult the will of the gods. The most cele- 
 brated oracles of antiquity were those of 
 Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Amnion, &c. The 
 temple of Delphi seemed to claim a supe- 
 riority over the other temples ; its fame 
 was once more extended, and its riches 
 were so great, that not only private per- 
 sons, but even kings and numerous ar- 
 mies, made it an object of plunder and of 
 rapine. Some have strongly believed, that 
 all the oracles of the earth ceased at the 
 birth of Christ, but the supposition is false. 
 It was, indeed, the beginning of their de- 
 cline, but they remained in repute, and 
 were consulted, though, perhaps, not so 
 frequently, till the fourth century, when 
 Christianity began to triumph over pagan- 
 ism. The oracles often suffered them- 
 selves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but 
 it is well known that Lysander failed in 
 the attempt. Demosthenes is also a wit- 
 ness of the corruption, and he observed, 
 that the oracles of Greece were servilely 
 subservient to the will and pleasure of 
 Philip, king of Macedonia. The Egyptians 
 showed themselves the most superstitious 
 of mankind, by their blind acquiescence 
 in the imposition of the priests, who per- 
 suaded them that the safety and happi- 
 ness of their life depended upon the mere 
 
 motions of an ox, or the tameness of a 
 crocodile. 
 
 OR.>EA,a small country of Peloponnesus. 
 Certain solemn sacrifices of fruits of- 
 fered in the four seasons of the year, to 
 obtain mild and temperate weather. 
 
 Orasus, a man who killed Ptolemy, the 
 son of Pyrrhus. 
 
 Orates, a river of European Scythia. 
 
 Orbelus, a mountain of Thrace or Ma- 
 cedonia. 
 
 Orbilius Pupillus, a grammarian of 
 Beneventum, who was the first instructor 
 of the poet Horace. He lived almost to Lis 
 one hundredth year, and lost his memory 
 sometime before his death. 
 
 Orbitaniun, a town of the Samnites. 
 
 Orbona, a mischievous goddess at 
 Rome, who, as it was supposed, made 
 children die. 
 
 Orcades, islands on the northern coasts 
 of Britain, now called the Orkneys. They 
 were unknown till Britain was discovered 
 to be an island by Agricola, who presided 
 there as governor. 
 
 Orchalis, an eminence of BoBotia near 
 Haliartus. 
 
 Orchamus, a king of Assyria, father of 
 Leucothoe by Eurynome. He buried his 
 daughter alive for her amours with Apol- 
 lo. 
 
 Orchia lex, by Orchitis, the tribune, 
 A. U. C. 566. It was enacted to limit the 
 number of guests that were to be admitted 
 at an entertainment. 
 
 Orchomenus, or Orchomenttm, a town 
 of Boeotia, at the west of the lake Copais. 
 There was at Orchomenos a celebrated ' 
 temple, built by Eteocles son of Cephisus, 
 sacred to the Graces, who were from 
 thence called the Orchomenian goddesses. 
 
 A town of Arcadia. A town of 
 
 Thessaly, with a river of the same name. 
 
 Orcus, one of the names of the god of 
 hell, the same as Pluto, though confound- 
 ed by some with Charon. He had a tem- 
 ple at Rome. 
 
 Orcynia, a place of Cappadocia, where 
 Eumenes was defeated by Antigonus. 
 
 Ordessus, a river of Scythia, which 
 falls into the Ister. 
 
 Ordovices, the people of North Walea 
 in Britain. 
 
 Oreades, nymphs of the mountains, 
 daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. Some 
 call them Orestiades, and give them 
 Jupiter for father. They generally at- 
 tended upon Diana. 
 
 Ore as, a son of Hercules and Chryseis. 
 
 Orestje, a people of Epirus. They re- 
 ceived their name from Orestes, who fled 
 
 to Epirus when cured of his insanity. 
 
 Of Macedonia. 
 
 Orestes, a son of Agamemnon and Cly- 
 temnestra. When his father was cruelly 
 murdered by Clytemnestra and iEgisthus, 
 young Orestes was saved from his mo- 
 
OR 
 
 264 
 
 OR 
 
 ther's dagger by means of his sister Elec- 
 tra, called Laodicea by Homer, and he 
 was privately conveyed to the house of 
 Strophius, who was king of Phocis, and 
 who had married a sister of Agamemnon. 
 He was tenderly treated by Strophius, 
 who educated him with his son Pylades. 
 The two young princes soon became ac- 
 quainted, and, from their familiarity, arose 
 the most inviolable attachment and friend- 
 ship. When Orestes was arrived to years 
 of manhood, he visited Mycenae, and 
 avenged his father's death by assassinat- 
 ing his mother Clytemnestra, and her adul- 
 terer iEgisthus. Orestes, after the murder 
 of his mother, consulted the oracle of 
 Apollo at Delphi, where he was informed 
 that nothing could deliver him from the 
 persecutions of the Furies, if he did not 
 bring into Greece Diana's statue, which 
 was in the Taurica Chersonesus, and 
 which, as it is reported by some, had fallen 
 down from heaven. This was an ardu- 
 ous enterprise. The king of the Cherso- 
 nesus always sacrificed on the altars of 
 the goddess all such as entered the bor- 
 ders of his country. Orestes and his friend 
 were both carried before Thoas, the king 
 of the place, and they were doomed to be 
 sacrificed. Iphigenia was then priestess 
 Df Diana's temple, and it was her office to 
 immolate these strangers. The intelli- 
 gence that they were Grecians delayed the 
 preparations, and Iphigenia was anxious 
 to learn something about a country which 
 had given her birth. {Vid. Iphigenia.) 
 She even interested herself in their mis- 
 fortunes, and offered to spare the life of 
 one of them, provided he would convey 
 letters to Greece from her hand. This was 
 a difficult trial ; never was friendship 
 more truly displayed. At last Pylades 
 gave way to the pressing entreaties of his 
 friend, and consented to carry the letters 
 of Iphigenia to Greece. These were ad- 
 dressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, 
 these circumstances soon led to a total dis- 
 covery of the connexions of the priestess 
 with the man whom she was going to im- 
 molate. Iphigenia was convinced that he 
 was her brother Orestes, and, when the 
 causes of their journey had been explain- 
 ed, she resolved, with the two friends, to 
 fly from Chersonesus, and to carry away 
 the statue of Diana. Their flight was dis- 
 covered, and Thoas prepared to pursue 
 them ; but Minerva interfered, and told 
 him, that all had been done by the will 
 and approbation of the gods. Some sup- 
 pose, that Orestes came to Cappadocia 
 from Chersonesus, and that there he left 
 the statue of Diana at Comana. Others 
 contradict this tradition, and, according to 
 Pausanias, the statue of Diana Orthia was 
 the same as that which had been carried 
 away from the Chersonesus. After these 
 celebrated adventures, Orestes ascended 
 
 the throne of Argos, where he reigned in 
 perfect security, and married Hermione, 
 the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his 
 sister to his friend Pylades. The mar- 
 riage of Orestes with Hermione is a mat- 
 ter of dispute among the ancients. All 
 are agreed that she had been promised to 
 the son of Agamemnon, but Menelaus had 
 married her to Neoptolemus, the son of 
 Achilles, who had shown himself so truly 
 interested in his cause during the Trojan 
 war. The marriage of Hermione with 
 Neoptolemus displeased Orestes ; he re- 
 membered that she had been early pro- 
 mised to him, and therefore he resolved 
 to recover her by force or artifice. This 
 he effected by causing Neoptolemus to be 
 assassinated, or assassinating him himself. 
 He then retired to his kingdom of Argos. 
 His old age was crowned with peace and 
 security, and he died in the ninetieth year 
 of his age, leaving his throne to his son 
 Tisamenes, by Hermione. The friend- 
 ship of Orestes and of Pylades became 
 proverbial, and the two friends received 
 divine honors among the Scythians, and 
 
 were worshipped in temples. A son 
 
 of Achelous. A man sent as ambassa- 
 dor, by Attila, king of the Huns, to the 
 
 emperor Theodosius. A governor of 
 
 Egypt under the Roman emperors. A 
 
 robber of Athens who pretended madness. 
 A general of Alexander. 
 
 Oresteum, a town of Arcadia, about 
 eighteen miles from Sparta. It was found- 
 ed by Orestheus, a son of Lycaon. 
 
 Orestid^e, the descendants or subjects 
 of Orestes, the son of Agamemnon. 
 
 Aurel. Orestilla, a mistress of Cati- 
 line. 
 
 Orestis, or Orestida, a part of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Oretje, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, 
 on the Euxine sea. 
 
 Oretani, a people of Spain, whose capi- 
 tal was Oretum, now Oreto. 
 
 Oretilia, a woman who married Cali- 
 gula, by whom she was soon after ban- 
 ished. 
 
 Oreum, one of the principal towns of 
 Eubcea. 
 
 Org a, or Orgas, a river of Phrygia, fall- 
 ing into the Masander. 
 
 Orgesum, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Orgetorix, one of the chief men of the 
 Helvetii, while Caesar was in Gaul. He 
 formed a conspiracy against the Romans, 
 and when accused, he destroyed himself. 
 
 Orgia, festivals in honor of Bacchus. 
 
 Oribasus, a celebrated physician, great- 
 ly esteemed by the emperor Julian, in 
 
 whose reign he flourished. One of 
 
 Actseon's dogs. 
 
 Oricum, or Oricus, a town of Epirus, 
 on the Ionian sea, founded by a colony 
 from Colchis, according to Pliny. It had 
 a celebrated harbor, and was greatly es- 
 
OR 
 
 265 
 
 OR 
 
 teemed by the Romans on account of its 
 situation, but it was not well defended. 
 
 Orients, in ancient geography, is taken 
 for all the most eastern parts of the world, 
 such as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c. 
 
 Origen, a Greek writer, as much cele- 
 brated for the easiness of his manner, his 
 humility, and modesty, as for his learning 
 and the sublimity of his genius. He suf- 
 fered martyrdom in his sixty-ninth year, 
 A. C. -254. His works were excellent and 
 numerous, and contained a number of 
 homilies, commentaries on the holy scrip- 
 tures, and different treatises. 
 
 Origo, a courtezan in the age of Horace. 
 
 Orinus, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Oriobates, a general of Darius at the 
 battle of Arbela. 
 
 Oriox, a celebrated giant, son of Hy- 
 rieus, a peasant of Bceotia. Orion soon 
 rendered himself celebrated, and Diana 
 took him among her attendants. His gi- 
 gantic stature, however, displeased (Eno- 
 pion, king of Chios, whose daughter Hero 
 or Merope he demanded in marriage. The 
 king, not to deny him openly, promised to 
 make him his son-in-law as soon as he de- 
 livered his island from wild beasts. This 
 task, which CEnopion deemed impractica- 
 ble, was soon performed by Orion, who 
 eagerly demanded his reward. CEnopion, 
 on pretence of complying, intoxicated his 
 illustrious guest, and put out his eyes on 
 1he sea shore, where he had laid himself 
 flown to sleep. Orion, finding himself 
 Llind when he awoke, was conducted by 
 Ihe sound to a neighboring forge, where 
 lie placed one of the workmen on his back, 
 and, by his directions, went to a place 
 where the rising sun was seen with the 
 greatest advantage. Here he turned his 
 face towards the luminary, and, as it is 
 reported, he immediately recovered his 
 eye sight, and hastened to punish the per- 
 fidious cruelty of CEnopion. It is said that 
 Orion was an excellent workman in iron ; 
 and that he fabricated a subterraneous pa- 
 lace for Vulcan. Accordingto Ovid, Orion 
 died of the bite of a scorpion, which the 
 earth produced, to punish his vanity in 
 boasting that there was not on earth any 
 animal which he could not conquer. Af- 
 ter death, Orion was placed in heaven, 
 where one of the constellations still bears 
 his name. Orion was buried in the island 
 of Delos, and the monument which the 
 people of Tanagra in Bceotia showed, as 
 containing the remains of this celebrated 
 hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The 
 daughters of Orion distinguished them- 
 selves as much as their father, and, when 
 the oracle had declared that Breotia should 
 not be delivered from a dreadful pestilence 
 before two of Jupiter's children were im- 
 molated on the altars, they joyfully ac- 
 cepted the offer, and voluntarily sacrificed 
 hemselves for the good of their country. 
 •23 
 
 Their names were Menippe and Metioche. 
 They had been carefully educated by Dia- 
 na, and Venus and Minerva had made 
 them very rich and valuable presents. 
 The deities of hell were struck at the pa- 
 triotism of the two females, and immedi- 
 ately two stars were seen to arise from the 
 earth, which still smoked with the blood, 
 and they were placed in the heavens in 
 the form of a crown. 
 
 Orissus, a prince of Spain, who put 
 Hamilcar to flight. 
 
 Orisujlla Li via, a Roman matron, ta- 
 ken away from Piso. 
 
 Orit.e, a people of India, who submit- 
 ted to Alexander. 
 
 Orithyia, a daughter of Erechtheus, 
 
 king of Athens, by Praxithea. A 
 
 daughter of Cecrops. One of the Am- 
 azons. One of the Nereides. 
 
 Oritias, one of the hunters of the Ca- 
 lydonian boar. 
 
 Oriundus, a river of Illyricum. 
 
 Ormenus, a king of Thessaly, son of 
 Cercaphus. He built a town which was 
 
 called Ormenium. A man who settled 
 
 at Rhodes. A son of Eurypylus, &c. 
 
 Ornea, a town of Argolis, famous for a 
 battle fought there between the Lacedae- 
 monians and Argives. 
 
 Obneates, a surname of Priapus, at 
 Ornea. 
 
 Orneus, a centaur, son of Ixion and 
 
 the Cloud. A son of Erechtheus, king 
 
 of Athens. 
 
 Ornithic, a wind blowing from the 
 north in the spring. 
 
 Ornithon, a town of Phcenicia, be- 
 tween Tyre and Sidon. 
 
 Ornitus, a friend of iEneas, killed by 
 Camilla in the Rutulian wars. 
 
 Ornospades, a Parthian, driven from 
 his country by Artabanus. He assisted 
 Tiberius, and was made governor of Ma- 
 cedonia. 
 
 Ornvtion, a son of Sisyphus, king of 
 Corinth, father of Phocus. 
 
 Ornytus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by 
 the Argonauts. 
 
 Oroanda, a town of Pysidia, now Ha- 
 viran. 
 
 Orobia, a town of Eubcea. 
 
 Orobii, a people of Italy, near Milan. 
 
 Orodes, a prince of Parthia, who mur- 
 dered his brother Mithridates, and ascend- 
 ed his throne. It is said, that, when Oro- 
 des became old and infirm, his thirty chil- 
 dren applied to him, and disputed, in his 
 presence, their right to the succession. 
 Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained 
 the crown from his father, and, to hasten 
 him out of the world, he attempted to poi- 
 son him. The poison had no effect ; and 
 Phraates, still determined on his father's 
 death, strangled him with his own hands, 
 about thirty- seven years before the Chris- 
 tian era. Orodes had then reigned about 
 M 
 
OR 
 
 26Q 
 
 OR 
 
 fifty years. Another king of Parthia, 
 
 murdered for his cruelty. A son of Ar- 
 
 tabanus, king of Armenia. One of the 
 
 friends of ./Eneas in Italy, killed by Me- 
 zentius. 
 
 Oiuetes, a Persian governor of Sardis, 
 famous for his cruel murder of Polycrates. 
 He died B. C. 521. 
 
 Oromedon, a lofty mountain in the is- 
 land of Cos. A giant. 
 
 Orontas, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent 
 to Cyprus, where he made peace with 
 Evagoras. 
 
 Orontes, a satrap of Mysia, B. C. 385, 
 who rebelled from Artaxerxes. A gov- 
 ernor of Armenia. A king of the Lyci- 
 
 ans during the Trojan war. A river of 
 
 Syria, falling into the Mediterranean. 
 
 Orophernes, a man who seized the 
 kingdom of Cappadocia. He died B. C. 
 154. 
 
 Oropus, a town of Boeotia, on the bor- 
 ders of Attica, near the Euripus, which 
 received its name from Oropus, a son of 
 
 Macedon. A small town of Eubcea. 
 
 Another in Macedonia. 
 
 Orosius, a Spanish writer, A. D. 416, 
 who published an universal history, in 
 seven books. 
 
 Orospeda, a mountain of Spain. 
 
 Orpheus, a son of GEager, by the muse 
 Calliope. He received a lyre from Apollo, 
 or according to some, from Mercury, upon 
 which he played with such a masteily 
 hand, that even the most rapid rivers 
 ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the 
 forest forgot their wildness, and the moun- 
 tains moved to listen to his song. Eury- 
 dice was the only one who made a deep 
 impression on the melodious musician, 
 and their nuptials were celebrated. Their 
 happiness, however, was short ; Aristaeus 
 became enamored of Eurydice, and, as 
 she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, that 
 was lurking in the grass, bit her foot, and 
 she died of the poisoned wound. Her loss 
 was severely felt by Orpheus, and he re- 
 solved to recover her, or perish in the at- 
 tempt. With his lyre in his hand, he en- 
 tered the infernal regions, and gained an 
 easy admission to the palace of the king 
 of hell. Pluto and Proserpine were mov- 
 ed with his sorrow, and consented to re- 
 store him Eurydice, provided he forebore 
 looking behind till he had come to the ex- 
 tremest borders of hell. The conditions 
 were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was 
 already in sight of the upper regions of 
 the air, when he forgot his promises and 
 turned back to look at his long lost Eury- 
 dice. He saw her, but she instantly van- 
 ished from his eyes. He attempted to 
 follow her, but he was refused admission ; 
 and the only comfort he could find, was 
 to soothe his grief by the sound of his mu- 
 sical instrument, in grottos, or on the 
 mountains. Orpheus was one of the Ar- 
 
 I gonauts, of which celebrated expedition 
 I he wrote a poetical account still extant. 
 According to some of the moderns, the 
 Argonautica, and the other poems attribut- 
 ed to Orpheus, are the production of the 
 pen of Onomacritus, a poet who lived in 
 the age of Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. 
 Orpheus, as some report, after death re- 
 ceived divine honors, the muses gave an 
 honorable burial to his remains, and his 
 lyre became one of the constellations in 
 the heavens. 
 
 Orphica, a name by which the orgies 
 of Bacchus were called, because they had 
 been introduced in Europe from Egypt by 
 Orpheus. 
 
 Orphne, a nymph of the infernal re- 
 gions. 
 
 Orsedice, a daughter of Cinyras and 
 Metharme. 
 
 Orseis, a nymph who married Hellen. 
 
 Orsillus, a Persian who fled to Alex- 
 ander, when Bessus murdered Darius. 
 
 Orsilochus, a son of Idomeneus, kill- 
 ed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. A 
 
 son of the river Alpheus. A Trojan 
 
 killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars. 
 
 Orsines, one of the officers of Darius, 
 at the battle of Arbela. 
 
 Orsippus, a man of Megara, who was 
 prevented from obtaining a prize at the 
 Olympic games, because his clothes were 
 entangled as he ran. This circumstance 
 was the cause that, for the future, all the 
 combatants were obliged to appear naked. 
 
 M. Ortalcjs, a grandson of Hortensius, 
 who was induced" to marry by a present 
 from Augustus, who wished that ancient 
 family not to be extinguished. 
 
 Orthagoras, a man who wrote a trea- 
 tise on India. A musician in the age 
 
 of Epaminondas. A tyrant of Sicyon. 
 
 Orthia, a daughter of Hyacinthus. 
 
 Orthe, a town of Magnesia. 
 
 Orthia, a surname of Diana at Sparta. 
 In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to 
 be whipped. 
 
 Orthosi a, a town of Caria of Phoe- 
 nicia. 
 
 Orthrus, or Orthos, a dog which be- 
 longed to Geryon, from whom and the 
 Chimaera, sprung the sphynx and the Ne- 
 msan lion. He had two heads, and was 
 destroyed by Hercules. 
 
 Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus. A 
 
 small island of Sicily, within the bay of 
 Syracuse, which formed once one of the 
 four quarters of that great city. It was 
 in this island that the celebrated fountain 
 Arethusa arose. Ortygia is now the only 
 part remaining of the once famed Syra- 
 cuse, about two miles in circumference, 
 and inhabited by 18,000 souls. An an- 
 cient name of the island of Delos. 
 
 Ortygius, a Rutulian killed by /Eneas. 
 
 Orus, or Horus, one of the gods of the 
 Egyptians, son of Osiris and of Isis. He 
 
OS 
 
 267 
 
 OS 
 
 assisted his mother in avenging his father, 
 who had been murdered by Typhon. 
 Orus was skilled in medicine, he was ac- 
 quainted with futurity, and he made the 
 good and the happiness of his subjects 
 the sole object of his government. He 
 was the emblem of the sun among the 
 Egyptians. The first king of Troezene. 
 
 Ortander, a satrap of Persia. 
 
 Oryx, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. 
 
 Osaces, a Parthian general, who re- 
 ceived a mortal wound from Cassius. 
 
 Osca, a town of Spain, now Huesca, in 
 Arragon. 
 
 Oschophoria, a festival observed by the 
 Athenians. Its original institution is thus 
 described. Theseus, at his return from 
 Crete, forgot to hang out the white sail by 
 which his father was to be apprized of his 
 success. This neglect was fatal to /Ege- 
 us, who threw himself into the sea and 
 perished. Theseus no sooner reached the 
 land, than he sent a herald to inform his 
 father of his safe return, and in the mean 
 time he began to make the sacrifices which 
 he vowed when he first set sail from Crete. 
 The herald, on his entrance into the city, 
 found the people in great agitation. Some 
 lamented the king's death, while others, 
 elated at the sudden news of the victory 
 of Theseus, crowned the herald with gar- 
 lands in demonstration of their joy. The 
 herald carried back the garlands on his 
 stafF to the sea shore, and after he had 
 waited till Theseus had finished his sacri- 
 fice, he related the melancholy story of 
 the king's death. Upon this, the people 
 ran in crowds to the city, showing their 
 grief by cries and lamentations. From 
 that circumstance therefore, at the feast 
 of Oschophoria, not the herald but his 
 staff is crowned with garlands. 
 
 Osci, a people between Campania and 
 the country of the Volsci, who assisted 
 Turnus against iEneas. 
 
 Oscius, a mountain with a river of the 
 eame name in Thrace. 
 
 Oscus, a general of the fleet of the em- 
 peror Otho. 
 
 Osi, a people of Germany. 
 
 Osinius, a king of Clusium, who assist- 
 ed iEneas against Turnus. 
 
 Osiris, a great deity of the Egyptians, 
 son of Jupiter and Niobe. All the an- 
 cients greatly differ in their opinions 
 concerning this celebrated god, but they 
 all agree that as king of Egypt, he took 
 particular care to civilize his subjects, to 
 polish their morals, to give them good and 
 salutary laws, and to teach them agricul- 
 ture. After he had accomplished a reform 
 at home, Osiris resolved to go and spread 
 civilisation in the other parts of the earth. 
 He left his kingdom to the care of his 
 wife Isis, and of her faithful minister 
 Hermes or Mercury. On his return Osiris 
 found the minds of his subjects roused 
 
 and agitated. His brother Typhon had 
 raised seditions, and endeavored to make 
 himself popular. Osiris, whose senti- 
 ments were always of the most pacific 
 nature, endeavored to convince his broth- 
 er of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice 
 to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in 
 a secret apartment, and cut his body to 
 pieces, which were divided among the 
 associates of his guilt. Typhon, accord- 
 ing to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a 
 coffer and threw him into the Nile. This 
 cruelty incensed Isis ; she revenged her 
 husband's death, and with her son Orus, 
 she defeated Typhon and the partisans of 
 his conspiracy. She recovered the man- 
 gled pieces of her husband's body, which 
 the murderer had thrown into the sea ; 
 and to render him all the honor which his 
 humanity deserved, she made as many 
 statues of wax as there were mangled 
 pieces of his body. As Osiris had particu- 
 larly instructed his subjects in cultivating 
 the ground, the priest chose the ox to rep- 
 resent him, and paid the most supersti- 
 tious veneration to that animal. Osiris, 
 according to the opinion of some mythol- 
 ogists, is the same as the sun, and the 
 adoration which is paid by different na- 
 tions to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysi- 
 us, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c.,is the same as 
 that which Osiris received in the Egyp- 
 tian temples. Isis also after death receiv- 
 ed divine honors as well as her husband, 
 and as the ox was the symbol of the sun, 
 or Osiris, so the cow was the emblem of 
 the moon, or of Isis. Osiris was gener- 
 ally represented with a cap on his head 
 like a mitre, with two horns ; he held a 
 stick in his left hand, and in his right a 
 
 whip with three thongs. A Persian 
 
 general, who lived 450 B. C. A friend 
 
 of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. 
 
 Osismii, a people of Gaul in Britany. 
 
 Osphagus, a river of Macedonia. 
 
 Osrhoene, a country of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Ossa, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, 
 once the residence of the Centaurs. It 
 was formerly joined to mount Olympus, 
 but Hercules, as some report, separated 
 them, and made between them the cele- 
 brated valley of Tempe. Ossa was one 
 of those mountains which the giants, in 
 their wars against the gods, heaped up one 
 on the other to scale the heavens with 
 more facility. A town of Macedonia. 
 
 Osteodes, an island near the Lipari 
 isles. 
 
 Ostia, a town built at the mouth of the 
 river Tiber by Ancus Martius, king of 
 Rome, about sixteen miles distant from 
 Rome. It had a celebrated harbor, and 
 was so pleasantly situated that the Ro- 
 mans generally spent a part of the year 
 there as in a country seat. 
 
 Ostorius Scapul\, a man made govern- 
 or of Britain. He died A. D. 55 —An- 
 
OT 
 
 268 
 
 OV 
 
 other, who put himself to death when ac- 
 cused before Nero. 
 
 Ostracine, a town of Egypt. 
 
 Osymandyas, a magnificent king of 
 Egypt in a remote period. 
 
 OTACiLius,aRornan consul sent against 
 the Carthaginians. 
 
 Otanes, a noble Persian, one of the 
 seven who conspired against the usurper 
 Smerdis. 
 
 Otho, M. Salvius, a Roman emperor 
 descended from the ancient kings of Etru- 
 ria. He was one of Nero's favorites, and 
 as such he was raised to the highest offices 
 of the state. After Nero's death Otho 
 conciliated the favor of Galba the new 
 emperor ; but when he did not gain his 
 point, and when Galba had refused to 
 adopt him as his successor, he resolved to 
 make himself absolute without any regard 
 to the age or dignity of his friend. The 
 great debts which he had contracted en- 
 couraged his avarice, and he caused Galba 
 to be assassinated, and he made himself 
 emperor. He was acknowledged by the 
 senate and the Roman people, but the sud- 
 den revolt of Vitellius in Germany render- 
 ed his situation precarious, and it was 
 mutually resolved that their respective 
 right to the empire should be decided by 
 arms. Otho obtained three victories over 
 his enemies, but in a general engagement 
 near Brixellum, his forces were defeated, 
 and he stabbed himself when all hopes of 
 success were vanished, after a reign of 
 about three months, on the 20th of April 
 A. D. 69. Roscius, a tribune of the peo- 
 ple, who, in Cicero's consulship, made a 
 regulation to permit the Roman knights at 
 publie spectacles to have the fourteen first 
 
 rows after the seats of the senators. 
 
 The father of the Roman emperor Otho 
 was the favorite of Claudius 
 
 Othryades, one of. the three hundred 
 Spartans who fought against three hun- 
 dred Argives, when those two nations dis- 
 puted their respective right to Thyrea. 
 Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and 
 Othryades survived the battle. The Ar- 
 gives went home to carry the news of their 
 victory, but Othryades, who had been 
 reckoned among the number of the slain, 
 on account of his wounds, recovered him- 
 self and carried some of the spoils of 
 which he had stripped the Argives, into 
 the camp of his countrymen ; and after he 
 had raised a trophy, and had written with 
 his own blood the word vici on his shield, 
 he killed himself, unwilling to survive the 
 death of his countrymen. A patrony- 
 mic given to Pantheus, the Trojan priest 
 of Apollo, from his fnther Othryas. 
 
 Othryoneus, a Thracian who came to 
 the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cas- 
 sandra. He was killed by Idomeneus. 
 
 Othrys, a mountain, or rather a chain 
 of mountains in Thessaly, the residence 
 of the Centaurs. 
 
 Otrels, a king of Phrygia, son of Cis- 
 seus, and brother to Hecuba. 
 
 Otrceda, a small town on the confines 
 of Bithynia. 
 
 Otus and Ephialtes, sons of Neptune. 
 Otys, a prince of Paphlagonia, who re- 
 volted from the Persians to Agesilaus. 
 Ovia, a Roman lady, wife of C. Lollius. 
 P. Ovidius Naso, a celebrated Roman 
 poet born at Sulmo, on the 20th of March, 
 about 43 B. C. As he was intended for 
 the bar, his father sent him early to Rome, 
 and removed him to Athens in the six- 
 teenth year of his age. The progress of 
 Ovid in the study of eloquence was great, 
 but the father's expectations were frustrat- 
 ed ; his son was born a poet, and nothing 
 could deter him from pursuing his natural 
 inclination, though he was often reminded 
 that Homer lived and died in the greatest 
 poverty. A lively genius and a fertile 
 imagination soon gained him admirers ; 
 the learned became his friends ; Virgil, 
 Propertius, Tibullus, and Horace, honored 
 him with their correspondence, and Au- 
 gustus patronised him with the most un- 
 bounded liberality. These favors, how- 
 ever, were but momentary, and the poet 
 was soon after banished to Tomos on the 
 Euxine sea, by the emperor. The true 
 cause of this sudden exile is unknown. 
 In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pu- 
 sillanimity, and however afflicted and dis- 
 tressed his situation was, yet the flattery 
 and impatience which he showed in his 
 writings are a disgrace to his pen, and 
 expose him more to ridicule than pity. 
 Though he prostituted his pen and his 
 time to adulation, yet the emperor proved 
 deaf to all entreaties, and refused to listen 
 to his most ardent friends at Rome, who 
 wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, 
 who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus to 
 deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, 
 continued his flattery even to meanness ; 
 and when the emperor died, he was so 
 mercenary as to consecrate a temple to 
 the departed tyrant, on the shore of the 
 Euxine, where he regularly offered frank- 
 incense every morning. Tiberius proved 
 as regardless as his predecessor, to the en- 
 treaties which were made for Ovid, and 
 the poet died in the seventh or eighth year 
 of his banishment, in the fifty-ninth year 
 of his age, A. D. 17, and was buried at 
 Tomos. In the year 1508 of the Christian 
 era, the following epitaph was found at 
 Stain, in the modern kingdom of Austria 
 
 Hie situs est vates quern Divi Ccesaris ira 
 Augusti patria cedere jussit humo. 
 
 Saepe miser voluit patriis occumbere lerris, 
 Sed frustra ! Hunt Mi fata dederc locum. 
 
 This however, is an imposition to render 
 celebrated an obscure corner of the world, 
 which never contained the bones of Ovid. 
 The greatest part of Ovid's poems are re- 
 
ox 
 
 269 
 
 oz 
 
 mainiug. -A man who accompanied 1j is 
 
 friend Caesonius when banished from 
 Rome by Nero. 
 
 Ovinia lex, was enacted to permit the 
 censors to elect and admit among the num- 
 ber of the senators the best and the wor- 
 thiest of the people. 
 
 Ovinius, a freedman of Vatinius, the 
 
 friend of Cicero. Cluintus, a Roman 
 
 senator, punished by Augustus, for dis- 
 gracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra. 
 
 Oxathres, a brother of Darius, greatly 
 honored by Alexander, and made one of 
 
 his generals. Another Persian, who 
 
 favored the cause of Alexander. 
 
 Oxidates, a Persian whom Darius con- 
 demned to death. Alexander took him 
 prisoner, and some time after made him 
 governor of Media. He became oppres- 
 sive and was removed. 
 
 Oximes, a people of European Sar- 
 matia. 
 
 Oxionje, a nation of Germans, whom 
 superstitious traditions represented as 
 having the countenance human, and the 
 rest of the body like that of beasts. 
 
 Oxus, a large river of Bactriana, now 
 Oihon, falling into the east of the Caspian 
 sea. Another in Scythia. 
 
 Oxyares, a king of Bactriana, who sur- 
 rendered to Alexander. 
 
 Oxycanus, an Indian prince in the age 
 of Alexander, &c. 
 
 Oxydracjs, a nation of India. 
 
 Oxylus, a leader of the Heraclidse, 
 when they recovered the Peloponnesus, 
 A son of Mars and Protogenia. 
 
 Oxynthes, a kingof Athens, B. C. 1149. 
 He reigned twelve years. 
 
 Oxyporus, a son of Cinyras and Me- 
 tharme. 
 
 Oxyrynchus, a town of Egypt on the 
 Nile. 
 
 Ozines, a Persian imprisoned by Crate- 
 rus, because he attempted to revolt from 
 Alexander. 
 
 Ozolje or Ozoli, a people who inhab- 
 ited the eastern parts of ^Etolia, which 
 were called Oiolea. This tract of terri- 
 tory lay at the north of the bay of Corinth, 
 and extended about twelve miles north- 
 ward. 
 
 PA 
 
 PA 
 
 PACATIANUS, Titus Julius, a gene- 
 ral of the Roman armies, who pro- 
 claimed himself emperor in Gaul, about 
 the latter part of Philip's reign. He was 
 soon after defeated, A. D. 249, and put to 
 death. 
 
 Paccius, an insignificant poet in the age 
 of Domitian. 
 
 Paches, an Athenian, who took Mity- 
 lene. 
 
 Pachinus, or Pachynus, now Passaro, 
 a promontory of Sicily. 
 
 M. Paconius, a Roman put to death by 
 Tiberius. A Stoic philosopher, banish- 
 ed from Italy by Nero. 
 
 Pacorus, the eldest of the thirty sons 
 of Orodes, king of Parthia, sent against 
 Crassus whose army he defeated, and 
 whom he took prisoner. He was killed 
 
 in a battle by Ventidius Bassus. A 
 
 king of Parthia, who made a treaty of 
 
 alliance with the Romans. Another, 
 
 intimate with king Decebalus, 
 
 Pactolus, a celebrated river of Lydia, 
 rising in mount Tmolus, and falling into 
 the Hermus after it has watered the city 
 of Sardes. It was in this river that Midas 
 washed himself when he turned into gold 
 whatever he touched ; and from that cir- 
 cumstance it ever after rolled golden 
 sands, and received the name of Chrysorr- 
 hoas. 
 
 Pactyas, a Lydian intrusted with the 
 '23* 
 
 care of the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. 
 The immense riches which he could com- 
 mand, corrupted him, and to make him- 
 self independent, he gathered a large ar- 
 my. He laid siege to the citadel of Sar- 
 des, but the arrival of one of the Persian 
 generals soon put him to flight. He re- 
 tired to Cumae and afterwards to Lesbos, 
 where he was delivered into the hands of 
 Cyrus. 
 
 Pactye, a town of the Thracian Cher- 
 sonesus. 
 
 Pactyes, a mountain of Ionia, near 
 Ephesus. 
 
 Pacuvius, M. a native of Brundusium 
 son of the sister of the poet Ennius, who 
 distinguished himself by his skill in paint- 
 ing, and by his poetical talents. The poet 
 in his old age retired to Tarentum, where 
 he died in his ninetieth year, about one 
 hundred and thirty-one years before Christ. 
 Of all his compositions about four hundred 
 and thirty-seven scattered lines are pre- 
 served in the collections of Latin poets. 
 
 Padjsi, an Indian nation who devour 
 their sick before they die. 
 
 Padinum, now Bondeno, a town on the 
 Po, where it begins to branch into different 
 channels. 
 
 Padua, a town called also Pataviuvi, in 
 the country of the Venetians, the native 
 place of the historian Livy. 
 
 P^pus, (now called the Po) a river in 
 
PA 
 
 270 
 
 PA 
 
 italy, known also by the name of Erida- 
 nus, which forms the northern boundary 
 of the territories of Italy. It rises in 
 mount Vesulus, one of the highest moun- 
 tains of the Alps, and discharges itself in 
 an eastern direction into the Adriatic sea. 
 
 Padusa, the most southern mouth of 
 the Po, considered by some writers as the 
 Po itself. 
 
 P^an, a surname of Apollo, derived 
 from the word pwan, an hymn which was 
 sung in his honor, because he had killed 
 the serpent Python, which had given 
 cause to the people to exclaim lo Pcean! 
 
 Pjedaretus, a Spartan who, on not be- 
 ing elected in the number of the three 
 hundred sent on an expedition, fee, de- 
 clared, that instead of being mortified, he 
 rejoiced that three hundred men better 
 than himself could be found in Sparta. 
 
 P.ediu3, a lieutenant of J. Caesar in 
 Spain. 
 
 Pjemani, a people of Belgic Gaul, sup- 
 posed to dwell in the present country at 
 the west of Luxemburg. 
 
 Pios, a Greek historian. A celebrat- 
 ed physician who cured the wounds 
 which the gods received during the Tro- 
 jan war. 
 
 P.eones, a people of Macedonia who in- 
 habited a small part of the country called 
 PcBonia. 
 
 Pjeonia, a country of Macedonia at the 
 
 west of the Strymon. A small town 
 
 of Attica. 
 
 Pj2o>-ides, a name given to the daugh- 
 ters of Pierus, because their mother was a 
 native of Paeonia. 
 
 Pjeos, a small town of Arcadia. 
 
 Pjesos, a town of the Hellespont called 
 also Apmsos, situated at the north of Lamp- 
 sacus. 
 
 P.e9tum, a town of Lncania, where the 
 soil produced roses which blossomed twice 
 a year. The ancient wails of the town, 
 about three miles in extent, are still stand- 
 ing, and likewise venerable remains of 
 temples and porticoes. 
 
 P-etovium, a town of Pannonia. 
 
 Cjkcinna P-etus, the husband of Arria. 
 
 A governor of Armenia, under Nero. 
 
 A Roman who conspired with Cati- 
 line against his country. A man 
 
 drowned as he was going to Egypt to col- 
 lect money. 
 
 Pagje, a town of Megan's — of Locris. 
 
 Paga9.e or Pagasa, a town of Magne- 
 sia, in Macedonia, with an harbor and a 
 promontory of the same name. The ship 
 Argo was built there, as some suppose, and 
 according to Propertius, the Argonauts set 
 8ail from that harbor. 
 
 Pagasus, a Trojan killed by Camilla. 
 
 Pagr.e, a town of Syria, on the borders 
 of Cilicia. 
 Pagus, a mountain of ^Eolia. 
 
 Palacium or Pa^atium, a town of the 
 
 Thracian Chersonesus. A small vil- 
 lage, on the Palatine hill, where Rome wa3 
 afterwards built. 
 
 Pal^:, a town at the south of Corsica, 
 now St. Bonifacio. 
 
 Pal^a, a town of Cyprus of Ce- 
 
 phallenia. 
 
 Pal.eapolis, a small island on the coast 
 of Spain. 
 
 Pal^emon or Palemok, a sea deity, son 
 of Athamas and Ino. A noted gram- 
 marian at Rome in the age of Tiberius. 
 
 A son of Neptune, who was amongst 
 
 the Argonauts. 
 
 Pal.epaphos, the ancient town of Pa- 
 phos in Cyprus, adjoining to the new. 
 
 Pal-epharsalus, the ancient town of 
 Pharsalus in Thessaly. 
 
 Pal-ephatus, an ancient Greek philoso- 
 pher, whose age is unknown, though it 
 can be ascertained that he flourished be- 
 tween the times of Aristotle and Augus- 
 tus. An heroic poet of Athens. A 
 
 disciple of Aristotle, born at Abydos. 
 
 An historian of Egypt. 
 
 Pal.epoi.is, a town of Campania, built 
 where Naples afterwards was erected. 
 
 Paljeste, a village of Epirus near Ori- 
 cus, where Caesar first landed with his 
 fleet. 
 
 Pal^estina, a province of Syria. 
 
 Pal-estinus, an ancient name of the 
 river Strymon. 
 
 Pal2etyrus, the ancient town of Tyre 
 on the continent. 
 
 Palamedes, a Grecian chief, sen of Nau- 
 plius, king of Eubcea by Clymene. Ue 
 was sent by the Greek princes who were 
 going to the Trojan war, to bring Ulysses 
 to the camp, who, to withdraw himself 
 from the expedition, pretended insanity ; 
 and the better to impose upon his friends, 
 used to harness different animals to a 
 plough, and sow salt instead of barley into 
 the furrows. The deceit was soon dis- 
 covered by Palamedes, and Ulysses was 
 obliged to attend the Greek princes to the 
 war. An immortal enmity arose in con- 
 sequence, between the two chiefs. The 
 king of Ithaca resolved to take every op- 
 portunity to distress him ; and when 
 all his expectations were frustrated, he 
 had the meanness to bribe one of his 
 servants, and to make him dig a hole in 
 his master's tent, and there conceal a large 
 sum of money. After this Ulysses forged 
 a letter in Phrygian characters, which king 
 Priam was supposed to have sent to Pala- 
 medes. In the letter the Trojan king 
 seemed to entreat Palamedes to deliver 
 into his hands the Grecian army, accord- 
 ing to the conditions which had been pre- 
 viously agreed upon, when he received the 
 money. This forged letter was carried by 
 means of Ulysses before the princes of the 
 Grecian army. Palamedes was summon- 
 ed, and he made the most eolemn protest- 
 
PA 
 
 271 
 
 PA 
 
 ations of innocence, but all was in vain, 
 the money that was discovered in his tent 
 served only to corroborate the accusation. 
 He was found guilty by all the army and 
 stoned to death. 
 
 Palantia, atown of Spain. 
 
 Palatinus moss, a celebrated hill, the 
 largest of the seven hills on which Rome 
 was built. It was upon it that Romulus 
 laid the first foundation of the capital of 
 Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there 
 also" he kept his court, as well as Tullus 
 Hostilius, and Augustus, and all the suc- 
 ceeding emperors, from which circum- 
 stance the word Palatium has ever since 
 been applied to the residence of a mon- 
 arch or prince. Apollo, who was wor- 
 shipped on the Palatine hill, was also call- 
 ed Palatinus. 
 
 Palantium, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Paleis, or Pal.*:, a town in the island 
 of Cephallenia. 
 
 Pales, the goddess of sheepfolds and of 
 pastures among the Romans. She was 
 worshipped with great solemnity. 
 
 Palfurius Sura, a writer removed from 
 the senate by Domitian. 
 
 Palibothra, a city of India. 
 
 Palici, or Palisci, two deities, sons of 
 Jupiter by Thalia, whom ^Eschylus calls 
 iEtna, in a tragedy which is now lost, ac- 
 cording to the words of Macrobius. These 
 deities were worshipped with great cere- 
 monies by the Sicilians, and near their 
 temple were two small lakes of sulphure- 
 ous water, which were supposed to have 
 sprung out of the earth. In a supersti- 
 tious age, the altars of the Palici were 
 stained with the blood of human sacrifi- 
 ces, but this barbarous custom was soon 
 abolished, and the deities were satisfied 
 with their usual offerings. 
 
 Palilia, a festival celebrated by the Ro- 
 mans, in honor of the goddess Pales. The 
 ceremony consisted in burning heaps of 
 straw, and in leaping over them. No sa- 
 crifices were offered, but the purifications 
 were made with the smoke of horses' 
 blood, and with the ashes of a calf that 
 had been taken from the belly of his mo- 
 ther, after it had been sacrificed, and with 
 the ashes of beans. The purification of 
 the flocks was also made with the smoke 
 of sulphur, of the olive, the pine, the lau- 
 rel, and the rosemary. This festival was 
 observed on the twenty-first of April, and 
 it was during the celebration that Romu- 
 lus first began to build his city. 
 
 Palinurus, a skilful pilot of the ship of 
 iEneas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, 
 and was three days exposed to the tem- 
 pests and the waves of the sea, and at last 
 came safe to the sea shore near Velia, 
 where the cruel inhabitants of the place 
 murdered him to obtain his clothes. His 
 body was left unburied on the sea shore, 
 and as, according to the religion of the 
 
 ancient Romans, no person was suffered 
 to cross the Stygian lake before one hun- 
 dred years were elapsed, if his remains had 
 not been decently buried, we find ^Eneas, 
 when he visited the infernal regions, 
 speaking to Palinurus, and assuring him, 
 that though his bones were deprived of a 
 funeral, yet the place where his body was 
 exposed should soon be adorned with a 
 monument, and bear his name, and ac- 
 cordingly a promontory was called Pali- 
 nurus, now Palinuro. 
 
 Paliscorum, or Palicorum Stagnum, a 
 sulphureous pool in Sicily. 
 
 Paliurus, now JVahil, a river of Africa, 
 with a town of the same name at its 
 mouth. 
 
 Pallades, certain virgins, of illustrious 
 parents, who were consecrated to Jupiter 
 by the Thebans of Egypt. 
 
 Palladium, a celebrated statue of Pal- 
 las. It was about three cubits high, and 
 represented the goddess as sitting and 
 holding a pike in her right hand, and in 
 her left a distaff and a spindle. It fell 
 down from heaven near the tent of Ilus, 
 as that prince was building the citadel of 
 Ilium. However discordant the opinions 
 of ancient authors be about this famous 
 statue, it is universally agreed, that on 
 its preservation depended the safety of 
 Troy. This fatality was well known to 
 the Greeks during the Trojan war, and 
 therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were 
 commissioned to steal it away. They ef- 
 fected their purpose, and if we rely upon 
 the authority of some authors, they were 
 directed how to carry it away by Helenus 
 the son of Priam. 
 
 Palladius, a Greek physician. A 
 
 learned Roman under Adrian. 
 
 Pallanteum, a town of Italy or per- 
 haps more properly a citadel built by Evan- 
 der on mount Palatine. 
 
 Pallantia, a town of Spain, now Pa- 
 Icncia, on the river Cea. 
 
 Pallantia s, a patronymic of Aurora, 
 as being related to the giant Pallas. 
 
 Pallantides, the fifty sons of Pallas, 
 the son of Pandion, and the brother of. 
 iEgeus. They were all killed by Theseus, 
 the son of ^Egeus, whom they opposed 
 when he came to take possession of his 
 father's kingdom. 
 
 Pallas, a daughter of Jupiter, the same 
 as Minerva. 
 
 Pallas, a son of king Evander, sent 
 with some troops to assist iEneas. He 
 was killed by Turnus, the king of the Ru- 
 tuli. One of the giants, son of Tarta- 
 rus and Terra. He was killed by Miner- 
 va. A son of Crius and Eurybia, who 
 
 married the nymph Styx, by whom he had 
 
 Victory and Valor. A freedman of 
 
 Claudius, famous for the power and the 
 riches he obtained. 
 
 Pallene, a small peninsula of Macedo- 
 
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 212 
 
 PA 
 
 ma, formerly called Phlegra, situate above 
 the bay of Therms on the^Egean sea, and 
 containing five cities, the principal of 
 
 which is called Pallene. A village of 
 
 Attica, where Minerva had a temple, and 
 where the Pallantides chiefly resided. 
 
 Pallenses, a people of Cephalenia, 
 whose chief town was called Pala, or Pa- 
 laea. 
 
 Palma, a governor of Syria. 
 
 Palmaria, a small island opposite Tar- 
 racina in Latium. 
 
 Palmyra, the capital of Palmyrene, a 
 country on the eastern boundaries of Sy- 
 ria, now called Theudemor, or Tadmor. It 
 is now in ruins, and the splendor and 
 magnificence of its porticos, temples, and 
 palaces, are now daily examined by the 
 curious and the learned. 
 
 Palphurius, one of the flatterers of Do- 
 mitian. 
 
 Palumbinum, a town of Samnium. 
 
 Pamisos, a river of Thessaly, falling into 
 
 the Peneus. Another of Messenia in 
 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pammenes, an Athenian general, sent 
 to assist Megalopolis, against the Manti- 
 neans, &c. An astrologer. A learn- 
 ed Grecian who was preceptor to Brutus. 
 
 Pammon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 
 Pampa, a village near Tentyra in 
 Thrace. 
 
 Pamphilus, a celebrated painter of Ma- 
 cedonia, in the age of Philip, distinguish- 
 ed above his rivals by a superior know- 
 ledge of literature and the cultivation of 
 those studies which taught him to infuse 
 more successfully grace and dignity into 
 
 his pieces. A son cf Neoclides, among 
 
 the pupils of Plato. 
 
 Pamphos, a Greek poet supposed to have 
 lived before Hesiod's age. 
 
 Pamphtla, a Greek woman, who wrote 
 a general history in thirty-three books, in 
 Nero's reign. This history, so much com- 
 mended by the ancients, is lost. 
 
 Pa mp h y li a, a province of Asia Minor, 
 anciently called Mupsopia, and bounded 
 on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, 
 called the Pamphylian sea, west by Lycia, 
 north by Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It 
 abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, 
 and was peopled by a Grecian colony. 
 
 Pan was the god of shepherds, of hunts- 
 men, and of all the inhabitants of the 
 country. He was the son of Mercury, by 
 Dryope, according to Homer. Pan was a 
 monster in appearance, he had two small 
 horns on his head, his complexion was 
 ruddy, his nose fiat, and his legs, thighs, 
 tail, and feet, were those of a goat. The 
 education of Pan was intrusted to a nymph 
 of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse, 
 according to Homer, terrified at the sight 
 of such a monster, fled away and left him. 
 He was wrapped up in the skin of beasts 
 by his father, and carried to heaven where 
 
 Jupiter and the gods long entertained 
 themselves with the oddity of his appear- 
 ance. Bacchus was greatly pleased with 
 him, and gave him the name of Pan. The 
 god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arca- 
 dia, where the woods and the most rug- 
 ged mountains were his habitation. He 
 invented the flute with seven reeds, which 
 he called Syrinx, in honor of a beautiful 
 nymph of the same name. He was con- 
 tinually employed in deceiving the neigh- 
 boring nymphs, and often with success. 
 The worship of Pan was well established, 
 particularly in Arcadia, where he gave 
 oracles on mount Lycjeus. His festivals, 
 called by the Greeks Lycaia, were brought 
 to Italy by Evander, and they were well 
 known at Rome by the name of the Lu- 
 percalia. He was worshipped with the 
 greatest solemnity all over Egypt. 
 
 Panacea, a goddess, daughter of iEscu- 
 lapius, who presided over health. 
 
 Panjetius, a stoic philosopher ofRhode3, 
 138 B. C. He studied at Athens for some 
 time, of which he refused to become a 
 citizen, observing, that a good and modest 
 man ought to be satisfied with one coun- 
 try. He came to Rome, where he reckon- 
 ed among his pupils Laelius and Scipio the 
 second Africanus. Panaetius wrote a trea- 
 tise on the duties of man. A tyrant of 
 
 Leontini in Sicily, B. C. 613. 
 
 Panjetolium, a general assembly of the 
 iEtolians. 
 
 Panares, a general of Crete, defeated 
 by Metellus. 
 
 Panariste, one of the waiting women 
 of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus. 
 
 Panathen.ea, festivals in honor of Mi- 
 nerva the patroness of Athens. They 
 were first instituted by Erichtheus or Or- 
 pheus, and called Athencca, but Theseus 
 afterwards renewed them, and caused 
 them to be celebrated and observed by all 
 the tribes of Athens, which he had united 
 into one, and from which reason the festi- 
 vals received their name. Some suppose 
 that they are the same as the Roman 
 Quinquatria, as they are often called by 
 that name among the Latins. In the first 
 years of the institution, they were observ- 
 ed only during one day, but afterwards the 
 time was prolonged, and the celebration 
 was attended with greater pomp and solem- 
 nity. The festivals were two ; the great Pa- 
 natheiura, which were observed every fifth 
 year, beginning on the twenty-second of 
 the month called Hecatombwon, or seventh 
 of July, and the lesser Panathencea, which 
 were kept every third year, or rather an- 
 nually, beginning on the twenty-first or 
 twentieth of the month called Thargelion, 
 corresponding to the fifth or sixth day of 
 the month of May. In the lesser festivals 
 there were three games conducted by ten 
 presidents chosen from the ten tribes of 
 Athens, who continued four years in of 
 
PA 
 
 273 
 
 PA 
 
 fice. The necessaries for this and every 
 other festival were prepared in a public 
 hall erected for that purpose, between the 
 Pirasan gate and the temple of Ceres. It 
 was usual to set all prisoners at liberty, 
 and to present golden crowns to such as 
 had deserved well of their country. Some 
 persons were also chosen to sing some of 
 Homer's poems, a custom which was first 
 introduced by Hipparchus the son of Pi- 
 sistratus. It was also customary in this 
 festival and every other quinquennial fes- 
 tival, to pray for the prosperity of the Pla- 
 ta±ans, whose services had been so con- 
 spicuous at the battle of Marathon. 
 
 Panchjea, Panchea, or Papjchaia, an 
 island of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Tri- 
 
 phylius had a magnificent temple. A 
 
 part of Arabia Felix, celebrated for the 
 myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which 
 it "produced. 
 
 Panda, two deities at Rome, who pre- 
 sided one over the openings of roads, and 
 the other over the openings of towns. 
 
 Pandama, a girl of India favored by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Pandaria, or Pandataria, a small is- 
 land of the Tyrrhene sea. 
 
 Pandarus, a son of Lycaon, who assist- 
 ed the Trojans in their war against the 
 Greeks. He went to the war without a 
 chariot, and therefore he generally fought 
 on foot. He broke the truce which had 
 been agreed upon between the Greeks and 
 Trojans, and wounded Menelaus and Dio- 
 medes, and showed himself brave and un- 
 usually courageous. He was at last killed 
 
 by Diomedes. A son of Alcanor killed 
 
 with his brother Bitias by Turnus. A 
 
 native of Crete punished with death for 
 being accessary to the theft of Tantalus. 
 What this theft was is unknown. Pan- 
 darus had two daughters, Camiro and 
 Clytia, who were deprived of their mother 
 by a sudden death, and left without friends 
 or protectors. Venus had compassion upon 
 them, and she fed them with milk, honey, 
 and wine. The goddesses were all equal- 
 ly interested in their welfare. Juno gave 
 them wisdom and beauty, Diana a hand- 
 some figure and regular features, and Mi- 
 nerva instructed them in whatever do- 
 mestic accomplishments can recommend 
 a wife. Venus wished still to make their 
 happiness more complete ; and when they 
 were come to nubile years the goddess 
 prayed Jupiter to grant them kind and 
 tender husbands. But in her absence the 
 Harpies carried away the virgins and de- 
 livered them to the Eumenides to share 
 the punishment which their father suf- 
 fered. 
 
 Pandarus, or Pandareus, a man who 
 had a daughter called Philomela. She 
 was changed into a nightingale, after she 
 had killed, by mistake, her son Itylus, 
 whose death she mourned in the greatest. 
 melancholy. 
 
 Pandataria, an island on the coast of 
 Lucania, now called Santa Maria. 
 
 Pandates, a friend of Datames at the 
 court of Artaxerxes. 
 
 Pandemia, a surname of Venus, ex- 
 pressive of her great power over the affec- 
 tions of mankind. 
 
 Pandemus, one of the surnames of the 
 god of love, among the Egyptians and the 
 Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, 
 one of whom was the vulgar called Pan- 
 demus, and another of a purer, and more 
 celestial origin. 
 
 Pandi a, a festival at Athens established 
 by Pandion, from whom it received its 
 name. 
 
 Pandion, a king of Athens, son of 
 Erichthon and Pasithea, who succeeded 
 his father, B. C. 1437. He became father 
 of Procne and Philomela, Erechtheus, and 
 Butes. During his reign there was such 
 an abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that 
 it was publicly reported that Bacchus and 
 Minerva had personally visited Attica 
 The treatment which Philomela received 
 from her brother-in-law, Tereus, was the 
 source of infinite grief to Pandion, and he 
 died through excess of sorrow, after a 
 reign of forty years. There was also an- 
 other Pandion, son of Cecrops 2d, by Me- 
 tiaduca, who succeeded to his father, B. 
 C. 130. A son of Phineus and Cleopa- 
 tra, deprived of his eye-sight by his fa- 
 ther. A son of iEgyptus and Hephassti- 
 
 na. A king of the Indies in the age of 
 
 Augustus. 
 
 Pandora, a celebrated woman, made 
 with clay by Vulcan, at the request of 
 Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety 
 and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him 
 a wife. When this woman of clay had 
 been made by the artist, and received life, 
 all the gods vied in making her presents. 
 Venus gave her beauty and the art of 
 pleasing ; the Graces gave her the power 
 of captivating ; and Minerva gave her the 
 most rich and splendid ornaments. Jupi- 
 ter after this gave her a beautiful box, 
 which she was ordered to present to the 
 man who married her ; and by the com- 
 mission of the god, Mercury conducted her 
 to Prometheus. The artful mortal was 
 sensible of the deceit, and sent away Pan- 
 dora without suffering himself to be cap- 
 tivated by her charms. His brother Epi- 
 metheus was not possessed of the same 
 prudence and sagacity. He married Pan- 
 dora, and when he opened the box which 
 she presented to him, there issued from it 
 a multitude of evils and distempers, which 
 dispersed themselves all over the world, 
 and which, from that fatal moment, have 
 never ceased to afflict the human race. 
 Hope was the only one who remained at 
 the bottom of the box, and it is she alone 
 who has the wonderful power of easing 
 the labors of man, and of rendering his 
 M* 
 
PA 
 
 274 
 
 PA 
 
 troubles and his sorrows less painful in 
 
 life. A daughter of Erechtheus king 
 
 of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, 
 who sacrificed herself for her country at the 
 beginning of the Boeotian war. 
 
 Pandorus, a son of Erechtheus, king 
 of Athens. 
 
 Pandosja, a town in the country of the 
 
 Brutii, situate on a mountain. A town 
 
 of Epirus. 
 
 Pandrosos, a daughter of Cecrops, king 
 of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. 
 She was the only one of the sisters, who 
 had not the fatal curiosity to open a bas- 
 ket which Minerva had intrusted to their 
 care, for which sincerity a temple was 
 raised to her, near that of Minerva, and a 
 festival instituted in her honor, called 
 Pandrosia. 
 
 Panenus, or Pan.eus, a celebrated paint- 
 er, who was for some time engaged in 
 painting the battle of Marathon. 
 
 Pang-eus, a mountain of Thrace, an- 
 ciently called Mons Caraminus, and joined 
 to mount Rhodope near the sources of the 
 river Nestus. It was inhabited by four 
 different nations. 
 
 Paniasis, a man who wrote a poem upon 
 Hercules. 
 
 Panionium, a place at the foot of mount 
 Mycale, near the town of Ephesus in Asia 
 Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It 
 was in this place that all the states of Io- 
 nia assembled, either to consult for their 
 own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate 
 festivals, or to offer a sacrifice for the good 
 of all the nation. 
 
 Panius, a place at Casio-Syria, where 
 Antiochus defeated Scopas, B! C. 198. 
 
 Pannonia, a large country of Europe, 
 bounded on the east by Upper Moesia, 
 south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and 
 north by the Danube. It was divided by 
 the ancients into Lower and Upper Pan- 
 nonia. The inhabitants were of Celtic 
 origin, and were first invaded by J. Cae- 
 sar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius. 
 
 Panolbius, a Greek poet, mentioned by 
 Suidas. 
 
 Panomph^eus, a surname of Jupiter. 
 
 Panope, or Pakopea, one of the Nere- 
 ides, whom sailors generally invoked in 
 storms. Her name signifies, giving every 
 
 assistance, or seeing everything. One of 
 
 the daughters of Thespius. A town of 
 
 Phocis, called also Panopeus. 
 
 Panopes, a famous huntsman among 
 the attendants of Acestes, king of Sicily, 
 who was one of those that engaged in the 
 games exhibited by yEneas. 
 
 Panopeus, a son of Phocus and Astero- 
 dia, who accompanied Amphitryon when 
 he made war against the Teleboans. He 
 was father to Epeus, who made the cele- 
 brated wooden horse at the siege of Troy. 
 
 A town of Phocis, between Orcbome- 
 
 nos and the Cephisus. 
 
 Panofio.v, a Roman saved from death 
 by the uncommon fidelity of his servant. 
 
 Panopolis, the city of Pan, a town of 
 Egypt, called also Chemmis. 
 
 Panoptes, a name of Argus, from the 
 power of his eyes. 
 
 Panormus, now called Palermo, a town 
 of Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the 
 north-west part of the island, with a good 
 
 and capacious harbor. A town of the 
 
 Thracian Chersonesus. A town of Io- 
 nia, near Ephesus. Another in Crete 
 
 — in Macedonia — Achaia — Samos. A 
 
 Messenian who insulted the religion of 
 the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Panotii, a people of Scythia, said to 
 have very large ears. 
 
 Pansa C. Vibius, a Roman consul, who, 
 with A. Hirtius, pursued the murderers of 
 J. Caesar, and was killed in a battle near 
 Mutina. On his death-bed he advised 
 young Octavius to unite his interest with 
 that of Antony, if he wished to revenge 
 the death of Julius Caesar, and from his 
 friendly advice soon after rose the cele- 
 brated second triumvirate. 
 
 Pantagnostus, a brother of Polycrates, 
 tyrant of Samos. 
 
 Pantagyas, a small river on the eastern 
 coast of Sicily. 
 
 Pa nt ale on, a king of Pisa, who pre- 
 sided at the Olympic games, B. C. 664. > 
 
 An CEtolian chief. 
 
 Pantanus lacus, the lake of Lesina, 
 situated in Apulia at the mouth of thj 
 Frento. 
 
 Pantauchus, a man appointed over 
 /Etolia by Demetrius. 
 
 Panteus, a friend of Cleomenes, king 
 of Sparta. 
 
 Panthides, a man who married Italia, 
 the daughter of Themistocles. 
 
 Panthea, the wife of Abradates, cele- 
 brated for her beauty and conjugal affec- 
 tion. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, 
 who refused to visit her, not to be ensnar- 
 ed by the power of her personal charms. 
 She killed herself on the body of her hus- 
 band, who had been slain in a battle. 
 
 The mother of Eumaeus, the faithful ser- 
 vant of Ulysses. 
 
 Pantheon, a celebrated temple at Rome, 
 built by Agrippa, in the reign of Augus- 
 tus, and dedicated to all the gods. It was 
 struck with lightning some time after, 
 and partly destroyed. Adrian repaired it, 
 and it still remains at Rome, converted 
 into a Christian temple, the admiration of 
 the curious. 
 
 Pantheus, or Pa.nthos, a Trojan, son 
 of Othryas the priest of Apollo. When 
 his country was burnt by the Greeks, he 
 followed the fortune of /Eneas, and was 
 killed. 
 
 Fanttioides, a patronymic of Euphor- 
 bus, the son of Pnntlmus. Pythagoras is 
 sometimes called by that name, as he as 
 
PA 
 
 275 
 
 PA 
 
 serted that he was Euphorbus during the 
 
 Trojan war. A Spartan general killed 
 
 by Pericles at the battle of Tanagra. 
 
 Pantic Ai-JEUM, now Kerckt, a town of 
 Taurica Chersonesus, built by the Mile- 
 sians. 
 
 Paxttcapes, a river of European Scy- 
 Ihia. 
 
 Paxtilius, a buffoon, ridiculed by Ho- 
 race. 
 
 Panyasis, an ancient Greek, uncle to 
 the historian Herodotus. 
 
 Panyasus, a river of Illyricum, falling 
 into the Adriatic. 
 
 Pap-kus, a name of Jupiter among the 
 Scythians. 
 
 I'aphages, a king of Ambracia, killed 
 by a lioness. 
 
 Paphia, a surname of Venus because 
 the goddess was worshipped at Paphos. 
 An ancient name of the island of Cy- 
 prus. 
 
 Paphlagoni a, now Penderachia, a coun- 
 try of Asia Minor, situate at the west of 
 the river Halys. 
 
 Paphos, now Bafu, a famous city of the 
 island of Cyprus, founded, as some sup- 
 Vose, about one thousand one hundred 
 and eighty-four years before Christ, by 
 Agapenor, at the head of a colony from 
 Arcadia. The goddess of beauty was par- 
 ticularly worshipped there, and all male 
 animals were offered on her altars, which, 
 though one hundred in number, daily 
 smoked with the profusion of Arabian 
 frankincense. 
 
 Paphus, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue 
 which had been changed into a woman 
 by Venus. 
 
 Papia lex, de pr.regrinis, by Papius the 
 tribune, A. U. C. 688, which required that 
 all strangers should be driven away from 
 Home. Another called Papia Poppma, be- 
 cause it was enacted by the tribunes, M. 
 Papius Mutilus, and Q,. Poppaeus Secun- 
 dus,who had received consular power from 
 
 the consuls for six months. Another to 
 
 empower the high priest to choose twenty 
 virgins for the service of the goddess Ves- 
 ta. Another in the age of Augustus. 
 
 It gave the patron a certain right to the 
 property of his client, if he had left a spe- 
 cified sum of money, or if he had not three 
 children. 
 
 Papianus, a man who proclaimed him- 
 oelf emperor sometime after the Gordians. 
 He was put to death. 
 
 Papias, an early christian writer who 
 first propagated the doctrine of the Mil- 
 lennium. 
 
 Papinianus, a writer, A. D. 212. 
 
 Pafinius, a tribune who conspired 
 against Caligula. — A man who destroyed 
 himself. 
 
 Papiria, the wife of Paulus iEmylius. 
 She was divorced. 
 
 Papirius, a centurion engaged to mur- 
 
 der Piso, the proconsul of Africa. A 
 
 patrician, chosen rex sacrorum, after the 
 
 expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. 
 
 Carbo, a Roman consul who undertook 
 the defence of Opimius, who was accused 
 of condemning and putting to death a 
 number of citizens on mount Aventinus 
 without the formalities of a trial. His cli- 
 ent was acquitted. Cursor, a man who 
 
 first erected a sun-dial in the temple of 
 (iuirinus at Rome, B. C. 293. A dicta- 
 tor who ordered his master of horse to be 
 put to death, because he had fought and 
 conquered the enemies of the republic 
 without his consent. The people inter- 
 fered, and the dictator pardoned him. 
 
 One of his family, surnamed Prmtextatus, 
 from a celebrated action of his whilst he 
 wore the prwtezta, a certain gown for 
 
 young men. Carbo, a friend of China 
 
 and Marius. A consul defeated by the 
 
 armies of the Cimbri. Crassus, a dicta- 
 tor who triumphed over the Samnites. 
 
 A consul murdered by the Gauls, &c. 
 
 A son of Papirius Cursor who defeated 
 the Samnites, and dedicated a temple to 
 
 Romulus duirinus. Maso, a consul, 
 
 who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and 
 reduced them into the form of a province. 
 At his return to Rome, he was refused a 
 triumph, upon which he introduced a tri- 
 umphal procession, and walked with his 
 victorious army to the capitol, wearing a 
 crown of myrtle on his head. The fam- 
 ily ofthePapirii was patrician, and long 
 distinguished for its services to the state. 
 It bore the different surnames of Crassus, 
 Cursor, Mugillanus, Maso, Prmtextatus, and 
 Pmtus, of which the three first branches 
 became the most illustrious. 
 
 Papiria lex, by Papirius Carbo, A. U. 
 C. 621. It required that, in passing or re- 
 jecting laws in the comitia, the votes 
 
 should be given on tablets. Another, 
 
 by the tribune Papirius, which enacted 
 that no person should consecrate any edi- 
 fice, place, or thing, without the consent 
 
 and permission of the people. Another, 
 
 A. U. C. 563, to diminish the weight, and 
 
 increase the value of the Roman as. 
 
 Another, A. U. C. 421, to give the freedom 
 of the city to the citizens of Acerrae. 
 
 Pappia lex was enacted to settle the 
 rights of husbands and wives, if they had 
 no children. Another, by which a per- 
 son less than fifty years old could not 
 marry another of sixty. 
 
 Pappus, a philosopher and mathemati- 
 cian of Alexandria, in the reign of Theo- 
 dosius the Great. 
 
 Parabyston, a tribunal at Athens, 
 where causes of inferior consequence 
 were tried by eleven judges. 
 
 Paradisus, a town of Syria or Phoeni- 
 cia. In the plains of Jericho there was 
 
 a large palace, with a garden beautifully 
 planted with trees, and called Balsami Pa- 
 radisus, 
 
PA 
 
 276 
 
 PA 
 
 Parjetace, or Taceni, a people be- 
 tween Media and Persia, where Antigonus 
 was defeated by Eumenes. 
 
 Par-etonium, a town of Egypt at the 
 west of Alexandria, where Isis was wor- 
 shipped. 
 
 Parali, a division of the inhabitants of 
 Attica. 
 
 Paralus, a friend of Dion, by whose as- 
 sistance he expelled Dionysius. A son 
 
 of Pericles. His premature death was 
 greatly lamented by his father. 
 
 Parasia, a country at the east of Me- 
 dia. 
 
 Parasius, a son of Philonomia by a 
 shepherd. He was exposed on Eryman- 
 thus by his mother, with his twin brother 
 Lycastus. Their lives were preserved. 
 
 Parce, powerful goddesses, who presid- 
 ed over the birth and the life of mankind. 
 They were three in number, Clotho, La- 
 chesis, and Atropos, daughters of Nox 
 and Erebus, according to Hesiod, or of Ju- 
 piter and Themis, according to the same 
 poet in another poem. Some make them 
 daughters of the sea. The power of the Par- 
 es was great and extensive. According to 
 the more received opinions, they were the 
 arbiters of the life and death of mankind, 
 and whatever good or evil befalls us in 
 the world, immediately proceeds from the 
 Fates or Parcae. Some make them minis- 
 ters of the king of hell, and represent 
 them as sitting at the foot of his throne ; 
 others represent them as placed on radiant 
 thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, 
 clothed in robes spangled with stars, and 
 wearing crowns on their heads. The 
 Pares were generally represented as three 
 old women with chaplets made with wool, 
 and interwoven with the flowers of the 
 Narcissus. They were covered with a 
 white robe, and fillet of the same color, 
 bound with chaplets. One of them held 
 a distaff, another the spindle, and the 
 third was armed with scissors, with which 
 she cut the thread which her sisters had 
 spun. Vid. Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos. 
 
 Parentalia, a festival annually observ- 
 ed at Rome in honor of the dead. 
 
 Parentium, a port and town of Istria. 
 
 Paris, the son of Priam king of Troy, 
 by Hecuba, also called Alexander. He was 
 destined, even before his birth, to become 
 the ruin' of his country ; and Priam, to 
 prevent so great and so alarming an evil, 
 ordered his slave Archelaus to destroy the 
 child as soon as born. The slave, either 
 touched with humanity, or influenced by 
 Hecuba, did not destroy him, but was 
 satisfied to expose him on mount Ida, 
 where the shepherds of the place found 
 him, and educated him as their own son. 
 Young Paris, though educated among 
 shepherds and peasants, gave early proofs 
 of courage and intrepidity, and from his 
 care in protecting the flocks of mount Ida 
 
 against the rapacity of the wild beasts, he 
 obtained the name of Alexander {helper or 
 defender). He gained the esteem of all the 
 shepherds, and his graceful countenance 
 and manly deportment, recommended him 
 to the favor of CEnone, a nymph of Ida, 
 whom he married, and with whom he 
 lived with the most perfect tenderness. 
 Their conjugal peace was soon disturbed. 
 At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the 
 goddess of discord, who had not been in- 
 vited to partake of the entertainment, 
 showed her displeasure by throwing into 
 the assembly of the gods who were at 
 the celebration of the nuptials, a golden 
 apple, on which were written the words, 
 Detur pulchriori. All the goddesses claim- 
 ed it as their own, the contention at first 
 became general, but at last only three, 
 Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to dis- 
 pute their respective right to beauty. The 
 gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an 
 affair of so tender and so delicate a nature, 
 appointed Paris to adjudge the prize of 
 beauty. The goddesses appeared before 
 their judge without any covering or orna- 
 ment, and each tried by promises and en- 
 treaties to gain the attention of Paris, and 
 to influence his judgment. Juno prom- 
 ised him a kingdom ; Minerva, military 
 glory ; and Venus, the fairest woman in 
 the world for his wife. After he had 
 heard their several claims and promises, 
 Paris adjudged the prize to Venus. This 
 decision of Paris drew upon the judge and 
 his family the resentment of the two other 
 goddesses. Priam soon after discovered 
 and acknowledged Paris as his son, for- 
 getful of the alarming dream which had 
 influenced him to meditate his death, and 
 all jealousy ceased among the brothers. 
 Paris did not long suffer himself to remain 
 inactive ; he equipped a fleet, as if willing 
 to redeem Hesione, his father's sister, 
 whom Hercules had carried away, and 
 obliged to marry Telamon the son of JEa- 
 cus. This was the pretended motive of 
 his voyage, but the causes were far dif- 
 ferent. Paris recollected that he was to 
 be the husband of the fairest of women. 
 Helen was the fairest woman of the age, 
 and Venus had promised her to him. On 
 these grounds, therefore, he visited Sparta, 
 the residence of Helen, who had married 
 Menelaus. He was received with every 
 mark of respect, but he abused the hospi- 
 tality of Menelaus, and, while the husband 
 was absent in Crete, persuaded Helen to 
 elope with him, and to fly to Asia. Helen 
 consented, and Priam received her into 
 his palace without difficulty. This affair 
 was soon productive of serious conse- 
 quences. When Menelaus had married 
 Helen, all her suitors had bound them- 
 selves by a solemn oath to protect her per- 
 son, and to defend her from every vio- 
 lence, and therefore the injured husband 
 
PA 
 
 211 
 
 PA 
 
 reminded them of their engagements, and 
 called upon them to recover Helen. Upon 
 this all Greece took up arms in the cause 
 of Menelaus, Agamemnon was chosen 
 general of all the combined forces, and a 
 regular war was begun. Paris, mean- 
 while, who had refused Helen to the pe- 
 titions and embassies of the Greeks, arm- 
 ed himself with his brothers and subjects 
 to oppose the enemy ; but the success of 
 the war was neither hindered nor accele- 
 rated by his means. In a combat with 
 Menelaus, which he undertook at the per- 
 suasion of his brother Hector, Paris must 
 have perished, had not Venus interfered, 
 and stolen him from the resentment of his 
 adversary. He nevertheless wounded, in 
 another battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and 
 Diomedes, and, according to some opin- 
 ions, he killed with one of his arrows 
 the great Achilles. The death of Paris is 
 differently related, some suppose that he 
 was mortally wounded by one of the ar- 
 rows of Philocletes, which had been once 
 in the possession of Hercules, and that 
 when he found himself languid on account 
 of his wounds, he ordered himself to be 
 carried to the feet of CEnone, whom he 
 had basely abandoned, and who, in the 
 years of his obscurity, had foretold him 
 that he would solicit her assistance in his 
 
 dying moments. A celebrated player 
 
 at Rome. 
 
 Parisades, a king of Pontus in the age 
 
 of Alexander the Great. Another, king 
 
 of Bosphorus. 
 
 Parish, a people and a city of Celtic 
 Gaul, now called Paris, the capital of the 
 kingdom of France. 
 
 Parisus, a river of Pannonia, falling 
 into the Danube. 
 
 Parium, now Camanar, a town of Asia 
 Minor, on the Propontis. 
 
 Parma, a town of Italy, near Cremona, 
 celebrated for its wool, and now for its 
 cheese. The poet Cassius and the critic 
 Macrobius, were born there. It was made 
 a Roman colony, A. U. C. 569. 
 
 Parmenides, a Greek philosopher of 
 Elis, who flourished about five hundred 
 and five years before Christ. He was 
 son of Pyres of Elis, and the pupil of 
 Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, ac- 
 cording to some. He maintained that 
 there were only two elements, fire and 
 the earth ; and he taught that the first 
 generation of men was produced from the 
 sun. He first discovered that the earth 
 was round, and habitable only in the two 
 temperate zones, and that it was suspend- 
 ed in the centre of the universe, in a fluid 
 lighter than air, so that all bodies left to 
 themselves fell on its surface. 
 
 Parmenio, a celebrated general in the 
 
 armies of Alexander, who enjoyed the 
 
 kins's confidence, and was more attached 
 
 to his person as a man than as a monarch. 
 
 21 
 
 This friendship, so true and inviolable, 
 was sacrificed to a moment of resentment 
 and suspicion ; and Alexander, who had 
 too eagerly listened to a light and per- 
 haps a false accusation, ordered Parme- 
 nio and his son to be put to death, as if 
 guilty of treason against his person. Par- 
 menio was in the seventieth year of his 
 age, B. C. 330. He died in the greatest 
 popularity, and it has been judiciously ob- 
 served, that Parmenio obtained many vic- 
 tories without Alexander, but Alexander 
 not one without Parmenio. 
 
 Parnassus, a mountain of Phocis, an- 
 ciently called Lar?iassos, from the boat of 
 Deucalion which was carried there in the 
 universal deluge. The soil was barren, 
 but the valleys and the green woods that 
 covered its sides, rendered it agreeable, 
 and fit for solitude and meditation. Par- 
 nassus is one of the highest mountains of 
 Europe, and it is easily seen from the cita- 
 del of Corinth, though at the distance of 
 
 about eighty miles. A son of Neptune, 
 
 who gave his name to a mountain of Pho- 
 cis. 
 
 Parnes, a mountain of Africa, abound 
 ing in vines. 
 
 Parnessus, a mountain of Asia near 
 Bactriana. 
 
 Parni, a tribe of the Scythians, whs 
 invaded Parthia. 
 
 Paron and Heraclides, two youths 
 who killed a man who had insulted their 
 father. 
 
 Paropamisus, a ridge of mountains at 
 the north of India, called the Stony Girdle, 
 or Indian Caucasus. 
 
 Paropus, now Calisano, a town at the 
 north of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyr- 
 rhene sea. 
 
 Paroreia, a town of Thrace, near 
 mount Hsemus. A town of Peloponne- 
 sus. A district of Phrygia Magna. 
 
 Paros, a celebrated island among the 
 Cyclades, about seven miles and a half 
 distant from Naxos, and twenty-eight 
 from Delos. The island of Paros was 
 rich and powerful, and well known for 
 its famous marble, which was always 
 used by the best statuaries. According 
 to Pliny, the quarries were so uncommon- 
 ly deep, that, in the clearest weather, the 
 workmen were obliged to use lamps, from 
 which circumstance the Greeks have call- 
 ed the marble Lychnites, worked by the 
 li^ht of lamps. Paros is also famous for 
 the fine cattle which it produces, and for 
 its partridges, and wild pigeons. The 
 capital city was called Paros. 
 
 Parphorus, a native of Colophon, who, 
 at the head of a colony, built a town at 
 the foot of Ida, which was abandoned for 
 a situation nearer his native city. 
 
 Parrhasia, a town of Arcadia, founded 
 by Parrhasius, the son of Jupiter. 
 
 Parrhasius, a famous painter, son of 
 
PA 
 
 278 
 
 PA 
 
 Evenor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, 
 about four hundred and fifteen years be- 
 fore Christ. He was a great master of his 
 profession, and particularly excelled in 
 strongly expressing the violent passions. 
 He was blessed with a great genius, and 
 much invention, and he was particularly 
 happy in his designs. Parrhasius grew so 
 vain of his art, that he clothed himself in 
 purple, and wore a crown of gold, calling 
 
 himself the king of painters. A son of 
 
 Jupiter, or, according to some, of Mars, 
 by a nymph called Philonomia. 
 
 Parthamisiris, a king of Armenia, in 
 the reign of Trajan. 
 
 Parthaon, a son of Agenor and Epi- 
 caste who married Euryte, daughter of 
 Hippodamus, by whom he had many chil- 
 dren, among whom were CEneus and Ste- 
 
 rope. A son of Peripetus and father of 
 
 Aristas. 
 
 Parthenis and Parthenii, a certain 
 number of desperate citizens of Sparta. 
 They joined with the Helots, and it was 
 mutually agreed to murder all the citizens 
 if Sparta, and to seize their possessions. 
 This massacre was to be done at a general 
 fissembly, and the signal was the throw- 
 ing of a cap in the air. The whole, how- 
 ever, was discovered through the diffi- 
 dence and apprehensions of the Helots ; 
 and when the people had assembled, the 
 Parthenife discovered that all was known, 
 by the voice of a crier, who proclaimed 
 that no man should throw up his cap. 
 The PartheniaB, though apprehensive of 
 punishment, were not visibly treated with 
 greater severity ; their calamitous condi- 
 tion was attentively examined, and the 
 Spartans, afraid of another conspiracy and 
 awed by their numbers, permitted them 
 to sail for Italy, with Phalantus their 
 ringleader at their head. They settled in 
 Magna Graecia, and built Tarentum, about 
 seven hundred and seven years before 
 Christ. 
 
 Parthenias, a river of Peloponnesus, 
 
 flowing by Elis. The ancient name of 
 
 Samos. 
 
 Parthenion, a mountain of Pelopon- 
 nesus at the north of Tegea. 
 
 Parthenius, a river of Paphlagonia, 
 which, after separating Bithynia, falls into 
 
 the Euxine sea, near Sesamum. A 
 
 mountain of Arcadia, which was said to 
 
 abound in tortoises. A favorite of the 
 
 emperor Domitian. A river of Europe- 
 an Sarmatia. A friend of ^Eneas killed 
 
 in Italy. A Greek writer. 
 
 Parthenon, a temple of Athens, sacred 
 to Minerva. It was destroyed by the Per- 
 sians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles, 
 in a more magnificent manner. All the 
 circumstances which related to the birth 
 of Minerva were beautifully and minutely 
 represented in bass relief, on the front of 
 the entrance. The statue of the goddess, 
 
 twenty-six cubits high, and made of gold 
 and ivory, passed for one of the master 
 pieces of Phidias. 
 
 Parthenop-eus, a son of Meleager and 
 Atalanta, or, according to some, of Mila- 
 nion and another Atalanta. He was one 
 of the seven chiefs who accompanied 
 Adrastus the king of Argos in his expedi- 
 tion against Thebes. He was killed by 
 
 Amphidicus. A son of Talaus. 
 
 Parthenope, one of the Sirens. A 
 
 daughter of Stymphalus. A city of 
 
 Campania, afterwards called Neapolis, or 
 the new city, when it had been beautified 
 and enlarged by a colony from Eubcea. It 
 is now called Naples. 
 
 Parthia, a celebrated country of Asia, 
 bounded on the west by Media, south by 
 Carmania, north by Hyrcania, and east by 
 Aria, &x., containing, according to Ptole- 
 my, twenty-five large cities, the most cap- 
 ital of which was called Hecatompylos, 
 from its hundred gates. Some suppose that 
 the present capital of the country is built 
 on the ruins of Hecatompylos. Parthia 
 remained a kingdom till the reign of Ar- 
 tabanus, who was killed about the year 
 229 of the Christian era, and from that 
 time it became a province of the newly 
 re-established kingdom of Persia, under 
 Artaxerxes. The Parthians were natu- 
 rally strong and warlike, and were es- 
 teemed the most expert horsemen and 
 archers in the world. The peculiar cus- 
 tom of discharging their arrows while they 
 were retiring full speed, has been greatly 
 celebrated by the ancients, particularly by 
 the poets, who all observe that their flight 
 was more formidable than their attacks. 
 Parthini, a people of Illyricum. 
 Parthyene, a province of Parthia. 
 Parysades, a king of Pontus, B. C. 310. 
 
 A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, 
 
 who flourished, 284, B. C. 
 
 Parysatis, a Persian princess, wife of 
 Darius Ochus, by whom she had Artax- 
 erxes Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. 
 She was so extremely partial to her young- 
 er son, that she committed the greatest 
 cruelties to encourage his ambition, and 
 she supported him with all her interest in 
 his rebellion against his brother Memnon. 
 The death of Cyrus at the battle of Cu- 
 naxa, was revenged with the grossest 
 barbarity, and Parysatis sacrificed to her 
 resentment all such as she found concern- 
 ed in his fall. These cruelties offended 
 Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother to 
 be confined in Babylon ; but they were 
 soon after reconciled, and Parysatis re- 
 gained all her power and influence till the 
 time of her death. 
 
 Pasargada, a town of Persia, near 
 Carmania, founded by Cyrus, on the very 
 spot where he had conquered Astyages, 
 The kings of Persia were always crowned 
 there. 
 
PA 
 
 279 
 
 PA 
 
 Paseas, a tyrant of Sieyon in Pelopon- 
 nesus, father to Abantidas. 
 
 Pasicles, a grammarian. 
 
 Pasicrates, a king of part of the island 
 of Cyprus. 
 
 Pasiphae, a daughter of the sun and of 
 Perseis, who married Minos king of Crete. 
 Minos had four sons by Pasiphae, Cas- 
 treus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and Androgeus, 
 and three daughters, Hecate, Ariadne, and 
 Phredra. 
 
 Pasithea, one of the Graces, also call- 
 ed Aglaia. One of the Nereides. A 
 
 daughter of Atlas. 
 
 Pasitigris, a name given to the river 
 Tigris. 
 
 Passaron, a town of Epirus, where, 
 after sacrificing to Jupiter, the kings swore 
 to govern according to law, and the people 
 to obey and to defend the country. 
 
 Passienus, a Roman who reduced Nu- 
 midia. Paulas, a Roman knight, neph- 
 ew to the poet Propertius, whose elegiac 
 
 compositions he imitated. Crispus, a 
 
 man distinguished as an orator, but more 
 as the husband of Domitia, and after- 
 wards of A grippina, Nero's mother. 
 
 Pasus, a Thessalian in Alexander's 
 army. 
 
 Patala, a harbor at the mouth of the 
 Indus, in an island called Patale. The 
 river here begins to form a Delta like the 
 Nile. 
 
 Patvra, now Patera, a town of Lycia, 
 situate on the eastern side of the mouth 
 of the river Xanthus, with a capacious 
 harbor, a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, 
 surnamed Patareus, where was preserved 
 and shown in the age of Pausanias, a 
 brazen cap which had been made by the 
 hands of Vulcan, and presented by the 
 god to Telephus. 
 
 Pat avium, a city of Italy, at the north 
 of the Po, on the shores of the Adriatic, 
 now called Padua, and once said to be ca- 
 pable of sending 20,000 men into the field. 
 It is the birth place of Livy. 
 
 Paterculus, a Roman whose daughter, 
 Sulpicia, was pronoimced the chastest 
 matron at Rome. Velieius, an historian. 
 
 Patizithes, one of the Persian Magi, 
 who raised his brother to the throne be- 
 cause he resembled Smerdis, the brother 
 of Cambyses, &c. 
 
 Patmob, one of the Cyclades, with a 
 small town of the same name, situate at 
 the south of Icaria. It has a large harbor, 
 near which are some broken columns, the 
 most ancient in that part of Greece. 
 
 Patr.e, an ancient town at the north- 
 west of Peloponnesus, anciently called 
 Aroe. 
 
 Patro, a daughter of Thestius. An 
 
 epicurean philosopher intimate with Ci- 
 cero. 
 
 Patrocles, an officer of the fleet of 
 Seleucus and Antiuchirs. 
 
 Patrocli, a small island on the coast 
 of Attica. 
 
 Patroclus, one of the Grecian chiefs 
 during the Trojan war, son of Mencetius, 
 by Sthenele, whom some call Philomela, 
 or Polymela. He was the constant com- 
 panion of Achilles, he lodged in the same 
 tent ; and when his friend refused to ap- 
 pear in the field of battle, because he had 
 been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus 
 imitated his example, and by his absence 
 was the cause of the overthrow of the 
 Greeks. But at last Nestor prevailed on 
 him to return to the war, and Achilles 
 permitted him to appear in his armor. 
 The valor of Patroclus, together with the 
 terror which the sight of the arms of 
 Achilles inspired, soon routed the victo- 
 rious armies of the Trojans, and obliged 
 them to fly within their walls for safety. 
 lie would have broken down the walls of 
 the city ; but Apollo, who interested him- 
 self for the Trojans, placed himself to op- 
 pose him, and Hector, at the instigation of 
 the god, dismounted from his chariot to 
 attack him, as he attempted to strip one 
 of the Trojans whom he had slain. The 
 engagement was obstinate, but at last Pa- 
 troclus was overpowered by the valor of 
 Hector, and the interposition of Apollo. 
 His body was recovered and carried to the 
 Grecian camp, where his funeral was ob- 
 served with the greatest solemnity. An 
 
 officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
 
 Patron, an Arcadian at the games ex- 
 hibited by ^Eneas in Sicily. 
 
 Patrous, a surname of Jupiter among 
 the Greeks, represented by his statues as 
 having three eyes. 
 
 Patulcius, a surname of Janus, which 
 he received a pateo, because the doors of 
 his temple were always open in the time 
 of war. 
 
 Paventia, a goddess who presided over 
 terror at Rome, and who was invoked to 
 protect her votaries from its effects. 
 
 Paula, the first wife of the emperor 
 Heliogabalus. The emperor divorced her, 
 and Paula retired to solitude and obscurity 
 with composure. 
 
 Paulina, a Roman lady who married 
 Saturninus, a governor of Syria, in the 
 
 reign of the emperor Tiberius. The 
 
 wife of the philosopher Seneca, who at- 
 tempted to kill herself when Nero had 
 ordered her husband to die. The empe- 
 ror however prevented her, and she lived 
 some few years after in the greatest mel- 
 ancholy. A sister of the emperor Adri- 
 an. The wife of the emperor Maximi- 
 
 nus. 
 
 Paulinus Pompeius, an officer in Ne- 
 ro's reign. A Roman general, the first 
 
 who crossed mount Atlas with an army. 
 He wrote a history of this expedition in 
 
 Africa, which is lost. Valerius, a friend 
 
 of Vespasian. Julius, a Batavian noble- 
 
PA 
 
 280 
 
 PE 
 
 man, put to death by Fonteius Capito, on 
 pretence of rebellion. 
 
 Paulus ^Emylius, a Roman, son of the 
 ^Emylius who fell at Cannae, was celebrat- 
 ed for his victories, and received the sur- 
 name of Macedonians from his conquest 
 of Macedonia. In his first consulship his 
 arms were directed against the Ligurians 
 whom lie totally subjected. His applica- 
 tions for a second consulship proved abor- 
 tive ; but when Perseus the king of Ma- 
 cedonia had declared war against Rome, 
 the abilities of Paulus were remembered, 
 and he was honored with the consulship 
 about the sixtieth year of his age. After 
 this appointment he behaved with un- 
 common vigor, and soon a general en- 
 gagement was fought near Pydna. The 
 Romans obtained the victory, and Perseus 
 saw himself deserted by all his subjects. 
 In two days the conqueror made himself 
 master of all Macedonia, and soon after 
 the fugitive monarch was brought into his 
 presence. The riches which the Romans 
 derived from this conquest were immense, 
 and the people were freed from all taxes 
 till the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa ; 
 but the conqueror himself was poor, and 
 appropriated for his own use nothing of 
 the Macedonian treasures except the libra- 
 ry of Perseus. In the office of censor, to 
 which he was afterwards elected, Paulus 
 behaved with the greatest moderation, 
 and at his death which happened about 
 one hundred and sixty-eight years before 
 the Christian era, not only the Romans, 
 but their very enemies confessed, by their 
 lamentations, the loss which they had 
 
 sustained. Samosatenus, an author in 
 
 the reign of Gallienus. iEgineta, a 
 
 Greek physician. L. iEmylius, a con- 
 sul, who, when opposed to Annibal in 
 Italy, checked the rashness of his col- 
 league Varro, and recommended an imi- 
 tation of the conduct of the great Fabius, 
 by harassing and not facing the enemy in 
 the field. His advice was rejected, and 
 the battle of Cannse, so glorious to Anni- 
 bal, and so fatal to Rome, soon followed. 
 Paulus was wounded, but when he might 
 have escaped from the slaughter, by ac- 
 cepting a horse generously offered by one 
 of his officers, he disdained to fly, and 
 
 perished by the darts of the enemy. 
 
 Julius, a Latin poet in the age of Adrian 
 and Antoninus. 
 
 Pavor, an emotion of the mind which 
 received divine honors among the Ro- 
 mans, and was considered of a most tre- 
 mendous power, as the ancients swore by 
 her name in the most solemn manner. 
 
 Pausanias, a Spartan general, who 
 greatly signalised himself at the battle of 
 Platrea, against the Persians. He was af- 
 terwards set at the head of the Spartan 
 armies, and extended his conquests in 
 Asia ; but the haughtiness of his behav- 
 
 ior created him many enemies, and the 
 Athenians soon obtained a superiority in 
 the affairs of Greece. Pausanias was dis- 
 satisfied with his countrymen, and he of- 
 fered to betray Greece to the Persians, if 
 he received in marriage, as the reward of 
 his perfidy, the daughter of their monarch. 
 His intrigues were discovered by means 
 of a youth, who was intrusted with his 
 letters to Persia, and who refused to go, 
 on the recollection that such as had been 
 employed in that office before had never 
 returned. The letters were given to the 
 Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of Pau- 
 sanias laid open. He fled for safety to a 
 temple of Minerva, where he was starv- 
 ed to death about four hundred and se- 
 venty-one years before the Christian era. 
 A favorite of Philip king of Macedo- 
 nia. He accompanied the prince in an 
 expedition against the Illyrians, in which 
 
 he was killed. Another, at the court 
 
 of king Philip, very intimate with the pre- 
 ceding. A king of Macedonia, deposed 
 
 by Amyntas, after a year's reign. An- 
 other who attempted to seize upon the 
 kingdom of Macedonia, from which he 
 was prevented by Iphicrates the Atheni- 
 an. A friend of Alexander the Great, 
 
 made governor of Sardis. A physician 
 
 in the age of Alexander. A celebrated 
 
 orator and historian, who settled at Rome, 
 A. D. 170, where he died in a very ad- 
 vanced age. A Lacedaemonian who 
 
 wrote a partial account of his country. 
 A statuary of Apollonia, whose abili- 
 ties were displayed in adorning Apollo's 
 
 temple at Delphi. A king of Sparta, 
 
 of the family of the Eurysthenidse, who 
 died 397 B. C. after a reign of fourteen 
 years. 
 
 Pausias, a painter of Sicyon, the first 
 who understood how to apply colors to 
 wood or ivory, by means of fire. He lived 
 about three hundred and fifty years before 
 Christ. 
 
 Pausilypus, a mountain near Naples, 
 which receives its name from the beauty 
 of its situation. The natives show there 
 the tomb of Virgil, and regard it with the 
 highest veneration . The mountain is now 
 famous for a subterraneous passage near 
 half a mile in length, and twenty-two feet 
 in breadth. 
 
 Pax, an allegorical divinity among the 
 ancients. The Athenians raised her a 
 statue, which represented her as holding 
 Plutus the god of wealth in her lap, to in- 
 timate that peace gives rise to prosperity 
 and to opulence. She was represented 
 among the Romans with the horn of plen- 
 ty, and also carrying an olive branch in 
 her hand. 
 
 Paxos, a small island between Ithaca 
 and the Echinades in the Ionian sea. 
 
 Peas, a shepherd, who, according to 
 some, set on fire the pile on which Hercu 
 
PE 
 
 !81 
 
 PE 
 
 le3 was burnt. The hero gave him his 
 bow and arrows. 
 PED-Eus,an illegitimate son of Anterior. 
 Pedacia, a woman of whom Horace 
 speaks as of a contemptible character. 
 
 Pedani. Fid; Pedum. 
 
 Pedanius, a prefect of Rome, killed by 
 one of his slaves for having denied him 
 his liberty. 
 
 Pedasa, a town of Cafia, near Halicar- 
 nassus. 
 
 Pedasus, a son of Bucolion, the son of 
 Laomedon. His mother was one of the 
 
 .Naiads. One of the four horses of 
 
 Achilles, killed by Sarpedon. A town 
 
 near Pylos in the Peloponnesus 
 
 Pediadis, a part of Bactriana, through 
 which the Oxus flows. 
 
 Pedias, the wife of Cranaus. 
 
 Pedius Bl.esus, a Roman accused by 
 the people of Cyrene, of plundering the 
 temple of ^Esculapirs. He was condemn- 
 ed under Nero. A nephew of Julius 
 
 Caesar, who commanded one of his legions 
 
 in GauL Poplicola, a lawyer in the age 
 
 of Horace. 
 
 Pedo, a lawyer patronised by Domitian. 
 
 Pedianus Asconius, flourished A. D. 
 76. 
 
 Pedum, a town of Latium, about ten 
 miles from Rome, conquered by Camillus. 
 
 Peg.e, a fountain at the foot of mount 
 Arganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas 
 fell. 
 
 Pegasides, a name given to the muses 
 from the horse Pegasus. 
 
 Pegasis, a name given to CEnone by 
 Ovid. 
 
 Pegasium Stagnum, a lake near Ephe- 
 sus, which arose from the earth when Pe- 
 gasus struck it with his foot. 
 
 Pegasus, a winged horse sprung from 
 the blood of Medusa, when Perseus had 
 cut off her head. As soon as born he left 
 the earth, and flew up into heaven, or 
 rather, according to Ovid, he fixed his re- 
 sidence on mount Helicon, where, by 
 striking the earth with his foot, he in- 
 stantly raised a fountain, which has been 
 called Hippocrene. Pegasus was placed 
 among the constellations by Jupiter. 
 
 Pelago, an eunuch, one of Nero's favo- 
 rites. 
 
 Pelagon, a man killed by a wild boar. 
 
 A son of Asopus and Metope. A 
 
 Phocian, one of whose men conducted 
 Cadmus, and showed him where, accord- 
 ing to the oracle, he was to build a city. 
 
 Pelagonia, one of the divisions of Ma- 
 cedonia at the north. 
 
 Pelarge, a daughter of Potneus, who 
 reestablished the worship of Ceres in 
 Bceotia. 
 
 Pelasgi, a people of Greece, supposed 
 to be one of the most ancient in the world. 
 They first inhabited Argolis in Peloponne- 
 sus, which from them received the name 
 . 24* 
 
 of Pelasgia, and about one thousand eight 
 hundred and eighty-three years before the 
 Christian era, they passed into iEmonia, 
 and were afterwards dispersed in several 
 parts of Greece. Some of them fixed theii 
 habitation in Epirus, others in Crete, 
 others in Italy, and others in Lesbos. 
 
 Pelasgia, or Pelasgiotis, a country of 
 Greece whose inhabitants are called Pe- 
 lasgi or Pelasgiotce. Every country of 
 Greece, and all Greece in general, is in- 
 discriminately called Pelasgia, though the 
 name should be more particularly con- 
 fined to a part of Thessaly, situate be- 
 tween the Penous, the Aliacmon, and the 
 Sperchius. 
 
 Pelasgus, a son of Terra, or according 
 to others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reign- 
 ed in Sicyon, and gave his name to the 
 ancient inhabitants of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pele thro nii, an epithet given to the 
 Lapithae, because they inhabited the town 
 of Pelethronium, at the foot of mount Pe- 
 lion in Thessaly. 
 
 Peleus, a king of Thessaly, son of 
 ^Eacusand Endeis, the daughterof Chiron. 
 He married Thetis, one of the Nereids, 
 and was the only one among mortals who 
 married an immortal. He was accessary 
 to the death of his brother Phocus, and on 
 that account he was obliged to leave his 
 father's dominions. He retired to the 
 court of Eurytus, the son of Actor, who 
 reigned at Phthia. He was purified of his 
 murder by Eurytus, with the usual cere- 
 monies, and the monarch gave him his 
 daughter Antigone in marriage. After the 
 death of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, 
 of whose superior charms Jupiter himself 
 had been enamored. Peleus became more 
 animated from her refusal, he offered a 
 sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus inform- 
 ed him that to obtain Thetis he must sur- 
 prise her while she was asleep in her grot- 
 to, near the shores of Thessaly. This ad- 
 vice was immediately followed, and The- 
 tis, unable to escape from the grasp of Pe- 
 leus, at last consented to marry him. 
 Their nuptials were celebrated with the 
 greatest solemnity, and all the gods at- 
 tended, and made them each the most 
 valuable presents. The goddess of dis- 
 eord was the only one of the deities who 
 was not present, and she punished this 
 seeming neglect by throwing an apple into 
 the midst of the assembly of the gods, 
 with the inscription of detur jndchriori. 
 From the marriage of Peleus and Thetis 
 was born Achilles. 
 
 Peliades, the daughters of Pelias. 
 
 Pelias, the twin brother of Neleus, 
 was son of Neptune by Tyro, by usurpa- 
 tion king of Iolcos. (See Jason.) Medea, 
 who wished to avenge the injuries which 
 her husband Jason had received from Pe- 
 lias, raised the desires of the Peliades, by 
 cutting an old ram to pieces, and boiling 
 
PE 
 
 282 
 
 PE 
 
 the flesh in a cauldron, and afterwards 
 turning it into a fine young lamb. After 
 they had seen this successful experiment, 
 the Peliades cut their father's body to 
 pieces, after they had drawn all the blood 
 from his veins, on the assurance that Me- 
 dea would replenish them by her incanta- 
 tions. The limbs were immediately put 
 into a cauldron of boiling water, but Me- 
 dea suffered the flesh to be totally consum- 
 ed, and refused to give the Peliades the 
 promised assistance, and the bones of Fe- 
 
 lias did not even receive a burial. A 
 
 Trojan chief wounded by Ulysses during 
 the Trojan war. The ship Argo is call- 
 ed Pelias arbor, built of the trees of mount 
 Pelion. The spear of Achilles. 
 
 Pelides, a patronymic of Achilles, and 
 of Pyrrhus. 
 
 Peligni, a people of Italy, who dwelt 
 near the Sabines and Marsi, and had Cor- 
 finum and Sulmo for their chief towns. 
 
 Pelignus, a friend of the emperor Clau- 
 dius, made governor of Cappadocia. 
 
 Pelin2eus, a mountain of Chios. 
 
 Peunnjeum, or Pelinna, a town of 
 Macedonia. 
 
 Pelion and Pehos, a celebrated moun- 
 tain of Thessaly, whose top is covered 
 with pine trees. Jn their wars against 
 the gods, the giants, as the poets mention, 
 placed mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale 
 the heavens with more facility. 
 
 Pslium, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Pella, a celebrated town of Macedonia, 
 on the Ludias not far from the sinus Ther- 
 maicus which became the capital of the 
 country after the ruin of Edessa. 
 
 Pellane, a town of Laconia with a 
 fountain whose waters have a subterrane- 
 ous communication with the waters of 
 another fountain. 
 
 Pellene, a town of Achaia, in the Pe- 
 loponnesus, at the west of Sicyon, famous 
 for its wool. 
 
 Pelopea, or Pelopia, a daughter of 
 Thyestes the brother of Atreus. 
 
 Pelopeia, a festival observed by the 
 people of Elis in honor of Pelops. 
 
 Pelopia, a daughter of Niobe. A 
 
 daughter of Pelias. The mother of 
 
 Cycnus. 
 
 Pelopidas, a celebrated general of 
 Thebes, son of Hippoclus. He was de- 
 scended of an illustrious family, and was 
 remarkable for his immense possessions, 
 which he bestowed with great liberality 
 to the poor and necessitous. Many were 
 the objects of his generosity ; but when 
 Epaminondas had refused to accept his 
 presents, Pelopidas disregarded all his 
 wealth, and preferred before it the enjoy- 
 ment of his friend's conversation and of 
 his poverty. From their friendship and 
 intercourse the Thebans derived the most 
 considerable advantages. No sooner had 
 the interest of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, 
 
 and the friends cf liberty and national in- 
 dependence been banished from the city, 
 than Pelopidas, who was in the number 
 of the exiles, resolved to free his country 
 from foreign slavery. His plan was bold 
 and animated, and his deliberations were 
 slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who had 
 been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as 
 being in appearance a worthless and in- 
 significant philosopher, animated the 
 youths of the city, and at last Pelopidas, 
 with eleven of his associates, entered 
 Thebes, and easily massacred the friends 
 of the tyranny, and freed the country 
 from foreign masters. After this success- 
 ful enterprise, Pelopidas was unanimously 
 placed at the head of the government, and 
 so confident were the Thebans of his abili- 
 ties as a general and a magistrate, that 
 they successively reelected him thirteen 
 times to fill the honorable office of gover- 
 nor of Bceotia. Epaminondas shared with 
 him the sovereign power, and it was to their 
 valor and prudence that the Thebans were 
 indebted for a celebrated victory at the 
 battle of Leuctra. In a war which Thebes 
 carried on against Alexander, tyrant of 
 Pliers, Pelopidas was appointed com- 
 mander ; but his imprudence in trusting 
 himself unarmed into the enemy's camp 
 nearly proved fatal to him. He was taken 
 prisoner, but Epaminondas restored him 
 to liberty. The perfidy of Alexander irri- 
 tated him, and he was killed bravely fight- 
 ing in a celebrated battle in which his 
 troops obtained the victory, B. C. 364 
 years. 
 
 Peloponnesiacum Bellum, a celebrat- 
 ed war which continued for twenty-seven 
 years between the Athenians and the in- 
 habitants of Peloponnesus with their res- 
 pective allies. It is the most famous and 
 the most interesting of all the wars which 
 have happened between the inhabitants 
 of Greece, and it has been minutely des- 
 cribed by Thucydides and Zenophon. 
 
 Peloponnesus, a celebrated peninsula 
 which comprehends the most southern 
 parts of Greece. It received its name 
 from Pelops. It had been called before 
 Argia, Pelasgia, and Argolh, and in its 
 form, it has been observed by the mod- 
 erns, highly to resemble the leaf of the 
 plane tree. Its present name is Morea. 
 The Peloponnesus scarce extended two 
 hundred miles in length, and one hundred 
 and forty in breadth and about five hun- 
 dred and sixty-three miles in circumfe- 
 rence. It was separated from Greece by 
 the narrow isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 Pelopea mcenia, is applied to the cities 
 of Greece, but more particularly to My- 
 cenae and Argos, where the descendants 
 of Pelops reigned. 
 
 Pelops, a celebrated prince, son of Tan- 
 talus king of Phrygia. He was murdered 
 by his father, who wished to try the di- 
 
PE 
 
 283 
 
 PE 
 
 vinity cf the gods who had visited Phry- 
 gia, by placing on their table the limbs of 
 his son. The gods perceived his perfidi- 
 ous cruelty, and they refused to touch the 
 meat except Ceres, whom the recent loss 
 of her daughter had rendered melancholy 
 and inattentive. She eat one of the 
 shoulders of Pelops, and therefore when 
 Jupiter had compassion on his fate, and 
 restored him to life, he placed a shoulder 
 of ivory instead of that which Ceres had 
 devoured. This shoulder had an uncom- 
 mon power, and it could heal by its very 
 touch, every complaint, and remove every 
 disorder. Some time after, the kingdom 
 of Tantalus was invaded by Tros, king of 
 Troy, on pretence that he had carried 
 away his son Ganymedes. This rape had 
 been committed by Jupiter himself; the 
 war, nevertheless, was carried on, and 
 Tantalus, defeated and ruined, was 
 obliged to fly with his son Pelops, and to 
 seek a shelter in Greece. Pelops came to 
 Pisa, where he became one of the suitors 
 of Hippodamia, the daughter of king 
 CSnomaus, and he entered the lists against 
 the father, who promised his daughter 
 only to him, who could outrun him in a 
 chariot race. He previously bribed Myrti- 
 lus, the charioteer of CEnomaus, and 
 therefore he easily obtained the victory. 
 He married Hippodamia, and threw head- 
 long into the sea Myrtilus, when he claim- 
 ed the reward of his perfidy. When he 
 bad established himself on the throne of 
 Pisa, Hippodamia's possession, he extend- 
 ed his conquests over the neighboring 
 countries, and from him the peninsula, of 
 which he was one of the monarchs, re- 
 ceived the name of Peloponnesus. Pe- 
 lops, after death, received divine honors, 
 and he was as much revered above all the 
 other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter was 
 above the rest of the gods. He had a 
 temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter, 
 where Hercules consecrated to him a 
 small portion of land, and offered to him 
 a sacrifice. The children of Pelops by 
 Hippodamia were Pitheus, Trazen, Atre- 
 us, Thyestes, &c. The time of his death 
 is unknown, though it is universally 
 agreed that he survived for some time 
 Hippodamia. Some suppose that the Pal- 
 ladium of the Trojans was made with the 
 bones of Pelops. 
 
 Peloe, one of the men who sprung from 
 the teeth of the dragon killed by Cad- 
 mus. 
 
 Peloria, a festival observed by the 
 Thessalians, in commemoration of the 
 news which they received by one Pelo- 
 rius, that the mountains of Tempe had 
 been separated by an earthquake, and that 
 the waters of the lake which lay there 
 stagnated, had found a passage into the 
 Alnheus, and left behind a vast, pleasant, 
 and most delightful plain. 
 
 Pelohus, 
 
 now cape *a.-o, one of tne 
 
 three great promontories of Siciiy, on 
 whose top is erected a tower to direct the 
 sailor on his voyage. It lies near the coast 
 of Italy, and received its name from Pe- 
 lorus, the pilot of the ship which carried 
 away Annibal from Italy. This celebrat- 
 ed general, as it is reported, was carried 
 by the tides into the straits of Charyb- 
 dis, and as he was ignorant of the coast, 
 he asked the pilot of his ship the name of 
 the promontory, which appeared at a dis- 
 tance. The pilot told him, it was one of 
 the capes of Sicily, but Annibal gave no 
 credit to his information, and murdered 
 him on the spot. 
 
 Peltje, a town of Phrygia. 
 Pelusium, now Tineh, a town of Egypt, 
 situate at the entrance of one of the 
 mouths of the Nile, called from it Pelu- 
 sian. It was the key of Egypt on the side 
 of Phoenicia, as it was impossible to enter 
 the Egyptian territories without passing 
 by Pelusium, and therefore on that ac- 
 count it was always well fortified and gar- 
 risoned, as it was of such importance for 
 the security of the country. It is now in 
 ruins. 
 
 Penates, certain inferior deities among 
 the Romans, who presided over houses 
 and the domestic affairs of families. They 
 were called Penates, because they were 
 generally placed in the innermost and 
 most secret parts of the house. Accord- 
 ing to- some, the gods Penates were divid- 
 ed into four classes ; the first comprehend- 
 ed all the celestial, the second the sea- 
 gods, the third the gods of hell, and the 
 last all such heroes as had received divine 
 honors after death. The statues of the 
 Penates were generally made with wax, 
 ivory, silver, or earth, according to the 
 affluence of the worshipper, and the only 
 offerings they received were wine, in- 
 cense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice 
 of lambs, sheep, goats, &c. When offer- 
 ings were made to them, their statues were 
 crowned with garlands, poppies, or gar- 
 lic, and besides the monthly day that was 
 set apart for their worship, their festivals 
 were celebrated during the Saturnalia, 
 Some have confounded the Lares and the 
 Penates, but they were different. 
 
 Pendalium, a promontory of Cyprus. 
 Peneia or Peneis, an epithet applied 
 to Daphne, as daughter of Peneus. 
 Penelius, one of the Greeks killed in 
 
 the Tro.jan war. A son of Hippalmus, 
 
 among the Argonauts. 
 
 Penelope, a celebrated princess of 
 Greece, daughter of Icarius, and jwife of 
 Ulysses, king of Ithaca. Her marriage 
 with Ulysses was celebrated about the 
 same time that Menelaus married Helen, 
 and she retired with her husband to Itha- 
 ca, against the inclination of her father, 
 who wished to detain her at Sparta, her 
 native country. She soon after became 
 mother of Tefemachus, and was obliged 
 
PE 
 
 284 
 
 PE 
 
 to part with great reluctance from her 
 husband, whom the Greeks obliged to go 
 to the Trojan war. {Vid. Palamedes.) 
 The continuation of hostilities for ten 
 years made her sad and melancholy ; but 
 when Ulysses did not return like the other 
 princes of Greece at the conclusion of the 
 war, her fears and her anxieties were in- 
 creased. As she received no intelligence 
 of his situation, she was soon beset by a 
 number of importuning suitors. She re- 
 ceived their addresses with coldness and 
 disdain ; but as she was destitute of pow- 
 er, and a prisoner as it were in their 
 hands, she yet flattered them with hopes 
 and promises, and declared that she would 
 make choice of one of them, as soon as she 
 had finished a piece of tapestry, on which 
 she was employed. The work was done 
 in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their 
 eager expectations, by undoing in the night 
 what she had done in the day-time. This 
 artifice of Penelope has given rise to the 
 proverb of Penelope's web, which is applied 
 to whatever labor can never be ended. 
 The return of Ulysses, after an absence 
 of twenty years, however, delivered her 
 from fears and from her dangerous suitors. 
 After the return of Ulysses, Penelope had 
 a daughter, who was called Ptoliporthe ; 
 but if we believe the traditions that were 
 long preserved at Mantinea, Ulysses repu- 
 diated his wife for her incontinence dur- 
 ing his absence, and Penelope fled to Spar- 
 ta, and afterwards to Mantinea, where she 
 died and was buried. 
 
 Pjeneus, a river of Thessaly, rising on 
 mount Pindus, and falling into the Ther- 
 mean gulf, after a wandering course be- 
 tween mount Ossa and Olympus, through 
 
 the plains of Tempe. Also a small river 
 
 of Elis in Peloponnesus, better known un- 
 der the name of Araxes. 
 
 Penidas, one of Alexander's friends, 
 who went to examine Scythia under pre- 
 tence of an embassy. 
 
 Penniivje alpes, a certain part of the 
 Alps. 
 
 Pentapolis, a town of India. A 
 
 part of Africa near Cyrene. Also part 
 
 of Palestine, containing the five cities of 
 Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron. 
 
 Pentelicus, a mountain of Attica, 
 where were found quarries of beautiful 
 marble. 
 
 Penthestlea, a queen of the Amazons, 
 daughter of Mars, by Otrera, or Orithya. 
 She came to assist Priam in the last years 
 of the Trojan war, and fought against 
 Achilles, by whom she was slain. The 
 hero was so struck with the beauty of 
 Penthesilea, when he stripped her of her 
 arms, that he even shed tears for having 
 too violently sacrificed her to his fury. 
 Thersites laughed at the partiality of the 
 hero, for which ridicule he was instantly 
 killed. 
 
 Pentheus, son of Echion and Agave, 
 was king of Thebes in BcBotia. His refu- 
 sal to acknowledge the divinity of Bac- 
 chus was attended with the most fatal 
 consequences. He forbade his subjects to 
 pay adoration to this new god ; and when 
 the Theban women had gone out of the 
 city to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, 
 Pentheus ordered the god himself, who 
 conducted the religious multitude, to be 
 seized. His orders were obeyed with re- 
 luctance, but when the doors of the prison 
 in which Bacchus had been confined, 
 opened of their own accord, Pentheus be- 
 came more irritated, and commanded his 
 soldiers to destroy the whole band of the 
 Bacchanals. This, however, was not ex- 
 ecuted, for Bacchus inspired the monarch 
 with the ardent desire of seeing the cele- 
 bration of the orgies. Accordingly he hid 
 himself in a wood on mount Cithaeron, 
 from whence he could see all the ceremo- 
 nies unperceived. But here his curiosity 
 soon proved fatal, he was descried by the 
 bacchanals, and they all rushed upon him. 
 His mother was the first who attacked 
 him, and her example was instantly fol- 
 lowed by her two sisters, Ino and Auto- 
 noe, and his body was torn to pieces. 
 
 Penthilus, a son of Orestes by Eri- 
 gone, the daughter of yEgysthus, who 
 reigned conjointly with his brother Tisa- 
 menus at Argos. 
 
 Penthylus, a prince of Paphos, who 
 assisted Xerxes with twelve ships. 
 
 Peparethos, a small island of the JEge- 
 an sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about 
 twenty miles in circumference. It abound- 
 ed in olives. 
 
 Pephnos, a town of Laconia. 
 
 Pephredo, a sea nymph, daughter of 
 Phorcys and Ceto. 
 
 Perjea, or Berjea, a country of Judasa, 
 
 near Egypt. A part of Caria, opposite 
 
 to Rhodes. A colony of the Mityle- 
 
 neans in ^Eolia. 
 
 Perasippus, an ambassador sent to Da- 
 rius by the Lacedremonians. 
 
 Percope, a city which assisted Priam 
 during the Trojan war. 
 
 Percosius, a man acquainted with fu- 
 turity. He attempted in vain to dissuade 
 his two sons to go to the Trojan war, by 
 telling them that they should perish there. 
 
 Percote, a town on the Hellespont, be- 
 tween Abydos and Lampsacus, near the 
 sea shore. 
 
 Perdiccas, the fourth king of Macedo- 
 nia, B. C. 729, was descended from Te- 
 menus. He increased his dominions by 
 conquest, and in the latter part of his life, 
 he showed his son Argeus where he wish- 
 ed to be buried, and told him that as long 
 as the bones of his descendants and suc- 
 cessors on the throne of Macedonia were 
 laid in the same grave, so long would the 
 crown remain in their family. These in- 
 
PE 
 
 285 
 
 PE 
 
 junctions were observed till the time of 
 Alexander, who was buried out of Mace- 
 donia. Another, king of Macedonia, 
 
 son of Alexander. He behaved with great 
 courage on the throne, and died B. C. 413. 
 
 Another, king of Macedonia, who was 
 
 supported on his throne by Iphicrates the . 
 Athenian, against the intrusions of Pail- I 
 
 sanias. He was killed B. C. 360. One 
 
 of the friends and favorites of Alexander 
 the Great. At the king's death he wished 
 to make himself absolute ; and the ring 
 which he had received from the hand of 
 the dying Alexander, seemed in some 
 measure to favor his pretensions. His 
 ambitious views were easily discovered 
 by Antigonus, and the rest of the generals 
 of Alexander. Antipater, Craterus, and 
 Ptolemy, leagued with Antigonus against 
 him, and after much bloodshed on both 
 sides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and at 
 last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by 
 his own officers, about three hundred and 
 twenty-one years before the Christian era. 
 
 Perdix, a young Athenian, son of the 
 sister of Daedalus. He invented the saw, 
 and seemed to promise to become a greater 
 artist than had ever been known. His 
 uncle was jealous of his rising fame, and 
 he threw him down from the top of a 
 tower, and put him to death. 
 
 Peren!>hs, a favorite of the emperor 
 Commodus, put to death for aspiring to the 
 empire. 
 
 Pereus, a son of Elatus and Laodice, 
 grandson of Areas. He left only one 
 daughter called Nesera, who was mother 
 of Auge and of Cepheus and Lycurgus. 
 
 Perga, a town of Pamphylia. 
 
 Pergamus, Pergama, (plur.) the citadel 
 of the city of Troy. The word is often 
 used for Troy. It was situated in the 
 most elevated part of the town, on the 
 shores of the river Scamander. 
 
 Pergamus, now Bersramo, a town of 
 Mysia, on the banks of the Caycus. It 
 was the capital of a celebrated empire 
 called the kingdom of Pergamus, which 
 was founded by Philaeterus, an eunuch, 
 whom Lysimachus, after the battle of 
 Ipsus, had intrusted with the treasures 
 which he had obtained in the war. The 
 capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was 
 famous for a library of two hundred thou- 
 sand volumes, which had been collected 
 by the different monarchs who had reign- 
 ed there. This noble collection was af- 
 terwards transported to Egypt by Cleopa- 
 tra, with the permission of Antony, and 
 it adorned and enriched the Alexandrian li- 
 brary, till it was most fatally destroyed by 
 the Saracens, A. D. 642. Parchment was 
 first invented and made use of, at Perga- 
 mus, to transcribe books, as Ptolemy king 
 of Egypt had forbidden the exportation of 
 papyrus from his kingdom, in order to pre- 
 vent Eumenes from making a library as 
 
 valuable and as choice as that of Alexan- 
 dria. -—A son of Neoptolernus and An- 
 dromache, who, as some suppose, founded 
 Pergamus in Asia. 
 
 Perge, a town of Pamphylia, where 
 Diana had a magnificent temple, whence 
 her surname of Pergaea. 
 
 Pergus, a lake of Sicily near Enna, 
 where Proserpine was carried away by 
 Pluto. 
 
 Periander, a tyrant of Corinth, son of 
 Cypselus. The first years of his govern- 
 ment were mild and popular, but he soon 
 learned to become oppressive, when he had 
 consulted the tyrant of Sicily about the 
 surest way of reigning. He received no 
 other answer but whatever explanation 
 he wished to place on the Sicilian tyrant's 
 having, in the presence of his messenger, 
 plucked in a field, all the ears of corn 
 which seemed to tower above the rest. 
 Periander understood the meaning of 
 this answer. He immediately surround- 
 ed himself with a numerous guard, and 
 put to death the richest and most power- 
 ful citizens of Corinth. He was not only 
 cruel to his subjects, but his family also 
 were objects of his vengeance. Periander 
 died about five hundred and eighty-five 
 years before the Christian era, in his 
 eightieth year, and by the meanness of 
 his flatterers, he was reckoned one of the 
 
 seven wise men of Greece. A tyrant 
 
 of Ambracia, whom some rank with the 
 seven wise men of Greece, and not the 
 tyrant of Corinth. A man distinguish- 
 ed as a physician, but contemptible as a 
 poet. 
 
 Periarchus, a naval commander of 
 Sparta conquered by Conon. 
 
 Peribcea, the second wife of CEneus, 
 king of Calydon, was daughter of Hippo- 
 nous. She became mother of Tydeus. 
 
 A daughter of Alcathous, sold by her 
 
 father on suspicion that she was courted 
 by Telamon son of .(Eacus, king of iEgina. 
 She was carried to Cyprus, where Tela- 
 mon the founder of Salamis married her, 
 
 and she became mother of Ajax. The 
 
 wife of Polybus, king of Corinth, who ed- 
 ucated CEdipus as her own child. A 
 
 daughter of Eurymedon, who became mo- 
 ther of Nausithous by Neptune. The 
 
 mother of Penelope. 
 
 Peribomius, a noted debauchee. 
 
 Pericles, an Athenian of a noble fami- 
 ly, son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He 
 was naturally endowed with great powers, 
 which he improved by attending the lec- 
 tures of Damon, of Zeno, and of Anaxago- 
 ras. Under these celebrated masters he 
 became a commander, a statesman, and 
 an orator, and gained the affections of the 
 people by his uncommon address and well 
 directed liberality. When he took a share 
 in the administration of public affairs, he 
 rendered himself popular by opposing Ci- 
 
PE 
 
 286 
 
 PE 
 
 mon, who was the favorite of the nobility, 
 and to remove every obstacle which stood 
 in the way of his ambition, he lessened 
 the dignity and the power of the court of 
 the Areopagus, which the people had been 
 taught for ages to respect and to venerate. 
 He also attacked Cimon, and caused him 
 to be banished by the ostracism. Thucy- 
 dides also, who had succeeded Cimon on 
 his banishment, shared the same fate, and 
 Pericles remained for fifteen years the 
 sole minister, and as it may be said the 
 absolute sovereign of a republic which al- 
 ways showed itself so jealous of its liber- 
 ties, and which distrusted so much the 
 honesty of her magistrates. In his minis- 
 terial capacity Pericles did not enrich him- 
 self, but' the prosperity of Athens was the 
 object of his administration. He made 
 war against the Lacedaemonians, and re- 
 stored the temple of Delphi to the care of 
 the Phocians, who had been illegally de- 
 prived of that honorable trust. He ob- 
 tained a victory over the Sicyonians near 
 Nermea, and "waged a successful war 
 against the inhabitants of Samos at the 
 request of his favorite mistress Aspasia. 
 The Peloponnesian war was fomented by 
 his ambitious views, and when he had 
 warmly represented the flourishing state, 
 the opulence, and actual power of his 
 country, the Athenians did not hesitate a 
 moment to undertake a war against the 
 most powerful republics of Greece, a war 
 which continued for twenty-seven years, 
 and which was concluded by the destruc- 
 tion of their empire, and the demolition of 
 their walls. The arms of the Athenians 
 were for some time crowned with success ; 
 hut an unfortunate expedition raised cla- 
 mors against Pericles, and the enraged 
 populace attributed all their losses to him, 
 and to make atonement for their ill suc- 
 cess, they condemned him to pay fifty 
 talents. This loss of popular favor by re- 
 publican caprice, did not so much affect 
 Pericles as the recent death of all his chil- 
 dren,. and when the tide of unpopularity 
 was passed by, he condescended to come 
 into the public assembly, and to view with 
 secret pride the contrition of his fellow 
 citizens, who universally begged his for- 
 giveness for the violence which they had 
 offered to his ministerial character. He 
 was again restored to all his honors, and 
 if possible invested with more power and 
 more authority than before, but the dread- 
 ful pestilence which had diminished the 
 number of his family, proved fatal to him, 
 and about four hundred and twenty-nine 
 years before Christ, in his seventieth year, 
 he fell a sacrifice to that terrible malady, 
 which robbed Athens of so many of her 
 citizens. 
 
 Pertcltmenus, one of the twelve sons 
 of Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by 
 Hercules. He was one of the Argonauts, 
 
 and had received from Neptune his grand- 
 father the power of changing himself into 
 whatever shape he pleased. 
 
 PiiKJorA, a Theban woman, whose son 
 was killed by Turnus in the Rutulian 
 war. 
 
 Periegetes Dionysius, a poet. 
 
 Perieres, a son of ^Eolus, or according 
 
 to others of Cynortas. The charioteer 
 
 of Meufficeus. 
 
 Peri genes, an officer of Ptolemy, &c. 
 
 Pericone, a woman who had a sou 
 called Melar.ippus, by Theseus. She was 
 daughter of Synnis the famous robber, 
 whom Theseus killed. 
 
 PERiLAus,an officer in the army of Alex- 
 ander the Great. A tyrant of Argos. 
 
 Perileus, a son of Icarius and Peribcea. 
 
 Perilla, a daughter of Ovid the poet. 
 She was extremely fond of poetry and 
 literature. 
 
 Perillus, an ingenious artist at Athens, 
 who made a brazen bull for Phalaris, ty- 
 rant of Agrigentum. This machine was 
 fabricated to put criminals to death by 
 burning them alive, and it was such that 
 their cries were like the roaring of a bull. 
 When Perillus gave it to Phalaris, the ty- 
 rant made the first experiment upon the 
 
 donor. A lawyer and usurer in the age 
 
 of Horace. 
 
 Perimede, a daughter of iEolus, who 
 
 married Achelous. The wife of Li- 
 
 cymnius. A woman skilled in the 
 
 knowledge of herbs and of enchant- 
 ments. 
 
 Perimela, a daughter of Hippodamas, 
 thrown into the sea for receiving the ad- 
 dresses of the Achelous. She was chang- 
 ed into an island in the Ionian sea. 
 
 Perinthia, a play of Menander's. 
 
 Perinthus, a town of Thrace, on the 
 Propontis, anciently surnamed Mygdonl- 
 ca. 
 
 Peripatetici, a sect of philosophers at 
 Athens, disciples to Aristotle. The Peri- 
 patetics acknowledged the dignity of hu- 
 man nature, and placed their summum bo- 
 num not in the pleasures of passive sensa- 
 tion, but in the due exercise of the moral 
 and intellectual faculties. 
 
 Perifhas, a man who attempted, with 
 
 Pyrrhus, Priam's palace. A son of 
 
 ^Egyptu.s, who married Actasa. One 
 
 of the Lapitha?. One of the first kings 
 
 of Attica. 
 
 Periphates, a robber of Attica, son of 
 Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus. 
 
 Perifhem'js, an ancient hero of Greece. 
 
 Perisades, a people of Illyricum. 
 
 Peristhenes, a son of iEgyptus, who 
 married Electra. 
 
 Feritanus, an Arcadian. 
 
 Peritas, a favorite dog of Alexander 
 the Great, in whose honor the monarch 
 built a city. 
 
 rEEiTornuM, a town of Egypt, on the 
 
PE 
 
 287 
 
 PE 
 
 western side of the Nile, esteemed of great 
 importance, as being one of the keys of 
 the country. 
 
 Permessus, a river of Bceotia, rising 
 in mount Helicon, and flowing all round 
 it. 
 
 Pero, or Perone, a daughter of Neleus, 
 king of Pylos, by CMoris. Her beauty 
 drew many admirers, but sbe married 
 Bias son of Amythaon, because he had by 
 the assistance of bis brother Melampus, 
 and according to her father's desire, re- 
 covered some oxen which Hercules had 
 stolen away, and she became mother of 
 Talaus. A daughter of Cimon, remark- 
 able for her filial affection. When her 
 father had been sent to prison, where his 
 judges had condemned him to starve, she 
 supported his life by giving him the milk 
 of her breasts, as to her own child. 
 
 Peroe, a fountain of Bceotia. 
 
 Perola, a Roman who meditated the 
 death of Hannibal in Italy. 
 
 Perpenna, M. a Roman who conquered 
 Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prison- 
 er. He died B- C. 130. Another who 
 
 : oined the rebellion of Sertorius, and op- 
 posed Pompey. He afterwards assassinat- 
 d Sertorius. He fell into the hands of 
 Pompey, who ordered him to be put to 
 death. A Greek who obtained the con- 
 sulship at Rome. 
 
 Perperene, a place of Phrygia, where, 
 as some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize 
 of beauty to Venus. 
 
 Perranthes, a hill of Epirus, near Am- 
 bracia. 
 
 Perrh^b[a, a part of Thessaly situate 
 on the borders of the Peneus, extending 
 between the town of Atrax and the vale 
 of Tempe. 
 
 Persa, or Perseis, one of the Ocean- 
 ides. 
 
 Persje, the inhabitants of Persia. 
 
 Pers-eus, a philosopher intimate with 
 Antigonus, by whom he was appointed 
 over the Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C. 
 274. 
 
 Persee, a fountain near Mycenae, in 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Perseis, one of the Oceanides. A 
 
 patronymic of Hecate as daughter of Per- 
 ses. 
 
 Persephone, a daughter of Jupiter and 
 Ceres, called also Proserpine. The mo- 
 ther of Amphion by Jasus. 
 
 Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capi- 
 tal of the Persian empire. It was laid in 
 ruins by Alexander after the concpiest of 
 Darius. The reason of this is unknown. 
 The ruins of Persepolis, now Estakar, or 
 Tehel-Minar, still astonish the modern 
 traveller by their grandeur and magnifi- 
 cence. 
 
 Perses, a son of Perseus and Andro- 
 meda". From him the Persians, who were 
 originally called Cephenes, received their 
 
 name. A king of Macedonia. Fid. 
 
 Perseus. 
 
 Perseus, a son of Jupiter and Danae, 
 the daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius 
 had confined his daughter in a brazen 
 tower to prevent her becoming a mother, 
 because he was to perish, according to the 
 words of an oracle, by the hands of his 
 daughter's son, Perseus was no sooner 
 born than he was thrown into the sea 
 with his mother Danae. The hopes of 
 Acrisius were frustrated ; the slender boat 
 which carried Danae and her son was 
 driven by the winds upon the coasts of the 
 island of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, 
 where they were found by a fisherman 
 called Dictys, and carried to Polydectes 
 the king of the place. They were treat- 
 ed with great humanity, and Perseus was 
 intrusted to the care of the priests of Mi- 
 nerva's temple. His rising genius and 
 manly courage, however, soon displeased 
 Polydectes, and the monarch, who wish- 
 ed to offer violence to Danae, feared the 
 resentment of her son. Yet Polydectes 
 resolved to remove every obstacle. He 
 invited all his friends to a sumptuous en- 
 tertainment, and it was requisite that all 
 such as came, should present the monarch 
 with a beautiful horse. Perseus was in 
 the number of the invited, and the more 
 particularly so, as Polydectes knew that 
 he could not. receive from him the present 
 which he expected from all the rest. Nev- 
 ertheless Perseus, who wished not to ap- 
 pear inferior to the others in magnificence, 
 told the king that as he could not give him 
 a horse, he would bring him the head of 
 Medusa, the only one of the Gorgons who 
 was subject to mortality. The offer was 
 doubly agreeable to Polydectes, as it would 
 remove Perseus from Seriphos, and on 
 account of its seeming impossibility, the 
 attempt might perhaps end in his ruin. 
 But the innocence of Perseus was patron- 
 ised by the gods. Pluto lent him his hel- 
 met, which had the wonderful power of 
 making its bearer invisible ; Minerva gave 
 him her buckler, which was as resplend- 
 ent as glass ; and he received from Mer- 
 cury wings and the talaria, with a short 
 dagger made of diamonds, and called hcrpe. 
 With these arms Perseus began his ex- 
 pedition, and traversed the air, conduct- 
 ed by the goddess Minerva. When he 
 had received every necessary information, 
 Perseus flew to the habitation of the Gor- 
 gons. He found these monsters asleep, 
 and as he knew that if he fixed his eyes 
 upon them, he should be instantly chang- 
 ed into a stone, he continually looked on 
 his shield, which reflected all the objects 
 as clearly as the best of glasses. He ap- 
 proached them, and with a courage which 
 the goddess Minerva supported, he cut 
 off Medusa's head with one blow. The 
 noise awoke the two immortal sisters, 
 
PE 
 
 288 
 
 PE 
 
 but Pluto's helmet rendered Perseus in- 
 visible, and the attempts of the Gorgons 
 to revenge Medusa's death proved fruit- 
 less, the conqueror made his way through 
 the air, and from the blood which drop- 
 ped from Medusa's head sprang all those 
 innumerable serpents which have ever 
 since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. 
 Meantime Perseus had continued his jour- 
 ley across the deserts of Libya, but the 
 approach of night obliged him to alight in 
 the territories of Atlas, king of Maurita- 
 nia. He went to the monarch's palace, 
 where he hoped to find a kind reception, 
 but he not only refused Perseus the hos- 
 pitality he demanded, but even offered vi- 
 olence to his person. Perseus finding 
 himself inferior to his powerful enemy, 
 showed him Medusa's head, and instant- 
 ly Atlas was changed into a large moun- 
 tain which bore the same name in the 
 deserts of Africa. On the morrow Perseus 
 continued his flight, and as he passed 
 across the territories of Libya, he discov- 
 ered, on the coasts of ./Ethiopia, the naked 
 Andromeda, exposed to a sea-monster. 
 He was struck at the sight, and offered 
 her father Cepheus to deliver her from in- 
 stant death if he obtained her in mar- 
 riage as a reward of his labors. Cepheus 
 consented, and immediately Perseus rais- 
 ing himself in the air, flew towards the 
 monster, which was advancing to devour 
 Andromeda, and he plunged his dagger in 
 his right shoulder, and destroyed it. This 
 happy event was attended with the great- 
 est rejoicings, and the nuptials were cele- 
 brated. After other celebrated exploits, 
 Perseus expressed a wish to return to his 
 native country, and accordingly he em- 
 barked for the Peloponnesus, with his 
 mother and Andromeda. When he reach- 
 ed the Peloponnesian coasts he was in- 
 formed that Teutamias, king of Larissa, 
 was then celebrating funeral games in 
 honor of his father. This intelligence 
 drew him to Larissa to signalize himself 
 in throwing the quoit, of which, accord- 
 ing to some, he was the inventor. But 
 here he was attended by an evil fate, and 
 had the misfortune to kill a man with a 
 quoit which he had thrown in the air. 
 This was no other than his grandfather 
 Acrisius, who, on the first intelligence 
 that his grandson had reached the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, fled from his kingdom of Argos 
 to the court of his friend and ally Teuta- 
 mias, to prevent the fulfilling of the ora- 
 cle which had obliged him to treat his 
 daughter with so much barbarity. This 
 unfortunate murder greatly depressed the 
 spirits of Perseus ; by the death of Acrisi- 
 us he was entitled to the throne of Argos, 
 but he refused to reign there; and to re- 
 move himself from a place which remind- 
 ed him of the parricide he had unfortu- 
 nately committed, he exchanged his king- 
 
 dom for that of Tirynthus, and the mari- 
 time coast of Argolis, where Megapenthes 
 the son of Prcetus then reigned. When 
 he had finally settled in this part of the 
 Peloponnesus, he determined to lay the 
 foundations of a new city, which he made 
 the capital of his dominions, and which 
 he called Mycence, because the pommel of 
 his sword, called by the Greeks myces had 
 fallen there. The time of his death is 
 unknown, yet it is universally agreed that 
 he received divine honors like the rest of 
 the ancient heroes. A writer who pub- 
 lished a treatise on the republic of Spar- 
 ta. A philosopher, disciple to Zeno. 
 
 Perseus, or Perses, a son of Philip 
 king of Macedonia. He distinguished 
 himself like his father, by his enmity 
 to the Eomans, and when he had made 
 sufficient preparations, he declared war 
 against them. When Paulus was appoint- 
 ed to the command of the Roman armies 
 in Macedonia, Perseus showed his inferi 
 ority by his imprudent encampments, and 
 when he had at last yielded to the advice 
 of his officers, who recommended a gene- 
 ral engagement, and drawn up his forces 
 near the walls of Pydna, B. C. 168, he 
 was the first who ruined his own cause, 
 and by flying as soon as the battle was be- 
 gun, he left the enemy masters of the 
 field. He was carried to Rome and drag- 
 ged along the streets of the city to adorn 
 the triumph of the conqueror. Perseua 
 died in prison, or according to some, he 
 was put to a shameful death the first year 
 of his captivity. 
 
 Persia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, 
 which in its ancient state extended from 
 the Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 
 miles, and from Pontus to the shores of 
 Arabia above 2000 miles. As a province, 
 Persia was but small, and according to 
 the description of Ptolemy, it was bound- 
 ed on the north by Media, west by Susia- 
 na, south by the Persian Gulf, and east 
 by Carmania. The empire of Persia, or 
 the Persian monarchy, was first found- 
 ed by Cyrus the Great, about five hun- 
 dred and fifty-nine years before the Chris- 
 tian era, and under the succeeding mon- 
 arch? it became one of the most consider- 
 able and powerful kingdoms of the earth. 
 The destruction of the Persian monarchy 
 by the Macedonians was easily effected, 
 and from that time Persia became tributa- 
 ry to the Greeks. Seleucus Nicanor made 
 himself master of the Persian provinces, 
 till the revolt of the Parthians introduced 
 new revolutions in the east. Persia was 
 partly re-conquered from the Greeks, and 
 remained tributary to the Parthians for 
 near five hundred years. After this the 
 sovereignty was again placed into the 
 hands of the Persians, by the revolt of 
 Artaxerxes, a common soldier, A. D. 229, 
 who became the founder of the second 
 
PE 
 
 289 
 
 PE 
 
 Persian monarchy, which proved so inimi- 
 cal to the power of the Roman emperors. 
 In their national character, the Persians 
 were warlike, they were early taught to 
 ride, and to handle the bow, and by the 
 manly exercises of hunting, they were in- 
 ured to bear the toils and fatigues of a mil- 
 itary life. Their national valor, however, 
 soon degenerated, and their want of em- 
 ployment at home soon rendered them un- 
 fit for war. 
 
 Persicum Mare, or Persicus Sinus, a 
 part of the Indian ocean on the coast of 
 Persia and Arabia, now called the gulf of 
 Balgora. 
 
 Persis, a province of Persia bounded 
 x>y Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the 
 Persian gulf. It is often taken for Per- 
 sia itself. 
 
 Aulus Persius Flaccus, a Latin poet 
 of Volaterroe. He was of an equestrian 
 family, and he made himself known by 
 his intimacy with the most illustrious 
 Romans of the age. At the age of sixteen 
 he was removed to Rome, where he stu- 
 died philosophy under Cornutus the cele- 
 brated stoic. He also received the in- 
 structions of Palemon the grammarian, 
 and Virginius the rhetorician. Naturally 
 of a mild disposition, his character was 
 unimpeached, his modesty remarkable, 
 and his benevolence universally admired. 
 He distinguished himself by his satirical 
 humor, and made the faults of the orators 
 and poets of his age the subject of his po- 
 ems. He did not even spare Nero, and 
 the more effectually to expose the empe- 
 ror to ridicule, he introduced into his 
 satires some of his verses. Persius died 
 in the thirtieth year of his age, A. D. 62, 
 and left all his books, which consisted of 
 seven hundred volumes, and a large sum 
 of money, to his preceptor, but Cornutus 
 only accepted the books, and returned the 
 money to the sisters and friends of the 
 deceased. The satires of Persius are six 
 in number, blamed by some for obscurity 
 
 of style and of language. — A man 
 
 whose quarrel with Rupilius, is mention- 
 ed in a ridiculous manner by Horace. 
 
 Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Roman 
 emperor after the death of Commodus. 
 He was descended from an obscure and 
 poor family, but his indigence did not pre- 
 vent him from receiving a liberal educa- 
 tion, and indeed he was for some time 
 employed in teaching a number of pupils 
 the Greek and the Roman languages in 
 Etruria. He left this laborious profession 
 for a military life, and by his valor and 
 intrepidity he gradually rose to offices of 
 the highest trust in the army, and was 
 made consul by M. Aurelius for his emi- 
 nent services. When Commodus was 
 murdered, Pertinax was universally se- 
 lected to succeed to the imperial throne, 
 and his refusal, and the plea of old age 
 25 
 
 and increasing infirmities, did not prevent 
 his being saluted emperor, and Augustus. 
 His patriotic administration gained him 
 the affection of the worthiest and most 
 discerning of his subjects, but the extrav- 
 agant and luxurious raised their clamors 
 against him, and when Pertinax attempt- 
 ed to introduce among the pretorian guards 
 that discipline which was so necessary to 
 preserve the peace and tranquillity of 
 Rome, the flames of rebellion were kin- 
 dled, and the minds of the soldiers totally 
 alienated. Pertinax was apprized of this 
 mutiny, but he refused to fly at the hour 
 of danger. He was slain by the soldiers, his 
 head was cut off and carried upon the point 
 of a spear as in triumph to the camp. This 
 happened on the 28th of March A. D. 193. 
 Pertinax reigned only eighty-seven days. 
 
 Pertunda, a goddess at Rome, who 
 presided over the consummation of mar- 
 riage. Her statue was generally placed 
 in the bridal chamber. 
 
 Perusia, now Perugia, an ancient town 
 of Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus. 
 
 Pescennius. Vid. Niger. A man in- 
 timate with Cicero. 
 
 Pessinus, a town of Phry-gia. It is par- 
 ticularly famous for a temple and a statue 
 of the goddess Cybele. 
 
 Petalia, a town of Euboea. 
 
 Petalus, a man killed by Perseus at 
 the court of Cepheus. 
 
 Petelia, or Petellia, a town. Vid. 
 Petilia. 
 
 Petelinus Lacus, a lake near one of 
 the gates of Rome. 
 
 Peieon, a town of Boaotia. 
 
 Peteus, a son of Orneus, and grandson 
 of Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and 
 became father of Menestheus, who went 
 with the Greeks to the Trojan war. 
 
 Petilia, now Strongoli, a town of Mag- 
 na Graecia, the capital of Lucania. 
 
 Petilia lex was enacted by Petilius 
 the tribune, to make an inquiry and to 
 know how much money had been obtain- 
 ed from the conquests over king Antio- 
 chus. 
 
 Petilii, two tribunes who accused Sci- 
 pio Africanus of extortion. He was ac- 
 quitted. 
 
 Petilius, a praetor who persuaded the 
 people of Rome to burn the books which 
 had been found in Numa's tomb, about 
 four hundred years after his death. His 
 advice was followed. A plebeian de- 
 cemvir, &c. A governor of the capitol, 
 
 who stole away the treasures intrusted to 
 his care. 
 
 Petosiris, a celebrated mathematician 
 of Egypt. 
 
 Petra, the capital town of Arabia Pe- 
 
 traea. A town of Sicily, near Hybla, 
 
 whose inhabitants are calied Petruil and 
 
 Pelrenses. A town of Thrace. 
 
 Another of Pieria in Macedonia. An 
 
 N 
 
PE 
 
 290 
 
 PH 
 
 elevated place near Dyrrhachium. 
 
 Another in El is. Another near Co- 
 rinth. 
 
 Petrjea, one of the Oceanides. A 
 
 part of Arabia, which has Syria at the east, 
 Egypt on the west, Palestine on the north, 
 and Arabia Felix at the south. This part 
 of Arabia was rocky, whence it has re- 
 ceived its name. 
 
 Petreius, a Roman soldier who killed 
 his tribune during the Cimbrian wars, be- 
 cause he hesitated to attack the enemy. 
 He was rewarded for his valor with a 
 
 crown of grass. A lieutenant of C. An- 
 
 tonius who defeated »he troops of Cati- 
 line. Pie took the part of Pompey against 
 Julius Caesar. When Caesar had been 
 victorious in every part of the woild, Pe- 
 treius, who had retired into Africa, at- 
 tempted to destroy himself by fighting 
 with his friend king Juba in single com- 
 bat. Juba was killed first, and Petreius 
 obliged one of his slaves to run him 
 
 through. A centurion in Caesar's army 
 
 in Gaul,&c. Some read Petronius. 
 Pjetrinum, a town of Campania. 
 Petrocorii, the inhabitants of the mo- 
 dern town of Perigord in France. 
 Petronia, the wife of Vitellius. 
 Petronius, a governor of Egypt ap- 
 pointed to succeed Callus. He behaved 
 with great humanity to the Jews, and 
 made war against Candace queen of Ethi- 
 opia. A favorite of Nero, put to death 
 
 by Galba. A governor of Britain. 
 
 A tribune killed in Parthia with Crassus. 
 
 A man banished by Nero to the Cy- 
 
 clades, when Piso's conspiracy was dis- 
 covered. A governor of Britain in Ne- 
 ro's reign. He was put to death by Gal- 
 ha's orders. Maximus, a Roman empe- 
 ror. Arbiter, a favorite of the emperor 
 
 Nero, and one of the ministers and asso- 
 ciates of all his pleasures and his debauch- 
 ery. He indulged himself in all the de- 
 lights and gaieties of life, but though he 
 was the most voluptuous of the age, yet 
 he moderated his pleasures, and wished 
 to appear curious and refined in luxury 
 and extravagance. Tigellinus, likewise 
 one of Nero's favorites, jealous of his 
 fame, accused him of conspiring against 
 the emperor's life. The accusation was 
 credited, and Petronius immediately re- 
 solved to withdraw himself from Nero's 
 punishment by a voluntary death. This 
 was perfomed in a manner altogether un- 
 precedented, A. D. 66. Petronius ordered 
 his veins to be opened, but without the 
 eagerness of terminating his agonies he 
 had them closed at intervals. Sometime af- 
 ter they were opened, and as if he wished 
 to die in the same careless and unconcern- 
 ed manner as he had lived, he passed his 
 time in discoursing with his friends upon 
 t rifles, and listened with the greatest avid- 
 ity to love versus, amusing stories, or 
 
 laughable epigrams. Sometimes he man- 
 umitted his slaves or punished them with 
 stripes. In this ludicrous manner he spent 
 his last moments, till nature was exhaust- 
 ed. 
 
 Pettius, a friend of Horace, to whom 
 the poet addressed his eleventh epode. 
 Petus, an architect. 
 Peuce, a small island at the mouth ot 
 the Danube. 
 
 Peucestes, a Macedonian set over 
 
 Egypt by Alexander. An island which 
 
 was visited by the Argonauts at their re- 
 turn from the conquest of the golden 
 fleece. 
 
 Peucetia, a part of Magna Graecia, it 
 Italy, at the north of the bay of Tarentum. 
 Peucini, a nation of Germany, called 
 also Basternm. 
 
 Peucolaus, an officer who conspired 
 with Dymnus against Alexander's life. 
 
 Another, set over Sogdiana. 
 
 Pexodorus, a governor of Caria, who 
 offered to give his daughter in marriage 
 to Aridaeus the illegitimate son of Philip. 
 Phacium, a town of Thessaly. 
 Phacusa, a town of Egypt, on the east 
 em mouth of the Nile. 
 
 Phjea, a celebrated sow which infested 
 the neighborhood of Crcmyon. It was de- 
 stroyed by Theseus as he was travelling 
 from Trcezene to Athens to make himself 
 known to his father. 
 
 Phjeacia, an island of the Ionian sea, 
 near the coast of Epirus, anciently called 
 Scheria, and afterwards Ccrcyra. The in- 
 habitants, called Phcoaces, were a luxuri- 
 ous and dissolute people, from which rea- 
 son a glutton was generally stigmatized by 
 the epithet of Phmax. 
 
 Phjeax, an inhabitant of the island of 
 Phaeacia. A man who sailed with The- 
 seus to Crete.-' An Athenian who op- 
 posed Alcibiades in his administration. 
 
 Ph.*:casia, one of the Sporades in the 
 iEgean. 
 
 Phjedimus, one of Niobe's children. 
 
 A Macedonian general who betrayed Eu- 
 menes to Antigonus. A celebrated cou- 
 rier of Greece. 
 
 Ph-edon, an Athenian put to death by 
 the thirty tyrants. —A disciple of Socra- 
 tes. He had been seized by pirates in 
 his younger days, and the philosopher, 
 who seemed to discover something uncom- 
 mon and promising in his countenance, 
 bought his liberty for a sum of money, and 
 ever after esteemed hiin. Phaedon, after 
 the death of Socrates, returned to Elis his 
 native country, where be founded a sect 
 
 of philosophers called Elean. An archon 
 
 at Athens, when the Athenians were di- 
 rected by the oracle to remove the bones 
 of Theseus to Attica. 
 
 Phjedra, a daughter of Minos and Pasi- 
 phae, who married Theseus, by whom 
 she became mother of Acamas and Demo- 
 
PH 
 
 291 
 
 PH 
 
 phoon. Phaedra was buried at Troezene, 
 where her tomb was still seen in the age 
 of the geographer Pausanias, near the tem- 
 ple of Venus, which she had built to ren- 
 der the goddess favorable to her incestu- 
 ous passion for Hippolyttis. There was 
 near her tomb a myrtle, whose leaves were 
 all full of small holes, and it was reported, 
 that Phaedra had done this with a hair pin, 
 when the vehemence of her passion had 
 rendered her melancholy and almost des- 
 perate. She was represented in a paint- 
 ing in Apollo's temple at Delphi, as sus- 
 pended by a cord, and balancing herself 
 in the air, while her sister Ariadne stood 
 near to her, and fixed her eyes upon her ; 
 a delicate idea, by which the genius, of 
 the artist intimated her melancholy end. 
 
 Ph.edria, a village of Arcadia. 
 
 Pii^drus, one of the disciples of Socra- 
 tes. An Epicurean philosopher. A 
 
 Thracian who became one of the freed- 
 men of the emperor Augustus. He trans- 
 lated into iambic verses, the fables of 
 yEsop, in the reign of the emperor Tibe- 
 rius. They are divided into five books, 
 valuable for their precision, purity, ele- 
 gance, and simplicity. They remained 
 long buried in oblivion, till they were dis- 
 covered in the library of St. Remi, at 
 Rheims, and published by Peter Pithou, a 
 Frenchman, at the end of the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 Ph-edtma, a daughter of Otanes, who 
 first discovered that Smerdis, who had as- 
 cended the throne of Persia at the death 
 of Cambyses, was an impostor. 
 
 Ph.emoitoe, a priestess of Apollo. 
 
 Ph.enarete, the mother of the philoso- 
 pher Socrates. 
 
 Phje;via3, a peripatetic philosopher, dis- 
 ciple of Aristotle. He wrote an history of 
 tyrants. 
 
 Ph-ef^a, one of the two Graces wor- 
 shipped at Sparta, together with her sister 
 Clita. 
 
 Ph.ennis, a famous prophetess in the 
 age of Antiochus. 
 
 Ph.esa.na, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Ph-estum, a town of Crete. Another 
 
 of Macedonia. 
 
 PiiAETON, a son of the sun, or Phoebus, 
 and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. 
 Phaetoq was naturally of a lively disposi 
 tion, and a handsome figure. Venus be- 
 came enamored of him, and intrusted him 
 with the care of one of her temples. This 
 distinguishing favor of the goddess ren- 
 dered him vain and aspiring; and when 
 Epaphus, the son of lo, had told him, to 
 check his pride, that he was not the son 
 of Phoebus, Phaeton resolved to know his 
 true origin, and, at the instigation of his 
 mother, he visited the palace of the sun. 
 He begged Phoebus, that if he really were 
 bis father, he would give him incontesti- 
 lle proofs of his paternal tenderness, and 
 
 convince the world of his legitimacjr. 
 Phoebus swore by the Styx, than he would 
 grant him whatever he required, and no 
 sooner was the oath uttered, than Phaeton 
 demanded of him to drive his chariot for 
 one day. Phoebus represented the impro- 
 priety of such a request, and the dangers 
 to which it would expose him ; but in 
 vain ; and, as the oath was inviolable, and 
 Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed 
 his son how he was to proceed in his way 
 through the regions of the air. Ilis ex- 
 plicit directions were forgotten, or little 
 attended to ; and no sooner had Phaeton 
 received the reins from his father, than 
 he betrayed his ignorance and incapacity 
 to guide the chariot. The Hying horses 
 became sensible of the confusion of their 
 driver, and immediately departed from 
 the usual track. Phaeton repented too 
 late of his rashness, and already heaven 
 and earth were threatened with an univer- 
 sal conflagration, when Jupiter, who had 
 perceived the disorder of the horses of the 
 sun, struck the rider with one of his thun- 
 derbolts, and hurled him headlong from 
 heaven into the river Po. His body, con- 
 sumed with fire, was found by the 
 nymphs of the place, and honored with a 
 decent burial. His sisters mourned his 
 unhappy end, and were changed into pop- 
 lars by Jupiter. 
 
 Phaetontiades, or Phaetontides, the 
 sisters of Phaeton, who were changed 
 into poplars by Jupiter. 
 
 Phaetusa, "one of the Heliades changed 
 into poplars, after the death cf their broth- 
 er Phaeton. 
 
 Ph.eus, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Phagesia, a festival among the Greeks, 
 observed during the celebration of the 
 Dionysia. 
 
 Phalacrine, a village of the Sabines, 
 where Vespasian was born. 
 
 Phal^b, wooden towers at Rome, erect- 
 ed in the circus. 
 
 Phal^ecus, a general of Phocis against 
 the Boeotians, killed at the battle of Che- 
 ronaea. 
 
 Phaljesia, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Phalanna, a town of Perrhaebia. 
 
 Phalanthus, a Lacedaemonian, who 
 founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head 
 of the Partheniae. His father's name was 
 
 Aracas. A town and mountain of the 
 
 same name in Arcadia. 
 
 Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
 made use of the most excruciating tor- 
 ments to punish his subjects on the 
 smallest suspicion. Perillus made him 
 a brazen bull, and when he had present- 
 ed it to Phalaris, the tyrant ordered the in- 
 ventor to be seized, and the first experi- 
 ment to be made on his body. These 
 cruelties did not long remain unrevenged ; 
 the people of Agrigentum revolted in the 
 tenth year of his reign, and put him t « 
 
PH 
 
 292 
 
 PH 
 
 death in the same manner as he had tor- 
 tured Perillus and many of his subjects af- 
 ter him, B. C. 552. 
 
 Phalarium, a citadel of Syracuse, 
 where Phalaris's bull was placed. 
 
 Phalarus, a river of Bceotia falling into 
 the Cephisus. 
 Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly. 
 Phaleas, a philosopher and legislator. 
 Phaleria, a town of Thessaly. 
 Phaleris, a Corinthian who led a colo- 
 ny to Epidamnus from Corcyra. 
 
 Phaleron, or Phalerum, or Phalera, 
 (orum,) or Phalereusportus, an ancient har- 
 bor of Athens, about twenty-five stadia 
 from the city, which, for its situation and 
 smallness, was not very fit for the recep- 
 tion of many ships. A place of Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 Phalerus, a son of Alcon, one of the 
 Argonauts. 
 
 Phalias, a son of Hercules and Helico- 
 nis, daughter of Thestius. 
 
 Phallica, festivals observed by the 
 Egyptians in honor of Osiris. 
 
 Phalysius, a citizen of Naupactum, 
 who recovered his sight by reading a letter 
 sent him by /Esculapius. 
 
 Phan.'eus, a promontory of the island of 
 Chios, famous for its wines. 
 Phanar^a, a town of Cappadocia. 
 Phanas, a famous Messenian, &c. who 
 died B. C. 682. 
 
 Phanes, a man of Halicarnassus who 
 fled from Amasis, king of Egypt, to the 
 court of Cambyses, king of Persia, whom 
 he advised, when he invaded Egypt, to 
 pass through Arabia. 
 Phaneta, a town of Epirus. 
 Phanocles, an elegiac poet of Greece. 
 Phanodemus, an historian who wrote 
 en the antiquities of Attica. 
 
 Phantasia, a daughter of Nicarchus of 
 Memphis, in Egypt. 
 
 Phanus, a son of Bacchus, who was 
 among the Argonauts. 
 
 Phaon, a boatman of Mitylene in Les- 
 bos. He received a small box of ointment 
 from Venus, who had presented herself to 
 him in the form of an old woman, to be 
 carried over into Asia, and as soon as he 
 had rubbed himself with what the box 
 contained, he became one of the most 
 beautiful men of his age. Many were 
 captivated with the charms of Phaon, and 
 among others, Sappho, the celebrated po- 
 etess. Phaon gave himself up to the 
 pleasures of Sappho's company, but, how- 
 ever, he soon conceived a disdain for her, 
 and Sappho, mortified at his coldness, 
 threw herself into the sea. 
 
 Phara, a town of Africa, burnt by Sci- 
 pio's soldiers. 
 
 Pharacipes, a general of the Lacedae- 
 monian fleet, who assisted Dionysius the 
 tyrant of Sicily against the Carthagini- 
 ans. 
 
 Pkar.e, or Pher^:, a town of Crete. 
 
 Another in Messenia. 
 
 Pharasmanes, a king of Iberia, in the 
 reign of Antoninus. 
 
 Phara x, a Lacedaemonian officer, who 
 attempted to make himself absolute in Si- 
 cily. A Thessalian, whose son, called 
 
 Cyanippus, married a beautiful woman, 
 called Leucone, who was torn to pieces by 
 his dogs. 
 
 Pharis, a town of Laconia, whose in- 
 habitants are called Pharitm. A son of 
 
 Mercury and Philodamea, who built Pha- 
 ra? in Messenia. 
 
 Pharmecusa, an island of the iEgean 
 sea, where Julius Csesar was seized by 
 
 some pirates. Another, where was 
 
 shown Circe's tomb. 
 
 Pharnabazus, a satrap of Persia, son of 
 a person of the same name, B. C. 409. He 
 assisted the Lacedaemonians against the 
 Athenians, and gained their esteem by 
 his friendly behavior and support. His 
 conduct, however, towards Alcibiades, 
 was of the most perfidious nature, and he 
 did not scruple to betray to his mortal en- 
 emies the man he had long honored with 
 
 his friendship. An officer under Eu- 
 
 menes. A king of Iberia. 
 
 Pharnace, a town of Pontus. The 
 
 mother of Cinyras, king of Pontus. 
 
 Pharxaces, a son of Mithridates, king 
 of Pontus, who favored the Romans 
 against his father. He revolted against 
 Mithridates, and even caused him to be 
 put to death, according to some accounts. 
 It was to express the celerity of his opera- 
 tions in conquering Pharnaces, thatCa?sar 
 made use of these words, Veni, xidi, vici. 
 
 ; A king of Pontus who made war with 
 
 Eumenes, B. C. 181. A king of Cappa- 
 docia. A librarian of Atticus. 
 
 Pharnafates, a general of Orodes, king 
 of Parthia, killed in a battle by the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Pharnaspes, the father of Cassandra, 
 the mother of Cambyses. 
 
 Pharnus, a king of Media, conquered 
 by Ninus king of Assyria. 
 
 Pharos, a small island in the bay of Al- 
 exandria, about seven furlongs distant 
 from the continent. It was joined to the 
 Egyptian shore with a causeway, by Dex- 
 iphanes, B. C. 284, and upon it was built 
 a celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptole- 
 my Soter, and Philadelphus,by Sostratus, 
 the son of Dexiphanes. This tower, 
 which was called the tower of Pharos, and 
 which passed for one of the seven won- 
 ders of the world, was built with white 
 marble, and could be seen at the distance 
 
 of one hundred miles. A watch-tower 
 
 near Caprea?. ■-, — — An island on the coast 
 
 of Illyricum, now called Lesina. The 
 
 emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be 
 built at the entrance of the port of Ostia, 
 for the benefit of sailors, and it likewise 
 
PH 
 
 293 
 
 PH 
 
 bore the name of Pharos, an appellation 
 afterwards given to every other edifice 
 which was raised to direct the course of 
 sailors, either with lights, or by signals. 
 
 Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thes- 
 saly, in whose neighborhood is a large 
 plain called Pharsalia, famous for a battle 
 which was fought there between Julius 
 Cffisar and Pompey, in which the former 
 
 obtained the victory. That poem of Lu- 
 
 can in which he gives an account of the 
 civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, bears the 
 name of Pharsalia. 
 Pharte, a daughter of Danaus. 
 Pharus, a Rutulian killed by ^Eneas. 
 Pharusii, or Phaurusii, a people of 
 Africa, beyond Mauritania. 
 
 Pharybus, a river of Macedonia, falling 
 into the iEgean sea. 
 
 Pharycadon, a town of Macedonia, on 
 the Peneus. 
 
 Pharyge, a town of Locris. 
 Phaselis, a town of Pamphylia, at the 
 foot of mount Taurus. 
 
 Phasiana, a country of Asia, near the 
 river Phasis. The inhabitants, called Pha- 
 siani, are of Egyptian origin. 
 
 Phasias, a patronymic given to Medea, 
 as being born near the Phasis. 
 Phasis, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe. 
 
 A river of Colchis, rising in the 
 
 mountains of Armenia, now called Faoz, 
 and falling into the east of the Euxine. 
 The Phasis was reckoned by the ancients 
 ftie of the largest rivers of Asia. 
 Phassus, a son of Lycaon. 
 Phauda, a town of Pontus. 
 Phavorinds, a writer of a Greek Lexi- 
 con. 
 
 Phayllus, a tyrant of Ambracia. 
 
 The brother to Onomarchus of Phocis. 
 Phea, or Pheia, a town of Elis. 
 Phecadum, an inland town of Macedo- 
 nia. 
 Phegeus, or Phlegeus, a companion of 
 
 .-Eneas, killed by Turntis. Another, 
 
 likewise killed by Turnus. A priest 
 
 of Bacchus, the father of Alphesiboea, who 
 purified Alcmaeon of his mother's murder, 
 and gave him his daughter in marriage. 
 He was afterwards put to death by the 
 children of Alcmaeon by Callirhoe, because 
 he had ordered Alcmoeon to be killed 
 when he had attempted to recover a collar 
 which he had given to his daughter. 
 Phellia, a river of Laconia. 
 Phelloe, a town of Achaianear iEgira, 
 where Bacchus and Diana each had a 
 temple. 
 
 Phellus, a place of Attica. A town 
 
 of Elis, near Olympia. 
 
 Phemius, a man introduced by Homer 
 as a musician among Penelope's suitors. 
 
 A man, who, according to some, 
 
 wrote an account of the return of the 
 Greeks from the Trojan war. 
 Phemonoe, a priestess of Apollo, who 
 
 Is supposed to have invented heroic 
 verses. 
 
 Pheneum, a town of Arcadia, whose 
 inhabitants, called PheneaUe, worship Mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Pheneus, a town with a lake of the 
 same name in Arcadia, whose waters are 
 unwholesome in the night, and wholesome 
 
 in the daytime. A son of Melas, killed 
 
 by Tydeus. 
 
 Pher.b, a town of Thessaly, where the 
 tyrant Alexander reigned, whence he was 
 
 called Pherceus. A town of Attica 
 
 Another of Laconia in Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pher-»eu9, a surname of Jason, as being 
 a native of Pherae. 
 
 Pheraules, a Persian whom Cyrus rais- 
 ed from poverty to affluence. He after- 
 wards gave up all his possessions to enjoy 
 tranquillity and retirement. 
 
 Phereclus, one of the Greeks during 
 
 the Trojan war. A pilot of the ship 
 
 Theseus when he went to Crete. 
 
 Pherecrates, a comic poet of Athens, 
 in the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He 
 is supposed to have written twenty-one 
 comedies, of which only a few verses re- 
 main. Another descended from Deu- 
 calion. 
 
 Pherecydes, a philosopher of Scyros, 
 disciple to Pittacus, one of the first who 
 delivered his thoughts in prose. He was 
 acquainted with the periods of the moon, 
 and foretold eclipses with the greatest ac- 
 curacy. The doctrine of the immortality 
 of the soul was first supported by him, 
 as also that of the metempsychosis. Pytha- 
 goras was one of his disciples, remarka- 
 ble for his esteem and his attachment to 
 his learned master. He died B. C. 515, in 
 the eighty-fifth year of his age. An his- 
 torian of Leros, surnamed the Athenian. 
 A tragic poet. 
 
 Pherendates, a Persian set over Egypt 
 by Artaxerxes. 
 
 Pherephate, a surname of Proserpine, 
 from the production of corn. 
 
 Pheres, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, 
 who built Pherae in Thessaly, where he 
 reigned. He married Clymene, by whom 
 
 he had Admetus and Lycurgus. A son 
 
 of Medea, stoned to death by the Corinth- 
 ians on account of his poisonous clothes 
 which he had given to Glauce, Creon's 
 
 daughter. A friend of ^Eneas killed by 
 
 Halesus. 
 
 Pheretias, a patronymic of Admetus, 
 son of Pheres. 
 
 Pheretima, the wife of Battus, king of 
 Cyrene, and mother of Arcesilaus. Aftf 
 her son's death, she recovered the kin^ 
 dom by means of Amasis king of Egypt % 
 and to avenge the murder of Arcesilaus, 
 she caused all his assassins to be crucified 
 round the walls of Cyrene, and she cut off 
 the breasts of their wives, and hung them 
 up near the bodies'of their husbands. 
 
PH 
 
 294 
 
 PH 
 
 Pherirtjm, a town of Thessa'y. 
 
 Pheron, a king of Egypt, who succeed- 
 ed Sesostris. 
 
 Pherusa, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Phiale, one of Diana's nymphs. A 
 
 celebrated courtezan. 
 
 Phialia, or Phicalia, a town of Arca- 
 dia. 
 
 Phialtjs, a king of Arcadia. 
 
 Phicores, a people near the Palus Mse- 
 otis. 
 
 Pkidias, a celebrated statuary of Athens, 
 who died B. C. 432. He made a statue of 
 Minerva, at the request of Pericles, which 
 was placed in the Pantheon. It was 
 made with ivory and gold, and measured 
 thirty-nine feet in height. His presump- 
 tion raised him many enemies, and he 
 was banished from Athens by the clamor- 
 ous populace. He. retired to Elis, where 
 he determined to revenge the ill-treatment 
 he had received from his countrymen, by 
 making a statue, which should eclipse the 
 fame of that of Minerva. He was success- 
 ful in the attempt ; and the statue he 
 made of Jupiter Olympius was always 
 reckoned the best of all his pieces, and 
 has passed for one of the wonders of the 
 world. 
 
 Phidile, a woman. Vid. Phidyle. 
 
 Phidippides, a celebrated courier, who 
 ran from Athens toLacedsRmon, about one 
 hundred and fifty-two English miles, in 
 two days, to ask of the Lacedaemonians 
 assistance against the Persians. The 
 Athenians raised a temple to his mem- 
 ory. 
 
 Phiditia, a public entertainment at 
 Sparta, where much frugality was observ- 
 ed. Fersons of all ages were admitted ; 
 the younger frequented it as a school of 
 temperance and sobriety, where they were 
 trained to good manners and useful know- 
 ledge, by the example and discourse of the 
 elders. 
 
 Phi don, a man who enjoyed the sove- 
 reign power at Argos, and is supposed to 
 have invented scales and measures, and 
 coined silver at iEgina. He died B. C. 
 854. An ancient legislator at Corinth. 
 
 Phidyle, a female servant of Horace. 
 
 Phigalei, a people of Peloponnesus, 
 near Messenia. 
 
 PmLA,the eldest daughter of Antipater, 
 who married Craterus. She afterwards 
 married Demetrius, and when her hus- 
 band had lost the kingdom of Macedonia, 
 she poisoned herself. A town of Mace- 
 donia. An island called also Phla. 
 
 Philadelphia, now Alah-sher, a town 
 
 of Lydia. Another in Cilicia Arabia 
 
 — Syria. 
 
 Philadelphia, a king of Paphlagonia, 
 who followed the interest of M. Antony. 
 
 The surname of one of the Ptolemies, 
 
 king of Egypt. 
 
 Phil.e, a town and island of Egypt. 
 
 ] Isis was worshipped there. One of ths 
 
 Sporades. 
 
 Philjeni, two brothers of Carthage. 
 When a contest arose between the Cyre- 
 neaiis and Carthaginians, about the extent 
 of their territories, it was mutually agreed, 
 that, at a stated hour, two men should 
 depart from each city, and that where- 
 ever they met, there they should fix the 
 boundaries of their country. The Philami 
 accordingly departed from Carthage, and 
 met the Cyreneans, when they had ad- 
 vanced far' into their territories. This 
 produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans 
 supported, that the Philaeni had left Car- 
 thage before the appointment, and that 
 therefore they must retire, or be buried in 
 the sand. The Philieni refused, upon 
 which they were overpowered by the Cy- 
 reneans, and accordingly buried in the 
 sand. 
 
 Phil.enis, or Phileris, a courtezan. 
 
 Phil.eus, a son of Ajax by Lyside, the 
 daughter of Coronus, one of the LapithcC. 
 Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended 
 
 from him. A son of Augeas, placed 
 
 upon his father's throne by Hercules. 
 
 Philammon, a celebrated musician, son 
 
 of Apollo and Chione. A man who 
 
 murdered Arsinoe, and who was slain by 
 her female attendants. 
 
 Philais-thus, a son of Prolaus of Elis, 
 killed at the Olympic games. 
 
 PHiLARcnus,a hero who gave assistance 
 to the Fhocians when the Persians invaded 
 Greece. 
 
 Philemon, a Greek comic poet, contem- 
 porary with Menander. Plautus imitated 
 some of his comedies. He lived to his 
 ninety-seventh year, and died, as it is re- 
 ported, of laughing on seeing an ass eat 
 
 figs, B. C. 274. His son, who bore the 
 
 same name, wrote fifty-four comedies, of 
 
 which some few fragments remain. A 
 
 poor man of Phrygia. An illegitimate 
 
 son of Priam. 
 
 Philene, a town of Attica, between 
 Athens and Tanagra. 
 
 Phileris, an immodest woman, whom, 
 Philocrates the poet lampooned. 
 
 Phileros, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Philesius, a leader of the ten thousand 
 Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa. 
 
 Philet.erus, an eunuch made governor 
 of Pergamus by Lysimachus. He quar- 
 relled with Lysimachus, and made him- 
 self master of Pergamus, where he laid 
 the foundations of a kingdom called the 
 
 kingdom of Pergamus, B. C. 283. A 
 
 Cretan general who revolted from Seleu- 
 cus, and was conquered. 
 
 Philetas, a grammarian and poet of 
 Cos, in the reign of king Philip, and of 
 his son Alexander the Great. He was 
 made preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
 The elegies and epigrams which he wrote 
 have been greatly commended by the an- 
 
FH 
 
 riJO 
 
 PH 
 
 cients, and some fragments of them are 
 still preserved in AtiiaaseUs. Aa histo- 
 rian. 
 
 Philetius, a faithful steward of Ulys- 
 ses. 
 
 Philidas, a friend of Pelopidas, who 
 favored the conspiracy formed to expel 
 the Spartans from Thebes. 
 
 Phtlides, a dealer in horses in the age 
 of Themistocles. 
 
 Philinna, mother of Arideeus, by Phil- 
 ip the father of Alexander. 
 
 Phi linus, a native of Agrigentum, who 
 fought with Annibal against the Romans. 
 He wrote a partial history of the Punic 
 wars. 
 
 Pkilippei, or Philtpit, certain pieces 
 of money coined in the reign of Philip of 
 Macedonia, and with his image. 
 
 Philippi, a town of Macedonia, an- 
 ciently called Dates, and situ? t te at the east 
 of the Strymon, became celebrated for 
 two battles which were fought there in 
 October, B. C. 4-2, at the interval of about 
 twenty days, between Augustus and An- 
 tony, and the republican forces of Brutus 
 and Cassias. 
 
 Philippides, a comic poet in Alexan- 
 der's age. A courier, called also Phi- 
 
 dippides. 
 
 Philippofolis, a town of Thrace, near 
 the Hebrus of Thessaly called Phil- 
 ippi. 
 
 Philippus first, son of Argeus, succeed- 
 ed his father on the throne of Macedonia, 
 and reigned thirty-eight years, B. C. 40. 
 
 The second of that name was the 
 
 fourth son of Amyntas, king of Macedo- 
 nia. He was sent to Thebes as an host- 
 age by his father, where he learned the art 
 of war under Epaminondas, and studied 
 with the greatest care the manners and 
 the pursuits of the Greeks. He was re- 
 called to Macedonia, and at the death of 
 his brother Perdiccas, he ascended the 
 throne as guardian and protector of the 
 youthful years of his nephew. His am- 
 bition, however, soon discovered itself, 
 and he made himself independent. The 
 neighboring nations, ridiculing the youth 
 and inexperience of the new king of Ma- 
 cedonia, appeared in arms, but Philip soon 
 convinced them of their error. Unable to 
 meet them as yet in the field of battle, he 
 suspended their fury by presents, and soon 
 turned his arms against Amphipolis, a 
 colony tributary to the Athenians. Am- 
 phipolis was conquered, and added to the 
 kingdom of Macedonia, and Philip medi- 
 tated no less than the destruction of a re- 
 public which had rendered itself so for- 
 midable to the rest of Greece, and had 
 even claimed submission from the princes 
 of Macedonia. His designs, however, 
 were as yet immature, and before he 
 could make Athens an object of conquest, 
 the Thracians and the Illvrians demanded 
 
 his attention. He made himself master 
 of a Thracian colony, to which he gave 
 the name of Philippi, and from which he 
 received the greatest advantages on ac- 
 count of the golden mines in the neigh- 
 borhood. In the midst of his political 
 prosperity, Philip did not neglect the hon- 
 or of his family. He married Olympias 
 the daughter of Neoptolemus, king of the 
 Molossi. Every thing seemed now to con- 
 spire to his aggrandizement, and he de- 
 clared his inimical sentiments against the 
 power of Athens and the independence of 
 Greece, by laying siege to Olynthus, a 
 place, which, on account of its situation 
 and consequence, would prove most inju- 
 rious to the interests of the Athenians, and 
 most advantageous to the intrigues and 
 military operations of every Macedonian 
 prince. The Athenians, roused by the 
 eloquence of Demosthenes, sent seven- 
 teen vessels and two thousand men to the 
 assistance of Olynthus, but the money of 
 Philip prevailed over all their efforts. The 
 greatest part of the citizens suffered them- 
 selves to be bribed by the Macedonian 
 gold, and Olynthus surrendered to the 
 enemy, and was instantly reduced to ruins. 
 His successes were as great in every part 
 of Greece, he was declared head of the 
 Amphictyonic council, and was intrusted 
 with the care of the sacred temple of Apol- 
 lo at Delphi. If he was recalled to Mace- 
 donia, it was only to add fresh laurels to 
 his crown, by victories over his enemies 
 in Illyricum and Thessaly. In his at- 
 tempts to make himself master of Eubcea, 
 Philip was unsuccessful ; and Phocion, 
 who despised his gold as well as his mean- 
 ness, obliged him to evacuate an island 
 whose inhabitants were as insensible to 
 the charms of money, as they were un- 
 moved at the horrors of war. From eu- 
 bcea he turned his arms against the Scythi- 
 ans, but the advantages he obtained over 
 this indigent nation were inconsiderable, 
 and he again made Greece an object of 
 plunder and rapine. He advanced far 
 into Boeotia, and a general engagement 
 was fought at Chajronea. The fight was 
 long and bloody, but Philip ■obtained the 
 victory. At this battle the independence 
 of Greece was extinguished ; and Philip, 
 unable to find new enemies in Europe, 
 formed new enterprises, and meditated 
 new conquests. -He was nominated gene- 
 ral of the Greeks against the Persians, and 
 was called upon as well from inclination 
 as duty to revenge those injuries which 
 Greece had suffered from the invasions of 
 Darius, and of Xerxes. But he was stop- 
 ped in the midst of his warlike prepara- 
 tions ; he was stabbed by Pausanias as he 
 entered the theatre at the celebration of 
 the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra. 
 The character of Philip is that of a saga- 
 cious, artful, prudent, and intriguing mon- 
 
PH 
 
 2% 
 
 PH 
 
 arch j he was brave in the field of battle, 
 eloquent and dissimulating at home, and 
 he possessed the wonderful art of chang- 
 ing his conduct according to the disposi- 
 tion and caprice of mankind, without ever 
 altering his purpose, or losing sight of his 
 ambitious aims. The last king of Mace- 
 donia, of that name, was son of Deme- 
 trius. His infancy, at the death of his fa- 
 ther, was protected by Antigonus, one of 
 his friends, who ascended the throne, and 
 reigned twelve years, with the title of in- 
 dependent monarch. When Antigonus 
 died, Philip recovered his father's throne, 
 though only fifteen years of age, and he 
 early distinguished himself by his bold- 
 ness and his ambitious views. His cruel- 
 ty, however, to Aratus, soon displayed his 
 character in its true light, and to the grati- 
 fication of every vice, and every extrava- 
 gant propensity, he had the meanness to 
 sacrifice this faithful and virtuous Athe- 
 nian. Not satisfied with the kingdom of 
 Macedonia, Philip aspired to become the 
 friend of Annibal, and wished to share 
 tvith him the spoils which the distresses 
 and continual loss of the Romans seemed 
 soon to promise. But his expectations 
 were frustrated, the Romans discovered 
 his intrigues, and though weakened by 
 the valor and artifice of the Carthaginian, 
 yet they were soon enabled to conquer 
 him in the field of battle. Philip died in 
 he forty-second year of his reign, one 
 hundred and seventy-nine years before 
 
 the Christian era. M. Julius, a Roman 
 
 emperor, of an obscure family in Arabia, 
 from whence he was surnamed Arabian. 
 From the lowest rank in the army he gradu- 
 ally rose to the highest offices, and when he 
 was made general of the pretorian guards 
 he assassinated Gordian to make himself 
 emperor. His usurpation, however, was 
 short, Philip was defeated by Decius, who 
 had proclaimed himself emperor in Pan- 
 nonia, and he was assassinated by his 
 own soldiers near Verona, in the forty- 
 fifth year of his age, and the fifth of his 
 reign, A. D. 249. His son who bore the 
 same name, and who had shared with him 
 the imperial dignity, was also massacred 
 
 in the arms of his mother. A native of 
 
 Acarnania, physician to Alexander the 
 
 Great A son of Alexander the Great. 
 
 A governor of Sparta. A Phrygian, 
 
 made governor of Jerusalem by Antiochus. 
 
 A brother of Alexander the Great, 
 
 called also Aridaeus. A freedman of 
 
 Pompey the Great. He found his master's 
 body deserted on the sea shore, in Egypt, 
 and gave it a decent burial. The fa- 
 ther-in-law of the emperor Augustus. 
 
 An officer made master of Parthia. A 
 
 son of Antipater in the army of Alexan- 
 der. A brother of Lysimachus. An 
 
 historian of Amphipolis. A Carthagi- 
 nian. A man who wrote an history of 
 
 Caria. A native of Megara.— — A na- 
 tive of Pamphylia, who wrote a diffuse 
 history from the creation down to his own 
 time. 
 
 Philiscus, a famous sculptor, whose 
 statues of Latona, Venus, Diana, the 
 Muses, and a naked Apollo, were preserv- 
 ed in the portico belonging to Octavia. 
 
 A Greek comic poet. An Athenian who 
 
 received Cicero when he fled to Macedo 
 nia. An officer of Artaxerxes, appoint- 
 ed to make peace with the Greeks. 
 Philistion, a comic poet of Nictea in 
 
 the age of Socrates. A physician of 
 
 Locris. 
 
 Philistus, a musician of Miletus. 
 
 A Syracusan, who during his banishment 
 from his native country wrote an history 
 of Sicily in twelve books. Pie was after- 
 wards sent against the Syracusans by 
 Dionysius the younger, and he killed him- 
 self when overcome by the enemy, 355 
 B.C. 
 
 Phillo, an Arcadian maid, by whom 
 Hercules had a son. 
 
 Philo, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, 
 A. D. 40, sent as ambassador from his na- 
 tion to Caligula. He was unsuccessful in 
 his embassy, of which he wrote an enter- 
 taining account ; and the emperor, who 
 wished to be worshipped as a god, express- 
 ed his dissatisfaction with the Jews, be- 
 cause they refused to place his statues in 
 
 their temples. A man who fell in love 
 
 with his daughter called Proserpine, as 
 
 she was bathing. A man who wrote an 
 
 account of a journey to Arabia. A phi- 
 losopher who followed the doctrines of 
 Carneades, B. C. 100. Another philos- 
 opher of Athens, tutor to Cicero. A 
 
 grammarian in the first century. An 
 
 architect of Byzantium. He built a dock 
 at Athens, where ships were drawn in 
 
 safety, and protected from storms. A 
 
 Greek Christian writer. A dialectic 
 
 philosopher, 260 B. C. 
 Philoeq;otus, a mountain of Bcpotia. 
 Philochorus, a man who wrote an his- 
 tory of Athens in seventeen books, a cata- 
 logue of the archons, two books of olym- 
 piads, &.c. He died B. C. 222. 
 
 Philocles, one of the admirals of the 
 Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnesian 
 war. He recommended to his country- 
 men to cut off" the right hand of such of 
 the enemies as were taken, that they 
 might be rendered unfit for service. His 
 plan was adopted by all the ten admirals 
 except one, but their expectations were 
 frustrated, and instead of being conquer- 
 ors, they were totally defeated at ^Egos- 
 potamos by Lysander, and Philocles, with 
 three thousand of his countrymen, was 
 put to death, and denied the honors of a 
 
 burial. A general of Ptolemy, king of 
 
 Egypt. A comic poet. Another, who 
 
 wrote tragedies at Athens. 
 
PH 
 
 297 
 
 PH 
 
 Philocrates, an Athenian, famous for 
 
 his treachery. A writer who published 
 
 an history of Thessaly. A servant of 
 
 C. Grachus. A Greek orator. 
 
 Philoctetes, son of Pcean and Demo- 
 nassa, was one of the Argonauts accord- 
 ing to Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm- 
 bearer and particular friend of Hercules. 
 He was called upon by Menelaus to ac- 
 company the Greeks to the Trojan war. 
 He immediately set sail from Meliboea with 
 seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the ge- 
 neral rendezvous of the combined fleet. 
 He was here prevented from joining his 
 countrymen, and a wound in his foot, 
 obliged the Greeks, at the instigation of 
 Ulysses, to remove him from the camp, 
 and he was accordingly carried to the 
 island of Lemnos, or as others say to 
 Chryse. In this solitary retreat he was 
 suffered to remain for some time, till the 
 Greeks, on the tenth year of the Trojan 
 war, were informed by the oracle that 
 Troy could not be taken without the ar- 
 rows of Hercules, which were then in 
 the possession of Philoctetes. Upon this 
 Ulysses, accompanied by Diomedes, was 
 commissioned by the rest of the Grecian 
 army to go to Lemnos, and to prevail upon 
 Philoctetes to come and finish the tedious 
 siege. Philoctetes recollected the ill treat- 
 ment he had received from the Greeks, and 
 particularly from Ulysses, and therefore he 
 not only refused to go to Troy, but he even 
 determined to go to Meliboea. As he em- 
 barke 1, the manes of Hercules forbade him 
 to proceed, but immediately to repair to 
 the Grecian camp, where he should be 
 cured of bis wounds, and put an end to 
 the war. Philoctetes obeyed, and after he 
 had been restored to his former health 
 by iEsculapius, he destroyed an immense 
 number of the Trojan enemy, among 
 whom was Paris, the son of Priam, with 
 the arrows of Hercules. When by his 
 valor Troy had been ruined, he set sail 
 from Asia, but as he was unwilling to visit 
 his native country, he came to Italy, 
 where, by the assistance of his Thessal'an 
 followers, he was enabled to build a town 
 in Calabria, which be called Petilia. 
 
 Philoctprus, a prince of Cyprus in the 
 age of Solon. 
 
 Philodamea, one of the Danaides, mo- 
 ther of Phares by Mercury. 
 
 Philodemus, a poet in the age of Cicero. 
 A comic poet ridiculed by Aristo- 
 phanes. 
 
 Philodice, a daughter of Inachus, who 
 married Leucippus. 
 
 Philolaus, a son of Minos, by the 
 nymph Paria. Hercules put him to death, 
 because he had killed two of his compan- 
 ions. A Pythagorean philosopher of 
 
 Crotona, B. C. 374 ,who first supported the 
 diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, 
 and its annual motion round the sun. 
 
 A lawgiver of Thebes. He was a native 
 of Corinth, and of the family of the Bac- 
 
 chiades. A mechanic of Tarentum. 
 
 A surname of ^Esculapius, who had 
 
 a temple in Laconia, near the Asopus. 
 
 Philologus, a freedman of Cicero. He 
 betrayed his master to Antony, for which 
 he was tortured by Pomponia, the wife of 
 Cicero's brother, and obliged to cut off his 
 own flesh by piecemeal, and to boil and 
 eat it up. 
 
 Philomache, the wife of Pelias, king 
 of Iolchos. According to some writers, 
 she was daughter to Amphion, king of 
 Thebes, though she is more generally call- 
 ed Anaxibia, daughter of Bias. 
 
 Philombrotus, an archon at Athens, in 
 whose age the state was intrusted to So- 
 lon, when torn by factions. 
 
 Philomedus, a man who made himself 
 absolute in Phocsea, by promising to assist 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 Philomela, a daughter of Pandion, kin 
 of Athens, and sister to Procne, who had 
 married Tereus king of Thrace. Procne 
 separated from Philomela, to whom she 
 was particularly attached, spent her time 
 in great melancholy till she prevailed upon 
 her husband to go to Athens, and bring 
 her sister to Thrace. Tereus obeyed his 
 wife's injunctions, but he had no sooner 
 obtained Pandion's permission to conduct 
 Philomela to Thrace, than he became 
 enamored of her, and resolved to gratify 
 his passion. He dismissed the guards, 
 whom the suspicions of Pandion had ap- 
 pointed to watch his conduct, and he of- 
 fered violence to Philomela, and after 
 wards cut off her tongue, that she might 
 not be able to discover his barbarity, and 
 the indignities which she had suffered. 
 He confined her also in a lonely castle, 
 and after he had taken every precaution 
 to prevent a discovery, he returned to 
 Thrace, and he told Procne that Philomela 
 had died by the way, and that he had paid 
 the last offices to her remains. Procne, at 
 this sad intelligence, put on mourning for 
 the loss of Philomela ; but a year had 
 scarcely elapsed before she was secretly 
 informed, that her sister was not dead. 
 Philomela, during her captivity, described 
 on a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and 
 the brutality of Tereus, and privately con- 
 veyed it to Procne. She was then going 
 to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus when 
 she received it ; she disguised her resent- 
 ment, and as during- the festivals of the 
 god of wine, she was permitted to. rove 
 about the country, she hastened to deliver 
 her sister Philomela from her confine- 
 ment, and she concerted with her on the 
 best measures of punishing the cruelty of 
 Tereus. She murdered her son Itylus, 
 who was in the sixth year of his age, and 
 served him up as food before her husband 
 during the festival. Tereus in the midst 
 N* 
 
PH 
 
 298 
 
 PH 
 
 of his repast, called for Itylus, but Procne 
 immediately informed him, that he was 
 then feasting on his flesh, and that instant 
 Philomela, by throwing on the table the 
 head of Itylus, convinced the monarch of 
 the cruelty of the scene. He drew his 
 sword to punish Procne and Philomela, 
 but as he was going to stab them to the 
 heart, he was changed into a hoopoe, 
 Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into 
 a swallow, and Itylus into a pheasant. 
 A daughter of Actor, king of the Myr- 
 midons. 
 
 Philomelum, a town of Phrygia. 
 
 Philomelus, a general of Phocis, who 
 plundered the temple of Delphi, and died 
 B. C. 354. A rich musician. 
 
 Philon, a general of some Greeks, who 
 settled in Asia. 
 
 Philonides, a courier of Alexander, 
 who ran from Sicyori to Elis, one hundred 
 and sixty miles, in nine hours, and re- 
 turned the same journey in fifteen hours. 
 
 Philoxis, a name of Chione, daughter 
 of UaedalioB, made immortal by Diana. 
 
 Philonoe, a daughter of Tyndarus, 
 king of Sparta, by Leda daughter of Thes- 
 
 tius. A daughter of Iobates, king of 
 
 Lycia, who married Beilerophon. 
 
 Philosome, a daughter of Nyctimus, 
 king of Arcadia, who threw into the Ery- 
 manthUs two children whom she had by 
 Mars. The children were preserved, and 
 afterwards ascended their grandfather's 
 
 throne. The second wife of Cycnus, 
 
 the son of Neptune. 
 
 Philono.vjs, a son of Electryon, king 
 of Mycenae by Anaxo. 
 
 Philonus, a village of Egypt. 
 
 Philopator, a surname of one of the 
 Ptolemies, king of Egypt. 
 
 Philophron, a general, who with five 
 thousand soldiers defended Pelusium 
 against the Greeks who invaded Egypt. 
 
 Philopcemen, a celebrated general of 
 the Achaean league, born at Megalopolis. 
 His father's name was Grangis. His edu- 
 cation was begun and finished under Cas- 
 sander, Ecdemus, and Demophanes, and 
 he early distinguished himself in the field 
 of battle, and appeared fond of agriculture 
 and a country life. He proposed himself 
 Epaminondas for a model, and he was 
 not unsuccessful in imitating the prudence 
 and the simplicity, the disinterestedness 
 and activity of this famous Theban. Rais- 
 ed to the rank of chief commander, he 
 showed his ability to discharge that impor- 
 tant trust, by killing with his own hand 
 Mechanidas, the tyrant of Sparta ; and if 
 he was defeated in a naval battle by Na- 
 bis, he soon after repaired his losses by 
 taking the capital of Laconia, B. C. 188, 
 and by abolishing the laws of Lycurgus. 
 The death of Philopcemen, which happened 
 about one hundred and eighty -three years 
 before the Christian era. in his seventieth 
 
 year, was universally lamented. A na- 
 tive of Pergamus, who died B. C. 138. 
 
 Philostratus, a famous sophist, born 
 at Lemnos, or according to some at Ath- 
 ens. His nephew, who lived in the 
 
 reign of Heliogabalus, wrote an account 
 
 of sophists. A philosopher in the reign 
 
 of Nero. Another in the age of Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 Philotas, a son of Parmenio, distin- 
 guished in the battles of Alexander, and 
 at last accused of conspiring against his 
 life. He was tortured, and stoned to 
 death, or, according to some, stuck through 
 
 with darts by the soldiers, B. C. 330. 
 
 An officer in the army of Alexander. 
 
 Another, who was made master of Cili- 
 cia, after Alexander's death. A physi- 
 cian in the age of Antony. He ridiculed 
 the expenses and the extravagance of this 
 celebrated Roman. 
 
 Philotera, the mother of Mylo. 
 
 Philotimus, a freedman of Cicero. 
 
 Philotis, a servant maid at Rome, who 
 saved her countrymen from destruction. 
 
 Philoxenus, an officer of Alexander, 
 who received Cilicia, at the general di- 
 vision of the provinces. A son of 
 
 Ptolemy, who was given to Pelopidas as 
 
 an hostage. A dithyrambic Doet of Cy- 
 
 thera, who enjoyed the favor of Diony- 
 sius, tyrant of Sicily, for some time, till 
 he offended him by seducing one of his 
 female singers. For this he was con- 
 demned to the quarries, from which he 
 was reprieved to listen to the tyrant's 
 verses. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 
 three hundred and eighty years before 
 
 Christ. A celebrated musician of Ionia. 
 
 A painter of Eretria. He was pupil 
 
 to Nicomachus. A philosopher, who 
 
 wished to have the neck of a crane, that 
 he might enjoy the taste of his aliments 
 longer, and with more pleasure. 
 
 Philyllius, a comic poet. 
 
 Philyra, one of the Oceanides. She 
 was metamorphosed into the linden tree, 
 called by her name among the Greeks. 
 The wife of Nauplius. 
 
 Philyres, a people near Pontus. 
 
 Philyrides, a patronymic of Chiron, 
 the son of Philyra. 
 
 Phineus, a son of Agenor, king of Phoe- 
 nicia, or according to some of Neptune, 
 who became king of Thrace. He married 
 Cleopatra the daughter of Boreas, by 
 whom he had Plexippus and Pandion. 
 After the death of Cleopatra, he married 
 Idaea, the daughter of Dardanus. Idaea, 
 jealous of Cleopatra's children, accused 
 them of attempts upon their father's life 
 and crown, and they were immediately 
 condemned by Phineus to be deprived of 
 their eyes. This cruelty was soon after 
 punished by the gods, Phineus suddenly 
 became blind, and the Harpies were sent 
 by Jupiter to keep him under continual 
 
PII 
 
 299 
 
 PH 
 
 alarm, and to spoil the meats which were 
 placed on his table. He was sometime af- 
 ter delivered from these dangerous mon- 
 sters by his brothers-in-law, Zetes and 
 Calais, who pursued them as far as the 
 Strophades. Phineus was killed by Her- 
 cules. The brother of Cepheus, king 
 
 of ^Ethiopia. He was going to marry his 
 niece Andromeda, when her father Ce- 
 pheus was obliged to give her up to be 
 devoured by a sea-monster, to appease the 
 resentment of Neptune. She was, how- 
 ever, delivered by Perseus, who turned 
 into stone Phineus, and his companions, 
 
 by showing them the Gorgon's head. 
 
 A son of Melas. A son of Lycaon, king 
 
 of Arcadia. A son of Belus and An- 
 
 chinoe. 
 
 Phinta, a king of Messenia. 
 
 Phinthias, a fountain where it is said 
 aothing could sink. 
 
 Phintia, a town of Sicily, at the mouth 
 of the Himera. 
 
 Phin-tias, called also Pithias, Pinthias, 
 and Phytias, a man famous for his un- 
 paralleled friendship for Damon. A ty- 
 rant of Agrigentum, B. C. 282. 
 
 Phinto, a small island between Sar- 
 dinia and Corsica, now Figo. 
 
 Phla, a small island in the lake Tri- 
 ton is. 
 
 Phlegelas, an Indian king beyond the 
 Hydaspes, who surrendered to Alexander. 
 
 Phlegethon, a river of hell. 
 
 Pheegias, a man of Cyzicus, when the 
 Argonauts visited it, <fcc. 
 
 Phlegok, a native of Tralles in Lydia, 
 one of the emperor Adrian's freedmen. 
 He wrote different treatises on the long 
 lived, on wonderful things, besides an 
 historical account of Sicily, sixteen books 
 on the olympiads, an account of the prin- 
 cipal places in Rome, three books of fasti, 
 &c. Of these some fragments remain. 
 
 One of the horses of the sun. The 
 
 word signifies burning. 
 
 Phlerea, or Phlegr^us campus, a 
 place of Macedonia, afterwards called Pal- 
 lene, where the giants attacked the gods 
 and were defeated by Hercules. 
 
 Fhlegyje, a people of Thessaly. Some 
 authors place them in Brent ia. 
 
 Phlegyas, a son of Mars by Chryse, 
 daughter of Halmus, was king of the La- 
 pitba? in Thessaly. He was father of 
 Ixion and Coronis, to whom Apollo offer- 
 ed violence. When the father heard that 
 his daughter had been so wantonly abus- 
 ed, he marched an army against Delphi, 
 and reduced the temple of the god to 
 ashes. This was higiily resented, Apol- 
 lo killed Phlesryas and placed him in hell, 
 where a huge stone hangs over his head, 
 and keeps him in continual alarms, by its 
 appearance of falling every moment. 
 
 Phlias, one of the Argonauts, son of 
 Bacchus and Ariadne. 
 
 Pkliasia, a country of Peloponnesus, 
 near Sicyon, of which Phlius was the cap- 
 ital. 
 
 Phlius, a town in Peloponnesus, now 
 
 Staphlica, in the territory of Sicyon. 
 
 Another in Elis. Another in Argolis, 
 
 now Drepano. 
 
 Phlceus, a surname of Bacchus, ex- 
 pressive of his youth and vigo:\ 
 
 Phobetoh, one of the sons of Somnus, 
 and his principal minister. His office was 
 to assume the shape of serpents and wild 
 beasts, to inspire terror in the minds of 
 men. 
 
 Phobos, son of Mars, and god of terror 
 among the ancients, was represented with 
 a lion's head, and sacrifices were offered 
 to him to deprecate his appearance in ar- 
 mies. 
 
 Phocea, now Fuchla, a maritime town 
 of Ionia, in Asia Minor, with two har- 
 bors, between Curate and Smyrna, found- 
 ed by an Athenian colony. The town of 
 Marseilles is often distinguished by the 
 epithet of Phocaica, and its inhabitants 
 called Phoccsenses. 
 
 Phocenses and Phocici, the inhabit- 
 ants of Phocis in Greece. 
 
 Phocilides, a Greek poet and philoso- 
 pher of Miletus, about five hundred and 
 forty years before the Christian era. 
 
 Phocion, an Athenian celebrated for 
 his virtues, private as well as public. He 
 was educated in the school of Plato, and 
 of Xenocrates, and as soon as he appeared 
 among the statesmen of Athens, he dis- 
 tinguished himself by his prudence and 
 moderation, his zeal for the public good, 
 and his military abilities. During the time 
 of his administration he was always in- 
 clined to peace, though he never suffered 
 his countrymen to become indolent, and 
 to forget the jealousy and rivalship of their 
 neighbors. He was forty five times ap- 
 pointed governor of Athens, and no greater 
 encomium can be passed upon his talents 
 as a minister and statesman, than that he 
 never solicited that high, though danger- 
 ous office. In his rural retreat, or at the 
 head of the Athenian armies, he always 
 appeared barefooted, and without a cloak, 
 whence one of his soldiers had occasion 
 to observe when he saw him dressed more 
 warmly than usual during a severe win- 
 ter, that siuce Phocion wore his cloak it 
 was a sign of the most inclement wea- 
 ther. If he was the friend of temperance 
 and discipline, he was not a less brilliant 
 example of true heroism. Philip, as well 
 as his son Alexander, attempted to bribe 
 him, but. to no purpose ; and Phocion 
 boasted in being one of the poorest of the 
 Athenians, and in deserving the appella- 
 tion of the Good. But virtues like these 
 could not long stand against the insolence 
 and fickleness of an Athenian assembly. 
 When the Pirseas was taken, Phocion was 
 
PH 
 
 300 
 
 PH 
 
 accused of treason, and therefore, to avoid 
 the public indignation, he fled for safety 
 to Polyperchon. Polyperchon sent him 
 back to Athens, where he was immedi- 
 ately condemned to drink the fatal poison. 
 He received the indignities of the people 
 with uncommon composure ; and when 
 one of his friends lamented his fate, Pho- 
 cion exclaimed, This is no more than what 
 I expected ; this treatment the most illustrious 
 citizens of Athens have received before me. 
 He died about three hundred and eighteen 
 years before the Christian era. His body 
 was deprived of a funeral "by order of the 
 ungrateful Athenians, and if it was at last 
 interred, it was by stealth, under a hearth, 
 by the hand of a woman who placed this 
 inscription over his bones : Keep inviolate, 
 O sacred hearth, the precious remains of a 
 good man, till a better day restores them to 
 the monuments of their forefathers, when 
 Athens shall be delivered of her phrenzy, 
 and shall be more wise. 
 
 Phocis, a country of Greece, bounded 
 on the east by Bceotia, and by Locris on 
 the west. It originally extended from the 
 bay of Corinth to the sea of Eubaea, and 
 reached on the north as far as Thermopy- 
 lae, but its boundaries were afterwards 
 more contracted. Parnassus was the most 
 celebrated of the mountains of Phocis, and 
 Delphi was the greatest of its towns. 
 Phocis is rendered famous for a war which 
 it maintained against some of the Grecian 
 republics, and which has received the 
 name of the Phocian war. 
 
 Phocus, son of Phocion, was dissolute 
 in his manners, and unworthy of the vir- 
 tues of his great father. He was sent to 
 Lacedaemon to imbibe there the princi- 
 ples of sobriety, of temperance, and fru- 
 gality. He cruelly revenged the death of 
 his father, whom the Athenians had put 
 
 to death. A son of ^Eacus by Psamathe, 
 
 killed by Telamon. A son of Ornytion, 
 
 who led a colony of Corinthians into Pho- 
 cis. 
 
 Phcebas, a name applied to the priestess 
 of Apollo's temple at Delphi. 
 
 Phoebe, a name given to Diana, or the 
 moon, on account of the brightness of that 
 
 luminary. A daughter of Leucippus 
 
 and Philodice, carried away with her sis- 
 ter Hilaira, by Castor and Pollux, as she 
 was going to marry one of the sons of 
 Aphareus. 
 
 Phozbeum, a place near Sparta. 
 
 Phcebidas, a Lacedaemonian general, 
 sent by the Ephori to the assistance of the 
 Macedonians against the Thracians. He 
 died B. C. 377. 
 
 Phcebigena, a surname of ^Esculapius, 
 &c. as being descended from Phcebus. 
 
 Phcebus, a name given to Apollo or the 
 sun. This word expresses the brightness 
 and splendor of that luminary. 
 
 Phcemos, a lake of Arcadia. 
 
 Phcenice, or Phoenicia, a country of 
 Asia, at the east of the Mediterranean, 
 whose boundaries have been different in 
 different ages. Sidon and Tyre were the 
 most capital towns of the country. The 
 inhabitants were naturally industrious, 
 the invention of letters is attributed to 
 them, and commerce and navigation were 
 among them in the most flourishing state. 
 
 Phcenice, a town of Epirus. 
 
 Phcenicia. Vid. Phcenice. 
 
 Phcenicus, a mountain of Baeotia. 
 
 Another in Lycia, called also Olympus, 
 
 with a town of the same name. A port 
 
 of Erythrae. 
 
 Phoenicusa, now Felicudi, one of the 
 iEolian islands. 
 
 Phcenissa, a patronymic given to Dido 
 as a native of Phcenicia. 
 
 Phcenix, son of Amyntor kingof Argos, 
 by Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was precept- 
 or to young Achilles. According to some, 
 Amyntor himself put out the eyes of his 
 son, which so cruelly provoked him, that 
 he meditated the death of his father. 
 Reason and piety, however, prevailed 
 over passion, and Phcenix, not to become 
 a parricide, fled from Argos to the court 
 of Peleus, king of Phthia. Here he was 
 treated with tenderness, Peleus carried 
 him to Chiron, who restored him to his 
 eye-sight, and soon after he was made 
 preceptor to Achilles, his benefactor's son. 
 He was also presented with the govern- 
 ment of many cities, and made king of 
 the Dolopes. He accompanied his pupil 
 to the Trojan war, and Achilles was ever 
 grateful for the instructions and precepts 
 which he had received from Phcenix. Af- 
 ter the death of Achilles, Phoenix, with 
 others, was commissioned by the Greeks 
 to return into Greece, to bring to the war 
 young Pyrrhus. This commission he per- 
 formed with success, and after the fall of 
 Troy, he returned with Pyrrhus, and died 
 in Thrace. He was buried at JEon, or, 
 according to Strabo, near Trachinia, 
 where a small river in the neighborhood 
 
 received the name of Phoenix. A son 
 
 of Agenor, by a nymph who was called 
 Telephassa. He was, like his brothers, 
 Cadmus and Cilix, sent by his father in 
 pursuit of his sister Europa, whom Jupi- 
 ter had carried away under the form of a 
 bull, and when his inquiries proved un- 
 successful, he settled in a country which, 
 according to some, was from him called 
 Phoenicia. From him, as some suppose, 
 
 the Carthaginians were called Pceni. 
 
 The father of Adonis, according to He- 
 siod. ATheban, delivered to Alexan- 
 der, &c. A native of Tenedos, who 
 
 was an officer in the service of Eumenes. 
 Pholoe, one of the horses of Adinetus. 
 
 A mountain of Arcadia, near Pisa. 
 
 A female servant, of Cretan origin, given 
 with her two sons to Sergestus by /Ene- 
 
PH 
 
 301 
 
 PH 
 
 as. A courtezan in the age of Ho- 
 race. 
 
 Pholus, one of the Centaurs, son of 
 Silenus and Melia, or, according toothers, 
 of Ixion and the cloud. He kindly en- 
 tertained Hercules « lien he was going 
 against the boar of Erymanthus, but he 
 refused to give him wine, as that which 
 he had belonged to the rest of the Cen- 
 tatirs. Hercules, upon this, without cere- 
 mony, broke the cask and drank the wine. 
 The smell of the liquor drew the Cen- 
 taurs from the neighborhood to the house 
 of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them 
 when they forcibly entered the habitation 
 of his friend, and killed the greatest part 
 of them. Pholus gave the dead a decent 
 funeral, but he mortally wounded himself 
 with one of the arrows which were poi- 
 soned with the venom of the hydra, and 
 which he attempted to extract from the 
 body of one of the Centaurs. Hercules, 
 unable to cure him, buried him when 
 dead, and called the mountain where his 
 remains were deposited by the name of 
 
 Pholoe. One of the friends of iEneas 
 
 killed by Turnus. 
 
 PnoRBis, a son of Priam and Epithesia, 
 killed during the Trojan war, by Mene- 
 laiis. The god Somnus borrowed his fea- 
 tures when he deceived Palinurus, and 
 threw him into the sea near the coast of 
 
 Italy. A son of Lapithus, who married 
 
 Hyrmine, the daughter of Epeus, by 
 
 whom he had Actor. A shepherd of 
 
 Polybus king of Corinth. -A man who 
 
 profaned Apollo's temple. A King of 
 
 Argos. A native of Syrene, son of 
 
 Methion, killed by Perseus. 
 
 Phorcus, or Phorcys, a sea deity, son 
 of Pontus and Terra. One of the aux- 
 iliaries of Priam, killed by Ajax, during 
 
 the Trojan war. A man whose seven 
 
 sons assisted Turnus against ^Eneas. 
 
 Phormio, an Athenian general, whose 
 father's name was Asopicus. He impov- 
 erished himself to maintain and support 
 
 the dignity of his army. A general of 
 
 Crotona. A Peripatetic philosopher of 
 
 Ephesus. An Athenian archon. A 
 
 disciple of Plato. 
 
 Phormis, an Arcadian who acquired 
 great riches at the court of Gelon and Hie- 
 ro in Sicily. 
 
 Phoroneus, the god of a river of Pelo- 
 ponnesus of the same name, and second 
 king of Argos. Phoroneus taught his sub- 
 jects the utility of laws, and the advan- 
 tages of a social life, and of friendly inter- 
 course, whence the inhabitants of Argolis 
 are often called Phoronmi. Phoroneus 
 was the first who raised a temple to Juno. 
 He received divine honors after death. 
 
 Phoronis, a patronymic of Io, as sister 
 of Phoroneus. 
 
 Phoronium, a town of Argolis. 
 
 Photinus, an eunuch who was prime 
 
 minister to Ptolemy, king of Egypf, 
 When Ca?sar triumphed over Egypt and 
 Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus, and 
 of some of the Egyptians, were carried in 
 the procession at Rome. 
 
 Photius, a son of Antonina, who be- 
 trayed to Belisarius his wife's debauche- 
 ries.^ — A patrician in Justinian's reign. 
 Phoxus, a general of the Phocaeans,, 
 
 who burnt Lampsacus. A tyrant of 
 
 Chalcis, banished by his subjects. 
 
 Phraates 1st, a king of Parthia, who* 
 succeeded Arsaces the 3d, called also 
 Phriapatius. He left many children be- 
 hind him, but as they were all too young, 
 and unable to succeed to the throne, he 
 appointed his brother Mithridates king, of 
 whose abilities, and military prudence, 
 
 he had often, been a spectator. The 2d,, 
 
 succeeded his father Mithridates as king 
 of Parthia. He was murdered by some 
 Greek mercenaries, who had been once 
 his captives, and who had enlisted in his 
 
 army, B. C. 129. The 3d, succeeded 
 
 his father Pacorus on the throne of Par- 
 thia, and gave one of his daughters in 
 marriage to Tigranes, the son of Tigranes 
 king of Armenia. Soon after he invaded 
 the kingdom of Armenia, to make his son- 
 in-law sit on the throne of his father. At 
 his return in Parthia, he was assassinated: 
 
 by his sons Orodes and Mithridates. 
 
 The 4th, was nominated king of Parthia 
 by his father Orodes, whom he soon after 
 murdered, as also his own brothers. He 
 made war against M. Antony with great 
 success, and obliged him to retire with 
 much loss. He was murdered by one of 
 his concubines, who placed her son called 
 
 Phraatices on the throne. A prince of 
 
 Parthia in the reign of Tiberius. A 
 
 satrap of Parthia. 
 
 Phraatices, a son of Phraates 4th. He,, 
 with his mother, murdered his father, and 
 took possession of the vacant throne. His 
 reign was short. 
 
 Phradates, an officer in the army of 
 Darius at the battle of Arbela. 
 
 Phragand^e, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Phrahates, the same as Phraates. 
 
 Phranicates, a general of the Parthian 
 armies. 
 
 Phraortes succeeded his father Deio- 
 ces on the throne of Media. He was de- 
 feated and killed in a battle by the Assy- 
 rians, after a reign of twenty-two years, 
 
 B. C. 625. A king of India remarkable 
 
 for his frugality. 
 
 Phrasicles, a nephew of Themistocles, 
 whose daughter Nicomacha he married. 
 
 Phrasimus, the father of Praxithea. 
 
 Phrasius, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacri- 
 ficed on an altar by Busiris king of Egypt. 
 
 Phrataphernes, a general of the Mas- 
 sagetae, who surrendered to Alexander. 
 A satrap who, after the death of Da- 
 rius, fled to Hyrcania. 
 
PH 
 
 302 
 
 PH 
 
 Phriapatius, a king of Parthia, who 
 flourished, B. C. 195. 
 
 Phricium, a town near Thermopylae 
 
 Phrixus, a river of Argolis. There is 
 also a small town of that name in Elis, 
 built by the Minyae. 
 
 Phronima, a daughter of Etearchus, 
 king of Crete. She was delivered to a 
 servant to be thrown into the sea, by order 
 of her father, at the instigation of his 
 second wife. The servant was unwilling 
 to murder the child, but as he was bound 
 by an oath to throw her into the sea, he 
 accordingly let her down into the water 
 by a rope, and took her out again unhurt. 
 
 Phrontis, son of Onetor, pilot of the 
 ship of Menelaus, after the Trojan war 
 One of the Argonauts. 
 
 Phruri, a Scythian nation. 
 
 Phryges, a river of Asia Minor. 
 
 Phrygia, a country of Asia Minor, gen- 
 erally divided into Phrygia Major and 
 Minor. The Phrygians, like all other na- 
 tions, were called barbarians by the 
 Greeks ; their music was of a grave and 
 solemn nature, when opposed to the brisk- 
 er and more cheerful Lydian airs. A 
 
 city of Thrace. 
 
 Phryne, a courtezan who flourished at 
 Athens about three hundred and twenty- 
 eight years before the Christian era. 
 
 There was also another of the same name 
 who was accused of impiety. When she 
 saw that she was going to be condemned, 
 she unveiled her bosom, which so influ- 
 enced her judges, that she was immedi- 
 ately acquitted. 
 
 Phrynicus, a general of Samos, who 
 endeavored to betray his country to the 
 
 Athenians. A flatterer at Athens. 
 
 A tragic poet of Athens, disciple to Thes- 
 pis. He was the first who introduced a 
 
 female character on the stage. A comic 
 
 poet. 
 
 Phrynis, a musician of Mitylene, the 
 first who obtained a musical prize at the 
 Panathenaea at Athens. He added two 
 strings to the lyre, which had always been 
 used with seven by all his predecessors, 
 
 B. C. 438. A writer in the reign of 
 
 Commodus. 
 
 Phryno, a celebrated general of Athens, 
 who died B. C. 590. 
 
 Phryxus, a son of Athamas, king of 
 Thebes, by Nephele. After the repudia- 
 tion of his mother, he was persecuted 
 with the most inveterate fury by his step- 
 mother Ino. He was apprized of Ino's 
 intentions upon his life, by his mother 
 Nephele, and the better to make his es- 
 cape, he secured part of his father's treas- 
 ures, and privately left Bceotia with his 
 sister Helle. They embarked on board a 
 ship, or, according to the fabulous account 
 of the poets and mythologists, they mount- 
 ed on the back of a ram whose fleece was 
 of gold, and proceeded on their journey 
 
 through the air. The height to which 
 they were carried made Helle giddy, and 
 she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her a 
 decent burial on the sea shore, and after 
 he had called the place Hellespont from 
 her name, he continued his flight, and ar- 
 rived safe in the kingdom of iEetes, where 
 lie offered the ram on the altars of Mars. 
 The king received him with great tender- 
 ness, and gave him his daughter Chal- 
 ciope in marriage. Some time after 
 he was murdered by his father-in-law 
 Phryxus was placed among the constella- 
 tions of heaven after death. A small 
 
 river of Argolis. 
 
 Phthia, a town of Phthiotis, at the 
 east of mount Othrys in Thessaly, where 
 
 Achilles was born. A nymph of 
 
 Achaia, beloved by Jupiter. A daugh- 
 ter of Amphiori and Niobe, killed by Diana. 
 
 Phthiotis, a small province of Thes- 
 saly, also called Achaia. 
 
 Phya, a tall and beautiful woman of 
 Attica, whom Pisistratus, when he wish- 
 ed to re-establish himself a third time in 
 his tyranny, dressed like the goddess Mi- 
 nerva, and led to the city on a chariot, 
 making the populace believe that the god- 
 dess herself came to restore him to pow- 
 er. The artifice succeeded. 
 
 Phycus, a promontory, near Cyrene, 
 now called Ras-al-sem. 
 
 Phylace, a town of Thessaly, built by 
 
 Phylacus. A town of Arcadia. A 
 
 town of Epirus. 
 
 Phylacus, a son of Deion, king of Pho- 
 cis. 
 
 Phylarchus, a Greek biographer, who 
 flourished B. C. 221. 
 
 Phylas, a king of Ephyre, son of Anti- 
 ochus, and grandson of Hercules. 
 
 Phyle, a well fortified village of Attica. 
 
 Phyleis, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Phyleus, one of the Greek captains 
 
 during the Trojan war. A son of Au- 
 
 geas, placed on his father's throne by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Phylla, the wife of Demetrius Polior- 
 cetes, and mother of Stratonice, the wife 
 of Seleucus. 
 
 Phyllalia, a part of Arcadia. A 
 
 place in Thessaly. 
 
 Phylleius, a mountain, country, and 
 town of Macedonia. 
 
 Phyllis, a daughter of Sithon, or, ac- 
 cording to others, of Lycurgus, king of 
 Thrace, who hospitably received Demo- 
 phoon the son of Theseus, who, at his re- 
 turn from the Trojan war, had stopped 
 on her coasts. She became enamored of 
 him, and did not find him insensible to her 
 passion. After some months of mutual 
 tenderness and affection, Demophoon set 
 sail for Athens, where his domestic affairs 
 recalled him. He promised faithfully to 
 return as soon as a month was expired ; 
 but either his dislike for Phvllis, or the 
 
ri 
 
 303 
 
 PI 
 
 irreparable situation of his afTiirs, obii^ud 
 him to violate his engagement, and t!ie 
 queen threw herself down a precipice iiuo 
 the sea, and perished. Her f;iends raised 
 a tomb over her body, where there grew 
 up certain trees, whose leaves, at a par- 
 ticular season of the year, suddenly be- 
 came wet, as if shedding tears for the 
 
 death of Phyllis. A country woman 
 
 introduced in Virgil's eclogues. The 
 
 nurse of the emperor Domitian. A 
 
 country of Thrace near mount Pangfeus. 
 
 Phyllius, a young Bceotian, uncom- 
 monly fond of Cygnus, the son of Hyria, 
 a woman of Boeotia. Cygnus slighted his 
 passion, and told him that, to obtain a 
 return of affection, he must previously de- 
 stroy an enormous lion, take alive two 
 large vultures, and sacrifice on Jupiter's 
 altar's a wild bull that infested the coun- 
 try. This he easily effected by means of 
 artifice, and by the advice of Hercules he 
 forgot his partiality for the son of Hyria. 
 
 A Spartan remarkable for the courage 
 
 with which he fought against Pyrrhus, 
 king of Epirus. 
 
 Phyllodoce, one of Cyrene's attend- 
 ant nymphs. 
 
 Phyllos, a country of ( Arcadia. — A 
 
 town of Thessaly near' Lanssa, where 
 Apollo had a temple. 
 
 Phyllus, a general of Phocis during 
 the Phocian or sacred war against the 
 Thebans. He had assumed the command 
 after the death of his brothers Philomelus 
 and Onomarchus. 
 
 Physcella, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Physcion, a famous rock of Bosotia, 
 which was the residence of the Sphynx. 
 
 Pkyscoa, a woman of Elis, mother of 
 Jiareceus, by Bacchus. 
 
 Physcot*, a surname of one of the Pto- 
 femies, kings of Egypt. 
 
 Physcos, a town of Caria, opposite 
 Rhodes. 
 
 Physcus, a river of Asia falling into the 
 Tigris. 
 
 Phytalides, the descendant of Phyta- 
 lus, a man who hospitably received and 
 entertained Ceres, when she visited Atti- 
 ca. 
 
 Phyton, a general of the people of 
 Rhegium against Dionysius the tyrant of 
 Sicily. He was taken by the enemy and 
 tortured, B. C. 387. 
 
 Phyxium, a town of Elis. 
 
 Pia, or Pialia, festivals instituted in 
 honor of Adrian, by the emperor Antoni- 
 nus. 
 
 Piasus, a general of the Pelasgi. 
 
 Piceni, the inhabitants of Picenum, 
 called also Picentes. 
 
 Picentia, the capital of the Picentini. 
 
 Picentini, a people of Ita'y, between 
 Lucania and Campania on the Tusc :n 
 sea. 
 
 Picskum, or Picenus ager, a country 
 
 of Italy near the Umbrians and Sabines, 
 on the borders of the Adriatic. 
 
 Picra, a lake of Africa. 
 
 Pictjej or Picti, a people of Scythia, 
 called also A^atinjr.^v. They received 
 this name from their painting their bodies 
 with different colors, to appear more ter- 
 rible in the eyes of their enemies. 
 
 Pictavi, or Pictones, a people of Gaul, 
 in the modern country of Poictou. 
 
 Pictavium, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Fabius Pictor, a consul under whom 
 silver was first coined at Rome, A. U. C. 
 485. 
 
 Picomnus, and Pilumnus, two deities 
 at Rome, who presided over the auspices, 
 that were required before the celebration 
 of nuptials. 
 
 Picus, a king of Lalium, son of Saturn, 
 who married Venilia, who is also called 
 Canens, by whom he had Paunus. As he 
 was one day hunting in the woods, he 
 was met by Circe, who became deeply 
 enamored of him, and who changed him 
 into a woodpecker, called by the name of 
 picas among the Latins. 
 
 Pidorus, a town near mount Athos. 
 
 Pidytes, a man killed by Ulysses dur- 
 ing the Trojan war. 
 
 Pizlus, a son of Neoptclemus, king of 
 Epirus, after his father. 
 
 Pi era, a fountain of Peloponnesus, be- 
 tween Elis and Olympia. 
 
 Pieria, a small tract of country in Thes- 
 saly or Macedonia. A place between 
 
 Cilicia and Syria. One of the wives 
 
 of Danaus. The wife of Oxylus, the 
 
 son of Hremon, and mother of yEtolus and 
 Laias. The daughter of Pythas, a Mi- 
 lesian, &c. 
 
 Pi brides, a name given to the Muses, 
 either because they were born in Pieria, 
 in Thessaly, or because they were sup- 
 posed by some to be the daughters of Pie- 
 rus, a king of Macedonia, who settled in 
 
 Bceotia. Also the daughters of Pierus, 
 
 who challenged the Muses to a trial in 
 music, in which they were conquered and 
 changed into magpies. 
 
 Pieris, a mountain of Macedonia. 
 
 Pierus, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred 
 
 to the Muses. A rich man of Thessaly, 
 
 whose nine daughters, called Pierides, 
 
 challenged the Muses. A river of 
 
 Achaia, in Peloponnesus. A town of 
 
 Thessaly. A mountain with a lake of 
 
 the same name in Macedonia. 
 
 Pietas, a virtue which denotes venera- 
 tion for the deity, and love and tenderness 
 to our friends. It received divine honors 
 among the Romans, and was made one of 
 their gods. 
 
 Pigres and Mattyas, two brothers. ■ 
 
 The name of three rivers. 
 
 Pigrum mare, a name applied to the 
 Northern sea, from its being frozen. 
 
 Pilumnus, the £od of bakers at Rome. 
 
PI 
 
 304 
 
 PI 
 
 Pimpla, a mountain of Macedonia with 
 a fountain of the same name, on the con- 
 fines of Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to 
 the Muses. 
 Pimprana, a town on the Indus. 
 Pinare, an island of the ^Egean sea. 
 
 A town of Syria, at the south of mount 
 
 A man us of Lycia. 
 
 Pinarius and Potitius, two old men 
 •of Arcadia, who came with Evander to 
 Italy. They were instructed by Hercu- 
 les, who visited the court of Evander, 
 how they were to offer sacrifices to his 
 divinity, in the morning, and in the eve- 
 ning, immediately at sunset. The morn- 
 ing sacrifice they punctually performed, 
 but on the evening Potitius was obliged to 
 offer the sacrifice alone, as Pinarius neg- 
 lected to come till after the appointed time. 
 This negligence offended Hercules, and 
 he ordered, that for the future, Pinarius 
 and his descendants should preside over 
 the sacrifices, but that Potitius, with his 
 posterity should wait upon the priests as 
 servants, when the sacrifices were annu- 
 ally offered \o him on mount Aventine. 
 
 M. Pinarius Rusca, a pretor, who con- 
 quered Sardinia, and defeated the Corsi- 
 cans. 
 
 Pinarus, or Pind-ds, now Delifou, a 
 river falling into the sea near Issus. 
 Pincum, a town of Mcesia Superior. 
 Pindarus, a celebrated lyric poet, of 
 Thebes. He was carefully trained from 
 his earliest years to the study of music and 
 poetry, and he was taught how to com- 
 pose verses with elegance and simplicity, 
 by Myrtis and Corinna. When he was 
 young, it is said that a swarm of bees set- 
 tled chs his lips, and there left some honey- 
 combs as he reposed on the grass. This 
 was universally explained as a prognostic 
 of his future greatness and celebrity, and 
 indeed he seemed entitled to notice when 
 he had conquered Myrtis in a musical 
 contest. He was not however so success- 
 ful against Corinna, who obtained five 
 times, while he was competitor, a poet- 
 ical prize, which according to some, was 
 adjudged rather to the chaims of her per- 
 son, than to the brilliancy of her genius, 
 or the superiority of her composition. In 
 the public assemblies of Greece, where 
 females were not permitted to contend, 
 Pindar was rewarded with the prize, in 
 preference to every other competitor; and 
 as the conquerors at Olympia were the 
 subject of his compositions the poet was 
 courted by statesmen and princes. His 
 hymns and pseans were repeated before 
 the most crowded assemblies in the tem- 
 ples of Greece ; and the priestess of Del- 
 phi declared that it was the will of Apol- 
 lo, that Pindar should receive the half of 
 all the first fruit offerings that were an- 
 nually heaped on his altars. This was 
 not the only public honor which he receiv- 
 
 ed ; after his death, he was honored with 
 every mark of respect, even to adoration. 
 His statue was erected at Thebes in the 
 public place where the games were ex- 
 hibited, and six centuries after it was 
 viewed with pleasure and admiration, by 
 the geographer Pausanias. It is said that 
 Pindar died at the advanced age of eighty- 
 six, B. C. 435. The greatest part of his 
 works have perished. He had written 
 some hymns to the gods, poems in honor 
 of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, and 
 odes on several victories obtained at the 
 four greatest festivals of the Greeks, the 
 Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian and Nemean 
 games. Of all these, the odes are the only 
 compositions extant, admired for sublimi- 
 ty of sentiments, grandeur of expression, 
 energy and magnificence of style, bold 
 ness of metaphors, harmony of numbers, 
 
 and elegance of diction. A tyrant of 
 
 Ephesus. A Theban, who wrote a 
 
 Latin poem on the Trojan war. 
 Pindasus, a mountain of Troas. 
 Pindenissus, a town of Cilicia, on the 
 borders of Syria. 
 
 Pindus, a mountain, or rather a chain 
 of mountains, between Thessaly, Macedo- 
 nia, and Epirus. It was greatly celebrat- 
 ed as being sacred to the Muses and to 
 
 Apollo. A town of Doris in Greece, 
 
 called also Cyphas. 
 
 Pingus, a river of Mysia, falling into the 
 Danube. 
 
 Pinna, a town of Italy, at the mouth of 
 the Matrinus, south of Picenum. 
 
 Pintia, a town of Spain, now supposed 
 to be Valladolid. 
 
 Pi on, one of the descendants of Hercu- 
 les who built Pionia, near the Caycus in 
 Mysia. 
 Pione, one of the Nereides. 
 Pionia, a town of Mysia, near the Cay- 
 cus. 
 
 Pirjeus, or Piraeus, a celebrated har- 
 bor at Athens, at the mouth of the Cephi- 
 sus, about three miles distant from the 
 city. It was joined to the town by two 
 walls, in circumference seven miles and 
 a half, and sixty feet high, which The- 
 mistocles wished to raise in a double pro- 
 portion. One of these was built by Peri- 
 cles, and the other by Themistocles. The 
 towers which were raised on the walls to 
 serve as a defence, were turned into 
 dwelling-houses, as the population of 
 Athens gradually increased. It was the 
 most capacious of all the harbors of the 
 Athenians. 
 
 Piranthus, a son of Argus and Evad- 
 ne, brother to Jasus, Epidaurus, and Pe- 
 rasus. 
 
 Pirene, a daughter o£ Danaus. A 
 
 dauahter of OZbalus, or according to oth- 
 ers, "of the Achelous. Pirene was so dis- 
 consolate at the death of her son Cen- 
 chrius, who had been killed by Diana, 
 
PI s. 
 
 805 
 
 PI 
 
 t.iat she pined away, and was dissolved 
 I / her continual weeping into a fountain 
 of the same name, which was still seen at 
 Corinth in the age of Pausanias. The 
 fountain Pirene was sacred to the Muses, 
 and according to some, the horse Pegasus 
 was then drinking some of its waters, 
 when Bellerophon took it to go and con- 
 quer the Chimcera. 
 
 Pirithous, a son of Ixion and the cloud, 
 or according to others, of Dia, the daugh- 
 ter of Deioneus. He formed an intimate 
 attachment to the celebrated Theseus, and 
 sometime after married Hippodamia, and 
 invited not only the heroes of his age, but 
 also the gods themselves, and his neigh- 
 bors the Centaurs, to celebrate his nup- 
 tials. Mars was the only one of the gods 
 who was not invited, and to punish this 
 neglect, the god of war was determined 
 to raise a quarrel among the guests, and 
 to disturb the festivity of the entertain- 
 ment. Eurythion, captivated with the 
 beauty of Hippodamia, and intoxicated 
 with wine, attempted to offer violence to 
 the bride, but he was prevented by The- 
 seus, and immediately killed. This irri- 
 tated the rest of the Centaurs, the contest 
 became general, but the valor of Theseus, 
 Pirithous, Hercules, and the rest of the 
 Lapithas, triumphed over their enemies. 
 Many of the Centaurs were slain, and the 
 rest saved their lives by flight. The death 
 of Hippodamia left Pirithous very discon- 
 solate, and he resolved, with his friend 
 Theseus, who had likewise lost his wife, 
 never to marry again, except to a goddess, 
 or one of the daughters of the gods. This 
 determination occasioned the rape of 
 Helen by the two friends, the lot was 
 drawn, and it fell to the share of Theseus 
 lo have the beautiful prize. Pirithous 
 upon this undertook with his friend to 
 carry away Proserpine and to marry her. 
 They descended into the infernal regions, 
 but Pluto, who was apprized of their ma- 
 chinations to disturb his conjugal peace, 
 stopped the two fr.ends and confined them 
 there. Pirithous was tied to his father's 
 wheel, or according to Hyginus, he was 
 delivered to the furies to be continually 
 tormented. His punishment, however, 
 was short, and when Hercules visited the 
 kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Pro- 
 serpine, the pardon of Pirithous, and 
 brought him back to his kingdom safe and 
 unhurt. Some suppose that he was torn 
 to pieces by the dog Cerberus. 
 
 Pmus, a captain of the Thracians dur- 
 ing the Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king 
 of iEtolia. 
 
 Pirust^e, a people of Illyricum. 
 
 Pisa, a town of Elis on the Alpheus, at 
 the west of the Peloponnesus, founded by 
 Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson 
 of iEolus. Its inhabitants accompanied 
 Nestor to the Trojan war, and they en- 
 23* 
 
 joyed long the privilege of presiding at 
 the Olympic games which were celebrated 
 near their city. 
 
 Pis*., a town of Etruria, built by a colo- 
 ny from Pisa in the Peloponnesus. The 
 inhabitants were called Pisani. Pisse was 
 once a very powerful and flourishing city, 
 which conquered the Baleares, together 
 with Sardinia and Corsica. 
 
 Pis-eus, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa. 
 
 Pisander, a son of Bellerophon killed 
 
 by the Solymi. A Trojan chief killed 
 
 by Menelaus. One of Penelope's suit- 
 ors, son of Polyctor. A son of Antima- 
 
 chus, killed by Agamemnon during the 
 
 Trojan war. An admiral of the Spartan 
 
 fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He 
 was killed in a naval battle by Conon the 
 Athenian general near Cnidus, B. C. 391. 
 A poet of Rhodes. 
 
 Pi3ates, or PisiEi, the inhabitants of 
 Pisa in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pisaurus, now Fog-lia, a river of Pice- 
 num, with a town called Pisaurum, now 
 Pesaro, which became a Roman colony 
 in the consulship of Claudius Pulcher. 
 The town was destroyed by an earthquake 
 in the beginning of the reign of Augustus. 
 
 Pisenor, a son of Ixion and the cloud. 
 
 One of the ancestors of the nurse of 
 
 Ulysses. 
 
 Pise us, a king of Etruria, about two 
 hundred and sixty years before the found- 
 ation of Rome. 
 
 Pi si as, a general of the Argives in the 
 
 age of Epaminondas. A statuary at 
 
 Athens celebrated for his pieces. 
 
 Pisidia, an inland country of Asia Mi- 
 nor, between Phrygia, Pamphylia, Gala- 
 tia, and Isauria. It was rich and fertile. 
 
 Pisidice, a daughter of ^Eolus, who 
 
 married Myrmidon. A daughter of 
 
 Nestor. A daughter of Pelias. The 
 
 daughter of a king of Methymna in Les- 
 bos. She became enamored of Achilles 
 when he invaded her father's kingdom, 
 and she promised to deliver the city into 
 his hands if he would marry her. Achil- 
 les agreed to the proposal, but when he 
 became master of Methymna, he ordered 
 Pisidice to be stoned to death for her per- 
 fidy. 
 
 Pisis, a native of Thespis, who gained 
 uncommon influence among the Thebans, 
 and behaved with great courage in the 
 defence of their liberties. He was taken 
 prisoner by Demetrius, who made him 
 governor of Thespiae. 
 
 PisisTRATiDiE,the descendants of Pisis- 
 tratus, tyrant of Athens. 
 
 Pisistratides, a man sent as ambassa- 
 dor to the satraps of the king of Persia by 
 the Spartans. 
 
 Pisistratus, an Athenian, son of Hip 
 pocrates, who early distinguished himself 
 by his valor in the field, and by his ad- 
 dress and eloquence at home. After lie 
 
PI 
 
 306 
 
 PI 
 
 had rendered himself the favorite of the 
 populace by his liberality and by the in- 
 trepidity with which he had fought their 
 battles, particularly near Salamis, he re- 
 solved to make himself master of his 
 country. Every thing seemed favorable 
 to his views, but Solon alone, who was 
 then at the head of affairs, and who had 
 lately instituted his celebrated laws, op- 
 posed him and discovered his duplicity 
 and artful behavior before the public as- 
 sembly. Pisistratus was not disheartened 
 by the measures of his relation Solon, but 
 he had recourse to artifice. In returning 
 from his country house, he cut himself in 
 various places, and after he had exposed 
 his mangled body to the eyes of the popu- 
 lace, deplored his misfortunes, and accus- 
 ed his enemies of attempts upon his life, 
 because he was the friend of the people, 
 the guardian of the poor, and the reliever 
 of the oppressed, he claimed a chosen body 
 of fifty men from the populace to defend 
 his person in future from the malevolence 
 and the cruelty of his enemies. The un- 
 suspecting people unanimously granted his 
 request, though Solon opposed it with all 
 his influence ; and Pisistratus had no soon- 
 er received an armed band on whose fidel- 
 ity and attachment he could rely, than he 
 seized the citadel of Athens, and made 
 himself absolute. The people too late per- 
 ceived their credulity ; yet, though the 
 tyrant was popular, two of the citizens, 
 Megacles and Lycurgus, conspired together 
 against him, and by their means he was 
 forcibly ejected from the city. His house 
 and all his effects were exposed to sale, 
 hut there was found in Athens only one 
 man who would buy them. The private 
 dissensions of the friends of liberty proved 
 favorable to the expelled tyrant, and Me- 
 gacles, who was jealous of Lycurgus, se- 
 cretly promised to restore Pisistratus to all 
 his rights and privileges in Athens, if he 
 would marry his daughter. Pisistratus 
 consented, and by the assistance of his 
 father-in-law, he was soon enabled to ex- 
 pel Lycurgus, and to reestablish himself. 
 By means of a woman called Phya, whose 
 shape was tall, and whose features were 
 noble and commanding, he imposed upon 
 the people, and created himself adherents 
 even among his enemies. Phya was con- 
 ducted through the streets of the city, and 
 showing herself subservient to the artifice 
 of Pisistratus, she was announced as Mi- 
 nerva, the goddess of wisdom, and the 
 patroness of Athens, who was come down 
 from heaven to reestablish her favorite 
 Pisistratus, in a power which was sanc- 
 tioned by the will of heaven, and favored 
 by the affection of the people. In the 
 midst of his triumph, however, Pisistratus 
 found himself unsupported, and sometime 
 after, when he repudiated the daughter of 
 Megaeles, he found that not only the citi- 
 
 zens, but even his very troops were alien- 
 ated from him by the influence, the in- 
 trigues, and the bribery of his father-in- 
 law. He fled from Athens where he 
 could no longer maintain his power, and 
 retired to Euboea. Eleven years after, he 
 was drawn from his obscure retreat, by 
 means of his son Hippias, and he was a 
 third time received by the people of Ath- 
 ens as their master and sovereign. Upon 
 this he sacrificed to his resentment the 
 friends of Megacles, but he did not lose 
 sight of the public good ; and while he 
 sought the aggrandizement of his family, 
 he did not neglect the dignity and the 
 honor of the Athenian name. " He died 
 about five hundred and twenty seven 
 years before the Christian era, after he 
 had enjoyed the sovereign power at Ath- 
 ens for thirty-three years, including the 
 years of his banishment, and he was suc- 
 ceeded by his son Hipparchus. A king 
 
 of Orchomenos, who rendered himself 
 odious by his cruelty towards the nobles. 
 He was put to death by them, and they 
 carried away his body from the public as- 
 sembly, by hiding each a piece of his flesh 
 under their garments, to prevent a dis- 
 covery from the people, of which he was 
 
 a great favorite. A Theban attached 
 
 to the Roman interest, while the consul 
 Flaminius was in Greece. He assassin- 
 ated the pretor of Bosotia, fot which he 
 was put to death. 
 
 Pi so, a celebrated family at Rome, 
 which was a branch of the Calpurnians, 
 descended from Calpus the son of Numa. 
 Before the death of Augustus, eleven of 
 this family had obtained the consulship, 
 and many had been honored with tri- 
 umphs, on account of their victories, in 
 the different, provinces of the Roman em- 
 pire. Of this family the most famous 
 were — Lucius Calpurnius, who was tri- 
 bune of the people, about one hundred 
 and forty-nine years before Christ, and af- 
 terwards consul. His frugality procured 
 him the surname of Frugi, and he gained 
 the greatest honors as an orator, a lawyer, 
 a statesman, and an historian. He com- 
 posed some annals and harangues, which 
 were lost in the age of Cicero. His style 
 
 was obscure and inelegant. Cains, a 
 
 Roman consul, A. U. C. 687, who support- 
 ed the consular dignity against the tu- 
 mults of the tribunes, and the clamors of 
 
 the people. Cneius, another consul 
 
 under Augustus. He was one of the fa- 
 vorites of Tiberius, by whom he was ap- 
 pointed governor of Syria, where he ren- 
 dered himself odious by his cruelty. He 
 was accused of having poisoned Germani- 
 cus, and when he saw that he was shun- 
 ned and despised by his friends, he de- 
 stroyed himself, A. D. 20. Lucius, a 
 
 governor of Spain, who was assassinated 
 by a peasant, as he was travelling through 
 
PI 
 
 307 
 
 PI 
 
 the country. Lucius, a private man, 
 
 accused of having uttered seditious words 
 
 against the emperor Tiberius. Lucius, 
 
 a governor of Rome for twenty years, an 
 office which he discharged with the great- 
 est justice and credit. He was greatly 
 honored by the friendship of Augustus, as 
 well as of his successor, a distinction he 
 deserved, both as a faithful citizen and a 
 man of learning. Horace dedicated his 
 pGem de arte Poeiicd, to his two sons, 
 whose partiality for literature had distin- 
 guished them among the rest of the Ro- 
 mans, and who were fond of cultivating 
 
 poetry in their leisure hours. Cneius, 
 
 a factious and turbulent youth, who con- 
 spired against his country with Catiline. 
 He was among the friends of Julius Cre- 
 
 sar. Caius, a Roman who was at the 
 
 head of a celebrated conspiracy against 
 the emperor Nero. He had rendered him- 
 self a favorite of the people by his private, 
 as well as public virtues, by the generosi- 
 ty of his behavior, his fondness of pleasure 
 with the voluptuous, and his austerity 
 with the grave and the reserved. He had 
 been marked by some as a proper person 
 to succeed the emperor ; but the discovery 
 of the plot by a freedman, who was among 
 the conspirators, soon cut him off, with 
 all his partisans. He refused to court the 
 affections of the people, and of the army, 
 when the whole had been made public, and 
 instead of taking proper measures for his 
 preservation, either by proclaiming him- 
 self emperor, as his friends advised, or by 
 seeking a retreat in the distant provinces 
 of the empire, he retired to his own house, 
 where he opened the veins of both his 
 
 arms, and bled to death. Lucius, a 
 
 senator who followed the emperor Vale- 
 rian into Persia. He proclaimed himself 
 emperor after the death of Valerian, but 
 he was defeated and put to death a few 
 
 weeks after, A. D. 261, by Valens. Lu- 
 
 cinianus, a senator adopted by the empe- 
 ror Galba. He was put to death by Otho's 
 
 orders. A son-in-law of Cicero. A 
 
 patrician, whose daughter married Julius 
 Csesar. One of the thirty tyrants ap- 
 pointed over Athens by Lysander. 
 
 Pisonis villa, a place near Baias in 
 Campania, which the emperor Nero often 
 frequented. 
 
 Pissirus, a town of Thrace, near the 
 river Nestus. 
 
 Pistoe, a surname given to Jupiter by 
 the Romans, signifying baker, because 
 when their city was taken by the Gauls, 
 the god persuaded them to throw down 
 loaves from the Tarpeian hill where they 
 were besieged, that the enemy might from 
 thence suppose, that they Were noUn want 
 of provisions, though in reality they were 
 near surrendering through famine. This 
 deceived the Gauls, and they soon after 
 raised the siege. 
 
 Pistoria, now Pisioja, a town of Etru 
 ria, at the foot of the Apennines, near Flo- 
 rence. 
 
 Pisus, a son of Aphareus, or according 
 to others of Perieres. 
 
 Pisuthnes, a Persian satrap of Lydia, 
 who revolted from Darius Nothus. His 
 father's name was Hystaspes. 
 
 Pitane, a town of iEolia in Asia Minor. 
 The inhabitants made bricks which swam 
 
 on the surface of the water. A town of 
 
 Laconia. 
 
 PiTARATUs,an Athenian archon, during 
 whose magistracy Epicurus died. 
 
 Pithecusa, a small island on the coast 
 of Etruria, anciently called JEnaria, and 
 Enarina, with a town of the same name, 
 on the top of a mountain. The frequent 
 earthquakes to which it was subject, 
 obliged the inhabitants to leave it. 
 
 Pitho, called also Suada, the goddess 
 of persuasion among the Greeks and Ro- 
 mans, supposed to be the daughter of Mer- 
 cury and Venus. She was represented 
 with a diadem on her head, to intimate 
 her influence over the hearts of men. 
 One of her arms appears raised as in the 
 attitude of an orator, haranguing in a pub- 
 lic assembly, and with the other she holds 
 a thunderbolt and fetters, made with flow- 
 ers, to signify the powers of reasoning, 
 
 and the attractions of eloquence. A 
 
 Roman courtezan. 
 
 Pitholaus and Lycophros, seized 
 upon the sovereign power of Pherae, by 
 killing Alexander. They were ejected by 
 Philip of Macedonia. 
 
 Pitholeon, an insignificant poet of 
 Rhodes, who mingled Greek and Latin in 
 his compositions. 
 
 Pithon, one of the body guards of Al- 
 exander, put to death by Antiochus. 
 
 Pithvs, a nymph beloved by Pan. Bo- 
 reas was also fond of her, but she slighted 
 his addresses, upon which he dashed her 
 against a rock, and she was changed into 
 a pine tree. 
 
 Pittacus, a native of Mitylene in Les- 
 bos, was one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece. His father's name was Cyrradi- 
 us. With the assistance of the sons of 
 Alcasus, he delivered his country from the 
 oppression of the tyrant Melanchrus, and 
 in the war which the Athenians waged 
 against Lesbos he appeared at the head 
 of his countrymen, and challenged to sin- 
 gle combat Phrynon the enemy's general. 
 As the event of the war seemed to de- 
 pend upon this combat, Pittacus had re- 
 course to artifice, and when he engaged, 
 he entangled his adversary in a net, which 
 he had concealed under his shield, and 
 easily despatched him. He was amply 
 rewarded for his victory, and his country- 
 men, sensible of his merit, unanimously 
 appointed him governor of their city with 
 unlimited authority. In this capacity 
 
PL 
 
 808 
 
 PL 
 
 Pittacus behaved with great moderation 
 and prudence, and after lie had governed 
 his fellow citizens with the strictest jus- 
 tice, and after he had established and en- 
 forced the most salutary laws, he volunta- 
 rily resigned the sovereign power after he 
 had enjoyed it for ten years, observing 
 that the virtues and innocence of private 
 life were incompatible with the power and 
 influence of a sovereign. His disinterest- 
 edness gained him many admirers, and 
 when the Mityleneans wished to reward 
 his public services by presenting him with 
 an immense tract of territory, he refused 
 to accept more land than what should be 
 contained within the distance to which he 
 could throw a javelin. He died in the 
 eighty-second year of his age, about five 
 hundred and seventy years before Christ, 
 after he had spent the last ten years of his 
 life in literary ease, and peaceful retire- 
 ment. A grandson of Porus king of In- 
 dia. 
 Pitthea, a town near Trcezene. 
 Pittheus, a king of Trcezene in Argo- 
 lis, son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He 
 was universally admired for his learning, 
 wisdom, and application. 
 
 Pituanius, a mathematician in the age 
 of Tiberius, thrown down from the Tar- 
 peian rock. 
 
 Pi tula ni, a people cf Umbria. Their 
 chief town was called Pilulum. 
 Pityjea, a town of Asia Minor. 
 Pityassus, a town of Pisidia. 
 Pityonesus, a small island on the coast 
 of Peloponnesus, near Epidaurus. 
 
 Pityus, now Pitckinda, a town of Col- 
 chis. 
 
 Pityusa, a small island on the coast of 
 
 Argolis. A name of Chios. Two 
 
 small islands in the Mediterranean, near 
 the coast of Spain, of which the larger 
 was called Ebusiis, and the smaller Ophi- 
 usa. 
 
 Pius, a surname given to the emperor 
 Antoninus, on account of his piety and vir- 
 tue. A surname given to a son of Me- 
 
 tellus, because he interested himself so 
 warmly to have his father recalled from 
 banishment. 
 
 Placentia, now called Placenza, an an- 
 cient town and colony of Italy, at the con- 
 fluence of tbe Trebia and Po. Another, 
 
 near Lusitania, in Spain. 
 
 Placideianus, a gladiator in Horace's 
 age. 
 
 Placidia, a daughter of Theodosius 
 the Great, sister to Honoriusand Arcadius. 
 She married Adolphns, king of the Goths, 
 and afterwards Constantius, by whom she 
 had Valentinian the 3d. She died A. D. 
 449. 
 
 Placidius, Julius, a tribune of a cohort, 
 who imprisoned the emperor Vitellius. 
 
 Planasia, a small island of the Tyr- 
 rhene sea. Another, on the coast of 
 
 Gaul, where Tiberius ordered Agrippa, the 
 grandson of Augustus, to be put to death. 
 
 A town on the Rhone. 
 
 Plancina, a woman celebrated for her 
 intrigues and her crimes, who married 
 Piso, and was accused with him of having 
 murdered Germanicus, in the reign of Ti- 
 berius. She was acquitted either by means 
 of the empress Livia, or on account of the 
 partiality of the emperor for her person. 
 After the death of Agrippina, Plancina was 
 accused of the most atrocious villanies, 
 and, as she knew she could not elude jus- 
 tice, she put herself to death, A. D. 33. 
 
 L. Plancus Munatius, a Roman, who 
 rendered himself ridiculous by his follies 
 and his extravagance. He had been consul, 
 and had presided over a province in the 
 capacity of governor, but he forgot aii his 
 dignity, and became one of the most ser- 
 vile flatterers of Cleopatra and Antony. 
 At the court of the Egyptian queen in Al- 
 exandria, he appeared in the character of 
 the meanest stage dancer. This exposed 
 him to the public derision, and when An- 
 tony had joined the rest of his friends in 
 censuring him for his unbecoming beha- 
 vior, he deserted to Octavius, who received 
 him with great marks of friendship and 
 attention. Horace has dedicated an ode 
 to him ; and he certainly deserved the 
 honor, from the elegance of his letteis, 
 which are still extant, written to Cicero. 
 He founded a town in Gaul, wftSr'h he 
 called Lugdunum. A patrician, pro- 
 scribed by the second triumvirate. 
 
 Plangon, a courtezan of Miletus, in 
 Ionia. 
 
 Plat-ea, a daughter of Asopus, king of 
 Bceotia. An island on the coast of Af- 
 rica, in the Mediterranean. It belonged 
 
 to the Cyreneans. 
 
 Plat.ea, a town of Bceotia, near mount 
 Cithaeron, oii the confines of Meg;uis and 
 Attica, celebrated for a battle fought there, 
 between Mardonius the commander of 
 Xerxes king of Persia, and Pausanias the 
 Lacedamionian, and the Athenians. Fla- 
 tf£a was taken by the Thebans, after a 
 famous siege, in the beginning of the Ft- 
 loponnesian war, and destroyed by the 
 Spartans, B. C. 427. Alexander rebuilt ii , 
 and paid great encomiums to the inhab- 
 itants, on account of their ancestors, who 
 had so bravely fought against the Persians 
 at the battle of Marathon and under Pau- 
 sanias. 
 
 Platanius, a river of Bceotia. 
 Plato, a celebrated philosopher at 
 Athens, a son of Ariston and Parectonia. 
 As one of the descendants of Codrus, and 
 as the offspring of a noble, illustrious, and 
 opulent family, Plato was educated with 
 care, his body was formed and invigorated 
 with gymnastic exercises, and his mind 
 was cultivated and enlightened by the 
 study of poetry and of geometry, from 
 
PL 
 
 309 
 
 PL 
 
 which he derived that acuteness of judg- 
 ment, and warmth of imagination, which 
 have stamped his character as the most 
 subtle and liowery writer of antiquity. 
 He first began his literary career by writ- 
 ing poems and tragedies ; but he was 
 soon disgusted with his own productions, 
 when, at the age of twenty, he was intro- 
 duced into the presence of Socrates, and 
 when he was enabled to compare and ex- 
 amine, with critical accuracy, the merit 
 of his compositions with those of his po- 
 etical predecessors. During eight years 
 he continued to be one of the pupils of 
 Socrates ; and, if he was prevented by a 
 momentary indisposition from attending 
 the philosopher's last moments, yet lie 
 collected, from the conversation of those 
 that were present, and from his own ac- 
 curate observations, the minutest and 
 most circumstantial accounts, which can 
 exhibit in their truest colors, the concern 
 and sensibility of the pupil, and the firm- 
 ness, virtues, and moral sentiments, of 
 the dying philosopher. After the death 
 of Socrates, Plato retired from Athens, 
 and, to acquire that information which 
 the accurate observer can derive in foreign 
 countries, he began to travel over Greece. 
 He visited Megara, Thebes, and Elis, 
 where he met with the kindest, reception 
 from his fellow disciples, whom the vio- 
 lent death of their master had likewise re- 
 moved from Attica. He afterwards vis- 
 ited Magna Grfecia, attracted by the fame 
 of the Pythagorean philosophy, and by the 
 learning, abilities, and reputation, of its 
 professors, Philolaus, Archytas, and Eury- 
 tus. He afterwards passed into Sicily, 
 and examined the eruptions and fires of 
 the volcano of that island. He also visit- 
 ed Egypt, where then the mathematician 
 Theodorus flourished, and where he knew 
 that the tenets of the Pythagorean philoso- 
 phy and metempsychosis had been foster- 
 ed and cherished. When he had finish- 
 ed his travels, Plato retired to the groves 
 of Academus, in the neighborhood of 
 Athens, where his lectures were soon at- 
 tended by a crowd of learned, noble, and 
 illustrious pupils ; and the philosopher, by 
 refusing to have a share in the administra- 
 tion of afFairs, rendered his name more 
 famous, and his school more frequented. 
 During forty years he presided at the 
 head of the academy, and there he de- 
 voted his time to the instruction of his pu- 
 pils, and composed those dialogues which 
 have been the admiration of every age and 
 country. His studies however, were in- 
 terrupted for a while, whilst he obeyed 
 the pressing calls and invitations of Dio- 
 nysius, and whilst he persuaded the ty- 
 rant to become a man, the father of his 
 people, and the friend of liberty. In his 
 dress the philosopher was not ostenta- 
 tious, his manners were elegant, but mod- 
 
 est, simple, without affectation, and the 
 great honors which his learning deserved 
 were not paid to his appearance. When 
 he came to the Olympian games, Plato re- 
 sided, during the celebration, in a family 
 who were totally strangers to him. He 
 eat and drank with them, he partook of 
 their innocent pleasures and amusements; 
 but, though he told them his name was 
 Plato, yet he never spoke of the employ- 
 ment he pursued at Athens, and never in- 
 troduced the name of that philosopher 
 whose doctrines lie followed, and whose 
 death and virtues were favorite topics of 
 conversation in every part of Greece. 
 When he returned home, he was attend- 
 ed by the family which had so kindly en- 
 tertained him ; and, as being a native of 
 Athens, he was desired to show them the 
 great philosopher whose name he bore : 
 their surprise was great when he told 
 them that he himself was the Plato whom 
 they wished to behold. In his diet he 
 was moderate, and indeed, to sobriety and 
 temperance in the use of food, and to the 
 want of those pleasures which enfeeble 
 the body and enervate the mind, some 
 have attributed his preservation during 
 the tremendous pestilence which raged 
 at Athens with so much fury at the be- 
 ginning of the PeloponnesianWar. Plato 
 was never subject to any long or lingering 
 indisposition, and though change of cli- 
 mate had enfeebled a constitution natur- 
 ally strong and healthy, the philosopher 
 lived to an advanced age and was often 
 heard to say, when his physicians advised 
 him to leave his residence at Athens, 
 where the air was impregnated by the 
 pestilence, that. he would not advance one 
 single step to gain the top of mount Athos, 
 were he assured to attain the great lon- 
 gevity which the inhabitants of that 
 mountain were said to enjoy above the 
 rest of mankind. Plato died on his birth 
 day, in the eighty-first year of his age, 
 about 348 years before the Christian era. 
 His last moments were easy and without! 
 pain, and, according to some, he expired 
 in the midst of an entertainment, or, ac- 
 cording to Cicero, as he was writing. 
 The works of Plato are numerous ; they 
 are all written in the form of a dialogue, 
 except twelve letters. His writings were 
 so celebrated, and his opinion so respect- 
 ed, that he was called divine ; and for the 
 elegance, melody, and sweetness of his 
 expressions, he was distinguished by the 
 appellation of the Athenian bee. Cicero 
 had such an esteem for him, that in the 
 warmth of panegyric, he exclaimed errare 
 mehercule malo cum Platove, gudm cum istis 
 vera sentire ; and Quintilian said, that 
 when he read Plato, he seemed to hear 
 
 not a man, but a divinity, speaking. 
 
 A son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. A 
 
 Greek poet, called the prince of the mid- 
 
PL 
 
 310 
 
 PL 
 
 die Comedy, who flourished B. C. 445. 
 Some fragments remain of his pieces. 
 
 Plator, a man of Dyrrhachiimi, put to 
 death by Piso. 
 
 Flavis, a river of Venetia, in Italy. 
 
 Plautia lex, was enacted by M. Plau- 
 tius, the tribune, A. U. C. 664. It requir- 
 ed every tribe annually to choose fifteen 
 persons of their body, to serve as judges, 
 making the honor common to all the three 
 orders, according to the majority of votes 
 
 in every tribe. Another, called also 
 
 Plotla, A. U. C. 075. It punished with the 
 iuterdictio ignis ct aqua, all persons who 
 were found guilty of attempts upon the 
 state. 
 
 Plautianus, Fulvius, an African of 
 mean birth, who was banished for his se- 
 ditious behavior i:i the years of his obscur- 
 ity. In his banishment, Plautianus form- 
 ed an acquaintance with Severus, who 
 some years after ascended the imperial 
 throne. This was the beginning of his 
 prosperity. Plautianus shared the favors 
 of Severus in obscurity as well as on the 
 throne. He was invested with as much 
 power as his patron at Rome, and in the 
 provinces, and, indeed, he wanted but the 
 name of emperor to be his equal. To com- 
 plete his triumph, and to make himself 
 still greater, Plautianus married his favor- 
 ite daughter Plautiila to Caracalla, the son 
 of the emperor j and so eager was the em- 
 peror to indulge his inclinations in this, 
 and in every other respect, that he de- 
 clared he loved Plautianus so much, that 
 he would even wish to die before him. 
 The marriage of Caracalla with Plautiila 
 was attended with serious consequences. 
 The son of Severus had complied with 
 great reluctance, and, though Plautiila was 
 amiable in her manners, commanding in 
 aspect, and of a beautiful countenance, yet 
 the young prince often threatened to pun- 
 ish her haughty and imperious behavior 
 as soon as "he succeeded to the. throne. 
 Plautiila reported the whole to her father, 
 and to save his daughter from the ven- 
 geance of Caracalla, Plautianus conspired 
 against the emperor and his son. The 
 conspiracy was discovered, and Severus 
 forgot his attachment to Plautianus, and 
 the favors he had heaped upon him, when 
 he heard of his perfidy. The wicked min- 
 ister was immediately put to death, and 
 Plautiila banished to the island of Lipari, 
 with her brother Plautius, where seven 
 years after, she was put to death by order 
 of Caracalla, A. D. 211. 
 
 Plautilla, a daughter of Plautianus, 
 
 the favorite minister of Severus. The 
 
 another of the emperor Nerva descended 
 of a noble family. 
 
 Plautius, a Roman, who became so 
 disconsolate at the death of his wife, that 
 he threw himself upon her burning pile. 
 — -Cains, a consul ssnt against the Pri 
 
 veruates. Aulus, a governor of Britain, 
 
 who obtained an ovation for the conquests 
 he had gained there over the barbarians. 
 
 One of Otho's friends. He dissuaded 
 
 him from killing himself. M. Sylva- 
 
 nus, a tribune, who made a law to pre- 
 vent seditions in the public assemblies. 
 
 Rubellius, a man accused before Nero, 
 
 and sent to Asia, where he was assassin- 
 ated. 
 
 Plautus, M. Accius, a comic poet, born 
 at Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved 
 unkind to him, and, from competence, he 
 was reduced to the meanest poverty, by 
 engaging in a commercial line. To main- 
 tain himself, he entered into the family 
 of a baker as a common servant, and, 
 while he was employed in grinding corn, 
 he sometimes dedicated a few moments to 
 the comic muse. He wrote twenty-five 
 comedies, of which only twenty are ex- 
 tant. He died about one hundred and 
 eighty-four years before the Christian era. 
 The plays of Plautus were universally 
 esteemed at Rome, and the purity, the en- 
 ergy, and the elegance of his language, 
 were, by other writers, considered as ob- 
 jects of imitation. ^Elianus, a high 
 
 priest, who consecrated the capitol in the 
 reign of Vespasian. 
 
 Pleiades, or Vergili^:, a name given 
 to seven of the daughters of Atlas by Plei- 
 one or ^thra, one of the Oceanides. 
 They were placed in the heavens after 
 death, where they formed a constellation 
 called Pleiades, near the back of the bull 
 in the Zodiac. Their names were Alcy- 
 one, Merope, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Ste- 
 rope, and Celeno. They all, except Me- 
 rorje, who married Sisyphus, king of Co- 
 rinth, had some of the immortal gods for 
 their suitors. On that account, therefore, 
 Merope's star is dim and obscure among 
 
 the rest of her sisters. Seven poets, 
 
 who, from their number, have received 
 the name of Pleiades, near the age of Phi- 
 ladelphia Ptolemy, king of Egypt. Their 
 names were Lycophron, Theocritus, Ara- 
 tus, Nicander, Apollonius, Philicus, and 
 Homerus the younger. 
 
 Pleione, one of the Oceanides, who 
 married Atlas, king of Mauritania, by 
 whom she had twelve daughters, and a 
 son called Hyas. Seven of the daughters 
 were changed into a constellation called 
 Pleiades, and the rest into another called 
 Hyades. 
 
 Plemmyrium, now Massa Oliveri, a 
 promontory with a small castle of that 
 name, in the bay of Syracuse. 
 
 Plemneus, a king of Sicyon, son of Pe- 
 ratus. His children always died as soon 
 as born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, 
 offered herself as a nurse to his wife, as 
 she was going to be brought to bed. The 
 child lived by the care and protection oi 
 the goddess, and Premneus was no sooner 
 
PL 
 
 311 
 
 PL 
 
 acquainted with the dignity of his nurse, 
 than he raised her a temple. 
 
 Pleumosu, a people of Belgium, the in- 
 habitants of modern Tournay. 
 
 Pleuratus, a king of liiyricum. 
 
 Pleuron, a son of /Etolus who married 
 Xantippe, the daughter of Dorus, by whom 
 he had Agenor. He founded a city in 
 yEtolia on the Evenus, which bore his 
 name. 
 
 I'lesache, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 lYExippus,a son of Thesiius, brother to 
 Althaea, the wife of CEneus. He was 
 killed by his nephew Meleager, in hunt- 
 ing the Cah donian boar. His brother 
 
 Toxeus shared his fate. A son of Phi- 
 
 nens and Cleopatra, brother to Pandion, 
 king of Athens. 
 
 C. Plinius SEcuNDUs,surnamed the El- 
 der, was born at Verona, of a noble fa- 
 mily. He distinguished himself in the 
 field, and, after he had been made one of 
 the augurs at Rome, he was appointed 
 governor of Spain. In his public charac- 
 ter he did not neglect the pleasures of lit- 
 erature, the day was employed in the ad- 
 ministration of the affairs of his province, 
 and the night was dedicated to study. 
 Every moment of time was precious to 
 him ; at hi3 meals one of his servants read 
 to him books valuable for their informa- 
 tion, and from them he immediately made 
 copious extracts, in a memorandum book. 
 To a mind so earnestly devoted to learn- 
 ing, nothing appeared too laborious, no 
 undertaking too troublesome. He deemed 
 every moment lost which was not dedicat- 
 ed to study, and, from these reasons, he 
 never appeared at Rome but in a chariot, 
 and, wherever he went, he was always 
 accompanied by his amanuensis. But if 
 his literary pursuits made him forget the 
 public affairs, his prudence, his abilities, 
 and the purity and innocence of his cha- 
 racter, made him known and respected. 
 He was courted and admired by the em- 
 perors Titus and Vespasian, and he re- 
 ceived from them all the favors which a 
 virtuous prince could offer, and an honest 
 subject receive. As he was at Misenum, 
 where he commanded the fleet, which 
 was then stationed there, Pliny was sur- 
 prised at the sudden appearance of a cloud 
 of dust and ashes. He was then ignorant 
 of the cause which produced it, and he 
 immediately set sail in a small vessel for 
 mount Vesuvius, which he at last discov- 
 ed to hav'e made a dreadful eruption. The 
 place was deserted by the inhabitants, but 
 Pliny remained there during the night, the 
 better to observe the mountain, which, du- 
 ring the obscurity, appeared to be one con- 
 tinual blaze. He was soon disturbed by 
 a dreadful earthquake, and the contrary 
 wind on the morrow prevented him from 
 returning to Misenum. The eruption of 
 the volcano increased, and, at last, the fire 
 
 approached the place where the philoso- 
 pher made his observations. Pliny endea- 
 voured to fly before it, but though he was 
 supported by two of his servants, he was 
 unable to escape. He soon fell down, suf- 
 focated by the thick vapors that surround- 
 ed him. His body was found three days 
 after and decently buried by his nephew, 
 who was then at Misenum with the fleet. 
 This memorable event happened in the 
 seventy -ninth year of the Christian era, 
 and the philosopher who perished by the 
 eruptions of the volcano, has been called 
 by some the martyr of nature. He was 
 then in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Of 
 the works which he composed none are ex- 
 tant but his natural history in thirty-seven 
 books. It is a work, as Pliny the younger 
 says, full of erudition, and as varied as 
 nature itself. It treats of the stars, the 
 heavens, wind, rain, hail, minerals, trees, 
 flowers, and plants, besides an account of 
 all living animals, birds, fishes, and beasts; 
 a geographical description of every place 
 on the globe, and an history of every art 
 and science, of commerce and navigation, 
 with their rise, progress, and several im- 
 provements. C. Csecilius Secundus, 
 
 surnamed the younger, was son of L. Cse- 
 cilius by the sister of Pliny the elder. He 
 was adopted by his uncle whose name he 
 assumed, and whose estates and effects he 
 inherited. He received the greatest part 
 of his education under Quintilian, and at 
 the age of nineteen he appeared at the bar, 
 where he distinguished himself so much 
 by his eloquence, that he and Tacitus 
 were reckoned the two greatest orators of 
 their age. When Trajan was invested 
 with the imperial purple, Pliny was cre- 
 ated consul by the emperor. This honor 
 the consul acknowledged in a celebrated 
 panegyric which at the request of the Ro- 
 man senate, and in the name of the whole 
 empire, he pronounced on Trajan. Some 
 time after he presided over Pontus and 
 Bithynia, in the office, and with the power, 
 of proconsul, and distinguished himself by 
 his humanity towards his subjects, and his 
 favor towards the Christians. If he ren- 
 dered himself popular in his province, he 
 was not less respected at Rome. He was 
 there the friend of the poor, the patron of 
 learning, great without arrogance, affable 
 in his behavior, and an example of good 
 breeding, sobriety, temperance, and mo- 
 desty. As a father and a husband his 
 character was amiable ; as a subject he 
 was faithful to his prince ; and as a ma- 
 gistrate, he was candid, open, and com- 
 passionate. His native country shared 
 among the rest, his unbounded benevo- 
 lence ; and Comum, a small town of In- 
 subria which gave him birth, boasted of 
 his liberality in the valuable and choice 
 library of books which he collected there. 
 He died in the fifty -second year of his age, 
 
PL 
 
 312 
 
 PL 
 
 A. D. 113. He had written an history of 
 his own times, which is lost. He also 
 wrote poetiy, but his verses have all per- 
 ished, and nothing of his learned works 
 remains, but his panegyric on the emperor 
 Trajan, and ten books of letters, which he 
 himself collected and prepared for the pub- 
 lic, from a numerous and respectable cor- 
 respondence. 
 
 Peinthine, a town of Egypt on the Me- 
 diterranean. 
 
 Plistarchus, son of Leonidas of the fa- 
 mily of the Eurysthenidse, succeeded on 
 the Spartan throne at the death of Cleom- 
 brotus. A brother of Cassander. 
 
 Plisthanus, a philosopher of Elis who 
 succeeded in the school of PliEedon. 
 
 Plisthenes, a son of Atreus king of 
 Argos, father of Menelaus and Agammem- 
 non according to Hesiod and others. 
 
 Peistinus, a brother of Faustulus the 
 shepherd, who saved the life of Romulus 
 and Remus. He was killed in a scuffle 
 which happened between the two broth- 
 ers. 
 
 Plistoanax and Plistonax, son of 
 Pausanias, was general of the Lacedaemo- 
 nian armies in the Peloponnesian war. 
 He reigned fifty-eight years. He had suc- 
 ceeded Plistarchus. 
 
 Plistus, a river of Phocis falling into 
 the bay of Corinth. 
 
 Plot-e, a small island on the coast of 
 ./Etolia, called also Strophades. 
 
 Plotina Pomfeia, a Roman lady who 
 married Trajan while he was yet a private 
 man. She entered Rome in the proces- 
 sion with her husband when he was salut- 
 ed emperor, and distinguished herself by 
 the affability of her behavior, her humani- 
 ty, and liberal offices to the poor and 
 friendless. She accompanied Trajan in 
 the east, and at his death she brought back 
 his ashes to Rome, and still enjoyed all 
 the honors and titles of a Roman empress 
 under Adrian, who, by her means, had 
 succeeded to the vacant throne. At her 
 death, A. D. 122, she was ranked among 
 the gods, and received divine honors. 
 
 Plotinopolis, a town of Thrace built 
 by the emperor Trajan, and called after 
 
 Plotina, the founder's wife. Another in 
 
 Dacia. 
 
 Plotinus, a Platonic philosopher of Ly- 
 copolis in Egypt. He was for eleven years 
 a pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and 
 after he had profited by all the instruc- 
 tions of his learned preceptor, he deter- 
 mined to improve his knowledge and to 
 visit the territories of India and Persia to 
 receive information. He accompanied 
 Gordian in his expedition into the east, 
 but the day which proved fatal to the em- 
 peror, nearly terminated the life of the 
 philosopher. He saved himself by flight, 
 and the following year he retired to Rome, 
 where he publicly taught philosophy. He 
 
 was the favorite of all the Romans ; and 
 while he charmed the populace by the 
 force of his eloquence, and the senate by 
 his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus court- 
 ed him, and admired the extent of his 
 learning. The philosopher, at last, be- 
 come helpless and infirm, returned to 
 Campania, where the liberality of his 
 friends for a while maintained him. He 
 died A. D. 270, in the sixty-sixth year of 
 his age. 
 
 Plotius Crispinus, a stoic philosopher 
 and poet, whose verses were very inele- 
 gant, and whose disposition was morose. 
 
 Gallus, a native of Lugdunum, who 
 
 taught grammar at Rome, and had Cicero 
 
 among his pupils. Griphus,amanmade 
 
 senator by Vespasian. A centurion in 
 
 Caesar's army. Tucca, a friead of Hor- 
 ace and of Virgil, who made him his heir. 
 
 Lucius, a poet in the age of the great 
 
 Marius, whose exploits lie celebrated in 
 his verses. 
 
 Plusios, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, 
 expressive of his power to grant riches. 
 
 Plutarchus, a native of Chseronea, de- 
 scended of a respectable family. His fa- 
 ther, whose name is unknown, was dis- 
 tinguished for his learning and virtues, 
 and his grandfather, called Lamprias, was 
 also as conspicuous for his eloquence and 
 the fecundity of his genius. Under Am- 
 monius, a reputable teacher at Delphi, 
 Plutarch was made acquainted with phi- 
 losophy and mathematics, and so well es- 
 tablished was his character, that he was 
 appointed by his countrymen, while yet 
 very young, to go to the Roman pro-con- 
 sul, in their name, upon an affair of the 
 most important nature. This commission 
 he executed with honor to himself, and 
 with success for his country. He after- 
 wards travelled in quest of knowledge, 
 and after he had visited, like a philosopher 
 and an historian, the territories of Egypt 
 and Greece, he retired to Rome, where he 
 opened a school. His reputatation made 
 his school frequented. The emperor Tra- 
 jan admired his abilities, and honored him 
 with the office of consul, and appointed 
 him governor of Illyricum. After the 
 death of his imperial benefactor, Plutarch 
 removed from Rome to Chaeronea, where 
 he lived in the greatest tranquillity, res- 
 pected by his fellow-citizens, and raised 
 to all the honors which his native town 
 could bestow. In this peaceful and soli- 
 tary retreat, Plutarch closely applied him- 
 self to study, and wrote the greatest part 
 of his works, and particularly his lives. 
 He died in an advanced age at Chseronea, 
 about the one hundred and fortieth year 
 of the Christain era. The most esteemed 
 of his works are his lives of illustrious 
 men, of whom he examines and deline- 
 ates the different characters with wonder- 
 ful skill and impartiality. He writes with 
 
PL 
 
 313 
 
 PO 
 
 precision and with fidelity, and though 
 his diction is neither pure nor elegant, yet 
 there is energy and animation, and in 
 many descriptions he is inferior to no his- 
 torian. A native of Eretria, during the 
 
 Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by 
 the Macedonians. 
 
 Plutia, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Pluto, a son of Saturn and Ops, inhe- 
 rited his father's kingdom with his broth- 
 ers Jupiter and Neptune. He received as 
 his lot the kingdom of hell, and whatever 
 lies under the earth, and as such he be- 
 came the god of the infernal regions, of 
 death and funerals. From his functions, 
 and the place he inhabited, he received 
 different names. He was called Dis, Ha- 
 des, or Ades, Clytopolon, Agelastus, Orcus, 
 &c. As the place of his residence was 
 obscure and gloomy, all the goddesses re- 
 fused to marry him ; but he determined to 
 obtain by force what was denied to his 
 solicitations. As he once visited the is- 
 land of Sicily, after a violent earthquake, 
 he saw Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, 
 gathering flowers in the plains of Enna, 
 with a crowd of female attendants. He 
 became enamored of her, and immediate- 
 ly carried her away upon his chariot drawn 
 by four horses. To make this retreat more 
 unknown he opened himself a passage 
 through the earth, by striking it with his 
 trident in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or, 
 according to others, on the borders of the 
 Cephisus in Attica. Proserpine called 
 upon her attendants for help, but in vain, 
 and she became the wife of her ravisher, 
 and the queen of hell. Pluto is generally 
 represented as holding a trident with two 
 teeth, he has also keys in his hand, to inti- 
 mate that whoever enters his kingdom 
 can never return. He is looked upon as a 
 hard-hearted and inexorable god, with a 
 grim and dismal countenance, and for that 
 reason no temples were raised to his ho- 
 nor as to the rest of the superior gods. 
 Black victims, and particularly a hull, 
 were the only sacrifices which were offer- 
 ed to him. 
 
 Plutonium, a temple of Pluto in Lydia. 
 
 Plutus, son of Jasion or Jasius, by 
 Ceres, the goddess of corn, has been con- 
 founded by many of the mythologists with 
 Pluto, though plainly distinguished from 
 him as being the god of riches. He was 
 brought up by the goddess of peace, and 
 on that account, Pax was represented at 
 Athens, as holding the god of wealth in 
 her lap. 
 
 .Pluvius, a surname of Jupiter as god 
 of rain. He was invoked by that name 
 among the Romans, whenever the earth 
 was parched up by continual heat, and 
 was in want of refreshening showers. 
 
 Plynteri a, a festival among the Creeks, 
 in honor of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva, 
 who received from the daughter of Ce- 
 27 
 
 crops the name of Aglauros. The day on 
 which it was observed was universally 
 looked upon as unfortunate and inauspi- 
 cious. 
 
 Pnigeus, a village of Egypt, near Phoe- 
 nicia. 
 
 Pnyx, a place of Athens, set apart by 
 Solon for holding assemblies. 
 
 Pobucius, a lieutenant of Pompey in 
 Spain. 
 
 Podalirius, a son of iEsculapius and 
 Epione. He was one of the pupils of the 
 Centaur Chiron, and he made himself un- 
 der him such a master of medicine, that 
 during the Trojan war, the Greeks invited 
 him to their camp, to stop a pestilence 
 which had baffled the skill of all their 
 physicians. At his return from the Tro- 
 jan war, Podalirius was shipwrecked on 
 the coast of Caria, where he cured of the 
 falling sickness and married a daughter of 
 Damoetas the king of the place. He fixed 
 his habitation there and built two towns, 
 one of which he called Syrna, by the name 
 of his wife. The Carians, after his death, 
 built him a temple, and paid him divine 
 
 honors. A Rutulian engaged in the 
 
 wars of iEneas and Turnus. 
 
 Podarce, a daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Podarces, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaty, 
 
 who went to the Trojan war. The first 
 
 name of Priam. When Troy was taken 
 by Hercules, he was redeemed from slave- 
 ry by his sister Hesione, and from thence 
 received the name of Priam. 
 
 Podares, a general of xVIantinea, in the 
 age of Epaminondas. 
 
 Podarge, one of the Harpies, mother of 
 two of the horses of Achilles, by the Ze- 
 phyrs. The word intimates the swiftness 
 of her feet. 
 
 Podargus, a charioteer of Hector. 
 
 Pceas, son of Thaumacus, was among 
 
 the Argonauts. The father of Philocte- 
 
 tes. 
 
 Pcecile, a celebrated portico at Athens. 
 It was there that Zeno kept his school, 
 and the stoics also received their lessons 
 there. The Pcecile was adorned with pic- 
 tures of gods and benefactors, and among 
 many others was that of the siege and 
 sacking of Troy, the battle of Theseus 
 against the Amazons, the fight between 
 the Lacedaemonians and Athenians at 
 CEnoe in Argolis, and at Atticus the great 
 friend of Athens. 
 
 Pceni, a name given to the Carthagini- 
 ans. 
 
 Pffioi*. (Fid. Paeon.) 
 
 Pceonia, a part of Macedonia. (Fid. 
 Preonia.) 
 
 Pffius, a part of mount Pindus. 
 
 Pogox, a harbor of the Troezenians on 
 the coast of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pola, a city of Istria, founded by the 
 Colchians, and afterwards made a Roman 
 colony, and called Pieiog Julia. 
 O 
 
PO 
 
 314 
 
 PO 
 
 Polemarchus, the assassin of Polydo- 
 rus king of Sparta. 
 
 Polemocratia, a queen of Thrace, who 
 fled to Brutus after the murder of Ceesar. 
 
 Polemojt, a youth of Athens, son of 
 Philostratus. He was much given to de- 
 bauchery and extravagance, and spent the 
 greatest part of his life in riot and drunk- 
 enness. He once, when intoxicated, en- 
 tered the school of Xenocrates, while the 
 philosopher was giving his pupils a lecture 
 upon the effects of intemperance, and he 
 was so struck with the eloquence of the 
 academician, and force of his arguments, 
 that from that moment he renounced 
 the dissipated life he had led, and applied 
 himself totally to the study of philosophy. 
 He was then in the thirtieth year of his age, 
 and from that time he never drank any other 
 liquor but water; and after the death of Xe- 
 nocrates he succeeded in the school where 
 his reformation had been effected. He 
 died about two hundred and seventy years 
 
 before Christ, in an extreme old age. A 
 
 son of Zeno the rhetorician, made king of 
 Pontus by Antony. He was killed by the 
 barbarians near the Palus Maeotis, against 
 
 whom he had made war. His son of 
 
 the same name was confirmed on his fa- 
 ther's throne by the Roman emperors, and 
 the province of Cilicia was also added to 
 
 his kingdom by Claudius. An officer 
 
 in the army of Alexander, intimate with 
 
 Philotas. A rhetorician at Rome, who 
 
 wrote a poem on weights and measures, 
 
 still extant. A sophist of Laodicea in 
 
 Asia Minor, in the reign of Adrian. In 
 the fifty-sixth year of his age he buried 
 himself alive, as he labored with the gout. 
 
 Polemonium, now Vatija, a town of 
 Pontus, at the east of the mouth of the 
 Thermodon. 
 
 Polias, a surname of Minerva, as pro- 
 tectress of cities. 
 
 Polichna, a town of Troas on Ida. 
 
 Another of Crete. 
 
 Polieia, a festival at Thebes in honor 
 of Apollo, who was represented there with 
 gray hair, contrary to the practice of all 
 other places. 
 
 Poliorcetes, (destroyer of cities,) a sur- 
 name given to Demetrius, son of Antigo- 
 nus. 
 
 Polisma, a town of Troas, on the Si- 
 mois. 
 
 Polistratus, an Epicurean philosopher. 
 
 Polites, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 killed by Pyrrhus in his father's presence. 
 His son, who bore the same name, follow- 
 ed iEneas into Italy, and was one of the 
 friends of young Ascanius. 
 
 Politorium, a city of the Latins de- 
 stroyed by the Romans, B. C. 639. 
 
 PoLLiNEA,an infamous woman. 
 
 Polla Argentaria, the wife of the 
 poet Lucan. She assisted her husband 
 in correcting the three first books of his 
 Pharsalia. 
 
 Pollentia, now Polenta, a town of 
 Liguria in Italy, famous for wool. There 
 was a celebrated battle fought there be- 
 tween the Romans and Alaric, king of 
 the Huns, about the 403d year of the 
 
 Christian era. A town of Majorca 
 
 of Picenum. 
 
 Polles, a Greek poet whose writings 
 were so obscure and unintelligible that 
 his name became proverbial. 
 
 Pollio, C. Asinius, a Roman consul, 
 under the reign of Augustus, who distin- 
 guished himself as much by his eloquence 
 and writings as by his exploits in the field. 
 He patronised, with great liberality, the 
 poets Virgil and Horace, who have im- 
 mortalized him in their writings. He 
 was the first who raised a public library 
 at Rome, and indeed his example was 
 afterwards followed by many of the em- 
 perors. He was greatly esteemed by Au- 
 gustus when he had become one of his 
 adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pol- 
 lio wrote some tragedies, orations, and an 
 history, which was divided into seven- 
 teen books. All these compositions are 
 lost, and nothing remains of his writings 
 except a few letters to Cicero. He died 
 in the eightieth year of his age, A. 1). 4. 
 He is the person in whose honor Virgil has 
 
 inscribed his fourth eclogue, Pollio. 
 
 Annius, a man accused of sedition before 
 Tiberius, and acquitted. He afterwards 
 
 conspired against Nero. Vedius,one 
 
 of the friends of Augustus, who used to 
 
 feed his fishes with human flesh. A 
 
 man who poisoned Britannicus, at the in- 
 stigation of Nero. An historian in the 
 
 age of Constantine the Great. A soph- 
 ist in the age of Pompey the Great. A 
 
 friend of the emperor Vespasian. 
 
 Pollis, a commander of the Lacedae- 
 monian fleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 377. 
 
 Pollius Felix, a friend of the poet 
 Statius, to whom he dedicated his second 
 Sylva. 
 
 Pollupex, now Final, a town of Genoa. 
 
 Pollutia, a daughter of L. Vetus, put 
 to death after her husband Rubellius Plau- 
 tus, by order of Nero. 
 
 Pollux, a son of Jupiter by Leda the 
 wife of Tyndarus. He was brother to 
 Castor. A Greek writer, who flourish- 
 ed A. D. 186, in the reign of Commodus, 
 and died in the 58th year of his age. 
 
 Poltis, a king of Thrace, in the time 
 of the Trojan war. 
 
 Polus, a celebrated Grecian actor. 
 
 A sophist of Agrigentum. 
 
 Polusca, a town of Latium, formerly 
 the capital of the Volsci. The inhabi- 
 tants were called Pollustini. 
 
 Poly^nus, a native of Macedonia, who 
 wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems, 
 which he dedicated to the emperors An- 
 toninus and Verus, while they were 
 making war against the Parthians. He 
 
PO 
 
 315 
 
 PO 
 
 wrote also other books which have been 
 lost, among which was an history, with a 
 
 description of the city of Thebes. A 
 
 friend of Philopcemen. An orator in 
 
 the age of Julius Cassar. A mathemati- 
 cian, who afterwards followed the tenets 
 of Epicurus, and disregarded geometry as 
 a false and useless study. 
 
 Poyanus, a mountain of Macedonia, 
 near Pindus. 
 
 Polyarchus, the brother of a queen of 
 Cvrene. 
 
 Polybidas, a general after the death of 
 Agesipolis the Lacedaemonian. He reduc- 
 ed' Olynthus. 
 
 Polybius, or Polybus, a king of Co- 
 rinth, who married Peribcea, whom some! 
 have called Merope. He was son of 
 Mercury by Chthonophyle, the daughter 
 of Sky on, king of Sicyon. He permitted 
 his wife, who had no children, to adopt 
 and educate as her own son, CEdipus, 
 who had been found by his shepherds ex- 
 posed in the woods. As he had no male 
 child, he left his kingdom to Adrastus, 
 who had been banished from his throne, 
 and who had fled to Corinth for protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Polybius, a native of Megalopolis in 
 Peloponnesus, son of Lycortas. He was 
 early initiated in the duties, and made 
 acquainted with the qualifications of a 
 statesman, by his father, who was a strong 
 supporter of the Achaean league, and un- 
 der him Philopoemen was taught the art 
 of war. In Macedonia he distinguished 
 kkuself by his valor against the Romans, 
 and when Perseus had been conquered, 
 he was carried to the capital of Italy as a 
 prisoner of war. But he was not long 
 buried in the obscurity of a dungeon. 
 Scipio and Fabius were acquainted with 
 his uncommon abilities as a warrior and 
 as a man of learning, and they made him 
 their friend by kindness and attention. 
 Polybius was not insensible to their mer- 
 it ; he accompanied Scipio in his expedi- 
 tions, and was present at the taking of 
 Carthage and Numantia. In the midst of 
 his prosperity, however, he felt the dis- 
 tresses of his country, which had been 
 reduced into a Roman province, and, like 
 a true patriot, he relieved its wants, and 
 eased its servitude by making use of the 
 influence which he had acquired by his 
 acquaintance with the most powerful Ro- 
 mans. After the death of his friend and 
 benefactor Scipio, he retired from Rome, 
 and passed the rest of his days at Mega- 
 lopolis, where he enjoyed the comforts 
 and honors which every good man can 
 receive from the gratitude of his citizens, 
 and from the self-satisfaction which at- 
 tends a humane and benevolent heart. 
 He died in the eighty-second year of his 
 age, about one hundred and twenty-four 
 years before Christ, of a wound which he 
 
 had received by a fall from his horse. He 
 wrote an universal history in Greek, di- 
 vided into forty books, which began with 
 the wars of Rome with the Carthaginians, 
 and finished with the conquest of Mace- 
 donia by Paulus. The greatest part of 
 this valuable history is lost ; the five first 
 books are extant, and of the twelve fol- 
 lowing the fragments are numerous. The 
 history of Polybius is admired for its au- 
 thenticity. A freedman of Augustus. 
 
 A physician, disciple and successor 
 
 of Hippocrates. A soothsayer of Co- 
 rinth, who foretold to his sons the fate 
 that attended them in the Trojan war. 
 
 Polybcea, a daughter of Ainyclas and 
 Diomede, sister lo Hyacinthus. 
 
 Polybotes, one of the giants who made 
 war against Jupiter. He was killed by 
 Neptune, who crushed hiin under a part 
 of the island of Cos, as he was walking 
 across the iEgean. 
 
 Polybus, a king of Thebes in Egypt in 
 
 the time of the Trojan war. One of 
 
 Penelope's suitors. A king of Sicyon. 
 
 A king of Corinth. 
 
 Polycaon, a son of Lelexwho succeed- 
 ed his brother Myles. A son of Eutes 
 
 who married a daughter of Hyllus. 
 
 Polycarpus, a famous Greek writer, 
 born at Smyrna, and educated at the ex- 
 pense of a rich but pious lady. He be- 
 came bishop of Smyrna, and went to 
 Rome to settle the festival of Easter, but 
 to no purpose. He was condemned to be 
 burnt at Smyrna, A. D. 167. 
 
 Polycaste, the youngest of the daugh- 
 ters of Nestor. 
 
 Polychares, a rich Messenian, said to 
 have been the cause of the war which 
 was kindled between the Spartans and his 
 countrymen, which was called the first 
 Messenian war. 
 
 Polvclea, the mother of Thessalus. 
 
 Polycles, an Athenian in the time of 
 
 Demetrius. A famous athlete, often 
 
 crowned at the four solemn games of the 
 Greeks. 
 
 Polycletus, a celebrated statuary of 
 Sicyon, about two hundred and thirty- 
 two years before Christ. He was univer- 
 sally reckoned the most skilful artist of 
 his profession among the ancients, and 
 the second rank was given to Phidias. 
 
 He was acquainted with architecture. 
 
 Another who lived about thirty years af- 
 ter. A favorite of the emperor Nero, 
 
 put to death by Galba. 
 
 Polyclitus, an historian of Larissa. 
 
 PoLYrRATEs, a tyrant of Samos, well 
 known,for the continual flow of good for- 
 tune which attended him. He had a fleet 
 of a hundred ships of war, and was so 
 universally respected, that Amasis, the 
 king of Egypt, made a treaty of alliance 
 with him. The Egyptian monarch, how- 
 ever, terrified by his continual prosperity, 
 
PO 
 
 31G 
 
 PO 
 
 advised him to chequer his enjoyments, 
 by relinquishing some of his most favorite 
 objects. Polycrates complied, and threw 
 into the sea a beautiful seal, the most val- 
 uable of his jewels. The voluntary loss 
 of so precious a seal afflicted him for some 
 time, but a few days after, he received as 
 a present a large fish, in whose belly the 
 jewel was found. Amasis no sooner 
 heard this, than he rejected all alliance 
 with the tyrant of Samos, and observed, 
 that sooner or later his good fortune 
 would vanish. Some time after Polycra- 
 tes visited Magnesia on the* Mseander, 
 where he had been invited by Orcetes, the 
 governor. He was shamefully put to 
 death, five hundred and twenty-two years 
 before Christ, merely because the govern- 
 or wished to terminate the prosperity of 
 
 Polycrates. A sophist of Athens. 
 
 An ancient statuary. 
 
 Polycreta, or Polycrita, a young wo- 
 man of Naxos, who became the wife of 
 Diognetus, the general of the Erythreans, 
 
 &c. Another woman of Naxos, who 
 
 died through excess of joy. 
 
 Polycritus, a man who wrote the life 
 of Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily. 
 
 Polyctor, the husband of Stygna, one 
 
 of the Danaides. The father of Pisan- 
 
 der, one of Penelope's suitors. An 
 
 athlete of Elis. 
 
 Polydjemon, an Assyrian prince killed 
 by Perseus. 
 
 Polydamas, a Trojan, son of Antenor 
 by Theano. the sister of Hecuba. He 
 married Ly caste, a natural daughter of 
 
 Priam. A son of Panthous, born the 
 
 same night as Hector. He was killed by 
 Ajax, after he had slaughtered a great 
 
 number of the enemy. A celebrated 
 
 athlete, son of Nicias, who imitated Her- 
 cules in whatever he did. He was one 
 day with some of his friends in a cave, 
 when on a sudden, a large piece of rock 
 came tumbling down, and while all fled 
 away, he attempted to receive the falling 
 fragment in his arms. His prodigious 
 strength, however, was insufficient, and 
 he was instantly crushed to pieces under 
 
 the rock. One of Alexander's officers 
 
 intimate with Parmenio. 
 
 Polydamna, a wife of Thonis, king of 
 Egypt. It is said that she gave Helen a 
 certain powder, which had the wonderful 
 power of driving away care and melan- 
 choly. 
 
 Polydectes, a king of Sparta, of the 
 family of the Proclidae. He was son of 
 
 Eunomus. A son of Magnes, king of 
 
 the island of Seriphos. He received with 
 great kindness Danae and her son Per- 
 seus, who had been exposed on the sea by 
 Acrisius. He took particular care of the 
 education of Perseus ; but when he be- 
 came enamored of Danae, he removed 
 him from his kingdom, apprehensive of 
 
 his resentment. Some time after he paid 
 his addresses to Danae, and when she re- 
 jected him, he prepared to offer her vio- 
 lence. At this critical moment, Perseus 
 arrived, and with Medusa's head he turn- 
 ed into stones Polydectes, with the asso- 
 ciates of his guilt. A sculptor of 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Polydeucea, a fountain of Laconia, 
 near Therapne. 
 
 Polydora, a daughter of Peleus king 
 of Thessaly, by Antigone, the daughter 
 of Eurytion. She married the river Sper- 
 
 chius, by whom she had Mnestheus. 
 
 One of the Oceanides. A daughter of 
 
 Meleager king of Calydon, who married 
 Protesilaus. She killed herself when she 
 
 heard that her husband was dead. A 
 
 daughter of Perieres. An island of the 
 
 Propontis near Cyzicus. 
 
 Poltdorus, a son of Alcamenes, king 
 of Sparta. He put an end to the war 
 which had been carried on during twenty 
 years, between Messenia and his subjects, 
 and during his reign, the Lacedasmonians 
 planted two colonies, one at Crotona, and 
 the other at Locri. He was universally 
 respected. He was assassinated by a no- 
 bleman, called Polemarchus. A cele- 
 brated carver of Rhodes, who with one 
 stone made the famous statue of Laocoon 
 
 and his children. A son of Hippome- 
 
 don, who went with the Epigoni to the 
 second Theban war. A son of Cad- 
 mus and Hermione, who married Nycteis, 
 by whom he had Labdacus, the father of 
 Laius. He had succeeded to the throne 
 of Thebes, when his father had gone to 
 
 Illyricum. A brother of Jason of Phe- 
 
 rse, who killed his brother, and seized 
 
 upon his possessions A son of Priam 
 
 killed by Achilles. Another son of Pri- 
 am by Hecuba, or according to others by 
 Laothoe, the daughter of Altes, king of 
 Pedasus. As he was young and inexpe- 
 rienced when Troy was besieged by the 
 Greeks, his father removed him to the 
 court of Polymnestor, king of Thrace, 
 and also intrusted to the care of the mon- 
 arch a large sum of money, and the great- 
 est part of his treasures, till his country 
 was freed from foreign invasion. No 
 sooner was the death of Priam known in 
 Thrace than Polymnestor made himself 
 master of the riches which were in his 
 possession, and to insure them the bet- 
 ter, he assassinated young Polydorus, and 
 threw his body into the sea, where it was 
 found by Hecuba. 
 
 Polygius, a surname of Mercury. 
 
 Polygnotus, a celebrated painter of 
 Thasos, about four hundred and twenty- 
 two years before the Christian era. His 
 father's name was Aglaophon. He par- 
 ticularly excelled in giving grace, liveli- 
 ness, and expression to his pieces. A 
 
 statuary. 
 
PO 
 
 317 
 
 PO 
 
 POLTSOM'S .lil.i TcL£GOKT"J, SOUS of 
 
 Proteus and Coronis, were killed by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Polvhvmnia, and Poxymnia, one of the 
 Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemo- 
 syne. She presided over singing and rhe- 
 toric, and was deemed the inventress of 
 harmony. She was represented veiled 
 in white, holding a sceptre in her left 
 hand, and with a crown of jewels on her 
 head. 
 
 Polyidius, a physician who brought 
 back to life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by 
 applying to his body a certain herb, with 
 which he had seen a serpent restore life 
 
 to another which was dead. A son of 
 
 Hercules by one of the daughters of Tbes- 
 
 tius. A Corinthian soothsayer, called 
 
 also Polybius. A dithyrambic poet, 
 
 painter, and musician. 
 
 PoLYLAus,a son of Hercules and Crathe, 
 daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Polymede, a daughter of Autolycus, 
 who married ^Eson, by whom she had Ja- 
 son. 
 
 Polymedon, one of Priam's illegitimate 
 children. 
 
 Polymela, one of Diana's companions. 
 
 A daughter of iEolus, seduced by 
 
 Ulysses. A daughter of Actor. 
 
 Polymejses, an officer appointed to take 
 care of Egypt after it had been conquered 
 by Alexander. 
 
 Polymneste9, a Greek poet of Colo- 
 phon. A native of Thera. 
 
 Polymnestor, a king of the Thracian 
 Chersonesus, who married Ilione the eld- 
 est of Priam's daughters. When the 
 Greeks besieged Troy, Priam sent the 
 greatest part of his treasures, together 
 with Polydorus, the youngest of his sons 
 to Thrace, where they were intrusted to 
 the care of Polymnestor. The Thracian 
 monarch paid every attention to his bro- 
 ther-in-law ; but when he was informed 
 that Priam was dead, he murdered him to 
 become master of the riches which were 
 in his possession. At that time, the 
 Greeks were returning victorious from 
 Troy, followed by all the captives, among 
 whom was Hecuba, the mother of Poly- 
 dorus. The fleet stopped on the coasts of 
 Thrace, where one of the female captives 
 discovered on the shore the body of Poly- 
 dorus, whom Polymnestor had thrown into 
 the sea. The dreadful intelligence was 
 immediately communicated to the mother, 
 and Hecuba, who recollected the frightful 
 dreams which she had had on the preced- 
 ing night, did not doubt but Polymnestor 
 was the cruel assassin. She resolved to re- 
 venge her son's death, and immediately 
 she called out Polymnestor, as if wishing 
 to impart to him a matter of the most im- 
 portant nature. The tyrant was drawn 
 into the snare, and was no sooner intro- 
 duced into the apartments of the Trojan 
 27* 
 
 princess, than the female captives rushed 
 upQn him, and put out his eyes with their 
 pins, while Hecuba murdered his two 
 
 children who had accompanied him. A 
 
 king of Arcadia, succeeded on the throne 
 
 by Ecmis. A young Milesian who took 
 
 a'hare in running, and afterwards obtain- 
 ed a prize at the Olympic games. 
 
 Polynices, a son of CEdipus king of 
 Thebes, by Jocasta. He inherited his fa- 
 ther's throne with his brother Eteocles, 
 and it was mutually agreed between the 
 two brothers, that they should reign each 
 a year alternately. Eteocles first ascend- 
 ed the throne by right of seniority ; but 
 when the year was expired, he refused to 
 resign the crown to his brother. Poly- 
 nices, upon this, fled to Argos, where he 
 married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus, 
 the king of the country, and levied a large 
 army, at the head of which he marched 
 to Thebes. The command of this army 
 was divided among seven celebrated 
 chiefs, who were to attack the seven gates 
 of the city of Thebes. The battle was de- 
 cided by a single combat between the 
 two brothers, who both killed one an- 
 other. 
 
 Polynoe, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Polypemon, a famous thief, called also 
 Procrustes, who plundered all the travel- 
 lers about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis 
 in Attica. He was killed by Theseus. 
 
 PoLYFERCHON, Or PoLYSPERCHON, One 
 
 of the officers of Alexan der. Antipater at 
 his death, appointed him governor of the 
 kingdom of Macedonia, in preference to 
 his own son Cassander. Polyperchon, 
 though old, and a man of experience, 
 showed great ignorance in the adminis- 
 tration of the government. He was killed 
 in a battle, 309 B. C. 
 
 Polyphemus, a celebrated Cyclops, king 
 of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of 
 Neptune and Thoosa, the daughter of 
 Pborcys. He is represented as a monster 
 of strength, of a tall stature, and one eye 
 in the middle of the forehead. He fed 
 upon human flesh, and kept his flocks on 
 the coasts of Sicily, when Ulysses, at his 
 return from the Trojan war, was driven 
 there. The Grecian prince, with twelve 
 of his companions, visited the coast, and 
 were seized by the Cyclops, who confined 
 them in his cave, and daily devoured two 
 of them. Ulysses would have shared the 
 fate of his companions, had he not intoxi- 
 cated the Cyclops, and put out his eye 
 with a firebrand while he was asleep 
 Polyphemus was awaked by the sudden 
 pain, he stopped the entrance of his cave, 
 but Ulysses made his escape by creeping 
 between the legs of the rams of the Cy- 
 clops, as they were led out to feed on the 
 mountains. Polyphemus became enamor- 
 ed of Ga'.aUea, but his addresses were dis 
 regarded, and the nymph shunned his pre 
 
PO 
 
 318 
 
 PO 
 
 sence. One of the Argonauts, son of 
 
 Elatus and Hippea. 
 
 Polyphonta, one of Diana's nymphs, 
 daughter of Hipponus and Thraosa. 
 
 Polyphonies, one of the Heraclida;, 
 who killed Cresphontes, king of Messe- 
 
 nia, and usurped his crown. One of 
 
 the Theban generals, under Eteocles. 
 
 Polypcetes, a son of Pirithous and Hip- 
 
 podamia at the Trojan war. A son of 
 
 Apollo by Pythia. One of the Trojans 
 
 whom ^Eneas saw when he visited the in- 
 fernal regions. 
 
 Polysperchon. Vid. Polyperchon. 
 
 Polystratus, a Macedonian soldier, 
 who found Darius after he had been stab- 
 bed by Bessus, and who gave him water 
 to drink, and carried the last injunctions 
 
 of the dying monarch to Alexander. 
 
 An epicurean philosopher who nourished 
 B. C. 238. 
 
 Polytecnus, an artist of Colophon, 
 who married ^Edon, the daughter of Pan- 
 darus. 
 
 Polytion, a friend of Alcibiades, with 
 whom he profaned the mysteries of Ce- 
 res. 
 
 Polytimetus, a river of Sogdiana. 
 
 Polyphron, a prince killed by his ne- 
 phew Alexander, the tyrant of Pheree. 
 
 Polytropus, a man sent by the Lace- 
 ilcBiuonians with an army against the Ar- 
 cadians. He was killed at Orchomenus. 
 
 Polyxena, a daughter of Priam and 
 Hecuba, celebrated for her beauty and ac- 
 complishments. Achilles became enamor- 
 ed of her, and solicited her hand, and 
 their marriage would have been consum- 
 mated, had not Hector her brother oppos- 
 ed it. Polyxena, according to some au- 
 thors, accompanied her father when he 
 went to the tent of Achilles to redeem the 
 body of his son Hector. Sometime after 
 the Grecian hero came into the temple of 
 Apollo to obtain a sight of the Trojan 
 princess, but he was murdered there by 
 Paris ; and Polyxena, who had returned 
 his affection, was so afflicted at his death, 
 that she went and sacrificed herself on 
 his tomb. 
 
 Polyxenidas, a Syrian general, who 
 flourished B. C. 192. 
 
 Polyxenus, one of the Greek princes 
 during the Trojan war. His father's name 
 
 was Agasthenes. A son of Medea by 
 
 Jason.- — A young Athenian who became 
 
 blind. A general of Dionysius, from 
 
 whom he revolted. 
 
 Polyxo, a priestess of Apollo's temple 
 in Lemnos. It was by her advice that the 
 Lemnian women murdered all their hus- 
 bands. One of the Atlantides. A 
 
 native of Argos, who married Tlepolemus, 
 son of Hercules. She followed him to 
 Rhodes, after the murder of his uncle Li- 
 cymnius, and when he departed for the 
 Trojan war with the rest of the Greek 
 
 princes, she became the sole mistress of 
 
 the kingdom. The wife of Nycteus. 
 
 One of the wives of Danaus. 
 
 Polyzelus, a Greek poet of Rhodes. 
 Some of his verses are quoted by Athe- 
 naeus. An Athenian archon. 
 
 Pomax.ithres, a Parthian soldier, who 
 killed Crassus according to some. 
 
 Pometia, Pometii, and Pometia Sues- 
 sa, a town of the Volsci in Latium, total- 
 ly destroyed by the Romans, because it 
 had revolted. 
 
 Pome tina, one of the tribes of the peo- 
 ple at Rome. 
 
 Pomona, a nymph at Rome who was 
 supposed to preside over gardens, and to 
 be the goddess of al! sorts of fruit-trees* 
 She was generally represented as sitting 
 on a basket full of flowers and fruit, and 
 holding a bough in one hand, and apples 
 in the other. 
 
 Pompeia, a daughter of Sextus Pompey, 
 by Scribonia. She was promised to Mar- 
 cellus, as a means of procuring a recon- 
 ciliation between her father and the tri- 
 umvirs, but she married Scribonius Libo. 
 A daughter of Pompey the Great, Ju- 
 lius Caesar's third wife, and by him repu- 
 diated. The wife of Anna?us Seneca, 
 
 was the daughter of Pompeius Paullinus. 
 
 There was a portico at Rome, called 
 
 Pompeia, much frequented by all orders of 
 people. 
 
 Pompeia lex, by Pompey the Great, dc 
 ambitu, A. U. C. 70] . It ordained that 
 whatever person had been convicted of 
 the crime of ambitus, should be pardoned, 
 provided he could impeach two others of 
 the same crime, and occasion the condem- 
 nation of one of them. Another by the 
 
 same, A. U. C. 701, which forbade the use 
 of laudatores in trials, or persons who gave 
 a good character of the prisoner then im- 
 peached. Another by the same, A. U. 
 
 C. 683. It restored to the tribunes their 
 original power and authority, of which 
 they had been deprived by the Cornelian 
 
 law. Another by the same, A. U. C. 
 
 701. It shortened the forms of trials. The 
 plaintiff was confined to two hours, and 
 
 the defendant to three. Another by the 
 
 same, A. U. C. 698. It required, that the 
 judges should be the richest of every cen- 
 tury, contrary to the usual form. An- 
 other of the same, A. U. C. 701. Pompey 
 was by this empowered to continue Iri the 
 government of Spain five years longer. 
 
 Pompeianus Jupiter, a large statue of 
 Jupiter, near Pompey's theatre, whence it 
 received its name. 
 
 Pomp-eianus, a Roman knight of An- 
 tioch, raised to offices of the greatest trust, 
 under the emperor Aurelius, whose daugh- 
 ter Lucilla he married. A general of 
 
 Maxentius, killed by Constantine. A 
 
 Roman put to death by Caracalla, 
 
 Pompeii, or Pompeium, a town of Cam 
 
 
PO 
 
 319 
 
 PO 
 
 pania, built, as some suppose, by Hercu- 
 les, and so called because the hero there 
 exhibited the long procession (pompa,) of 
 the heads of Geryon, which he had ob- 
 tained by conquest. It was partly de- 
 molished by an earthquake, A. D. 63, and 
 afterwards rebuilt. Sixteen years after it 
 was swallowed up by another earthquake, 
 which accompanied one of the eruptions 
 of mount Vesuvius. Herculaneum, in its 
 neighborhood, shared the same fate. The 
 people of the town were then assembled 
 in a theatre, where public spectacles were 
 exhibited. 
 
 Pompeiopolis, a town of Cilicia, for- 
 merly called Soli. Another in Paphla- 
 
 gonia. 
 
 Q,. Pompeius, a consul who carried on 
 war against the Numantines, and made a 
 shameful treaty. He is the first of that 
 noble family, of whom mention is made. 
 
 Cneus, a Roman general, sumamed 
 
 Strabo, because he squinted. He was 
 killed by a flash of lightning, and as he 
 had behaved with cruelty while in power, 
 the people dragged his body through the 
 streets of Rome with an iron hook, and 
 threw it into the Tiber. Rufus, a Ro- 
 man consul with Sylla. He was sent to 
 finish the Marsian war, but the army mu- 
 tinied at the instigation of Pompeius Stra- 
 bo, whom he was to succeed in command, 
 and he was assassinated by some of the 
 
 soldiers. A general who succeeded 
 
 Metellus in Spain, and was the occasion 
 of a war with Numantia. Another gen- 
 eral taken prisoner by Mithridates. 
 
 Sextus, a governor of Spain, who cured 
 himself of the gout by placing himself in 
 corn above the knee. Rufus, a grand- 
 son of Sylla. A tribune of the soldiers 
 
 in Nero's reign, deprived of his office 
 when Piso's conspiracy was discovered. 
 
 A consul praised for his learning and 
 
 abilities. A son of Theophanes of Mity- 
 
 lene, famous for his intimacy with Pom- 
 
 pey the Great, and for his writings A 
 
 tribune of a pretorian cohort under Galba. 
 
 A Roman knight put to death by the 
 
 emperor Claudius for his adultery with 
 
 Messalina. Cneus, surnamed the Great, 
 
 from his wonderful exploits, was son of 
 Pompeius Strabo and Lucilia. He early 
 distinguished himself in the field of battle ; 
 and, by pleading at the bar, he displayed 
 his eloquence, and received the most un- 
 bounded applause. Pompey followed the 
 interest of Sylla ; and, in his twenty-sixth 
 year, he conquered Sicily, which was 
 then in the power of Marius, and regained 
 all the territories of Africa, which had re- 
 volted from Sylla. After the death of 
 Sylla, Pompey was made consul ; and, by 
 the influence of his friends at Rome, he 
 was empowered to finish the war against 
 Mithridates, kingof Pontus,and Tigranes. 
 king of Armenia. He totaily defeated the 
 
 army of the king of Pontus, and that mon- 
 arch with difficulty escaped; he next en- 
 tered Armenia, and received the submis- 
 sion of king Tigranes; and, after he had 
 conquered the Albanians and Iberians, 
 visited countries which were scarcely 
 known to the Romans, and, like a master 
 of the world, disposed of kingdoms and 
 provinces, receiving the homage of twelve 
 crowned heads. He entered Syria, and 
 pushed his conquests as far as the Red 
 sea. Part of Arabia was subdued, Judrea 
 became a Roman province, and, when he 
 had nothing to fear from Mithridates, who 
 had destroyed himself, Pompey returned 
 to Italy with all the pomp and majesty of 
 an eastern conqueror. To strengthen him- 
 self still further, Pompey united with Caj- 
 sar and Crassus, and formed the first tri- 
 umvirate ; and the provinces of the repub- 
 lic were arbitrarily divided between the 
 triumvirs. But this powerful confederacy 
 was soon broken by the death of Julia, 
 daughter of Caesar, whom Pompey had 
 married ; and the total defeat of Crassus 
 in Syria. While the conqueror of Mith- 
 ridates was considered as a sovereign at 
 Rome, the adherents of Caesar were not 
 silent : they demanded that either the con- 
 sulship should be given to him, or that he 
 should be continued in the government of 
 Gaul, of which he had been deprived. 
 This demand was refused, and a civil war 
 was the consequence. Caesar collected 
 his forces, and crossed the Rubicon ; and, 
 in sixty days, all Italy acknowledged his 
 power. Several famous battles were 
 fought between these great men, witli al- 
 ternate success ; at length the two armies 
 met and engaged on the plains of Phar 
 salia, where Pompey was obliged to give 
 way, overwhelmed with grief and shame. 
 He disguised himself, and fled to the sea- 
 coast, whence he passed into Egypt, and 
 claimed protection from Ptolemy, who 
 basely betrayed him. A boat was sent to 
 fetch him on shore, and, after an affec- 
 tionate parting with his wife Cornelia, 
 Poinpey disembarked, and was assassin- 
 ated by Achillas and Septimius. His head 
 was cut oft*, and sent to Caesar, who turn- 
 ed away from it with horror, and shed a 
 flood of tears. The body remained for 
 some time naked on the sea-shore, till 
 Philip, one of his freedmen, raised a burn- 
 ing pile, and deposited his ashes under a 
 mound of earth. The two sons of Pompey 
 the Great, Cneius and Sextus, after the 
 death of their father, prepared to oppose 
 the conqueror ; but Caesar met them with 
 vigor and success ; and at the battle of 
 Munda they were defeated, and Cneius 
 left among the slain. Sextus fled to Si- 
 cily, and was shortly afterwards murder- 
 ed by order of Mark Antony. 
 
 Pompelon, a town of Spain, now Pom- 
 p china- , the capital of Navarre. 
 
PO 
 
 m 
 
 PO 
 
 Pompllics Nf.vsi, the second king of 
 
 Home. (Fid. -Numa.) Andronicus, a 
 
 grammarian of Syria. 
 
 Pompilia, a daughter of Numa Pompi 
 lius. She married Numa Martius, by 
 whom she had Ancus Martius, the fourth 
 king of Rome. 
 
 Pompilus, a fisherman of Ionia. He 
 carried into Miletus, Ocyroe the daughter 
 of Chesias, of whom Apollo was enamor- 
 ed, but before he had reached the shore, 
 the god changed the boat into a rock, Pom- 
 pilus into a fish of the same name, and 
 carried away Ocyroe. 
 
 Pompiscus, an Arcadian. 
 
 Pomponia, the wife or Q,. Cicero, sister 
 to Pomponius Atticus. She punished with 
 the greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave 
 who had betrayed her husband to Antony, 
 and she ordered him to cut his flesh by 
 piecemeal, and afterwards to boil it and 
 
 eat it in her presence. -A daughter of 
 
 Pomponius Grtecinus, in the age of Au- 
 gustus. Another matron banished from 
 
 Rome by Domitian, and recalled by Nerva. 
 
 Pomponius, the father of Numa, advised 
 his son to accept the regal dignity which 
 the Roman ambassadors offered to him. — 
 A celebrated Roman intimate with Cicero. 
 He was surnamed Atticus, from his long 
 
 residence at Athens. Flaccus, a man 
 
 appointed governor of Moesia and Syria by 
 
 Tiberius. A tribune of the people in 
 
 the time of Serviiius Ahala the consul. 
 
 Labeo, a governor of Mossia, accused 
 
 of ill management in his province. He 
 destroyed himself by opening his veins. 
 
 Mela, a Spaniard who wrote a hook on 
 
 geography. A proconsul of Africa accus- 
 ed by the inhabitants of his province, and 
 
 acquitted. A Roman who accused 
 
 Manlius the dictator of cruelty. He es- 
 caped from Rome, and the tyranny of the 
 triumvirs, by assuming the habit of a prre- 
 tor, and by travelling with his servants 
 disguised in the dress of lictors with their 
 fasces. Secundus, an officer in Ger- 
 many in the age of Nero. He was honor- 
 ed with a triumph for a victory over the 
 
 barbarians of Germany. A friend of C. 
 
 Gracchus. He was killed in attempting 
 to defend him. An officer taken pri- 
 soner by Mithridates. A dissolute 
 
 youth. Sextus, a lawyer, disciple to 
 
 Papinian. 
 
 Fomposianus, a Roman put to death by 
 Domitian. He had before been made con- 
 sul by Vespasian. 
 
 C. Pomptinus, a Roman officer who 
 conquered the Allobroges after the defeat 
 of Catiline. 
 
 Pomfus, a king of Arcadia. 
 Pons tElius was built by the emperor 
 Adrian at Rome. It is still to be seen, the 
 
 largest and most beautiful in Rome. 
 
 jEmylius, an ancient bridge at Rome, ori- 
 ginally called Sublieius, because built with 
 
 '.rood (sublics.) It was much injured by 
 the overflowing of the river, and the empe- 
 ror Antoninus, who repaired it, made it all 
 
 with white marble. Aniensis was built 
 
 across the river Anio, about three miles 
 
 from Rome. Cestus was built in the 
 
 reign of Tiberius. Aurelianus was built 
 
 with marble by the emperor Antoninus. 
 
 Armoniensis was built by Augustus, 
 
 to join the Flaminian to the iEmylian road 
 
 Dajanus was built at Baias in the sea 
 
 by Caligula. Janicularis received its 
 
 name from its vicinity to mount Janicu 
 
 lurri. It is still standing. Milvius was 
 
 about one mile from Rome. Palatinus, 
 
 near mount Palatine, was also called Se- 
 nalorius, because the senators walked over 
 it in procession, when they went to con- 
 sult the Sybilline books. Trajanus was 
 
 built by Trajan across the Danube, cele- 
 brated for its bigness and magnificence. 
 
 Another was built by Trajan over the 
 
 Tagus, part of which still remains. 
 
 The largest single arched bridge known 
 is over the river Elaver in France, called 
 
 Pons Veteris Brivatis. Suffragiorum 
 
 was built in the Campus Martius. Ti- 
 
 rensis, a bridge of Latium between Arpi- 
 
 num and Minturnae. Triumphalis was 
 
 on the way to the capitol, and passed over 
 
 by those who triumphed. Narniensis 
 
 joined two mountains near Narnia, built 
 by Augustus, of stupendous height, sixty 
 miles from Rome : one arch of it remains, 
 about one hundred feet high. 
 
 Pontia, a Roman matron who commit- 
 ted adultery with Sagitta. A mother 
 
 famous for her cruelty. A surname of 
 
 Venus at Hermione. A woman con- 
 demned by Nero as guilty of a conspiracy. 
 She killed herself by opening her veins. 
 
 An island in the Tyrrhene sea, where 
 
 Pilate, surnamed Pontius, is supposed to 
 have lived. 
 
 Ponticum mare, the sea of Pontus, ge- 
 nerally called the Euxine. 
 
 Ponticus, a poet of Rome, contempora- 
 ry with Propertius, by whom -he is com- 
 pared to Homer. A man in Juvenal's 
 
 age, fond of boasting of the antiquity and 
 great actions of his family, yet without 
 possessing himself one single virtue. 
 
 Pontina, or Pomptina lacus, a lake in 
 the country of the Volsci, through which 
 the great Appian road passed. This lake 
 is now become very dangerous from the 
 exhalations of its stagnant water. 
 
 Pontinus, a friend of Cicero. A tri- 
 bune of the people, who refused to rise up 
 when Caesar passed in triumphal proces- 
 sion. A mountain of Argolis, with a 
 
 river of the same name. 
 
 Pontius Aufidianus, a Roman citizen, 
 who upon hearing that violence had been 
 offered to his daughter, punished her and 
 
 her ravisher with death. Herennius, a 
 
 general of the Samnites, who surrounded 
 
PO 
 
 321 
 
 PO 
 
 the Roman army under the consuls T. Ve- 
 turius and P. Posthumius. Pontius spared 
 the lives of the enemy, after he had oblig- 
 ed them to pass under the yoke with the 
 greatest ignominy. He was afterwards 
 conquered, and shamefully put to death 
 
 by the Romans. A Roman slave who 
 
 told Sylla in a prophetic strain, that he 
 
 brought him success from Bellona. One 
 
 of the favorites of Albucilla. Titus, a 
 
 Roman centurion, of uncommon strength. 
 Pgktus, a kingdom -of Asia Minor, 
 bounded on the east by Colchis, -west by 
 the Halys, north by the Euxine sea, and 
 south by part of Armenia. The kingdom 
 of Pontus was in its most flourishing state 
 under Mithridates the Great. When J. 
 Cffisar had conquered it, it became a Ro- 
 man province. A part ot Mysia in Eu- 
 rope on the borders of the Euxine sea, 
 
 where Ovid was banished. An ancient 
 
 deity, father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Ne- 
 reus, Eurybia, and Ceto, by Terra. He is 
 the same as Oceanus. 
 
 Pontus Euxinus, a celebrated sea, situ- 
 ate at the west of Colchis. It is called 
 the Black Sea by the moderns. 
 
 M. Popilius, a consul who was inform- 
 ed, as he was offering a sacrifice, that a 
 sedition was raised in the city against the 
 senate. Upon this he immediately went 
 to the populace in his sacerdotal robes, and 
 quieted the multitude with a speech. He 
 
 lived about the year of Rome 404. 
 
 Caius, a consul, who, when besieged by 
 the Gauls, abandoned his baggage to save 
 his army. Lamas, a Roman ambassa- 
 dor to Antiochus, king of Syria. A tri- 
 bune of the people who murdered Cicero, 
 to whose eloquence he was indebted for 
 
 his life. A praetor who banished the 
 
 friends of Tiberius Gracchus from Italy. 
 
 A Roman consul who made war 
 
 against the people of Numantia, and was 
 
 defeated by them. A senator who 
 
 alarmed the conspirators against Caesar, 
 by telling them that the whole plot was 
 
 discovered. A Roman emperor. 
 
 Poplicola, one of the first consuls. 
 Pofp.ea Sabina, a celebrated Roman 
 matron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She 
 married a Roman knight called Rufus 
 Crispinus, by whom she had a son. Her 
 personal charms, and the elegance of her 
 figure captivated Otho, who was then one 
 of Nero's favorites. He carried her away 
 and married her ; but Nero who had seen 
 her, and had often heard her accomplish- 
 "ments extolled, soon deprived him of her 
 company, and sent him out of Italy, on 
 pretence of presiding over one of the Ro- 
 man provinces. After he had taken this 
 step, Nero repudiated his wife Octavia, 
 on pretence of barrenness, and married 
 Poppnsa. She died of a blow which she 
 received from his foot about the sixty-fifth 
 year of the Christian era. A beautiful 
 
 woman at the court of Nero. She was 
 mother to the preceding. 
 
 PoppiKus Sabinus, a Roman of obscure 
 origin, who was made governor of some 
 of the Roman provinces. He destroyed 
 
 himself. Sylvanus, a man of consular 
 
 dignity, who brought to Vespasian a body 
 
 of six hundred Dalmatians. A friend 
 
 of Otho. 
 
 Pofulonia, or Populanium, a town of 
 Etruria, near Pisre, destroyed in the civil 
 wars of Sylla, 
 
 Porata, a river of Dacia, now Pruth, 
 falling into the Danube. 
 
 Porcia, a sister of Cato of Utica, great- 
 ly commended by Cicero. A daughter 
 
 of Cato of Utica, who married Bibulus, 
 and after his death, Brutus. She was re- 
 markable for her prudence, philosophy, 
 courage, and conjugal tenderness. When 
 Brutus was dead, she refused to survive 
 him, and attempted to end her life as a 
 daughter of Cato. Her friends attempted 
 to terrify her ; but when she saw that 
 every weapon was removed from her 
 reach, she swallowed burning coals and 
 died, about forty-two years before the 
 Christain era. 
 
 Porcia lex, de civitate, by M. Porcius 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 453. It ordained 
 that no magistrate should punish with 
 death, or scourge with rods a Roman citi- 
 zen when condemned, but only permit 
 him to go into exile. 
 
 Porcina, a surname of the orator M. 
 M. Lepidus, who lived a little before Ci- 
 cero's age. 
 
 M. Porcius Latro, a celebrated orator 
 who killed himself when laboring under 
 
 a quartan ague, A. U. C. 750. Licinius, 
 
 a Latin poet during the time of the third 
 
 Punic war. A Roman senator who 
 
 joined the conspiracy of Catiline. A 
 
 son of Cato of Utica, given much to drink- 
 ing. 
 
 Poredorax, one of the forty Gauls whom 
 Mithridates ordered to be put to death, and 
 to remain unburied for conspiring against 
 him. 
 
 Porina, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 Poroselene, an island near Lesbos. 
 Porphyrion, a son of Ccelus and Terra, 
 one of the giants who made war against 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Porphyris, a name of the island Cy- 
 thera. 
 
 Porphyrius, a Platonic philosopher of 
 Tyre. He studied eloquence at Athens 
 under Longinus, and afterwards retired 
 to Rome, where he perfected himself un- 
 der Plotinus. His most celebrated work, 
 which is now lost, was against the reli- 
 gion of Christ. He has been universally 
 called the greatest enemy which the Chris 
 tian religion had, and indeed his doctrines 
 were so pernicious, that a copy of his 
 book was publicly burnt by order of Theo- 
 
PO 
 
 322 
 
 PO 
 
 dosius, A. D. 888. He died A. D. 304, at 
 
 the advanced age of seventy-one. A 
 
 Latin poet in the reign of Constantine the 
 Great. 
 
 Pofrima, one of the attendants of Car- 
 mente when she came from Arcadia. 
 
 Porsenna or Porsena, a king of Etru- 
 ria, who declared war against the Ro- 
 mans, because they refused to restore 
 Tarquin to his throne and to his royal 
 privileges. He made a peace with the 
 Romans, and never after supported the 
 claims of Tarquin. 
 Porta Capena, a gate at Rome, which 
 
 leads to the Appian road. Aurelia, a 
 
 gate at Rome, which received its name 
 
 from Aurelius, a consul. Asinaria led 
 
 to mount Ccelius. Carmentalis was at 
 
 the foot of the capitol, built by Romulus. 
 Janualis was near the temple of Ja- 
 nus. Esquilina was also called Mclia, 
 
 Taurica, or Libitincnsis, and all criminals 
 who were going to be executed generally 
 passed through, as also dead bodies which 
 were carried to be burnt on mount Esqui- 
 
 linus. Flaminia, called also Flumenta- 
 
 na, was situate between the capitol and 
 
 mount Q,uirinalis. Fontinalis led to the 
 
 Campus Martius. Navaliswas situate 
 
 near the place where the ships came from 
 
 Ostia. Collatina received its name from 
 
 its leading to Collatia. Collina, called 
 
 also Quirinalis, Jlgonensis, and Solaria, 
 was near Quirinalis Mons. It is to be ob- 
 served, that at the death of Romulus there 
 were only three or four gates at Rome, but 
 the number was increased, and in the time 
 of Pliny there were thirty-seven. 
 Portmos, a town of Eubcea. 
 Portumnalia, festivals of Portumnus 
 at Rome, celebrated on the seventeenth 
 of August, in a very solemn manner. 
 Portumnus, a sea deity. 
 Porus, the god of plenty at Rome. He 
 
 was son of Metis or Prudence. A king 
 
 of India, when Alexander invaded Asia. 
 When he was conquered and at length 
 prevailed upon to appear before the king, 
 Alexander demanded of him how he wish- 
 ed to be treated ; like a king, replied the 
 Indian monarch. This magnanimous an- 
 swer so pleased the Macedonian conquer- 
 or, that he restored him his dominions. 
 Porus is represented as a man of uncom- 
 mon stature, great strength, and propor- 
 tionable dignity. Another king of In- 
 dia in the reign of Alexander. A king 
 
 of Babylon. 
 
 Posides, an eunuch and freedman of 
 the emperor Claudius, who rose to honors 
 by the favor of his master. 
 
 Posideum, a promontory and town of 
 
 Ionia, where Neptune had a temple. A 
 
 town of Syria below Libanus. A town 
 
 near the Strymon. 
 
 Posidon, a name of Neptune among the 
 Greeks, 
 
 Posidoniaj a town of Lucania, better 
 known by the name of Paestum. 
 
 Posidonium, a town or temple of Nep- 
 tune, near Crenis in Italy. 
 
 Posidonius, a philosopher of Apamea. 
 He lived at Rhodes for some time, and af- 
 terwards came to Rome, where, after cul- 
 tivating the friendship of Pompey and 
 Cicero, he died in his eighty-fourth year. 
 Another philosopher, born at Alexan- 
 dria in Egypt. 
 
 Posio, a native of Magnesia, who wrote 
 an history of the Amazons. 
 
 Postkumia, a vestal virgin, accused of 
 
 adultery and acquitted. The wife of 
 
 Servius Sulpicius. A daughter of 
 
 Sylla. 
 
 Posthumius Albinus, a man who suf- 
 fered himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, 
 against whom he had been sent with an 
 
 army. A writer at Rome, whom Cato 
 
 ridiculed for composing an history in 
 Greek, and afterwards offering apologies 
 for the inaccuracy and inelegance of his 
 
 expressions. Tubero, a master of horse 
 
 to the dictator ^Emilius Mamercus. He 
 was himself made dictator, and pun- 
 ished his son with death for fighting 
 
 against his orders, A. U. C. 312. Spu- 
 
 rius, a consul sent against the Samnites. 
 He was taken in an ambush by Pontius 
 the enemy's general, and obliged to pass 
 
 under the yoke with all his army.- 
 
 Aulus, a dictator who defeated the Latins 
 
 and the Volsci. Tubertus, another 
 
 dictator, who defeated the ^Equi and Vol- 
 sci. Lucius a consul sent against the 
 
 Samnites. A general who defeated the 
 
 Sabines. A general who conquered the 
 
 ^Equi, and who was stoned by the army, 
 because he refused to divide the promised 
 
 spoils. Lucius, a Roman consul, who 
 
 was defeated by the Eoii. Marcus Cras- 
 
 sus Latianus, an officer proclaimed em- 
 peror in Gaul, A. D. 260. 
 
 Postverta, a goddess at Rome, who 
 presided over the painful travails of wo- 
 men. 
 
 Postumfa via, a Roman road about the 
 town of Hostilia. 
 
 Potamides, nymphs who presided over 
 rivers and fountains. 
 
 Potamon, a philosopher of Alexandria, 
 in the age of Augustus. 
 
 Potamos, a town cf Attica near Suni- 
 um. 
 
 Potentia, a town of Picenum. 
 Pothinus, an eunuch tutor to Ptolemy, 
 king of Egypt. He stirred up commotions 
 in Alexandria, when Csesar came there, 
 upon ..which the conqueror ordered him to 
 be put to death. 
 
 Pothos, one of the deities of the Samo- 
 thracians. 
 
 Potidjea, a town of Macedonia, situate 
 
 in the peninsula of Pallene. Cassander 
 
 | repaired and enlarged it, and ealled it 
 
PR 
 
 323 
 
 PR 
 
 Cassaxdria, a name which it still pre- 
 serves. 
 
 Potidania, a town of ^Etolia. 
 
 Potina, a goddess at Rome who presid- 
 ed over children's potions. 
 
 Potitius. (Fid. Pinarius.) 
 
 Potxi-e, a town of Bccotia, where Bac- 
 chus had a temple. There was here a 
 fountain whose waters made horses run 
 
 mad as soon as they were touched. A 
 
 town of Magnesia, whose pastures gave 
 madness to asses, according to Pliny. 
 
 Practium, a town and small river of 
 Asia Minor, on the Hellespont. 
 
 Pr.scia, a courtezan at Rome, who in- 
 fluenced Cethegus, and procured Asia as 
 a consular province for LucuMus. 
 
 Pr-exestb, a town of Latium, about 
 twenty-one miles from Rome. There was 
 a celebrated temple of Fortune there, with 
 two famous images, as also an oracle, 
 which was long in great repute. 
 
 Prjesos, a small town of Crete, destroy- 
 ed in a civil war by one of the neighbor- 
 ing cities. 
 
 Prjesti, a nation of India. 
 
 Prj.tor, one of the chief magistrates at 
 Rome. The office of praetor was first in- 
 stituted A. U. C. 388, by the senators, 
 who wished by some new honor to com- 
 pensate for the loss of the consulship, of 
 which the plebeians had clamed a share. 
 Only one was originally elected, and an- 
 other A. U. C. 501." In the provinces the 
 Praetors appeared with great pomp, six lie- 
 tors with the fasces walked before them, 
 and when the empire was increased by 
 conquests, they divided like the consuls 
 their government, and provinces were 
 given them by lot. When the year of 
 their pnetorship was elapsed, they were 
 called proprietors, if they still continued at 
 the head of their province. At Rome the 
 Praetors appeared also with much pomp, 
 and their tribunal was distinguished by a 
 sword and a spear, while they administer- 
 ed justice. The tribunal was called pra- 
 torium. 
 
 Pretoria, a town of Dacia, now Cron- 
 stadt. Another, now JLoust, in Pied- 
 mont. 
 
 Pr.etorius, a name ironically applied 
 to Af. Sempronius Rufus, because he was 
 disappointed in his solicitations for the 
 praetorship, as being too dissolute and lux- 
 urious in his manners. 
 
 Pr^tutium, a town of Picenum. 
 
 Prasiane, now Verdant, a large island 
 at the mouth of the Indus. 
 
 PRAsiAs,a lake between Macedonia and 
 Thrace, where were silver mines. 
 
 Prasii, a nation of India. 
 
 Pratellia lex, was enacted by Pra- 
 tellius the tribune, A. U. C. 398, to curb 
 and check the ambitious views of men 
 who were lately advanced in the state. 
 
 Pratinas, a Greek poet of Phlius, con- 
 
 temporary with ^Eschylus. He was the 
 first among the Greeks who composed 
 satires, which were represented as farces. 
 
 Praxagoras, an Athenian writer, who 
 published an histoiy of the kings of his 
 own country. 
 
 Praxias, a celebrated statuary of 
 Athens. 
 
 Praxidamas, a famous athlete of ^Egina. 
 
 Praxidace, a goddess among the 
 Greeks, who presided over the execution 
 of enterprises, and who punished all evil 
 actions. 
 
 Praxila, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, who 
 flourished about four hundred and ninety- 
 two years before Christ. 
 
 Praxiphanes, a Rhodian, who wrote a 
 learned commentary on the obscure pas- 
 sages of Sophocles. An historian. 
 
 Praxis, a surname of Venus at Megara. 
 
 Praxiteles, a famous sculptor of Mag- 
 na Graecia, who flourished about three 
 hundred and twenty-four years before the 
 Christian era. He chiefly worked on 
 Parian marble, on account of its beautiful 
 whiteness. He carried his art to the 
 greatest perfection, and was so happy in 
 copying nature, that his statues seemed to 
 be animated. 
 
 Praxithea, a daughter of Phrasimus 
 and Diogenea. She married Erechtheus, 
 
 king of Athens. A daughter of Thesti- 
 
 us, mother of some children by Hercules. 
 
 A daughter of Erechtheus sacrificed 
 
 by order of the oracle. 
 
 Prelius, a lake in Tuscany. 
 
 Presbon, a son of Phryxus, father of 
 
 Clymenus. A son Clytodora and Mi- 
 
 nyas, also bore the same name. 
 
 Preugenes, a son of Agenor. 
 
 Prexaspes, a Persian who put Smerdis 
 to death, by order of king Cambyses. 
 
 Priamides, a patronymic applied to 
 Paris as being son of Priam. 
 
 Priamus, the last king of Troy, was son 
 of Laomedon, and husband of Hecuba. 
 After he had reigned for some time in the 
 greatest prosperity, Priam expressed a de- 
 sire to recover his sister Hesione whom 
 Hercules had carried into Greece, and 
 married to Telamon his friend. To carry 
 this plan into execution, Priam manned 
 a fleet, of which he gave the command to 
 his son, Paris, with orders to bring back 
 Hesione. Paris, to whom the goddess of 
 beauty had promised the fairest woman in 
 the world neglected in some measure his 
 father's injunctions, and as if to make re- 
 prisals upon the Greeks, he carried away 
 Helen the wife of Menelaus, king of Spar- 
 ta, during the absence of her husband. 
 Troy was soon besieged, frequent skirm- 
 ishes took place, in which the success 
 was various, and the advantages on both 
 sides inconsiderable. The siege was con- 
 tinued for ten successive years, and Priarfl 
 ha J the misfortune to see the greatest part 
 
PR 
 
 324 
 
 PR 
 
 of his children massacred by the enemy. 
 Hector, the eldest of these, was the only 
 one upon whom now the Trojans looked 
 for protection and support ; but he soon 
 fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was 
 killed by Achilles. Some time after Troy 
 was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks 
 by Antenor and iEneas, and Priam upon 
 this resolved to die in the defence of his 
 country. He put on his armour and ad- 
 vanced to meet the Greeks, but Hecuba 
 by her tears and entreaties detained him 
 near an altar of Jupiter, whither she had 
 fled for protection. While Priam yielded 
 to the prayers of his wife, Polites one of 
 his sons, fled also to the altar before JNe- 
 opotolemus, who pursued him with fury. 
 Polites, wounded and overcome, fell dead 
 at the feet of his parents, and the aged 
 father, fired with indignation, vented the 
 most bitter invectives against the Greek, 
 who paid no regard to the sanctity of al- 
 tars and temples, and raising his spear 
 darted it upon him. The spear hurled by 
 the feeble hand of Priam, touched the 
 buckler of Neoptolemus, and fell to the 
 ground. This irritated the son of Achilles, 
 he seized the gray hairs of Priam, and, 
 without compassion or reverence for the 
 sanctity of the place, he plunged his dag- 
 gei into his breast. His head was cut off, 
 and the mutilated body was left among 
 the heaps of slain. 
 
 Priapus, a deity among the ancients. 
 He was son of Venus by Mercury or Ado- 
 nis ; or according to the more received 
 opinion, by Bacchus. He is generally re- 
 presented with an human face and the 
 ears of a goat ; he holds a, stick in his 
 hand, with which he terrifies birds, as 
 also a club to drive away thieves, and a 
 sithe to prune the trees and cut down 
 corn. He was crowned with the leaves of 
 the vine, and sometimes with laurel, or 
 
 rocket. A town of Asia Minor near 
 
 I.ampsacus, now Carahoa. Priapus was 
 the chief deity of the place, and from him 
 
 1he town received its name. An island 
 
 near Ephesus. 
 
 Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor 
 at the foot of mount Mycale, one of the 
 twelve independent citie's of Ionia. 
 
 Prima, a daughter of Romulus and Her- 
 silia. 
 
 Prion, a place at Carthage. 
 
 Priscianus, a celebrated grammarian 
 at Athens, in the age of the emperor Jus- 
 tinian. 
 
 Priscilla, a woman praised for her con- 
 jugal affection by Statius. 
 
 Priscus Servilius, a dictator at Rome 
 who defeated the Veientes and the Fide- 
 nates. A surname of the elder Tarquin 
 
 king of Rome. A governor of Syria, 
 
 brother to the emperor Philip. A friend 
 
 of the emperor Severus. A friend of 
 
 the emperor Julian. Helvidius, n qures- 
 
 tor in Achaia during the reign of Nero. 
 
 An officer under Vitellius. One of 
 
 the emperor Adrian's friends. A friend 
 
 of Domitian. An orator of dissipated 
 
 and luxurious manners. 
 
 Pristis, the name of one of the ships 
 that engaged in the naval combat which 
 was exhibited by ^Eneas at the anniversa- 
 ry of his father's death. 
 
 Pri versus, a Rutulian killed by Capys 
 in the wars between iEneas and Turnus. 
 
 Privernum, now Piperno Vecchio, a 
 town of the Volsci in Italy. 
 
 Proba, the wife of the emperor Probus. 
 
 A woman who opened the gates of 
 
 Rome to the Goths. 
 
 Probus, M. Aurelius Severus, a native 
 of Sirmium in Pannonia. His father was 
 originally a gardener, who by entering the 
 army rose to the rank of a military tribune. 
 His son obtained the same office in the 
 twenty second year of his age, and he dis- 
 tinguished himself so much by his pro- 
 bity, his valor, his intrepidity, moderation, 
 and clemency, that at the death of the em- 
 peror Tacitus, he was invested with the 
 imperial purple by the voluntary and unin- 
 fluenced choice of his soldiers. His elec- 
 tion was universally approved by the Ro- 
 man senate and the people : and Probus, 
 strengthened on his throne by the affection 
 and attachment of his subjects marched 
 against the enemies of Rome, in Gaul and 
 Germany. Several battles were fought, 
 and after he had left four hundred thou- 
 sand barbarians dead in the field, Probus 
 turned his arms against the Sarmatians. 
 Here the same success attended him, and 
 on his return, his triumph lasted several - 
 days, and the Roman populace were long 
 entertained with shows and combats 
 While his subjects enjoyed tranquillity, 
 Probus encouraged the liberal arts, he per- 
 mitted the inhabitants of Gaul and Illyri- 
 cum to plant vines in their territories, and 
 he himself repaired seventy cities in dif- 
 ferent parts of the empire which had been 
 reduced to ruins. He also attempted to 
 drain the waters which were stagnated in 
 the neighborhood of Sirmium, by convey- 
 ing them to the sea by artificial canals. 
 His armies were employed in this labori- 
 ous undertaking ; but as they were unac- 
 customed to such toils, they soon mutinied, 
 and fell upon the emperor as he was pass- 
 ing into one of the towns of Illyricum. He 
 fled into an iron tower which he himself 
 had built to observe the marshes, but as 
 he was alone and without arms, he was 
 soon overpowered and murdered in the 
 fiftieth year of his age, after a reign of six 
 years and four months, on the second of 
 
 November, after Christ 282. ^Emilius, 
 
 a grammarian in the age of Theodosius. 
 
 An oppressive prefect of the pretorian 
 
 guards, in the reign of Valentinian. 
 
 Procas, a king of Alba after his father 
 
PR 
 
 325 
 
 PR 
 
 Aventinus. He was father of Amulius 
 and Numitor. 
 
 Prochvta, an island of Campania in 
 the bay of Futeoli, now Procida. 
 
 Procilius, a Latin historian in the age 
 of Pompey the Great. 
 
 Procilla Julia, a woman of uncom- 
 mon virtue, killed by the soldiers of Otho. 
 
 Procillus, C. Valerius, a prince of 
 Gaul, intimate with Ccesar. 
 
 Proclea, a daughter of Clytius, who 
 married Cycnus, a son of Neptune. 
 
 Procles, a son of Aristodenius and Ar- 
 gia, born at the same birth as Eurysthenes. 
 There were continual dissensions between 
 the two brothers, who both sat on the 
 
 Spartan throne. A native of Andros in 
 
 the iEgean sea, who was crowned at the 
 
 Olympic games. A man who headed 
 
 the Ionians when they took Samos. A 
 
 Carthaginian writer, son of Eucrates. 
 
 A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death and 
 
 thrown into the sea. A general of the 
 
 Naxians in Sicily, who betrayed his coun- 
 try to Dionysius the tyrant, for a sum of 
 money. 
 
 Proclid.e, the descendants of Procles, 
 who sat on the throne of Sparta together 
 with the Eurysthenida?. 
 
 Proconnesus, now Marmora, an island 
 of the Propontis, at the north-east of Cy- 
 zicus, famous for its fine marble. 
 
 Procopius, a celebrated officer of a no- 
 ble family in Cilicia. After he had sig- 
 nalized himself under Julian and his suc- 
 cessor, he retired from the Roman pro- 
 vinces among the barbarians in the Thra- 
 cian Chersonnesus, and some time after 
 he suddenly made his appearance at Con- 
 stantinople, when the emperor Valens had 
 marched into the east, and proclaimed 
 himself master of the eastern empire. His 
 usurpation was universally acknowledged, 
 and his victories were so rapid, that Va- 
 lens would have resigned the imperial pur- 
 ple, had not his friends intervened. But 
 now fortune changed, Procopius was de- 
 feated in Phrygia, and abandoned by his 
 army. His head was cut oif, and carried 
 to Valentinian in Gaul, A. D. 366. Pro- 
 copius was slain in the forty-second year 
 
 of his age. A Greek historian of Cae- 
 
 sarea in Palestine, secretary to the cele- 
 brated Belisarius, A. D. 534. 
 
 Procris, a daughter of Erechtheus, 
 king of Athens. She married Cephalus. 
 A daughter of Thestius. 
 
 Procrustes, a famous robber of Attica, 
 killed by Theseus, near the Cephisus. He 
 tied travellers on a bed, and if their length 
 exceeded that of the bed, he used to cut it 
 off, but if they were shorter he had them 
 stretched to make their length equal to it. 
 
 Procula, an infamous woman in Juve- 
 nal's age. 
 
 Proculeius, a Roman knight very inti- 
 mate with Augustus. He is celebrated 
 23 
 
 for his humanity and fraternal kindness to 
 his brothers Murrena and Scipio. He de- 
 stroyed himself when laboring under a 
 
 heavy disease. A debauchee in Nero's 
 
 reign. 
 
 Proculus Julius, a Roman who, after 
 the death of Romulus, declared that he 
 had seen him in his appearance more than 
 human, and that he had ordered him to 
 bid the Romans to offer him sacrifices un- 
 der the name of Ciuirinus. Geganius, 
 
 a Roman consul. Placitius, a Roman 
 
 who conquered the Hernici. A friend 
 
 of Vitellius. A consul under Nerva. 
 
 A man accused of extortion. An 
 
 African in the age of Aurelius. He pub- 
 lished a book entitled ale regionibus, or re- 
 
 ligionibus, on foreign countries, <fcc. 
 
 An officer who proclaimed himself em- 
 peror in Gaul, in the reign of Probus. He 
 was soon after defeated, and exposed on a 
 gibbet. 
 
 Procyon, a star near Sirius, or the dog 
 star, before which it generally rises in 
 July. 
 
 Prodicus, a sophist and rhetorician of 
 Cos, about three hundred and ninety-six 
 years before Christ. He travelled from 
 town to town in Greece, to procure ad- 
 mirers and get money. Prodicus was at 
 last put to death by the Athenians, on pre- 
 tence that he corrupted the morals of 
 their youth. 
 
 Proerna, a town of Phthiotis. 
 
 Prcerosia, a surname of Ceres. Her 
 festivals celebrated at Athens and Eleusis 
 before the sowing of corn, bore the same 
 name. 
 
 Prgstides, the daughters of Prcetus, 
 king of Argolis, were three in number, 
 Lysippe, Iphinoe, and Iphianassa. They 
 became insane for neglecting the worship 
 of Bacchus, or according to others, for pre- 
 ferring themselves to Juno. 
 
 Prcetus, a king of Argos, son of Abas 
 and Ocalea. He was twin brother to Acri- 
 sius, with whom he quarrelled even be- 
 fore their birth. After their father's death, 
 they both tried to obtain the kingdom of 
 Argos ; but the claims of Acrisius prevail- 
 ed, and Proetus left Peloponnesus and re- 
 tired to the court of Jobates, king of Lycia, 
 where he married Stenobcea. He after- 
 wards returned to Argolis, and by means 
 of his father-in-law, he made himself mas- 
 ter of Tirynthus. 
 
 Progne, a daughter of Pandion, king of 
 Athens, by Zeuxippe. 
 
 Prolaus, a native of Elis, father to Phi- 
 lanthus and Lampus, by Lysippe. 
 
 Promachus, one of the Epigoni, son of 
 
 Parthenopauis. A son of Psophis, 
 
 daughter of Eryx, king of Sicily. An 
 
 athlete of Pallene. A son of iEson, kill- 
 ed by Pelias. 
 
 Promathidas, an historian of Hera* 
 clea. 
 
PR 
 
 32Q 
 
 PR 
 
 Pronathion, a man who wrote an his- 
 tory of Italy. 
 
 Promedol, a native of the island of 
 Naxos, &c. 
 
 Peomek-ea, one of the priestesses of 
 the temple of Dodona. 
 
 Promethei jugum and antrum, a place 
 on the top of mount Caucasus, in Alba- 
 nia. 
 
 Prometheus, a son of Iapetus by Cly- 
 raene, one of the Oceanides. He was 
 brother to Atlas, Menoetius, and Epime- 
 theus, and surpassed ail mankind in cun- 
 ning and fraud. He ridiculed the gods, 
 and deceived Jupiter himself. To punish 
 Prometheus and the rest of mankind, Ju- 
 piter took fire away from the earth, but 
 the son of Iapetus out-witted the father 
 of the gods. He climbed the heavens by 
 the assistance of Minerva, and stole fire 
 from the chariot of the sun, which he 
 brought down upon the earth, at the end 
 of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the 
 more ; he ordered Vulcan to make a wo- 
 man of clay, and after he had given her 
 life, he sent her to Prometheus, with a 
 box of the richest and most valuable pre- 
 sents which she had received from the 
 gods. Prometheus, who suspected Jupi- 
 ter, took no notice of Pandora or her 
 box, but he made his brother Epimetheus 
 many her, and the god, now more irritat- 
 ed, ordered Mercury, or Vulcan, accord- 
 ing to ^Gschylus, to carry this artful mor- 
 tal to mount Caucasus, and there tie him 
 to a rock, where, for 20,000 years, a vul- 
 ture was to feed upon his liver, which 
 was never diminished, though continually 
 devoured. He was delivered from this 
 painful confinement about thirty years 
 afterwards by Hercules, who killed the 
 bird of prey. According to Apoilodorus, 
 Prometheus made the first man and wo- 
 man that ever were upon the earth, with 
 clay, which he animated by means of the 
 fire which he had stolen from heaven. 
 On this account therefore, the Athenians 
 raised him an altar in the grove of Acade- 
 mus, where they yearly celebrated games 
 in his honor. During these games there 
 was a race, and he who carried a burning 
 torch in his hand without extinguishing 
 it, obtained the prize. Prometheus, as it 
 is universally credited, had received the 
 gift of prophecy, and all the gods, and 
 even Jupiter himself consulted him as a 
 most infallible oracle. To him mankind 
 are indebted for the invention of many of 
 the useful arts ; he taught them the use 
 of plants, with their physical power, and 
 from him they received the knowledge of 
 taming horses and different animals, ei- 
 ther to cultivate the ground, or for the 
 purposes of luxury. 
 
 Promethis and Promethtdes, a pa- 
 tronymic applied to the children of Pro- 
 metheus as to Deucalion. 
 
 Promethus and Damasichthon, two 
 sons of Codrus, who conducted colonies 
 into Asia Minor. 
 
 Promulus, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
 
 Pronapides, an ancient Greek poet of 
 Athens, who was, according to some, 
 preceptor to Homer. 
 
 Pronax, a brother of Adrastus king of 
 Argos, son of Talaus and Lysimache. 
 
 Pronoe, a daughter of Phorbus, moth- 
 er of Pleuron and Calydon, by iEolus. 
 
 Pronomus, a Theban who played so 
 skilfully on the flute, that the invention 
 of that musical instrument is attributed 
 to him. 
 
 Pronous, a son of Phlegeas, killed by 
 the sons of Alcmaeon. 
 
 Pro nub a, a surname of Juno, because 
 she presided over marriages. 
 
 Propertius, (Sextus Aurelius,) a Latin 
 poet born at Mevania, in Umbria. His 
 father was a Roman knight, whom Au- 
 gustus proscribed, because he had follow- 
 ed the interest of Antony. He came to 
 Rome, where his genius and poetical tal- 
 ents soon recommended him to the notice 
 of the great and powerful. Mecsenas, 
 Gallus, and Virgil, became his friends, 
 and Augustus his patron. Mecsenas wish- 
 ed him to attempt an epic poem, of which 
 he proposed the emperor for hero ; but 
 Propertius refused, observing that his 
 abilities were unequal to the task. He 
 died about nineteen years before Christ, 
 in the 40th year of his age. His works 
 consist of four books of elegies, which 
 are written with so much spirit, vivacity 
 and energy, that many authors call him 
 the prince of the elegiac poets among the 
 Latins. 
 
 Propcetides, some women of Cyprus, 
 severely punished by Venus, whose di- 
 vinity they had despised. 
 
 Propontis, a sea which has a commu- 
 nication with the Euxine, by the Thra- 
 cian Bosphorus, and with the ^Egean by 
 the Hellespont, now called the sea of 
 Marmora. It is about one hundred and 
 seventy-five miles long and sixty-two 
 broad/and it received its name from its 
 vicinity to Pontu3. 
 
 Propylea, a surname of Diana. She 
 had a temple at Eleusis in Attica. 
 
 Prosclystius, a surname of Neptune, 
 among the Greeks. 
 
 Proserpina, a daughter of Ceres by 
 Jupiter, called by the Greeks Persephone. 
 She was so beautiful, that the father of 
 the gods himself became enamored of her. 
 Proserpine made Sicily the place of her 
 residence, and delighted herself with the 
 beautiful views, the flowery meadows, 
 and limpid streams, which surrounded 
 the plains of Enna. In this solitary re- 
 treat, as she amused herself with her fe- 
 male attendants in gathering flowers, Plu- 
 to carried her away into the infernal re- 
 
PR 
 
 327 
 
 PR 
 
 gions, of which she became the queen. 
 Ceres was so disconsolate at the loss of 
 her daughter, that she travelled all over 
 the world, but her inquiries were in vain, 
 and she never could have discovered 
 whither she had been carried, had not 
 she found the girdle of Proserpine on the 
 surface of the waters of the fountain Cy- 
 ane, near which the ravisher had opened 
 himself a passage to his kingdom by strik- 
 ing the earth with his trident. Ceres 
 soon learned from the nymph Arethusa 
 that her daughter had been carried away 
 by Pluto, and immediately she repaired to 
 Jupiter, and demanded of him to punish 
 the ravisher. Jupiter in vain attempted 
 to persuade the mother, that Pluto was 
 not unworthy of her daughter, and when 
 he saw that she was inflexible for the res- 
 titution of Proserpine, he said that she 
 might return on earth, if she had not 
 taken any aliments in the infernal regions. 
 Her return, however, was impossible. 
 Proserpine, as she walked in the Elysian 
 fields, had gathered a pomegranate from a 
 tree and eaten it, and Ascalaphus was the 
 only one who saw it, and for his discove- 
 ry the goddess instantly turned him into 
 an owl. Jupiter to appease the resent- 
 ment of Ceres, and sooth her grief, per- 
 mitted that Proserpine should remain six 
 months with Pluto in the infernal regions, 
 and that she should spend the rest of the 
 year with her mother on earth. 
 
 Prosofitis, an island in one of the 
 mouths of the Nile. 
 
 Prosper, one of the fathers who died 
 A. D. 466. 
 
 Prosymna, a part of Argolis, where 
 Juno was worshipped. It received its 
 name from a nymph of the same name, 
 daughter of Asterioi;, who nursed Juno. 
 
 Protagoras, a Greek philosopher of 
 Abdera in Thrace, who was originally a 
 porter. He became one of the disciples 
 of Democritus, when that philosopher had 
 seen him carrying faggots on his head, 
 poised in a proper equilibrium. He soon 
 rendered himself ridiculous by his doc- 
 trines, and in a book which he published, 
 he denied the existence of a supreme be- 
 in ir. This book was publicly burnt at 
 Athens and the philosopher banished from 
 the city, as a worthless and contemptible 
 being. Protagoras visited, from Athens, 
 different islands in the Mediterranean, 
 and died in Sicily in a very advanced age, 
 about four hundred years before the Chris- 
 tian era. A king of Cyprus tributary to 
 
 the court of Persia. Another. 
 
 Protagorides, an historian of Cyzicus, 
 who wrote a treatise on the games of 
 Daphne, celebrated at Antioch. 
 
 Protei columm, a place in the re- 
 motest parts of Egypt. 
 
 Protesilai turris, the monument of 
 Protesilaus, on the Hellespont. 
 
 Protesilacs, a king of part of Thessaiy, 
 son of Iphicius, originally called Iolaus, 
 grandson of Phylacus, and brother to Al- 
 cimede, the mother of Jason. He mar- 
 ried Laodamia, the daughter of Acastus, 
 and some time after he departed with the 
 rest of the' Greeks for the Trojan war 
 with forty sail. He was the first of the 
 Greeks who set foot on the Trojan shore, 
 and as such he was doomed by the ora- 
 cle to perish, therefore he was killed, as 
 soon as he had leaped from his ship, by 
 iEneas or Hector. 
 
 Proteus, a sea deity, son of Oceanus 
 and Tethys, or according to some of Nep- 
 tune and Phcsnice. He had received the 
 gift of prophecy from Neptune because he 
 had tended the monsters of the sea, and 
 from his knowledge of futurity, mankind 
 received the greatest services. He usual- 
 ly resided in the Carpathian sea, and, like 
 the rest of the gods, he reposed himself 
 on the sea shore, where such as wished 
 to consult him generally resorted. He 
 was difficult of access, and when consult- 
 ed he refused to give answers, by imme- 
 diately assuming different shapes, and if 
 not properly secured in fetters, eluding 
 the grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, 
 or disappearing in a flame of fire, a whirl- 
 wind, or a rushing stream. 
 
 Prothenor, a Boeotian who went to 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Protheus, a Greek at the Trojan war. 
 
 A Spartan who endeavored to prevent 
 
 a war with the Thebans. 
 
 Prothous, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. 
 -A son of Agrius. 
 
 Proto, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Protogenea, a daughter of Calydon, 
 by ^Eolia the daughter of Amythaon. 
 She had a son called Oxillus by Mars. 
 
 Protogenes, a painter of Rhodes, who 
 flourished about three hundred and twen- 
 ty-eight years before Christ. He was ori- 
 ginally so poor that he painted ships to 
 maintain himself. His countrymen were 
 ignorant of his ingenuity before Appelles 
 came to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his 
 pieces. This opened the eyes of the 
 Rhodians, they became sensible of the 
 merit of their countryman, and liberally 
 rewarded him. Protogenes was employ- 
 ed for seven years in finishing a picture of 
 Jalysus, a celebrated huntsman, supposed 
 to have been the son of Apollo, and the 
 founder of Rhodes. He was to represent 
 in this piece a dog panting, and with froth 
 at his mouth, but this he never could do 
 with satisfaction to himself; and when 
 all his labors seemed to be without suc- 
 cess, he threw his sponge upon the piece 
 in a fit of anger. The fall of the sponge 
 upon the picture represented the froth of 
 the mouth of the dog in the most perfect 
 and natural manner, and the piece was 
 universally admired. When Demetrius 
 
PR 
 
 328 
 
 PS 
 
 besieged Rhodes, he refused to set fire to 
 a part of the city which might have made 
 him master of the whole, because he 
 knew that Protogenes was then working 
 in that quarter. When the town was 
 taken, the painter was found closely em- 
 ployed in a garden in finishing a picture ; 
 and when the conqueror asked him, why 
 he showed not more concern at the gene- 
 ral calamity ; he replied that Demetrius 
 made war against the Rhodians, and not 
 
 against the fine arts. One of Caligula's 
 
 favorites, famous for his cruelty and ex- 
 travagance. 
 
 Protogenia, a daughter of Deucalion 
 and Pyrrha. She was beloved by Jupiter, 
 by whom she had iEthlius, the father of 
 Endymion. Another. Vid. Protogenea. 
 
 Protomedusa, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Proxenus, a Boeotian of great authority 
 
 at Thebes, in the age of Xenophon. A 
 
 writer who published historical accounts 
 of Sparta. 
 
 Prudentius (Aurelius Clemens,) a La- 
 tin poet who flourished A. D. 392, and 
 was successively a soldier, an advocate, 
 and a judge. 
 
 Prumnides, a king of Corinth. 
 
 Prusa, a town of Bithynia, built by 
 king Prusias, from whom it received its 
 name. 
 
 PRUS.EU9, Dion, flourished A. D. 105. 
 
 Prusias, a king of Bithynia, who flour- 
 ished 221 B. C. Another, surnamed 
 
 Venator, who made an alliance with the 
 Romans when they waged war with An- 
 tiochus, king of Syria. He gave a kind 
 reception to Annibal, and by his advice 
 he made war against Eumenes, king of 
 Pergamus, and defeated him. Eumenes, 
 who was an ally of Rome as well as Pru- 
 sias, complained before the Romans of 
 the hostilities of the king of Bithynia. 
 Q.. Flaminius was sent from Rome to set- 
 tle the disputes of the two monarchs, and 
 he was no sooner arrived in Bithynia, 
 than Prusias, to gain his favor, prepared 
 to deliver to him, at his request, the cele- 
 brated Carthaginian, to whom he was in- 
 debted for all the advantages he had ob- 
 tained over Eumenes ; but Annibal pre- 
 vented it by a voluntary death. His ab- 
 ject behavior rendered him contemptible 
 not only in the eyes of the Romans, but 
 of his subjects, and the Bithynians revolt- 
 ed, and placed his son Nicomedes on the 
 throne. The banished monarch fled to 
 Nicomedia, where he was assassinated 
 near the altar of Jupiter, about 149 years 
 before Christ. 
 
 Prymno, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Prytanes, certain magistrates at Ath- 
 ens who presided over the senate, and 
 had the privilege of assembling it when 
 
 they pleased, festivals excepted. Some 
 
 of the principal magistrates of Corinth 
 were also called Prytanes, 
 
 Prytanis, a king of Sparta, of the fan\ 
 
 ily of the Proclidag. One of the friends 
 
 of iEneas killed by Turnus. 
 
 Psamathe, one of the Nereides, mother 
 
 of Phocus by ^Eacus, king of ^Egina. 
 
 A daughter of Crotopus, king of Argos. 
 A fountain and town of Thebes. 
 
 Psamathos, a town and port of Laco- 
 nia. 
 
 Psammenitus, succeeded his father 
 Amasis on the throne of Egypt. Camby- 
 ses made war against him. Psammeni- 
 tus was twice beaten at Pelusium and in 
 Memphis, and became one of the prison- 
 ers of Cambyses, who treated him with 
 great humanity. Psammenitus however 
 raised seditions against the Persian mon- 
 arch ; and attempted to make the Egyp- 
 tians rebel, for which he was put to death 
 by drinking bull's blood. He had reign- 
 ed about six months. He flourished about 
 five hundred and twenty-five years before 
 the Christian era. 
 
 Psammetichus, a king of Egypt. He 
 was one of the twelve princes who shared 
 the kingdom among themselves ; but as 
 he was more popular than the rest, he was 
 banished from his dominions, and retired 
 into the marshes near the sea-shore. A 
 descent of some of the Greeks upon Egypt, 
 proved favorable to his cause ; he joined 
 the enemy, and defeated the eleven 
 princes who had expelled him from the 
 country. He rewarded the Greeks, by 
 whose valor he had recovered Egypt, he 
 allotted them some territory on the sea- 
 coast, patronised the liberal arts, and en- 
 couraged commerce among his subjects. 
 He made useless inquiries to find the 
 sources of the Nile, and he stopped, by 
 bribes and money, a large army of Scy 
 thians that were marching against him. 
 He died six hundred and seventeen years 
 before the Christian era, and was buried 
 
 in Minerva's temple at Sais. A son of 
 
 Gordius, brother to Periander, who held 
 the tyranny at Corinth for three years, B 
 C. 584. 
 
 Psammis, or Psammuthis, a king of 
 Egypt, B. C. 376. 
 
 Psaphis, a town on the confines of At- 
 tica and Bceotia. There was there an ora- 
 cle of Amphiaraus. 
 
 Psafho, a Libyan, who taught a num- 
 ber of birds which he kept to say, Psapko 
 is a god, and afterwards gave them their 
 liberty. The birds did not forget the words 
 which they had been taught, and the Af 
 ricans paid divine honors to Psapho. 
 
 Psecas, one of Diana's attendant 
 nymphs. 
 
 Psophis, a town of Arcadia near the 
 river Erymantlms, whose name it origin- 
 ally bore", and afterwards that of Phegia. 
 A river and town of Elis. A daugh- 
 ter of Eryx. A town of Acarnania. — — 
 
 Anotherof Libya, 
 
PT 
 
 329 
 
 PT 
 
 Psyche, a nymph whom Cupid married. 
 Venus put her to death because she had 
 robbed the world of her son ; but Jupiter 
 at the request of Cupid, granted immor- 
 tality to Psyche. The word signifies the 
 sou!. Psyche is generally represented with 
 the wings of a butterfly to intimate the 
 lightness of the soul. 
 
 Psychrus, a river of Thrace. When 
 sheep drank of its waters they were said 
 always to bring forth black lambs. 
 
 Psylli, a people of Libya near the 
 Syrtes, very expert in curing the venom- 
 ous bite of serpents, which had no fatal 
 effect upon them.. 
 
 Pteleum, a town of Thessaly on the 
 borders of Bceotia. 
 
 Pterelaus, a son of Taphius, presented 
 with immortality by Neptune, provided 
 he kept on his head a yellow lock. His 
 daughter cut it off, and he died. He reign- 
 ed at Taphos in Argos. 
 
 Pteria, a well fortified town of Cappa- 
 docia. It was in the neighborhood, ac- 
 cording to some, that Croesus was defeat- 
 ed by Cyrus. 
 
 Ptolederma, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Ptolem-sum, a certain place at Athens 
 dedicated to exercise and study. 
 
 Ptolem-eus, the name of a race of kings 
 of Egypt, who reigned in the following 
 order : — Ptolemy the first, surnamed La- 
 gus, was an illegitimate son of Philip of 
 Macedonia, by Arsinbe, who married La- 
 gus, a man of mean extraction. Ptolemy 
 wa3 educated in the court of his father, 
 and attended Alexander the Great as one 
 of his generals, when that monarch in- 
 vaded Asia. After the conqueror's death, 
 in the general division of the Macedonian 
 Snpire, Ptolemy obtained as his share the 
 government of Egypt, with Libya, and 
 part of the neighboring territories of Ara- 
 bia. He added greatly to his Egyptian 
 dominions, and enriched the city of Alex- 
 andria with the spoils of the different na- 
 tions he had conquered. The second 
 
 Ptolemy was the son of the preceding, and 
 called Philadelphus. He showed himself 
 worthy in every respect to succeed his 
 great father ; and could boast of reigning 
 over thirty-three thousand three hundred 
 and thirty-nine well peopled cities. His 
 army consisted of two hundred thousand 
 foot" and forty thousand horse, besides 
 three hundred elephants, and two thou- 
 sand armed chariots. He gave every en- 
 couragement to commerce ; and, by keep- 
 ing two powerful fleets, one in the Medi- 
 terranean, the other in the Red sea, made 
 Egypt the mart of the world. This mon- 
 arch was accounted the richest prince of 
 his age ; and, at his death, he left in his 
 treasury a sum equivalent to two hundred 
 
 millions sterling. The third, surnamed 
 
 Evergetes, succeeded his father Philadel- 
 phia on the Egyptian throne, and distin- 
 28* 
 
 gui*hed himself by his clemency, modera- 
 tion, and prudence. Ptolemy the fourth 
 
 was surnamed Philopater ; and began his 
 reign with acts of the greatest cruelty, 
 sacrificing successively to his avarice his 
 mother, wife, sister, and brother. He 
 made war against the Jews, and ordered 
 an immense number of that nation to be 
 exposed on a plain, and trodden to death 
 under the feet of elephants. After a dis- 
 sipated reign of seventeen years, he died, 
 and his death was immediately followed 
 by the murder of the companions of his 
 voluptuousness and extravagance, whose 
 bodies were dragged with ignominy 
 
 through the streets of Alexandria. 
 
 The fifth succeeded his father Philopater, 
 when at the age of only four years, and 
 was, during his minority, under the pro- 
 tection of Aristomenes. At fourteen, he 
 was crowned at Alexandria, and received 
 the surname of Epiphanes, or Illustrious. 
 Young Ptolemy was no sooner delivered 
 from the shackles of a superior, than he 
 betrayed the same vices which had char- 
 acterized his father ; the counsels of Aris- 
 tomenes were despised, and that, minis- 
 ter, who for ten years had governed the 
 kingdom with equity and moderation, was 
 sacrificed to the caprice of the sovereign. 
 His cruelties raised seditions among his 
 subjects, and he was at length poisoned 
 by his ministers, after a reign of twenty 
 
 four years. The sixth was son of 
 
 the preceding, and called Philometor, on 
 account of the hatred he bore his mother 
 Cleopatra. During part of his reign, he 
 shared his throne equally with his younger 
 brother, Ptolemy Physcon, and they united 
 to expel their common enemy, Antiochus, 
 king of Syria, who had entered Egypt with 
 a large army. No sooner were they de- 
 livered from the impending war by the 
 Romans, who had checked the progress 
 of Antiochus, and obliged him to retire, 
 than Philometor and Physcon began with 
 mutual jealousy to oppose each other's 
 views. Physcon was banished by the su- 
 perior power of his brother, and repaired 
 to Rome, where he claimed the assistance 
 of the senate, who settled the dispute be- 
 tween the two royal brothers, by making 
 them independent of each other, and gir- 
 ing the government of Libya and Cyrene 
 to Physcon, and confirming Philometor in 
 the possession of Egypt and the island of 
 Cyprus. These terms of accommodation 
 were gladly accepted ; but Physcon soon 
 afterwards claimed the dominion of Cy- 
 prus, which Philometor refusing to deli- 
 ver up, an open rupture ensued between 
 the brothers. The death of Philometor, 
 however, left Physcon master of Egypt, 
 and of all the dependent provinces; al- 
 though the wife and son of the deceased 
 monarch laid claim to the crown. Ptole- 
 ; ray Physcon was stigmaiis,^ vvith the ap™ 
 
PT 
 
 330 
 
 PT 
 
 pellation of Kakergetes, or Evil Doer ; a 
 surname which he merited for his tyranny 
 and oppression. A series of barbarities 
 rendered him odious ; and he died at Al- 
 exandria, after a reign of twenty-nine 
 years, hated and despised by his subjects. 
 
 Ptolemy the eighth, called Lathyrus, 
 
 succeeded his father Physcon on the throne 
 of Egypt ; whence he was expelled to 
 Cyprus by his mother Cleopatra, who 
 placed the crown on the head of his bro- 
 ther, Ptolemy Alexander, her favorite son. 
 Lathyrus became king of Cyprus, appear- 
 ed at" the head of a large army, and march- 
 ed against the k4ng of Judsa, through 
 whose assistance and intrigue he had been 
 banished from Egypt by his mother. He 
 conquered the Jewish monarch, leaving 
 fifty thousand of his men dead on the 
 field ; and, after many vain attempts to 
 recover the kingdom of Egypt, retired to 
 Cyprus, until the death of his brother Al- 
 exander restored him to his native domin- 
 ions. Some of the cities of Egypt refused 
 to acknowledge him as their sovereign ; 
 Thebes, in particular, for its obstinacy, 
 was closely besieged for three su«!*essive 
 years, and, from a powerful and populous 
 city, was reduced to a heap of ruins. La- 
 thyrus was succeeded by his only daugh- 
 ter, Cleopatra, whom Alexander, son of 
 Ptolemy Alexander the first, soon after- 
 wards married and murdered. The 
 
 ninth of the Ptolemean kings of Egypt 
 was named Ptolemy Alexander the first, 
 brother of Lathyrus. He reigned con- 
 jointly with his mother Cleopatra, who 
 expelled and soon afterwards recalled 
 him ; but Alexander, to prevent a second 
 expulsion, put her to death, and for this 
 unnatural act was himself murdered by 
 
 one of his subjects. Ptolemy Alexander 
 
 the second, son of the preceding, succeed- 
 ed. He was educated in the island of 
 Cos, and, falling into the hands of Mith- 
 ridates, king of Pontus, escaped to Sylla, 
 who restored him to his kingdom ; but 
 was slain by his subjects a few days after 
 
 his restoration. His brother, Ptolemy 
 
 Alexander the third, next ascended the 
 throne ; after a peaceful reign, he was 
 banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, 
 
 leaving his kingdom to the Romans. 
 
 The twelfth was an illegitimate son of 
 Ptolemy Lathyrus, and was surnamed 
 Auletes, from his skill in playing on the 
 flute. As his predecessor, by his will, 
 had left the kingdom of Egypt to the Ro- 
 mans, Auletes knew that he could not be 
 firmly established without the consent of 
 the senate. He accordingly applied to 
 Cissar, who was then consul, and, on the 
 payment of an immense sum of money, 
 his succession was acknowledged. But 
 these measures rendering him unpopular 
 at Rome, he was obliged to fly his king- 
 dom, and seek protection among his al- 
 
 lies. After a long absence from Alex- 
 andria, during which period his daughter 
 Berenice had made herself absolute, Au- 
 letes was replaced on his throne by the 
 Romans, and died four years after his res- 
 toration. He left two sons and two daugh- 
 ters, and directed by his will his eldest 
 son to marry the eldest sister, Cleopatra, 
 and ascend with her the vacant throne. 
 As these children were very young, the 
 dying monarch recommended them to the 
 care and protection of the Romans, and 
 Pompey the Great was appointed their 
 patron and guardian. The young king, 
 who was called Dionysius or Bacchus, 
 was in his thirteenth year, when his pro- 
 tector, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, 
 came to the shores of Egypt, and claimed 
 his assistance. {Vid. Pompey the Great.) 
 When Cresar arrived at Alexandria, he 
 sat as judge to hear the various claims of 
 the younger brother and sister to the 
 throne ; and, to satisfy the people, order- 
 ed the will of Auletes to be read, confirm- 
 ed Ptolemy and Cleopatra in the posses- 
 sion of Egypt, and appointed the infant 
 princes masters of the island of Cyprus. 
 But Ptolemy, who was governed by cruel 
 and avaricious ministers, refused to ac- 
 knowledge Cfesar as a judge or mediator ; 
 the Roman enforced his authority by arms, 
 and three victories were obtained over 
 the Egyptian forces. In attempting to save 
 his life by flight, Ptolemy was drowned 
 in the Nile ; and Cleopatra became sole 
 mistress of Egypt ; but, as the Egyptians 
 were averse to female government, Caesar 
 obliged her to marry her younger brother, 
 then in his eleventh year. This reign 
 was the last of the Egyptian monarchs of 
 the family of Lagus ; and, at the death of 
 Cleopatra, who was queen for twenty- four 
 years, Egypt became a Roman province. 
 A nephew of Antigonus, who com- 
 manded an army in the Peloponnesus. He 
 revolted from his uncle to Cassander, and 
 sometime after he attempted to bribe the 
 soldiers of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, 
 who had invited him to his camp. He was 
 seized and imprisoned for this treachery, 
 and the Egyptian monarch at last ordered 
 
 him to drink hemlock. A son of Se- 
 
 leucus, killed in the celebrated battle 
 which was fought at Issus, between Darius 
 
 and Alexander the Great. A son of 
 
 Juba, made king of Mauritania. A 
 
 friend of Otho. A favorite of Antio- 
 
 chus, king of Syria. He was surnamed 
 
 Macron. A Jew, famous for his cruelty 
 
 and avarice. A powerful Jew during 
 
 the troubles which disturbed the peace of 
 
 Judaea, in the reign of Augustus. A 
 
 son of Antony by Cleopatra, surnamed 
 PhiladeJphus by his father, and made mas- 
 ter of Phoenicia, Syria, and all the territo- 
 ries of Asia Minor, which were situated 
 between the ^Egean and the Euphrates. 
 
PU 
 
 331 
 
 PU 
 
 A general of Herod, king of Judaea. 
 
 —A son of Cbrysermus, who visited 
 
 Cleomenes king of Sparta, when impri- 
 soned in Egypt. A governor of Alexan- 
 dria, put to death by Cleomenes. Clau- 
 dius, a celebrated geographer and astrolo- 
 ger in the reign of Adrian and Antoninus. 
 In his system of the world, he places the 
 earth in the centre of the universe, a doc- 
 trine universally believed and adopted till 
 t!;ts sixteenth century, when it was con- 
 futed and rejected by Copernicus. His 
 geography is valued for its learning, and 
 the very useful information which it 
 gives. 
 
 Ptolemais, a town of Thebais in Egypt, 
 called after the Ptolemies, who beautified 
 it. There was also another city of the 
 same name in the territories of Cyrene. 
 A city of Palestine, called also Aeon. 
 
 Ptolycu9, a statuary of Corey ra, pupil 
 to Critias the Ath#nian. 
 
 Ptou3, a son of Athamas and Themisto, 
 who gave his name to a mountain of Boe- 
 otia, upon which he built a temple to 
 Apollo, surnamed Ptous. 
 
 Publicum, a Roman freed man, so much 
 like Pompey the Great, that they were 
 often confounded together. 
 
 Publicia lex, forbade any persons to 
 play with bad or fraudulent designs. 
 
 Publicola, a name given to Publius 
 Valerius, on account of his great popular- 
 ity. 
 
 Publilia lex, was made by Publilius 
 Philo the dictator, A. U. C. 445. It per- 
 mitted one of the censors to be elected 
 from the plebeians, since one of the con- 
 suls was chosen from that body. An- 
 other, by which it was ordained, that all 
 laws should be previously approved by the 
 senators, before they were proposed to the 
 people. 
 
 Publius Svrus, a Syrian mimic poet, 
 who flourished about forty-four years be- 
 fore Christ. He was originally a slave 
 sold to a Roman patrician, called Domiti- 
 us, who brought him up with great atten- 
 tion, and gave him his freedom when of 
 age. He gained the esteem of the most 
 powerful at Rome, and reckoned J. Cfesar 
 among his patrons. 
 
 Poblius, a praenomen common among 
 the Romans. Caius, a man who con- 
 spired with Brutus against J. Ceesar. A 
 
 praetor who conquered Palaepolis. He was 
 only a plebeian, and though neither consul 
 nor dictator, he obtained a triumph in spite 
 
 of the opposition of the senators. A 
 
 Roman consul who defeated the Latins, 
 and was made dictator. A Roman flat- 
 terer in the court of Tiberius. A tri- 
 bune who accused Manlius. 
 
 Pudicitia, a goddess who, as her name 
 implies, presided over chastity. She had 
 two temples at Rome. 
 Pulcheria, a daughter of the emperor 
 
 Theodosius the Great, famous for her pie- 
 ty, moderation, and virtues. A daugh- 
 ter of Arcadius, who held the government 
 of the Roman empire for many years. She 
 was mother of Valentinian. Her piety, 
 and her private as well as her public vir- 
 tues have been universally admired. She 
 died A. D. 452, and was interred at Ra- 
 venna, where her tomb is still to be seen. 
 
 A sister of Theodosius, who reigned 
 
 absolute for some time in the Roman em- 
 pire. 
 
 Pulchrum, a promontory near Carthage, 
 now Rasafran. 
 
 Pullus, a surname of Numitorius. 
 
 Punicum Bellum, the ancient name of 
 the celebrated wars undertaken by the Ro- 
 mans against Carthage ; in which Annibal 
 and the two Scipios greatly distinguished 
 themselves. The first Punic war was 
 concluded in favor of the Romans, who 
 bound the Carthaginians by a very sub- 
 missive treaty, the conditions of which 
 were for some" time faithfully performed ; 
 but, when Annibal succeeded to the com- 
 mand of the Carthaginian armies in Spain, 
 he spurned the boundaries which the jea- 
 lousy of Rome had set to his arms, and 
 war was determined on by the influence 
 of Annibal in the Carthaginian senate 
 Without delay, he marched a numerous 
 army towards Italy, and resolved to carry 
 on the war to the very gates of Rome. 
 He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and the 
 Appennines, with uncommon celerityjand 
 the Roman consuls who were stationed to 
 stop his progress were severally defeated. 
 The battles of Trebia, Ticinus, and of the 
 Lake of Thrasy menus, but more particular- 
 ly the decisive action at Cannaj, in which 
 forty-five thousand men were slain, caus- 
 ed so much consternation at Rome, that, 
 if Annibal had marched from the plains 
 of Cannae to the city, he would have met 
 with no opposition, but have terminated a 
 war with glory to himself, and inestima- 
 ble advantages to his country. The vic- 
 tory of Cannae left the conqueror master 
 of two camps, and of an immense booty ; 
 and the cities which had hitherto observ- 
 ed a neutrality eagerly embraced the in- 
 terest of Carthage. In order to establish 
 himself more firmly in Italy, Annibal call- 
 ed his brother Asdrubal from Spain, with 
 a large reinforcement ; but this army was 
 intercepted and defeated by the Romans, 
 and Asdrubal slain. Affairs now began 
 to take a different turn, and the Carthagi- 
 nians to experience a bitter reverse of for- 
 tune. The conquests of young Scipio, 
 surnamed Africanus, in Spain, had raised 
 the expectations of his countrymen ; and, 
 when recalled to Rome, he proposed to re- 
 move Annibal from the capital of Italy, 
 by carrying the war into the heart of Car- 
 thage. This was a bold and hazardous 
 enterprise ; and, though opposed by the 
 
PU 
 
 332 
 
 PU 
 
 dictator Fabius, was at length approved 
 by the senate, who empowered Scipio to 
 sail to Africa. The successes of the 
 young Roman were as rapid here as in 
 Spain ; and the Carthaginians, apprehen- 
 sive for the fate of their capital, recalled 
 Annibal from Italy. He received their or- 
 ders with indignation, and, with tears in 
 his eyes, departed from a country, where, 
 for sixteen years, he had known no supe- 
 rior in the field of battle. On his arrival 
 in Africa, the Carthaginian general soon 
 collected a large army, and met his exult- 
 ing adversary in the plains of Zama. The 
 battle was long and bloody ; the Romans 
 ultimately obtained the victory ; and An- 
 nibal, who had sworn eternal enmity to 
 the gods of Rome, fled from Carthage, af- 
 ter advising his countrymen to accept the 
 terms of the conqueror ; the victory of Zama 
 was decisive of the fate of Carthage, and 
 concluded the second Punic war. During 
 the fifty years which followed, the Cartha- 
 ginians were employed in repairing their 
 losses ; but they still found in Rome a jea- 
 lous rival and a haughty conqueror ; they 
 were also sorely oppressed and harassed 
 by Masinissa, king of Numidia, the ally of 
 Rome, who had made himself master of 
 one of their provinces ; and as, by one of 
 the conditions of the treaty of Zama, the 
 Carthaginians were unable to make war 
 without the consent of Rome, they com- 
 plained to the senate of this injustice, and 
 sought its protection against the tyranny 
 of Masinissa. But their petitions were re- 
 ceived with indifference, and the king of 
 Numidia continued his depredations. The 
 Carthaginians, therefore, resolved to do 
 themselves that justice which the Romans 
 had denied them, and entered .the field 
 against Masinissa, by whom they were de- 
 feated with immense loss. By this despe- 
 rate measure they had broken the treaty, 
 and placed their destiny entirely at the 
 disposal of the Romans ; who, in order to 
 prevent further hostilities, exacted from 
 them the most abject and submissive condi- 
 tions. The Carthaginians agreed to deliv- 
 er up three hundred hostages, all children 
 of senators and of the most noble and res- 
 pectable families ; also, all their ships, 
 their arms, engines of war, with all their 
 naval and military stores. The Roman 
 consuls next demanded, that they should 
 leave their ancient habitations, and retire 
 into the inland parts of Africa, and found 
 another city, at the distance of not less than 
 ten miles from the sea. This was heard 
 with horror and indignation ; the Romans 
 were fixed and inexorable ; and Carthage 
 was filled with tears and lamentations. 
 But the spirit of liberty was not entirely 
 extinguished in the capital of Africa ; and 
 the Carthaginians resolved to sacrifice 
 their lives for the protection of their gods, 
 the tombs of their forefathers, and the 
 
 place which had given them birth. They 
 covered the ramparts with stones, to com- 
 pensate for the weapons and instruments 
 of war which they had given up to their 
 enemies ; the town was blocked up by the 
 Romans, commanded by Scipio, surnamed 
 Africanus the Younger, a descendant of 
 the great Scipio, who finished the second 
 Punic war, and a regular siege was begun. 
 The operations of the Roman general, 
 however, soon baffled the extraordinary 
 efforts and determined resistance of the 
 besieged; the communications they had 
 with the land were cut off, and the city, 
 which was twenty miles in circumfe- 
 rence, was completely surrounded by the 
 enemy. Despair and famine at length 
 raged in the interior : Scipio gained access 
 to the walls, but his entrance into the 
 streets was disputed with uncommon 
 fury ; the houses as he advanced were set 
 on fire to stop his progress, and such of 
 the inhabitants as disdained to be made 
 prisoners, perished in the flames, which 
 gradually consumed their habitations. — 
 During seventeen days Carthage continu- 
 ed burning ; and that city, which had 
 once been the seat of commerce, the mo- 
 del of magnificence, the common store of 
 the wealth of nations, and one of the 
 most powerful states of the world, left be- 
 hind no traces of its splendor, of its pow- 
 er, or even of its existence. This memo- 
 rable event happened 147 years B. C. 
 
 Pupia lex de senatu, required that the 
 senate should not be assembled from the 
 eighteenth of the calends of February to 
 the calends of the same month, and that 
 before the embassies were either accepted 
 or rejected, the senate should be held on 
 no account. 
 
 Pupienus, Marcus Claudius Maximus, 
 a man of an obscure family, who raised 
 himself by his merit to the highest offices 
 in the Roman armies, and gradually be- 
 came a prator, consul, prefect of Rome, 
 and a governor of the provinces. His fa- 
 ther was a blacksmith. After the death 
 of the Gordians, Pupienus was elected 
 with Balbinus to the imperial throne, and 
 to rid the world of the usurpation and 
 tyranny of the Maxim ini, he immediately 
 marched against these tyrants ; but he 
 was soon informed that they had been sa- 
 crificed to the fury and resentment of their 
 own soldiers ; and therefore he retired to 
 Rome to enjoy the tranquillity which his 
 merit claimed. He soon after prepared to 
 make war against the Persians, who in- 
 sulted the majesty of Rome, but in this he 
 was prevented, and massacred A. D. 23(3, 
 by the praetorian guards. Balbinus shared 
 his fate. 
 
 Pupius, a centurion of Pompey's army, 
 seized by Csesar's soldiers. 
 
 Pupfius, a tragic poet in the age of J. 
 Caesar. Hie tragedies were so pathetic 
 
PY 
 
 333 
 
 PY 
 
 that when they were represented on the 
 Roman stage, the audience melted into 
 tears. 
 
 PuRPUiiARiiE, two islands of the Atlan- 
 tic on the African coast, now Lancarota 
 and Fortnvcntura. 
 
 Puteoli, a maritime town of Campania, 
 between Baiee and Naples, founded by a 
 colony from Cumas. It was much fre- 
 quented by the Romans, on account of 
 its mineral waters and hot baths, and near 
 it Cicero had a villa called Puteolanum. 
 It is now called Puzioli. 
 
 Puticulje, a place of the Esquiline gate, 
 where the meanest of the Roman popu- 
 lace were buried. 
 
 Pyanefsia, an Athenian festival cele- 
 brated in honor of Theseus and his com- 
 panions. 
 
 Pydna, a town of Macedonia, originally 
 called Citron, situate between the mouth 
 of the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius. 
 
 Pygela, a seaport town of Ionia. 
 
 Pygmjei, a nation of dwarfs, in the ex- 
 tremest parts of India, or according to 
 others, in ^Ethiopia. Some authors affirm, 
 chat they were no more than one foot high, 
 and that they built their houses with egg 
 shells. Aristotle says that they lived in 
 holes under the earth, and that "they came 
 out in the harvest time with hatchets to 
 cat down the corn as if to fell a forest. It 
 is said that Hercules once fell asleep in 
 the deserts of Africa, after he had con- 
 quered Antaeus, and that he was sudden- 
 ly awakened by an attack which had 
 been made upon his body, by an army of 
 these Liliputians, who discharged their 
 arrows with great fury upon his arms and 
 legs. The hero, pleased with their cour- 
 age, wrapped the greatest number of them 
 in the skin of the Nemasan lion, and car- 
 ried them to Eurystheus. 
 
 PvGaiiEON, a surname of Adonis in Cy- 
 prus. 
 
 Pygmalion, a king of Tyre, son of Be- 
 lus, and brother to the celebrated Dido, 
 who founded Carthage. At the death of 
 his father, he ascended the vacant throne, 
 and soon became odious by his cruelty 
 and avarice. He sacrificed every thing to 
 the gratification of his predominant pas- 
 sions, and he did not even spare the life 
 of Sichasus Dido's husband, because he 
 was the most powerful and opulent of all 
 the Phoenicians. Pygmalion died in the 
 fifty-sixth year of his age, and in the for- 
 ty-seventh of his reign. A celebrated 
 
 statuary of the island of Cyprus. He be- 
 came enamored of a beautiful statue of 
 marble which he had made, and at his 
 earnest request and prayers, according to 
 the mythologists, the goddess of beauty 
 changed the favorite statue into a woman, 
 whom the artist married, and by whom 
 he had a son called Paphus, who founded 
 the city of that name in Cyprus. 
 
 Pylades, a son of Strophius, king of 
 Phocis, by one of the sisters of Agamem- 
 non. He was educated, together with his 
 cousin Orestes, with whom he formed the 
 most inviolable friendship, and whom he 
 assisted to revenge the murder of Agam- 
 emnon, by assassinating Clytemnestra and 
 ^Egysthus. The friendship of Orestes and 
 Pylades became proverbial. — A celebrat- 
 ed Greek musician, in the age of Philopce- 
 men. A mimic in the reign of Augus- 
 tus, banished, and afterwards recalled. 
 
 Pyl.^, a town of Asia, between Cappa- 
 docia and Cilicia. The word Ft/la which 
 signifies gates, was often applied by the 
 Greeks to any straits or passages which 
 opened a communication between one 
 country and another. 
 
 Pyl-emenes, a Paphlagonian son of 
 Melius who came to the Trojan war, and 
 
 was killed by Menelausv A king of Mas- 
 
 onia, who sent his sons, Mestes and An- 
 
 tiphus, to the Trojan war Another son 
 
 of Nicomedes, banished from Paplilagonia 
 by Mithridates, and restored by Pompey. 
 
 Pylagorjg, a name given to the Am- 
 phictyonic council, because they always 
 assembled at Pylse, near the temple of 
 Delphi. 
 
 Pylaon, a son of Neleus and Chloris, 
 killed by Hercules with his brothers. 
 
 Pylarge, a daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Pylartes, a Trojan killed byPatroclus. 
 
 Pylas, a king of Megara. He had the 
 misfortune accidentally to kill his uncle 
 Bias, for which he fled away, leaving his 
 kingdom to Pandion, his son-in-law, who 
 had been driven from Athens. 
 
 Pylene, a town of ^Etolia. 
 
 Pyleus, a Trojan chief, killed by Achil- 
 les. A son of Clymenus, king of Orcho- 
 
 menos. 
 
 Pylleon, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Pylo, a daughter of Thespius, mother 
 of Hippotas. 
 
 Pylo s, now Navarino, a town of Mes- 
 senia situate on the western coast of the 
 Peloponnesus, opposite the island Sphac- 
 teria in the Ionian sea. It was also call- 
 ed Coryphasion, from the promontory on 
 which it was erected. It was built by 
 Pylus, at the head of a colony from Mega- 
 ra. A town of Elis, at the mouth of the 
 
 river Alpheus, between the Peneus and 
 
 Selleis. Another town of Elis called 
 
 Triphyliacha, from Triphylia, a province 
 of Elis, where it was situate. These 
 three cities which bore the name of Pylos, 
 disputed their respective right to the honor 
 of having given birth to the celebrated 
 Nestor, son of Neleus. 
 
 Pylus, a town. ( Vid. Pylos.) A son 
 
 of Mars by Demonice, the daughter of 
 Agenor. He was present at the chase of 
 the Calydonian boar. 
 
 Pyra, part of mount QSta, on which the 
 body of Hercules was burnt. 
 
PY 
 
 334 
 
 PY 
 
 Pyracmon-, one of Vulcan's workmen 
 in the forges of mount iEtna. 
 
 Pyracmos, a man killed by Cameus. 
 
 Pyr.echmes, a king of Eubcea. A 
 
 king of P;conia during the Trojan war. 
 
 Pyramus, a youth of Babylon, who be- 
 came enamored of Thisbe, a beautiful vir- 
 gin, who dwelt in the neighborhood. The 
 flame was mutual, and the two lovers, 
 whom their parents forbade to marry, 
 regularly received each other's addresses 
 through the chink of a wall, which sepa- 
 rated their houses. After the most sol- 
 emn vows of sincerity, they both agreed 
 to elude the vigilance of their friends, 
 and to meet one another at the tomb of 
 Ninus, under a white mulberry tree, with- 
 out the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came 
 first to the appointed place, but the sud- 
 den arrival of a lioness frightened her 
 away ; and as she fled into a neighboring 
 cave she dropped lier veil, which the lion- 
 ess found and besmeared with blood. Py- 
 ramus soon arrived, he found Thisbe's 
 veil all bloody, and concluding that she 
 had been torn to pieces by the wild beasts 
 of the place, he stabbed himself with his 
 sword. Thisbe, when her fears were 
 vanished, returned from the cave, and at 
 the sight of the dying Pyramus, she fell 
 upon the sword which still reeked with 
 
 his blood. A river of Cilicia, rising in 
 
 mount Taurus, and falling into the Pam- 
 phylian sea. 
 
 Pyeensa Venus, a town of Gallia 
 Narbonesis. 
 
 Pyren.ei, a mountain, or a long ridge 
 of high mountains, which separate Gaul 
 from Spain, and extend from the Atlantic 
 to the Mediterranean sea. They receive 
 their name from Pyrene the daughter of 
 Bebrycius, or from the fire (Jivq) which 
 once raged there for several days. 
 
 Pyren-eus, a king of Thrace, who dur- 
 ing a shower of rain, gave shelter in his 
 house to the nine muses, and attempted 
 to offer them violence. The goddesses 
 upon this took to their wings and flew 
 away. Pyrenaeus, who attempted to fol- 
 low them, as if he had wings, threw him- 
 self down from the top of a tower and was 
 killed. 
 
 Pyrene, a daughter of Bebrycius, king 
 
 of the southern parts of Spain. A 
 
 nymph, mother of Cycnus by Mars. A 
 
 fountain near Corinth. A small village 
 
 in Celtic Gaul, near which, according to 
 some, the river Ister took its rise. 
 
 Pyrgi, an ancient town of Etruria, on 
 the sea coast. 
 
 Pyrgi on, an historian who wrote on 
 the laws of Crete. 
 
 Pyrgo, the nurse of Priam's children 
 who followed iEneas in his flight from 
 Troy. 
 
 Pyrgoteles, a celebrated engraver on 
 gems, in the age of Alexander the Great. 
 
 Pyrgus, a fortified place of Elis in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pyrippe, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Pyro, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Pyrodes, a son of Cilix, said to be the 
 first who discovered and applied to hu- 
 man purposes the fire concealed in flints. 
 
 Pyrois, one of the horses of the sun. 
 
 Pyronia, a surname of Diana. 
 
 Pyrrha, a daughter of Epimetheus and 
 Pandora, who married Deucalion, the son 
 of Prometheus, who reigned in Thessaly. 
 In her age all mankind were destroyed 
 by a deluge, and she alone, with her hus- 
 band, escaped from the general destruc- 
 tion, by saving themselves in a boat 
 which Deucalion had made by his father's 
 advice. When the waters had retired 
 from the surface of the earth, Pyrrha, 
 with her husband, went to the oracle of 
 Themis, when they were directed, to 
 repair the loss of mankind, to throw stones 
 behind their backs. They obeyed, and 
 the stones which Pyrrha threw were 
 changed into women, and those of Deu- 
 calion into men. A daughter of Creon, 
 
 king of Thebes. The name which 
 
 Achilles bore when he disguised himself 
 in women's clothes, at the court of Lyco- 
 
 medes. A promontory of Phthiotis, on 
 
 the bay of Malia. A town of Eubnea. 
 
 A town of Lesbos. A beautiful 
 
 courtezan at Rome. 
 
 Pyrrheus, a place in the city of Am 
 bracia. 
 
 Pyrrhi c astra, a place of Lucania. 
 
 Pyrrhias, a boatman of Ithaca, remark- 
 able for his humanity. He delivered from 
 slavery an old man who had been taken 
 by pirates, and robbed of some pots full 
 of pitch. The old man was so grateful 
 for his kindness, that he gave the pots to 
 his deliverer, after he had told him that 
 
 they contained gold under the pitch. 
 
 A general of the ^Etolians, defeated by 
 Philip, king of Macedonia. 
 
 Pyrrhicha, a kind of dance said to be 
 invented and introduced into Greece by 
 Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. 
 
 Pyrrhicus, a free town of Laconia. 
 
 Pyrrhid.e, a patronymic given to the 
 successors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. 
 
 Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis, disciple 
 to Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. 
 His father's name was Plistarchus, or Pis- 
 tocrates. He was in continual suspense 
 of judgment, he doubted of every thing, 
 never made any conclusions, and when 
 he had carefully examined a subject, and 
 investigated all its parts, he concluded by 
 still doubting of its evidence. When he 
 walked in the streets he never looked be- 
 hind, or moved from the road for a char- 
 iot, even in its most rapid course ; and, 
 indeed, as some authors remark, this in- 
 difference for his safety often exposed him 
 to the greatest and most imminent dan- 
 
PY 
 
 335 
 
 PY 
 
 gers, from which he was saved by the in- 
 terference of his friends who followed 
 him. He flourished B. C. 304, and died 
 at the advanced age of ninety. He left 
 no writings behind him. His countrymen 
 were so partial to him, that they raised 
 statues to his memory, and exempted all 
 the philosophers of Elis from taxes. 
 
 Pvrrhus, a son of Achilles and Deida- 
 mia, the daughter of king Lycomedes, 
 who received this name from the yelloic- 
 ness of his hair. He was also called Ne- 
 optolemus, or new warrior, because he 
 came to the Trojan war in the last year 
 of the celebrated siege of the capital of 
 
 Troas. A king of Epirus, descended 
 
 from Achilles, by the side of his mother, 
 and from Hercules by that of his father, 
 and son of ^Eacides and Phthia. He was 
 saved when an infant, by the fidelity of 
 his servants, from the pursuits of the ene- 
 mies of his father, who had been banished 
 from his kingdom, and he was carried to 
 the court of Glautias king of Illyricum, 
 who educated him with great tenderness. 
 Cassander, king of Macedonia, wished to 
 dispatch him, as he had so much to dread 
 from him ; but Glautias, not only refused 
 to deliver him up into the hands of his 
 enemy, but he even went with an army, 
 and placed him on the throne of Epirus, 
 though only twelve years of age. About 
 five years after, the absence of Pyrrhus to 
 attend the nuptials of one of the daugh- 
 ters of Glautias, raised new commotions. 
 The monarch was expelled from his throne 
 by Neoptolemus, who had usurped it after 
 the death of ^Eacides ; and being still 
 without resources, he applied to his broth- 
 er-in-law Demetrius for assistance. He 
 accompanied Demetrius at the battle of 
 Ipsus, and fought there with all the pru- 
 dence and intrepidity of an experienced 
 general. He afterwards passed into Egypt, 
 where by his marriage with Antigone the 
 daughter of Berenice, he soon obtained a 
 sufficient force to attempt the recovery of 
 his throne. He was successful in the 
 undertaking, but to remove all causes of 
 quarrel, he took the usurper to share with 
 him the royalty, and some time after he 
 put him tj death under pretence that he 
 had attempted to poison him. In the 
 subsequent years of his reign, Pyrrhus 
 engaged in the quarrels which disturbed 
 the peace of the Macedonian monarchy, 
 he marched against Demetrius, and gave 
 the Macedonian soldiers fresh proofs of 
 his valor and activity. By dissimulation 
 he ingratiated himself in the minds of his 
 enemy's subjects, and when Demetrius 
 labored under a momentary illness, Pyr- 
 rhus made an attempt upon the crown of 
 Macedonia, which, if not then successful, 
 soon aster rendered him master of the 
 kingdom. This he shared with Lysirna- 
 chus for seven months, til! the jealousy 
 
 of the Macedonians, and the ambition of 
 his colleague, obliged him to retire. Pyr- 
 rhus was meditating new conquests, 
 when the Tarentines invited him to Italy 
 to assist them against the encroaching 
 power of Rome. He gladly accepted the 
 invitation, but his passage across the 
 Adriatic proved nearly fatal, and he reach- 
 ed the shores of Italy, after the loss of the 
 greatest part of his troops in a storm. At 
 his entrance into Tarentum, B. C. 280, he 
 began to reform the manners of the inhab- 
 itants, and, by introducing the strictest 
 discipline among their troops, to accustom 
 them to bear fatigue and to despise dan- 
 gers. In the first battle which he fought 
 with the Romans, he obtained the victo- 
 ry, but for this he was more particularly 
 indebted to his elephants, whose bulk, 
 and uncommon appearance, astonished 
 the Romans, and terrified their cavalry. 
 The number of the slain was equal on 
 both sides, and the conqueror said that 
 such another victory would totally ruin 
 him. He also sent Cineas, his chief min- 
 ister, to Rome, and though victorious, he 
 sued for peace. These offers of peace 
 were refused, and when Pyrrhus ques- 
 tioned Cineas about the manners and the 
 character of the Romans, the sagacious 
 minister replied, that their senate was a 
 venerable assembly of kings, and that to 
 fight against them was to attack another 
 Hydra. A second battle was fought near 
 Asculum, but the slaughter was so great, 
 and the valor so conspicuous on both 
 sides, that the Romans and their enemies 
 reciprocally claimed the victory as their 
 own. Pyrrhus still continued the war in 
 favor of the Tarentines, when he was in- 
 vited into Sicily by the inhabitants, who 
 labored under the yoke of Carthage, and 
 the cruelty of their own petty tyrants. 
 His fondness of novelty soon determined 
 him to quit Italy, he left a garrison at 
 Tarentum, and crossed over to Sicily, 
 where he obtained two victories over the 
 Carthaginians, and took many of their 
 towns. He was for a while successful, 
 and formed the project of invading Afri- 
 ca, but soon his popularity vanished, his 
 troops became insolent, and he behaved 
 with haughtiness, and showed himself 
 oppressive, so that his return to Italy was 
 deemed a fortunate event for all Sicily. 
 He had no sooner arrived at Tarentum 
 than he renewed hostilities with the Ro- 
 mans with great acrimony, but when his 
 army of 80,000 men had been defeated by 
 20,000 of the enemy, under Curius, he left 
 Italy with precipitation, B. C. 274, asham- 
 ed of the enterprise, and mortified by the 
 victories which had been obtained, over 
 one of the descendants of Achilles. In Epi- 
 rus he began to repair his military charac- 
 ter, by attacking Antiponus, who was 
 then on the Macedonian throne He 
 
PY 
 
 ZW 
 
 Pi 
 
 gained some advantages over his enemy, 
 and was at last restored to the throne of 
 Macedonia. He afterwards marched 
 against Sparta, at the request of Cleony- 
 mus, but when all his vigorous operations 
 were insufficient to take the capital of 
 Laconia, he retired to Argos, where the 
 treachery of Aristeus invited him. The 
 Argives desired him to retire, and not to 
 interfere in the affairs of their republic, 
 which were confounded by the ambition 
 of two of their nobles. He complied with 
 their wishes, but in the night he marched 
 his forces into the town, and might have 
 made himself master of the place had he 
 not retarded his progress by entering it 
 with his elephants. The combat that en- 
 sued was obstinate and bloody, and the 
 monarch, to fight with more boldness, 
 and to encounter dangers with more facil- 
 ity, exchanged his dress. He was attack- 
 ed by one of the enemy, but as he was 
 going to run him through in his own de- 
 fence, the mother of the Argive, who saw 
 her son's danger from the top of a house, 
 threw down a tile, and brought Pyrrhus 
 to the ground. His head was cut off, and 
 carried to Antigonus, who gave his re- 
 mains a magnificent funeral, and present- 
 fd his ashes to his son Helenus, two hun- 
 dred and seventy-two years before the 
 Christian era. Pyrrhus has been deserv- 
 edly commended for his talents as a gene- 
 ral ; and not only his friends, but also his 
 nemies, have been warm in extolling 
 nim ; and Annibal declared, that for ex- 
 perience and sagacity the king of Epirus 
 
 was the first of commanders. A king 
 
 of Epirus son of Ptolemy, murdered by the 
 people of Ambracia. A son of Dsedalus. 
 
 Pyste, the wife of Seleucus, taken pris- 
 oner by the Gauls. 
 
 Pythagoras, a celebrated philosopher, 
 born at Samos. Like his contemporaries, 
 he was early made acquainted with poet- 
 ry and music ; eloquence and astronomy 
 became his private studies, and in gym- 
 nastic exercises he often bore the palm 
 for strength and dexterity. He first made 
 himself known in Greece, at the Olympic 
 games, where he obtained, in the 18th 
 year of his age, the prize for wrestling; 
 and, after he had been admired for the 
 elegance and the dignity of his person, and 
 the brilliancy of his understanding, he re- 
 tired into the east. In Egypt and Chal- 
 dasa he gained the confidence of the 
 priests, and learned from them the art- 
 ful policy, and the symbolic writings, by 
 which they governed the princes as well 
 as the people, and, after he had spent many 
 years in gathering all the information 
 which could be collected from antique 
 tradition concerning the nature of the 
 gods and the immortality of the soul, Py- 
 thagoras revisited his native island. The 
 tyranny of Polycrates at Samos disgusted 
 
 the philosopher, who was a great advocate 
 for national independence, and, though 
 he was the favorite of the tyrant, he re- 
 tired from the island, and a second time 
 assisted at the Olympic games. His fame 
 was too well known to escape notice ; he 
 was saluted in the public assembly by the 
 name of Sophist, or wise man ; but he re 
 fused the appellation, and was satisfied 
 with that of philosopher, or, the friend of 
 wisdom. From Olympia the philosopher 
 visited the republics of Elis and Sparta, 
 and retired to Magna Greecia, where he 
 fixed his habitation in the town of Croto- 
 na, about the 40th year of his age. Here 
 he founded a sect which has received the 
 name of the Italian, and he soon saw him- 
 self surrounded by a great number of pu- 
 pils, which the recommendation of his 
 mental, as well as his personal accom- 
 plishments, had procured. His skill in 
 music and medicine, and his knowledge 
 of mathematics and of natural philosophy, 
 gained him friends and admirers, and 
 amidst the voluptuousness that prevailed 
 among the inhabitants of Crotona, the 
 Samian sage found his instructions re- 
 spected, and his approbation courted : the 
 most debauched and effeminate were 
 pleased with the eloquence and the grace- 
 ful delivery of the philosopher, who bold- 
 ly upbraided them for their vices, and 
 called them to more virtuous and manly 
 pursuits. These animated harangues 
 were attended with rapid success, and a 
 reformation soon took place in the morals 
 and the life of the people of Crotona. 
 Pythagoras was admired for his venera- 
 ble aspect, his voice was harmonious, his 
 eloquence persuasive, and the reputation 
 he had acquired by his distant travels, 
 and by being crowned at the Olympic 
 games, was great and important. He 
 regularly frequented the temples of the 
 gods, and paid his devotion to the divin- 
 ity at an early hour ; he lived upon the 
 purest and most innocent food, he clothed 
 himself like the priests of the Egyptian 
 gods, and by his continual purifications, 
 and regular offerings, he seemed to be 
 superior to the rest of mankind in sancti- 
 ty. These artful measures unued to ren- 
 der him an object not only of reverence, 
 but of imitation. So great was his au- 
 thority among his pupils, that, to dispute 
 his word was deemed a crime, and the 
 most stubborn were drawn to coincide 
 with the opinions of their opponents when 
 they helped their arguments by the words 
 of the master said so, an expression which 
 became proverbial in jurare in verba Ma- 
 gistri. The great influence which the 
 philosopher possessed in his school was 
 transferred to the world : the pupils divid- 
 ed the applause and the approbation of 
 the people with their venerated master, 
 and in a short time, the rulers and the 
 
PY 
 
 337 
 
 PY 
 
 legislators of all the principal towns of 
 Greece, Sicily, and Italy, boasted in being 
 the disciples of Pythagoras. The Samian 
 philosopher was the first who supported 
 the doctrine of metempsychosis, or trans- 
 migration of the soul into different bodies, 
 and those notions he seemed to have im- 
 bibed among the priests of Egypt, or in the 
 solitary retreats of the Braclimans. Blore 
 strenuously to support his chimerical sys- 
 tem, he declared he recollected the differ- 
 ent bodies his soul had animated before 
 that of the son of Mnesarchus. He remem- 
 bered to have been iEthalides, the son of 
 Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks 
 during the Trojan war in the character of 
 Euphorbus, {Viol. Euphorbus,) to have 
 been Hermotimus, afterwards a fisher- 
 man, and last of all Pythagoras. He for- 
 bade his disciples to eat flesh, as also beans, 
 because he supposed them to have been 
 produced from the same putrified matter 
 from which, at She creation of the world, 
 man was formed. In his theological sys- 
 tem Pythagoras supported that the uni- 
 verse was created from a shapeless heap 
 of passive matter by the hands of a pow- 
 erful being, who himself was the mover 
 and soul of the world, and of whose sub- 
 stance the souls of mankind were a por- 
 tion. He considered numbers as the prin- 
 ciples of every thing, and perceived in the 
 universe regularity, correspondence, beau- 
 ty, proportion, and harmony, as inten- 
 tionally produced by the creator. The au- 
 thors that lived in, and after, the age of 
 Alexander, have rather tarnished than 
 brightened the glory of the founder of the 
 Pythagorean school, and they have ob- 
 scured his fame by attributing to him ac- 
 tions which were dissonant with his char- 
 acter as a man and a moralist. To give 
 more weight to his exhortations, as some 
 writers mention, Pythagoras retired into a 
 subterraneous cave, where his mother sent 
 him intelligence of every thing which hap- 
 pened during his absence. After a cer- 
 tain number of months he again reappear- 
 ed on the earth with a grim and ghastly 
 countenance, and declared, in the assem- 
 bly of the people, that he was returned 
 from hell. From similar exaggerations, 
 it has been asserted that he appeared at 
 the Olympic games with a golden thigh, 
 and that he could write in letters of blood 
 whatever he pleased on a looking-glass, 
 and that, by setting it opposite to the 
 moon, when full, all the characters which 
 were on the glass became legible on the 
 moon's disc. The time and the place of 
 the death of this great philosopher are un- 
 known ; yet many suppose that he died 
 at Metapontum about four hundred and 
 ninety-seven years before Christ ; and so 
 great was the veneration of the people of 
 Magna Grsecia for him, that he received 
 the same honors as were paid to the im- 
 29 
 
 mortal gods, and his house became a sa- 
 cred temple. Succeeding ages likewise 
 acknowledged his merits, and when the 
 Romans, A. U. C. 411, were commanded 
 by the oracle of Delphi, to erect a statue 
 to the bravest and wisest of the Greeks, 
 the distinguished honor was conferred on 
 Alcibiades and Pythagoras. Pythagoras 
 had a daughter called Damo. Pythagoras 
 distinguished himself by his discoveries 
 in geometry, astronomy, and mathematics, 
 and it is to him that the world is indebt- 
 ed for the demonstration of the forty- 
 seventh proposition of the first book of 
 Euclid's elements, about the square of the 
 hypothenuse. His system of the universe, 
 in which he placed the sun in the centre, 
 and all the planets moving in elliptical 
 orbits round it, was deemed chimerical 
 and improbable, till the deep inquiries 
 and the philosophy of the 16th century 
 proved it, by the most accurate calcula- 
 tions, to be true and incontestable. 
 
 A soothsayer at Babylon, who foretold the 
 death of Alexander, and of Hephsstion. 
 A tyrant of Ephesus. One of Ne- 
 ro's wicked favorites. 
 
 Pytheas, an archon at Athens. A 
 
 native of Massilia, famous for his know- 
 ledge of astronomy, mathematics, philoso- 
 phy, and geography. He was the first who 
 established a distinction of climate by the 
 length of days and nights. He wrote differ- 
 ent treatises in Greek, which have been 
 lost, though some of them were extant in 
 the beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas 
 lived, according to some, in the age of Aris- 
 totle. — An Athenian rhetorician in the age 
 of Demosthenes, who distinguished him- 
 self by his intrigues, rapacity, and his op- 
 position to the measures of Demosthenes, 
 of whom he observed, that his orations 
 smelt of the lamp. His orations were de- 
 void of elegance, harsh, unconnected and 
 diffuse, and from this circumstance he has 
 not been ranked among the orators of 
 Athens. 
 
 Pythes, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, 
 son of Andromache, who obtained a crown 
 at the Olympian games. 
 
 Pytheus, a Lydian, famous for his 
 riches in the age of Xerxes. He kindly 
 entertained the monarch and all his army, 
 when he was marching on his expedition 
 against Greece, and offered him to defray 
 the expenses of the whole war. Xerxes 
 thanked him with much gratitude, and 
 promised to give him whatever he should 
 require. Pytheus asked him to dismiss 
 his son from the expedition ; upon which 
 the monarch ordered the young man to be 
 cut in two, and one half of the body to be 
 placed on the right hand of the way, and 
 the other on the left, that his army might 
 march between them. 
 
 Pythia, the priestess of Apollo at Del- 
 phi. She delivered the answer of the god 
 P 
 
PY 
 
 338 
 
 PY 
 
 to such as came to consult the oracle, and 
 was supposed to be suddenly inspired 
 by the sulphureous vapors which issued 
 from the hole of a subterraneous cavity 
 within the temple, over which she sat 
 bare on a three legged stool, called a 
 tripod. In the stool was a small aperture, 
 through which the vapor was exhaled by 
 the priestess, and, at this divine inspira- 
 tion, her eyes suddenly sparkled, her hair 
 stood on end, and a shivering ran overall 
 her body. In this convulsive state she 
 spoke the oracles of the god, often with 
 loud howlings and cries, and her articula- 
 tions were taken down by the priest, and 
 set in order. There was originally but 
 one Pythia, besides subordinate priests, 
 and afterwards two were chosen, and 
 sometimes more. The most celebrated of 
 all these is Phemonoe, who is supposed 
 by some to have been the first who gave 
 oracles at Delphi. The oracles were al- 
 ways delivered in hexameter verses, a 
 custom which was sometime after discon- 
 tinued. The Pythia was consulted only 
 one month in the year, about the spring. 
 It was always required that those who 
 consulted the oracle should make large 
 presents to Apollo, and from thence arose 
 the opulence, splendor, and the magnifi- 
 cence of that celebrated temple of Delphi. 
 Sacrifices were also offered to the divinity, 
 and if the omens proved unfavorable the 
 
 priestess refused to give an answer. 
 
 Games celebrated in honor of Apollo near 
 the temple of Delphi. They were first in- 
 stituted, according to the more received 
 opinion, by Apollo himself, in commemo- 
 ration of the victory which he had ob- 
 tained over the serpent Python, from 
 which they received their name ; though 
 others maintain that they were first estab- 
 lished by Agamemnon, or Dioraedes, or 
 by Amphictyon, or lastly by the council 
 of the Amphictyons, B. C. 1263. They 
 were originally celebrated once in nine 
 years, but afterwards every fifth year, on 
 the second year of every olympiad, ac- 
 cording to the number of the Parnassian 
 nymphs who congratulated Apollo after 
 his victory. The gods themselves were 
 originally among the combatants, and ac- 
 cording to some authors the first prizes 
 were won by Pollux, in boxing; Castor, 
 in horse-races ; Hercules, in the pancrati- 
 um ; Zetes, in fighting with the armor; 
 Calais, in running ; Telainon, in wrest- 
 ling; and Peleus, in throwing the quoit. 
 These illustrious conquerors were reward- 
 ed by Apollo himself, who was present, 
 with crowns and laurel. Some however 
 observe, that it was nothing but a musical 
 contention, in which he who sung best 
 
 the praises of Apollo obtained the prize, 
 which was presents of gold or silver, 
 which were afterwards exchanged for a 
 garland of the palm tree, or of beech 
 leaves. It is said that Hesiod was refused 
 admission to these games, because he was 
 not able to play upon the harp, which was 
 required of all such as entered the lists. 
 
 Pythias, a Pythagorean philosopher, in- 
 timate with Damon. A road which led 
 
 from Thessaly to Tempe. A comic 
 
 character, &,c. 
 
 Pythion, an Athenian killed, with four 
 hundred and twenty soldiers, when he 
 attempted to drive the garrison of Deme- 
 trius from Athens. 
 
 Pythium, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Pythius, a Syracusan, who defrauded 
 Canius, a Roman knight, to whom he had 
 
 sold his gardens. A surname of Apollo, 
 
 which he had received for his having con- 
 quered the serpent Python, or because 
 he was worshipped at Delphi ; called also 
 Pytho. 
 
 Pytho, the ancient name of the town 
 of Delphi. 
 
 Pythochakis, a musician who assuaged 
 the fury of some wolves by playing on a 
 musical instrument. 
 
 Pythocles, an Athenian descended 
 from Aratus. It is said, that on his ac- 
 count, and for his instruction, Plutarch 
 
 wrote the life of Aratus. A man put to 
 
 death with Phocion. A man who wrote 
 
 on Italy. 
 
 Pythodorus, an Athenian archon in 
 the age of Themistocles. 
 
 Pytholaus, the brother of Theba, the 
 wife of Alexander tyrant of Pherae. 
 
 Python, a native of Byzantium, in the 
 age of Philip of Macedonia. He was a 
 
 great favorite of the monarch. One of 
 
 the friends of Alexander put to death by 
 
 Ptolemy Lagus. A man who killed 
 
 Cotys king of Thrace at the instigation of 
 
 the Athenians. A celebrated serpent 
 
 sprung from the mud and stagnated wa- 
 ters which remained on the surface of the 
 earth after the deluge of Deucalion. Apol- 
 lo attacked the monster and killed him 
 with his arrows, and in commemoration 
 of the victory which he had obtained, he 
 instituted the celebrated Pythian games. 
 
 Pythonice, an Athenian woman great- 
 ly honored by Harpalus, whom Alexander 
 sometime before had intrusted with the 
 treasures of Babylon. 
 
 Pythonissa, a name given to the priest- 
 ess of Apollo's temple at Delphi. 
 Pytna, a part of Mount Ida. 
 Pyttalus, a celebrated athlete, son of 
 Lampis of Elis, who obtained a prize at 
 the Olympic games. 
 
QU 
 
 339 
 
 QU 
 
 Qi 
 
 -UADERNA, a town of Italy. 
 
 CIuadi, an ancient nation of Germany, 
 near the country of the Marcomanni, on 
 the borders of the Danube, in modern Mo- 
 ravia. 
 
 GIuadratus, a surname given to Mer- 
 cury, because some of his statues were 
 
 square. A governor of Syria in the age 
 
 of Nero. 
 
 Quadrifrons, or Quadriceps, a sur- 
 name of Janus, because he was represent- 
 ed with four heads. He had a temple on 
 the Tarpeian rock, raised by L. Catulus. 
 
 Qujestores, two officers at Eome, first 
 created A. U. C. 239. They received their 
 name a qu&rendo, because they collected 
 the revenues of the state, and had the to- 
 tal management of the public treasury. 
 The quaestorship was the first office which 
 could be had in the state. It was requi- 
 site that the candidates should be twenty- 
 four or twenty-five years of age, or ac- 
 cording to some twenty-seven. In the 
 year 332, U. C, two more were added to 
 the others, to attend the consuls, to take 
 care of the pay of the armies abroad, and 
 sell the plunder and booty which had been 
 acquired by conquest. " When the Ro- 
 mans were masters of all Italy, four more 
 were created, A. U. C. 439, to attend the 
 proconsuls and propraetors in their pro- 
 vinces, and to collect all the taxes and 
 customs which each particular district 
 owed to the republic. They were called 
 Provinciates. Sylla the dictator created 
 twenty quaestors, and J. Cassar forty, to 
 fill up the vacant seats in the senate; 
 from whence it is evident that the quaes- 
 tors ranked as senators in the senate. 
 
 Quasi., a people of Gaul. 
 
 Quarius, a river of Boeotia. 
 
 Quercejvs, a Rutulian who fought 
 against the Trojans. 
 
 Querq.uetulanus, a name given to 
 mount Coelius at Rome, from the oaks 
 which grew there. 
 
 Quietis fantjm, a temple without the 
 walls of the city of Rome, Quies was the 
 goddess of rest. Her temple was situate 
 near the Colline gate. 
 
 L. Quietus, an officer under the em- 
 peror Trajan, who behaved with great 
 valor in the expeditions which were un- 
 dertaken by the army, which he com- 
 manded. He was put to death by Adrian. 
 
 QuiNCTIA PRATA. Vld. QuiNTIA. 
 
 Quinctianus, a man who conspired 
 against Nero, for which he was put to 
 death. 
 
 Quinctilia, a comedian who refused 
 to betray a conspiracy which had been 
 formed against Caligula. 
 
 Quinctius, T. a Roman consul who 
 gained some victories over the ^Equi and 
 the Volsci, and obtained a triumph for 
 subduing Praneste. Cfeso, a man ac- 
 
 cused before the Roman people, and vin- 
 dicated by his father Cincinnatus. A 
 
 Roman celebrated for his frugality. A 
 
 master of horse. A Roman consul when 
 
 Annibal invaded Italy. A brother of 
 
 Flaminius, banished from the senate by 
 
 Cato, for killing a Gaul. An officer 
 
 killed by the Carthaginians. An officer 
 
 under Dolabella. Another who defeat- 
 ed the Latins. A consul who obtained 
 
 a victory over the Volsci. Vid. Hir- 
 
 pinus. 
 
 (Iuitoa, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Q,uindecimviri, an order of priests 
 whom Tarquin the proud appointed to 
 take care of the Sibylline books. They 
 were originally two, but afterwards the 
 number was increased to ten, to whom 
 Sylla added five more, whence their 
 name. 
 
 Quinquatria, a festival in honor of 
 Minerva at Rome, which continued dur- 
 ing five days. The beginning of the cele- 
 bration was the eighteenth of March. The 
 first day sacrifices and oblations were pre- 
 sented, but, however, without the effusion 
 of blood. On the second, third, and fourth 
 days, shows of gladiators were exhibited, 
 and on the fifth day there was a solemn 
 procession through the streets of the city. 
 On the days of the celebration, scholars 
 obtained holydays, and it was usual for 
 them to offer prayers to Minerva for learn- 
 ing and wisdom, which the goddess pat- 
 ronised ; and on their return to school, 
 they presented their master with a gift 
 which has received the name of Miner vat. 
 They were much the same as the Pana- 
 thensea of the Greeks. 
 
 Quinquennales ludi, games celebrat- 
 ed by the Chians in honor of Homer every 
 fifth year. There were also some games 
 among the Romans which bore this name. 
 They are the same as the Actian games. 
 
 Quintia Prata, a place on the borders 
 of the Tiber near Rome, which had been 
 cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. 
 
 Quintiltanus, Marcus Fabius, a ce- 
 lebrated rhetorician bom in Spain. — 
 He opened a school of rhetoric at Rome, 
 and was the first who obtained a salary 
 from the state as being a public teacher. 
 After he had remained twenty years in 
 this laborious employment, and obtained 
 the merited applause of the most illus- 
 trious Romans, not only as a preceptor, 
 but as a pleader at the bar, Quiutilian, by 
 the permission of the emperor Domitian, 
 retired to enjoy the fruits of his labors and 
 industry. In his retirement he assiduous- 
 ly dedicated his time to the study of lite- 
 rature, and wrote a treatise on the causes 
 of the corruption of eloquence. Sometime 
 after, at the pressing solicitations of his 
 friends, he wrote his instutiones oratories, 
 the most perfect and complete system of 
 oratory extant. He was appointed pre- 
 
QU 
 
 340 
 
 QU 
 
 ceptor to the two young princes whom 
 Domitian destined for his successors on 
 the throne, but the pleasures which the 
 rhetorician received from the favors and 
 the attention of the emperor, and from the 
 success which his writings met in the 
 world, were embittered by the loss of his 
 wife, and of his two sons. It is said that 
 Quintilian was poor in his retirement, 
 and that his indigence was relieved by the 
 liberality of his pupil, Pliny the younger. 
 He died A. D. 95. 
 
 Quintilius Varus, a Roman governor 
 
 of Syria. {Vid. Varus.) A friend of the 
 
 emperor Alexander. A man put to 
 
 death by the emperor Severus. 
 
 Quintilla, a courtezan at Rome. 
 
 Quintillus, M. Aurelius Claudius, a 
 brother of Claudius who proclaimed him- 
 self emperor, and seventeen days after 
 destroyed himself by opening his veins in 
 a bath, when he heard that Aurelian was 
 marching against him, about the two hun- 
 dred and seventieth year of the Christian 
 era. 
 
 Quintus, or Quinctius, one of the 
 names of Cincinnatus. Pedius, a paint- 
 er. 
 
 GIuintus, Curtius Rufus, a Latin his- 
 torian, who flourished as some suppose 
 in the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He 
 has rendered himself known by his his- 
 tory of the reign of Alexander the Great. 
 This work is admired for its elegance, the 
 purity, and the floridness of the style. It 
 is however blamed for great anachron- 
 isms, and glaring mistakes in geography, 
 as well as history. Some suppose that 
 the historian is the same with that Cur- 
 tius Rufus, who lived in the age of Clau- 
 dius, under whom he was made consul. 
 This Rufus was born of an obscure family, 
 and he attended a Roman quaestor in Af- 
 
 rica, when he was met at Adrumetum by 
 a woman above an human shape, as he 
 was walking under the porticos in the 
 middle of the day. This extraordinary 
 character addressed the indigent Roman, 
 and told him that the day should come 
 in which he should govern Africa with 
 consular power. This strange prohecy 
 animated Rufus ; he repaired to Rome, 
 where he gained the favors of the em- 
 peror, obtained consular honors, and at 
 last retired as proconsul to Africa, where 
 he died. 
 
 GIuintus Veranius, a governor of 
 
 Cappadocia. Cicero, the brother of 
 
 Cicero. Catulus, a Roman consul. 
 
 A friend of Ctesar. 
 
 Quirinalia, festivals in honor of Rom- 
 ulus, surnamed Quirinus, celebrated on 
 the thirteenth of the calends of March. 
 
 Quirinalis, a hill at Rome, originally 
 called Agomus, and afterwards Collinus. 
 The name of Quirinalis it obtained from 
 the inhabitants of Cures, who settled 
 
 there under their king Tatius. One 
 
 of the gates of Rome near mount Quirin- 
 alis. 
 
 Quirinus, a surname of Mars among 
 the Romans. This name was also given 
 to Romulus when he had been made a 
 
 god by his superstitious subjects. Also 
 
 a surname of the god Janus. Sulpiti- 
 
 us, a Roman consul born at Lanuvium. 
 Though descended of an obscure family, 
 he was raised to the greatest honors by 
 Augustus. He died A. D. 22. 
 
 Quirites, a name given to the Roman 
 citizens, because they admitted into their 
 city the Sabines, who inhabited the town 
 of Cures, and who on that account were 
 called Quirites. After this union, the two 
 nations were indiscriminately and promis- 
 cuously called by that name. 
 
 KM 
 
 RA 
 
 RABIRIUS, C. a Roman knight, who 
 lent an immense sum of money to 
 Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt. Rabirius 
 escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at 
 his return to Rome, he was accused by 
 the senate of having lent money to an Af- 
 rican prince, for unlawful purposes. He 
 was ably defended by Cicero, and acquit- 
 ted. A Latin poet in the age of Augus- 
 tus. An architect in the reign of Do- 
 mitian. 
 
 Racilia, the wife of Cincinnatus. 
 
 Racilius, a tribune who complained in 
 the senate of the faction of Clodius. 
 
 R-esaces, an officer of Artaxerxes. He 
 
 revolted from his master, and fled to 
 Athens. 
 
 Ramises, a king of Egypt. Vid. Rhamses. 
 
 Ramnes, or Rhamnenses, one of the 
 three centuries instituted by Romulus. 
 
 Randa, a village of Persia. 
 
 Rapo, a Rutulian chief. 
 
 Rascipolis, a Macedonian sent to the 
 assistance of Pompey. 
 
 Ravenna, a town of Italy on the Adri- 
 atic, which became celebrated under the 
 Roman emperors for its capacious harbor, 
 and for being for sometime the seat of the 
 western empire. It is now entirely fallen 
 from its former grandeur. 
 
RE 
 
 341 
 
 RH 
 
 Ravola, a celebrated debauchee. 
 
 Raukaci, a people of Gaul, whose chief 
 town is now Augst on the Rhine. 
 
 Reate, a pleasant town of Umbria. 
 
 Rediculus, a deity whose name is de- 
 rived from the word redire, (to return.) 
 
 Redoxes, a nation among the Armori- 
 ci, now the people of Rennes and St. Ma- 
 loes, in Brittany. 
 
 Regill^:, or Regillum, a town in the 
 country of the Sabines in Italy, about 
 twenty miles from Rome. 
 
 Rfgillianus, Q,. Nonius, a Dacian who 
 entered the Roman armies, and was raised 
 to the greatest honors under Valerian. 
 He was elected emperor by the populace, 
 and was soon after murdered bv his sol- 
 diers, A. D. 262. 
 
 Regillus, a small lake of Latium. 
 
 Reginum, a town of Germany, now 
 supposed Ratisbon or Regensburg. 
 
 Regium Lepidum, a town of Modena, 
 now Regio, at the south of the Po. 
 
 M. Attilius Regulus, a consul during 
 the first Punic war. He reduced Brundu- 
 sium, and in his second consulship he took 
 sixty-four, and sunk thirty gallies of the 
 Carthaginian fleet, on the coast of Sicily. 
 Afterwards he landed in Africa, and so 
 rapid was his success, that in a short time 
 he defeated three generals, and made him- 
 self master of about two hundred places 
 of consequence on the coast. The Car- 
 thaginians sued for peace, but the con- 
 queror refused to grant it, and soon after 
 he was defeated in a battle by Xanthip- 
 pus, and thirty thousand of his men were 
 left on the field of battle, and fifteen thou- 
 sand taken prisoners. Regulus was in the 
 number of the captives, and he was car- 
 ried in triumph to Carthage. He was af- 
 terwards sent by the enemy to Rome, to 
 propose an accommodation, and an ex- 
 change of prisoners ; and if his commis- 
 sion was unsuccessful, he was bound by 
 the most solemn oaths to return to Car- 
 thage, without delay. When he came to 
 Rome, Regulus dissuaded his countrymen 
 from accepting the terms which the ene- 
 my proposed, and when his opinion had 
 had due influence on the senate, Regulus 
 retired to Carthage agreeable to his en- 
 gagements. The Carthaginians were told 
 that their offers of peace had been rejected 
 at Rome, by the means of Regulus, and 
 therefore they prepared to punish him with 
 the greatest severity. His eyebrows were 
 cut, and he was exposed for some days to 
 the excessive heat of the meridian sun, 
 and afterwards confined in a barrel, whose 
 sides were every where filled with large 
 iron spikes, till he died in the greatest 
 agonies. His sufferings were heard at 
 Rome, and the senate permitted his widow 
 to inflict whatever punishment she pleas- 
 ed on some of the most illustrious captives 
 of Carthage, who were in their hands. 
 29* 
 
 She confined them also in presses filled 
 with sharp iron points, and was so exqui- 
 site in her cruelty, that the senate at last 
 interfered, and stopped the barbarity of 
 her punishments. Regulus died about two 
 hundred and fifty-one years before Christ. 
 
 Memmius, a Roman made governor 
 
 of Greece by Caligula. A man who con- 
 demned Sejanus. Roscius, a man who 
 
 held the consulship but for one day, in the 
 reign of Vitellius. 
 
 Remi, a nation of Gaul, whose principal 
 town Duricortorium, is now Rheims, in 
 the north of Champagne. 
 
 Remmia lex de judiciis, was enacted 
 to punish all calumniators. The letter K 
 was marked on their forehead. 
 
 Remulus, a friend of Turnus, trampled 
 
 to death by his horse. A chief of 
 
 Tiber, whose arms were seized by the Ru- 
 tulians. 
 
 Remulus Sylvius, a king of Alba, de- 
 stroyed by lightning on account of his im- 
 piety. 
 
 Remuria, festivals established at Rome 
 by Romulus, to appease the manes of his 
 brother Remus. 
 
 Remus, the brother of Romulus, was 
 exposed together with him, by the cruelty 
 of his grandfather. In the contest which 
 happened between the two brothers about 
 building a city, Romulus obtained the pre- 
 ference, and Remus, for ridiculing the 
 rising walls, was put to death by his bro- 
 ther's orders, or by Romulus himself. 
 
 One of the auxiliaries of Turnus 
 
 against iEneas. 
 
 Res.kna, a town of Mesopotamia, fa- 
 mous for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian. 
 
 Resus, a small river of Asia Minor, fall- 
 ing into the Maeander. 
 
 Retina, a village near Misenum. 
 
 Reudigni, a nation of Germany. 
 
 Rha, a large river, now the Volga, of 
 Russia. 
 
 Rhacia, a promontory in the Mediter- 
 ranean sea, projecting from the Pyrenean 
 mountains. 
 
 Rhacius, a Cretan prince, the first of 
 that nation who entered Ionia with a co- 
 lony. 
 
 Rhacotis, an ancient name of Alexan- 
 dria, the capital of Egypt. 
 
 Rhadamanthus, a son of Jupiter and. 
 Europa. He was born in Crete, which he 
 abandoned about the thirtieth year of his 
 age. He passed into some of the Cycla- 
 des, where he reigned with so much jus- 
 tice and impartiality, that the ancients 
 have said he became one of the judges of 
 hell. 
 
 Rhadamistus, a son of Pharnasmanes 
 king of Iberia, put to death by his father 
 for his cruelties, about the year fifty-two 
 of the Christian era. 
 
 Rhadius, a son of Neleus. 
 
 Rhjeteum, a city of Phrygia 
 
RH 
 
 342 
 
 RH 
 
 Rh^eti, or Rjeti, an ancient and war- 
 like nation of Etruria. 
 
 Rh^tia, a country at the north of Italy, 
 between the Alps and the Danube, which 
 now forms the territories of the Grisons, 
 of Tyrol, and part of Italy. The Rha?tians 
 rendered themselves formidable by the 
 frequent invasions they made upon the 
 Roman empire, and were at last conquer- 
 ed by Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, 
 and others under the Roman emperors. 
 
 RHAMNEs,a king and augur, who assist- 
 ed Turnus against ^Eneas. He was killed 
 in the night by Nisus. 
 
 Rhamnus, a town of Attica, famous for 
 a temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of 
 the goddess Nemesis. 
 
 Rhamnusia, a name of Nemesis. 
 
 Rhampsinitus, an opulent king of Egypt 
 who succeeded Proteus. 
 
 Rhamses, or Ramises, a powerful king 
 of Egypt, who with an army of seven hun- 
 dred thousand men, conquered ^Ethiopia, 
 Libya, Persia, and other eastern nations. 
 
 Rhajsis, one of Diana's attendant 
 nymphs. 
 
 Rharos, or Rharium, a plain of Attica, 
 where corn was first sown by Triptole- 
 mus. 
 
 Rhascuporis, a king of Thrace, who 
 invaded the possessions ofCotys,and was 
 put to death by order of Tiberius. 
 
 Rhea, a daughter of Coelus and Terra, 
 who married Saturn, by whom she had 
 Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. 
 Her husband, however, devoured them all 
 as soon as born, as he had succeeded to 
 the throne with the solemn promise that 
 lie would raise no male children. To stop 
 the cruelty of her husband, Rhea consult- 
 ed her parents, and was advised to impose 
 upon him, or perhaps to fly into Crete. 
 Accordingly, when she brought forth, the 
 child was immediately concealed, and 
 Saturn devoured up a stone which his 
 wife had given him as her own child. A 
 year after, the child, whose name was Ju- 
 piter, became so strong and powerful, that 
 
 he drove his father from his throne. 
 
 Sylvia, the mother of Romulus and Re- 
 mus. Vid. Ilia. A nymph of Italy, who 
 
 is said to have borne a son called Aventi- 
 nus to Hercules. 
 
 RhebasjOi-Rheeus, a river of Bithynia, 
 flowing from mount Olympus into the 
 Euxine sea. 
 
 Rhegium, now RKeffgi6,a town of Ita- 
 ly, in the country of the Brutii. This 
 town has always been subject to great 
 earthquakes, by which it has often been 
 destroyed. The neighborhood is remark- 
 able for its great fertility, and for its de- 
 lightful views. 
 
 Rhegusci, a people of the Alps. 
 
 Rhene, a small island of the Mge&n, 
 about two hundred yards from Delos, 
 eighteen miles in circumference. The 
 
 Inhabitants of Delos always buried their 
 dead there, as their own island was con- 
 secrated to Apollo, where no dead bodies 
 were to be inhumated. 
 
 Rheni, a people on the borders of the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Rhenus, one of the largest rivers of 
 Europe, which divides Germany from 
 Gaul. It rises in the Rhsetian Alps, and 
 falls into the German ocean. In modern 
 geography the Rhine is known as dividing 
 itself into four large branches, the Waal, 
 
 Lech, Issel, and the Rhine. A small 
 
 river of Italy, falling into the Po on the 
 south, now Rheno. 
 
 Rheokitres, a Persian who revolted 
 
 from Artaxerxes. A Persian officer 
 
 killed at the battle of Issus. 
 
 Rhesus, a king of Thrace, son of the 
 Strymon and Terpsichore, who marched 
 to the assistance of Priam, king of Troy, 
 against the Greeks. The Greeks entered 
 his camp in the night, slew him, and car- 
 ried away his horses to their camp. 
 
 Rhetogenes, a prince of Spain who 
 surrendered to the Romans, and was treat- 
 ed witli great humanity. 
 
 Rhetico, a mountain of Rhaetia. 
 
 Rheuntjs, a place in Arcadia. 
 
 Rhexenor, a son of Nausithous, king 
 
 of Phffiacia. The father of Chalciope, 
 
 the wife of yEgeus, king of Athens. 
 
 A musician who accompanied Antony in 
 Asia. 
 
 Rhexibius, an athlete of Opus, who 
 obtained a prize in the Olympic fames. 
 
 Rhianus, a Greek poet of Thrace, ori- 
 ginally a slave. He flourished about two 
 hundred years before the Christian era. 
 
 Rhidago, a river of Hyrcania, falling 
 into the Caspian sea. 
 
 Rhimotacles, a king of Thrace, who 
 revolted from Antony to Augustus. He 
 boasted of his attachment to the emperor's 
 person at an entertainment, upon which 
 Augustus said , proditionem amo,proditores 
 vera odi. 
 
 Rhinocolura, a town on the borders 
 of Palestine and Egypt. 
 
 Rhion, a promontory of Achaia, oppo- 
 site to Antirrhium in ^Etolia, at the mouth 
 of the Corinthian gulf, called also the Dar- 
 danelles of Lepanto. 
 
 Rhipha, or Rhiphe, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Rhiph^i, large mountains at the north 
 of Scythia, where, as some suppose, the 
 Gorgons had fixed their residence. The 
 name of Riphsan was applied to any cold 
 mountain in a northern country. 
 
 Rhinthon, a Greek poet of Tarentum, 
 in the age of Alexander. 
 
 Rhipheus, one of the Centaurs. A 
 
 Trojan praised for his justice. Vid. Ri- 
 pheus. 
 
 Rhium. Vid. Rhion. 
 
 Rhizonit^:, a people of Ulyricum, 
 whose chief town was called Rhizinium. 
 
RH 
 
 343 
 
 RO 
 
 Rhoda, now Roses, a seaport town of 
 
 Spain. A town of the Rhone, from 
 
 which the river received its name. It was 
 ruined in Pliny's nge. 
 
 Ehodaxus, a river of Gallia Narbonen- 
 sis, rising in the Rhaitian Alps, and fall- 
 ing into the Mediterranean sea, near Mar- 
 seilles. It is one of the largest and most 
 rapid rivers of Europe, now known by the 
 name of the Rhone. 
 
 Rhode, a daughter of Neptune of 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 Rhodia, one of the Oceanides. A 
 
 daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Rhodogyne, a daughter of Phraates, 
 king of Parthia, who married Demetrius, 
 when he was in banishment at her father's 
 court. 
 
 Rhodofe, or Rhodopis, a celebrated 
 courtezan of Greece, who was fellow ser- 
 vant with iEsop, at the court of a king of 
 Samos. She was carried to Egypt by 
 Xanthus, and her liberty was at last 
 bought by Charaxes of Mitviene, the bro- 
 ther of Sappho, who was enamored of 
 her, and who married her. ^Slian says, 
 that as Rhodope was one day bathing, an 
 eagle carried away one of her sandals, 
 and dropped it near Psammetichus, king 
 of Egypt, at Memphis. The monarch was 
 struck with the beauty of the sandal, strict 
 inquiry was made to find the owner, and 
 Rhodope, when discovered, married Psam- 
 metichus. Perizonius supposes there 
 
 were two persons of that name. 
 
 Rhodope, a high mountain of Thrace, 
 extending as far as the Euxine sea, all 
 across the country nearly in an eastern di- 
 rection. 
 
 Rhodopeius, is used in the same signi- 
 fication as Thracian, because Rhodope 
 was a mountain of that country. 
 
 Rhodunia, the top of mount OEta. 
 
 Rhodus, a celebrated island in the Car- 
 pathian sea, one hundred and twenty 
 miles in circumference, at the south of 
 Caria, from which it is distant about 
 twenty miles. Its principal cities were 
 Rhodes, founded about four hundred and 
 eight years before the Christian era, Lin- 
 dus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes was fa- 
 mous for the siege which it supported 
 against Demetrius, and for a celebrated 
 statue of Apollo. (Vid. Colossus.) The 
 Rhodians were originally governed by 
 kings, and were independent, but this 
 government was at last exchanged for a 
 democracy and an aristocracy. They were 
 naturally given up to commerce, and dur- 
 in?; many ages, they were the most pow- 
 erful nation by sea. 
 
 JRhceeus, a horse of Mezentius, whom 
 Ida master addressed with a determina- 
 tion to conquer or to die, when he saw his 
 so a Lausus brought lifeless from the bat- 
 tle. 
 
 JitHrecusj one of the Centaurs, killed at 
 
 the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus. 
 
 One of the giants killed by Bacchus, un- 
 der the form of a lion, in the war which 
 these sons of the earth waged against Ju- 
 piter and the gods. 
 
 Rhceo, a nymph beloved by Apollo. 
 
 Rhceteum, or Rhcetus, a promontory 
 of Troas, on the Hellespont, near which 
 the body of Ajax was buried. 
 
 Rhcetius, a mountain of Corsica, now 
 Rosso. 
 
 Rhcetus, a king of the Marrubii, who 
 
 married a woman called Casperia. A 
 
 Rutulian killed by Euryalus in the night. 
 An ^Ethiopian killed by Perseus. 
 
 Rhosaces, a Persian killed by Clitus as 
 he was going to stab Alexander at tiie bat- 
 tle of the Granicus. 
 
 Rhosus, a town of Syria, celebrated for 
 its earthen ware. 
 
 Rhoxalani, a people at the north of the 
 Pal us Mseotis. 
 
 Rhoxani, a nation against whom Mith- 
 ridates made war. 
 
 Rhuteni and Rutheni, a people of 
 Gaul. 
 
 Rhyndacus, a large river of Mysia, in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Rhynthon, a dramatic writer of Syra- 
 cuse, who flourished at Tarentum, where 
 he wrote thirty-eight plays. 
 
 Rhypje, a town of Achaia. 
 
 Rigodulum, a village of Germany, now 
 Riffol, near Cologne. 
 
 Ripheus, a Trojan who joined Mneas 
 the night that Troy was reduced to ashes, 
 and was at last killed after making a great 
 carnage of the Greeks. One of the Cen- 
 taurs killed by Theseus. 
 
 Rixamarje, a people of Illyricum. 
 
 Robigo,oi-Rubigo, a goddess at Rome, 
 particularly worshipped by husbandmen, 
 as she presided over corn. Her festivals 
 called Robigalia, were celebrated on the 
 twenty-fifth of April. 
 
 Rodumna, now Roanne, a town of the 
 JEAm, on the Loire. 
 
 Roma, a city of Italy, the capital of the 
 Roman empire; situate on the banks of 
 the river Tiber, at the distance of about 
 sixteen miles from the sea. The name of 
 its founder, and the manner of its found- 
 ation, are not precisely known. Romu- 
 lus, however, is universally supposed to 
 have laid the foundations of that celebrat- 
 ed city, on the twentieth of April, accord- 
 ing to"Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian 
 period, 3251 years after the creation of the 
 world, 753 before the birth of Christ, and 
 431 years after the Trojan war, and in the 
 fourth year of the sixth Olympiad. In its i 
 original state, Rome was but a small cas- 
 tle on the summit of mount Palatine ; and 
 the founder, to give his followers the ap- 
 pearance of a nation, or a barbarian horde, 
 was obliged to erect a standard as a com- 
 mon asylum for every criminal, debtor, 
 
RO 
 
 344 
 
 RO 
 
 or murderer, who fled from their native 
 country to avoid the punishment which 
 attended them. From such an assem- 
 blage a numerous body was soon collect- 
 ed, and before the death of the founder, 
 the Romans had covered with their hab- 
 itations, the Palatine, Capitoline, Aven- 
 tine, Esquiline hills, with mount Ccelius, 
 and Q,uirinalis. After many successful 
 wars against the neighboring states, the 
 views of Romulus were directed to regu- 
 late a nation naturally fierce, warlike, 
 and uncivilized. The people were divid- 
 ed into classes, the interests of the whole 
 were linked in a common chain, and the 
 labors of the subject, as well as those of 
 his patron, tended to the same end, the 
 aggrandizement of the state. Under the 
 successors of Romulus, the power of Rome 
 was increased, and the boundaries of her 
 dominions extended ; while one was em- 
 ployed in regulating the forms of worship, 
 and in inculcating in the minds of his sub- 
 jects a reverence for the deity, the other 
 was engaged in enforcing discipline among 
 the army, and raising the consequence of 
 the soldiers in the government of the state, 
 and a third made the object of his admin- 
 istration consist in adorning his capital, in 
 beautifying the edifices, and in fortifying 
 it with towers and walls. During two 
 hundred and forty -four years, the Romans 
 were governed by kings, but the tyranny, 
 the oppression, and the violence of the 
 last of these monarchs, and of his family, 
 became so atrocious, that a revolution 
 was effected in the state, and the demo- 
 cratical government was established. The 
 original poverty of the Romans has often 
 been disguised by their poets and histo- 
 rians, who wished it to appear, that a na- 
 tion who were masters of the world, had 
 had better beginning, than to be a race of 
 shepherds and robbers. Yet it was to this 
 simplicity they were indebted for their 
 successes. Their houses were originally 
 destitute of every ornament, they were 
 made with unequal boards, and covered 
 with mud, and these served them rather 
 as a shelter against the inclemency of the 
 seasons than for relaxation and ease. Till 
 the age of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, 
 and many salutary laws were enacted to 
 restrain luxury and to punish indolence. 
 They observed great temperance in their 
 meals : young men were not permitted to 
 drink wine till they had attained their 
 thirtieth year, and it was totally forbidden 
 to women. Their national spirit was sup- 
 ported by policy ; the triumphal proces- 
 sion of a conqueror along the streets 
 amidst the applause of thousands, was 
 well calculated to promote emulation, and 
 the number of gladiators which were 
 regularly introduced not only in public 
 games and spectacles, but also at private 
 meetings, served to cherish their fondness 
 
 for war, whilst it steeled their hearts 
 against the calls of compassion, and when 
 they could gaze with pleasure upon 
 wretches whom tfiey forcibly obliged to 
 murder one another, they were not inac- 
 tive in the destruction of those whom they 
 considered as inveterate foes or formida- 
 ble rivals in the field. In their punish- 
 ments, civil as well as military, the Ro- 
 mans were strict and rigorous ; a deserter 
 was severely whipped and sold as a slave, 
 and the degradation from the rank of a 
 soldier and dignity of a citizen was the 
 most ignominious stigma which could be 
 affixed upon a seditious mutineer. The 
 trans-marine victories of the Romans prov- 
 ed at last the ruin of their innocence and 
 bravery. They grew fond of the luxury 
 of the Asiatics ; and conquered by the 
 vices and indolence of those nations whom 
 they had subdued, they became as effemi- 
 nate and as dissolute as their captives. 
 In their worship and sacrifices the Romans 
 were uncommonly superstitious, the will 
 of the gods was consulted on every occa- 
 sion, and no general marched to an expe- 
 dition without the previous assurance 
 from the augurs, that the omens were pro- 
 pitious, and his success almost indubita- 
 ble. Their sanctuaries were numerous, 
 they raised altars not only to the gods, 
 who, as they supposed, presided over their 
 city, but also to the deities of conquered 
 nations, as well as to the different pas- 
 sions and virtues. There were no less 
 than four hundred and twenty temples at 
 Rome, crowded with statues, the priests 
 were numerous, and each divinity had a 
 particular college of sacerdotal servants. 
 Their wars were declared in the most aw- 
 ful and solemn manner, and prayers were 
 always offered in the temples for the pros- 
 perity of Rome, when a defeat had been 
 sustained, or a victory won. The power of 
 fathers over their children was very exten- 
 sive, and indeed unlimited ; they could 
 sell them or put them to death at pleasure, 
 without the forms of trial, or the inter- 
 ference of the civil magistrates. Many of 
 their ancient families were celebrated for 
 the great men which they had produced, 
 but the vigorous and interested part they 
 took in the government of the republic 
 exposed them often to danger, and some 
 have observed that the Romans sunk into 
 indolence and luxury when the Cornelii, 
 the Fabii, the iEmylii, the Marcelli, &c, 
 who had so often supported their spirit 
 and led them to victory, had been extin- 
 guished in the bloody wars of Marius and 
 of the two triumvirates. When Rome 
 was become powerful, she was distin- 
 guished from other cities by the flattery 
 of her neighbors and citizens, a form of 
 worship was established to her as a deity, 
 and temples were raised in her honor, not 
 only in the city, but in the province*. 
 
110 
 
 341 
 
 The goddess Roma was represented like 
 Minerva, all armed and sitting on a rock, 
 holding a pike in her hand, with her head 
 covered with a helmet, and a trophy at 
 
 her feet. A daughter of Evander. A 
 
 Trojan woman who came to Italy with 
 
 iEneas. A daughter of Italus and Lu- 
 
 ceria. 
 
 Romani, the inhabitants of Rome. 
 
 Romawu3, an officer under Theodosius. 
 
 Another poisoned by Nero. A son 
 
 of Constans. 
 
 Romilius Marcellus, a Roman centu- 
 rion in Galba's reign. 
 
 Romula, a name given to the fig-tree 
 under which Romulus and Remus were 
 found. 
 
 Romulea, a town of the Samnites. 
 
 Romulidje, a patronymic given to the 
 Roman people from Romulus their first 
 king, and the founder of their city. 
 
 Romulus, a son of Mars and Ilia, grand- 
 son of JNumitor king of Alba, was born at 
 the same birth with Remus. These two 
 children were thrown into the Tiber by 
 order of Amulius, who usurped the crown 
 of his brother Numitor ; but they were 
 preserved, and according to Florus the ri- 
 ver stopped its course, and a she-wolf 
 came and fed them with her milk till they 
 were found by Faustulus, one of the king's 
 shepherds, who educated them as his own 
 children. When they knew their real ori- 
 gin, the twins, called Romulus and Re- 
 mus, put Amulius to death, and restored 
 the crown to their grandfather Numitor. 
 They afterwards undertook to build a city, 
 and to determine which of the two broth- 
 ers should have the management of it, 
 they had recourse to omens and the flight 
 of birds. Remus went to mount Aven- 
 tine, and Romulus to mount Palatine. 
 Remus saw first a flight of six vultures, 
 and soon after, Romulus, twelve ; and 
 therefore, as his number was greater, he 
 began to lay the foundations of the city, 
 hopeful that it would become a warlike 
 and powerful nation, as the birds from 
 which he had received the omen were 
 fond of prey and slaughter. Romulus 
 marked with a furrow the place where he 
 wished to erect the walls ; but their slen- 
 derness was ridiculed by Remus, who 
 leaped over them with the greatest con- 
 tempt. This irritated Romulus, and Re- 
 mus was immediately put to death, either 
 by the hand of his brother or one of the 
 workmen. When the walls were built, 
 the city was without inhabitants ; but Ro- 
 mulus, by making an asylum of a sacred 
 grove, soon collected a multitude of fugi- 
 tives, foreigners and criminals, whom he 
 received as his lawful subjects. Yet how- 
 ever numerous these might be, they were 
 despised by the neighboring inhabitants, 
 and none were willing to form matrimo- 
 nial connexions with them. But Romulus 
 
 RO 
 
 obtained by force what was denied to his 
 petitions. The Romans celebrated games 
 in honor of the god Consus, and forcibly 
 carried away all the females who had as- 
 sembled there to be spectators of these un- 
 usual exhibitions. These violent mea- 
 sures offended the neighboring nations ; 
 they made war against the ravishers with 
 various success, till at last they entered 
 Rome, which had been betrayed to them 
 by one of the stolen virgins. A violent 
 engagement was begun in the middle of 
 the Roman forum ; but the Sabines were 
 conquered, or according to Ovid, the 
 two enemies laid down their arms when 
 the women had rushed between the 
 two armies, and by their tears and entrea- 
 ties raised compassion in the bosoms of 
 their parents and husbands. The Sabines 
 left their original possessions and came to 
 live in Rome, where Tatius, their king, 
 shared the sovereign power with Romu- 
 lus. Sometime after Romulus disappear- 
 ed as he was giving instructions to the se- 
 nators, and the eclipse of the sun, which 
 happened at that time, was favorable to 
 the rumor which asserted that the king 
 had been taken up to heaven, 714 B. C. 
 after a reign of thirty-nine years. A tem- 
 ple, was raised to him, and a regular priest, 
 called Flamen Quirinalis, was appointed 
 to offer him sacrifices. Romulus was 
 ranked by the Romans among the twelve 
 great gods. 
 
 Romulus Sylvius or Alladius, a king 
 
 of Alba. Momyllus Augustulus, the 
 
 last of the emperors of the western em- 
 pire of Rome. His country was conquer- 
 ed A. D. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoa- 
 cer. 
 
 Romus, a son of iEneas by Lavinia. 
 
 A son of ^Emathion sent by Diomedes 
 
 to Italy, and supposed by some to be the 
 founder of Rome. 
 
 Roscia lex de theatrls, by L. Roscius 
 Otho the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It requir- 
 ed that none should sit in the first four- 
 teen seats of the theatre, if they were not 
 in possession of four hundred sestertia, 
 which was the fortune required to be a 
 Roman knight. 
 
 Roscianum, the port of Thurii, now 
 Rossano. 
 
 (J. Roscius, a Roman actor, born at La- 
 nuvium, so celebrated on the stage, that 
 every comedian of excellence and merit 
 has received his name. He was accused 
 on suspicion of dishonorable practices ; but 
 Cicero, who had been one of his pupils, 
 undertook his defence, and cleared him of 
 the malevolent aspersions of his enemies, t 
 in an elegant oration still extant. Roscius 
 wrote a treatise, in which he compared 
 with great success and much learning, the 
 profession of the orator with that of the 
 comedian. He died about sixty years be- 
 fore Christ. Sextus, a rich citizen of 
 
 P* 
 
RU 
 
 346 
 
 RU 
 
 Anieria, murdered in the dictatorship of 
 Sylla. His son of the same name, was ac- 
 cused of the murder, and eloquently de- 
 fended by Cicero, in an oration still ex- 
 tant, A. U. C. 673. Lucius, a lieuten- 
 ant of Cresar's army in Gaul. Otho, a 
 
 tribune, who made a law to discriminate 
 the knights from the common people at 
 public spectacles. 
 
 Rosijs Campus, or Rosia, a beautiful 
 plain in the country of the Sabines, near 
 the lake Velinum. 
 
 Rosillanus a ger, a territory in Etruria. 
 
 Rosius, a harbor of Cilicia. A man 
 
 made consul only for one day under Vitel- 
 lius. 
 
 RosuLUM.a town of Etruria, now Monte 
 Rosi. 
 
 Rotomagus, a town of Gaul, now Rouen. 
 
 Roxana, a Persian woman, taken pri- 
 soner and married by Alexander. She be- 
 haved with great cruelty after Alexander's 
 death, and she was at last put to death by 
 
 Cassander's order. A wife of Mithri- 
 
 dates the Great, who poisoned herself. 
 
 Roxolani, a people of European Sarma- 
 tia, who proved very active and rebellious 
 in the reign of the Roman emperors. 
 
 Rubeje, the north cape at the north of 
 Scandinavia. 
 
 Rubellius Blasdus, a man who mar- 
 ried Julia, the daughter of Drusus. 
 
 One of the descendants of Augustus, 
 
 treacherously put to death by Nero. 
 
 Plautus, an illustrious Roman, who dis- 
 graced himself by his arrogance and am- 
 bition. 
 
 Rubi, now Ruvo, a town of Apulia. 
 
 Rubicon, now Rug-one, a small river of 
 Italy, which it separates from Cisalpine 
 Gaul. 
 
 Rubienus Lappa, a tragic poet in the age 
 of Juvenal. 
 
 Rubo, the Dwina, which falls into the 
 Baltic at Riga. 
 
 Rubra saxa, a place of Etruria, near 
 Veii, at the distance of about eight miles 
 from Rome. 
 
 Rubria lex, was enacted after the tak- 
 ing of Carthage, to make an equal divi- 
 sion of the lands in Africa. 
 
 Rubrius, a Roman knight accused of 
 
 treason under Tiberius. A friend of 
 
 Vitellius. An obscure Gaul in great fa- 
 vor with Domitian. 
 
 Rubrum mare (the Red Sea,) is situate 
 between Arabia, Egypt, and ^Ethiopia, 
 and is often called Erythraeum mare, and 
 confounded with the Arabicus sinus, and 
 the Indian sea. 
 
 Rudije, a town of Calabria. 
 
 Ruffinus, a general of Gaul in the reign 
 of Vitellius. 
 
 Ruffus Crispinus, an officer of the 
 
 pretorian guards under Claudius. A 
 
 soldier presented with a civic crown for 
 preserving the life of a citizen. 
 
 Rufia.na, a town of Gaul, now Rufash 
 in Alsace. 
 
 Rufillus, a Roman ridiculed by Hor- 
 ace, for his effeminacy. 
 
 Jul. Rufinianus, a rhetorician. 
 
 Rufinus, a general of Theodosius. 
 
 Rufrje, a town of Campania. 
 
 Rufrium, a town of Samnium, now 
 Ruvo. 
 
 Rufus, a Latin historian. A friend 
 
 of Commodus, famous for his avarice and 
 
 ambition. One of the ancestors of 
 
 Sylla. A governor of Judasa. A man 
 
 who conspired against Domitian. A 
 
 poet of Ephesus in the reign of Trajan. 
 A Latin poet. 
 
 Rugia, now Rugen, an island of the 
 Baltic. 
 
 Rugu, a nation of Germany. 
 
 Rupilius, an officer surnamed Rex, for 
 his authoritative manners. 
 
 Ruscino, a town of Gaul at the foot 
 
 of the Pyrenees. A seaport town of 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Ruscius, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Rusconia, a town of Mauritania. 
 
 Rusell.b, an inland town of Etruria de- 
 stroyed by the Romans. 
 
 Ruspina, a town of Africa near Adru- 
 metum. 
 
 Rusticus, L. Jun. Arulenus, a man 
 put to death by Domitian. He was the 
 friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger 
 A friend of M. Aurelius. 
 
 Rusucurrum, a town of Mauritania, be 
 lieved modern Algiers. 
 
 Ruteni, a people of Gaul, now Ru- 
 vergne, in Guienne. 
 
 Rutila, a deformed old woman, who 
 lived near one hundred years. 
 
 Rutilus, a rich man reduced to beggary 
 by bis extravagance. 
 
 P. Rutilius Rufus, a Roman consul in 
 the age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues 
 and writings. When Sylla had banished 
 him from Rome he retired to Smyrna, 
 amidst the acclamations and praises of the 
 people. During his banishment he em- 
 ployed his time in study, and wrote an 
 history of Rome in Greek, and an account 
 of his own life in Latin, besides many 
 
 other works. A Roman proconsul. 
 
 Lupus, a pretor, who fled away with three 
 
 cohorts from Tarracina. A rhetorician. 
 
 A man who went against Jugurtha. 
 
 A friend of Nero. Claud. Numan- 
 
 tianus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of 
 Plonorius. 
 
 Rutuba, a river of Liguria — of Latium, 
 falling into the Tiber. 
 
 Rutubus, a gladiator. 
 
 Rutuli, a people of Latium, known as 
 well as the Latins, by the name of Abori- 
 gines. 
 
 Rutupjs, a seaport town on the southern 
 coasts of Britain. Some suppose that it is 
 the modern town of Dover. 
 
SA 
 
 347 
 
 SA 
 
 SABA, a town of Arabia, famous for 
 frankincense, myrrh, and aromatic 
 plants. 
 
 Sabachus, or Sabacon, a king of ^Ethi- 
 opia, who invaded Egypt and reigned 
 there, after the expulsion of king Amasis. 
 After a reign of fifty years he was terrified 
 by a dream, and retired into his own king- 
 dom. 
 
 Sabjii, a people of Arabia. 
 
 Sab ata, a town of Liguria with a safe 
 and beautiful harbor, supposed to be the 
 modern Savona. A town of Assyria. 
 
 Sabatha, a town of Arabia, now Sanaa. 
 
 Sabathra, a town of Syria. 
 
 Sab ati ni, a people of Samnium, living 
 on the banks of the Sabatus. 
 
 Sabazius, a surname of Bacchus, as also 
 of Jupiter. 
 
 Sabbas, a king of India. 
 
 Sabella, the nurse of the poet Horace. 
 
 Sabelli, a people of Italy, descended 
 from the Sabines, or according to some 
 from the Samnites. 
 
 Sabellus, a Latin poet in the reign of 
 Domitian and Nerva. 
 
 Sabixa, Julia, a Roman matron, who 
 married Adrian by means of Plotina the 
 wife of Trajan. She is celebrated for her 
 private as well as public virtues. Adrian 
 treated her with the greatest asperity, 
 though he had received from her the im- 
 perial purple. The behaviour of Sabina 
 at last so exasperated Adrian that he poi- 
 soned her, or according to some, obliged 
 her to destroy herself. Divine honors 
 were paid to her memory. She died after 
 she had been married thirty-eight years to 
 Adrian, A. D. 138. 
 
 SABiNi,an ancient people of Italy, reck- 
 oned among the Aborigines, or those in- 
 habitants whose origin was not known. 
 Some suppose that they were originally a 
 Lacedaemonian colony, who settled in that 
 part of the country. They are celebrated 
 in ancient history as being the first who 
 took up arms against the Romans, to 
 avenge the rape of their females at a spec- 
 tacle where they had been invited. They 
 were at last totally subdued, about the 
 year of Rome three hundred and seventy- 
 three, and ranked as Roman citizens. 
 
 Sabinianus, a general who revolted in 
 Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was 
 defeated soon after, A. D. 240. A ge- 
 neral of the eastern empire, &c. 
 
 Saeijjus Auius, a Latin poet intimate 
 with Ovid. He wrote some epistles and 
 elegies. A man from whom the Sa- 
 bines received their name. An officer 
 
 of Caesar's army defeated by the Gauls. 
 
 Julius, an officer, who proclaimed 
 
 himself emperor in the beginning of Ves- 
 pasian's reign. He was soon after defeat- 
 ed in a battle ; and to escape from the con- 
 queror he hid himself in a subterraneous 
 cave, with two faithful domestics, where 
 
 he continued unseen for nine successive 
 years. His wife found out his retreat, and 
 spent her time with him, till her frequent 
 visits to the cave discovered the place of 
 his concealment. He was dragged before 
 Vespasian, and by his orders put to death. 
 
 Corn., a man who conspired against 
 
 Caligula, and afterwards destroyed him- 
 self. Titius, a Roman senator shame- 
 fully accused and condemned by Sejanus 
 Poppeeus, a Roman consul, who pre- 
 sided above twenty-four years over Mcesia, 
 and obtained a triumph for his victories 
 
 over the barbarians. Flavius, a brother 
 
 of Vespasian, killed by the populace. 
 
 A friend of Domitian. A Roman who 
 
 attempted to plunder the temple of the 
 Jews. A friend of the emperor Alex- 
 ander. A lawyer. 
 
 Sabis, now Sambre, a river of Belgic 
 Gaul. 
 
 Sabota, the same as Sabatha. 
 
 Saerace, a powerful nation of India. 
 
 Sabrata, a maritime town of Africa, 
 near the Syrtes. 
 
 Sabrina, the Severn in England. 
 
 Sabura, a general of Juba, king of Nu- 
 midia, defeated and killed in a battle. 
 
 Saburanus, an officer of the pretorian 
 guards. 
 
 Sabus, one of the ancient kings of the 
 
 Sabines ; the same as Sabinus. A king 
 
 of Arabia. 
 
 Sacadas, a musician and poet of Argos, 
 who obtained three several times the 
 prize at the Pythian games. 
 
 Sacje, a people of Scythia. 
 
 Sacer moss, a mountain near Rome. 
 
 Sacer luc us, a wood of Campania, on 
 the Liris. 
 
 Sacer portus, or Sacri portus, a place 
 of Italy, near Preeneste. 
 
 Sacrani, a people of Latium, who as- 
 sisted Turnus against ^Eneas. 
 
 Sacrator, one of the friends of Tur- 
 nus. 
 
 Sacra via, a celebrated street of Rome. 
 
 Sacrata lex militaris, A. U. C. 411, by 
 the dictator Valerius Corvus, enacted that 
 the name of no soldier which had been 
 entered in the muster roll should be struck 
 out but by his consent, and that no person 
 who had been a military tribune should 
 execute the office of ductor crdinum. 
 
 Sacrativir, M., a friend of Caesar, kill- 
 ed at Dyrrachium. 
 
 Sacrum bellum, a name given to the 
 wars carried on concerning the temple of 
 
 Delphi. Promontorium, a promontory 
 
 of Spain, now Cape St. Vincent. 
 
 Sadales, a son of Cotys, king of 
 Thrace, who assisted Pompey with a body 
 of five hundred horsemen. 
 
 Sadus, a river of India. 
 
 Sadyates, one of the Mermnadfe, who 
 reigned in Lydia twelve years after his 
 father Gyges. 
 
SA 
 
 348 
 
 SA 
 
 S-KTABis, a town of Spain near the Lu- 
 cro, famous for ita fine linen. 
 
 Sagalassus, a town of Pisidia on the 
 borders of Phrygia, 
 
 Sagana, a woman acquainted with 
 magic and enchantments. 
 
 Sagaris, a river of Asia, rising from 
 mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and falling 
 into the Euxine. One of the compan- 
 ions of iEneas, killed by Turnus. 
 
 C. Sagitta, an officer who encouraged 
 Piso to rebel against the emperor Nero. 
 
 Sagra, a small river of Italy in the 
 country of the Brutii. 
 
 Saguntum, or Saguntus, a town of 
 Hispania Tarraconensis at the west of the 
 Iberus, about one mile from the sea shore, 
 now called Morved.ro. Saguntum is cele- 
 brated for the clay in its neighborhood, 
 but more particularly it is famous as being 
 the cause of the second Punic war, and 
 for the attachment of its inhabitants to the 
 interest of Rome. 
 
 Sais, now Sa, a town in the Delta of 
 Egypt, situate between the Canopic and 
 Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and 
 anciently the capital of Lower Egypt. 
 There was there a celebrated temple ded- 
 icated to Minerva, w r ith a room cut out of 
 one stone, which had been conveyed by 
 water from Elephantis by the labors of 
 two thousand men in three years. 
 -Sala, a town of Thrace, near the 
 
 mouths of the Hebrus. A town of 
 
 Mauritania of Phrygia. A river of 
 
 Germany falling into the Elbe, near which 
 
 are salt pits. Another falling into the 
 
 Rhine, now the Issel. 
 
 Salacon, a poor man who pretended 
 to be uncommonly rich. 
 
 Salami nta, a name given to a ship at 
 Athens, which was employed by the re- 
 public in conveying the officers of state 
 to their different administrations abroad, 
 &c. A name given to the island of Cy- 
 prus, on account of Salamis, one of its 
 capital cities. 
 
 Salamis, a daughter of the river Aso- 
 pus, by Methone. 
 
 Salamis, Salamins, or Salamina, now 
 Colouri, an island in the Saronicus Sinus, 
 on the southern coast of Attica, opposite 
 Eleusis, at the distance of about a league, 
 with a town and harbor of the same 
 name. It is about fifty miles in circum- 
 ference. It was originally peopled by a 
 colony of Ionians, and afterwards by some 
 of the Greeks from the adjacent islands 
 and countries. It is celebrated for a battle 
 which was fought there between the fleets 
 of the Greeks and that of the Persians, 
 when Xerxes invaded Attica. 
 
 Salamis, or Salamina, a town at the 
 east of the island of Cyprus. It was built 
 by Teucer, who gave it the name of the 
 island Salamis, from which he had been 
 banished about one thousand two hundred 
 
 and seventy years before the Christian 
 era. His descendants continued masters 
 of the town for above eight hundred 
 years. It was destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, and rebuilt in the fourth century, 
 and called Constantia. 
 
 Salapia, or Salapije, now Salpe, a town 
 of Apulia, where Annibal retired after the 
 battle of Cannae, and where he devoted 
 himself to licentious pleasure, forgetful 
 of his fame, and of the interests of his 
 country. 
 
 Salara, a town of Africa propria, taken 
 by Scipio. 
 
 Salaria, a street and gate at Rome 
 which led towards the country of the Sa- 
 bines. It received the name of Salaria, 
 because salt, (sal,) was generally convey- 
 ed to Rome that way. A bridge called 
 
 Salarius, was built four miles from Rome 
 through the Salarian gate on the river 
 Anio. 
 
 Salassi, a people of Cisalpine Gaul 
 who were in continual war with the Ro- 
 mans. Their country is now called Vol 
 D' Aousta. 
 
 Saleius, a poet of great merit in the 
 age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty, 
 though born of illustrious parents, and 
 distinguished by purity of manners and 
 integrity of mind. 
 
 Saleni, a people of Spain. 
 
 Salentini, a people of Italy, near Apu- 
 lia, on the southern coast of Calabria. 
 
 Salernum, now Salerno, a town of the 
 Picentini, on the shores of the Tyrrhene 
 sea. 
 
 Salganeus, or Salganea, a town of 
 Boeotia, on the Euripus. 
 
 Salia, a town of Spain, where Pruden- 
 tius was born. 
 
 Salica, a town of Spain. 
 
 Salii, a college of priests at Rome in- 
 stituted in honor of Mars, ana" appointed 
 by Numa, to take care of the sacred shields 
 called Ancylia, B. C. 709. They were 
 twelve in number, the three elders among 
 them had the superintendence of all the 
 rest ; the first was called prwsul, the sec- 
 ond vates, and the third magiiter. Their 
 number was afterwards doubled by Tul- 
 lus Hostilius, after he had obtained a vic- 
 tory over the Fidejiates, in consequence 
 of a vow which he had made to Mars. 
 The Salii were all of patrician families, 
 and the* office was very honorable. The 
 first of March was the day on which the 
 Salii observed their festivals in honor of 
 Mars. A nation of Germany who in- 
 vaded Gaul, and were conquered by the 
 emperor Julian. 
 
 Salinator, a surname common to the 
 family of the Livii, and others. 
 
 Salius, an Acarnanian at the games 
 exhibited by ^Eneas in Sicily, and killed 
 in the wars with Turnus. 
 
 Crispus Sallustius, a Latin historian 
 
SA 
 
 349 
 
 SA 
 
 bom at Amitemum, in the country of the 
 Sabines. He received his education at 
 Rome, and made himself known as a 
 public magistrate in the office of quaestor 
 and consul. His licentiousness and the 
 depravity of his manners, however, did 
 not escape the censure of the age, and 
 Sallust was degraded from the dignity of 
 a senator, B. C. 50. A continuation of 
 extravagance could not long be supported 
 by the income of Sallust, but he extricated 
 himself from all difficulties by embracing 
 the cause of CsRsar. He was restored to 
 the rank of senator, and made governor 
 of Numidia. In the administration of his 
 province Sallust behaved with unusual 
 tyranny ; he enriched himself by plun- 
 dering the Africans, and at his return to 
 Rome' he built himself a magnificent 
 house, and bought gardens, which from 
 their delightful and pleasant situation, 
 still preserve the name of the gardens of 
 Sallust. He married Terentia, the divorc- 
 ed wife of Cicero ; and from this circum- 
 stance, according to some, arose an im- 
 mortal hatred between the historian and 
 the orator. Sallust died in the fifty-first 
 year of his age, thirty-five years before 
 the Christian era. As a writer he is pe- 
 culiarly distinguished. He had composed 
 a history of Rome, but nothing remains 
 of it except a few fragments, and his only 
 compositions extant are his history of Cat- 
 iline's conspiracy, and of the wars of Ju- 
 
 gurtha, king of Numidia. A nephew 
 
 of the historian, by whom he was adopt- 
 ed. He was very effeminate and luxuri- 
 ous. Secundus Promotus, a native of 
 
 Gaul, very intimate with the emperor Ju- 
 lian. He is remarkable for his integrity, 
 and the soundness of his counsels. Juli- 
 an made him prefect of Gaul. There is 
 also another Sallust, called Secundus, 
 whom some have improperly confounded 
 with Promotus. Secundus was also one 
 of Julian's favorites, and was made by 
 
 him prefect of the east. A prefect of 
 
 Rome in the reign of Valentinian. An 
 
 officer in Britain. 
 
 Salmacis, a fountain of Caria, near 
 Halicarnassus, which rendered effemi- 
 nate all those who drank of its waters. 
 
 Salmantioa, a town of Spain, now 
 Salamanca. 
 
 Salmone, a town of Elis in Peloponne- 
 sus, with a fountain, from which the 
 Enipeus takes its source, and Alls into 
 
 the Alpheus. A promontory, at the east 
 
 of Crete. 
 
 Salmoneus, a king of Elis, son of /Eo- 
 lus and Enarette, who married Alcidice, 
 by whom he had Tyro. He wished to be 
 called a god, and to receive divine honors 
 from his subjects ; therefore to imitate the 
 thunder, he used to drive bis chariot over 
 a brazen bridge, and darted burning torch- 
 es on every side, as if to imitate the light 
 30 
 
 ning. This impiety provoked Jupiter 
 Salmoneus was struck with a thunder- 
 bolt, and placed in the infernal regions 
 near his brother Sisyphus. 
 
 Salmonis, a name given to Olympia. 
 
 The patronymic of Tyro, daughter of 
 
 Salmoneus. 
 
 Salmus, a town of Asia near the Red 
 sea. 
 
 Sajlmydessus, a bay on the Euxine sea. 
 
 Salo, now Xalcn, a river in Spain, fall- 
 ing into the Iberus. 
 
 Salodurum, now Soleure, a town of 
 the Helvetii. 
 
 Salome, a queen of Judaea. 
 
 Salon, a country of Bithynia. 
 
 Salona, or Salon-e, a town of Dalma- 
 tia, about ten miles distant from the coast 
 of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who 
 on that account called his son Saloninus, 
 in honor of the victory. A small village 
 of the same name preserves the traces of 
 its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro. 
 
 Salo.mna, a celebrated matron who 
 married the emperor Gallienus, and dis- 
 tinguished herself by her private as well 
 as public virtues. She was put to death 
 by the hands of the conspirators, who also 
 assassinated her husband and family, 
 about the year 268, of the Christian era. 
 
 Saloninus, a son of Asinius Pollio. 
 He received his name from the conquest 
 
 of Salone by his father. P. Licinius 
 
 Cornelius, a son of Gallienus, by Saloni- 
 na, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the 
 art of war. He remained there some time, 
 till the usurper Posthumius arose, and 
 proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninus 
 was upon this delivered up to his enemy, 
 and put to death in the tenth year of his 
 age. 
 
 Salonius, a friend of Cato the censor. 
 A tribune and centurion of the Ro- 
 man army hated by the populace. 
 
 Salpis, a colony of Etruria. 
 
 Salsum, a river in Spain. 
 
 Salvian, one of the fathers of the fifth 
 century. 
 
 Salvidienus, an officer of the army of 
 Augustus, betrayed by Antony, and put 
 to death. A Latin writer. 
 
 Salvius, a flute player saluted king by 
 the rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age 
 
 of Marius. A nephew of the emperor 
 
 Otho. A friend of Pompey. A man 
 
 put to death by Domitian. 
 
 Salus, the goddess of health at Rome. 
 
 Salyes, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. 
 
 Samara, a river of Gaul, now called the 
 Somme, which falls into the British chan- 
 nel near Abbeville. 
 
 Samaria, a city and country of Pales- 
 tine, famous in sacred history. 
 
 Samarobriva, a town of Gaul, now 
 Amiens, in Picardy. 
 
 Sameulos, a mountain near Mesopota- 
 mia, where Hercules was worshipped. 
 
SA 
 
 350 
 
 SA 
 
 Sambus, an Indian king defeated by 
 Alexander. A river of India. 
 
 Same, or Samos, a small island in the 
 Ionian sea near Ithaca, called also Ce- 
 phallenia. 
 
 Samia, a daughter of the river Maean- 
 
 der. A surname of Juno, because she 
 
 was worshipped at Samos. 
 
 Samnitje, or Amnitje, a people of 
 Gaul. 
 
 Samnites, a people of Italy, who in- 
 habited the country situate between Pi- 
 cenum, Campania, Apulia, and ancient 
 Latium. They distinguished themselves 
 by their implacable hatred against the 
 Romans, in the first ages of that empire, 
 till they were at last totally extirpated, 
 B. C. 272, after a war of seventy-one 
 years. 
 
 Samnium, a town and part of Italy in- 
 habited by the Samnites. 
 
 Samochonites, a small lake of Pales- 
 tine. 
 
 Samonium, a promontory of Crete. 
 
 Samos, an island in the iEgean sea, on 
 he coast of Asia Minor, from which it is 
 fiivided by a narrow strait, with a capital 
 if the same name, built B. C. 986. It is 
 about eighty-seven miles in circumfer- 
 nce, and is famous for the birth of Py- 
 thagoras. The islands of Samothrace 
 
 and Cephallenia were also known by the 
 name of Samos. 
 
 Samosata, a town of Syria, near the 
 Euphrates. 
 
 Samothrace, or Samothracia, an is- 
 land in the iEgean sea, opposite the 
 mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of 
 Thrace, from which it is distant about 
 thirty -two miles. It was known by the 
 ancient names of Leucosia, Melitis, Elec- 
 tria, Leucania, and Dardania. It was 
 afterwards called Samos, and distinguish- 
 ed from the Samos which lies on the coast 
 of Ionia, by the epithet of Thracian, or by 
 the name of Samothrace. 
 
 Samus, a son of Ancasus and Samia, 
 grandson of Neptune. 
 
 Sana, a town of mount Athos, near 
 which Xerxes began to make a channel 
 to convey the sea. 
 
 Sanaos, a town of Phrygia. 
 
 Sanchoniathon, a Phoenician histori- 
 an born at Berytus, or, according to oth- 
 ers, at Tyre. He flourished a few years 
 before the Trojan war, and wrote, in the 
 language of his country, an history in 
 nine books. 
 
 Sancus, Sangus, or Sanctus, a deity 
 of the Sabines introduced among the gods 
 of Rome under the naYne of Dius Fidius. 
 
 Sandace, a sister of Xerxes. 
 
 Sandaliotis, a name given to Sardinia 
 from its resemblance to a sandal. 
 
 Sandalium, a small island of the JEge- 
 an, near Lesbos. A port of Pisidia. 
 
 Sandanis, a Lydian who advised Crce- 
 
 sus not to make war against the Per- 
 sians. 
 
 Sandanus, a river of Thrace near Pal- 
 lene. 
 
 Sandrocottus, an Indian of a mean 
 origin. His impertinence to Alexander 
 was the beginning of his greatness ; the 
 conqueror ordered him to be seized, but 
 Sandrocottus fled away, and at last drop- 
 ped down overwhelmed with fatigue. As 
 he slept on the ground a lion came to him 
 and gently licked the sweat from his face. 
 This uncommon tameness of the animal 
 appeared supernatural to Sandrocottus, 
 and raised his ambition. He aspired to 
 the monarchy, and after the death of Al- 
 exander he made himself master of a part 
 of the country which was in the hands of 
 Seleucus. 
 
 Sane, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Sangala, a town of India destroyed by 
 Alexander. 
 
 Sangarius, or Sangaris, a river of 
 Phrygia, rising in mount Dindymus, and 
 falling into the Euxine. 
 
 Sanguinius, a man condemned for ill 
 language. 
 
 Sannyrion, a tragic poet of Athens. 
 
 Santones, and Santon*, now Saint- 
 onge, a people with a town of the same 
 name in Gaul. 
 
 Saon, an historian. A man who 
 
 first discovered the oracle of Trophonius. 
 
 Sap^ei, or Saph^i, a people of Thrace, 
 called also Sintii. 
 
 Sapirene, an island of the Arabic gulf. 
 
 Sapis, now Savio, a river of Gaul Cis- 
 padana, falling into the Adriatic. 
 
 Sapor, a celebrated king of Persia who 
 succeeded his father Artaxerxes about the 
 two hundred and thirty-eighth year of the 
 Christian era. He was assassinated by 
 his subjects, A. D. 273, after a reign of 
 thirty-two years. He was succeeded by 
 
 his son called Hormisdas. The second 
 
 of that name succeeded his father Hor- 
 misdas on the throne of Persia. He was 
 as great as his ancestor of the same name. 
 Sapor died A. D. 380, after a reign of 
 seventy years, in which he had often 
 been the sport of fortune. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Artaxerxes, and Artaxerxes by 
 Sapor the third, a prince who died after a 
 reign of five years, A. D. 389, in the a?e 
 of Theodosius the Great. 
 
 Sappho, or Sapho, celebrated for her 
 beauty, her poetical talents and her amo- 
 rous disposition, was born in the island of 
 Lesbos, about six hundred years before 
 Christ. She conceived such a passion for 
 Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon his 
 scorning her she threw herself into the 
 sea from mount Leucas. She had com- 
 posed nine books in lyric veises, besides 
 epierams, elegies, &c. Of all these com- 
 positions, nothing now remains but two 
 fragments of uncommon sweetness and 
 
SA 
 
 351 
 
 SA 
 
 elegance. The Lesbians were so sensi- 
 ble of the merit of Sappho, that after her 
 death they paid her divine honors, and 
 raised hertemples and altars, and stamped 
 their money with her image. The Sap- 
 phic verse has been called after her name. 
 
 Saptine, a daughter of Darius, the last 
 king of Persia, offered in. marriage to Al- 
 exander. 
 
 Saracene, part of Arabia Petrasa. 
 
 Saracori, a people who go to war riding 
 on asses. 
 
 Sarangje, a people near Caucasus. 
 
 Saranges, a river of India. 
 
 Sarapani, a people of Colchis. 
 
 Sarapus, a surname of Pittacus, one of 
 the seven wise men of Greece. 
 
 Sarasa, a fortified place of Mesopota- 
 mia, on the Tigris. 
 
 Saraspades, a son of Phraates king of 
 Parthia. 
 
 Saravus, now the Soa?-, a river of Bel- 
 gium falling into the Moselle. 
 
 Sardanapalus, the fortieth and last 
 king of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury 
 and voluptuousness. The greatest part of 
 his time was spent in the company of his 
 eunuchs, and the monarch generally ap- 
 peared in the midst of his concubines dis- 
 guised in the habit of a female, and spin- 
 ning wool for his amusement. This ef- 
 feminacy irritated his officers ; Belesis 
 and Arsaces conspired against him, and 
 collected a numerous force to dethrone 
 him. Sardanapalus quitted his voluptu- 
 ousness for a while, and appeared at the 
 head of his armies. The rebels were de- 
 feated in three successive battles, but at 
 last Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged 
 in the city of Ninus, for two years. When 
 he despaired of success, he burned himself 
 in his palace, with all his treasures, and 
 the empire of Assyria was divided among 
 the conspirators. This famous event hap- 
 pened, B. C. 820, according to Eusebius; 
 though Justin and others, with less proba- 
 bility, place it eighty years earlier. Sarda- 
 napalus was made a god after death. 
 
 Sardi, the inhabitants of Sardinia. 
 
 Sardinia, the greatest island in the 
 Mediterranean after Sicily, is situate be- 
 tween Italy and Africa, at the south of 
 Corsica. The air was very unwholesome 
 though the soil was fertile in corn, in 
 wine, and oil. Neither wolves nor ser- 
 pents are found in Sardinia, nor any poi- 
 sonous herb, except one, which, when 
 eaten, contracts the nerves, and is attend- 
 ed with a paroxysm of laughter, the fore- 
 runner of death, hence risus Sardonicus, or 
 Sardous. 
 
 Sardica, a town of Thrace, at the north 
 of mount Hasmus. 
 
 Sardis, or Sardes, now Sart, a town 
 of Asia Minor. It was destroyed by an 
 earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, who 
 ordered it to be rebuilt. It fell into the 
 
 hands of Cyrus, B. C. 548, and was burnt 
 by the Athenians, B. C. 504, which be- 
 came the cause of the invasion of Attica 
 by Darius. 
 
 Sard ones, the people of Roussilon in 
 France. 
 
 Sardus, a son of Hercules, who led a 
 colony to Sardinia, and gave it his name. 
 
 Sarephta, a town of Phoenicia, now 
 Sarfand. 
 
 Sariaster, a son of Tigranes, king of 
 Armenia, who conspired against his father. 
 
 Sariphi, mountains at the east of the 
 Caspian. 
 
 Sarmat-e, or Sauromatje, the inhabi- 
 tants of Sarmatia. 
 
 Sarmatia, an extensive country at the 
 north of Europe and Asia, divided into 
 European and Asiatic. The European 
 was bounded by the ocean on the north, 
 Germany and the Vistula on the west, the 
 Jazygse on the south, and Tanais on the 
 east. The Asiatic was bounded by Hyr- 
 cania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea. 
 The former contained the modern king- 
 doms of Russia, Poland, Lithuania, ani 
 Little Tartary ; and the latter, Great Tar- 
 tary, Circassia, and the neighboring coun- 
 try. The Sarmatians were a savage un- 
 civilized nation, naturally warlike, and 
 famous for painting their bodies to appear 
 more terrible in the field of battle. 
 
 Sarmaticum Mare, a name given to 
 the Euxine sea, because on the coast of 
 Sarmatia. 
 
 Sarmentus, a scurrilous person men- 
 tioned by Horace. 
 
 Sarnius, a river of Asia, near Hyrca- 
 nia. 
 
 Sarnus, a river of Picenum, dividing it 
 from Campania, and falling into the Tus- 
 can sea. 
 
 Saron, a king of Troezene, unusually 
 fond of hunting. He was drowned in the 
 sea, where he had swam for some miles 
 in pursuit of a stag. He was made a sea- 
 god by Neptune, and divine honors were 
 paid to him by the Troezenians. 
 
 Saronicus Sinus, now the gulf of En- 
 gia, a bay of the ^Egean sea, lying at the 
 south of Attica, and on the n.orth of the 
 Peloponnesus. The entrance into it is be- 
 tween the promontory of Sunium and that 
 of Scyllamm. The Saronic bay is about 
 sixty-two miles in circumference, twenty- 
 three miles in its broadest, and twenty- 
 five in its longest part, according to mod- 
 ern calculation. 
 
 Sarpedon, a son of Jupiter by Europa, 
 the daughter of Agenor. He went to the 
 Trojan war to assist Priam against the 
 Greeks, where he was attended by his 
 friend and companion Glaucus. He was 
 
 at last killed by Patroclus. A son of 
 
 Neptune killed by Hercules. A learned 
 
 preceptor of* Cato of Utica. A town of 
 
 Ciiicia. Also a promontory of the same 
 
SA 
 
 352 
 
 SK 
 
 name in Cilicia. A promontory of 
 
 Thrace. A Syrian general who flour- 
 ished B. C. 143. 
 
 Sarra, a town of Phoenicia, the same 
 as Tyre. It receives this name from a 
 small shell-fish of the same name, which 
 was found in the neighborhood, and with 
 whose blood garments were dyed. 
 
 Sarrastes, a people of Campania on the 
 Sarnus. 
 
 Sarron, a king of the Celtse, famous 
 for his learning. 
 
 Sars, alown of Spain, near cape Fini- 
 sterre. 
 
 Sarsina, an ancient town of Umbria, 
 where the poet Plautus was born. 
 
 Sarus, a river of Cappadocia. 
 
 Sasanda, a town of Caria. 
 
 Sason, an island at the entrance of the 
 Adriatic sea, lying between Brundusium 
 and Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is 
 
 barren and inhospitable. A river falling 
 
 into the Adriatic. 
 
 Satarch-e, a people, near the Palus 
 Mae otis. 
 
 Sataspes, a Persian hung on a cross by 
 order of Xerxes, for offering violence to the 
 daughter of Megabyzus. 
 
 Satibarzanes, a Persian made satrap 
 of the Arians by Alexander, from whom 
 he afterwards revolted. 
 
 Saticula and Saticulus, a town near 
 Capua. 
 
 Satis, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Satrje, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Satrapeni, a people of Media, under 
 Tigranes. 
 
 Satricum, a town of Italy, taken by 
 Camillus. 
 
 Satropaces, an officer in the army of 
 Darius. 
 
 Satura, a lake of Latium, forming part 
 of the Pontine lakes. 
 
 Satureium, or Satureum, a town of 
 Calabria, near Tarentum, with famous 
 pastures, and horses, whence the epithet 
 of satureianus in Horace. 
 
 Satureius, one of Domitian's murder- 
 ers. 
 
 Saturnalia, festivals in honor of Sa- 
 turn, celebrated the sixteenth or the se- 
 venteenth, or, according to others, the 
 eighteenth of December. They were in- 
 stituted long before the foundation of 
 Rome, in commemoration of the freedom 
 and equality which prevailed on earth in 
 the golden reign of Saturn. The Saturna- 
 lia were originally celebrated only for one 
 day, but afterwards the solemnity contin- 
 ued for three, four, five, and at last for 
 seven days. The celebration was remark- 
 able for the liberty which universally pre- 
 vailed. 
 
 Saturnia, a name given to Italy, be- 
 cause Saturn had reigned there during the 
 
 golden age. A name given to Juno, as 
 
 being the daughter of Saturn. An an- 
 
 cient town of Italy, supposed to be built 
 
 by Saturn, on the Tapeian rock A 
 
 colony of Etruria. 
 
 Saturninus, P. Sempronius, a general 
 of Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt 
 by his troops after he had rendered him- 
 self celebrated by his victories over the 
 barbarians. His integrity, his complai- 
 sance and affability, had gained him the 
 affection of the people, but his fond- 
 ness of ancient discipline provoked his 
 soldiers, who wantonly murdered him in 
 the forty-third year of his age, A. D. 262 
 
 Sextus Julius, a Gaul, intimate with 
 
 Aurelian. He was saluted emperor at Al- 
 exandria, and compelled by the clamor- 
 ous army to accept of the purple, which he 
 rejected with disdain and horror. Pro- 
 bus, who was then emperor, marched hia 
 forces against him, and besieged him in 
 Apamea, where he destroyed himself 
 when unable to make head against his 
 powerful adversary. Appuleius, a tri- 
 bune of the people, who raised a sedition 
 at Rome, intimidated the senate, and ty- 
 rannised for three years. Meeting at last 
 with opposition, he seized the capitol, but 
 being induced by the hopes of a reconcilia- 
 tion to trust himself amidst the people, 
 he was suddenly torn to pieces. His se- 
 dition has received the name of Appuleiana 
 in the Roman annals. Lucius, a sedi- 
 tious tribune, who supported the oppres- 
 sion of Marius. He was at last put to 
 death on account of his tumultuous dispo- 
 sition. An officer in the court of Theo 
 
 dosius, murdered for obeying the empe 
 
 ror's orders, &c. Pompeius, a writer in 
 
 the reign of Trajan.^ Sentius, a friend 
 
 of Augustus and Tiberius. He succeed- 
 ed Agrippa in the government of the pro- 
 vinces of Syria and Phoenicia. Vitel- 
 
 lius, an officer among the friends of the 
 emperor Otho. 
 
 Saturn ius, a name given to Jupiter, 
 Pluto, and Neptune, as being the sons of 
 Saturn. 
 
 Saturnus, a son of Ccelus, or Uranus, 
 by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Ti- 
 theia. Saturn always devoured his sons 
 as soon as born, till his wife Rhea, un- 
 willing to see her children perish, conceal- 
 ed from her husband the birth of Jupiter, 
 Neptune, and Pluto, and instead of the 
 children, she gave him large stones, which 
 he immediately swallowed without per- 
 ceiving the deceit. Titan was sometime 
 after informed that Saturn had concealed 
 his male children, therefore he made war 
 against him, dethroned and imprisoned 
 him with Rhea ; and Jupiter, who was 
 secretly educated in Crete, was no sooner 
 grown up, than he flew to deliver his 
 father, and to replace him on his throne. 
 Saturn, unmindful of his son's kindness, 
 conspired against him, when he heard that 
 he raised cabals against him, but Jupiter 
 
SA 
 
 353 
 
 SC 
 
 banished bim from his throne, and the 
 father fled for safety into Italy, where the 
 country retained the name of Ldtiiim, as 
 being the place of his concealment (laten). 
 Janus, who was then king of Italy, re- 
 ceived Saturn with marks of attention, and 
 made him his partner on the throne ; and 
 the king of heaven employed himself in 
 civilizing the barbarous manners of the 
 people of Italy, and in teaching them ag- 
 riculture and the useful and liberal arts. 
 His reign there was so mild and popular, 
 so beneficent and virtuous, that mankind 
 have called it the golden age, to intimate 
 the happiness and tranquillity which the 
 earth then enjoyed. The worship of Sa- 
 turn was not so solemn or so universal as 
 that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer hu- 
 man victims on his altars, but this barba- 
 rous custom was abolished by Hercules, 
 who substituted small images of clay. In 
 the sacrifices of Saturn, the priest always 
 performed the ceremony with his head 
 uncovered, which was unusual at other 
 solemnities. The god is generally repre- 
 sented as an old man bent through age 
 and infirmity. He holds a scythe in his 
 right hand, with a serpent which bites its 
 own tail, which is an emblem of time and 
 of the revolution of the year. In his left 
 hand he holds a child, which he raises up 
 as if instantly to devour it. 
 
 Saturum, a town of Calabria, where 
 stuffs of all kinds were dyed in different 
 colors with great success. 
 
 Satyri, demigods of the country, whose 
 origin is unknown. They are represented 
 like men, but with the feet and the legs 
 of goats, short horns on the head, and the 
 whole body covered with thick hair. 
 
 Satyrus, a king of Bosphorus, who 
 reigned fourteen years, &c. His father's 
 
 name was Spartacus. An Athenian 
 
 who attempted to eject the garrison of 
 
 Demetrius from the citadel. A Greek 
 
 actor. A man who assisted in murder- 
 ing Timophanes. A peripatetic phi- 
 losopher and historian who flourished B. 
 
 C. 148. A tyrant of Heraclea, 346 B. C. 
 
 An architect who together with Petus 
 
 is said to have planned and built the cele- 
 brated tomb which Artemisia erected to 
 the memory of Mausolus. 
 
 Savera, a village of Lycaonia. 
 
 Saufeius Trogus, one of Messalina's 
 
 favorites, punished by Claudius. Ap- 
 
 pius, a Roman, who died on his return 
 from the bath upon taking mead. 
 
 Savo, or Savon a, a town with a small 
 
 river of the same name in Campania. 
 
 A town of Liguria. 
 
 Sauromat^e, a people in the northern 
 parts of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Saurus, a famous robber of Elis, killed 
 by Hercules. A statuary. 
 
 Savus, a river of Pannonia, rising in 
 Norisum, at tha north of Aquileia, and 
 30* 
 
 falling into the Danube. A small 
 
 river of Numidia, falling into the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Saxones, a people of Germany, near the 
 Chersonesus Cimbrica. 
 
 Saziches, an ancient legislator of 
 Egypt. 
 
 Scjea, one of the gates of Troy, where 
 
 the tomb of Laomedon was seen. One 
 
 of the Danaides. Her husband's name 
 
 was Dayphron. 
 
 Sc.eva, a soldier in Ca3sar's army, who 
 behaved with great courage at Dyrrhachi- 
 
 um. Memor, a Latin poet in the reign 
 
 of Titus and Domitian. A man who 
 
 poisoned his own mother. A friend of 
 
 Horace. He was a Roman knight. 
 
 Shalabis, now St. Irene, a town of an- 
 cient Spain. 
 
 Scaldis, or Scaldium, a river of Bel- 
 gium, now called The Scheld. Pons, a 
 
 town on the same river, now called Conde. 
 
 Scamander, or Scamandros, a cele- 
 brated river of Troas, rising at the east of 
 mount Ida, and falling into the sea below 
 Sigaeum. It receives the Simois us^its 
 course, and towards its mouth it is very 
 muddy, and flows through marshes. This 
 river, according to Homer, was called 
 Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by 
 men. The waters of the Scamander had 
 the singular property of giving a beautiful 
 color to the hair or the wool of such ani- 
 mals as bathed in them ; and from this 
 circumstance the three goddesses, Miner- 
 va, Juno, and Venus, bathed there before 
 they appeared before Paris, to obtain the 
 
 golden apple. A son of Corybas and 
 
 Demodice, who brought a colony from 
 Crete into Phrygia, and settled at the foot 
 of mount Ida, where he introduced the 
 festivals of Cybele, and the dances of the 
 Corybantes. He sometime after lost the 
 use of his senses, and threw himself into 
 the river Xanthus, which ever after bora 
 his name. 
 
 Scamandria, a town on the Seaman, 
 der. 
 
 Scamandrius, one of the generals of 
 Priam, son of Strophius. He was killed 
 by Menelaus. 
 
 Scandaria, a promontory in the island 
 of Cos. 
 
 Scandinavia, a name given by the an- 
 cients to that tract of territory which con- 
 tains the modern kingdoms of Norway, 
 Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Finland, 
 &c. 
 
 Scantia Sylva, a wood of Campania, 
 the property of the Roman people. 
 
 Scantilla, the wife of Didius Juli- 
 anus. 
 
 Scaptestle, a town of Thrace, near 
 Abdera, abounding in silver and gold 
 mines, belonging to Thucydides. 
 
 Scaftia, a town of Latium. 
 
 Bcaftius, an intimate friend of Brutus. 
 
sc 
 
 354 
 
 SC 
 
 His brother was a merchant of Cappado- 
 cia. 
 
 Scapula, a native of Corduba, who de- 
 fended that town against Caesar, after the 
 battle of Munda. An usurper. 
 
 Scardon, a town on the confines of 
 Dalmatia. 
 
 Scardii, a ridge of mountains of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Scarphia, or Scarphe, a town near 
 Thermopylae. 
 
 6c ati Nt a lex de pudicitid, by C. Scati- 
 nius Aricinus, the tribune. 
 
 Scaurus, (M. iEmilius) a Roman con- 
 sul who distinguished himself by his elo- 
 quence at the bar, and by his successes in 
 Spain, in the capacity of commander. He 
 was sent against Jugurtha, and sometime 
 after accused of suffering himself to be 
 bribed by the Numidiah prince. Scaurus 
 conquered the Ligurians, and in his cen- 
 sorship he built the Milvian bridge at 
 Rome, and began to pave the road, which 
 from him was called the iEmylian. He 
 was originally very poor. He wrote some 
 books, and among these an history of his 
 own life, all now lost. His son, of the 
 same name, made himself known by the 
 large theatre he built during his edileship. 
 This theatre, which could contain thirty 
 Ihousand spectators, was supported by 
 three hundred and sixty columns of mar- 
 Die, thirty-eight feet in height, and adorn- 
 ed with three thousand brazen statues. 
 
 A Roman of consular dignity. When 
 
 the Cimbri invaded Italy, the son of Scau- 
 rus behaved with great cowardice, upon 
 which the father sternly ordered him 
 never to appear again in the field of bat- 
 tle. The severity of this command ren- 
 dered young Scaurus melancholy, and he 
 plunged a sword into his own heart, to 
 
 free himself from further ignominy. 
 
 Aurelius, a Roman consul, taken prisoner 
 by the Gauls. He was put to a cruel 
 
 death. M. iEmilius, a man in the reign 
 
 of Tiberius, accused of adultery with 
 
 Livia, and put to death. Mamercus, a 
 
 man put to death by Tiberius. Maxi- 
 
 mus, a man who conspired against Nero. 
 Terentius, a Latin grammarian. 
 
 Scedasus, a native of Leuctra in Boeo- 
 tia, who killed himself on the tomb of his 
 daughters. 
 
 Sceleratus, a plain at Rome near the 
 
 Colline gate. One of the gates of 
 
 Rome was called Scelerata, because three 
 hundred Fabii, who were killed at the 
 river Cremera, had passed through it when 
 
 they went to attack the enemy. There 
 
 was also a street at Rome which received 
 the name of the Sceleratus vicus, because 
 there Tullia ordered her postillion to drive 
 her chariot over the body of her father. 
 
 Scena, a town on the confines of Baby- 
 lon. A river of Ireland* now the Shan- 
 non. 
 
 Scenit-i:, Arabians who live in tents. 
 
 Scepsis, a town of Troas where the 
 works of Theophrastus and Aristotle were 
 long concealed under ground, and dam- 
 aged by the wet. 
 
 Schedia, a small village of Egypt. 
 
 Schedius, one of Helen's suitors. 
 
 Scheria, an ancient name of Corcyra. 
 
 Schozneus, a son of Athamas. The 
 
 father of Atalanta. 
 
 Schcenus, or Scheno, a port of Pelo- 
 ponnesus on the Saronicus sinus. A 
 
 village near Thebes, with a river of the 
 
 same name. A river of Arcadia. 
 
 Another near Athens. 
 
 Sciastes, a surname of Apollo at Lace- 
 dcemon. 
 
 Sciathis, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Sciathos, an island in the ^Egean sea. 
 
 Scidros, a town of Magna Grascia. 
 
 Scillus, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
 Olympia, where Xenophon wrote his his- 
 tory. 
 
 Scilurus, a king of Scythia, who had 
 eighty sons. 
 
 Scinis, a cruel robber who tied men to 
 the boughs of trees, which he had forcibly 
 brought together, and which he afterwards 
 unloosened, so that their limbs were torn 
 in an instant from their body. 
 
 Scinthi, a people of Germany. 
 
 Scione, a town of Thrace, in the pos- 
 session of the Athenians. It was built by 
 a Grecian colony in their return from the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Scipiad^:, a name applied to the two 
 Scipios, who obtained the surname of 
 Africanus, from the conquest of Carthage. 
 
 Scipio, the name of a celebrated family 
 at Rome, who obtained the highest honors 
 in the republic. The most illustrious 
 were — 1. Cneus Scipio, surnamed Asina ; 
 he was father of Publius and Cneus Sci- 
 pio. Publius, in the beginning of the 
 second Punic war, was sent with an army 
 to Spain to oppose Annibal, by whom he 
 was conquered near the Ticinus, and 
 would have lost his life, had not his son, 
 who was afterwards called Africanus, 
 courageously defended him. He again 
 passed into Spain, and gained some mem- 
 orable victories over the Carthaginians. 
 His brother Cneus shared the supreme 
 command with him ; but their confidence 
 proved their ruin. They separated their 
 armies ; and, soon afterwards, Publius 
 was furiously attacked by the two Asdru- 
 bals and Mago, who commanded the Car- 
 thaginian forces. The Romans were cut 
 to pieces, and their commander left dead 
 on the field. Flushed with this success, 
 the Carthaginians immediately marched 
 against Cneus, whom the revolt of thirty 
 thousand Celtiberians had weakened and 
 alarmed. The general, who was already 
 apprised of his brother's death, secured 
 an eminence, where he was soon sur 
 
sc 
 
 355 
 
 SC 
 
 rounded on all sides. After desperate acts 
 of valor, he was also defeated, and left 
 
 among the slain. 2. Publius Cornelius, 
 
 surnamed Africanus, was son of Publius 
 Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He first 
 distinguished himself at the battle of Tici- 
 nus, where he saved his father's life by 
 deeds of unexampled valor and boldness. 
 In his twenty-first year, he was made an 
 edile ; an honorable office, and never given 
 but to such as had reached their twenty- 
 seventh year. Sometime afterwards, the 
 Romans were alarmed by the intelligence 
 that the commanders of their forces in 
 Spain, Publius and Cneus Scipio, had 
 been slaughtered ; and young Scipio was 
 immediately appointed to avenge the 
 death of his father and uncle, and to vin- 
 dicate the military honor of the republic. 
 Cornelius soon proved how well qualified 
 he was to be at the head of an army : the 
 various nations of Spain were conquered ; 
 in four years, the Carthaginians were ban- 
 ished from that part of the continent, and 
 the whole province became tributary to 
 Rome. After these signal victories, Scipio 
 was recalled to Rome, which still trem- 
 bled at the continual alarms of Annibal, 
 who was then at her gates. ( Vid. Puni- 
 cum Bellum.) The battle of Zama was 
 decisive of the fate of Carthage ; and the 
 conqueror returned to Rome, where he 
 was received with most unbounded ap- 
 plause, honored with a triumph, and dig- 
 nified with the appellation of Africanus. 
 JJe afterwards, in the capacity of lieuten- 
 ant, accompanied his brother against An- 
 tiochus, king of Syria. In this expedition 
 his arras were attended with his usual 
 success, and the Asiatic monarch sub- 
 mitted, to the conditions of the conquer- 
 ors. At his return to Rome, Cato, his in- 
 veterate rival, raised seditions against 
 him ; and the Petilli, two tribunes of the 
 people, accused him of extortion in the 
 provinces of Asia, and of living in an in- 
 dolent and luxurious manner. Scipio con- 
 descended to answer his calumniators : 
 the first day was occupied in hearing the 
 different charges ; but, when he again ap- 
 peared on the second day, he interrupted 
 his judges, and exclaimed, "Tribunes and 
 fellow-citizens, on this day, this very day, 
 did I conquer Annibal and the Cartha- 
 ginians. Come, therefore, with me, Ro- 
 mans ; let us go to the capitol, and there 
 return our thanks to the immortal gods 
 for the victories which have attended our 
 arms." These words had an electric ef- 
 fect: the tribes and all the assembly fol- 
 lowed Scipio, the court was deserted, and 
 the tribunes were left alone in the seat of 
 judgment. Yet, when this memorable 
 day was forgotten, Africanus was a third 
 time summoned to appear ; but he had fled 
 from the impending storm, to his country 
 house at Liternum. Sometime afterwards, 
 
 Scipio died, in his forty-eighth year; and 
 so great an aversion did he express, as he 
 expired, for the depravity of his country- 
 men, and the ingratitude of their senators, 
 that he desired his bones might not be 
 conveyed to Rome. They were accord- 
 ingly inhumated at Liternum ; and his 
 wife, ^Emilia, raised a mausoleum, and 
 
 placed upon it his statue. 3. Lucius 
 
 Cornelius Scipio was brother to Africa- 
 nus, and accompanied him in his expedi- 
 tions to Spain and Africa. He was re- 
 warded with the consulship for his ser- 
 vices to the state, and, after the defeat of 
 Antiochus, king of Syria, surnamed Asia- 
 ticus. After the death of Africanus, Cato 
 and the two Petilli, his devoted favorites, 
 and the inveterate enemies of the family 
 of the Scipios, turned their fury against 
 Asiaticus, whom they charged with hav- 
 ing received six thousand pounds' weight 
 of gold, and four hundred and eighty of 
 silver, from the monarch against whom, 
 in the name of the Roman people, they 
 were enjoined to make war. Scipio was 
 condemned, and ordered to pay an im- 
 mense fine, as were also his two lieuten- 
 ants and his quaestor, who were included 
 in the charge. Sometime afterwards, he 
 was appointed to settle the disputes be- 
 tween Eumenes and Seleucus ; and, at 
 his return, the Romans, ashamed of their 
 severity towards him, rewarded his merit 
 with such uncommon liberality, that Asia- 
 ticus was enabled to celebrate games in 
 honor of his victory over Antiochus, for 
 ten successive days, at his own expense. 
 
 4. Nasica Scipio was son of Cneus 
 
 Scipio, and cousin to Scipio Africanus. 
 He obtained the consulship after the death 
 of his cousin ; in which honorable office 
 he conquered the Boii, and gained a tri- 
 umph. He was also successful in an ex- 
 pedition which he undertook to Spain. 
 Nasica also distinguished himself by the 
 active part he took in confuting the accu- 
 sations against the two Scipios, Africanus 
 
 and Asiaticus. 5. Publius ^Emilianus, 
 
 son of Paulus, the conqueror of Perseus, 
 was adopted by the son of Scipio Africa- 
 nus. He received the same surname as 
 his grandfather, and was called Africanus 
 the Younger, on account of his victories 
 over Carthage. ^Ernilianus first appeared 
 in the Roman armies under his father, and 
 afterwards distinguished himself as a le- 
 gionary tribune in the Spanish provinces. 
 He passed into Africa to demand a rein- 
 forcement from king Masinissa, the ally 
 of Rome ; and was a spectator of the long 
 and bloody battle fought between that 
 monarch and the Carthaginians, and 
 which produced the third Punic war. 
 Shortly afterwards, ^milianus was made 
 edile, and next appointed consul, though 
 under the age required for that important 
 office. The surname he had received from 
 
sc 
 
 356 
 
 SC 
 
 his grandfather he was doomed lawfully 
 to claim as his own. He was empowered 
 to finish the war with Carthage, the siege 
 of which city had already been begun ; 
 but the operations of the Romans were not 
 continued with vigor. ( Vid. Punicum Bel- 
 lum.) Though Scipio was obliged to de- 
 molish its very walls, to obey the orders 
 of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly over 
 the melancholy and tragical scene. The 
 return of iEmilianus to Rome was as that 
 of another conqueror of Annibal, and, like 
 him, he was honored with a magnificent 
 triumph. Shortly afterwards, Scipio was 
 appointed to finish the war which the Ro- 
 mans had hitherto carried on without suc- 
 cess against Numantia ; the fall of which 
 was more noble than that of the capital 
 of Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage 
 obtained the victory only when his ene- 
 mies had been consumed by famine or 
 self-destruction. From his conquests in 
 Spain, yEmilianus was honored with a 
 second triumph, and received the name 
 of Numantinus. Yet his popularity was 
 of short duration ; for, by telling the peo- 
 ple that the murder of Gracchus, his bro- 
 ther-in-law, was lawful, since he was tur- 
 bulent, and inimical to the peace of the 
 republic, Scipio incurred the displeasure 
 of the tribunes, and was received by them 
 with great disapprobation. His authority 
 for a moment quelled their sedition, when 
 he reproached them for their cowardice ; 
 and he exclaimed, " Factious wretches ! 
 do you think that your clamors can intim- 
 idate me ? Me, whom the fury of your 
 enemies never daunted ? Is this the gra- 
 titude that you owe to my father Paulus, 
 who conquered Macedonia? and to me? 
 Without my family, you were slaves. Is 
 this the respect you owe to your deliver- 
 ers ? Is this your affection ?" This firm- 
 ness silenced the murmurs of the assem- 
 bly, but proved fatal to Scipio ; who re- 
 tired to Caieta, where, with his friend 
 Lffilius, he passed the rest of his time in 
 innocent pleasure and amusement. But 
 this he was not long permitted to enjoy ; 
 his secret enemies thirsted for his blood, 
 and he was one morning found dead in 
 his bed, with violent marks on his neck, 
 as if he had been strangled. This assas- 
 sination caused the utmost consternation 
 throughout Rome ; and it was then gen- 
 erally believed to have been committed by 
 the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, C. Grac- 
 chus, and Fulvius Flaccus, and by his 
 wife Sempronia, who was charged with 
 having introduced the murderers into his 
 room. No inquiries, however, were made 
 after the authors of his death ; and the 
 only atonement which the populace made 
 was to attend his funeral, and show their 
 concern by loud cries and lamentations. 
 
 Scira, an annual solemnity observed at 
 Athens in honor of Minerva, or, according 
 io ethers, of Cere* and Proserpine. 
 
 Sc:nADiTj.\r, a promontory of Attica on 
 the Saronicus sinus. 
 
 Sciras, a name of JEgina. Minerva was 
 also called Sciras. 
 
 Sciressa, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Sciron, a celebrated thief in Attica, 
 who plundered the inhabitants of the 
 country, and threw them down from the 
 highest rocks into the sea, after he had 
 obliged them to wait upon him and to 
 wash his feet. Theseus attacked him, 
 and treated him as he treated travellers. 
 According to Ovid, the earth as well as 
 the sea, refused to receive the bones of 
 Sciron, which remained for some time 
 suspended in the air, till they were chang- 
 ed into large rocks called Scironia Saxa, 
 situate between Megara and Corinth. 
 
 Scirus, a village of Arcadia, of which 
 
 the inhabitants are called Sciritce. A 
 
 plain and river of Attica near Megara. 
 
 Scissis, a town of Spain. 
 
 Scodra, a town of Illyricum, where 
 Gentius resided. 
 
 Scolus, a mountain of Bosotia. A 
 
 town of Macedonia near Olynthus. 
 
 Scomerus, a mountain of Thrace near 
 Rhodope. 
 
 Scopas, an architect and sculptor of 
 Ephesus, for sometime employed in mak- 
 ing the mausoleum which Artemisia rais 
 ed to her husband, and which was reckon 
 ed one of the seven wonders of the world. 
 Scopas lived about four hundred and thir- 
 ty years before Christ. An iEtolian 
 
 who raised some forces to assist Ptolemy 
 Epiphanes, king of Egypt, against his ene- 
 mies Antiochus and his allies. He after- 
 wards conspired against the Egyptian mo- 
 narch, and was put to death, B. C. 196. 
 An ambassador to the court of the em- 
 peror Domitian. 
 
 Scopiuk, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Scordisci and Scordisce, a people of 
 Pannoniaand Thrace, well known during 
 the reign of the Roman emperors for their 
 barbarity and uncivilized manners. 
 
 Scon, the ancient inhabitants of Scot- 
 land, mentioned as different from the 
 Picts. 
 
 Scotinus, a surname of Heraclitus. 
 
 Scotussa, a town of Thessaly, at the 
 north of Larissa and of the Peneus, de- 
 stroyed by Alexander of Pherre. An- 
 other in Macedonia. 
 
 Scribonia, a daughter of Scribonius, 
 who married Augustus after he bad di- 
 vorced Claudia. Scribonia was sometime 
 afterrepudiated,that Augustus might mar- 
 ry Livia. A woman who married Cras- 
 
 sus. 
 
 Scribonianit?, a man in the age of 
 Nero. Some of his friends wished him to 
 be competitor for the imperial purple 
 against Vespasian, which he declined. 
 
 There were also two brothers of that 
 
 name who did nothing without each 
 other's consent. 
 
sc 
 
 357 
 
 SC 
 
 Scribonius, a man who made himself 
 
 master of the kingdom of Bosphorus. 
 
 A physician in the age of Augustus and 
 
 Tiberius. A man who wrote annals, 
 
 A. D. 22. A friend of Pompey. 
 
 Scultenna, a river of Gaul Cispadana, 
 falling into the Po,- now called Panaro. 
 
 Scylaceum, a town of the Brutii, built 
 by Mnestheus at the head of an Athenian 
 colony. 
 
 Scylax, a geographer and mathemati- 
 cian of Caria, in the age of Darius, son of 
 Hystaspes, about five hundred and fifty 
 years before Christ. He was commission- 
 ed by Darius to make discoveries in the 
 east, and after a journey of thirty months 
 he visited Egypt. Some suppose that he 
 was the first who invented geographical 
 tables. A river of Cappadocia. 
 
 Scylla, a daughter of Nisus, king of 
 Megara, who became enamored of Minos, 
 as that monarch besieged her father's ca- 
 pital. To make him sensible of her pas- 
 sion, she informed him that she would de- 
 liver Megara into his hands if he promised 
 to marry her. Minos consented, and as the 
 prosperity of Megara depended on a gol- 
 den hair, which was on the head of Nisus, 
 Scylla cut it off as her father was asleep, 
 and from that moment the sallies of the 
 Megareans were unsuccessful, and the 
 enemy easily became master of the place. 
 Scylla was disappointed in her expecta- 
 tions, and Minos treated her with such 
 contempt and ridicule, that she threw her- 
 self from a tower into the sea, or accord- 
 ing to other accounts, she was changed 
 into a lark by the gods, and her father into 
 
 a hawk. A daughter of Typhon, or, as 
 
 some say, of Phorcys, who was greatly 
 loved by Glaucus, one of the deities of 
 the sea. Scylla scorned the addresses of 
 Glaucus, and the god, to render her more 
 propitious, applied to Circe, whose know- 
 ledge of herbs and incantations was uni- 
 versally admired. Circe no sooner saw 
 him than she became enamored of him, 
 and instead of giving him the required as- 
 sistance, she attempted to make him for- 
 get Scylla, but in vain. To punish her 
 rival, Circe poured the juice of some poi- 
 sonous herbs into the waters of the foun- 
 tain where Scylla bathed, and no sooner 
 had the nymph touched the place, than 
 she found every part of her body below 
 the waist, changed into frightful. monsters 
 like dogs, which never ceased barking. 
 The rest of her body assumed an equally 
 hideous form. She found herself support- 
 ed by twelve feet, and she had six differ- 
 ent heads, each with two rows of teeth. 
 This sudden metamorphosis so terrified 
 her, that she threw herself into that part 
 of the sea which separates the coast of It- 
 aly and Sicily, where she was changed into 
 rocks, which continued to bear her name, 
 and which were universally deemed by 
 
 the ancients as very dangerous to sailors, 
 as well as the whirlpool of Chary bdis on 
 the coast of Sicily. During a tempest the 
 waves are described by modern navigators 
 as roaring dreadfully when driven into the 
 rough and uneven cavities of the rock. 
 A ship in the fleet of ^Eneas, com- 
 manded by Cloanthus. 
 
 Scyll^um, a promontory of Peloponne- 
 sus on the coast of Argolis. — ^A promon- 
 tory of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be 
 the same as Scylaceum, near which was 
 the famous whirlpool Scylla. 
 
 Scyllias, a celebrated swimmer who 
 enriched himself by diving after the goods 
 which had been shipwrecked in the Per- 
 sian ships near Pelium. 
 
 Scyllis and Dipcekus, statuaries of 
 Crete before the age of Cyrus king of Per- 
 sia. They were said to be sons and pupils 
 of Daedalus. 
 
 Scyllus, a town of Achaia, given to 
 Xenophon by the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Scylurus, a monarch who left eighty 
 sons. He called them to his bed-side as 
 he expired, and by enjoining them to break 
 a bundle of sticks tied together, and after- 
 wards separately, he convinced them, that 
 when altogether firmly united, their pow- 
 er would be insuperable, but if ever dis- 
 united, they would fall an easy prey to 
 their enemies. 
 
 Scyppium, a town in the neighborhood 
 of Colophon. 
 
 Scyras, a river of Laconia. 
 
 Scyrias, a name applied to Deidamia as 
 a native of Scyros. 
 
 Scyros, a rocky and barren island in 
 the iEgean, at the distance cf about twen- 
 ty-eight miles north-east from Eubcea, six- 
 ty miles in circumference. It was origin- 
 ally in the possession of the Pelasgians 
 and Carians. 
 
 Scythe, the inhabitants of Scythia. 
 Vid. Scythia. 
 
 Scythes, or Scytha, a son of Jupiter 
 by a daughter of Tellus. Half his body 
 was that of a man, and the rest that of a 
 serpent. He became king of a country 
 
 which he called Scythia. A son of 
 
 Hercules and Echidna. 
 
 Scythia, a large country situate on the 
 most northern parts of Europe and Asia, 
 from which circumstance it is generally 
 denominated European and Asiatic. Scy- 
 thia comprehended the modern kingdoms 
 of Tartary, Russia in Asia, Siberia, Mus- 
 covy, the Crimea, Poland, part of Hunga- 
 ry, Lithuania, the northern parts of Ger- 
 many, Sweden, Norway, &c. The Scy- 
 thians were divided into several nations 
 or tribes, they had no cities, but continu- 
 ally changed their habitations. They in- 
 ured themselves to bear labor and fatigue ; 
 they despised money, and lived upon milk, 
 and covered themselves with the skins of 
 their cattle. The Scythians made several 
 
SE 
 
 358 
 
 SE 
 
 irruptions upon the more southern prov- 
 inces of Asia, especially B. C. G24, when 
 they remained in possession of Asia Mi- 
 nor for twenty-eight years, and we find 
 them at different periods extending their 
 conquests in Europe, and penetrating as 
 far as Egypt. Their government was 
 monarchical, and the deference which 
 they paid to their sovereigns was unpar- 
 alleled. 
 
 Scythinus, a Greek poet of Tens in Io- 
 nia, who wrote Iambics. 
 
 Scython, a man changed into a wo- 
 man. 
 
 Scythopolis, a town of Syria, said to 
 have been built by Bacchus. 
 
 Scythotauri, a people of Chersonesus 
 Taurica. 
 
 Sebasta, a town of Judaea. Another 
 
 in Cilicia. The name was common to 
 
 several cities, as it was in honor of Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 Sebastia, a city of Armenia. 
 
 Sebennytus, a town of the Delta in 
 Egypt. That branch of the Nile which 
 flows near it has been called the Seban- 
 nytic. 
 
 Sebetus, a small river of Campania, 
 falling into the bay of Naples._ 
 
 Sebusiani, or Segusiani, a people of 
 Celtic Gaul. 
 
 Sectanus, an infamous debauchee in 
 the age of Horace. 
 
 Secundus Julius, a man who published 
 some harangues and orations in the age 
 
 of the emperor Titus. A favorite of 
 
 Nero. One of the associates of Seja- 
 
 nus. 
 
 Seditani, or Sedentani, a people of 
 Spain. 
 
 Seduni, an ancient nation of Belgic 
 Gaul. 
 
 Sedusii, a people of Germany near the 
 Suevi. 
 
 Segesta, a town of Sicily founded by 
 ./Eneas, or according to some, by Crinisus. 
 
 Segestes, a German, friendly to the 
 Roman interest in the time of Germani- 
 cus. His daughter married Arminius. 
 
 Segetia, a divinity at Rome, invoked 
 by the husbandmen that the harvest might 
 be plentiful. 
 
 Segni, a people with a town of the 
 same name in Belgic Gaul. 
 
 Segobrica, a town of Spain near Sa- 
 guntum. 
 
 Segonax, a prince in the southern parts 
 of Britain, who opposed Caesar by order of 
 Cassivelaunus. 
 
 Segontia, or Seguntia, a town of His- 
 pania Tavroconensis. 
 
 Segontiaci, a people of Belgic Gaul, 
 who submitted to J. Caesar. 
 
 Segovia, a town of Spain, of great 
 
 power in the age of the Caesars. There 
 
 was also another cf the same name in Lu- 
 gUania, 
 
 Seguntium, a town of Britain, supposed 
 to be Carnarvon in Wales. 
 
 Segusiani, a people of Gaul on the 
 Loire. 
 
 Segcsio, a town of Piedmont on the 
 Durias. 
 
 ^Elius Sejanus, a native of Vulsinum 
 in Tuscany, who distinguished himself in 
 the court of Tiberius. Sejanus first gain- 
 ed the favors of Caius Caesar, the grand- 
 son of Augustus, but afterwards he at- 
 tached himself to the interest and the 
 views of Tiberius, who then sat on the 
 imperial throne. The emperor, who was 
 naturally of a suspicious temper, was free 
 and open with Sejanus, and while he dis- 
 trusted others, he communicated his great- 
 est secrets to this fawning favorite. Se- 
 janus improved this confidence, and when 
 he had found that he possessed the esteem 
 of Tiberius, he next endeavored to be- 
 come the favorite of the soldiers and the 
 darling of the senate. All the children 
 and grand children of Tiberius were sac- 
 rificed to the ambition of the favorite un- 
 der various pretences ; and Drusus the 
 son of the emperor, by striking Sejanus, 
 made his destruction sure and inevitable. 
 Livia, the wife of Drusus, was gained by 
 Sejanus, and though the mother of many 
 children, she was prevailed upon to assist 
 her adulterer in the murder of her hus- 
 band. No sooner was Drusus poisoned 
 than Sejanus openly declared bis wish to 
 marry Livia. This was strongly opposed 
 by Tiberius ; and the emperor, by recom- 
 mending Germanicus to the senators for 
 his successor, rendered Sejanus* bold and 
 determined. He was more urgent in his 
 demands ; and when he could not gain 
 the consent of the emperor, he persuaded 
 him to retire to solitude from the noise of 
 Rome, and the troubles of the govern- 
 ment. Tiberius, naturally fond of ease 
 and luxury, yielded to his representations, 
 and retired to Campania, leaving Sejanus 
 at the head of the empire. This was 
 highly gratifying to the favorite, and he 
 was now without a master. Prudence 
 and moderation might have made him 
 what he wished to be, but Sejanus offend- 
 ed the whole empire when he declared 
 that he was emperor of Rome, and Tibe- 
 rius only the dependant prince of the is- 
 land of Caprete, where he had retired. 
 Tiberius was upon this fully convinced of 
 the designs of Sejanus, and when he had 
 been informed that his favorite had had 
 the meanness and audacity to ridicule him 
 by introducing him on the stage, the em- 
 peror ordered him to be accused before the 
 senate. Sejanus was deserted by all his 
 pretended friends, as soon as by fortune ; 
 and the man who aspired to the empire, 
 and who called himself the favorite of the 
 people, the darling of the praetorian guards, 
 and the companion of Tiberius, was seiz 
 
SE 
 
 / ed without resistance, and the same day 
 strangled in prison, A. D. 31. His re- 
 mains were exposed to the fury and inso- 
 lence of the populace, and afterwards 
 thrown into the Tiber. His children and 
 all hi? relations were involved in his ruin, 
 and Tiberius sacrificed to his resentment 
 and suspicions, all those who were even 
 connected with Sejanus, or had shared his 
 favors and enjoyed his confidence. 
 
 Cs. Seius, a Roman who had a famous 
 horse of large size, and uncommon beauty. 
 He was put to death by Antony, and it was 
 observed, that whoever obtained posses- 
 sion of his horse, which was supposed to 
 be of the same race as the horses of Diome- 
 des destroyed hy Hercules, and which was 
 called Sejanus equus, hecame unfortunate, 
 and lost all his property, with every mem- 
 ber of his family. 
 
 Seius Stra^.o, the father of Sejanus, was 
 a Roman knight, and commander of the 
 praetorian guard?. 
 
 Selem.vus, a river of Achaia. 
 
 Selene, the wife of Antiochus king of 
 Syria, put to death by Tigranes, king of 
 Armenia. 
 
 Seletjcena, or Seleucis, a country of 
 Syria, in Asia. Vid. Seleucis. 
 
 Seleucia, a town of Syria, on the sea 
 shore, generally called Pieria, to distin- 
 guish it from others of the same name. 
 There were no less than eight other cities 
 which were called Seleucia, and which 
 had all received their name from Seleucus 
 Nicator. 
 
 Seleucid-e, a surname given to those 
 monarchs who sat on the throne of Syria, 
 which was founded by Seleucus the son 
 of Antiochus, from whom the word is de- 
 rived. The era of the Seleucida? begins 
 with the taking of Babylon by Seleucus, 
 B. C. 312, and ends at the conquest of 
 Syria by Pompey, B. C. 65. 
 
 Seleucis, a division of Syria, which re- 
 ceived its name from Seleucus, the foun- 
 der of the Syrian empire, after the death 
 of Alexander the Great. It was also called 
 Tetrapolis from the four cities it contained, 
 called also sister cities. 
 
 Seleucus, first, one of the captains of 
 Alexander the Great, surnamed Nicator, 
 or Victorious, was son of Antiochus. Af- 
 ter the king's death, he received Babylon 
 as his province. According to Arrian, Se- 
 leucus was the greatest and most powerful 
 of the princes who inherited the Macedo- 
 nian empire after the death of Alexander. 
 His benevolence has been commended; 
 and it has been observed, that he conquer- 
 ed not to enslave nations, hut to make 
 i them more happy. He founded no less 
 I than thirty-four cities in different parts of 
 | his empire, which he peopled with Greek 
 I colonies, whose national industry, learn- 
 I ing, religion, and spirit, were communi- 
 | cated to the indolent and luxurious inhabit- 
 
 59 
 
 SE 
 
 ants of Asia. Seleucus was a great bene- 
 factor to the Greeks, he restored to the 
 Athenians the library and statues which 
 Xerxes had carried away from their city, 
 when he invaded Greece, and among 
 them were those of Harmodius and Aris- 
 togiton. Seleucus was murdered two hun- 
 dred and eighty years before the Christian 
 era, in the thirty-second year of his reign. 
 The second, surnamed Callinicus, suc- 
 ceeded his father Antiochus Theus on the 
 throne of Syria. He attempted to make 
 war against Ptolemy, king of Egypt, but his 
 fleet was shipwrecked in a violent storm, 
 and his armies soon after conquered by 
 his enemy. He was at last taken prisoner 
 by Arsaces, an officer who made himself 
 powerful by the dissensions which reigned 
 in the house of the Seleucidae, between 
 the two brothers, Seleucus and Antiochus ; 
 and after he had been a prisoner for some- 
 time in Parthia, he died of a fall from his 
 horse, B. C. 226, after a reign of twenty 
 
 years. The third succeeded his father 
 
 Seleucus second, on the throne of Syria, 
 and received the surname of Ceraunus, by 
 antiphrasis, as he was a very weak, timid, 
 and irresolute monarch. He was murder- 
 ed by two of his officers after a reign of 
 three years, B. C. 223, and his brother An- 
 tiochus, though only fifteen years old, as- 
 cended the throne, and rendered himself 
 so celebrated that he acquired the name 
 
 of the Great. The fourth, succeeded 
 
 his father Antiochus the Great, on the 
 throne of Syria. He was surnamed Phi- 
 lopator, or according to Josephus, Soter. 
 .Seleucus was poisoned after a reign of 
 twelve years, B. C. 175. His son Deme- 
 trius had been sent to Rome, there to re- 
 ceive his education, and he became a 
 prince of great abilities. The fifth, suc- 
 ceeded his father Demetrius Nicator on 
 the throne of Syria, in the twentieth year 
 of his age. He was put to death in the 
 first year of his reign by Cleopatra his mo- 
 ther, who had also sacrificed her husband 
 
 to her ambition. The sixth, one of the 
 
 Seleucidre, son of Antiochus Gryphus, 
 killed his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, 
 who wished to obtain the crown of Syria. 
 He was sometime after banished from his 
 kingdom by Antiochus Pius, son of Cy- 
 zicenus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was 
 burnt in a palace by the inhabitants, B. C. 
 
 93. A prince of Syria, to whom the 
 
 Egyptians offered the crown of which 
 they had robbed Auletes. He was at last 
 murdered by Berenice, whom he had mar- 
 ried. A servant of Cleopatra, the lsst 
 
 queen of Egypt. A mathematician inti- 
 mate with Vespasian the Roman emperor. 
 A part of the Alps. A Roman con- 
 sul. A celebrated singer. A king of 
 
 the Bopphorus, who died B. C. 429. 
 
 Selgt, a town of Pamphylia, made a 
 colonv bv the Lacedcemcnians. 
 
SE 
 
 360 
 
 SE 
 
 Selimnus, a shepherd of Achaia, who 
 for sometime enjoyed the favors of the 
 nymph Aigyra, without interruption. 
 
 Selinuns, or Selinus, a town on the 
 southern parts of Sicily, founded A. U. C. 
 127, by a colony from Megara. It receiv- 
 ed its name from OiXivov, parsley, which 
 grew there in abundance. The marks of its 
 ancient consequence are visible in the ve- 
 nerable ruins now found in its neighbor- 
 hood. A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, 
 
 which watered the town of Scillus. 
 
 Another in Achaia. Another in Sicily. 
 
 A river and town of Cilicia, where 
 
 Trajan died. Two small rivers near 
 
 Diana's temple at Ephesus. A lake at 
 
 the entrance of the Cayster. 
 
 Sellasia, a town of Laconia where Cle- 
 omenes was defeated by the Achasans, B. 
 C. 222. 
 
 Selleis, a river of Peloponnesus falling 
 into the Ionian sea. 
 
 Sellet-i:, a people of Thrace nearmount 
 Hffimus. 
 
 Sellt, an ancient nation of Epirus near 
 Dodona. 
 
 Selymbria, a town of Thrace, on the 
 Propontis. 
 
 Semele, a daughter of Cadmus by Her- 
 mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus. 
 She was tenderly beloved by Jupiter ; but 
 Juno, who was always jealous of her hus- 
 band's amours, and who hated the house 
 of Cadmus because they were related to 
 the goddess of beauty, determined to pun- 
 ish this successful rival. She borrowed the 
 girdle of Ate, which contained every wick- 
 edness, deceit, and perfidy, and in the form 
 of Beroe, Semele's nurse, she visited the 
 house of Jupiter's mistress. Semele listen- 
 ed with attention to the artful admonitions 
 of the false Beroe, and was at last persuad- 
 ed to entreat her lover to come to her arms 
 with the same majesty as he approached 
 Juno. This rash request was heard with 
 horror by Jupiter ; but as he had sworn by 
 the Styx to grant Semele whatever she re- 
 quired, he came to her bed, attended by 
 the clouds, the lightning, and thunder- 
 bolts. The mortal nature of Semele could 
 not endure so much majesty, and she was 
 instantly consumed with fire. The child, 
 however, of which she was pregnant, was 
 saved from the flames by Mercury, or ac- 
 cording to others by Dirce, one of the 
 nymphs of the Achelous, and Jupiter 
 placed him in his thigh the rest of the 
 time which he ought to have been in his 
 mother's womb. This child was called 
 Bacchus, or Dionysius. Semele immedi- 
 ately after death was honored with im- 
 mortality under the name of Thyone. 
 
 Semigermani, a name given to the Hel- 
 vetii, a people of Germany. 
 
 Semiguntus, a general of the Cherusci, 
 taken prisoner by Germanicus. 
 
 Semiramis, a celebrated queen of As- 
 
 syria, daughter of the goddess Derceto, br 
 a young Assyrian. She was exposed in a 
 desert, but her life was preserved by doves 
 for one whole year, till Simmas, one of 
 the shepherds of Ninus, found her and 
 brought her up as his own child. Semi- 
 ramis, when grown up, married Menones. 
 the governor of Nineveh, and accompani- 
 ed him to the siege of Bactra, where, by 
 her advice and prudent directions, she 
 hastened the king's operations and took 
 the city. These eminent services, but 
 chiefly her uncommon beauty, endeared 
 her to Ninus. The monarch asked her of 
 her busband, and offered him instead, his 
 daughter Sosana ; but Menones, who ten- 
 derly loved Semiramis, refused, and when 
 Ninus had added threats to entreaties, he 
 hung himself. No sooner was Menones 
 dead than Semiramis, who was of an as- 
 piring soul, married Ninus, by whom she 
 had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so 
 fond- of Semiramis, that at her request he 
 resigned the crown to her, and command- 
 ed her to be proclaimed queen and sole 
 empress of Assyria. Of this, however, 
 he had cause to repent: Semiramis put 
 him to death, the better to establish her- 
 self on the throne, and when she had no 
 enemies to fear at home, she began to re- 
 pair the capital of her empire, and by her 
 means Babylon became the most superb 
 and magnificent oity in the world. She 
 visited every part of her dominions, and 
 left every where immortal monuments of 
 her greatness and benevolence. She was 
 not less distinguished as a warrior and 
 conquered many of the neighboring na- 
 tions. It is supposed that she lived about 
 nineteen hundred and sixty-five years be- 
 fore the Christian era, and that she died 
 in the sixty-second year of her age, and 
 the twenty-fifth year of her reign. 
 
 Semnones, a people of Italy on the bor- 
 ders of Umbria of Germany on the 
 
 Elbe and Oder. 
 
 Semones, inferior deities of Rome, that 
 were not in the number of the twelve great 
 gods. Among these were Faunus, the 
 Satyrs, Priapus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, 
 Silenus, and all such illustrious heroes as 
 had received divine honors after death. 
 
 Semosancius, one of the gods of the 
 Romans among the Jndigetes, or such as 
 were born and educated in their country. 
 
 Sempronia, a Roman matron, mother 
 of the two Gracchi, celebrated for her 
 learning, and her private as well as public 
 
 virtues. Also a sister of the Gracchi, 
 
 who is accused of having assisted the tri- 
 umvirs Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus, to 
 murder her husband, Scipio Africanus the 
 younger. The name of Sempronia was 
 common to the female descendants of th 
 family of the Sempronii, Gracchi, an 
 Scipios. 
 
 Sempronia lex, de magistratibus, by C 
 
SE 
 
 361 
 
 SE 
 
 Sempronjus Gracchus, the tribune, A. U. 
 C. 630, ordained that no person who had 
 been legally deprived of a magistracy for 
 misdemeanors, should be capable of bear- 
 ing an office again. x\nother, de civitate, 
 
 by the same, A. U. C. 630. It ordained 
 that no capital judgment should be passed 
 over a Roman citizen, without the concur- 
 rence and authority of the senate. An- 
 other, de comitiis, by the same, A. U. C. 
 635. It ordained that in giving their votes, 
 the centuries should be chosen by lot, and 
 not give it according to the order of their 
 
 classes. Another de comitiis, by the 
 
 same, the same year, which granted to the 
 Latin allies of Rome, the privilege of giv- 
 ing their votes at elections, as if they were 
 
 Roman citizens. Another, deprovinciis, 
 
 by the same, A. U. C. 630. It enacted 
 that the senators should be permitted be- 
 fore the assembly of the consular comitia, 
 to determine as they pleased the particu- 
 lar provinces which should be proposed to 
 
 the consuls. Another, called Agraria 
 
 prima, by T. Sempronius Gracchus the 
 tribune, A. U. C. 620. It confirmed the 
 lex agraria Licinia, and enacted that all 
 such as were in possession of more lands 
 than that law allowed, should immediate- 
 ly resign them, to be divided among the 
 poorer citizens. Three commissioners 
 were appointed to put this law into execu- 
 tion, and its consequences were so vio- 
 lent, as it was directly made against the 
 nobles and senators, that it cost the au- 
 thor his life. Another, called Agraria 
 
 altera, by the same. It- required that all 
 the ready money which was found in the 
 treasury of Attains king of Pergamus, who 
 had left the Romans his heirs, should be 
 divided among the poorer citizens of 
 
 Rome. Another, frumentaria, by C. 
 
 Sempronius Gracchus. It required that a 
 certain quantity of corn should be distri- 
 buted among the people, so much to every 
 
 individual. Another, de usurd, by M. 
 
 Sempronius the tribune, A. U. C. 560. It 
 ordained that in lending money to the La- 
 tins and the allies of Rome, the Roman 
 laws should be observed as well as among 
 
 the citizens. Another, de judicibus, by 
 
 the tribune C. Sempronius, A. U. C. 630. 
 It required that the right of judging, which 
 had been assigned to the Se.natorian order 
 by Romulus, should be transferred from 
 
 them to the Roman knights. Another, 
 
 militaris, by the same, A. U. C. 630. It 
 enacted that the soldiers should be cloth- 
 ed at the public expense, without any di- 
 minution of their usual pay. 
 
 Sempronius (A. Atratinus,) a senator 
 who opposed the Agrarian law. which was 
 proposed by the consul Cassius, soon af- 
 ter the election of the tribunes. L. At- 
 ratinus, a consul, A. U. C. 311. He was 
 one of the first censors with his colleague 
 
 in the consulship, Papirius. Caius, a 
 
 31 
 
 consul summoned before an assembly of 
 the people, because he had fought with ill 
 
 success against the Volsci. Blaesus, a 
 
 consul who obtained a triumph for some, 
 
 victories gained in Sicily. Sophus, a 
 
 consul against the ^Equi. He also fought 
 against the Picentes, and during the en- 
 gagement there was a dreadful earth- 
 quake. The soldiers were terrified, but 
 Sophus encouraged them, and observed 
 that the earth trembled only for fear of 
 
 changing its old masters. A man who 
 
 proposed a law that no person should de- 
 dicate a temple or altar, without the pre- 
 vious approbation of the magistrates, A. 
 
 U. C. 449. Rufus, a senator, banished 
 
 from the senate because he had killed a 
 
 crane to serve him as food. Tuditanus, 
 
 a man sent against Sardinia by the Ro- 
 mans. A legionary tribune. Tibe- 
 rius Longus, a Roman consul defeated 
 by the Carthaginians. He afterwards ob- 
 tained victories over Hanno and the Gauls. 
 Tiberius Gracchus, a consul who de- 
 feated the Carthaginians and the Campa- 
 nians ; afterwards betrayed into the hands 
 
 of the Carthaginians, and killed. Den- 
 
 sus, a centurion of a pretorian cohort. 
 
 The father of the Gracchi. A censor. 
 
 A tribune of the people. An em- 
 peror. 
 
 Semurium, a place near Rome, where 
 Apollo had a temple. 
 
 Sena, or Senogallia, a town of Um- 
 bria in Italy, on the Adriatic. 
 
 Senatus, the chief council of the state 
 among the Romans. The members of this 
 body, called senatores on account of their 
 age, and patres on account of their author- 
 ity, were of the greatest consequence in 
 the republic. The senate was first insti- 
 tuted by Romulus, to govern the city, and 
 to preside over the affairs of the state dur- 
 ing his absence. The senators whom 
 Romulus created were an hundred, to 
 whom he afterwards added the same num- 
 ber when the Sabines had migrated to 
 Rome. Tarquin the ancient made the 
 senate consist of three hundred, and this 
 number remained fixed for a long time. 
 The number continued to fluctuate during 
 the times of the republic, but gradually 
 increased to seven hundred, and after- 
 wards to nine hundred under Julius Cs- 
 sar, who filled the senate with men of 
 every rank and order. Under Augustus 
 the senators amounted to one thousand, 
 but this number was reduced to three 
 hundred, which being the cause of com- 
 plaints, induced the emperor to limit the 
 number to six hundred. Only particular 
 families were admitted into the senate ; 
 and when the plebeians were permitted 
 to share the honors of the state, it was 
 then required that they should be born of 
 free citizens. They were to be above the 
 age of twenty-five, and to have previously 
 
 a 
 
SE 
 
 362 
 
 SE 
 
 passed through the inferior offices of 
 quaestor, tribune of the people, edile, pie- 
 tor, and consul. The time of meeting 
 was generally three times a month on the 
 calends, nones, and ides. It was requi- 
 site that the place where they assembled 
 should have been previously consecrated 
 by the augurs. Rank was always regard- 
 ed in their meetings ; the chief magis- 
 trates of the state, such as the consuls, 
 the pretors, and censors sat first, after 
 these the inferior magistrates, such as the 
 ediles and questors, and last of all, those 
 that then exercised no office in the state. 
 Their opinions were originally collected, 
 each according to his age ; but when the 
 office of censor was instituted, the opin- 
 ion of the princeps senatus or the person 
 whose name stood first on the censor's 
 list, was first consulted, and afterwards 
 those who were of consular dignity, each 
 in their respective order. The meeting 
 of the senate was often sudden, except 
 the particular times already mentioned, 
 upon any emergency. After the death of 
 J. Caesar, they were not permitted to meet 
 on the ides of March, which were called 
 parricidium, because on that day the dicta- 
 tor had been assassinated. The sons of 
 senators, after they had put on the toga 
 virilis, were permitted to come into the 
 senate, but this was afterwards limited. 
 The rank and authority of the senators, 
 which were so conspicuous in the first 
 ages of the republic, and which caused 
 the minister of Pyrrhus to declare, that the 
 Roman senate was a venerable assembly 
 of kings, dwindled into nothing under the 
 emperors. Men of the lowest character 
 were admitted into the senate ; the empe- 
 rors took pleasure in robbing this illustri- 
 ous body of their privileges and authority, 
 and the senators themselves by their 
 meanness and servility, contributed as 
 much as the tyranny of the sovereign to 
 diminish their own consequence ; and by 
 applauding the follies of a Nero, and the 
 cruelties of a Domitian, they convinced 
 the world that they no longer possessed 
 sufficient prudence or authority to be con- 
 sulted on matters of weight and import- 
 ance. The title of Clarissimus was given 
 to the senators under the emperors, and 
 indeed this was the only distinction they 
 had in compensation for the loss of their 
 independence. The senate was abolished 
 by Justinian, thirteen centuries after its 
 first institution by Romulus. 
 
 Sexeca, M. Ann.3jus, a native of Cor- 
 duba in Spain, who married He! via, a 
 woman of Spain, by whom he had three 
 sons, Seneca the philosopher, Annaeus 
 Novatus, and Annaeus Mela, the father of 
 the poet Lucan. Seneca made himself 
 known by some declamations of which lie 
 made a collection from the most celebrated 
 orators of the ag?, and from that circum- 
 
 stance, and for distinction, he obtained 
 the appellation of declamator. He left 
 Corduba, and went to Rome, where he 
 became a Roman knight. His son L. An- 
 naeus Seneca, who was born about six 
 years before Christ, was early distinguish- 
 ed by his extraordinary talents. He was 
 taught eloquence by his father, and re- 
 ceived lessons in philosophy from the best 
 and most celebrated stoics of the age. As 
 one of the followers of the Pythagorean 
 doctrines, Seneca observed the most re- 
 served abstinence. In the character of a 
 pleader, Seneca appeared with great ad- 
 vantage, but the fear of Caligula, who 
 aspired to the name of an eloquent speak- 
 er, and who consequently was jealous of 
 his fame, deterred him from pursuing his 
 favorite study, and he sought a safer em- 
 ployment in canvassing for the honors and 
 offices of the state. He was made quaes- 
 tor, but the aspersions which were thrown 
 upon him removed him from Rome, and 
 the emperor banished him for sometime 
 into Corsica. During his banishment the 
 philosopher wrote some spirited epistles 
 to his mother, remarkable for elegance of 
 language and sublimity ; but he soon for- 
 got his philosophy, and disgraced himself 
 by his flatteries to the emperor, and in 
 wishing to be recalled, even at the ex- 
 pense of his innocence and character. 
 The disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and 
 the marriage of Agrippina with Claudius, 
 proved favorable to Seneca, and after he 
 had remained five years in Corsica, he 
 was recalled by the empress to take care 
 of the education of her son Nero, who was 
 destined to succeed to the empire. Sene- 
 ca was too well acquainted with the na- 
 tural disposition of Nero to think himself 
 secure ; he had been accused of having 
 amassed the most ample riches, and of 
 having built sumptuous houses, and adorn- 
 ed beautiful gardens, during the four years 
 in which he had attended Nero as a pre- 
 ceptor, and therefore he desired his impe- 
 rial pupil to accept of the riches, and the 
 possessions which his attendance on his 
 person had procured, and to permit him 
 to retire to solitude and study. Nero re- 
 fused with artful duplicity, and Seneca, to 
 avoid further suspicions, kept himself at 
 home for sometime as if laboring under a 
 disease. In the conspiracy of Piso, which 
 happened sometime after, and in which 
 some of the most noble of the Roman sen- 
 ators were concerned, Seneca's name was 
 mentioned by Natalis, and Nero, who was 
 glad of an opportunity of sacrificing him 
 to his secret jealousy, ordered him to de- 
 stroy himself. Seneca was at table with 
 his wife Paulina and two of his friends, 
 when the messenger from Nero arrived 
 He heard the words which commanded 
 him to destroy himself, with philosophic a. 
 firmness, and even with joy, and observ- 
 
SE 
 
 363 
 
 SE 
 
 ed, that such a mandate might have long 
 been expected from a man who had mur- 
 dered his own mother, and assassinated 
 all his friends. As for his wife, he at- 
 tempted to calm her emotions, and when 
 she seemed resolved to die with him, he 
 said he was glad to find his example follow- 
 ed with so much constancy. Their veins 
 were opened at the same moment, but the 
 life of Paulina was preserved, and Nero, 
 who was partial to her, ordered the blood 
 to be stopped. Seneca's veins bled but 
 slowly and it has been observed, that the 
 sensible and animated conversation of his 
 dying moments was collected by his 
 friends, and that it has been preserved 
 among his works. To hasten his death 
 he drank a dose of poison, but it had no 
 effect, and therefore he ordered himself to 
 be carried into a hot-bath, to accelerate 
 the operation of the draught, and to make 
 the blood flow more freely. This was at- 
 tended with no better success, and as the 
 soldiers were clamorous, he was carried 
 into a stove, and suffocated by the steam, 
 on the twelfth of April, in the sixty-fifth 
 year of the Christian era, in his fifty-third 
 year. The compositions of Seneca are 
 numerous, and chiefly on moral subjects. 
 There are also some tragedies ascribed to 
 Seneca. 
 
 Senecio, Claudius, one of Nero's fa- 
 vorites. Tullius, a man who conspired 
 
 against Nero, and was put to death. 
 
 A man put to death by Domitian. One 
 
 of Constantine's enemies. A man who 
 
 from a restless and aspiring disposition 
 acquired the surname of Grandio. 
 
 Senia, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. 
 
 Senna, or Sena, a river of Umbria. 
 
 Senones, an uncivilized nation of Gal- 
 lia Transalpina, who left their native pos- 
 sessions, and under the conduct of Bren- 
 nus invaded Italy, and pillaged Rome. 
 
 A people of Germany near the Sue- 
 
 vus. 
 
 Sentia lex de senatu, by C. Sentius the 
 consul, A. U. C. 734, enacted the choos- 
 ing of proper persons to fill up the number 
 of senators. 
 
 Sentinum, a town of Umbria. 
 
 Sentius Cn. a governor of Syria, under 
 the emperors. A governor of Macedo- 
 nia. Septimius, one of the soldiers of 
 
 Pompey, who assisted the Egyptians in 
 
 murdering him. A writer in the reign 
 
 of the emperor Alexander. 
 
 Sepias, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, 
 now St. George. 
 
 Seplasia, a place of Capua, where oint- 
 ments were sold. 
 
 Septem a<iu;e, a portion of the lake near 
 Reate. Fratres, a mountain of Mauri- 
 tania, now Gebel Mousa. Maria, the 
 
 entrance of the seven mouths of the Po. 
 
 Septempeda, a town of Picenum. 
 
 Septerion, a festival observed once in 
 
 nine years at Delphi, in honor of Apol- 
 lo. 
 
 Septimius, Tit. a Roman knight dis- 
 tinguished by his poetical compositions, 
 and intimate with Augustus as well as 
 
 Horace. A centurion put to death. 
 
 A native of Africa, who distinguished 
 himself at Rome as a poet. 
 
 Septimuleius, L. a friend of C. Grac- 
 chus. He suffered himself to be bribed by 
 Opimius, and had the meanness to carry 
 his friend's head fixed to a pole through 
 the streets of Rome. 
 
 Septra, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Sequana, a river of Gaul, now called 
 la Seine. 
 
 Sequani, a people of Gaul near the ter- 
 ritories of the ^Edui, famous for their wars 
 against Rome, &c. The country which 
 they inhabited is now called Franclie 
 Compte", or Upper Burgundy. 
 
 Sequinius, a native of Alba, who mar- 
 ried one of his daughters to Curiatius of 
 Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen 
 of Rome. 
 
 Serapio, a surname given to one of the 
 
 Scipios. A Greek poet who flourished 
 
 in the age of Trajan. An Egyptian put 
 
 to death by Achillas. 
 
 Serapis, one of the Egyptian deities, 
 supposed to be the same as Osiris. He 
 had a magnificent temple at Memphis, an- 
 other very rich at Alexandria, and a third 
 at Canopus. The worship of Serapis was 
 introduced at Rome, by the emperor An- 
 toninus Pius, A. D. 146. 
 
 Serdonis, a lake between Egypt and 
 Palestine. 
 
 Serena, a daughter of Theodosius who 
 married Stilicho. She was put to death. 
 
 Serenianus, a favorite of Gallus, the 
 brother of Julian. He was put to death. 
 
 Serenus Samonicus, a physician in the 
 age of the emperor Severus and Caracalla. 
 There remains a poem of his composition 
 
 on medicine. Vibius, a governor of 
 
 Spain accused of cruelty in his province, 
 and put to death by order of Tiberius. 
 
 Seres, a nation of Asia, according to 
 Ptolemy, between the Ganges and the 
 eastern ocean in the modern Thibet. They 
 were naturally of a meek disposition. 
 Silk, of which the fabrication was un- 
 known to the ancients, who imagined that 
 the materials were collected from the 
 leaves of trees, was brought to Rome from 
 their country, and on that account it re- 
 ceived the name of Sericum, and thence a 
 garment or dress of silk is called serica 
 vestis. Some suppose that the Seres are 
 the same as the Chinese. 
 
 Sergestus, a sailor in the fleet of /Ene- 
 as, from whom the family of the Sergii at 
 Rome were descended. 
 
 Sergia, a Roman matron. She con- 
 spired with others to poison their hus- 
 bands. The plot was discovered, and 
 
SE 
 
 364 
 
 SE 
 
 Sergia, with some of her accomplices, 
 drank poison and died. 
 
 Seegius, one of the names of Catiline. 
 
 A military tribune at the siege of 
 
 Veii. The family of the Sergii was patri- 
 cian, and branched out into the several 
 families of the Fidenates, Sili, Catilince, 
 JYattai, Ocellce, and Planci. 
 
 Seegius and Seegiolus, a deformed 
 youth, greatly admired by the Roman la- 
 dies in Juvenal's age. 
 
 Seeiphus, an island in the ^Egean sea, 
 very barren and uncultivated. The Ro- 
 mans generally sent their criminals there 
 in banishment. 
 
 Seemyla, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Seeon, a general of Antiochus Epi- 
 phanes. 
 
 Seeeanus, a surname given to Cincin- 
 natus, because he was found sowing his 
 fields when told that he had been elected 
 
 dictator. One of the auxiliaries of Tur- 
 
 nus, killed in the night by Nisus. A 
 
 poet of some merit in Domitian's reign. 
 
 Seeeheum, a fortified place of Thrace. 
 
 Quintus Seetoeius, a Roman general 
 son of Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia. 
 When Marius and Cinna entered Rome 
 and slaughtered all their enemies, Serto- 
 rius accompanied them, but he expressed 
 his sorrow and concern at the melancholy 
 death of so many of his countrymen. He 
 afterwards fled for safety into Spain, when 
 Sylla had proscribed him, and in this dis- 
 tant province he behaved himself with so 
 much address and valor that he was look- 
 ed upon as the prince of the country. The 
 success of Sertorius in Spain, and his po- 
 pularity among the natives, alarmed the 
 Romans. They sent some troops to op- 
 pose him, but with little success. Four 
 armies were found insufficient to crush or 
 even hurt Sertorius ; and Pompey and 
 Metellus, who never engaged an enemy 
 without obtaining the victory, were driven 
 with dishonour from the field. But the 
 favorite of the Lusitanians was exposed 
 to the dangers which usually attend great- 
 ness. Perpenna, one of his officers who 
 was jealous of his fame, and tired of a su- 
 perior, conspired against him. At a ban- 
 quet the conspirators began to open their 
 intentions by speaking with freedom and 
 licentiousness in the presence of Serto- 
 rius, whose age and character had hither- 
 to claimed deference from others. Per- 
 penna overturned a glass of wine, as a 
 signal to the rest of the conspirators, and 
 immediately Antonius, one of his officers, 
 stabbed Sertorius, and the example was 
 followed by all the rest, seventy-three 
 years before Christ. Sertorius has been 
 commended for his love of justice and 
 moderation. 
 
 Seevjeus, a man accused by Tiberius of 
 being privy to the conspiracy of Sejanns. 
 
 Sbevianus, a consul in the reign of 
 
 Adrian. He was a great favorite of the 
 emperor Trajan. 
 
 Seevilia, a sister of Cato of Utica, 
 greatly enamored of J. Caesar, though bet 
 brother was one of the most inveterate 
 
 enemies of her lover. Another sister 
 
 of Cato, who married Silanus. A 
 
 daughter of Thrasea, put to death by or- 
 der of Nero, with her father. 
 
 Seevilia lex de pecuniis repetundis, by 
 C. Servilius the praetor, A. U. C. 653.- — 
 Another dejudicibus, by Q,. Servilius Cae- 
 pio, the consul, A. U. C. 648. Anoth- 
 er, de civitate, by C. Servilius. An- 
 other, agraria, by P. Servilius Rullus, the 
 tribune, A. U. C. 690. 
 
 Seevilianus, a Roman consul defeated 
 by Viriathus, in Spain, &c. 
 
 Seevilius Q,uintus, a Roman who in 
 
 his dictatorship defeated the ^Equi. 
 
 Publius, a consul who supported the cause 
 of the people against the nobles, and ob- 
 tained a triumph in spite of the opposition 
 of the senate, after defeating the Volsci. 
 He afterwards changed his opinions, and 
 very violently opposed the people, because 
 they illiberally treated him. A procon- 
 sul killed at the battle of Cannae by Anni- 
 
 bal. Ahala, a master of horse to the 
 
 dictator Cincinnatus. He was raised to 
 
 the dictatorship. Marcus, a man who 
 
 pleaded in favor of Paulus iEmilius. 
 
 A man appointed to guard the sea-coast 
 of Pontus, by Pompey. Publius, a pro- 
 consul of Asia during the age of Mithri- 
 dates. — - — The family of the Servilii was 
 of patrician rank, and came to settle at 
 Rome after the destruction of Alba, where 
 they were promoted to the highest offices 
 of the state. Lacus, a lake near Rome. 
 
 Seevius Tullius, the sixth king of 
 Rome, was son of Ocrisia, a slave of Cor 
 niculum. Young Servius was educated 
 in the palace of the monarch with great 
 care, and though originally a slave, he 
 raised himself so much to consequence, 
 that Tarquin gave him his daughter in 
 marriage. His own private merit and vir 
 tues recommended him to notice not less 
 than the royal favors, and Servius become 
 the favorite- of the people and the darling 
 of the soldiers, by his liberality and com- 
 plaisance, was easily raised to the throne 
 on the death of his father-in-law. Rome 
 had no reason to repent of her choice 
 Servius endeared himself still more as a 
 warrior and as a legislator. He married 
 his two daughters to the grandsons of his 
 father-in-law ; the elder to Tarquin, and 
 the younger to Arunx. The wife of 
 Arunx, naturally fierce and impetuous, 
 murdered her own husband to unite her- 
 self to Tarquin, who had likewise assas- 
 sinated his wife. These bloody measures 
 were no sooner pursued than Servius was 
 murdered by his own son-in-law, and his 
 daughter Tullia showed herself bo inimi- 
 
SE 
 
 365 
 
 SE 
 
 cal to filial gratitude and piety, that she 
 ordered her chariot to be driven over the 
 
 mangled body of her father, B. C. 534. 
 
 Galba, a seditious person. Claudius, a 
 
 grammarian. A friend of Sylla. 
 
 Cornelius, a consul in the first ages of the 
 
 republic. Sulpitius, an orator in the 
 
 age of Cicero and Hortensius. A des- 
 picable informer in the Augustan age. 
 Honoratus Maurus, a learned gram- 
 marian. 
 
 Sesara, a daughter of Celeus, king of 
 Eleusis, sister to Triptolemus. 
 
 Sesostris, a celebrated king of Egypt 
 some ages before the Trojan war. When 
 Sesostris had succeeded on his father's 
 throne, he became ambitious of military 
 fame, and after he had divided his king- 
 dom into thirty-six different districts, he 
 marched at the head of a numerous army 
 to make the conquest of the world. Li- 
 bya, ^Ethiopia, Arabia, with all the islands 
 of the Red Sea, were conquered, and the 
 victorious monarch marched through Asia, 
 and penetrated further into the east than 
 the conqueror of Darius. He also invaded 
 Europe, and subdued the Thraclans. At 
 his return home the monarch employed 
 his time in encouraging the fine arts, and 
 in improving the revenues of his kingdom. 
 He erected one hundred temples to the 
 gods for the victories he had obtained, 
 and mounds of earth were heaped up in 
 several parts of Egypt, where cities were 
 built for the reception of the inhabitants 
 during the inundations of the Nile. In his 
 ftld age Sesostris, grown infirm and blind, 
 destroyed himself, after a reign of forty- 
 jour years according to some. The age of 
 Eesostris is so remote from every authen- 
 ic record, that many have supported that 
 the actions and conquests ascribed to this 
 monarch are uncertain and totally fabu- 
 lous. 
 
 Sessites, now Sessia, a river of Cisal- 
 pine Gaul, falling into the Po. 
 
 Sestias, a name applied to Hero, as 
 born at Sestos. 
 
 Se9tius, a friend of Brutus, with whom 
 he fought at the battle of Philippi. Augus- 
 tus resigned the consulship in his favor, 
 though he still continued to reverence the 
 
 memory of Brutus. A governor of 
 
 Syria. 
 
 Sestos, or Sestus, a town of Thrace. 
 
 Sesuvii, a people of Celtic Gaul. 
 
 Setabis, a town of Spain, famous for 
 the manufacture of linen. 
 
 Sethon, a priest of Vulcan, who made 
 himself king of Egypt after the death of 
 Anysis. He was attacked by the Assy- 
 rians and delivered from this powerful 
 enemy by an immense number of rats, 
 which in one night gnawed their bow 
 strings and thongs, so that on the morrow 
 their arms were found to be useless. From 
 this wonderful circumstance Sethon had 
 31* 
 
 a statue which represented him with a 
 rat in his hand, with the inscription of, 
 Whoever fixes his eyes upon me, let him be 
 pious. 
 
 Setia, a town of Latium, celebrated for 
 its wines. 
 
 Severa, Julia Aquilia, a Roman lady, 
 whom the emperor Heliogabalus married. 
 
 Valeria, the wife of Valentian, and 
 
 the mother of Gratian, known for her 
 avarice and ambition. Her prudent acl 
 vice at last ensured her son Gratian on tha 
 
 imperial throne. The wife of Philip the 
 
 Roman emperor. 
 
 Severianus, a governor of Macedonia, 
 
 father-in-law to the emperor Philip. A 
 
 general of the Roman armies in the reign 
 of Valentinian, defeated by the Germans. 
 A son of the emperor Severus. 
 
 Severus, Lucius Seftimius, a Roman 
 emperor born at Leptis in Africa. After 
 the murder of Pertinax, Severus resolved 
 to remove Didius Julianus, who had 
 bought the imperial purple ; and therefore 
 he proclaimed himself emperor on the 
 borders of Illyricum, where he was sta- 
 tioned against the barbarians. He took as 
 his partner in the empire, Albinus, who 
 was at the head of the Roman forces in 
 Britain, and marched towards Rome. He 
 was received with universal acclamations; 
 Julianus was deserted by his favorites, 
 and assassinated by his own soldiers. But 
 while he was victorious at Rome, Seve- 
 rus did not forget that his competitor, Pes- 
 cennius Niger, was in the east, at the 
 head of a powerful army. Many obstinate 
 battles were fought between the troops of 
 imperial rivals, till, on the plains of Issus, 
 Niger was totally ruined by the loss of 
 twenty thousand men. Severus after- 
 wards pillaged Byzantium, and conquered 
 several nations in the east ; he then re- 
 turned to Rome, and resolved to destroy 
 his only remaining rival, Albinus, with 
 whom he had hitherto reluctantly shared 
 the imperial power. He attempted to as- 
 sassinate him by his emissaries ; but when 
 this had failed, Severus had recourse to 
 arms, and the fate of the empire was 
 again decided on the plains of Gaul. Al- 
 binus was defeated, and the conqueror 
 was so elated, that he insulted the dead 
 body of his rival, and ordered it to be 
 thrown into the Rhone. After enjoying a 
 short respite from the toils of war, Seve- 
 rus again marched into the east, with his 
 two sons, Caracalla and Geta, and made 
 himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and 
 Ctesiphon, and advanced without opposi- 
 tion into the Parthian territories. From 
 Parthia he marched towards the more 
 southern provinces of Asia ; and, after he 
 had visited the tomb of Pompey the Groat, 
 he entered Alexandria, to which city he 
 granted a senate, and viewed with curios- 
 ity the monuments and ruins which that 
 
SE 
 
 366 
 
 SI 
 
 ancient kingdom contained. The revolt 
 of Britain recalled Severus from the east : 
 thither he directed his attention, reduced 
 it under his power, and built, a wall across 
 the northern part of the island, to defend 
 it against the frequent invasions of the 
 Caledonians. Severus died at York, aged 
 sixty-six, exclaiming, that he had been 
 every thing man could wish, but was then 
 nothing. Alexander, a native of Phoe- 
 nicia, adopted by Heliogabalus ; at whose 
 death he was proclaimed emperor, by the 
 unanimous approval of the army and the 
 congratulations of the senate. Shortly 
 after he ascended the throne, the empire 
 was disturbed by the incursions of the 
 Persians ; and Alexander marched into 
 the east and obtained a decisive victory 
 over them. At his return to Rome, he 
 was honored with a triumph ; but the re- 
 volt of the Germans called him away from 
 the indolence of the capital. Severus was 
 murdered in his tent, in the midst of his 
 camp, after reigning thirteen years, A. D. 
 
 235. Flavius Valerius, a native of Illy- 
 
 ricum nominated Cresar by Galeriua. He 
 was put to death by Maximianus, A. D. 
 307. Julius, a governor of Britain, un- 
 der Adrian. A general of Valens. 
 
 Libius, a man proclaimed emperor of the 
 west, at Ravenna, after the death of Ma- 
 jorianus. He was soon after poisoned. 
 
 Lucius Cornelius, a Latin poet in the 
 
 age of Augustus. Cassius, an orator 
 
 banished by Augustus, for his illiberal 
 
 language. Sulpitius, an ecclesiastical 
 
 historian, who died A. D. 420. An offi- 
 cer under the emperor Julian. Aqui- 
 
 lius, a native of Spain. An officer of 
 
 Valentinian. A prefect of Rome. 
 
 A celebrated architect employed in build- 
 ing Nero's golden palace at Rome, after 
 
 the burning of that city. A mountain of 
 
 Italy, near the Fabaris. 
 
 Sevo, a ridge of mountains between 
 Norway and Sweden, now called Fiell, 
 or Dqfre. 
 
 Seuthes, a man who dethroned his 
 
 monarch. A friend of Perdiccas, one 
 
 of Alexander's generals. A Thracian 
 
 king, who encouraged his countrymen to 
 revolt. This name is common to several 
 of the Thracian princes. 
 
 Sextia, a woman celebrated for her 
 virtue and her constancy, put to death by 
 Nero. 
 
 Sextia Licinia Lex, de Magistralibus, 
 by C. Licinius and L. Sextius the tribunes, 
 
 A. U. C. 386. Another, de religione, by 
 
 the same, A. U. C. 385. 
 
 Sextia Aqu.s:, now Mz, a place of Ci- 
 salpine Gaul, where the Cimbri were de- 
 feated by Marius. 
 
 Sextilia, the wife of Vitellius. She 
 
 became mother of two children. An- 
 
 •ther in the same family. 
 
 Sextiliui, a governor ef Africa, who 
 
 ordered Blarius when he landed there to 
 depart immediately from his province. 
 Marius heard this with some concern, 
 and said to the messenger, Oo and tell your 
 master that you have seen the exiled Marius 
 sitting on the ruins of Carthage. A Ro- 
 man preceptor, who was seized and car- 
 ried away by pirates. One of the offi- 
 cers of Lucullus. HEena, a poet. An 
 
 officer sent to Germany. 
 
 Sextius, a lieutenant of Cresar in Gaul. 
 
 A seditious tribune in the first ages 
 
 of the republic. Lucius, was remarka- 
 ble for his friendship with Brutus ; he 
 gained the confidence of Augustus, and 
 
 was consul. The first plebeian consul. 
 
 A dictator. One of the sons of Tar- 
 
 quin. 
 
 Sextus, a praenomen given to the sixth 
 
 son of a family. A son of Pompey the 
 
 Great. A Stoic philosopher, born at 
 
 Cheronsea in Bceotia. A governor of 
 
 Syria. A philosopher in the age of An- 
 toninus. 
 
 Sibje, a people of India. 
 
 Sibini, a people near the Suevi. 
 
 Siburtius, a satrap of Arachosia, in tha 
 age of Alexander. 
 
 Sibylla, certain women inspired by 
 heaven, who flourished in different parts 
 of the world. They were ten in number ; 
 the most celebrated of whom was that of 
 Cuniffl, in Italy. Apollo became enamor- 
 ed of her, and offered to give her what- 
 ever she should ask. The Sibyl demanded 
 to live as many years as she had grains of 
 sand in her hand, but forgot to ask for the 
 enjoyment of the health, vigor, and bloom, 
 of which she was then in possession. 
 The god granted her request, but she re- 
 fused to gratify the passion of her lover, 
 though he promised her perpetual youth 
 and beauty. She became old and decrepid, 
 her form decayed, and melancholy pale- 
 ness and haggard looks succeeded to 
 bloom and cheerfulness. She had already 
 lived about seven hundred years when 
 ^neas went to Italy, and had three cen- 
 turies more to exist before her years were 
 as numerous as the grains of sand she had 
 held in her hand. Another of these Sibyls 
 went to the palace of Tarquin the Proud, 
 and offered three books for sale at a very 
 high price. The monarch bought the 
 books, and she instantly vanished, and 
 never afterwards appeared to the world. 
 They were preserved with great care by 
 Tarquin, and called the Sibylline verses. 
 A college of priests was appointed to keep 
 them ; and such reverence did the Ro- 
 mans entertain for them, that they were 
 consulted with the greatest solemnity, and 
 only when the state seemed to be in danger. 
 
 Sic a, a man who showed much atten- 
 tion to Cicero in his banishment. 
 
 Sicambri, or Sycambri, a peopl* of 
 Germany, conquered by the Romans. 
 
1 
 
 S! 
 
 367 
 
 SI 
 
 Sicambria, the country of the Sicara- 
 bri, formed the modern province of Gueld- 
 erland. 
 
 Sicani, a people of Spain, who left 
 their native country and passed into Italy, 
 and afterwards into Sicily, which they 
 called Sicania. They inhabited the neigh- 
 borhood of mount ./Etna, where they built 
 some cities and villages. 
 
 Sicania, an ancient name of Italy. The 
 name was more generally given to Sicily. 
 
 Sicca, a town of Numidia, at the west 
 of Carthage. 
 
 Sicelis, (Sicelides, plur.) an epithet 
 applied to the inhabitants of Sicily. 
 
 Sich-eus, called also Sicharbas and 
 Aherbas, was a priest of the temple of 
 Hercules in Phoenicia. He married Eli- 
 sa, the daughter of Belus, and sister of 
 king Pygmalion better known by the 
 name of Dido. He was so extremely rich, 
 that his brother-in-law murdered him to 
 obtain his possessions. This murder 
 Pygmalion concealed from his sister Di- 
 do; and he amused her by telling her, 
 that her husband was gone upon an affair 
 of importance, and that he would soon 
 return. This would have perhaps suc- 
 ceeded had not the shades of Sichasus 
 appeared to Dido, and related to her the 
 cruelty of Pygmalion, and advised her to 
 fly from Tyre, after she had previously 
 secured some treasures, which, as he 
 mentioned, were concealed in an obscure 
 and unknown place. 
 
 Sicilia, the largest and most celebrated 
 island in the Mediterranean sea, at the 
 bottom of Italy. It was anciently called 
 Sicania, Trinacria, and Triquetra. Sicily 
 is about six hundred miles in circumfer- 
 ence, celebrated for its fertility, so much 
 that it was called one of the granaries of 
 Rome, and Pliny says that it rewards the 
 husbandman an hundred fold. The in- 
 habitants were so fond of luxury, that Si- 
 eul<B mensm became proverbial. The rights 
 of citizens of Rome were extended to 
 
 them by M. Antony. The island of Nax- 
 
 os, in the ^Egean, was called Little Sicily, 
 on account of its fruitfulness. 
 
 L. Sicinius Dentatusj a tribune of 
 Rome, celebrated for his valor and the 
 honors he obtained in the field of battle 
 during the period of forty years, in which 
 he was engaged in the Roman armies. 
 The popularity of Sicinius became odious 
 to Appius Claudius, who wished to make 
 himself absolute at Rome, and therefore 
 to remove him from the capital, he sent 
 him to the army, by which, soon after his 
 arrival, he was attacked and murdered. 
 Of one hundred men who were ordered to 
 fall upon him, Sicinius killed fifteen, and 
 wounded thirty ; and according to Diony- 
 sius, the surviving number had recourse 
 to artifice to overpower him, by killing 
 kim with a shower of stone* and darts 
 
 thrown at a distance, about four hundred 
 and five years before the Christian era. 
 For this uncommon courage Sicinius has 
 
 been called the Roman Achilles. Vel- 
 
 lutus, one of the first tribunes in Rome. 
 -Sabinus, a Roman general who de- 
 feated the Volsci. 
 
 Sicinus, a man privately sent by The- 
 mistocles to deceive Xerxes. An is- 
 land. 
 
 Sicorus, now Segre, a river of Hispania 
 Tarraconensis. 
 
 Siculi, a people of Italy, driven from 
 their possessions by the Opici. They fled 
 into Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled 
 and gave their name to the island. 
 
 Siculum fretum, the sea which sepa- 
 rates Sicily from Italy. 
 
 Sicyon, now Basilico, a town of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, the capital of Sicyonia. It is 
 celebrated as being the most ancient king- 
 dom of Greece, which began B. C. 2089, 
 and ended B. C. 1088. 
 
 Sicyonia, a province of Peloponnesus, 
 on the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon 
 was the capital. It is the most eminent 
 kingdom of Greece. 
 
 Side, the wife of Orion, thrown into 
 hell by Juno, for boasting herself fairer 
 
 than the goddess. A daughter of Belus. 
 
 A daughter of Danaus. A town of 
 
 Pamphylia. 
 
 Sidero, the stepmother of Tyro, killed 
 by Pelias. 
 
 Sidicinum, a town of Campania, called 
 also Teanum. 
 
 Sidon, an ancient city of Phoenicia, 
 the capital of the country, with a famous 
 harbor, now called Said. The people of 
 Sidon are well known for their industry, 
 their skill in arithmetic, in astronomy, 
 and commercial affairs, and in sea voy- 
 ages. They however have the character 
 of being very dishonest. 
 
 Sidoniorum insuljs, islands in the 
 Persian gulf. 
 
 Sidonis, is the country of which Sidon 
 was the capital, situate at the west of Sy- 
 ria. 
 
 Sidonius Caius Sollius Apollinaris, 
 a Christian writer, born A. D. 430. He 
 died in the fifty -second year of his age. 
 There are remaining of his compositions, 
 
 some letters and poems. The epithet 
 
 of* Sidonius is applied not only to the na- 
 tives of Sidon, but it is used to express the 
 excellence of any thing, especially em- 
 broidery or dyed garments. 
 
 Siena Julia, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Siga, now Ned-Roma, a town of Nu- 
 midia. 
 
 Sig-eum, or Sigeum, noAV cape Ineihi- 
 sari, a town of Troas, on a promontory of 
 the same name. 
 
 Signia, an ancient town of Latiuni. 
 A mountain of Phrygia. 
 
 Sigote»§us, a prince among th« Celta. 
 
SI 
 
 368 
 
 SI 
 
 Sigyni, Sigunje, or Sigynn^;, a nation 
 of European Scythia. 
 
 Sila, or Syla, a large wood in the 
 country of the Brutii near the Apennines, 
 abounding with much pitch. 
 
 Silana Julia, a woman at the court 
 of Nero, remarkable for her licentiousness 
 and impurities. 
 
 D. Silanus, a son of T. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus, accused of extortion in the man- 
 agement of the province of Macedonia. 
 The father himself desired to hear the 
 complaints laid against his son, and pro- 
 nounced him on the third day guilty of 
 extortion, and unworthy to be called a 
 citizen of Rome. He also banished him 
 from his presence, and so struck was the 
 son at the severity of his father, that he 
 hanged himself on the following night. 
 
 C. Junius, a consul under Tiberius, 
 
 accused of extortion, and banished to the 
 
 island of Citheraa. Torquatus, a man 
 
 put to death by Nero. Lucius, a man 
 
 betrothed to Octavia, the daughter of 
 Claudius. Nero took Octavia away from 
 him, and on the day of her nuptials, Sila- 
 nus killed himself. An augur in the 
 
 army of the 10,000 Greeks. 
 
 Silarus, a river of Picenum, rising in 
 the Apennine mountains, and falling into 
 the Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is le- 
 ported, petrified all leaves that fell into it. 
 SixENj,a people on the banks of the 
 Indus. 
 
 Silenus, a demi-god, who became the 
 nurse, the preceptor, and attendant of the 
 god Bacchus. Malea in Lesbos was the 
 place of his birth. After death he receiv- 
 ed divine honors, and had a temple in 
 Elis. Silenus is generally represented as 
 a fat and jolly old man, riding on an ass, 
 crowned with flowers, and always intox- 
 icated. A Carthaginian historian. 
 
 An historian. 
 Sijlicense, a river of Spain. 
 Silicis MoNs, a town near Padua. 
 Silis, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling 
 into the Adriatic. 
 
 C. Silius Italicus, a Latin poet, who 
 was originally at the bar, where he for 
 some time distinguished himself, till he 
 retired from Rome more particularly to 
 consecrate his time to study. He was 
 consul the year that Nero was murdered. 
 Silius starved himself when laboring un- 
 der an imposthume which his physicians 
 were unable to remove, in the beginning 
 of Trajan's reign, about the seventy -fifth 
 year of his age. There remains a poem 
 of Italicus, on the second Punic war di- 
 vided into seventeen books, greatly com- 
 mended by Martial. Caius, a man of 
 
 consular dignity, greatly loved by Mes- 
 salina for his comely appearance and ele- 
 gant address. A tribune in Csesar's 
 
 legions in Gaul. A commander in Ger- 
 many, put to death by Sejanus. 
 
 Silphium, a part of Libya. 
 Silpia, a town of Spain. 
 Silvanus, a rural deity, son of an Ita- 
 lian shepherd by a goat. From this cir- 
 cumstance he is generally represented as 
 
 half a man and half a goat. A man 
 
 who murdered his wife Apronia. One 
 
 of those who conspired against Nero. 
 
 An officer of Constantius, who revolted 
 and made himself emperor He was 
 assassinated by his soldiers. 
 
 Silvium, a town of Apulia. A town 
 
 of Istria. 
 
 Silures, the people of South Wales in 
 Britian. 
 
 Simbrivius, or Simbruvius, a lake of 
 Latium, formed by the Anio. 
 
 Simena, a town of Lyeia near Chime- 
 ra. 
 
 Simethus, or Symethus, a town and 
 river at the east of Sicily. 
 
 Simil^e, a grove at Rome where the 
 orgies of Bacchus were celebrated. 
 Similis, one of the courtiers of Trajan. 
 Simmias, a philosopher of Thebes who 
 
 wrote dialogues. A grammarian of 
 
 Rhodes. A Macedonian suspected of 
 
 conspiracy against Alexander. 
 Simo, a comic character in Terence. 
 Simois, a river of Troas which rises in 
 mount Ida, and falls into the Xanthus. 
 
 Simoisius, a Trojan prince sonol'An- 
 themion, killed by Ajax. 
 
 Simon, a currier of Athens, whom So- 
 crates often visited on account of his great 
 
 sagacity and genius. Another who 
 
 wrote on rhetoric. A sculptor. The 
 
 name of Simon was common among the 
 Jews. 
 
 Simon ides, a celebrated poet of Cos, 
 who flourished 538 B. C. He wrote ele- 
 gies, epigrams, and dramatical pieces, es- 
 teemed for their elegance and sweetness, 
 and composed also epic poems, one on 
 Cambyses king of Persia, &c. He obtain- 
 ed a poetical prize in the eightieth year of 
 his age, and he lived to his ninetieth year. 
 The people of Syracuse, who had hospi- 
 tably honored him when alive, erected a 
 magnificent monument to his memory. 
 Simonides, according to some, added four 
 letters to the alphabet of the Greeks. 
 Some fragments of his poetry are extant. 
 Simplicius, a Greek commentator on 
 Aristotle. 
 
 Simulus, an ancient poet who wrote 
 some verses on the Tarpeian rock. 
 
 Simus, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. 
 Simyra, a town of Phoenicia. 
 Sinje, a people of India. 
 Sindje, islands in the Indian Ocean, 
 supposed to be the Nicabar islands. 
 Sindi, a people of European Scythia. 
 Sing-ei, a people on the confines of 
 Macedonia and Thrace. 
 
 Singara, a city at the north of Mesopo- 
 tamia 
 
SI 
 
 369 
 
 SI 
 
 Singulis, a river of Spain. 
 
 Singus, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Sinis, a famous robber. 
 
 Sinnaces, a Parthian of an illustrious 
 family, who conspired against his prince. 
 
 Sinnacha, a town of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Sinoe, a nymph of Arcadia, who 
 brought up Pan. 
 
 Sinon, a son of Sisyphus who accom- 
 panied the Greeks to the Trojan war, and 
 there distinguished himself by his cun- 
 ning and fraud, and his intimacy with 
 Ulysses. Sinon advised Priam to bring 
 into his city the wooden horse which the 
 Greeks had left behind them, and to con- 
 secrate it to Minerva. His advice was 
 followed, and Sinon in the night, to com- 
 plete his perfidy, opened the side of the 
 horse, from which issued a number of 
 armed Greeks, who surprised the Trojans, 
 and pillaged their city. 
 
 Sinofe, a daughter of the Asopus, be- 
 loved by Apollo. A seaport town of 
 
 Asia Minor, in Pontus. The original 
 
 name of Sinuessa. 
 
 Sinorix, a governor of Gaul. 
 
 Sintice, a district of Macedonia. 
 
 Si nth, a nation of Thracians, who in- 
 habited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there 
 from heaven. 
 
 Sinuessa, a maritime town of Campa- 
 nia, originally called Sinope. It was cele- 
 brated for its hot-baths and mineral wa- 
 ters. 
 
 Si on, one of the hills on which Jerusa- 
 lem was built. 
 
 Siphnos, now Sifano, one of the Cy- 
 clades, situate at the west cf Paros, 20 
 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, 
 or, according to modern travellers, 40. 
 Siphnos had many excellent harbors, and 
 produced great plenty of delicious fruit. 
 
 Sifontum, Sipus, or Sepus, a maritime 
 town of Apulia in Italy. 
 
 Sipylum and Sifylus, a town of Lydia 
 with a mountain of the same name near 
 the Meander, formerly called Ceraunius. 
 
 One of Niobe's children, killed by 
 
 Apollo. 
 
 Sirbo, a lake between Egypt and Pa- 
 lestine, now Sebacket Bardoil. 
 
 Sirenes, sea-nymphs who charmed so 
 much with their melodious voice, that all 
 forgot their employments to listen with 
 more attention, and at last died for want 
 of food. They were three in number, 
 called Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucosia, 
 and they usually lived in a small island 
 near cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some authors 
 suppose that they were monsters, who 
 had the form of a woman above the waist, 
 and the rest of the body like that of a 
 bird ; or rather that the whole body was 
 covered with feathers, and had the shape 
 of a bird, except the head, which was 
 that of a beautiful female. The Sirens 
 were informed by the oracle, that as soon 
 
 as any persons passed by them without 
 suffering themselves to be charmed by 
 their songs, they should perish ; and their 
 melody had prevailed in calling the at- 
 tention of all passengers, till Ulysses, in- 
 formed of the power of their voice by 
 Circe, stopped the ears of his companions 
 with wax, and ordered himself to be tied 
 to the mast of his ship, and no attention 
 to be paid to his commands, should he 
 wish to stay and listen to the song. This 
 was a salutary precaution. Ulysses made 
 signs for his companions to stop, but they 
 were disregarded and the fatal coast was 
 passed with safety. Upon this artifice 
 of Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappoint- 
 ed, that they threw themselves into the 
 sea and perished. 
 
 Sirenus-e, three small rocky islands 
 near the coast of Campania, where the 
 Sirens were supposed to reside. 
 
 Siris, a town of Magna Grecia. 
 
 The ^Ethiopians gave that name to the 
 Nile, before its divided streams united 
 
 into one current. A town of Paonia in 
 
 Thrace. 
 
 Sirius, or Canicula, the dog star, 
 whose appearance as the ancients suppos- 
 ed, always caused great heat on the earth. 
 
 Sirmio, now Sermione, a peninsula in 
 the lake Benacus. 
 
 Sirmium, the capital of Pannonia. 
 
 Sisamnes, a judge flayed alive for his 
 partiality, by order of Cambyses. 
 
 Sisapho, a Corinthian who had mur- 
 dered his brother because he had put his 
 children to death. 
 
 Sisapo, a town of Spain, famous for its 
 vermilion mines. 
 
 Siscia, a town of Pannonia, now Sisseg. 
 
 Sisenes, a Persian deserter who con- 
 spired against Alexander. 
 
 L. Sisenna, an ancient historian among 
 
 the Romans, 91 B. C. The family of 
 
 the Cornelii and Apronii received the sur- 
 name of Sisenna. 
 
 Sisigambis, or Sisygambis, the mother 
 of Darius the last king of Persia. She 
 was taken prisoner by Alexander the 
 Great, at the battle of Issus, with the rest 
 of the royal family. The regard of the 
 queen for Alexander was uncommon, and, 
 indeed, she no sooner heard that he was 
 dead, than she killed herself, unwilling 
 to survive the loss of so generous an ene- 
 my. 
 
 Sisimithr^:, a fortified place of Bac- 
 triana, fifteen stadia high, eighty in cir- 
 cumference, and plain at the top. 
 
 Sisocostus, one of the friends of Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 Sisyphus, a brother of Athamas and 
 Salmoneus, son of ^Eolus and Enaretta, 
 the most crafty prince of the heroic ages. 
 He married Merope the daughter of Atlas, 
 or according to others of Pandareus, by 
 whom he had several children. After his 
 
so 
 
 370 
 
 SO 
 
 death, Sisyphus was condemned in hell, 
 to roll to the top of a hill a large stone, 
 which had no sooner reached the summit 
 than it fell back into the plain with im- 
 petuosity, and rendered his punishment 
 eternal. The causes of this rigorous sen- 
 tence are variously reported. A son of 
 
 M. Antony, who was born deformed. 
 Sitalces, one of Alexander's generals. 
 
 A king of Thrace, B. C. 436. 
 
 Sithnides, certain nymphs of a foun- 
 tain in Megara. 
 
 Sithon, a king of Thrace. An island 
 
 in the iEgean. 
 
 Sithonia, a country of Thrace between 
 mount Hffimus and the Danube. Sithonia 
 is often applied to all Thrace. 
 
 Sitius, a Roman who assisted Caesar 
 in Africa with great success. 
 Sitones, a nation of Germany. 
 Sittace, a town of Assyria. 
 Smaragdus, a town of Egypt on the 
 Arabian gulf, where emeralds were dug. 
 Smenus, a river of Laconia. 
 Smerdis, a son of Cyrus, put to death 
 by order of his brother Cambyses. 
 
 Smilax, a beautiful shepherdess who 
 became enamored of Crocus. She was 
 changed into a flower, as also her lover. 
 
 Smilis, a statuary of ^Egina in the age 
 of Daedalus. 
 
 Smindyrides, a native of Sybaris, fa- 
 mous for his luxury. 
 
 Smintheus, one of the surnames of 
 Apollo in Phrygia, where the inhabitants 
 raised him a temple, because he had de- 
 stroyed a number of rats that infested the 
 country. 
 
 Smyrna, a celebrated seaport town of 
 Ionia in Asia Minor. It was one of the 
 richest and most powerful cities of Asia, 
 and still continues to be a very commer- 
 cial town. A daughter of Thias, mo- 
 ther of Adonis. An Amazon. The 
 
 name of a poem which Cinna, a Latin 
 poet, composed in nine years. 
 
 Smyrn^eus, a Greek poet of the third 
 century, called also Calaber. 
 Soana, a river of Albania. 
 Soanda, a town of Armenia. 
 Soanes, a people of Colchis, near Cau- 
 casus, in whose territories the rivers 
 abound with golden sands. 
 
 Socrates, the most celebrated philoso- 
 pher of all antiquity, was a native of Ath- 
 ens. His father Sophroniscus was a stat- 
 uary, and his mother Phenarete was by 
 profession a midwife. For sometime he 
 followed the occupation of his father, and 
 some have mentioned the statues of the 
 Graces, admired for their simplicity and 
 elegance, as the work of his own hands. 
 He was called away from this meaner 
 employment, of which, however, he never 
 blushed, by Crito who admired his genius 
 and courted his friendship. Philosophy 
 soon became the study of Socrates, and 
 
 under Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid 
 the foundation of that exemplary virtue 
 which succeeding ages have ever loved 
 and venerated. He appeared like the rest 
 of his countrymen in the field of battle ; 
 he fought with boldness and intrepidity, 
 and to his courage two of his friends and 
 disciples, Xenophonand Alcibiades, owed 
 the preservation of their life. But the 
 character of Socrates appears more con- 
 spicuous as a philosopher and moralist 
 than as that of a warrior. He spoke with 
 freedom on every subject religious as well 
 as civil, and bad the courage to condemn 
 the violence of his countrymen, and to 
 withstand the torrent of resentment, by 
 which the Athenian generals were capi- 
 tally punished for not burying the dead 
 at the battle of Arginuste. This inde- 
 pendence of spirit, and that visible supe- 
 riority of mind and genius over the rest 
 of his countrymen, created many enemies 
 to Socrates ; but as his character was 
 irreproachable, and his doctrines pure, 
 and void of all obscurity, the voice of 
 malevolence was silent. Yet Aristopha- 
 nes soon undertook, at the instigation of 
 Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds, to 
 ridicule the venerable character of Socra- 
 tes on the stage ; and when once the way 
 was open to calumny and defamation, the 
 fickle and licentious populace paid no 
 reverence to the philosopher whom they 
 had before regarded as a being of a supe- 
 rior order. When this had succeeded, 
 Melitus stood forth to criminate him, to- 
 gether with Anitus and Lycon, and the 
 philosopher was summoned before the 
 tribunal of the five hundred. He was ac- 
 cused of corrupting the Athenian youth, 
 of making innovations in the religion of 
 the Greeks, and of ridiculing the many 
 gods which the Athenians worshipped; 
 yet false as this might appear, the accus- 
 ers relied for the success of their cause 
 upon the perjury of false witnesses, and 
 the envy of the judges whose ignorance 
 would readily yield to misrepresentation, 
 and be influenced and guided by eloquence 
 and artifice. In this their expectations 
 were not frustrated, and while the judges 
 expected submission from Socrates, and 
 that meanness of behavior and servility 
 of defence which distinguished criminals, 
 the philosopher, perhaps, accelerated his 
 own fall by the firmness of his mind, 
 and hi3 uncomplying integrity. In his 
 apology he spoke with great animation, 
 and confessed that while others boasted 
 that they were acquainted with every 
 thing, he himself knew nothing. The 
 whole discourse was full of simplicity and 
 noble grandeur, the energetic language of 
 offended innocence. He modestly said, 
 that what he possessed was applied for the 
 service of the Athenians : it was his wish 
 to make his fellow citizens happy, and it 
 
so 
 
 371 
 
 SO 
 
 was a duty he performed by the special 
 command of the gods, whose authority, 
 said he emphatically, to his judges, /re- 
 gard more than yours. Such language 
 from a man who was accused of a capital 
 crime, astonished and irritated the judg- 
 es. Socrates was condemned, but only 
 by a majority of three voices. The sol- 
 emn celebration of the Delian festivals 
 prevented his execution for thirty days, 
 and during that time he was confined in 
 the prison and loaded with irons. His 
 friends, and particularly his disciples, 
 were his constant attendants ; he dis- 
 coursed with them upon different sub- 
 jects with all his usual cheerfulness and 
 serenity. When the hour to drink the 
 poison was come, the executioner pre- 
 sented him the cup with tears in his eyes. 
 Socrates received it with composure, and 
 after he had made a libation to the gods, 
 he drank it with an unaltered counte- 
 nance, and a few moments after he expir- 
 ed. Such was the end of a man whom 
 the uninfluenced answer of the oracle of 
 Delphi had pronounced the wisest of man- 
 kind. Socrates died four hundred years 
 before Christ, in the seventieth year of 
 
 his age. A leader of the Achasans, at 
 
 the battle of Cunaxa. He was seized and 
 
 put to death by order of Artaxerxes. 
 
 A governor of Cilicia under Alexander 
 
 the Great. A painter A Rhodian 
 
 in the age of Augustus. He wrote an ac- 
 count of the civil wars. '■ — A scholiast 
 
 born A. D. 380, at Constantinople. An 
 
 island on the coast of Arabia. 
 
 SffiMiAs, (Julia) mother of the emperor 
 Heliogabalus, was made president of a 
 senate of women, which she had elected 
 to decide the quarrels and the affairs of 
 the Roman matrons. She at last provok- 
 ed the people by her debaucheries, extrav- 
 agance, and cruelties, and was murdered 
 with her son and family. 
 
 Sogdiana, a country of Asia, now 
 known by the name of Zagatay, or Usbec. 
 
 Sogdianus, a son of Artaxerxes Longi- 
 manus, who murdered his elder brother, 
 king Xerxes, to make himself master of 
 the Persian throne. He was but seven 
 months in possession of the crown. 
 
 Sol, (the sun,) was an object of venera- 
 tion among the ancients. It was particu- 
 larly worshipped by the Persians, under 
 the name of Mithras. 
 
 Solicinium, a town of German}', now 
 Sultz, on the Neckar. 
 
 Solinus, (C. Julius) a grammarian, at 
 the end of the first century, who wrote a 
 book called Polyhistor, which is a collec- 
 tion of historical remarks and geographi- 
 cal annotations on the most celebrated 
 places of every country. 
 
 Sons Fons, a celebrated fountain in 
 Libya. 
 
 Soloe or Soli, a town of Cjptus, built I 
 
 on the borders of the Clarius by an Athe- 
 nian colony. A town of Cilicia on the 
 
 sea-coast, built by the Greeks and Rhodi- 
 ans. 
 
 Solceis or Soloentia, a promontory of 
 
 Libya, now cape Cantin. A town of 
 
 Sicily, between Panormus and Himera, 
 now Solanto. 
 
 Solon, one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece, was born at Salamis, and educat- 
 ed at Athens. After he had devoted part 
 of his time to philosophical and political 
 studies, he travelled over the greatest part 
 of Greece ; and, at his return, found that 
 dissensions were kindling among his 
 countrymen, who fixed their eyes upon 
 him as their deliverer, and he was elect- 
 ed archon and sovereign legislator. He 
 made many salutary regulations in the 
 state, and bound the Athenians by a sol- 
 emn oath that they would faithfully ob- 
 serve his laws for the space of one hun- 
 dred years. Solon then resigned the 
 office of legislator, and travelled into 
 Egypt. After ten years' absence, he re- 
 turned to Athens ; and had the mortifi- 
 cation to find the greater part of his regu- 
 lations disregarded by the factious spirit 
 of his countrymen, and the usurpation of 
 Pisistratus, his near relation. Solon there- 
 fore quitted Athens in disgust, and retir- 
 ed to Cyprus, where he died, in the court 
 of king Philocyprus, aged eighty years. 
 B. C. 558. 
 
 Solona, a town of Gaul Cispadana on 
 the Utens. 
 
 Solonium, a town of Latium on the 
 borders of Etruria. 
 
 Solva, a town of Noricum. 
 
 Solus, a maritime town of Sicily. 
 
 Solyma, and SoLYMiE, a town of Ly- 
 cia. An ancient name of Jerusalem. 
 
 Somnus, son of Erebus and Nox, was 
 one of the infernal deities, and presided 
 over sleep. His palace, according to some 
 mythologists, is a dark cave, where the 
 sun never penetrates. At the entrance 
 are a number of poppies and somniferous 
 herbs. The god himself is represented as 
 asleep on a bed of feathers with black 
 curtains. 
 
 Sonchis, an Egyptian priest in the age 
 of Solon. 
 
 Sontiates, a people in Gaul. 
 
 Sopater, a philosopher of Apamea, in 
 the age of the emperor Constantine. 
 
 Sophax, a son of Hercules, who found- 
 ed the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania. 
 
 Sophene, a country of Armenia, on the 
 borders of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Sophocles, a celebrated tragic poet of 
 Athens, educated in the school of ^Eschy- 
 lus. He distinguished himself not only 
 as a poet, but also as a statesman. He 
 commanded the Athenian armies, and in 
 several battles he shaved the supreme 
 command with Pericles, and exercised 
 
so 
 
 372 
 
 SO 
 
 the office of archon with credit and honor. 
 The first appearance of Sophocles as a 
 poet reflects great honor on his abilities. 
 The Athenians had taken the island of 
 Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable 
 event, a yearly contest for tragedy was 
 instituted. Sophocles on this occasion 
 obtained the prize over many competitors, 
 in the number of whom was iEschylus, 
 his friend and his master. Of one hun- 
 dred and twenty tragedies which Sopho- 
 cles composed, only seven are extant ; 
 Ajax, Electra, CEdipus the tyrant, Anti- 
 gone, the Trachiniae, Philoctetes, and 
 CEdipus at Colonos. The ingratitude of 
 the children of Sophocles is well known. 
 They wished to become immediate mas- 
 ters of their father's possessions, and 
 therefore tired of his long life, they accus- 
 ed him before the Areopagus of insanity. 
 The only defence the poet made was to 
 read his tragedy of CEdipus at Colonos, 
 which he had lately finished, and then he 
 asked his judges, whether the author of 
 such a performance could be taxed with 
 insanity ? The father upon this was ac- 
 quitted, and the children returned home 
 Covered with shame and confusion. So- 
 phocles died in the ninety-first year of his 
 age, four hundred and six years before 
 Christ, through excess of joy, as some 
 authors report, of having obtained a poet- 
 ical prize at the Olympic games. 
 
 Sothonisba, a daughter of Asdrubal the 
 Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. 
 She married Scyphax, a prince of Numi- 
 dia, and when her husband was conquer- 
 ed by the Romans and Masinissa, she fell 
 a captive into the hands of the enemy. 
 Masinissa became enamored of her, and 
 married her. This conduct displeased the 
 Romans, and Sophonisba, at the bidding 
 of her husband, drank poison, B. C. 203. 
 
 Sophron, a comic poet of Syracuse, son 
 of Agathocles and Damasyllis. 
 
 Sophroniscus, the father of Socrates. 
 
 Sophronia, a Roman lady whom Max- 
 entius took by force from her husband's 
 house, and married. Sophronia killed 
 herself when she saw her affections were 
 abused by the tyrant. 
 
 Sophrosyne, a daughter of Dionysius, 
 by Dion's sister. 
 
 Sopolis, the father of Hermolaus. A 
 
 painter in Cicero's age. 
 
 Sc ra, a town of the Volsci, of which 
 the inhabitants were called Sorani. 
 
 Soractes and Soracte, a mountain of 
 Etruria, near the Tiber, seen from Rome, 
 at the distance of twenty-six miles. There 
 was, as some report, a fountain on mount 
 Soracte, whose waters boiled at sunrise, 
 and instantly killed all such birds as drank 
 of them. 
 
 Soranhs, a man put. to death by Nero. 
 
 The father of Atilia, the first wife of 
 
 Cato. 
 
 Sorex, a favorite of Sylla, and the com- 
 panion of his debaucheries. 
 
 Sorge, a daughter of CEneus king of 
 Calydon, by ^Ethea, daughter of Thes- 
 tius. She married Andremon, and was 
 mother of Oxilus. 
 
 Soritia, a town of Spain. 
 
 Sosia Galla, a woman at the court of 
 Tiberius, banished. 
 
 Sosibius, a grammarian of Laconia, 
 B. C. 255. He was a great favorite of 
 
 Ptolemy Philopator. The preceptor of 
 
 Britannicus, the son of Claudius. 
 
 Sosicles, a Greek who behaved with 
 great valor when Xerxes invaded Greece. 
 
 Sosicrates, a noble senator among the 
 Achseans, put to death because he wished 
 his countrymen to make peace with the 
 Romans. 
 
 Sosigenes, an Egyptian mathemati- 
 cian, who assisted J. Caesar in regulating 
 
 the Roman calendar. A commander 
 
 of the fleet of Eumenes. A friend of 
 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes. 
 
 So si i, celebrated booksellers at Rome, 
 in the age of Horace. 
 
 Sosilus, a Lacedaemonian in the age of 
 Annibal. He lived in great intimacy with 
 the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and 
 wrote the history of his life. 
 
 Sosipater, a grammarian in the reign 
 
 of Honorius. A Syracusan magistrate. 
 
 A general of Philip king of Macedo- 
 nia. 
 
 Sosis, a seditious Syracusan, who rais- 
 ed tumults against Dion. When accused 
 before the people, he saved himself by 
 flight, and thus escaped a capital punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Sosistratus, a tyrant of Syracuse, in 
 the age of Agathocles. He invited Pyr- 
 rhus into Sicily, and afterwards revolted 
 from him. He was at last removed by 
 Hermocrates. Another tyrant. 
 
 Sosius, a consul who followed the in- 
 terest of Mark Antony. A governor 
 
 of Syria. A Roman of consular dignity, 
 
 to whom Plutarch dedicated his lives. 
 
 Sospita, a surname of Juno in Latium. 
 Her most famous temple was at Lanu- 
 vium. 
 
 Sosthenes, a general of Macedonia, 
 who flourished B. C. 281. He defeated 
 the Gauls under Brennus, and was killed 
 
 in the battle. A native of Cnidos, who 
 
 wrote an history of Iberia. 
 
 Sostratus, a friend of Hermolaus, put 
 to death for conspiring against Alexander. 
 A grammarian in the age of Augus- 
 tus. He was Strabo's preceptor. A 
 
 statuary. An architect of Cnidos, B. C. 
 
 284, who built the white tower of Pharos, 
 
 in the bay of Alexandria. A priest of 
 
 Venus at Paphos, among the favorites of 
 
 Vespasian. A favorite of Hercules. — 
 
 A Greek historian, who wrote an ac- 
 count of Etruria. A poet, who wrote a 
 
SP 
 
 313 
 
 SP 
 
 poem on the expedition of Xerxes into 
 Greece. 
 
 Sotades, an athlete. A Greek poet 
 
 of Thrace. He wrote verses against Phi- 
 ladelphus Ptolemy, for which he was 
 thrown into the sea in a cage of lead. 
 
 Soter, a surname of the first Ptolemy. 
 
 It was also common to other mon- 
 
 archs. 
 
 Soteria, days appointed for thanksgiv- 
 ings and the offerings of sacrifices for de- 
 liverance from danger. 
 
 Sotericus, a poet and historian in the 
 age of Dioclesian. He wrote a panegyric 
 on that emperor, as also a life of Apollo- 
 nius Thyanaeus. 
 
 Sothis, an Egyptian name of the con- 
 stellation called Sirius, which received di- 
 vine honors in that country. 
 
 Sotiates, a people of Gaul, conquered 
 by Caesar. 
 
 Sotion, a grammarian of Alexandria, 
 preceptor to Seneca, B. C. 204. 
 
 Sotius, a philosopher in the reign of 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Sous, a king of Sparta, who made him- 
 self known by his valor. 
 
 Sozomen, an ecclesiastical historian 
 who died 450 A.D. His history extends 
 from the year 324 to 439, and is dedicated 
 to Theodosius the younger, being written 
 in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. 
 
 Spaco, the nurse of Cyrus. 
 
 Sparta, a celebrated city of Peloponne- 
 sus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the 
 Eurotas, at the distance of about thirty 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Spartacus, a king of Pontus. An- 
 other, king of Bosphorus, who died B. C. 
 433. His son and successor of the same 
 
 name died B. C. 407. Another, who 
 
 died 284 B. C. A Thracian shepherd, 
 
 celebrated for his abilities and the victo- 
 ries he obtained over the Romans. Being 
 one of the gladiators who were kept at 
 Capua in the house of Lentulus, he escap- 
 ed from the place of his confinement with 
 thirty of his companions, and took up 
 arms against the Romans. He soon found 
 himself with ten thousand men equally 
 resolute with himself, and though at first 
 obliged to hide himself in the woods and 
 solitary retreats of Campania, he soon laid 
 waste the country ; and when his follow- 
 ers were increased by additional numbers, 
 and better disciplined, and more com- 
 pletely armed, he attacked the Roman 
 generals in the field of battle. Two 
 consuls and other officers were defeat- 
 ed with much loss ; and Spartacus, supe- 
 rior in counsel and abilities, appeared 
 more terrible, though often deserted by 
 his fickle attendants. Crassus was sent 
 against him, but this celebrated general 
 at first despaired of success. A bloody 
 battle was fought, in which, at last, the 
 gladiators were defeated. Spartacus be- 
 32 
 
 haved with great valor ; when wounded 
 in the leg, he fought on his knees, cover- 
 ing himself with his buckler in one hand, 
 and using his sword with the other; and 
 when at last he fell, he fell upon a heap 
 of Romans, whom he had sacrificed to his 
 fury, B. C. 71. In this battle no less than 
 forty thousand of the rebels were slain, 
 and the war totally finished. 
 
 Spart^e, or Sparti, a name given to 
 those men who sprang from the dragon's 
 teeth which Cadmus sowed. 
 
 Spartani, or Spartiat2e, the inhabit- 
 ants of Sparta. 
 
 Spartianus JEhiva, a Latin historian, 
 who wrote the lives of all the Roman em- 
 perors, from J. Caesar to Dioclesian. 
 
 Spechia, an ancient name of the island 
 of Cyprus. 
 
 Spendius, a Campanian deserter, who 
 rebelled against the Romans, and raised 
 tumults, and made war against Amilcar, 
 the Carthaginian general. 
 
 Spendon, a poet of Lacedasmon. 
 
 Sperchia, a town of Thessaly on the 
 banks of the Sperchius. 
 
 Sperchius, a river of Thessaly, rising 
 on mount (Eta, and falling into the sea in 
 the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. 
 
 Spebmatophagi, a people who lived in 
 the extremest parts of Egypt. They fed 
 upon the fruits that fell from the trees. 
 
 Speusippus, an Athenian philosopher, 
 nephew, as also successor, of Plato. He 
 presided in Plato's school for eight years, 
 and disgraced himself by his extrava- 
 gance and debauchery. 
 
 Sphacterije, three small islands oppo- 
 site Pylos, on the coast of Messenia. They 
 are also called Sphagias. 
 
 Spherus, an arm-bearer of Pelops, son 
 of Tantalus. A Greek philosopher, dis- 
 ciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B. C. 
 
 Sphinx, a monster which had the head 
 and breasts of a woman, the body of a 
 dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a 
 bird, the paws of a lion, and an human 
 voice. The Sphinx had been sent into 
 the neighborhood of Thebes by Juno, who 
 wished to punish the family of Cadmus, 
 which she persecuted with immortal ha- 
 tred, and it laid this part of Bosotia un- 
 der continual alarms by proposing enig- 
 mas, and devouring the inhabitants if un- 
 able to explain them. In the midst of 
 their consternation the Thebans were told 
 by the oracle, that the Sphinx would de- 
 stroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas 
 she proposed was explained. In this 
 enigma she wished to know what animal 
 walked on four legs in the morning, two 
 at noon, and three in the evening. It 
 was at last happily explained by CEdipus, 
 who observed that man walked on his 
 hands and feet when young or in the 
 morning of life, at the noon of life he 
 walked^ erect, and in the evening of his 
 
ST 
 
 374 
 
 ST 
 
 days he supported his infirmities upon a 
 stick. The Sphinx no sooner heard this 
 explanation than she dashed her head 
 against a rock, and immediately expired. 
 
 Sfhodrias, a Spartan, who, at the in- 
 stigation of Cleombrotus, attempted to 
 seize the Piraeus. 
 
 Sphraqidium, a retired cave on mount 
 Citheeron in Bceotia. 
 
 Spicillus, a favorite of Nero. He re- 
 fused to assassinate his master, for which 
 he was put to death in a cruel manner. 
 
 Spina, now Primaro, a town on the 
 most southern mouth of the Po. 
 
 Spintharus, a Corinthian architect, 
 
 who built Apollo's temple at Delphi. 
 
 A freedman of Cicero. 
 
 Spinther, a Roman consul. He was 
 one of Pompey's friends. 
 
 Spio, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Spitamenes, one of the officers of king 
 Darius, who conspired against the mur- 
 derer of Bessus, and delivered him to Al- 
 exander. 
 
 Spithobates, a satrap of Ionia, son-in- 
 law of Darius. He was killed at the bat- 
 tle of the Granicus. 
 
 Spithridates, a Persian killed by Cli- 
 tus, as he was going to strike Alexander 
 
 dead. A Persian satrap in the age of 
 
 Lysander. 
 
 Spoletium, now Spoleto, a town, of Um- 
 bria, which bravely withstood Annibal 
 while he was in Italy. An inscription 
 over the gates still commemorates the de- 
 feat of Annibal. 
 
 Sporades, a number of islands in the 
 iEgean sea. 
 
 Spurina, a mathematician and astrolo- 
 ger, who told J. Caesar to beware of the 
 ides of March. 
 
 Spurius, a praenomen common to many 
 of the Romans. One of Caesar's mur- 
 derers. Lartius, a Roman who defend- 
 ed the bridge over the Tiber against Por- 
 senna's army. A friend of Otho. 
 
 L. Staberius, a friend of Pompey set 
 over Apollonia, which he was obliged to 
 yield to Caesar, because the inhabitants 
 favored his cause. An avaricious fel- 
 low, who wished it to be known that he 
 was uncommonly rich. 
 
 Stabile, a maritime town of Campania 
 on the bay of Puteoli. 
 
 Stabulum, a place in the Pyrenees, 
 where a communication was open from 
 Gaul into Spain. 
 
 Stagira, a town on the borders of Ma- 
 cedonia, founded six hundred and sixty- 
 five years before Christ. Aristotle was 
 born there, from which circumstance he is 
 called Stagirites. 
 
 Staius, an unprincipled wretch in Ne- 
 ro's age who murdered all his relations. 
 
 Stalenus, a senator who sat as judge 
 in the trial of Cluentius. 
 
 St-vphfj.us, one of the Argonauts, son 
 
 of Theseus, or according to others, of 
 Bacchus and Ariadne. 
 
 Stasander, an officer of Alexander, 
 who had Aria at the general division of 
 the provinces. 
 
 Staseas, a peripatetic philosopher, en- 
 gaged to instruct young M. Piso in philo- 
 sophy. 
 
 Stasicrates, a statuary and architect 
 in the wars of Alexander, who offered to 
 make a statue of mount Athos, which was 
 rejected by the conqueror. 
 
 Stasileus, an Athenian killed at the 
 battle of Marathon. He was one of the 
 ten praetors. 
 
 Statielli, a people of Liguria, between 
 the Taenarus and the Apennines. 
 
 Statilia, a woman who lived to a great 
 age, as mentioned by Seneca. 
 
 Statilius, a young Roman celebrated 
 for his courage and constancy. He was 
 an inveterate enemy to Caesar, and when 
 Cato murdered himself, he attempted to 
 follow r his example, but was prevented by 
 his friends. He was at last killed by the 
 
 army of the triumvirs. Lucius, one of 
 
 the friends of Catiline. He joined in his 
 
 conspiracy, and was put to death. A 
 
 young general in the war which the 
 Latins undertook against the Romans 
 He was killed, with twenty-five thousand 
 
 of his troops. A general who fought 
 
 against Antony. Taurus, a proconsul 
 
 of Africa. He was accused of consulting 
 magicians, upon which he put himself to 
 death. 
 
 Stating, islands on the coast of Cam- 
 pania, raised from the sea by an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 Statira, a daughter of Darius, who 
 married Alexander. She was cruelly put 
 to death by Roxana, after the conqueror's 
 
 death. A sister of Darius, the last king 
 
 of Persia. A wife of Artaxerxes Mem- 
 
 non, poisoned by his mother-in-law, queen 
 
 Parysatis. A sister of Mithridates the 
 
 Great. 
 
 Statius, (Caecilius,) a comic poet in 
 the age of Ennius. He was a native of 
 Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity 
 was bad, yet he acquired great reputation 
 by his comedies. He died a little after 
 
 Ennius. Annaeus, a physician, the 
 
 friend of the philosopher Seneca. P. 
 
 Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the 
 reign of the emperor Domitian. Statius 
 has made himself known by two epic 
 poems, the Thebais in twelve books, and 
 the Jlchilleis in two books, which remain- 
 ed unfinished on account of his premature 
 death. There are besides other pieces 
 composed on several subjects, which are 
 extant, and well known under the name 
 of SijIvcb, divided into four books. The 
 two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to 
 j Domitian, whom the poet ranks among 
 ! the gods. Thev were universally ad- 
 
ST 
 
 375 
 
 ST 
 
 mired in his age at Rome, but the taste 
 of the times was corrupted, though some 
 of the moderns have called them inferior 
 to no Latin compositions except Virgil's. 
 Statius died about the hundredth year of 
 
 the Christian era. Domitius, a tribune 
 
 in the age of Nero, deprived of his office 
 when Piso's conspiracy was discovered. 
 
 A general of the Samnites. An 
 
 officer of the pretorian guards, who con- 
 spired against Nero. 
 
 Stator, a surname of Jupiter, given 
 him by Romulus, because he .-stopped (sto) 
 the flight of the Romans in a battle against 
 the Sabines. 
 
 Stellatis, a field remarkable for its 
 fertility, in Campania. 
 
 Stellio, a youth turned into an elf by 
 Ceres, because he derided the goddess, 
 who drank with avidity when tired and 
 afflicted in her vain pursuit of her daugh- 
 ter Proserpine. 
 
 Stena, a narrow passage on the moun- 
 tains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. 
 
 Stenobota. Vid. Sthenobcea. 
 
 Stenocrates, an Athenian, who con- 
 spired to murder the commander of the 
 garrison which Demetrius had placed in 
 the citadel. 
 
 Stentor, one of the Greeks who went 
 to the Trojan war. His voice alone was 
 louder than that of fifty men together. 
 
 Stentoris lacus, a lake near Enos in 
 Thrace. 
 
 Stephanus, a musician of Media, upon 
 whose body Alexander made an experi- 
 ment in burning a certain sort of bitumen 
 called naphtha. A Greek writer of By- 
 zantium, known for his dictionary giving 
 an account of the towns and places of the 
 ancient world. 
 
 Sterope, one of the Pleiades, daugh- 
 ters of Atlas. A daughter of Parthaon, 
 
 supposed by some to be the mother of the 
 
 Sirens. A daughter of Cepheus. A 
 
 daughter of Pleuron — of Acastus — of Da- 
 naus — of Cebrion. 
 
 Steropes, one of the Cyclops. 
 
 Stersichorus, a lyric Greek poet of 
 Himera, in Sicily. His compositions were 
 written in the Doric dialect, and compris- 
 ed in twenty-six books, all now lost ex- 
 cept a few fragments. 
 
 Stertinius, a stoic philosopher, ridi- 
 culed by Horace. 
 
 Stesagoras, a brother of Miltiades. 
 Vid. Miltiades. 
 
 Stesilea, a beautiful woman of Ath- 
 ens. 
 
 Stesileus, a beautiful youth of Cos, lov- 
 ed by Themistocles and Aristides, and 
 the caus« of jealousy and dissension be- 
 tween these celebrated men. 
 
 Stesimbrotus, an historian very incon- 
 sistent in his narrations. He wrote an 
 
 account of Cimon's exploits. A son 
 
 of Eparninondas put to death by his father, 
 
 because he had fought the enemy with- 
 out his orders. A musician of Thasos. 
 
 Sthenele, a daughter of Acastus, wife 
 
 of Mencetius. A daughter of Danaus, 
 
 by Memphis. 
 
 Sthenelus, a king of Mycenas, son of 
 Perseus and Andromeda. He married Ni- 
 cippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he 
 had two daughters, and a son called Eu- 
 rystheus, who was born, by Juno's influ- 
 ence, two months before the natural time, 
 that he might obtain a superiority over 
 
 Hercules, as being older. One of the 
 
 sons of iEgyptus by Tyria. A son of 
 
 Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, 
 
 and of the suitors of Helen. A son of 
 
 Androgeus the son of Minos. Hercules 
 
 made him king of Thrace. A king of 
 
 Argos, who succeeded his father Croto- 
 
 pus. A son of Actor, who accompanied 
 
 Hercules in his expedition against the 
 Amazons. He was killed by one of these 
 
 females. A son of Melas, killed by Ty- 
 
 deus. 
 
 Sthenis, a statuary of Olynthus. An 
 
 orator of Himera, in Sicily, during the 
 civil wars of Pompey. 
 
 Stheno, one of the three Gorgons. 
 
 Sthenoboia, a daughter of Jobates king 
 of Lycia, who married Pruetus, king of 
 Argos. She became enamored of Bellero- 
 phon, who had taken refuge at her hus- 
 band's court, and according to some she 
 killed herself after his departure. Many 
 mythologists call her Antsea. 
 
 Stilbe, or Stilbia, a daughter of Pe- 
 neus by Creusa, who became mother of 
 Centaurus and Lapithus, by Apollo. 
 
 STiLBo,aname given to the planet Mer- 
 cury by the ancients, for its shining ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Stilicho, a general of the emperor The- 
 odosius the Great. He behaved with much 
 courage, but, under the emperor Honorius 
 he showed himself turbulent and dis- 
 affected. Honorius discovered his in- 
 trigues, and ordered him to be beheaded, 
 about the year of Christ 408. 
 
 Stilpo, a celebrated philosopher of Me- 
 gara, who flourished three hundred and 
 thirty-six years before Christ, and was 
 greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. It is 
 said that he intoxicated himself when 
 ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of 
 death. He was one of the chiefs of the 
 Stoics. 
 
 Stimicon, a shepherd's name. 
 
 Stiphilus, one of the Lapitha?, killed 
 in the house of Pirithous. 
 
 Stob^us, a Greek writer who flourish- 
 ed A. D. 405. His work is valuable for 
 the precious relics of ancient literature he 
 has preserved. 
 
 Stobi, a town of Pceonia in Macedonia. 
 
 Skechades, five small islands in the 
 Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, now 
 the Eieres, near Marseilles. 
 
ST 
 
 376 
 
 ST 
 
 Stceni, a people living among the Alps. 
 
 SToici,a celebrated sect of philosophers 
 founded by Zeno of Citiunu They re- 
 ceived the name from the portico, goa, 
 where the philosopher delivered his lec- 
 tures. They preferred virtue to every 
 thing else, and whatever was opposite to 
 it, they looked upon as the greatest of 
 evils. 
 
 Strabo, a name among the Romans, 
 given to those whose eyes were naturally 
 
 deformed or distorted. ■ — A native of 
 
 Amasia, en the borders of Cappadocia, 
 who flourished in the age of Augustus and 
 Tiberius. He first studied under Xenar- 
 chus, the peripatetic, and afterwards 
 warmly embraced the tenets of the Stoics. 
 Of all his compositions nothing remains 
 but his geography, divided into seventeen 
 books, a work justly celebrated for its ele- 
 gance, purity, the erudition and universal 
 knowledge of the author. It contains an 
 account, in Greek, of the most celebrated 
 places of the world, the origin, the man- 
 ners, religion, prejudices, and government 
 of nations ; the foundation of cities, and 
 the accurate history of each separate pro- 
 vince. Strabo travelled over great part of 
 the world in quest of information, and to 
 examine with the most critical inquiry, 
 not only the situation of the places, but also 
 the manners of the inhabitants, whose 
 history he meant to write. He died A. 
 
 D. 25. A Sicilian, so clear-sighted that 
 
 he could distinguish objects at the dis- 
 tance of one hundred and thirty miles, 
 with the same ease as if they had been 
 near. 
 
 Stratarchas, the grandfather of the 
 geographer Strabo. 
 
 Strato, or Straton, a king of the is- 
 land Aradus, received into alliance by Al- 
 exander. A king of Sidon, dependent 
 
 upon Darius. Alexander deposed him, 
 
 because he refused to surrender. A 
 
 philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and 
 successor in the school of Theophrastus, 
 about two hundred and eighty-nine years 
 before the Christian era. He wrote differ- 
 ent treatises, all now lost. A phy- 
 sician. A peripatetic philosopher. 
 
 A native of Epirus, very intimate with 
 Brutus, the murderer of Caesar. He killed 
 
 his friend at his own request. A rich 
 
 Orchomenian who destroyed himself be- 
 cause he could not obtain in marriage a 
 
 young woman of Haliartus. A Greek 
 
 historian, who wrote the lives of some of 
 
 the Macedonian kings. An athlete of 
 
 Achaia, twice crowned at the Olympic 
 games. 
 
 Stratocles, an Athenian general at the 
 
 battle of Cheronsea. A stage player in 
 
 Domitian's reign. 
 
 Straton. Fid. Strato. 
 
 Stratonice, a daughter of Thespius. 
 A daughter of Pleuron. A daugh- 
 
 ter of Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, 
 who married Eumenes, king of Pergamus, 
 
 and became mother of Attalus. A 
 
 daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who 
 
 married Seleucus, king of Syria. A 
 
 concubine of Mithridates, king of Pontus 
 
 The wife of Antigonus, mother of 
 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes. A town of 
 
 Caria, made a Macedonian colony. An- 
 other in Mesopotamia. And a third near 
 
 mount Taurus. 
 
 Stratonicus, an opulent person in the 
 reign of Philip, and of his son Alexander, 
 
 whose riches became proverbial. A 
 
 musician of Athens in the age of Demos- 
 thenes. 
 
 Stratonis turri9, a city of Judasa, af- 
 terwards called Csesarea by Herod in hon- 
 or of Augustus. 
 
 Stratos, a city of ^Eolia of Acar- 
 
 nania. 
 
 Strenua, a goddess of Rome who gave 
 vigor and energy to the weak and indo- 
 lent. 
 
 Strongfle, now Strombolo, one of the 
 islands called iEolides in the Tyrrhene 
 sea, near the coast of Sicily. It has a vol- 
 cano, ten miles in circumference. 
 
 Strophades, two islands in the Ionian 
 sea, on the western coasts of the Pelopon- 
 nesus. The fleet of jEneas stopped near 
 the Strophades. The largest of these two 
 islands is not above five miles in circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Strophius, a son of Crisus, king of 
 Phocis. He married a sister of Agamem- 
 non, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or, ac- 
 cording to others, Cyndragora, by whom 
 he had Pylades, celebrated for his friend- 
 ship with Orestes. Orestes was enabled 
 by means of Strophius, to revenge the 
 
 death of his father. A son of Pylades 
 
 by Electra the sister of Orestes. 
 
 Struthophagi, a people of ^Ethiopia, 
 who feed on sparrows. 
 
 Struthus, a general of Artaxerxes 
 against the Lacedaemonians, B. C. 393. 
 
 Stryma, a town of Thrace, founded by 
 a Thracian colony. 
 
 Strymno, a daughter of the Scamander, 
 who married Laomedon. 
 
 Strymon, a river which separates 
 Thrace from Macedonia, and falls into a 
 part of the ^Egean sea, which has been 
 called Stry?nonicus sinus. A number of 
 cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its 
 banks in the summer time. Its eels were 
 excellent. 
 
 Stubera, a town of Macedonia, be- 
 tween the Axius and Erigon. 
 
 Stura, a river of Cisalpine Gaul falling 
 into the Po. 
 
 Sturm, a town of Calabria. 
 
 Stymphalia, Stymphalis, a part of 
 Macedonia. A surname of Diana. 
 
 Stymphalu9, a king of Arcadia, son of 
 Elatus and Laodice. He made war against 
 
su 
 
 377 
 
 SU 
 
 Pelops, and was killed in a truce. — A 
 
 town, river, lake, and fountain of Arcadia, 
 which receive their name from king Stym- 
 phalus. The neighborhood of the lake 
 Stymphalus was infested with a number 
 of voracious birds, like cranes or storks, 
 which fed upon human flesh, and which 
 were called Stymphalides. They were at 
 last destroyed by Hercules, with the as- 
 sistance of Minerva. A lofty mountain 
 
 of Peloponnesus in Arcadia. 
 
 Stynge, a daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Styra, a town of Euboea. 
 
 Styrus, a king of Albania, to whom 
 ^Eetes promised his daughter Medea in 
 marriage, to obtain his assistance against 
 the Argonauts. 
 
 Styx, a daughter of Oceanus and Te- 
 thys. She married Pallas, by whom she 
 had three daughters, Victory, Strength, 
 
 and Valor. A celebrated river of hell, 
 
 round which it flows nine times. Accord- 
 ing to some writers the Styx was a small 
 river of Nonacris in Arcadia, whose wa- 
 ters were so cold and venomous, that they 
 proved fatal to such as tasted them. They 
 even consumed iron, and broke all vessels. 
 The wonderful properties of this water 
 suggested the idea, that it was a river of 
 hell, especially, when it disappeared in the 
 earth a little below its fountain head. 
 The gods held the waters of the Styx in 
 such veneration, that they always swore 
 by them ; an oath which was inviolable. 
 
 Suada, the goddess of persuasion, called 
 Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of 
 worship established to her honor first by 
 Theseus. 
 
 Suana, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Suardones, a people of Germany. 
 
 Suasa, a town of Umbria. 
 
 Subatrii, a people of Germany, over 
 whom Drusus triumphed 
 
 Subi, a small river of Catalonia. 
 
 Sublicius, the first bridge erected at 
 Rome over the Tiber. 
 
 Submontorium, a town of Vindelicia. 
 
 Subota, small islands at the east of 
 Athos. 
 
 Subur, a river of Mauritania. A 
 
 town of Spain. 
 
 Soburra, a street in Rome where all the 
 licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Ro- 
 mans resorted. 
 
 Sucro, now Xucar, a river of Hispania 
 Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle 
 fought there between Sertorius and Pom- 
 pey in which the former obtained the vic- 
 tory. A Rutulian killed by Mneaa. 
 
 Sudertum, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Suessa, a town of Campania, called also 
 Aurunca, to distinguish it from Suessa Po- 
 metia, the capital of the Volsci. 
 
 Suessitani, a people of Spain. 
 
 Suessones, a powerful nation of Belgic 
 Gaul, reduced by J. Caesar. 
 
 Suessula, a town of Campania. 
 32* 
 
 Suetonius, C. Paulinus, the first Ro- 
 man general who crossed mount Atlas 
 with an army, of which expedition he 
 
 wrote an account. C. Tranquillus, a 
 
 Latin historian, son of a Roman knight of 
 the same name. He was favored by Adri- 
 an, and became his secretary, but he was 
 afterwards banished from the court for 
 want of attention and respect to the em- 
 press Sabina. In his retirement Suetonius 
 enjoyed the friendship and correspondence 
 of Pliny the younger, and dedicated his 
 time to study. He wrote an history of the 
 Roman kings, divided into three books 5 a 
 catalogue of all the illustrious men of 
 Rome, a book on the games and spectacles 
 of the Greeks, &c, which are all now lost. 
 The only one of his compositions extant is 
 the lives of the twelve first Cresars, and 
 some fragments of his catalogue of cele- 
 brated grammarians. 
 
 Suetri, a people of Gaul near the Alps. 
 
 Sue vi, a people of Germany, between 
 the Elbe and the Vistula, who made fre- 
 quent excursions upon the territories of 
 Rome under the emperors. 
 
 Suevius, a Latin poet in the age of Eu- 
 nius. 
 
 Sufetala, an inland town of Maurita- 
 nia. 
 
 Suffenus, a Latin poet in the age of 
 Catullus. He was but of moderate abili- 
 ties, but puffed up with a high idea of his 
 own excellence, and therefore deservedly 
 exposed to the ridicule of his contempo- 
 raries. 
 
 SuFFETius,or Sufetius. Vid. Metius. 
 
 Suidas, a Greek writer who flourished 
 A. D. 1100. 
 
 Pub. Suilius, an informer in the court 
 of Claudius, banished under Nero, by 
 means of Seneca, and sent to the Balea- 
 
 res. Cajsorinus, a guilty favorite of 
 
 Messalina. 
 
 Suiones, a nation of Germany, suppos- 
 ed the modern Swedes. 
 
 Sulchi, a town at the south of Sar- 
 dinia. 
 
 Sulcius, an informer whom Horace de- 
 scribes as hoarse with the number of de- 
 famations he daily gave. 
 
 Sulga, now Sorgue, a small river of 
 Gaul, falling into the Rhone. 
 
 Sulla. Vid. Sylla. 
 
 Sulmo, now Sulmona, an ancient town 
 of the Peligni, at the distance of about 
 
 ninety miles from Rome. A Latin chief 
 
 killed in the night by Nisus, as he was go- 
 ing with his companions to destroy Eurya- 
 lus. 
 
 Sulpitia, a daughter of Paterculus, who 
 married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so fa- 
 mous for her chastity, that she consecrated 
 a temple to Venus Verticordia, a goddess 
 who was implored to turn the hearts of 
 the Roman women to virtue. A po- 
 etess in the age of Domitian, against whom 
 
su 
 
 378 
 
 SU 
 
 she wrote a poem, because he had banish- 
 ed the philosophers from Rome. A 
 
 daughter of Serv. Sulpitius. 
 
 Sulpitta lex, militaris, by C. Sulpicius 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 665, invested Marius 
 with the full power of the war against 
 Mithridates, of which Sylla was to be de- 
 prived. Another, de senatu, by Servius 
 
 Sulpicius the tribune, A. U. C. 665. It 
 required that no senator should owe more 
 
 than two thousand drachmas. Another, 
 
 de civitate, by P. Sulpicius the tribune, A. 
 U. C. 665. It ordered that the new citi- 
 zens who composed the eight tribes lately 
 created, should be divided among the 
 thirty-five old tribes, as a greater honor. 
 
 Another, called also Sempronia de 
 
 religione, by P. Sulpiciu3 Saverrio and P. 
 Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A. U. C. 
 449. It forbade any person to consecrate 
 a temple or altar without the permission 
 of the senate and the majority of the tri- 
 bunes. Another to empower the Ro- 
 mans to make war against Philip of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Sulpitius, or Sulpicius, an illustrious 
 family at Rome, of whom the most cele- 
 brated are Peticus, a man chosen dic- 
 tator against the Gauls. His troops muti- 
 nied when first he took the field, but soon 
 after he engaged the enemy and totally 
 
 defeated them. Severrio, a consul who 
 
 gained a victory over the iEqui. C. Pa- 
 
 terculus, a consul sent against the Cartha- 
 ginians. Spurius, one of the three com- 
 missioners whom the Romans sent to col- 
 lect the best laws which could be found 
 in the different cities and republics of 
 
 Greece. One of the first consuls who 
 
 received intelligence that a conspiracy was 
 formed in Rome to restore the Tarquins to 
 
 power. A priest who died of the plague 
 
 in the first ages of the republic at Rome. 
 P. Galba, a Roman consul who signal- 
 ized himself greatly during the war which 
 his countrymen waged against the Achae- 
 
 ans and the Macedonians. Severus, a 
 
 writer. Vid. Severus. Publius, one of 
 
 the associates of Marius, well known for 
 his intrigues and cruelty. He became at 
 last so seditious, that he was proscribed 
 by Sylla's adherents, and immediately 
 
 murdered. A Roman consul who fought 
 
 against Pyrrhus and defeated him. C. 
 
 Longus, a Roman consul, who defeated the 
 Samnites and killed thirty thousand of 
 
 their men. Rufus, a lieutenant of Ctesar 
 
 in Gaul. One of Messalina's favorites, 
 
 put to death by Claudius. P. duirinus, 
 
 a consul in the age of Augustus. Ca- 
 
 tnerinus, a proconsul of Africa, under 
 
 Nero, accused of cruelty. Gallus, a 
 
 celebrated astrologer in the age of Paulus. 
 He accompanied the consul in his expedi- 
 tion against Perseus, and told the Roman 
 army that the night before the dav on 
 which they were to give the enemv battle, 
 
 there would be an eclipse of the moon. 
 This explanation encouraged the soldiers, 
 which on the contrary would have intimi- 
 dated them, if not previously acquainted 
 
 with the causes of it. Apollinaris, a 
 
 grammarian in the age of the emperor M. 
 Aurelius. 
 
 Summanus, a surname of Pluto, as prince 
 of the dead, summus manium. 
 
 Sunici, a people of Germany on the 
 shores of the Rhine. 
 
 Sunides, a soothsayer in the army of 
 Eumenes. 
 
 Sunium, a promontory of Attica about 
 forty-five miles distant from the Piraeus. 
 
 Suovetaurilia, a sacrifice among the 
 Romans, which consisted of the immola- 
 tion of a sow, a sheep, and a bull. 
 
 Supekum mare, a name of the Adriatic 
 sea, because it was situate above Italy. 
 The name of Mare, Inferum was applied 
 for the opposite reasons to the sea below 
 Italy. 
 
 Sura, ^Emylius, a Latin wiiter. L. 
 
 Licinius, a favorite of Trajan, honored 
 
 with the consulship. A writer in the 
 
 age of the emperor Gallienus. A city 
 
 on the Euphrates. Another in Iberia. 
 
 A river of Germany, whose waters 
 
 fall into the Moselle. 
 
 SuRENA,a powerful officer in the armies 
 of Orodes king of Parthia. He was ap- 
 pointed to conduct the war against the 
 Romans, and to protect the kingdom of 
 Parthia against Crassus, who wished to 
 conquer it. He defeated the Reman tri- 
 umvir, and after he had drawn him perfi- 
 diously to a conference, he ordered his 
 head to be cut off. He afterwards return- 
 ed to Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of 
 the Romans. Orodes ordered him to be 
 put to death, B. C. 52. 
 
 Surium, a town at the south of Colchis. 
 
 Surrentum, a town of Campania, on 
 the bay of Naples, famous for the wine 
 which was made in the neighborhood. 
 
 Surus, one of the iEdui, who made war 
 against Cassar. 
 
 Susa, now Suster, a celebrated city of 
 Asia, the chief town of Susiana, and the 
 capital of the Persian empire, built by Ti- 
 thonus the father of Memnon. The trea- 
 sures of the kings of Persia were generally 
 kept there, and the royal palace was built 
 with white marble, and its pillars were 
 covered with gold and precious stones. It 
 had been called Memnonia, or the palace 
 of Memnon, because that prince reigned 
 there. 
 
 Susana, a town of Hispania Tarracon- 
 ensis. 
 
 Susarion, a Greek poet of Megara, who 
 is supposed with Dolon to be the inventor 
 of comedy, and to have first introduced it 
 at Athens on a moveable stage, B. C. 562. 
 
 Susiana, or Susis, a country of Asia, of 
 which the capital was called Susa, situate 
 
SY 
 
 sn 
 
 SY 
 
 at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in 
 great abundauce in Susiana. 
 
 Susidje FTLiE, narrow passes over moun- 
 tains, from Susiana into Persia. 
 
 Suthul, a town of Numidia, where the 
 king's treasures were kept. 
 
 Sutrium, a town of Etruria, about 
 twenty-four miles north-west of Rome. 
 
 Syagrus, an ancient poet, the first who 
 wrote on the Trojan war. 
 
 Sybaris, a river of Lucania in Italy, 
 whose waters were said to render men 
 
 more strong and robust. There was a 
 
 town of the same name on its banks, on 
 the bay of Tarentum, which had been 
 founded by a colony of Achaeans. Sybaris 
 became very powerful, and in its most 
 flourishing situation it had the command of 
 four neighboring nations, of twenty-five 
 towns, and could send an army of three 
 hundred thousand men into the field. Sy- 
 baris was destroyed no less than five 
 times, and always repaired. In a more 
 recent age the inhabitants became so effe- 
 minate, that the word Sybarite became pro- 
 verbial to intimate a man devoted to plea- 
 sure. A friend of zEneas killed byTur- 
 
 Uus. A youth enamored of Lydia. 
 
 Sybarita, an inhabitant of Sybaris. 
 Vid. Sybaris.) 
 
 Sybota, a harbor of Epirus. 
 
 Sybotas, a king of the Messenians in 
 the age of Lycurgus, the Spartan legisla- 
 tor. 
 
 Sycinnus, a slave of Themistocles, sent 
 by his master to engage Xerxes to fight 
 against the fleet of the Peloponnesians. 
 
 Sycurium, a town of Thessaly at the 
 foot of Ossa. 
 
 Syedra, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Syene, now Assuan, a town of Thebais, 
 on the extremities of Egypt. It was fa- 
 mous for its quarries of marble. 
 
 Synesius, a Cilician who, with Labine- 
 tus of Babylon, concluded a peace be- 
 tween Alyattes, king of Lydia, and Cy- 
 axares, king of Media, while both armies 
 were terrified by a sudden eclipse of the 
 sun, B. C. 585. 
 
 Syennesis, a satrap of Cilicia, when 
 Cyrus made war against his brother Ar- 
 taxerxes. 
 
 Sylea, a daughter of Corinthus 
 
 Syleum, a town of Pamphylia. 
 
 Syleus, a king of Aulis." 
 
 Sylla, (L. Cornelius,) a celebrated Ro- 
 man of a noble family. The poverty of 
 his early years was relieved by the lib- 
 erality of Nicopolis, who left him heir to a 
 large fortune ; and with the addition of 
 the immense wealth of his mother-in-law, 
 he soon appeared one of the most opulent 
 of the Romans. He first entered the ar- 
 my under the great Marius, whom he ac- 
 companied in Numidia, in the capacity of 
 questor. The rising fame of Sylla gave 
 wmbrage to Marius, who was always jea- 
 
 lous of an equal, as well as of a superior ; 
 but the ill language which he might use, 
 rather inflamed than extinguished the am- 
 bition of Sylla. He left the conqueror of 
 Jugurtha,and carried arms under Catullus. 
 Sometime after he obtained the praetorship, 
 and was appointed by the Roman senate 
 to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of 
 Cappadocia, against the views and interest 
 of Mithridates, king of Pontus. This he 
 easily effected, one battle left him victori- 
 ous ; and before he quitted the plains of 
 Asia, the Roman praetor had the satisfac- 
 tion to receive in his camp the ambassa- 
 dors of the king of Parthia, who wished 
 to make a treaty of alliance with the Ro- 
 mans. At his return to Rome, he was 
 commissioned to finish the war with the 
 Marsi, and when this was successfully 
 ended, he was rewarded with the consul- 
 ship, in the fiftieth year of his age. In 
 this capacity he wished to have the ad- 
 ministration of the Mithridatic war ; but 
 he found an obstinate adversary in Mari- 
 us, and he attained the summit of his 
 wishes only when he had entered Rome 
 sword in hand. After he had slaughtered 
 all his enemies, set a price upon the head 
 of Marius, and put to death the tribune 
 Sulpitius, who had continually opposed 
 his views, he marched towards Asia, and 
 disregarded the flames of discord which 
 he left behind him unextinguished. Mi- 
 thridates was already master of the great- 
 est part of Greece ; and Sylla, when he 
 reached the coast of Peloponnesus, was 
 delayed by the siege of Athens, and of the 
 Piraeus. His boldness succeeded, the Pir- 
 ams surrendered ; and the conqueror, as 
 if struck with reverence at the beautiful 
 porticoes where the philosophic followers 
 of Socrates and Plato had often disputed, 
 spared the city of Athens, which he had 
 devoted to destruction, and forgave the 
 living for the sake of the dead. Two ce- 
 lebrated battles at Cheronasa and Orcho- 
 menos, rendered him master of Greece. 
 He crossed the Hellespont, and attack- 
 ed Mithridates in the very heart of his 
 kingdom. The artful monarch, who well 
 knew the valor and perseverance of his 
 adversary, made proposals of peace ; and 
 Sylla, whose interest at home was then 
 decreasing, did not hesitate to put an end 
 to a war which had rendered bim master 
 of so much territory, and which enabled 
 him to return to Rome like a conqueror, 
 and to dispute with his rival the sove- 
 reignty of the republic with a victorious ar- 
 my. Muraena was left at the head of the 
 Roman forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened 
 to Italy. In the plains of Campania he 
 was met by a few of his adherents, whom 
 the success of his rivals had banished 
 from the capital, and he was soon inform- 
 ed, that if he wished to contend with Ma- 
 rius, he must encounter fifteen generals, 
 
S¥ 
 
 380 
 
 SY 
 
 followed by twenty-five well disciplined 
 legions. In these critical circumstances 
 he had recourse to artifice, and while he 
 proposed terms of accommodation to his 
 adversaries, he secretly strengthened him- 
 self, and saw, with pleasure, his armies 
 daily increase by the revolt of soldiers 
 whom his bribes or promises had corrupt- 
 ed. Pompey,who afterwards merited the 
 surname of Great, embraced his cause, 
 and inarched to his camp with three le- 
 gions. Soon after he appeared in the field 
 with advantage ; the confidence of Mari- 
 us decayed with his power, and Sylla en- 
 tered Rome like a tyrant and a conqueror. 
 The streets were daily filled with dead 
 bodies, and seven thousand citizens, to 
 whom the conqueror had promised pardon, 
 were suddenly massacred in the circus. 
 Each succeeding day exhibited a greater 
 number of slaughtered bodies, and when 
 one of the senators had the boldness to 
 ask the tyrant when he meant to stop his 
 cruelties, Sylla, with an air of unconcern, 
 answered, that he had not yet determined, 
 but that he would take it into his consid- 
 eration. The slaughter was continued, a 
 list of such as were proscribed was daily 
 stuck in the public streets. No less than 
 four thousand seven hundred of the most 
 powerful and opulent were slain, and Syl- 
 la wished the Romans to forget his cruel- 
 ties in aspiring to the title of perpetual dic- 
 tator. In this capacity he made new laws, 
 abrogated such as were inimical to his 
 views and changed every regulation where 
 his ambition was obstructed. After he had 
 finished whatever the most absolute sove- 
 reign may do, from his own will and au- 
 thority, Sylla abdicated the dictatorial pow - 
 er, and retired to a solitary retreat at Pu- 
 teoli, where he spent the rest of his days. 
 The companions of his retirement were 
 the most base and licentious of the popu- 
 lace, and Sylla took pleasure still to wal- 
 low in voluptuousness, though on the 
 verge of life, and covered with infirmi- 
 ties. His intemperance hastened his end, 
 his blood was corrupted, and an impos- 
 thume was bred in his bowels. He at last 
 died in the greatest torments about seven- 
 ty-eight years before Christ, in the sixtieth 
 year of his age. A nephew of the dic- 
 tator, who conspired against his country, 
 because he had been deprived of his con- 
 sulship for bribery. Another relation 
 
 who also joined in the same conspiracy. 
 A man put to death by Nero at Mar- 
 seilles, where he had been banished. 
 
 A friend of Cato, defeated and killed by 
 
 one of Caesar's lieutenants. A senator 
 
 banished from the senate for his prodigali- 
 ty by Tiberius. 
 
 Syllis, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus 
 by Apollo. 
 
 Syloes, a promontory of Africa. 
 
 Syloson, a man who gave a splendid 
 
 garment to Darius, son of Hystaspes, when 
 a private man. 
 
 Sylvanus, a god of the woods. ( Vid. 
 Silvanus.) 
 
 Sylvia, or Ilia, the mother of Romulus. 
 
 ( Vid. Rhea.l A daughter of Tyrrhenus, 
 
 whose favorite stag was wounded by As- 
 canius. 
 
 Sylvius, a son of JEnea.s by Lavinia ; 
 from whom afterwards all the kings of 
 Alba were called Sylvii. 
 
 Syma, or Syme, a town of Asia. A 
 
 nymph, mother of Chthonius by Neptune. 
 
 Symbolum, a place of Macedonia, near 
 Philippi on the confines of Thrace. 
 
 Symmachus, an officer in the army of 
 
 Agesilaus. A celebrated orator in the 
 
 age of Theodosius the Great. His father 
 
 w-as prefect of Rome. A writer in the 
 
 second century. He translated the bible 
 into Greek, of which few fragments re- 
 main. 
 
 Symplegades, or Cyan.*:, two islands 
 or rocks at the entrance of the Euxine 
 sea. 
 
 Symus, a mountain of Armenia, from 
 which the Araxes flows. 
 
 Syncellus, one of the Byzantine histo- 
 rians. 
 
 Syisesius, a bishop of Cyrene in the age 
 of Theodosius the younger, as conspicuous 
 for his learning as his piety. He wrote 
 one hundred and fifty- five epistles besides 
 other treatises in Greek, in a style pure and 
 elegant, and bordering much upon the 
 poetic. 
 
 Synnas, or Synnada, a town of Phry- 
 gia, famous for its marble quarries. 
 
 Synnalaxis, a nymph of Ionia, who 
 had a temple at Heraclea, in Elis. 
 
 Symvis, a famous robber of Attica. 
 (Vid. Scinis.) 
 
 Synope, a town on the borders of the 
 Euxine. (Vid. Sinope.) 
 
 Syphjeum, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
 
 Syphax, a king of the Masaesyllii in Li- 
 bya, who married Sophonisba, the daugh- 
 ter of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance 
 of the Romans to join himself to the inter- 
 est of his father-in-law, and of Carthagp. 
 He was conquered in a battle by Masinis- 
 sa, the ally of Rome, and given to Scipio 
 the Roman general. The conqueror car- 
 ried him to Rome, where he adorned his 
 triumph. Syphax died in prison two hun- 
 dred and one years before Christ, and his 
 possessions were given to Masinissa. 
 
 Syraces, one of the Saca?, who muti- 
 lated himself, and by pretending to be a 
 deserter, brought Darius, who made war 
 against his country, into many difficulties. 
 
 Syracosia, festivals at Syracuse, cele- 
 brated during ten days, in which women 
 were busily employed in offering sacrifices. 
 
 —Another, yearly observed near the 
 
 lake of Syracuse, where as they supposed, 
 Pluto had disappeared with Proserpine. 
 
SY 
 
 381 
 
 SY 
 
 Syracusje, a celebrated city of Sicily, 
 founded about 732 years before the Christ- 
 ian era, by Archias, a Corinthian, and 
 one of the Heraclidre. In its flourishing 
 state it extended twenty-two and a half 
 English miles in circumference, and was 
 divided into four districts, Ortygia, Acra- 
 dina, Tycha, and Neapolis, to which some 
 add a fifth division, Epipolae, a district lit- 
 tle inhabited. These were of themselves 
 separate cities, and were fortified with 
 three citadels, and three-folded walls. 
 Syracuse had two capacious harbors sep- 
 arated from one another by the island of 
 Ortygia. The greatest harbor was above 
 five thousand paces in circumference, and 
 its entrance five hundred paces wide. The 
 people of Syracuse were very opulent and 
 powerful, and though subject to tyrants, 
 they were masters of vast possessions and 
 dependent states. The city of Syracuse 
 was well built, its houses were stately 
 and magnificent ; and it has been said, 
 that it produced the best and most excel- 
 lent of men when they were virtuous, but 
 the most wicked and depraved when ad- 
 dicted to vicious pursuits. 
 
 Syria, a large country of Asia, whose 
 boundaries are not accurately ascertained 
 by the ancients. Syria, generally speak- 
 ing, was bounded on the east by the Eu- 
 phrates, north by mount Taurus, west by 
 the Mediterranean, and south by Arabia. 
 It was divided into several districts and 
 provinces, among which were Phoenicia, 
 Seleucis, Judaea or Palestine, Mesopota- 
 mia, Babylon, and Assyria. 
 
 Syriacum mare, that part of the Me- 
 diterranean sea which is on the coast of 
 Phoenicia and Syria. 
 
 Syrinx, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter 
 of the river Ladon, at her own request 
 changed by the gods into a reed called Sy- 
 rinx by the Greeks. 
 
 Syrophcenix, a name of an inhabitant 
 of the maritime coast of Syria. 
 
 Syros, one of the Cyclades in the iEge- 
 an sea, at the east of Delos, about twenty 
 miles in circumference, very fruitful in 
 wine and corn of all sorts. The inhabit- 
 ants lived to a great old age, because the 
 air was wholesome. A town of Syria. 
 
 Syrtes, two large sand banks in the 
 Mediterranean, on the coast of Africa, one 
 of which was near Leptis, and the other 
 near Carthage. As they often changed 
 places, and were sometimes very high or 
 very low under the water, they were 
 deemed most dangerous in navigation, 
 and proved fatal to whatever ships touch- 
 ed upon them. From this circumstance, 
 therefore, the word has been used to de- 
 note any part of the sea of which the na- 
 vigation was attended with danger either 
 from whirlpools or hidden rocks. 
 
 SYRus,an island. (Vid. Syros.) A 
 
 son of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of 
 the Asopns, who gave his name to Syria. 
 A writer. ( Vid. Publius.) 
 
 Sysigambis, the mother of Darius. {Vid. 
 Sisygambis.) 
 
 Sysimetbres, a Persian satrap. He 
 opposed Alexander with two thousand 
 men, but soon surrendered. He was 
 greatly honored by the conqueror. 
 
 Sysinas, the elder son of Datames, who 
 revolted from his father to Artaxerxes. 
 
 Sythas, a river of Peloponnesus, flow- 
 ing through Sicyonia into the bay of Co- 
 rinth 
 
 TA 
 
 TA 
 
 TAAUTES, a Phoenician deity, the 
 same as the Saturn of the Latins, and 
 probably theThoth or Thaut, the Mercury 
 of the Egyptians. 
 
 TABiE, a town of Pisidia. 
 
 Tabellari.e leges, laws made by suf- 
 frages delivered upon tables (tabellce) and 
 not viva voce. 
 
 Tabernje xovm, a street in Rome 
 
 where shops were built. Rhenanfe, a 
 
 town of Germany on the confluence of the 
 Felbach and the Rhine, now Rhin-Zabern. 
 Riguse, now Bem-Castel, on the Mo- 
 selle. Triboccorum, a town of Alsace 
 
 in France, now Saverne. 
 
 Tabor, a mountain of Palestine. 
 
 Tabraca, a maritime town of Africa, 
 near Hippo, made a Roman colony. The 
 
 neighboring forests abounded with mon- 
 keys. 
 
 Tabuda, a river of Germany, now the 
 Scheldt. 
 
 Taburnus, a mountain of Campania, 
 which abounded with olives. 
 
 Tacape, a town of Africa. 
 
 Tacatua, a maritime town of Numi- 
 dia. 
 
 Tacfarinas, a Numidian who com- 
 manded an army against the Romans in 
 the reign of Tiberius. After he had seve- 
 rally defeated the officers of Tiberius, 
 he was at last routed and killed in the 
 field of battle, fighting with uncommon 
 fury, by Dolabella. 
 
 Tachampso, an island in the Nile, near 
 Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of 
 
TA 
 
 382 
 
 TA 
 
 this island, and the rest was in the hands 
 of the ^Ethiopians. 
 
 Tachos, or Tachus, a king of Egypt, 
 in the reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, against 
 whom he sustained a long war. He was 
 assisted by the Greeks, but his confidence 
 in Agesilaus king of Lacedsemon, proved 
 fatal to him. 
 
 Tacina, a river of the Brutii. 
 
 Tacit 4, a goddess who presided over 
 silence. Numa, as some say, paid partic- 
 ular veneration to this divinity. 
 
 Tacitus, (C. Cornelius,) a celebrated 
 Latin historian, born in the reign of Nero. 
 His father was a Roman knight, who had 
 been appointed governor of Belgic Gaul. 
 The native genius, and the rising talents 
 of Tacitus, were beheld with rapture by 
 the emperor Vespasian, and as he wished 
 to protect and patronise merit, he raised 
 the young historian to places of trust and 
 honor. The succeeding emperors were 
 not less partial to Tacitus, and Domitian 
 seemed to forget his cruelties, when vir- 
 tue and innocence claimed his patronage. 
 Tacitus was honored with the consulship, 
 and he gave proofs of his eloquence at the 
 bar, by supporting the cause of the injured 
 Africans against the proconsul Marius 
 Priscus, and in causing him to be con- 
 demned for his avarice and extortion. 
 The friendly intercourse of Pliny and Ta- 
 citus has often been admired, and many 
 have observed that the familiarity of these 
 two great men arose from similar princi- 
 ples, and a perfect conformity of manners 
 and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as much the 
 friend of a republican government, as Pliny 
 was an admirer of the imperial power, and 
 of the short-lived virtues of his patron Tra- 
 jan. Pliny gained the heart of his ad- 
 herents by affability, and all the elegant 
 graces which became the courtier and the 
 favorite, while Tacitus conciliated the es- 
 teem of the world by his virtuous conduct, 
 which prudence and love of honor ever 
 guided. The time of Tacitus was not em- 
 ployed in trivial pursuits, the orator might 
 have been now forgotten if the historian 
 had not flourished. Tacitus wrote a trea- 
 tise on the manners of the Germans, a 
 composition admired for the fidelity and 
 exactness with which it is executed, 
 though some have declared that the his- 
 torian delineated manners and customs 
 with which he was not acquainted, and 
 which never existed. His life of Cn. Ju- 
 lius Agricola, whose daughter he had mar- 
 ried, is celebrated for its purity, elegance, 
 and the many excellent instructions and 
 important truths which it relates. His 
 history of the Roman emperors is imper- 
 fect ; of the twenty-eight years of which 
 it treated, that is from the sixty ninth to 
 the ninety-sixth year of the Christian era, 
 nothing remains but the year sixty-nine 
 and part of the seventieth. His annals 
 
 were the most extensive and complete of 
 his works. The style of Tacitus has al- 
 ways been admired for peculiar beauties ; 
 the thoughts are great, there is sublimity, 
 force, weight and energy, every thing is 
 treated with precision and dignity, yet 
 many have called him obscure, because 
 he was fond of expressing his ideas in 
 few words. His Latin is remarkable for 
 
 being pure and classical. M. Claudius, 
 
 a Roman, chosen emperor by the senate, 
 after the death of Aurelian. He would 
 have refused this important and dangerous 
 office, but the pressing solicitations of the 
 senate prevailed, and in the seventieth 
 year of his age, he complied with the wish- 
 es of his countymen, and accepted the 
 purple. The time of his administration 
 was very popular, the good of the people 
 was his care, and as a pattern of moder- 
 ation, economy, temperance, regularity, 
 and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. 
 As a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to few 
 of the Romans, and during a short reign 
 of about six months, he not only repelled 
 the barbarians who had invaded the terri- 
 tories of Rome in Asia, but he prepared 
 to make war against the Persians and Scy- 
 thians. He died in Cilicia as he was on 
 his expedition, of a violent distemper, or, 
 according to some, he was destroyed by 
 the secret dagger of an assassin, on the 
 thirteenth of April, in the two hundred 
 and seventy-sixth year of the Christian 
 era. Tacitus has been commended for 
 his love of learning, and it has been ob- 
 served, that he never passed a day with- 
 out consecrating some part of his time to 
 reading or writing. 
 
 Tader, a river of Spain, near New Car- 
 thage. 
 
 TiEDiA, a courtezan at Rome. 
 
 T^narus, now Matapan, a promontory 
 of Laconia, the most southern point of 
 Europe, where Neptune had a temple. 
 There was there a large and deep cavern, 
 whence issued a black and unwholesome 
 vapor, from which circumstance the poets 
 have imagined that it was one of the en- 
 trances of hell, through which Hercules 
 dragged Cerberus from the infernal re- 
 gions. 
 
 Tjenias, a part of the lake Moeotis. 
 
 Tagaste, a town of Numidia. 
 
 Tages, a son of Genius, grandson of 
 Jupiter, was the first who taught the 
 twelve nations of the Etrurians the science 
 of augury and divination. 
 
 Tagonius, a river of Hispania Tarraco- 
 nensis. 
 
 Tagus, a river of Spain, which falls into 
 the Atlantic after it has crossed Lusitania 
 or Portugal, and now bears the name of 
 Tajo. The sands of the Tagus, accord- 
 ing to the poets, were covered with gold. 
 
 A Latian chief, killed by Nisus. 
 
 A Trojan killed by Turnus. 
 
TA 
 
 383 
 
 TA 
 
 Talasius. ( Vid. Thalasius.) 
 
 Talaus, a son of Bias and Pero, father 
 of Adrastus by Lysimache. He was one 
 of the Argonauts. 
 
 Talayra, the sister of Phoebe. She is 
 also called Hilaira. 
 
 Taletum, a temple sacred to the sun 
 on mount Taygetus in Laconia. Horses 
 were generally offered there for sacrifice. 
 
 Talthybius, a herald in the Grecian 
 camp during the Trojan war, the particu- 
 lar minister and friend of Agamemnon. 
 
 Talus, a youth, son of the sister of Dae- 
 dalus, who invented the saw, compasses, 
 and other mechanical instruments. His 
 uncle became jealous of his growing fame, 
 
 and murdered him privately. A son of 
 
 CEnopion. A son of Cres, the founder 
 
 of the Cretan nation. A friend of 
 
 J3neas killed by Turnus. 
 
 Tamaris, a river of Spain. 
 
 Tamarus, a mountain of Epirus, called 
 also Tmarus and Tumarus. 
 
 Tamasea, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, 
 sacred to the goddess of beauty. 
 
 Tamesis, a river of Britain, now the 
 Thames. 
 
 Tamos, a native of Memphis, made gov- 
 ernor of Ionia, by young Cyrus. After the 
 death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, 
 where he was murdered on account of 
 
 his immense treasures. A promontory 
 
 of India near the Ganges. 
 
 Tampius, a Roman historian. 
 
 Tamyras, a river of Phoenicia, between 
 Tyre and Sidon. 
 
 Tamyris, a queen. ( Vid. Thomyris.) 
 
 Tanagra, a town of Bceotia, near the 
 Euripus, between the Asopus and Ther- 
 modon, famous for fighting cocks. 
 
 Tanagrus, or Tanager, now Negro, a 
 river of Lucania in Italy, remarkable for 
 its cascades, and the beautiful meanders 
 of its streams, through a fine picturesque 
 country. 
 
 Tanais, an eunuch, freedman to Mae- 
 cenas. A river of Scythia, now the Don. 
 
 A deity among the Persians and Ar- 
 menians, who patronised slaves ; suppos- 
 ed to be the same as Venus. 
 
 Tanaq_uil, called also Caia Cmcilia, was 
 the wife of Tarquin the fifth king of Rome. 
 She was a native of Tarquinia, where she 
 married Lucumon, better known by the 
 name of Tarquin, which he assumed after 
 he had come to Rome at the representa- 
 tion of his wife, whose knowledge of aug- 
 ury promised him something uncommon. 
 Her expectations were not frustrated ; her 
 husband was raised to the throne, and she 
 shared with him the honors of royalty. 
 After the murder of Tarquin, Tanaquil 
 raised her son-in-law Servius Tullius to 
 the throne, and ensured him the succes- 
 sion. She distinguished herself by her 
 liberality. 
 
 Tanas, a river of Numidia. 
 
 Tanetum, a town of Italy, now Tonedo, 
 in the dutchy of Modena. 
 
 Tanfanje lucus, a sacred grove in 
 Germany, in the country of the Marsi, be- 
 tween the Ems and Lippe. 
 
 Tanis, a city of Egypt, on one of the 
 eastern mouths of the Nile. 
 
 Tantalides, a patronymic applied to 
 the descendants of Tantalus. 
 
 Tantalus, a king of Lydia, son of Ju- 
 piter, by a nymph called Pluto. He was 
 father of Niobe, Pelops, &c, by Dione, 
 one of the Atlantides, called by some Eu- 
 ryanassa. Tantalus is represented by the 
 poets as punished in hell, with an insatia- 
 ble thirst, and placed up to the chin in the 
 midst of a pool of water, which, however, 
 flows away as soon as he attempts to 
 taste it. There hangs also above his head 
 a bough, richly loaded with delicious 
 fruit ; which, as soon as he attempts to 
 seize, is carried away from his reach by a 
 sudden blast of wind. The causes of this 
 eternal punishment are variously explain- 
 ed. A son of Thyestes, the first hus- 
 band of Clytemnestra. One of Niobe's 
 
 children. 
 
 Tanusius Germinus, a Latin historian 
 intimate with Cicero. 
 
 Taphle, islands in the Ionian sea, be- 
 tween Achaia and Leucadia, They were 
 also called Teleboides. They received 
 these names from Taphius and Telebous, 
 the sons of Neptune who reigned there. 
 
 Taphius, a son of Neptune by Hippo- 
 thoe the daughter of Nestor. He was king 
 of the Taphite, to which he gave his name. 
 
 Taphius, or Taphiassus, a mountain 
 of Locris on the confines of ^Etolia. 
 
 Taphiusa, a place near Leucas, where 
 a stone is found called Taphiusius. 
 
 Taphrje, a town on the Isthmus of the 
 Taurica Chersonesus, now Precop. 
 
 Taphros, the strait between Corsica 
 and Sardinia, now Bonifacio. 
 
 Taprobane, an island in the Indian 
 ocean, now called Ceylon. Its inhabit- 
 ants were very rich and lived to a great 
 age. 
 
 Tapsus, a maritime town of Africa. 
 
 A small and lowly situated peninsula on 
 
 the eastern coast of Sicily. A man of 
 
 Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. 
 
 Tapyri, a people near Hyrcania. 
 
 Taranis, a name of Jupiter among the 
 Gauls, to whom human sacrifices were 
 
 Taras, a son of Neptune, who built Ta- 
 rentum as some suppose. 
 
 Tarasco, a town of Gaul, now Taras- 
 con in Provence. 
 
 Taraxippus, a deity worshipped at Elis. 
 
 Tarbelli, a people of Gaul, at the foot 
 of the Pyrenees. 
 
 Tarchetius, an impious king of Alba. 
 
 Tarchon, an Etrurian chief, who as- 
 sisted yEneas against the Rutuli. Some 
 
TA 
 
 384 
 
 TA 
 
 suppose that he founded Mantua. A 
 
 prince of Cilicia. 
 
 Tarchondimotus, a prince of Cilicia. 
 
 Tarentum, Tarenttjs, or Taras, a 
 town of Calabria, situate on a bay of the 
 same name, near the mouth of the river 
 Galesus. It was founded, or rather re- 
 paired, by a Lacedaemonian colony, about 
 seven hundred and seven years before 
 Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus. 
 The large, beautiful, aud capacious har- 
 bour of Tarentum is greatly commended 
 by ancient historians, Tarentum, now 
 called Tarento, is inhabited by about 
 eighteen thousand souls, who still main- 
 tain the character of their forefathers in 
 idleness and effeminacy, and live chiefly 
 by fishing. 
 
 Tarichjeum, a fortified town of Judaea. 
 
 Several towns on the coast of Egypt 
 
 bore this name from their pickling fish. 
 
 Tarnje, a town mentioned by Homer. 
 — A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. — 
 A river of Aquitania, 
 
 Tarpa, (Spurius Maetius,) a critic at 
 Rome in the age of Augustus. He was 
 appointed with four others in the temple 
 of Apollo, to examine the merit of every 
 poetical composition which was to be de- 
 posited in the temple of the Muses. 
 
 Tarpeia, the daughter of Tarpeius, the 
 governor of the citadel of Rome, promised 
 to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, 
 provided they gave her their gold brace- 
 lets, or, as she expressed it, what they 
 carried on their left hands. Tatius, the 
 king of the Sabines, consented, and as he 
 entered the gates, to punish her perfidy, 
 he threw not only his bracelet but his 
 shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imi- 
 tated his example, and Tarpeia was crush- 
 ed under the weight of the bracelets and 
 
 shields of the Sabine array. A vestal 
 
 virgin in the reign of Numa. One of 
 
 the warlike female attendants of Camilla 
 in the Rutulian war. 
 
 Tarpeia lex was enacted A. U. C. 269, 
 by Sp. Tarpeius, to empower all the ma- 
 gistrates of the republic to lay fines on of- 
 fenders. 
 
 Sp. Tarpeius, the governor of the cit- 
 adel of Rome, under Romulus. His de- 
 scendants were called Montani and Capi- 
 tolini. 
 
 Tarpeius mons, a hill at Rome about 
 eighty feet in perpendicular height, from 
 whence the Romans threw down their 
 condemned criminals. It received its 
 name from Tarpeia, who was buried there, 
 and is the same as the Capitoline hill. 
 
 Tarquinii, now Turchina, a town of 
 Etruria, built by Tarchon, who assisted 
 ^Eneas against Tuinus. Tarquinius Pris- 
 cus was born or educated there, and he 
 made it a Roman colony when he ascend- 
 ed the throne. 
 
 Tarquinia, a daughter of Tarquinius 
 
 Priscus, who married Servius Tullius. 
 When her husband was murdered by 
 Tarquinius Superbus, she privately con- 
 veyed away his body by night, and buried 
 it. This preyed upon her mind, and the 
 
 following night she died. A vestal 
 
 virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the 
 Roman people a large piece of land, which 
 was afterwards called the Campus Mar- 
 tius. 
 
 Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of 
 Rome, was son of Demaratus, a native of 
 Greece. He called himself Lucius, and 
 assumed the surname of Tarquinius, be- 
 cause horn in the town of Tarquinii in 
 Etruria. At Rome he distinguished him- 
 self so much by Iris liberality and enga- 
 ging manners, that Ancus Martius, the 
 reigning monarch, nominated him at his 
 death, the guardian of his children. This 
 was insufficient to gratify the ambition 
 of Tarquin ; the princes were young, and 
 an artful oration delivered to the people 
 immediately transferred the crown of the 
 deceased monarch to the head of Lucu- 
 Bion. The people had every reason to be 
 satisfied with their choice. Tarquin 
 reigned with moderation and popularity 
 He increased the number of the senate, 
 and made himself friends by electing one 
 hundred new senators from the plebeians, 
 whom he distinguished by the appellation 
 of Patres minorum gentium, fronrthose of 
 the patrician body, who were called Pa- 
 tres majorum gentium. Tarquin was the 
 first who introduced among the Romans 
 the custom to canvass for offices of trust 
 and honor ; he distinguished the monarch, 
 the senators, and other inferior magis- 
 trates with particular robes and orna- 
 ments, with ivory chairs at spectacles, 
 and the hatchets carried before the public 
 magistrates, were by his order surround- 
 ed with bundles of sticks, to strike more 
 terror, and to be viewed with greater 
 reverence. Tarquin was assassinated by 
 the two sons of his predecessor, in the 
 eightieth year of his age, thirty-eight of 
 which he had sat on the throne, five hun- 
 dred and seventy-eight years before Christ. 
 The second Tarquin, surnamed Su- 
 perbus, from his pride and insolence, was 
 grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. He as- 
 cended the throne of Rome after his fa- 
 ther-in-law Servius Tullius, and was the 
 seventh and last king of Rome. He mar- 
 ried Tullia, the daughter of Tullius, and 
 it was at her instigation that he murdered 
 his father-in-law, and seized the kingdom. 
 The crown which he had obtained with 
 violence, he endeavored! to keep by a 
 continuation of tyranny,. Unlike his-reyal 
 predecessors, he paid as regard to the de- 
 cisions of the senate, er the approbation 
 of the public assemblies, and by wishing 
 to disregard both, lie incurred the |ea- 
 lousy of the one ar*i t<he qcFjiun. of. Ihe 
 
TA 
 
 385 
 
 TA 
 
 other. The public treasury was soon 
 exhausted by the continual extravagance 
 of Tarquin, and to silence the murmurs 
 of his subjects, he resolved to call their 
 attention to war. He was successful in 
 his military operations, the neighboring 
 cities submitted ; but. while the siege of 
 Ardea was continued, the wantonness of 
 the son of Tarquin at Rome, forever stop- 
 ped the progress of his arms; and the Ro- 
 mans, whom a series of barbarity and op- 
 pression had hitherto provoked, no sooner 
 saw the virtuous Lucretia stab herself, 
 not to survive the loss of her honor, (Vid. 
 Lucretia) than the whole city and camp 
 arose with indignation against the mo- 
 narch. The gates of Rome were shut 
 against him, and Tarquin was forever 
 banished from his throne, in the year of 
 Rome 244. Unable to find support from 
 even one of his subjects, Tarquin retired 
 among the Etrurians, who attempted in 
 vain to replace him on his throne. The 
 republican government was established at 
 Rome, and all Italy refused any longer to 
 support the cause of an exiled monarch 
 against a nation, who heard the name of 
 Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, mentioned 
 with equal horror and indignation. Tar- 
 quin died in the ninetieth year of his age, 
 about fourteen years after his expulsion 
 
 from Rome. (Collatinus) one of the 
 
 relations of Tarquin the proud, who mar- 
 ried Lucretia. Sextius, the eldest of 
 
 the sons of Tarquin the proud, rendered 
 himself known by a variety of adventures. 
 When his father besieged Gabii, young 
 Tarquin publicly declared that he was at 
 variance with the monarch, and the re- 
 
 Sort was the more easily believed when 
 e came before Gabii with his body all 
 mangled and bloody with stripes. This 
 was an agreement between the father and 
 the son, and Tarquin had no socner de- 
 clared that this proceeded from the ty- 
 ranny and oppression of his father, than 
 the people of Gabii intrusted him with 
 the command of their armies, fully con- 
 vinced that Rome could never have a 
 more inveterate enemy. When he had 
 thus succeeded, he dispatched a private 
 messenger to his father, but the monarch 
 gave no answer to be returned to his son. 
 Sextius inquired more particularly about 
 his father, and when he heard from the 
 messenger that when the message was 
 delivered, Tarquin cut off with a stick 
 the tallest poppies in his garden, the son 
 followed the example by putting to death 
 the most noble and powerful citizens of 
 Gabii. The town soon fell into the hands 
 of the Romans. The violence which 
 sometime after Tarquinius offered to Lu- 
 cretia, was the cause of his father's ex- 
 ile, and the total expulsion of his fami- 
 ly from Rome. {Vid. Lucretia.) Sextius 
 was at last killed, bravely fighting in a 
 33 
 
 battle during the war which the Latins 
 sustained against Rome in the attempt 
 of reestablishing the Tarquins on their 
 
 throne. A Roman senator who was 
 
 accessary to Catiline's conspiracy. 
 
 Tarquitius Crescens, a centurion un- 
 der Caesennius Paetus. Priscus, an 
 
 officer in Africa, who accused the procon- 
 sul. 
 
 Tarquitus, a son of Faunus and Dry- 
 ope, who assisted Turnus against ^Eneas. 
 He was killed by ^Eneas. 
 
 Tarracina, a town of the Volsci in 
 Latiuin, between Rome and Neapolis. It 
 was also called Anxur. 
 
 Tarraco, now Tarragona^ a city of 
 Spain, situate on the shores of the Medi- 
 terranean, founded by the two Scipios, 
 who planted a Roman colony there. The 
 province of which it was the capital was 
 called Tarraconensis, and was famous for 
 its wines. 
 
 Tarsa, a Thracian, who rebelled under 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Tarsius, a river of Troas. 
 
 Tarsus, now Tarasso, a town of Cili- 
 cia, on the Cydnus, founded by Triptole- 
 mus and a colony of Argives, or, as others 
 say, by Sardanapalus, or by Perseus. Tar- 
 sus was celebrated for the great men it 
 produced. 
 
 Tartarus, one of the regions of hell, 
 where, according to the ancients, the 
 most impious and guilty among mankind 
 were punished. It was surrounded with 
 a brazen wall, and its entrance was con- 
 tinually hidden from the sight by a cloud 
 of darkness, which is represented three 
 times more gloomy than the obscurest 
 night. The entrance is by a large and 
 lofty tower, whose gates are supported by 
 columns of adamant, which neither gods 
 
 nor men can cpen. A small river of 
 
 Italy, near Verona. 
 
 Tartessus, a town in Spain near the 
 columns of Hercules, on the Mediterrane- 
 an. Some suppose that it was afterwards 
 called Carteia, and it was better known 
 by the name of Oades, when Hercules 
 had set up his columns on the extremity 
 of Spain and Africa. A town in an is- 
 land near Gades in Iberia. 
 
 Taruana, a town of Gaul, now Ter- 
 rouen in Artois. 
 
 L. Taruntius Spurina, a mathemati- 
 cian who flourished sixty-one years B. C. 
 
 Tarus, a river of Gaul, falling into the 
 Po. 
 
 Tarusates, a people of Gaul, now Tur- 
 san. 
 
 Taruscum, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Tarvisium, a town of Italy, now Tre- 
 viso, in the Venetian states. 
 
 Tasgetius Cornutus, a prince of 
 Gaul, assassinated in the age of Cresar. 
 
 Tatian, one of the Greek fathers, A. D 
 172. 
 
 R 
 
TA 
 
 386 
 
 TE 
 
 Tatienses, a name given to one of the 
 tribes of the Roman people by Romulus, 
 in honor of Tatius, king of the Sabines. 
 
 Tatius, (Titus,) king of Cures among 
 the Sabines, made war against the Ro- 
 mans after the rape of the Sabines. The 
 gates of the city were betrayed into his 
 hands by Tarpeia, and the army of the 
 Sabines advanced as far as the" Roman 
 forum, where a bloody battle was fought. 
 The cries of the Sabine virgins at last 
 stopped the fury of the combatants, and 
 an agreement was made between the two 
 nations. Tatius consented to leave his 
 ancient possessions, and with his subjects 
 of Cures, to come and live in Rome, 
 which, as stipulated, was permitted still 
 to bear the name of its founder, whilst the 
 inhabitants adopted the name of duirites 
 in compliment to the new citizens. After 
 he had for six years shared the royal au- 
 thority with Romulus, in the greatest 
 union, he was murdered at Lanuvium, 
 B. C. 742, for an act of cruelty to the am- 
 bassadors of the Laurentes. 
 
 Tatta, a large lake of Phrygia, on the 
 confines of Pisidia. 
 
 Tavola, a river of Corsica. 
 
 Taua, a town of the Delta in Egypt. 
 
 Taulantii, a people of Illyricum on the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 Taunus, a mountain in Germany, now 
 Heyrlch or Hoche, opposite Mentz. " 
 
 Taurania, a town of Italy in the coun- 
 try of the Brutii. 
 
 Taurantes, a people of Armenia, be- 
 tween Artaxata and Tigranocerta. 
 
 Tauri, a people of European Sarmatia, 
 who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and 
 sacrificed all strangers to Diana. 
 
 Taurica Chersonesus, a large penin- 
 sula of Europe, at the south-west of the 
 Pal us McBotis, now called the Crimea. 
 The inhabitants were a savage and unciv- 
 ilized nation. 
 
 Taurica, a surname of Diana, because 
 she was worshipped by the inhabitants of 
 Taurica Chersonesus. 
 
 Tauri ni, the inhabitants of Taurinum, 
 a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Tu- 
 rin, in Piedmont. 
 
 Taurisci, a people of Noricum, among 
 the Alps of Mysia. 
 
 Tauriscus, a sculptor. (Via". Apolloni- 
 us.) 
 
 Taurium, a town of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Taurominium, a town of Sicily, be- 
 tween Messana and Catana. The hills 
 in the neighborhood were famous for the 
 fine grapes which they produced, and 
 they surpassed almost the whole world 
 for the extent and beauty of their pros- 
 pects. There is a small river near it call- 
 ed Tmirominius. 
 
 Taurus, the largest mountain of Asia, 
 as to extent. One of its extremities is in 
 Caria, and it extends not onlv as far as 
 
 the most eastern extremities of Asia, but 
 it also branches in several parts, and runs 
 far into the north. Mount Taurus was 
 known by several names, particularly in 
 
 different countries. A mountain in 
 
 Germany of Sicily. Titus Statilius, 
 
 a consul distinguished by his intimacy 
 with Augustus, as well as by a theatre 
 which he built, and the triumph he ob- 
 tained after a prosperous campaign in 
 
 Africa. A proconsul of Africa, accused 
 
 by Agrippina, who wished him to be con- 
 demned, that she might become mistress 
 
 of his gardens. An officer of Minos, 
 
 king of Crete. 
 
 Taxila, a large country in India, be- 
 tween the Indus and the Hydaspes. 
 
 Taxilus, or Taxiles, a king of Taxila, 
 in the age of Alexander, called also Om- 
 phis. He submitted to the conqueror, 
 who rewarded him with great liberality. 
 
 A general of Mithridates, who assist 
 
 ed Archelaus against the Romans in 
 Greece. He was afterwards conquered 
 by Murana, the lieutenant of Sylla. 
 
 Taximaquilus, a king in the south- 
 ern parts of Britain when Ctesar invaded 
 it. 
 
 Taygete, or Taygeta, a daughter of 
 Atlas and Pleione, mother of Lacedasmon 
 by Jupiter. She became one of the Pleia- 
 des, after death. 
 
 Taygetus, or Taygeta, a mountain of 
 Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west of 
 the river Eurotas. It hung over the city 
 of Lacedsemon, and it is said that once a 
 part of it fell down by an earthquake, and 
 destroyed the suburbs. 
 
 Teanum, a town of Campania, on the 
 Appian road, at the east of the Liris, call- 
 ed also Sidicinum, to be distinguished from 
 another town of the same name at the 
 west of Apulia, at a small distance from 
 the coast of the Adriatic. 
 
 Tearus, a river of Thrace, rising in 
 the same rock from thirty eight differ- 
 ent sources, some of which are hot, and 
 others cold. 
 
 Teatea, Teate, or Tegeate, a town 
 of Latium. 
 
 Teches, a mountain of Pontus, from 
 which the 10,000 Greeks had first a view 
 of the sea. 
 
 Techmessa, the daughter of a Phrygian 
 prince called by some Teuthras, and by 
 others Teleutas. 
 
 Tecmon, a town of Epirus. 
 
 Tecnatis, a king of Egypt. 
 
 Tectamus, son of Dorus, grandson of 
 Hellen, the son of Deucalion, went to 
 Crete with the ^Etolians and Pelasgians, 
 and reigned there. 
 
 Tectosages, or Tectosag^e, a people 
 of Gallia Narbonensis, whose capital was 
 the modern Toulouse. They received 
 the name of Tectosagse quod sagis tcgeren- 
 tur. 
 
TE 
 
 387 
 
 TE 
 
 Tecum, a river of Gaul falling from the 
 Pyrenees into the Mediterranean. 
 
 Tedanius, a river of Liburnia. 
 
 Tegea, or Tegj;a, now Moklia, a town 
 of Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded 
 by Tegeates, a son of Lycaon. The gi- 
 gantic bones of Orestes were found buried 
 there and removed to Sparta. Apollo 
 and Pan were worshipped there, and 
 there also Ceres, Proserpine, and Venus, 
 had each a temple. 
 
 Tegula, P. Licin. a comic poet who 
 flourished B. C. 198. 
 
 Tegyra, a town of Boeotia where Apol- 
 lo Tegyraus was worshipped. 
 
 Teios. Vid. Teos. 
 
 Teium, a town of Paphlagonia on the 
 Euxine sea. 
 
 Tela, a town of Spain. 
 
 Telamon, a king of the island of Sala- 
 mis, son of ^Eacus and Endeis. He ac- 
 companied Jason in his expedition to Col- 
 chis, and was arm-bearer to Hercules, 
 when that hero took Laomedon prisoner, 
 and destroyed Troy. Telamon was re- 
 warded by Hercules for his services with 
 the hand of Hesione, whom the conquer- 
 or had obtained among the spoils of Troy, 
 
 and with her he returned to Greece. 
 
 A seaport town of Etruria. 
 
 Telamoniades, a patronymic given to 
 the descendants of Telamon. 
 
 Telchines, a people of Rhodes, said to 
 have been originally from Crete. They 
 were the inventors of many useful arts, 
 and according to Diodorus, passed for the 
 sons of the sea. 
 
 Telchinia, a surname of Minerva at 
 Teumessa in Boeotia, where she had a 
 
 temple. Also a surname of Juno in 
 
 Rhodes, where she had a statue at Ialy- 
 sus raised by the Telchinians, who settled 
 there. Also an ancient name of Crete. 
 
 Telchinius, a surname of Apollo 
 among the Rhodians. 
 
 Telchis, a son of Europs, the son of 
 ^Egialeus. He was one of the first kings 
 of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Tele a, a surname of Juno in Breotia. 
 
 Teleboas, a son of Ixion and the cloud. 
 A son of Lycaon. 
 
 Teleeo^:, or Teleboes, a people of 
 iEtolia, called also Taphians. 
 
 Teleboides, islands opposite Leucadia. 
 
 Telecles, or Teleclus, a Lacedaemo- 
 nian king, of the family of the Agidae, who 
 reigned forty years, B. C. 813. A phi- 
 losopher, disciple of Lacidas, B. C. 214. 
 A Milesian. 
 
 Teleclides, an Athenian comic poet 
 in the age of Pericles. 
 
 Telegonus, a son of Ulysses and Circe, 
 born in the island of Mvea, where he 
 was educated. When arrived to the years 
 of manhood, he went to Ithaca to make 
 himself known to his father, but he was 
 Shipwrecked on the coast, and being des- 
 
 titute of provisions he plundered some of 
 the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses 
 and Telemaclms came to defend the pro- 
 perty of their subjects against this un- 
 known invader ; a quarrel arose, and Te- 
 legonus killed his father without know- 
 ing who he was. He afterwards returned 
 to his native country, and according to 
 Hyginus he carried thither his father's 
 body, where it was buried. Telemachus 
 and Penelope also accompanied him in 
 his return, and soon after the nuptials of 
 Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated 
 
 by order of Minerva. A son of Proteus 
 
 killed by Hercules. A king of Egypt 
 
 who married Io after she had been restor- 
 ed to her original form by Jupiter. 
 
 Telemachus, a son of Ulysses and Pe- 
 nelope. He was still in the cradle when 
 his father went with the rest of the Greeks 
 to the Trojan war. At the end of this 
 celebrated war, Telemachus, anxious to 
 see his father, went to seek him, and as 
 the place of his residence, and the cause 
 of his long absence were then unknown, 
 he visited the court of Menelaus and Nes- 
 tor to obtain information. He afterwards 
 returned to Ithaca, where the suitors of 
 his mother Penelope had conspired to 
 murder him, but he avoided their snares, 
 and by means of Minerva, he discovered 
 his father, who had arrived in the island 
 two days before him, and was then in the 
 house of Eumaeus. After the death of his 
 father, Telemachus went to the island of 
 iEcea, where he married Circe, or accord- 
 ing to others Cassiphone, the daughter of 
 Circe, by whom he had a son called Lati- 
 nus. It is said, that when a child, Tele- 
 machus fell into the sea, and that a dol- 
 phin brought him safe to shore, after 
 he had remained sometime under water. 
 From this circumstance Ulysses had the 
 figure of a dolphin engraved on the seal 
 which he wore on his ring. 
 
 Telemus, a Cyclops who was acquaint- 
 ed with futurity. 
 
 Telephassa, the mother of Cadmus, 
 Phoenix, and Cilix, by Agenor. 
 
 Telephus, a king of Mysia, son of Her- 
 cules and Auge, the daughter of Aleus. 
 He was exposed as soon as born on mount 
 Parthenius, but his life was preserved by 
 a goat, and by some shepherds. Tele- 
 phus, according to the more received 
 opinions, was ignorant of his origin, and 
 he was ordered by the oracle, if he wish- 
 ed to know his parents, to go to Mysia. 
 Obedient to this injunction, he came to 
 Mysia, and after various surprising ad- 
 ventures, married one of the daughters of 
 king Priam. As one of the sons of the 
 Trojan monarch, Telephus prepared to 
 assist Priam against the Greeks, and with 
 heroic valor he attacked them when they 
 had landed on his coasts. The carnage 
 was great, and Telephus was victorious, 
 
TE 
 
 388 
 
 TE 
 
 had not Bacchus, who protected the 
 Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the 
 earth, which entangled the feet of the 
 monarch, and laid him flat on the ground. 
 Achilles immediately rushed upon him, 
 and wounded him so severely, that he 
 was carried away from the battle. The 
 wound was mortal, and Telephus was 
 informed by the oracle, that he alone who 
 had inflicted it, could totally cure it. — 
 Achilles consented, and as the weapon 
 which had given the wound could alone 
 cure it, the hero scraped the rust from the 
 point of his spear, and, by applying it to 
 
 the sore, gave it immediate relief. A 
 
 friend of Horace, remarkable for his beau- 
 ty and the elegance of his person. He 
 was the favorite of Lydia, the mistress of 
 
 Horace. A slave who conspired against 
 
 Augustus. L. Verus wrote a book on 
 
 the rhetoric of Homer, as also a compari- 
 son of that poet with Plato, and other 
 treatises, all lost. 
 
 Telesia, a town of Campania, taken by 
 Annibal. 
 
 Telesicles, a Parian, father to the poet 
 Archilochus, by a slave called Enippo. 
 
 Telesilla, a lyric poetess of Argos, who 
 bravely defended her country against the 
 Lacedaemonians, and obliged them to raise 
 the siege. 
 
 Telesinicus, a Corinthian auxiliary at 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Telesinus, a general of the Samnites, 
 who joined the interest of Marius, and 
 
 fought against the generals of Sylla. A 
 
 poet of considerable merit in Domitian's 
 reign. 
 
 Telesippus, a poor man of Pliers, fa- 
 ther to the tyrant Dinias. 
 
 Telestagoras, a man of Naxos, whose 
 daughters were ravished by some of the 
 nobles of the island, in consequence of 
 which they were expelled by the direction 
 of Lygdamis. 
 
 Telestas, a son of Priam. An ath- 
 lete of Messenia. A king of Corinth, 
 
 who died 779 B. C. 
 
 Telestes, a dithyrambic poet, who 
 flourished B. C. 40-2. 
 
 Telesto, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Telethus, a mountain in Eubcea. 
 
 Telethusa, the wife of Lygdus or Lyc- 
 tus, a native of Crete. 
 
 Teleurias, a prince of Macedonia. 
 
 Teleutias, the brother of Agesilaus 
 who was killed by the Olynthians. 
 
 Teleute, a surname of Venus among 
 the Egyptians. 
 
 Tellenje, a town of Latium, now de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Telles, a king of Achaia, son of Tisa- 
 menes. 
 
 Tellias, a famous soothsayer of Elis, 
 in the age of Xerxes. 
 
 Tellis, a Greek lyric poet, the father 
 of Brasidaa. 
 
 Telmts, a divinity, the same as the 
 earth, the most ancient of all the gods af- 
 ter Chaos. She appeared crowned with 
 turrets, holding a sceptre in one hand, 
 and a key in the other ; while at her feet 
 was lying a tame lion without chains, as 
 if to intimate that every part of the earth 
 can be made fruitful by means of cultiva- 
 tion. A poor man, whom Solon called 
 
 happier than Croesus the rich and ambi- 
 tious king of Lydia. 
 
 Telmessus, or Telmis9us, a town of 
 Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in 
 augury and the interpretation of dreams. 
 
 Another in Lycia. A third in Pi- 
 
 sidia. 
 
 Telo Martius, a town at the south of 
 Gaul, now Toulon. 
 
 Telon, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killed 
 
 during the siege of that city by Caesar. 
 
 A king of the Teleboee, who married Se- 
 bethis, by whom he had CEbalus. 
 
 Telos, a small island near Rhodes. 
 
 Telphusa, a nymph of Arcadia, daugh- 
 ter of the Ladon, who gave her name to a 
 town and fountain of that place. 
 
 Telxiope, one of the muses. 
 
 Telys, a tyrant of Sybaris. 
 
 Temathea, a mountain of Messenia. 
 
 Temenium, a place in Messene, where 
 Temenus was buried. 
 
 Temenites, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 Temenos, a place of Syracuse, where 
 Apollo, called Temenites, had a statue. 
 
 Temenus, the son of Aristomachus, was 
 the first of the Heraclidas who returned 
 to Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesi- 
 phontes in the reign of Tisamenes, king 
 
 of Argos. -A son of Pelasgus, who 
 
 was intrusted with the care of Juno's in- 
 fancy. 
 
 Temerinda, the name of the Falus 
 Maeotis among the natives. 
 
 Temesa, a town of Cyprus. Another 
 
 in Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines 
 of copper, which were exhausted in the 
 age of Strabo. 
 
 Temnes, a king of Sidon. 
 
 Temnos, a town of ^Eolia, at the mouth 
 of the Hermus. 
 
 Tempe, (plur.) a valley in Thessaly, 
 between mount Olympus at the north, 
 and Ossa at the south, through which the 
 river Peneus flows into the ^Egean. The 
 poets have described it as the most de- 
 lightful spot on the earth, with continual- 
 ly cool shades, and verdant walks, which 
 the warbling of birds rendered more plea- 
 sant and romantic, and which the gods 
 often honored with iheir presence. 
 
 Teschtheri, a nation of Germany, 
 who frequently changed the place of their 
 habitation. 
 
 Tendeba, a town of Caria. 
 
 Tenea, a part of Corinth. 
 
 Tenedia securis. Fid. Tenes. 
 
 Tenedos, a 6mall and fertile island of 
 
TE 
 
 389 
 
 TE 
 
 the iEgean sea, opposite Troy, at the dis- 
 tance of about twelve miles from Sigaeum, 
 and fifty-six miles north from Lesbos. It 
 became famous during the Trojan war. 
 
 Tenerus, son of Apollo and Melia, re- 
 ceived from his father the knowledge of 
 futurity. 
 
 Tene8, a son of Cycnus and Proclea. He 
 was exposed on the sea on the coast of 
 Troas, by his father, who credulously be- 
 lieved his wife Philonome, who had fallen 
 in love with Cycnus, and accused him of 
 attempts upon her virtue, when he refused 
 to gratify her passion. Tenes arrived safe 
 in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos, 
 and of which he became the sovereign. 
 Sometime after, Cycnus discovered the 
 guilt of his wife Philonome, and as he 
 wished to be reconciled to his son whom 
 he had so grossly injured, he went to Te- 
 nedos. But when he had tied his ship to 
 the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a 
 hatchet, and suffered his father's ship to 
 be tossed about in the sea. From this 
 circumstance the hatchet of Tenes is be- 
 come proverbial to intimate a resentment 
 
 that cannot be pacified. A general of 
 
 three thousand mercenary Greeks sent by 
 the Egyptians to assist the Phoenicians. 
 
 Tenesis, a part of Ethiopia. 
 
 Tenmes, a king of Sidon, who when 
 his country was besieged by the Persians, 
 burnt himself and the city together, B. C. 
 351. 
 
 Tennum, a town of ^Eolia. 
 
 Tenos, a small island in the ^Egean, 
 near Andros, called Ophiussa, and also 
 Hydrussa, from the number of its foun- 
 tains. It was very mountainous, but it 
 produced excellent wines, universally es- 
 teemed by the ancients. 
 
 Tentyra, (plur.) and Tentyris, a small 
 town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhab- 
 itants were at enmity with the crocodiles, 
 and made war against those who paid 
 them adoration. 
 
 Tentyra, a place of Thrace, opposite 
 Samothrace. 
 
 Teos, or Teios, now Sigag-ik, a mari- 
 time town on the coast of Ionia in Asia 
 Minor, opposite Samos. It was one of the 
 twelve cities of the Ionian confederacy, 
 and gave birth to Anacreon and Hecatsus, 
 who is by some deemed a native of Mile- 
 tus. 
 
 Teredo n, a town on the Arabian gulf. 
 
 Terentia, the wife of Cicero. She be- 
 came mother of M. Cicero, and of a daugh- 
 ter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her, 
 because she had been faithless to his bed. 
 She lived to her one hundred and third, 
 or according to Pliny to her one hundred 
 
 and seventeenth year. The wife of 
 
 Scipio Africanus. The wife of Me- 
 
 caenas. 
 
 Terentia lex, called also Cassia, fru- 
 mentaria, by M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, i 
 33* 
 
 and C. Cassius, A. U. C. 680. It ordered 
 that the same price should be given for all 
 corn bought in the provinces, to hinder the 
 
 exactions of the quaestors. Another by 
 
 Terentius the tribune, A. U. C. 291, to 
 elect five persons to define the power of 
 the consuls, lest they should abuse the 
 public confidence by violence or rapine. 
 
 Terentianus, a Roman, to whom Lon- 
 ginus dedicated his treatise on the sub- 
 lime. Maurus, a writer who flourished 
 
 A. D. 240. 
 
 Terentius Publius, a native of Car- 
 thage in Africa, celebrated for the come . 
 dies he wrote. He was sold as a slave to 
 Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, 
 who educated him with great care, and 
 manumitted him for the brilliancy of his 
 genius. He bore the name of his master 
 and benefactor, and was called Terentius. 
 He applied himself to the study of Greek 
 comedy with uncommon assiduity, and 
 merited the friendship and patronage of 
 the learned and powerful. Terence was 
 in the twenty-fifth year of his age, when 
 his first play appeared on the Roman 
 stage. All his compositions were received 
 with great applause. The talents of Te- 
 rence were employed rather in translation 
 than in the effusions of originality. It is 
 said that he translated one hundred and 
 eight of the comedies of the poet Menan- 
 der, six of which only are extant, his 
 Andria, Eunuch, Heautontimorumenos, 
 Adelphi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Terence 
 is admired for the purity of his language, 
 and the artless elegance and simplicity of 
 his diction, and for a continued delicacy 
 of sentiment. The time and the manner 
 of his death are unknown. He left Rome 
 in the thirty-fifth year of his age, and never 
 
 after appeared there. Culeo, a Roman 
 
 senator, taken by the Carthaginians, and 
 
 redeemed by Africanus. A tribune 
 
 who wished the number of the citizens of 
 
 Rome to be increased. Evocatus, a 
 
 man who, as it was supposed, murdered 
 Galba. Lentinus, a Roman knight con- 
 demned for perjury. Varro, a writer. 
 
 A consul with ^Emilius Paulus at the 
 
 battle of Cannes. He was the son of a 
 butcher, and had followed for sometime 
 the profession of his father. He placed 
 himself totally in the power of Hannibal, 
 by making an improper disposition of his 
 army. After he had been defeated, and 
 his colleague slain, he retired to Canu- 
 sium, with the remains of his slaughtered 
 countrymen, and sent word to the Roman 
 senate of his defeat. He received the 
 thanks of this venerable body, because he 
 had engaged the enemy, however impro- 
 perly, and not despaired of the affairs of 
 
 the republic. An ambassador sent to 
 
 Philip king of Macedonia. Massaliora, 
 
 an edile of the people. Marcus, a 
 
 friend of Sejanus, accused before the sen- 
 
TE 
 
 390 
 
 TE 
 
 ate for his intimacy with that discarded 
 favorite. 
 
 Terentus, a place in the Campus Mar- 
 tins near the capitol, where the infernal 
 deities had an altar. 
 
 Tereus, a king of Thrace, son of Mars 
 and Bistonis. He married Progne, the 
 daughter of Pandion king of Athens, whom 
 he had assisted in a war against Megara. 
 A friend of iEneas, killed by Ca- 
 milla. 
 
 Tergeste and Tergestum, now Trieste, 
 a town of Italy on the Adriatic sea, made 
 a Roman colony. 
 
 Terias, a river of Sicily near Catana. 
 
 Teribazus, a nobleman of Persia, sent 
 with a fleet against Evagoras, king of Cy- 
 prus. 
 
 Teridae, a concubine of Menelaus. 
 
 Teridates, a favorite eunuch at the 
 eourt of Artaxerxes. 
 
 Terigum, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Terina, a town of the Brutii. 
 
 Terioli, now Tirol, a fortified town at 
 Ihe north of Italy, in the country of the 
 Grisons. 
 
 Termentia, or Termes, a town of His- 
 pania Tarraconensis. 
 
 Termera, a town of Caria. 
 
 Termerus, a robber of Peloponnesus, 
 who killed people by crushing their head 
 against his own. He was slain by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Termesus, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Termilje, a name given to the Ly- 
 cians. 
 
 Terminalia, annual festivals at Rome, 
 observed in honor of the god Terminus, 
 in the month of February. It was then 
 usual for peasants to assemble near the 
 principal landmarks which separated their 
 fields, and after they had crowned them 
 with garlands and flowers, to make liba- 
 tions of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a 
 lamb or a young pig. 
 
 Terminalis, a surname of Jupiter, be- 
 cause he presided over the boundaries and 
 lands of individuals, before the worship 
 of the god Terminus was introduced. 
 
 Terminus, a divinity at Rome who was 
 supposed to preside over bounds and lim- 
 its, and to punish all unlawful usurpation 
 of land. His worship was first introduced 
 at Rome by Numa, who persuaded his 
 subjects that the limits of their lands and 
 estates were under the immediate inspec- 
 tion of heaven. His temple was on the 
 Tarpeian rock, and he was represented 
 with an human head without feet or arms, 
 to intimate that he never moved, wherever 
 he was placed. 
 
 Termissus, or Termessus, a town of 
 Pisidia. 
 
 Terpander, a lyric poet and musician 
 of Lesbos, 675 B. C. It is said that he 
 appeased a tumult at Sparta by the melody 
 and sweetness of his note*. 
 
 Terpsichore, one of the muses, daugh- 
 ter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She pre- 
 sided over dancing, of which she was 
 reckoned the inventress, as her name in- 
 timates, and with which she delighted 
 her sisters. 
 
 Terpsicrate, a daughter of Thespiua. 
 
 Terra, one of the most ancient deities 
 in mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother 
 of Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, 
 Thea, Rhea, Themis, Phoebe, Thetys, and 
 Mnemosyne. 
 
 Terracina. Vid. Tarracina. 
 
 Terrasidius, a Roman knight in Ce- 
 sar's army in Gaul. 
 
 Terror, an emotion of the mind which 
 the ancients have made a deity, and one 
 of the attendants of the god Mars, and of 
 Bellona. 
 
 Tertia, a sister of Clodius the tribune, 
 &c. A daughter of Paulus, the con- 
 queror of Perseus. A daughter of Isi- 
 
 dorus. A sister of Brutus who married 
 
 Cassius. 
 
 Tertius Julianus, a lieutenant in Cae- 
 sar's legions. 
 
 Tertullianus, (J. Septimius Florens,) 
 a celebrated Christian writer of Carthage, 
 who flourished A. D. 198. 
 
 Tethys, the greatest of the sea-deities, 
 was wife of Oceanus, and daughter of 
 Uranus and Terra. She was mother of 
 the chiefest rivers of the universe. 
 
 Tetis, a river of Gaul flowing from the 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 Tetrapolis, a name given to the city 
 of Antioch, the capital of Syria, because it 
 was divided into four separate districts, 
 
 each of which resembled a city. The 
 
 name of four towns at the north of Attica. 
 
 Tetrica, a rugged mountain of the Sa- 
 bines near the river Fabarie. 
 
 Tetrious, a Roman senator, saluted 
 emperor in the reign of Aurelian. He was 
 led in triumph by his successful adversary, 
 who afterwards heaped the most unbound- 
 ed honors upon him and his son of the 
 same name. 
 
 Teucer, a king of Phrygia, son of the 
 Scamander by Idea. According to some 
 authors, he was the first who introduced 
 among his subjects the worship of Cybele, 
 and the dances of the Corybantes. The 
 country where he reigned was from him 
 called Teucria, and his subjects Teucri. 
 
 A son of Telamon, king of Salamis, 
 
 by Hesione the daughter of Laomedon. 
 He was one of Helen's suitors, and ac- 
 cordingly accompanied the Greeks to the 
 Trojan war, where he signalized himself 
 by his valor and intrepidity. On account 
 of some difficulty with his father, he re- 
 tired to Cyprus, where he built a new 
 Salamis. He attempted to no purpose to 
 recover the island of Salamis, after his fa- 
 ther's death. One of the servants of 
 
 Phalarie of Agrigentum. 
 
TH 
 
 391 
 
 TH 
 
 Teucri, a name given to the Trojans, 
 from Teucer their king. 
 
 Teucria, a name given to Troy, from 
 Teucer one of its kings. 
 
 Teucteri, a people of Germany, at the 
 east of the Rhine. 
 
 Teumessus, a mountain of Boeotia with 
 a village of the same name, where Her- 
 cules, when young, killed an enormous 
 lion. 
 
 Teuta, a queen of Illyricum, B. C. 231, 
 who ordered some Roman ambassadors 
 to be put to death. This unprecedented 
 murder was the cause of a war, which 
 ended in her disgrace. 
 
 Teutamias, or Teutamis, a king of 
 Larissa. He instituted games in honor of 
 his father, where Perseus killed his grand- 
 father Acrisius with a quoit. 
 
 Teutamus, a king of Assyria, the same 
 as Tithonus, the father of Memnon. 
 
 Teutas, or Teutates, a name of Mer- 
 cury among the Gauls. 
 
 Tecthrania, a part of Mysia where the 
 Caycus rises. 
 
 Teuthras, a king of Mysia on the bor- 
 ders of the Caycus. He adopted as his 
 daughter, or according to others, married 
 Auge the daughter of Aleus, when she 
 fled away into Asia from her father. The 
 fifty daughters of Teuthras, who became 
 mothers by Hercules, are called Teuthran- 
 
 tia turba. A river's name. One of 
 
 the companions of JEneas in Italy. 
 
 Teutoburgiensis Saltus, a forest of 
 Germany, between the Ems and Lippa, 
 where Varus and his legions were cut to 
 pieces. 
 
 Teutomatus, a prince of Gaul, among 
 the allies of Rome. 
 
 Teuton^ and Teutones, a people of 
 Germany. 
 
 Thabenna, an inland town of Africa. 
 
 Thabusium, a fortified place of Phry- 
 gia. 
 
 Thais, a famous courtezan of Athens, 
 who accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic 
 conquests, and gained such an ascendant 
 over him, that she made him burn the 
 royal palace of Persepolis. After Alex- 
 ander's death, she married Ptolemy king 
 of Egypt. 
 
 Thala, a town of Africa. 
 
 Thalame, a town of Messenia famous 
 for a temple and oracle of Pasiphae. 
 
 Thalassius, a beautiful young Roman 
 in the reign of Romulus. At the rape of 
 the Sabines, one of these virgins appear- 
 ed remarkable for beauty and elegance, 
 and her ravisher, afraid of many competi- 
 tors, exclaimed as he carried her away, 
 that it was for Thalassius. The name of 
 Thalassius was no sooner mentioned, than 
 all were eager to preserve so beautiful a 
 prize for him. He is supposed by some to 
 be the same as Hymen, as he was made a 
 deity. 
 
 Th.jles, one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. Like 
 the rest of the ancients, he travelled in 
 quest of knowledge, and for sometime 
 resided in Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt, 
 Under the priests of Memphis he was 
 taught geometry, astronomy, and philoso- 
 phy, and enabled to measure with exact- 
 ness the vast height and extent of a pyra- 
 mid, merely by its shadow. His disco- 
 veries in astronomy were great and ingen- 
 ious ; he was the first who calculated with 
 accuracy a solar eclipse. Thales was 
 never married ; and when his mother 
 pressed him to choose a wife, he said ha 
 was too young. The same exhortations 
 were afterwards repeated, but the philo- 
 sopher eluded them by observing, that he 
 was then too old to enter the matrimonial 
 state. He died in the ninety-sixth year 
 of his age, about five hundred and forty- 
 eight years before the Christian era. His 
 compositions on philosophical subjects 
 
 are lost.-= A lyric poet of Crete, intimate 
 
 with Lycurgus." 
 
 Thalestria, or Thalestris, a queen 
 of the Amazons. 
 
 Thaletes, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 
 B. C. 
 
 Thalia, one of the muses, who presided 
 over festivals, and over pastoral and comic 
 poetry. She is represented leaning on a 
 column, holding a mask in her right hand, 
 by which she is distinguished from her 
 
 sisters, as also by a shepherd's crook. 
 
 One of the Nereides. An island in ths 
 
 Tyrrhene sea. 
 
 Thallo, one of the Horae or Seasons. 
 
 Thalpius, a son of Eurytus, one of 
 Helen's suitors. 
 
 Thalyissia, Greek festivals celebrated 
 in honor of Ceres. 
 
 Thamiras, a Cilician who first introduc- 
 ed the art of augury in Cyprus. 
 
 Thamuda, a part of Arabia Felix. 
 
 Thamyras, or Thamyris, a celebrated 
 musician of Thrace. He became ena- 
 mored of the Muses, and challenged them 
 to a trial of skill. He was conquered, and 
 the Muses deprived him of his eye-sight 
 and his melodious voice, and broke his 
 lyre. 
 
 Thamyris, a petty prince of the Dacse, 
 A queen of the Massagetffi. A Tro- 
 jan killed by Turnus. 
 
 Thapsacus, a city on the Euphrates. 
 
 Thapsus, a town of Africa Propria.-: — 
 A town at the north of Syracuse in Si- 
 cily. 
 
 Thargelia, festivals in Greece, in ho- 
 nor of Apollo and Diana. They lasted 
 two days. 
 
 Thariades, one of the generals of Au- 
 tiochus. 
 
 Tharops, the father of Onager, to whom 
 Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace. 
 
 Thabius, or TuRAsiui, a famous sooth- 
 
TH 
 
 392 
 
 TH 
 
 eayer of Cyprus, whom Busins, king of 
 Egypt, ordered to be seized and sacrificed 
 to Jupiter. A surname of Hercules. 
 
 Thasos, or Thasus, a small island in 
 the ^Egean, on the coast of Thrace. Its 
 wine was universally esteemed, and its 
 marble quarries were also in great repute, 
 as well as its mines of gold and silver. 
 
 Thasus, a son of Neptune, who built 
 the town of Thasus in Thrace. 
 
 Thaumaci, a town ofThessalyon the 
 Maliac gulf. 
 
 Thaumantias and Thaumantis, a name 
 given to Iris, the messenger of Juno. 
 
 Thaumas, a son of Neptune and Terra, 
 who married Electra, one of the Ocean- 
 ides. 
 
 Thaumasius, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Thea, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. 
 She married her brother Hyperion, by 
 whom she had the sun, the moon, Auro- 
 ra, &c. One of the Sporades. 
 
 Theagenes, a man who made himself 
 
 master of Megara. An athlete of Tha- 
 
 sos, famous for his strength. A Theban 
 
 officer, at the battle of Cheronasa. A 
 
 writer who published commentaries on 
 Homer's works. 
 
 Theages, a Greek philosopher, disciple 
 of Socrates. 
 
 Theangela, a town of Caria. 
 
 Theano, the wife of Metapontus son 
 
 of Sisyphus. A daughter of Cisseus, 
 
 sister to Hecuba. One of the Danaides. 
 
 The wife of the philosopher Pythago- 
 ras. The daughter of Pythagoras. 
 
 A poetess of Locris. A priestess of 
 
 Athens. A daughter of Scedasus, to 
 
 whom some of the Lacedaemonians offered 
 
 violence at Leuctra. A Trojan matron, 
 
 who became mother of Mimas by Amy- 
 ous, the same night that Paris was born. 
 
 Theanum, a town of Italy. 
 
 Thearidas, a brother of Dionysius the 
 elder. He was made admiral of his fleet. 
 
 Thearius, a surname of Apollo at Trce- 
 zene. 
 
 Theatetes, a Greek epigrammatist. 
 
 Theba, or Thebe, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Theb^:, a celebrated city, the capital of 
 Bceotia, situate on the banks of the river 
 Ismenua. The manner of its foundation 
 is not precisely known. Cadmus is sup- 
 posed to have first begun to found it by 
 building the citadel Cadmea. The The- 
 bans were looked upon as an indolent and 
 sluggish nation, and the words of Theban 
 pig became proverbial to express a man 
 remarkable for stupidity and inattention. 
 The monarchical government was abolish- 
 ed there at the death of Xanthus, about 
 one thousand one hundred and ninety 
 years before Christ, and Thebes became a 
 
 republic. A town at the south ofTroas, 
 
 built by Hercules, and also called Placia 
 
 and Hypoplacia. An ancient celebrated 
 
 city of "Thebais in Egypt, called also Heca- 
 
 tompylos, on account of its hundred gates, 
 and Diospolis, as being sacred to Jupiter. 
 In the time of its splendor, it extended 
 above twenty-three miles, and could send 
 into the field by each of its hundred gates 
 twenty thousand fighting men and two 
 
 hundred chariots. A town of Africa 
 
 built by Bacchus. Another in Thessa- 
 
 ly. Another in Phthiotis. 
 
 Thebais, a country in the southern 
 parts of Egypt, of which Thebes was the 
 
 capital. There have been some poems 
 
 which have borne the name of Thebais, 
 but of these the only one extant is the 
 Thebais of Statius. The poet was twelve 
 
 years in composing it. A river of 
 
 Lydia. A name given to a native of 
 
 Thebes. 
 
 Thebe, a daughter of the Asopus, who 
 married Zethus. The wife of Alexan- 
 der, tyrant of Pherae. She was persuaded 
 by Pelopidas to murder her husband. 
 
 Theia, a goddess. 
 
 Theias, a son of Belus. 
 
 Thelephassa, the second wife of Age- 
 nor, called also Telaphassa. 
 
 Thelpusa, a nymph of Arcadia. 
 
 Thelxion, a son of Apis, who conspir- 
 ed against his father who was king of 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Thelxiope, one of the Muses, accord- 
 ing to some writers. 
 
 Themenus, a son of Aristomachus, bet- 
 ter known by the name of Temenus. 
 
 Themesion, a tyrant of Eretria. 
 
 Themillas, a Trojan. 
 
 Themis, a daughter of Coelus and Terra 
 who married Jupiter against her own in- 
 clination. Her oracle was famous in At- 
 tica in the age of Deucalion. Among the 
 moderns she is represented as holding a 
 sword in one hand, and a pair of scales in 
 
 the other. A daughter of Ilus who 
 
 married Capys, and became mother of 
 Anchises. 
 
 Themiscyra, a town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Themison, a famous physician of Lao- 
 
 dicea, disciple to Asclepiades. One of 
 
 the generals and ministers of Antiochus 
 the Great. 
 
 Themista, or Themistis, a goddess, the 
 same as Themis. 
 
 Themistius, a celebrated philosopher 
 of Paphlagonia in the age of Constantius, 
 greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors, 
 and called Euphrades, the fine speaker, 
 from his eloquent and commanding deliv- 
 ery. His school was greatly frequented. 
 
 Themisto, daughter of Hypseus, was 
 the third wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, 
 by whom she had four sons, called Ptous, 
 
 Leucon, Schceneus, and Erythroes. A 
 
 woman mentioned by Polyaenus. The 
 
 mother of the poet Homer. 
 
 Themistocles, a celebrated general 
 born at Athens. When Xerxes invaded 
 Greece, Themistocles was at the head of 
 
TH 
 
 393 
 
 TH 
 
 the Athenian republic, and in this capa- 
 city the fleet was intrusted to his care. A 
 battle was fought near the island of Sala- 
 mis, B. C. 480, in which the Greeks ob- 
 tained the victory, and Themistocles the 
 honor of having destroyed the formidable 
 navy of Xerxes. The conqueror of Xerx- 
 es however incurred the displeasure of 
 his countrymen, which had proved so fatal 
 to many of his illustrious predecessors. 
 He was banished from the city, and after 
 he had sought in vain a safe retreat among 
 the republics of Greece, and the barbari- 
 ans of Thrace, he threw himself into the 
 arms of a monarch, whose fleets he had 
 defeated, and whose father he had ruined. 
 Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes, re- 
 ceived the illustrious Athenian with kind- 
 ness ; and though he had formerly set a 
 price upon his head, yet he made him one 
 of his greatest favorites, and bestowed 
 three rich cities upon him, to provide him 
 with bread, wine, and meat. Such kind- 
 nesses from a monarch, from whom he, 
 perhaps, expected the most hostile treat- 
 ment, did not alter the sentiments of The- 
 mistocles. He still remembered that 
 Athens gave him birth, and according to 
 some writers, the wish of not injuring his 
 country, and therefore his inability of car- 
 rying on war against Greece, at the re- 
 quest of Artaxerxes, obliged him to des- 
 troy himself by drinking bull's blood. His 
 bones were conveyed to Attica and honor- 
 ed with a magnificent tomb by the Athe- 
 nians, who began to repent too late of 
 their cruelty to the saviour of his coun- 
 try. Themistocles died in the sixty -fifth 
 year of his age, about four hundred and 
 forty-nine years before the Christian era. 
 
 A writer, some of whose letters are 
 
 extant. 
 
 Themistogenes, an historian of Syra- 
 cuse, in the age of Artaxerxes Memnon. 
 
 Theocles, an opulent citizen of Co- 
 rinth, who liberally divided his riches 
 among the poor. A Greek statuary. 
 
 Theoclus, a Messenian poet and sooth- 
 sayer, who died B. C. 671. 
 
 Theocltmenus, a soothsayer of Argo- 
 is, descended from Melampus. 
 
 Theocritus, a Greek poet who flourish- 
 ed at Syracuse in Sicily, 282 B. C. He 
 lived in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
 whose praises he sung and whose favors 
 he enjoyed. Theocritus distinguished 
 himself by his poetical compositions, of 
 which thirty idyllia and some epigrams 
 are extant, written in the Doric dialect, 
 and admired for their beauty, elegance, 
 and simplicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, 
 
 has imitated and often copied him. A 
 
 Greek historian of Chios, who wrote an 
 account of Libya. 
 
 Theodamas, or Thiodamas, a king of 
 Mysia, in Asia Minor. He was killed by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Theodectes, a Greek orator and poet 
 of Phaselis in Pamphylia. He wrote fifty 
 tragedies besides other works now lost. 
 He had such a happy memory that he 
 could repeat with ease whatever verses 
 were spoken in his presence. 
 
 Theodonis, a town of Germany, now 
 Thionville, on the Moselle. 
 
 Theodora, a daughter-in-law of the 
 emperor Maximian, who married Constan- 
 
 tius. A daughter of Constantine. 
 
 The name of Theodora is common to the 
 empresses of the east in a later period. 
 
 Theodoretus, one of the Greek fathers 
 who flourished A. D. 425. 
 
 Theodoritus, a Greek ecclesiastical 
 historian. 
 
 Theodorus, a Syracusan of great au- 
 thority among his countrymen, who se- 
 verely inveighed against the tyranny of 
 
 Dionysius. A philosopher, disciple to 
 
 Aristippus. He denied the existence of a 
 god. Some suppose that he was at last 
 
 condemned to death for his impiety. A 
 
 preceptor to one of the sons of Antony, 
 whom he betrayed to Augustus. A con- 
 sul in the reign of Honorius. A secre- 
 tary of Valens. He conspired against the 
 
 emperor, and was beheaded. A man 
 
 who compiled an history of Rome. A 
 
 comic actor. A player on the flute in 
 
 the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes. A 
 
 Greek poet of Colophon, whose composi- 
 tions are lost. A sophist of Byzantium 
 
 called Logodailon by Plato. A Greek 
 
 poet in the age of Cleopatra^ An artist of 
 Samos about seven hundred years B. C 
 
 A priest, father of Isocrates. A 
 
 Greek writer, called also Prodromus. 
 
 Theodosia, now Caffa, a town in the 
 Cimmerian Bosphorus. 
 
 Theodosiopolis, a town of Armenia. 
 
 Theodosius Flavius, a Roman empe- 
 ror surnamed Magnus, from the greatness 
 of his exploits. He was invested with 
 the imperial purple by Gratian, and ap- 
 pointed over Thrace and the eastern pro- 
 vinces, which had been in the possession 
 of Valentinian. The first years of his 
 reign were marked by different conquests 
 over the barbarians. His reception at 
 Rome was that of a conqueror ; he tri- 
 umphed over the barbarians, and restored 
 peace in every part of the empire. He 
 died of a dropsy at Milan, in the sixtieth 
 year of his age, after a reign of sixteen 
 years, the seventeenth of January, A. D. 
 395. Theodosius was the last of the em- 
 perors who was the sole master of the 
 whole Roman empire. He has been com- 
 mended by ancient writers as a prince 
 blessed with every virtue, and debased by 
 no vicious propensity. His zeal as a fol- 
 lower of Christianity has been applauded 
 
 by all the ecclesiastical writers. The 
 
 second Theodosius succeeded his father 
 
 Arcadius as emperor of the western Ro- 
 
 R* 
 
TH 
 
 394 
 
 TH 
 
 man empire, though only in the eighth 
 year of his age. He was a warm advo- 
 cate for the Christian religion ; and the 
 laws and regulations which were promul- 
 gated under him, selected from the most 
 useful and salutary institutions of his im- 
 perial predecessors, have been called the 
 
 Theodosian Code, B. C. 450. A lover 
 
 of Antonina the wife of Belisarius. 
 
 A mathematician of Tripoli, who flourish- 
 ed 75 B. C. A Roman general, father 
 
 of Theodosiusthe Great ; he died A. D.376. 
 
 Theodota, a beautiful courtezan of 
 Elis. A Roman empress, &c. 
 
 Theodotian, an interpreter, in the reign 
 of Commodus. 
 
 Theodotus, an admiral of the Rhodi- 
 ans, sent by his countrymen to make a 
 
 treaty with the Romans. A native of 
 
 Chios, who as preceptor and counsellor of 
 Ptolemy advised the feeble monarch to 
 
 murder Pompey. A Syracusan, accused 
 
 of a conspiracy against Hieronymus the 
 
 tyrant of Syracuse. A governor of Bac- 
 
 triana in the age of Antiochus. A friend 
 
 of the emperor Julian. A Phoenician 
 
 historian. One of the generals of Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 Theognetes, a Greek tragic poet. 
 
 Theognis, a Greek poet of Megara, who 
 flourished about five hundred and forty- 
 nine years before Christ. There was 
 
 also a tragic poet of the same name, whose 
 compositions were so lifeless and inani- 
 mated, that they procured him the name 
 of Chion or snow. 
 
 Theomnestus, a rival of Nicias in the 
 administration of public affairs at Athens. 
 A statuary of Sardinia. An Athe- 
 nian philosopher. A painter. 
 
 The on, a philosopher, who used fre- 
 quently to walk in his sleep. An astro- 
 nomer of Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian. 
 A painter of Samos. Another philoso- 
 pher. An infamous reviler. 
 
 Theonoe, a daughter of Thestor, sister 
 to Calchas. She was carried away by sea 
 pirates, and sold to Icarus, king of Caria. 
 A daughter of Proteus and a Nereid. 
 
 Theope, one of the daughters of Leos. 
 
 Theophane, a daughter of Bisaltus, 
 whom Neptune changed into a sheep, to 
 remove her from her numerous suitors, 
 and conveyed to the island Crumissa. 
 
 THEOPHANES,aGreek historian, born at 
 
 Mitylene. His son M. Pompeius Theo- 
 
 phanes was made governor of Asia. A 
 
 Byzantine historian. 
 
 Theophania, festivals celebrated at 
 Delphi in honor of Apollo. 
 
 Theophilus, a comic poet of Athens. 
 A governor of Syria in the age of Ju- 
 lian. A friend of Piso. A physician. 
 
 One of the Greek fathers. The 
 
 name of Theophilus is common among the 
 primitive Christians. 
 
 Theophrastus, a native of Eresus. in 
 
 Lesbos, son of a fuller. He studied under 
 Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, 
 whose friendship he gained, and whose 
 warmest commendations he deserved. 
 Theophrastus composed many books, and 
 Diogenes has enumerated the titles of 
 above two hundred treatises, which he 
 wrote with great elegance and copious- 
 ness. About twenty of these are extant. 
 He died loaded with years and infirmities 
 in the one hundred and seventh year of 
 
 his age, B. C. 288. An officer intrusted 
 
 with the care of the citadel of Corinth by 
 Antigonus. 
 
 Theopolemus, a man who, with his 
 brother Hiero, plundered Apollo's temple 
 at Delphi. 
 
 Theopolis, a name given to Antioch 
 because the Christians first received their 
 name there. 
 
 Theopompus, a king of Sparta. He 
 created the Ephori, and died after a long 
 and peaceful reign, B. C. 723. A fa- 
 mous Greek historian of Chios, disciple of 
 Isocrates, who flourished B. C. 354. All 
 his compositions are lost, except a few 
 
 fragments quoted by ancient writers. 
 
 An Athenian, who attempted to deliver his 
 countrymen from the tyranny of Demetri 
 
 us. A comic poet in the age of Menan ■ 
 
 der. He wrote twenty-four plays, all lost 
 
 A son of Demaratus, who obtained se 
 
 veral crowns at the Olympic games. 
 
 An orator and historian of Cnidus. A 
 
 Spartan general. A philosopher of Che- 
 
 ronaea, in the reign of the emperor Philip 
 
 Theophvlactus Simocatta, a Byzan- 
 tine historian. One of the Greek fa- 
 thers who flourished, A. D. 1070. 
 
 Theorius, a surname of Apollo at Trce- 
 zene where he had a very ancient temple. 
 It signifies clear-sighted. 
 
 Theotimus, a wrestler of Elis, in the 
 
 age of Alexander. A Greek who wrote 
 
 an history of Italy. 
 
 Theoxena, a noble lady of Thessaly 
 who threw herself into the seal 
 
 Theoxenia, a festival celebrated in ho- 
 nor of all the gods in every city of Greece, 
 but especially at Athens. 
 
 Theoxenius, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 Thera, a daughter of Amphion and Ni- 
 
 obe. One of the Sporades in the^Egean 
 
 sea, anciently called Callista, now Santo- 
 rin. A town of Caria. 
 
 Therambus, a town near Pallene. 
 
 Theramenes, an Athenian philosopher 
 and general in the age of Alcibiades. He 
 was one of the thirty tyrants of Athens, 
 but he had no share in the cruelties and 
 oppression which disgraced their adminis- 
 tration. He was accused by Critias, one 
 of his colleagues, because he opposed their 
 views, and he was condemned to drink 
 hemlock, about four hundred and four 
 years before the Christian era. 
 
 Therapne, or Terapne, a town of La- 
 
TH 
 
 395 
 
 TH 
 
 conia, where Apollo had a temple called 
 Phcebeum. It was at a very short distance 
 from Lacedoemon. 
 
 Theras, a son of Autesion of Lacedee- 
 mon, who conducted a colony to Calista. 
 
 Therimachus, a son of Hercules by Me- 
 gara. 
 
 Therippidas, a Lacedaemonian. 
 
 Theritas, a surname of Mars in Laco- 
 nia. 
 
 Therma, a town of Africa. A town 
 
 of the Macedonia. 
 
 Therms, a town of Sicily, now Sciacca. 
 
 Another near Panormus, now Ther- 
 
 mini. 
 
 Thermodon, now Termah, a famous ri- 
 ver of Cappadocia. There was also a 
 small river of the same name in Bceotia, 
 near Tanagra. 
 
 Thermoptlj:, a small pass leading from 
 Thessaly into Locris and Phocis. Ther- 
 mopylce receives its name from the hot 
 baths which are in the neighborhood. It 
 is celebrated for a battle which was fought 
 there B. C. 480, on the seventh of August, 
 between Xerxes and the three hundred 
 Greeks. 
 
 Thermum, a town of iEtolia, on the 
 Eveuus. 
 
 Thermus, a man accused in the reign 
 of Tiberius. A man put to death by Ne- 
 ro. The capital of iEtolia. 
 
 Therodamas, a king of Scythia. 
 
 Theron, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
 
 died 472 B. C. One of Action's dogs. 
 
 A Rutulian who attempted to kill 
 
 jEneas. He perished in the attempt. 
 
 A priest in the temple of Hercules at Sa- 
 
 guntum. A Theban descended from 
 
 the Sparta?. A daughter of Phylas 
 
 beloved by Apollo. 
 
 Therpander, a celebrated poet and 
 musician of Lesbos. 
 
 Thersander accompanied the Greeks 
 to the Trojan war, but was killed in My- 
 
 sia by Telephus. A son of Sisyphus, 
 
 king of Corinth. A musician of Ionia. 
 
 Thersilochus, a leader of the Paeoni- 
 ans in the Trojan war, killed by Achilles. 
 
 A friend of ^Eneas killed by Turnus. 
 
 An athlete at Corcyra, crowned at the 
 
 Olympic games. 
 
 Thersippds, a son of Agrius, who drove 
 
 CEneus from the throne of Calydon. 
 
 An Athenian author who died 954 B. C. 
 
 Thersites, an officer the most deform- 
 ed and illiberal of the Greeks, during the 
 Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing 
 his fellow soldiers, particularly Achil- 
 les, Agamemnon, and Ulysses. Achilles 
 killed him with one blow of his fist, be- 
 cause he laughed at his mourning the 
 death of Penthesilea. 
 
 Theseid^:, a patronymic given to the 
 Athenians from Theseus, one of their 
 kings. 
 
 Theseis, a poem written by Codrus, 
 
 containing an account of the life and ac- 
 tions of Theseus, and now lost. 
 
 Theseus, king of Athens, and son of 
 iEgeus. He was educated at Trcezene in 
 the house of Pittheus, and as he was not 
 publicly acknowledged to be the son of 
 the king of Athens, he passed for the son 
 of Neptune. When he came to years of 
 maturity, he was sent by his mother to 
 his father, and a sword was given him, 
 by which he might make himself known 
 to ^Egeus in a private manner. At Ath- 
 ens, however, his reception was not cor- 
 dial, Medea lived there with Mgeus, and 
 as she knew that her influence would fall 
 to the ground if Theseus was received in 
 his father's house, she attempted to de- 
 stroy him before his arrival was made 
 public. iEgeus was himself to give the 
 cup of poison to this unknown stranger at 
 a feast, but the sight of his sword on the 
 side of Theseus reminded him of his 
 amours with iEthra. He knew him to be 
 his son. The Pallantides, who expected 
 to succeed their uncle JSgeus on the 
 throne, as he apparently had no children, 
 attempted to assassinate Theseus, but 
 they fell a prey to their own barbarity, 
 and were all put to death by the young 
 prince. The bull of Marathon next en- 
 gaged the attention of Theseus. The 
 labor seemed arduous, but he caught the 
 animal alive, and after he had led it 
 through the streets of Athens, he sacri- 
 ficed it to Minerva, or the god of Delphi. 
 After this Theseus went to Crete among 
 the seven chosen youths whom the Athe- 
 nians yearly sent to be devoured by the 
 Minotaur. The wish to deliver his coun- 
 try from so dreadful a tribute, engaged 
 him to undertake this expedition. He 
 was successful by means of Ariadne, the 
 daughter of Minos, who was enamored of 
 him, and after he had escaped from the 
 labyrinth with a clue of thread, and kill- 
 ed the Minotaur, he sailed from Crete 
 with the six boys and seven maidens, 
 whom his victory had equally redeemed 
 from death. In the island of Naxos, 
 where he was driven by the winds, he 
 had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to 
 whom he was indebted for his safety. 
 The rejoicings which his return might 
 have occasioned at Athens, were inter- 
 rupted by the death of ^Egeus, who threw 
 himself into the sea when he saw his 
 son's ship return with black sails, which 
 was the signal of ill success. His ascen- 
 sion on his father's throne was universal- 
 ly applauded, B. C. 1235. The Athenians 
 were governed with mildness, and The- 
 seus made new regulations, and enacted 
 new laws. The fame which he had gain- 
 ed by his victories and policy made his 
 alliance courted ; but Pirithoiis, king of 
 the Lapithas, alone wished to gain his 
 friendship, by meeting him in the field of 
 
TH 
 
 396 
 
 TH 
 
 battle. He invaded the territories of At- 
 tica, and when Theseus had marched out 
 to meet him, the two enemies, struck at 
 the sight of each other, rushed between 
 their two armies, to embrace one another 
 in the most cordial and affectionate man- 
 ner, and from that time began the most 
 sincere and admired friendship which has 
 become proverbial. Sometime after The- 
 seus assisted his friend in procuring a 
 wife, and they both descended into the 
 infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. 
 Pluto, apprised of their intentions, stop- 
 ped them. Pirithous was placed on his 
 father's wheel, and Theseus was tied to a 
 huge stone, on which he had sat to rest 
 himself. During the captivity of Theseus 
 in the kingdom of Pluto, Mnestheus, one 
 of the descendants of Erechtheus, ingra- 
 tiated himself into the favor of the peo- 
 ple of Athens, and obtained the crown in 
 preference to the children of the absent 
 monarch. At his return Theseus attempt- 
 ed to eject the usurper, but to no purpose. 
 The Athenians had forgotten his many 
 services, and he retired with great morti- 
 fication to the court of Lycomedes, king 
 of the island ofScyros. After paying him 
 much attention, Lycomedes, either jea- 
 lous of his fame, or bribed by the presents 
 of Mnestheus, carried him to a high rock, 
 on pretence of showing him the extent of 
 his dominions, and threw him down a 
 deep precipice. Some suppose that The- 
 seus inadvertently fell down this preci- 
 pice, and that he was crushed to death 
 without receiving any violence from Ly- 
 comedes. The children of Theseus, after 
 the death of Mnestheus, recovered the 
 Athenian throne, and that the memory of 
 their father might not be without the 
 honors due to a hero, they brought his 
 remains from Scyros, and gave them a 
 magnificent burial. They also raised 
 him statues and a temple, and festivals 
 and games were publicly instituted to 
 commemorate the actions of a hero, who 
 had rendered such services to the people 
 of Athens. These festivals were still ce- 
 lebrated with original solemnity in the 
 age of Pausanias and Plutarch, about 
 twelve hundred years after the death of 
 Theseus. 
 
 Thesid-e, a name given to the people 
 of Athens, because they were governed 
 by Theseus. 
 
 Thesides, a patronymic applied to the 
 children of Theseus. 
 
 Thesmophora, a surname of Ceres, as 
 law-giver, in whose honor festivals were 
 instituted called Thesmophoria. The great- 
 est part of the Grecian cities, especially 
 Athens, observed them with great solem- 
 nity. The worshippers were free born 
 women, whose husbands were obliged to 
 defray the expenses of the festival. There 
 were also certain virgins who officiated, 
 
 and were maintained at the public ex- 
 pense. 
 
 Thesmothetj:, a name given to the 
 last six archons among the Athenians. 
 
 Thespia, now JVeocorio, a town of Bce- 
 otia, at the foot of mount Helicon. 
 
 Thespiadje, the sons of the Thespiadea. 
 
 Thespiades, a name given to the fifty 
 daughters of Thespius. Also a sur- 
 name of the nine muses, because they 
 were held in great veneration in Thespia. 
 
 Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, sup- 
 posed by some to be the inventor of trage- 
 dy, five hundred and thirty-six years be- 
 fore Christ. He went from town to town 
 upon a cart, on which was erected a tem- 
 porary stage, where two actors, whose 
 faces were daubed with the lees of wine, 
 entertained the audience with choral 
 songs. 
 
 Thespius, a king of Thespia, in Bceo- 
 tia, son of Erechtheus. 
 
 Thesprotia, a country of Epirus, bound- 
 ed on the south by the sea. It is watered 
 by the rivers Acheron and Cocytus. 
 
 Thesprotus, a son of Lycaon, king of 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Thessalia, a country of Greece, whose 
 boundaries have been different at differ- 
 ent periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly 
 was bounded on the south by the southern 
 parts of Greece, or Grecia propria ; east, 
 by the ^Egean ; north, by Macedonia and 
 Mygdonia ; and west, by Illyricum and 
 Epirus. Thessaly is famous for a deluge 
 which happened there in the age of Deu- 
 calion. 
 
 Thessalion, a servant of Mentor, of 
 Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus. 
 
 Thessaliotis, a part of Thessaly at the 
 south of the river Peneus. 
 
 Thessalonica, an ancient town of 
 
 Macedonia, first called Therma. A 
 
 daughter of Philip, king of Macedonia, 
 sister to Alexander the Great. 
 
 Thessalus, a son of iEmon. A son 
 
 of Hercules and Calliope, daughter of Eu- 
 
 ryphilus. A physician who invited 
 
 Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give 
 
 him poison. A physician of Lydiain 
 
 the age of Nero. A son of Cimon, who 
 
 accused Alcibiades because he imitated 
 
 the mysteries of Ceres. A son of Pisis- 
 
 tratus. A player in the age of Alexan- 
 der. 
 
 Thestalus, a son of Hercules and Epi- 
 caste. 
 
 Theste, a sister of Dionysius the elder, 
 tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 Thestia, a town of iEtolia, between 
 the Evenus and Achelous. 
 
 Thestias, a patronymic of Althaea, 
 daughter of Thestius. 
 
 Thestiad*, the sons of Thestius, Tox- 
 eus and Plexippus. 
 
 Thestis, a fountain in the country of 
 Cyrene. 
 
TH 
 
 397 
 
 TH 
 
 Thestius, a king of Pleuron. A 
 
 king of Thespia. The sons of Thesti- 
 
 us, called Thestiada, were killed by Mele- 
 ager at the chase of the Calydonian boar. 
 
 Thestor, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, 
 father to Calchas. From him Calchas is 
 often called Thestorides. 
 
 Thestylis, a country woman mention- 
 ed in Theocritus and Virgil. 
 
 Thetis, one of the sea-deities, daughter 
 of Nereus and Doris, often confounded 
 with Tethys, her grandmother. She was 
 courted by Neptune and Jupiter ; but when 
 the gods were informed that the son she 
 should bring forth must become great- 
 er than his father, their addresses were 
 stopped, and Peleus, the son of ^Eacus, 
 was permitted to solicit her hand. Their 
 nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion, 
 with great pomp ; all the deities attended 
 except the goddess of discord, who pun- 
 ched the negligence of Peleus, by throw- 
 Big into the midst of the assembly a gold- 
 en apple, to be given to the fairest of all 
 the goddesses. Thetis became mother of 
 several children by Peleus, but all these 
 ehe destroyed by fire in attempting to see 
 whether they were immortal. Achilles 
 must have shared the same fate, if Peleus 
 had not snatched him from her hand as 
 she was going to repeat the cruel opera- 
 tion. She afterwards rendered him in- 
 vulnerable by plunging him in the waters 
 of the Styx, except that part of the heel 
 by which she held him. 
 
 Theutis, or Teuthis, a prince of a town 
 of the same name in Arcadia, who went 
 to the Trojan war. 
 
 Thia, the mother of the sun, moon, and 
 
 Aurora, by Hyperion. One of the Spo- 
 
 rades. 
 
 Thias, a king of Assyria. 
 
 Thimbron, a Lacedaemonian chosen 
 general to conduct a war against Persia. 
 
 He died B. C. 391. A friend of Harpa- 
 
 lus. 
 
 Thiodamas, the father of Hylas. 
 
 Thirmida, a town of Numidia, where 
 Hiempsal was slain. 
 
 Thisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylon. 
 A town of Boeotia. 
 
 Thisias, a Sicilian writer. 
 
 Thisoa, one of the three nymphs who 
 fed Jupiter in Arcadia. 
 
 Thistie, a town of Boeotia. 
 
 Thoantium, a place on the seacoast at 
 Rhodes. 
 
 Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, 
 in the age of Orestes and Pylades. He 
 would have immolated these two celebrat- 
 ed strangers on Diana's altars, according 
 to the barbarous customs of the country, 
 had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. 
 
 A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus 
 
 and Ariadne the daughter of Minos, and 
 
 husband to Myrine. A son of Andre- 
 
 mon and Gorge, who went to the Trojan 
 34 
 
 war with fifteen or rather forty ships. 
 
 A famous huntsman. A son of Icarius. 
 
 A son of Jason and Hipsipyle queen 
 
 of Lemnos. A son of Ornytion, grand- 
 son of Sisyphus. A king of Assyria, 
 
 father of Adonis and Myrrha. A man 
 
 who made himself master of Miletus. 
 
 One of the friends of iEneas. An 
 
 officer of ^Etolia. 
 
 Thoe, one of the Nereides. One of 
 
 the horses of Admetus. One of the 
 
 Amazons. 
 
 Tholus, a town of Africa. 
 
 Thomyris, called also Tamyris, and 
 Tameris, was queen of the Massagetre. 
 After her husband's death she marched 
 against Cyrus, who wished to invade her 
 territories, cut his army to pieces, and 
 killed him on the spot. 
 
 Thon, an Egyptian physician. 
 
 Thonis, a courtezan of Egypt. 
 
 Thoon, a Trojan chief killed by Ulys- 
 ses. One of the giants who made war 
 
 against Jupiter. 
 
 Thoosa, a sea nymph, daughter of 
 Phorcys. 
 
 Thootes, one of the Grecian heralds. 
 
 Thoranius, a general of Metellus, kill- 
 ed by Sertorius. 
 
 Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in 
 Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas 
 was suspended on a cross. A Lacedae- 
 monian officer who was put to death by 
 
 the Ephori. A man of Larissa, who 
 
 paid much attention to the dead body of 
 Antigonus. 
 
 Thoria lex, agraria, by Sp. Thorius, 
 the tribune. It ordained that no person 
 should pay any rent for the land which 
 he possessed. 
 
 Thornax, a mountain of Argolis. 
 
 Thorsus, a river of Sardinia. 
 
 Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same aa 
 Mercury. 
 
 Thous, a Trojan chief. One of Ac- 
 tion's dogs. 
 
 Thrace, a daughter of Titan. A 
 
 name of Thrace. 
 
 Thraces, the inhabitants of Thrace. 
 
 Thracia, a large country of Europe, at 
 the south of Scythia, bounded by mount 
 Hasmus. The Thracians were looked 
 upon as a cruel and barbarous nation, 
 naturally brave and warlike, addicted to 
 drinking and venereal pleasures. 
 
 Thracidje, an illustrious family at Del- 
 phi. 
 
 Thracis, a town of Phocis. 
 
 Thraseas, or Thrasius, a soothsayer. 
 
 Partus, a stoic philosopher of Patavi- 
 
 um, in the age of Nero. 
 
 Thrasideus succeeded his father The- 
 ron as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was 
 conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to 
 death. 
 
 Thrasius), a general of a mercenary 
 band in Sicily. A spendthrift at Rome. 
 
TH 
 
 398 
 
 TH 
 
 Thraso, a painter. A favorite of 
 
 Hieronymus. He was put to death by the 
 
 tyrant. The character of a captain in 
 
 Terence. 
 
 Thrasybtjlus, a famous general of Ath- 
 ens who began the expulsion of the thirty 
 tyrants of his country though he was only 
 assisted by thirty of his friends. His 
 efforts were attended with success, B. C. 
 401, and the only reward he received for 
 this patriotic action was a crown made 
 with two twigs of an olive branch. After 
 he had gained many advantages, this 
 great man was killed in his camp by the 
 inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his sol- 
 diers had plundered without his know- 
 ledge, B. C. 391. A tyrant, of Miletus, 
 
 B. C. 634. A soothsayer descended 
 
 from Apollo. A son of Gelon, banished 
 
 from Syracuse, B. C. 466. An Atheni- 
 an in the army of the Persians. 
 
 Thrasyd^eus, a king of Thessaly, &c. 
 
 Thrasyllus, a man of Attica, so disor- 
 dered in his mind that he believed all the 
 ships which entered the Pira?us to be his 
 
 own.- A general of the Athenians. 
 
 A Greek Pythagorean mathematician and 
 philosopher. 
 
 Thrasymachus, a native of Carthage. 
 Though he was a public teacher at Ath- 
 ens, he starved for want of bread, and at 
 last hanged himself. A man who abol- 
 ished democracy at Cumae. 
 
 Thrastmed.es, a son of Nestor. He 
 was one of the Grecian chiefs during the 
 
 Trojan war. A son of Philomelus, who 
 
 married a daughter of Pisistratus. 
 
 Thrasymenus, a lake of Itaiy near Pe- 
 rusium. This lake is now called the lake 
 of Perugia. 
 
 Threicius, of Thrace. Orpheus is 
 called by way of eminence Threicius Sa- 
 cerdos. 
 
 Threissa, an epithet applied to Harpa- 
 lyce, a native of Thrace. 
 
 Threpsippas, a eon of Hercules and 
 Pan ope. 
 
 Thriambus, one of the surnames of 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Thronium, a town of Phocis. An- 
 other of Thesprotia. 
 
 Thryon, a town of Messenia. 
 
 Thryus, a town of Peloponnesus near 
 Elis. 
 
 Thucydides, a celebrated Greek histo- 
 rian, born at Athens. He wrote an im- 
 partial history of the important events 
 which had happened during the Pelopon- 
 nesian war and which still continued to 
 agitate the several states of Greece. Thu- 
 cydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as pos- 
 sessed of more vigor, purity, elegance, and 
 energy. He spared neither time nor mon- 
 ey to procure authentic materials ; and 
 the Athenians, as well as their enemies, 
 furnished him with many valuable com- 
 munications, which contributed to throw 
 
 great light on the different transactions of 
 the war. His relations are authentic, as he 
 himself was interested in the events he 
 mentions and his impartiality is indubita- 
 ble. The history of Thucydides was so ad- 
 mired, that Demosthenes, to perfect him- 
 self as an orator, transcribed it eight differ- 
 ent times, and read it with such attention, 
 that he could almost repeat it by heart. 
 Thucydides died at Athens, where he had 
 been recalled from his exile, in hia 
 eightieth year, three hundred and ninety- 
 one years before Christ. A son of Mi- 
 
 lesias, in the age of Pericles ; banished foi 
 his opposition to the measures of Pericles 
 
 Thoisto, one of the deities of the Ger- 
 mans. 
 
 Thule, an island in the most northern 
 parts of the German ocean, to which the 
 ancients gave the epithet of ultima. Some 
 suppose that it is the island now called 
 Iceland or part of Greenland. 
 
 Thuri.se, — ii, or ium, a town of Luca- 
 nia in Italy, built by a colony of Atheni- 
 ans, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. 
 A town of Messenia. 
 
 Thurinus, a name given to Augustus 
 when he was young. 
 
 Thuscia, a country of Italy, the same 
 as Etruria. 
 
 Thya, a daughter of the Cephisus. 
 
 A place near Delphi. 
 
 Thyades, a name of the Bacchanals. 
 They received it from Thyas, daughter of 
 Castalius, and mother of Delphus by Apol- 
 lo. 
 
 Thyamis, a river of Epirus falling into 
 the Ionian sea. 
 
 Thtasa, a town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Thyatira, a town of Lydia, now Jlki- 
 sar. 
 
 Thybarni, a people near Sardes. 
 
 Thyesta, a sister of Dionysius, the ty- 
 rant of Syracuse. 
 
 Thyestes, a son of Pelops and Hippo- 
 damia, and grandson of Tantalus, de- 
 bauched ^Erope, the wife of his brother 
 Atreus, because he refused to take him 
 as his colleague on the throne of Argos. 
 This was no sooner known, than Atreus 
 divorced ^Erope, and banished Thyestes 
 from his kingdom ; but soon after the 
 more effectually to punish his infidelity, 
 he expressed a wish to be reconciled to 
 him, and recalled him to Argos. Thyes- 
 tes was received by his brother at an ele- 
 gant entertainment, but he was soon in- 
 formed that he had been feeding upon the 
 flesh of one of his own children. This 
 Atreus took care to communicate to him 
 by showing him the remains of his son's 
 body. This action appeared so barbarous, 
 that, according to the ancient mytholo- 
 gists, the sun changed his usual course, 
 not to be a spectator of so bloody a scene. 
 Thyestes escaped from his brother and 
 fled to Epirus. He died at Cythera. 
 
Tl 
 
 399 
 
 TI 
 
 Thymbra, a small town of Lydia, near | 
 Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was 
 fought there between Cyrus and Croesus, 
 
 in which the latter was defeated. A 
 
 plain in Troas, through which a small 
 river, called Thymbrius, falls in its course 
 to the Scamander. 
 
 Thtmbrsus, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 Thvmbris, a concubine of Jupiter, said 
 
 to be mother of Pan. A fountain and 
 
 river of Sicily. 
 
 Thymele, a celebrated female dancer, 
 favored by Domitian. 
 
 Thymiathis, a river of Epirus. 
 
 Thymochares, an Athenian defeated in 
 a battle by the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Thymcetes, a king of Athens. He was 
 deposed because he refused to accept a 
 challenge sent by Xanthus king of Boeotia, 
 and was succeeded by a Messenian, B. C. 
 
 1128. A Trojan prince, whose wife and 
 
 son were put to death by order of Priam. 
 
 A son of Hicetaon, who accompanied 
 
 -(Eneas into Italy. 
 
 Thyiti, or Bithyn-i, a people of Bithy- 
 nia, hence the word Thyna merz applied 
 to their commodities. 
 
 Thyo.he, a name given to Semele. 
 
 Thyoneus, a surname of Bacchus from 
 his mother Semele, who was called Thy- 
 one. 
 
 Thyotes, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samo- 
 thrace. 
 
 Thyre, a town of the Messenians, fa- 
 mous for a battle fought there between the 
 Argives and the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Thyrea, an island on the coast of Pe- 
 loponnesus. 
 
 Thyreum, a town of Acarnania. 
 
 Thyreus, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar- 
 cadia. A son of CEneus, king of Caly- 
 
 don. 
 
 Tkyrides, three small islands at the 
 point of Taenarus. 
 
 Thtrsaget-e, a people of Sarmatia, who 
 live upon hunting. 
 
 Thyrsus, a river of Sardinia. 
 
 Thyssos, a town near mount Athos. 
 
 Thyus, a satrap of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Tiasa, a daughter of the Eurotas. 
 
 Tibareni, a people of Cappadocia. 
 
 A people of Pontus. 
 
 Tiberias, a town of Galilee, built by 
 Herod. - 
 
 Tiberinus, son of Capetas, and king of 
 Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, 
 which on that account assumed the name 
 of Tiberis. 
 
 . Tiberis, Tyberi3, Tiber, or Tibris, a 
 river of Italy, on whose banks the city of 
 Rome was built. It rises in the Appen- 
 nines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, six- 
 teen miles below Rome, after dividing La- 
 tin m from Etruria. 
 
 Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero, a 
 Roman emperor, successor to Augustus. 
 The beginning of his reign seemed to 
 
 promise tranquillity to the world ; but the 
 real character of Tiberius soon manifested 
 itself. His ingratitude to his mother Li- 
 via, to whose intrigues he was indebted 
 for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, 
 and his tyrannical oppression and murder 
 of many noble senators, rendered him 
 odious and disgusting to the people. Not 
 only his relations and friends, but the 
 great and opulent, were sacrificed to his 
 ambition or caprice ; and there was scarce- 
 ly one family in Rome that did not re- 
 proach Tiberius for the loss of a brother, 
 a father, or a husband. He at last retired 
 to the island of Capreae, on the coast of 
 Campania, where he buried himself in 
 unlawful pleasures. The care of the em- 
 pire was intrusted to favorites, among 
 whom Sejanus shone with great splendor. 
 Tiberius nominated Caius Caligula as hia 
 successor, and died, after a reign of twen- 
 ty-two years, A. D. 37. The character of 
 Tiberius has been examined with particu- 
 lar attention by historians, and his reign 
 is the subject of the most perfect and ele- 
 gant of all the compositions of Tacitus. 
 Like the rest of the emperors, he received 
 divine honors after death, and even during 
 his life. It has been wittily observed 
 by Seneca, that he never was intoxicated 
 but once all his life, for he continued in a 
 perpetual state of intoxication from the 
 time he gave himself to drinking till the 
 last moment of his life. A friend of Ju- 
 lius Caesar, whom he accompanied in the 
 war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the 
 favors he had received from his friend ; 
 and when he was assassinated, he wished 
 all his murderers to be publicly rewarded. 
 
 One of the Gracchi. Sempronius, a 
 
 son of Drusus and Livia, the sister ofGer- 
 
 manicus, put to death by Caligula. A 
 
 son of Brutus, put death by his father. 
 
 A Thracian made emperor of Rome in the 
 latter ages of the empire. 
 
 Tibesis, a river of Scythia. 
 
 Tibiscus, now Teisse, a river of Dacia. 
 
 Tibula, a town of Sardinia. 
 
 Tibullus, (Aulus Albius,) a Roman 
 knight celebrated for his poetical compo- 
 sitions. As he had espoused the cause of 
 Brutus, he lost his possessions when the 
 soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded 
 with lands ; but he might have recovered 
 them if he had condescended, like Virgil, 
 to make his court to Augustus. Four 
 books of elegies are the only remaining 
 pieces of his composition. They are un- 
 commonly elegant and beautiful. 
 
 Tibur, an ancient town of the Sabines, 
 about twenty miles north of Rome, built 
 as some say by Tibur the son of Amphia- 
 raus. It was watered by the Anio, and 
 Hercules was the chief deity of the place, 
 from which circumstance it has been call- 
 ed Herculni muri. It was the seat of seve- 
 ral of the Roman villas. 
 
TI 
 
 400 
 
 TI 
 
 L. Tiburtius, a centurion in Cesar's 
 army. 
 
 Tiburtus, the founder of Tibur. 
 
 Tichis, now Tech, a river of Spain. 
 
 Tichius, a name given to the top of 
 mount CEta. 
 
 Ticida, a Roman poet a few years be- 
 fore the age of Cicero. 
 
 Ticinus, now Tesino, a river near Tici- 
 num, a small town of Italy, where the Ro- 
 mans were defeated by Annibal. 
 
 Tidius, a man who joined Pompey. 
 
 Tiessa, a river of Laconia. 
 
 Tifata, a mountain of Campania, near 
 Capua. 
 
 Tifernum, a name common to three 
 towns of Italy. 
 
 Tifernus, a mountain and river in the 
 country of the Samnites. 
 
 Ti oasis, a son of Hercules. 
 
 Tigellinus, a Roman celebrated for his 
 intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. 
 He betrayed the emperor, and was order- 
 ed to destroy himself, 68 A. D. 
 
 Tigellius, a native of Sardinia, who 
 became the favorite of J. Caesar, of Cleo- 
 patra, and Augustus, by his mimicry and 
 iacetiousness. 
 
 Tigranes, a king of Armenia, who 
 made himself master of Assyria and Cap- 
 padocia. He married Cleopatra, the daugh- 
 ter of Mithridates, and by the advice of his 
 father-in-law, he declared war against the 
 Romans. He despised these distant ene- 
 mies, and even ordered the head of the 
 messenger to be cut off who first told him 
 that the Roman general was boldly ad- 
 vancing towards his capital. His pride, 
 however, was soon abated, and though 
 he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to 
 be brought alive into his presence, he fled 
 with precipitation from his capital, and 
 was soon after defeated near mount Tau- 
 rus. His mean submission to Pompey, 
 the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a 
 bribe of sixty thousand talents, insured 
 him on his throne, and he received a gar- 
 rison in his capital, and continued at 
 peace with the Romans. His second son 
 of the same name revolted against him, 
 and attempted to dethrone him with the 
 assistance of the king of Parthia, whose 
 
 daughter he had married. A king of 
 
 Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He 
 was put to death. One of the royal fam- 
 ily of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberi- 
 us to ascend the throne of Armenia. A 
 
 general of the Medes. A man appoint- 
 ed king of Armenia by Nero. A prince 
 
 of Armenia in the age of Theodosius. 
 
 Tigranocerta, now Sered, the capital 
 of Armenia. 
 
 Tigres, a river of Peloponnesus, called 
 also Harpys. 
 
 Tigris, now Basilensa, a river of Asia, 
 and the eastern boundary of Mesopota- 
 mia. 
 
 Tigurini, a warlike people among the 
 Helvetii, now forming the modern cantons 
 of Swilz, Zurich, St. Gall, and Schaffhau- 
 sen. 
 
 TiLATiEi, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Tilavemptus, a river of Italy 
 
 Tilfossius, a mountain of Bceotia. 
 
 Also a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias. 
 
 Tilium, a town of Sardinia, now Ar- 
 gentara. 
 
 Tilox, a northwest cape of Corsica. 
 
 Tilfhussus, a mountain of Boeotia. 
 
 Timacus, a river of Moesia falling into 
 the Danube. 
 
 Timjea, the wife of Agis, king of Spar- 
 ta. 
 
 Timjeus, a friend of Alexander. An 
 
 historian of Sicily, who flourished about 
 
 262 B. C. All his compositions are lost. 
 
 A writer who published some treatises con- 
 cerning ancient philosophers. A Pytha- 
 gorean philosopher, born at Locris. An 
 
 Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. A 
 
 sophist, who wrote a book called Lexicon 
 vocum Platonicarum. 
 
 Timagenes, a Greek historian of Alex- 
 andria, 54 B. C, brought to Rome by Ga- 
 binius, and sold as a slave to the son of 
 Sylla. His great abilities procured him 
 his liberty, and gained the favors of the 
 
 great, and of Augustus. An historian 
 
 and rhetorician of Miletus. A man 
 
 who wrote an account of the life of Al- 
 exander. A general, killed at Che- 
 
 ronsea. 
 
 Timagoras, an Athenian, capitally pun- 
 ished for paying homage to Darius. 
 
 Another. Fid. Meles. 
 
 Timandra, a daughter of Leda, sister 
 to Helen. A mistress of Alcibiades. 
 
 Timandrides, a Spartan, celebrated for 
 his virtues. 
 
 Timanthes, a painter of Sicyon, in the 
 reign of Philip, the father of Alexander 
 the Great. In his celebrated painting of 
 Iphigenia going to be immolated he re- 
 presented all the attendants overwhelmed 
 with grief; but his superior genius, by 
 covering the face of Agamemnon, left to 
 the conception of the imagination the 
 
 deep sorrows of the father. An athlete 
 
 of Cleone, who burnt himself when he 
 perceived that his strength began to fail. 
 
 Timarchus, a philosopher of Alexan- 
 dria. A rhetorician, who hung him- 
 self. A Cretan, accused before Nero of 
 
 oppression. An officer in ^Etolia, who 
 
 burnt his ships to prevent the flight of his 
 
 companions. A king of Salamis. 
 
 A tyrant of Miletus, in the age of Antio- 
 chus. 
 
 Timareta, a priestess of the oracle of 
 Dodona. 
 
 Timasion, one of the leaders of the ten 
 thousand Greeks, &c. 
 
 Timasitheus, a prince of Lipara. 
 
 Timavus, a broad river of Italy. 
 
TI 
 
 401 
 
 TI 
 
 TiME3ius, a native of Clazomeuae, who 
 began to build Abdera. 
 
 Timocharis, an astronomer of Alexan- 
 dria, 294 B. C. 
 
 Timoclea , a Theban lady, sister to The- 
 agenes, who was killed at Cheronaaa. One 
 of Alexander's soldiers offered her vio- 
 lence, after which she led her ravisher to 
 a well, and while he believed that im- 
 mense treasures were concealed there, 
 Timoclea threw him into it. 
 
 Timocles, two Greek poets of Athens. 
 A statuary of Athens. 
 
 Timocrates, a Greek philosopher of 
 
 uncommon austerity. A Syracusan, 
 
 who married Arete when Dion had been 
 banished into Greece by Dionysius. 
 
 Timocreox, a comic poet of Rhodes, 
 who obtained poetical as well as gymnas- 
 tic prizes at Olympia. He lived about 
 four hundred and seventy-six years before 
 Christ. 
 
 Timodemus, the father of Timoleon. 
 
 Timolaus, a Spartan, intimate with 
 
 Philopoemen. A son of the celebrated 
 
 Zenobia. A general of Alexander. 
 
 Timoleon, a celebrated Corinthian, son 
 of Timodemus and Demariste. He was 
 such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not 
 hesitate to murder his own brother Timo- 
 phanes, when he attempted, against his 
 representations, to make himself absolute 
 in Corinth. When the Syracusans, op- 
 pressed with the tyranny of Dionysius the 
 younger, and of the Carthaginians, had 
 solicited the assistance of the Corinthians, 
 all looked upon Timoleon as a proper de- 
 liverer, but all applications would have 
 been disregarded, if one of the magistrates 
 had not awakened in him the sense of 
 natural liberty. Timoleon, says he, if you 
 accept of the command of this expedition, we 
 will believe that you have killed a tyrant ; but 
 if not, we cannot but call you your brothers 
 murderer. This had due effect, and Ti- 
 moleon sailed for Syracuse in ten ships, 
 accompanied by about one thousand men. 
 The Carthaginians attempted to oppose 
 him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance. 
 Icetas, who had the possession of the city, 
 was defeated, and Dionysius, who de- 
 spaired of success, gave himself up into 
 the hands of the Corinthian general. Ti- 
 moleon thus became master of Syracuse. 
 When the city was thus delivered from 
 tyranny, the conqueror extended his be- 
 nevolence to the other states of Sicily, 
 and all the petty tyrants were reduced 
 and banished from the island. The gra- 
 titude of the Sicilians was showji every 
 where to their deliverer. Timoleon was 
 received with repeated applause in the . 
 public assemblies, and though a private 
 man, unconnected with the government, 
 he continued to enjoy his former influence 
 at Syracuse ; his advice was consulted on 
 matters of importance, and his authority 
 34* 
 
 respected. Timoleon died at Syracuse 
 about three hundred and thirty-seven 
 years before the Christian era. 
 Timomachcjs, a painter of Byzantium, 
 
 in the age of Sylla and Marius. A 
 
 general of Athens. 
 
 Timon, a native of Athens, called Mis- 
 anthrope, for his unconquerable aversion 
 
 to mankind and all society. A Greek 
 
 poet in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
 He wrote several dramatic pieces, all now 
 
 lost. An athlete of Elis. 
 
 Timofhanes, a Corinthian, brother to 
 Timoleon. He attempted to make nim-. 
 self tyrant of his country, by means of the 
 mercenary soldiers with whom he had 
 fought against the Argives and Cleomenes. 
 Timoleon wished to convince him of the 
 impropriety of his measures, and when he 
 found him unmoved, he caused him to be 
 assassinated. A man of Mitylene, cele- 
 brated for his riches, &c. 
 
 Timotheus, a poet and musician of Mi- 
 letus. He died about the ninetieth year 
 of his age, two years before the birth of 
 
 Alexander the Great. An Athenian 
 
 general, son of Conon. He signalized 
 himself by his valor and magnanimity, 
 but hi3 ill success in one of his expedi- 
 tions disgusted the Athenians, and Timo- 
 theus, like the rest of his noble predeces- 
 sors, was fined a large sum of money. He 
 
 retired to Chalcis, where he died. — A 
 
 Greek statuary. A tyrant of Heraclea, 
 
 who murdered his father. A king of 
 
 the Sapaei. 
 Timoxenus, a governor of Sicyon, who 
 
 betrayed his trust. A general of tha 
 
 Achaeans. 
 
 Tingis, now Tangier, a maritime town 
 of Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant 
 Antasus. 
 Tin i a, a river of Umbria. 
 Tipha, a town of Boeotia. 
 Tiphys, the pilot of the ship of th« Ar- 
 gonauts. 
 Tiphy9a, a daughter of Thestius. 
 Tiresias, a celebrated prophet of 
 Thebes, son of Everus and Chariclo. He 
 lived to a great age, which some authors 
 have called as long as seven generation* 
 of men, others six, and others nine, dur- 
 ing the time that Polydorus, Labdacua, 
 Laius, CEdipus, and his sons, sat on the 
 throne of Thebes. He was struck with 
 blindness by Juno, whom he had offend- 
 ed. During his lifetime, Tiresias was an 
 infallible oracle to all Greece. The gen- 
 erals, during the Theban war, consulted 
 him, and found his predictions verified. 
 He at last died, after drinking the waters 
 of a cold fountain, which froze his blood. 
 He was buried with great pomp by the 
 Thebans on mount Tilphussus, and ho- 
 nored as a god. His oracle at Orchome- 
 nos was in universal esteem. 
 Tiribases, an officer of Artaxerxes. 
 
TI 
 
 402 
 
 TI 
 
 Tirjda, a town of Thrace. 
 
 Tiridates, a king of Parthia, after the 
 
 expulsion of Phraates by his subjects. 
 
 A man made king of Parthia by Tiberius, 
 
 after the death of Phraates. A keeper 
 
 of the royal treasures at Persepolis.- A 
 
 king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero. 
 
 A son of Phraates. 
 
 Tiris, a general of the Thracians, who 
 opposed Antiochus. 
 
 Tiro, Tullius, a freedman of Cicero, 
 greatly esteemed by his master for his 
 learning and good qualities. 
 
 Tirynthia, a name given to Alcmena. 
 
 Tirynthus, a town of Argolis in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Tis-etjm, a mountain of Thessaly. 
 
 Tisagoras, a brother of Miltiades. 
 
 TlSAMENES, Or TlSAMENUS, B. SOU of 
 
 Orestes and Hermione, the daughter of 
 Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne 
 
 of Argos and Lacedeemon. A king of 
 
 Thebes, son of Thersander, and grandson 
 of Polynices. A native of Elis, crown- 
 ed twice at the Olympic games. 
 
 Tisandrus, one of the Greeks concealed 
 with Ulysses in the wooden horse. 
 
 Tisarchus, a friend of Agathocles, by 
 whom he was murdered. 
 
 Tisdra, a town of Africa. 
 
 Tisiarus, a town of Africa. 
 
 Tisias, an ancient philosopher of Sicily, 
 considered by some as the inventor of 
 rhetoric. 
 
 Tisiphone, one of the Furies, daughter 
 of Nox and Acheron, who was the minis- 
 ter of divine vengeance upon mankind, 
 who visited them with plagues and dis- 
 eases, and punished the wicked in Tar- 
 tarus. She was represented with a whip 
 in her hand ; serpents hung from her head, 
 and were wreathed round her arms in- 
 stead of bracelets. A daughter of Alc- 
 
 mafion and Manto. 
 
 Tisiphonus, a man who conspired 
 against Alexander, tyrant of Pherse, and 
 ■eized the sovereign power. 
 
 Tissa, now Randazzo, a town of Sicily. 
 
 TissArHERXEs, an officer of Darius. 
 
 A satrap of Persia. The king ordered 
 him to be put to death when he had been 
 
 conquered by Agesilaus, 395 B. C. An 
 
 officer in the army of Cyrus. 
 
 Tit2ea, the mother of the Titans. 
 
 Titan, or Titanus, a son of Coelus and 
 Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. 
 He was the eldest of the children of Coe- 
 lus ; but he gave his brother Saturn the 
 kingdom of the world, provided he raised 
 no male children. Titan is a name applied 
 to Saturn by Orpheus and Lucian ; to the 
 sun by Virgil and Ovid ; and to Prome- 
 theus by Juvenal. 
 
 Titana, a town of Sicyonia in Pelopon- 
 nesus. Titanus reigned there A man 
 
 skilled in astronomy. 
 
 Ti tanks, a name given to the sons of 
 
 Cualus and Terra. They were forty-fiv 
 in number, according to the Egyptians 
 The most known of the Titans are Saturn 
 Hyperion, Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus, and 
 Briareus. They were all of a gigantic 
 stature and with proportionable strength. 
 The wars of the Titans against the gods 
 are very celebrated in mythology. 
 
 Titania, a patronymic applied to Pyr- 
 rha. 
 
 Titanide8, the daughters of Ccelus and 
 Terra. 
 
 Titanus, a river in Peloponnesus, with 
 a town and mountain of the same name. 
 
 Titaresus, a river of Thessaly, called 
 also Eurotas, flowing into the Peneus. 
 
 Titenus, a river of Colchis, falling into 
 the Euxine sea. 
 
 Tithenidia, a festival of Sparta, in 
 which nurses conveyed male infants in- 
 trusted to their charge, to the temple of 
 Diana, where they sacrificed young pigs. 
 During the time of the solemnity, they 
 generally danced and exposed themselves 
 in ridiculous postures. 
 
 Tithonus, a son of Laomedon, king of 
 Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca- 
 mander. He was so beautiful that Auro- 
 ra became enamored of him, and carried 
 him away. He begged of Aurora to be 
 immortal, and the goddess granted it ; but 
 as he had forgotten to ask the vigor, youth, 
 and beauty, which he then enjoyed, he 
 soon grew old, infirm, and decrepid ; and 
 as life became insupportable to him, he 
 prayed Aurora to remove him from the 
 world. As he could not die, the goddess 
 changed him into a cicada, or grasshop- 
 per. 
 
 Tithorea, one of the tops of Parnas- 
 sus. 
 
 Tithraustes, a Persian satrap, B. C. 
 395, ordered to murder Tissapherneg by 
 
 Artaxerxes. The name was common to 
 
 some of the superior officers of state in the 
 court of Artaxerxes. 
 
 Titia, a deity among the Milesians. 
 
 Titia lex de mavistratibus, by P. Titius, 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 710. It ordained 
 that a triumvirate of magistrates should 
 be invested with consular power to pre- 
 side over the republic for five years. 
 
 Another, de provinciis, which required 
 that the provincial questors should receive 
 their provinces by lot. 
 
 TrTiANA Flavia, the wife of the empe- 
 ror Pertinax, disgraced herself by her in- 
 continence. 
 
 Titianus, Attil. a noble Roman, put to 
 death A. D. 156, by the senate, for aspir- 
 ing to the purple. A brother of Otho. 
 
 Titii, priests of Apollo at Rome. 
 
 Titinius, a tribune of the people in the 
 
 first ages of the republic. A friend of 
 
 Cassius, who killed himself. One of 
 
 the slaves who revolted at Capua. 
 
 Titius Proculus, a Roman knijht, ap- 
 
TI 
 
 403 
 
 TO 
 
 pointed to watch MessaHna. A tribune 
 
 of the people who enacted the Titian law. 
 
 Septiminus, a poet in the Augustan 
 
 age. 
 
 Titormus, a shepherd of iEtolia called 
 another Hercules, on account of his prodi- 
 gious strength. 
 
 Titurius, a friend of Julia Silana, who 
 informed against Agrippina. A lieuten- 
 ant of Caesar in Gaul. 
 
 Titus Vespasianus, son of Vespasian 
 and Flavia Domitilla, became known by 
 his valor in the Roman armies, particular- 
 ly at the siege of Jerusalem. In the 
 seventy-niuth year of the Christian era, 
 he was invested with the imperial pur- 
 ple, and the Roman people had every 
 reason to expect in him the barbarities 
 of a Tiberius, and the debaucheries of a 
 Nero. When raised to the throne, how- 
 ever, he thought himself bound to be the 
 father of his people, the guardian of vir- 
 tue, and the patron of liberty ; and Titus 
 is, perhaps, the only monarch who, when 
 invested with uncontrollable power, bade 
 adieu to those vices, those luxuries and 
 indulgences, which as a private man he 
 never ceased to gratify. To do good to his 
 subjects was the ambition of Titus, and it 
 was at the recollection that he had done no 
 service, or granted no favor one day, that 
 he exclaimed in the memorable words of 
 My friends, I have lost a day ! Two of the 
 eenators conspired against his life, but the 
 emperor disregarded their attempts, he 
 made them his friends by kindness, and 
 like another Nerva, presented them with 
 a sword to destroy him. He died the thir- 
 teenth of September, A. D. 81, in the for- 
 ty-first year of his age, after a reign of 
 two years, two months, and twenty days. 
 The news of his death was received with 
 lamentations ; Rome was filled with tears, 
 and all looked upon themselves as depriv- 
 ed of the most benevolent of fathers. 
 Titus Tatius, a king of the Sabines. 
 
 Livius, a celebrated historian. A 
 
 son of Junius Brutus, put to death by order 
 of his father, for conspiring to restore the 
 
 Tarquins. A friend of Coriolanus. 
 
 A native of Crotona, engaged in Catiline's 
 conspiracy. 
 
 Tityrus, a shepherd introduced in Vir- 
 gil's eclogues. A large mountain of 
 
 Crete. 
 
 Tityus, a celebrated giant, son of Ter- 
 ra; or, according to others of Jupiter, by 
 Elara, the daughter of Orchomenos. Ti- 
 tyus attempted to offer violence to Latona, 
 but the goddess delivered herself from his 
 importunities, by calling to her assistance 
 her children, who killed the giant with 
 their arrows. He was placed in hell, 
 where a serpent continually devoured his 
 liver ; or, according to others, where vul- 
 tures perpetually fed upon his entrails, 
 which grew again as soon as devoured. 
 
 Tium, or Tion, a maritime town of 
 Paphlagonia. 
 
 Tlefolemus, a son of Hercules and As- 
 tyochia, born at Argos. He went to the 
 Trojan war with nine ships, and was kill- 
 ed by Sarpedon. There were some festi- 
 vals established at Rhodes in his honor, 
 
 called Tlepolemia. One of Alexander's 
 
 generals. An Egyptian general, who 
 
 nourished B. C. 207. 
 Tmarus, a Rutulian in the wars of 
 
 iEneas. A mountain of Thesprotia. 
 
 TiMolus, a king of Lydia. The moun- 
 tain on which he was buried bore his 
 
 name. A town of Asia Minor. A 
 
 mountain of Lydia. The neighbouring 
 country was very fertile, and produced 
 plenty of vines, saffron, and odoriferous 
 flowers. 
 
 To gat a, an epithet applied to a certain 
 part of Gaul. 
 
 Togonius Gallus, a senator of ignoble 
 birth, devoted to the interest of Tiberius. 
 Tolbiacum, a town of Gallia Belgica, 
 south of Juliers. 
 Tolenus, a river of Latium. 
 Toletum, now Toledo, a town of Spain. 
 Tolistoboh, a people of Galatia in 
 Asia. 
 Tollentinum, a town of Picenum. 
 Tolmides, an Athenian officer, defeat- 
 ed and killed in a battle in Bceotia, 447 
 B.C. 
 
 Tolosa, now Toulouse, the capital of 
 Languedoc, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, 
 which became a Roman colony under Au- 
 gustus, and was afterwards celebrated for 
 the cultivation of the sciences. 
 Tolumnus, an augur in the army of 
 
 Turn us against ^Eneas. A king of 
 
 Veii. 
 
 Tolus, a man whose head was found 
 
 in digging for the foundation of the capi- 
 
 tol, in the rejgn of Tarquin. 
 
 Tomjeum, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Tomisa, a country between Cappadocia 
 
 and Taurus. 
 
 Tomos, or Tomis, a town situate on the 
 western shores of the Euxine sea, about 
 thirty-six miles from the mouth of the 
 Danube. 
 
 Tonea, a solemnity observed at Samos. 
 It was usual to carry Juno's statue to the 
 seashore, and to offer cakes before it, and 
 afterwards to replace it again in the tem- 
 ple. 
 Tongillius, an avaricious lawyer. 
 Topazos, an island in the Arabian gulf. 
 The valuable stone called topaz is found 
 there. 
 Topiri9, or Toprus, a town of Thrace. 
 Torini, a people of Scythia. 
 Torone, a town of Macedonia— of Epi- 
 rus. 
 Torguata, one of the vestal virgins. 
 Torquatus, a surname of Titus Man- 
 lius. Silanus, an officer put to death by 
 
TR 
 
 404 
 
 TR 
 
 Nero. A governor of Oricum. An 
 
 officer in Sylla's army. A Eoman sent 
 
 ambassador to the court of Ptolemy Phil'" 
 inetor of Egypt. 
 Tortor, a surname of Apollo. 
 Torus, a mountain of Sicily. 
 Torvne, a small town near Actium. 
 Toxandri, a people of Gallia Belgica. 
 Toxaridia, a festival at Athens. 
 Toxeus, a son of CEneus, killed by his 
 father. 
 Toxicrate, a daughter of Thespius. 
 Q.. Trabea, a comic poet at Rome in 
 the age of Regulus. 
 
 Trachalus, M. Galerius, a consul in 
 the reign of Nero, celebrated for his elo- 
 quence as an orator, and for a majestic 
 
 and commanding aspect. One of the 
 
 friends and ministers of Otho. 
 TRAckAs, a town of Latium. 
 Trachinia, a small country of Phthio- 
 tis, on the bay of Malea, near mount CEta. 
 Trachonitis, a part of Judaea. 
 Tragurium, a town of Dalmatia. 
 Tragus, a river of Arcadia. 
 
 Trajanopolis, a town of Thrace. A 
 
 name given to Selinus of Cilicia. 
 
 Trajanus, (M. Ulpius Crinitus,) a Ro- 
 man emperor, born at Italica in Spain. 
 When Nerva died, the election of Trajan 
 fo the vacant throne was confirmed by 
 the unanimous rejoicings of the people, 
 and the free concurrence of the armies on 
 the confines of Germany, and the banks 
 of the Danube. All the actions of Trajan 
 showed a good and benevolent prince, 
 whose virtues truly merited the encomi- 
 ums which the pen of an elegant and 
 courteous panegyrist has paid. The bar- 
 barians continued quiet, and the hostili- 
 ties which they generally displayed at the 
 election of a new emperor whose military 
 abilities they distrusted, were now few, 
 and even Dacia became a province of 
 Rome. Trajan passed through the sub- 
 missive kingdom of Armenia, and by his 
 well-directed operations, made himself 
 master of the provinces of Assyria and 
 Mesopotamia. He extended his conquests 
 in the east, he obtained victories over un- 
 known nations, and when on the extremi- 
 ties of India, he lamented that he pos- 
 sessed not the vigor and youth of an Al- 
 exander, that he might add unexplored 
 provinces and kingdoms to the Roman 
 empire. This, however, was but the 
 blaze of transient glory. Trajan had no 
 sooner signified his intention of return- 
 ing to Italy, than the conquered barba- 
 rians appeared again in arms, and the Ro- 
 man empire did not acquire one single 
 acre of territory from the conquests of 
 her sovereign in the east. The return of 
 the emperor towards Rome was hastened 
 by indisposition, he stopped in Cilicia, and 
 in the town of Selinus, which afterwards 
 was called Trajanopolis, he was seized 
 
 with a flux, and a few days after ex- 
 pired, in the beginning of August, A. D. 
 117, after a reign of nineteen years, six 
 months, and fifteen days, in the sixty- 
 fourth year of his age. The ashes of Tra- 
 jan were carried to Rome, and deposited 
 under the stately column which he had 
 
 erected a few years before. The father 
 
 of the emperor. A general of the empe- 
 ror Valens. A son of the emperor De- 
 
 cius. 
 
 Trajectus Rheni, now Utrecht, the 
 
 capital of one of the provinces of Holland. 
 
 Tralles, a town of Lydia, now Sultan- 
 
 hisar. A people of Illyricum. 
 
 Transtieerina, a part of the city of 
 Rome one side of the Tiber. 
 
 Trapezus, a city of Pontus, built by the 
 people of Sinope, now called Trebizond. 
 
 A town of Arcadia near the Alpbeus. 
 
 Trasullus, a man who taught Tiberius 
 astrology at Rhodes. 
 
 Traulus Mostakcs, a Roman knight, 
 put to death by Claudius. 
 Treba, a town of the iEqui. 
 C. Trebatius Testas, a Roman not 
 less distinguished for his learning than for 
 his integrity, his military experience, and 
 knowledge of law. 
 
 Trebellianus, (C. Annius,) a pirate 
 who proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, 
 A. D. 264. 
 
 Treeellients Rufus, a prstor ap- 
 pointed governor of the children of king 
 
 Cotys, by Tiberius. A tribune whc 
 
 opposed the Gabinian law. A Roman 
 
 who numbered the inhabitants of Gaul. 
 
 Trebellius Pollio, a Latin historian, 
 who wrote an account of the lives of the 
 emperors. He flourished A. D. 305. 
 
 Trebia, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 A town of Latium of Campania 
 
 of Unibria. 
 TREBius,an officer in Cesar's army in 
 
 Gaul. A parasite in Domitian's reign. 
 
 Trebonia lex, de provinciis, by L. Tre- 
 bonius the tribune, A. U. C. 698. An- 
 other by the same in the same year, con- 
 ferred the command of the provinces of 
 Syria and Spain on Cassius and Pompey, 
 
 for five years.- Another by L. Treboni- 
 
 us, the tribune, A. U. C. 30.5, which con- 
 firmed the election of the tribunes in the 
 hands of the Eoman people. 
 
 Trebonius, a soldier remarkable for 
 his continence. Garucianus, a govern- 
 or of Africa. A tribune who proposed 
 
 a law at Rome, and imprisoned Cato, be- 
 cause be opposed it. One of the adher- 
 ents of Marius. 
 
 Trebula, a town of the Sabines, cele- 
 brated for cheese. Another in Campa 
 
 nia. 
 Trerus, a river of Latium. 
 Tre9 tabekn-e, a place on the Appi- 
 an road, where travellers took refresh- 
 ment. 
 
TR 
 
 405 
 
 TR 
 
 Treveri, a town and people of Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 Triaria, a woman well known for her 
 cruelty. 
 
 C. Triarius, an orator, commended by 
 
 Cicero. A friend of Pompey. He was 
 
 killed in the civil wars of Pompey and 
 Cffisar. 
 
 Triballi, a people of Thrace ; or, ac- 
 cording to some, of Lower Moesia. 
 
 Triboci, a people of Alsace in Gaul. 
 
 Tribdlium, a town of Dalmatia. 
 
 Tribuni Plebis, magistrates at Rome, 
 created in the year U. C. 261, when the 
 people after a quarrel with the senators 
 had retired to Mons Sacer. The two first 
 were C. Licinius, and L. Albinus, but 
 their number was soon after raised to 
 five, and thirty-seven years after to ten, 
 which remained fixed. Their office was 
 annual, and as the first had been created 
 on the fourth of the ides of December, 
 that day was ever after chosen for the 
 election. Their power, though at first 
 small, and granted by the patricians to 
 appease the momentary seditions of the 
 populace, soon became formidable, and 
 the senators repented too late of having 
 consented to elect magistrates, who not 
 only preserved the rights of the people, 
 but could summon assemblies, propose 
 laws, stop the consultations of the senate, 
 and even abolish their decrees by the 
 word Veto. Their approbation was also 
 necessary to confirm the senatus consulta, 
 and this was done by affixing the letter 
 T. un der it. If any irregularity happened 
 in the state, their power was almost ab- 
 solute ; they criticised the conduct of all 
 the public magistrates, and even dragged 
 a consul to prison, if the measures he 
 pursued were hostile to the peace of 
 Rome. The dictator alone was their 
 superior, but when that magistrate was 
 elected, the office of tribune was not, like 
 that of all other inferior magistrates, abol- 
 ished while he continued at the head of 
 the state. The people paid them so much 
 deference, that their person was held sa- 
 cred, and thence they were always called 
 Sacrosancti. To strike them was a capi- 
 tal crime, and to interrupt them while 
 they spoke in the assemblies, called for 
 the immediate interference of power. 
 Their authority was not extended beyond 
 
 the walls of the city. There were also 
 
 other officers who bore the name of tri- 
 bunes, such as the tribuni militum or mili- 
 tares, who commanded a division of the 
 legions. They were empowered to de- 
 cide all quarrels that might arise in the 
 army, they took care of the camp, and 
 gave the watch-word. They wore a gold- 
 en ring, and were in office no longer than 
 six months. When the consuls were 
 elected, it was usual to choose fourteen 
 tribunes from the knights, who had serv- 
 
 ed five years in the army, and who were 
 called juniores, and ten from the people 
 who had been in ten campaigns, who 
 
 were called seniores. There were also 
 
 some officers called tribuni militum consu- 
 lari potestate, elected instead of consuls, 
 
 A. U. C. 310. The tribuni cohortium 
 
 prcetorianarum, were intrusted with the 
 person of the emperor, which they guard- 
 ed and protected. The tribuni ararii, 
 
 were officers chosen from among the peo- 
 ple, who kept the money which was to 
 be applied to defray the expenses of the 
 
 army. The tribuni celerum had the 
 
 command of the guard which Romulus 
 
 chose for the safety of his person. 
 
 The tribuni voluptatum were commission- 
 ed to take care of the amusements which 
 were prepared for the people, and that 
 nothing might be wanting in the exhibi- 
 tions. This office was also honorable. 
 
 Tricala, a fortified place at the south 
 of Sicily. 
 
 Tricasses, a people of Champagne in 
 Gaul. 
 
 Tricastini, a people of Gallia Narbo- 
 nensis. 
 
 Tricon, a town of Thessaly, where 
 iEsculapius had a temple. 
 
 Trichonium, a town of ^Etolia. 
 
 Triclaria, a yearly festival celebrated 
 by the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, 
 Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea. 
 
 Tricorii, a people of Gaul, now Dau- 
 phine. 
 
 Tricortthus, a town of Attica. 
 
 Tricrena, a place of Arcadia, where, 
 according to some, Mercury was born. 
 
 Tridentum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, 
 now called Trent. 
 
 Trieterica, festivals in honor of Bac- 
 chus celebrated every three years. 
 
 Trifanum, a place of Latium near Si- 
 nuessa. 
 
 Trifolinus, a mountain of Campania 
 famous for wine. 
 
 Trigemina, one of the Roman gates. 
 
 Trinacria, or Trinacris, one of the 
 ancient names of Sicily. 
 
 Trinium, a river of Italy falling into 
 the Adriatic. 
 
 Trinobantes, a people of Britain. 
 
 Triocala, or Triocla, a town in the 
 southern parts of Sicily. 
 
 Triopas, or Triops, a son of Neptune 
 
 by Canace, the daughter of iEolus. 
 
 A son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Jasus, 
 and Messene. A son of Piranthus. 
 
 Triopium, a town of Caria. 
 
 Triphylia, one of the ancient names 
 
 of Elis. A mountain where Jupiter 
 
 had a temple in the island Panchaia. 
 
 Tripolis, an ancient town of Phoeni- 
 cia. A town of Pontus. A district 
 
 of Arcadia of Laconia of Thessa- 
 ly. A town of Lydia or Caria. A 
 
 district of Africa between the Syrtes. 
 
TR 
 
 406 
 
 TR 
 
 Triftolemus, a son of Oceanus and 
 Terra, or, according to some, of Trochi- 
 lus, a priest of Argos. He was born at 
 Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his 
 youth of a severe illness by the care of 
 Ceres, who had been invited into the 
 house of Celeus by the monarch's chil- 
 dren, as she travelled over the country in 
 quest of her daughter. Ceres, unable to 
 make him immortal, taught him agricul- 
 ture, and rendered him serviceable to 
 mankind, by instructing him how to sow 
 corn, and make bread. 
 
 Triquetra, a name given to Sicily. 
 
 Trismeqistcs, a famous Egyptian. 
 
 Tritia, a daughter of the river Triton. 
 A town in Achaia. 
 
 Tritogenia, a surname of Pallas. 
 
 Triton, a sea-deity, son of Neptune, 
 by Amphitrite. He was very powerful 
 among the sea-deities, and could calm the 
 ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He 
 is generally represented as blowing a 
 shell, his body above the waist is like 
 
 that of a man, and below a dolphin. 
 
 A river of Africa falling into the lake Tri- 
 
 tonis. One of the names of the Nile. 
 
 A small river of Bceotia, or Thessaly. 
 
 Tritonis, a lake and river of Africa, 
 near which Minerva had a temple, whence 
 she is surnamed Tritonis, or Tritonia. — — 
 Athens is also called Tritonis, because 
 dedicated to Minerva. 
 
 Tritonon, a town of Doris. 
 
 Triventum, a town of the Samnites. 
 
 Trivia, a surname given to Diana, be- 
 cause she presided over all places where 
 three roads met. 
 
 Trivia antrum, a place in the valley 
 of Aricia, where the nymph Egeria resided. 
 
 Trivia lucus, a place of Campania, in 
 the bay of Cumas. 
 
 Trivicum, a town in the country of the 
 Hirpini in Italy. 
 
 Triumviri reipublicce constituencies, were 
 three magistrates appointed equally to 
 govern the Roman state with absolute 
 power. The first triumvirate, B. C. 60, 
 was in the hands of J. Ceesar, Pompey, 
 and Crassus, who at the expiration of 
 their office kindled a civil war. The se- 
 cond and last triumvirate, B. C. 43, was 
 under Augustus, M. Antony, and Lepidus, 
 and through them the Romans totally lost 
 their liberty. The triumvirate was in full 
 force at Rome for the space of about twelve 
 
 years. There were also officers who 
 
 were called triumviri capitales, created A. 
 U. C. 464. They took cognizance of mur- 
 ders and robberies, and every thing in 
 
 which slaves were concerned. The 
 
 triumviri nocturni watched over the safety 
 of Rome in the night time, and in case of 
 fire were ever ready to give orders, and 
 to take the most effectual measures to 
 
 extinguish it. The triumviri agrarii 
 
 bad the care of colonies that were sent to 
 
 settle in different parts of the empire 
 The triumviri monctales were masters of 
 the mint, and had the care of the coin, 
 hence their office was generally intimated 
 by the following letters, often seen on an- 
 cient coins and medals ; IIIVIR. A. A. 
 
 A. F. F. i. e. Triumviri auro, argento, mre 
 
 flando,feriendo. The triumviri valetudi- 
 
 nis were chosen when Rome was visited 
 by a plague or some pestiferous distemper, 
 and they took particular care of the tem- 
 ples of health and virtue. The trium- 
 viri senatus legendi, were appointed to 
 name those that were most worthy to be 
 made senators from among the plebeians. 
 
 The triumviri mensarii were chosen 
 
 in the second Punic war, to take care of 
 the coin and prices of exchange. 
 
 Triumvirorum insula, a place on the 
 Rhine which falls into the Po, where the 
 triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augus- 
 tus, met to divide the Roman empire after 
 the battle of Mutina. 
 
 Troades, the inhabitants of Troas. 
 
 Troas, a country of Phrygia in Asia 
 Minor, of which Troy was the capital. 
 Troas was anciently called Dardania. 
 
 Trochois, a lake in the island of Deloa, 
 near which Apollo and Diana were born. 
 
 Trocmi, a people of Galatia. 
 
 Troszene, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- 
 ponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus. 
 
 Another town at the south of the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 Trogilije, three small islands near Sa- 
 mos. 
 
 Trogilium, a part of mount Mycale, 
 projecting into the sea. 
 
 Trogilus, a harbor of Sicily. 
 
 Troglodyte, a people of ^Ethiopia, 
 who dwelt in caves. 
 
 Trogus Pompeius, a Latin historian, 
 
 B. C. 41, born in Gaul. Trogus wrote an 
 universal history of all the most important 
 events that had happened from the begin- 
 ning of the world to the age of Augustus, 
 divided into forty-four books. 
 
 Troja, a city, the capital of Troas, or 
 according tp others, a country of which 
 Illium was the capital. It was built on a 
 small eminence near mount Ida, and the 
 promontory of Sigseum, at the distance of 
 about four miles from the seashore. Dar- 
 danus the first king of the country built 
 it, and called it Dardania, and from Tros 
 one of his successors it was called Troja, 
 and from Ilus Jlion. This city has been 
 celebrated by the poems of Homer and 
 Virgil, and of all the wars which have 
 been carried on among the ancients, that 
 of Troy is the most famous. The Trojan 
 war was undertaken by the Greeks, to 
 recover Helen, whom Paris the son of 
 Priam king of Troy had carried away 
 from the house of Menelaus. All Greece 
 united to avenge the cause of Menelaus, 
 and every prince furnished a certain num- 
 
 J 
 
TR 
 
 407 
 
 TU 
 
 ber of ships and soldiers. After the siege 
 had been carried on for ten years, some 
 of the Trojans betrayed the city into the 
 hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduc- 
 ed to ashes. The poets, however, sup- 
 port, that the Greeks made themselves 
 masters of the place by artifice. They 
 secretly filled a large wooden horse with 
 armed men, and led away their army from 
 the plains, as if to return home. The Tro- 
 jans brought the wooden horse into their 
 city, and in the night the Greeks that 
 were confined within the sides of the ani- 
 mal, rushed out and opened the gates to 
 their companions, who had returned from 
 the place of their concealment. The great- 
 est part of the inhabitants were put to 
 the sword, and the others carried away 
 by the conquerors. This happened, ac- 
 cording to the Arundelian marbles, about 
 1184 years before the Christian era, in the 
 3530th year of the Julian period, on the 
 night between the 11th and 12th of June, 
 408 years before the first olympiad. Some- 
 time after, a new city was raised, about 
 thirty stadia from the ruins of the old 
 Troy : but though it bore the ancient 
 name, and received ample donations from 
 Alexander the Great, when he visited it 
 in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued 
 to be small, and in the age of Strabo it 
 was nearly in ruins. 
 
 Trojani andTROJUGEN.E, the inhabit- 
 ants of Troy. 
 
 Trojani ludi, games instituted by 
 .<Eneas or his son Ascanius, to commem- 
 orate the death of Anchises, and celebrat- 
 ed in the circus at Rome. Boys of the 
 best families, dressed in a neat manner, 
 and accoutred with suitable arms and 
 weapons, were permitted to enter the list. 
 
 Troilus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 killed by Achilles during tlie Trojan war. 
 
 Tromentina, one of the Roman tribes. 
 
 Trop^a, a town of the Brutii. A 
 
 stone monument on the Pyrenees, erected 
 by Poinpey. Drusi, a town of Germa- 
 ny where Drusus died, and Tiberius was 
 saluted emperor by the army. 
 
 Trophonius, a celebrated architect son 
 of Erginus, king of Orchomenos in Boeo- 
 tia. He built Apollo's temple at Delphi, 
 with the assistance of his brother Agame- 
 des, and when he demanded of the god a 
 reward for his trouble, he was told by the 
 priestess to wait eight days, and to live 
 during that time with all cheerfulness and 
 pleasure. When the days were passed, 
 Trophonius and his brother were found 
 dead in their bed. Trophonius was ho- 
 nored as a god, he passed for the son of 
 Apollo, a chapel and a statue were erect- 
 ed to him, and sacrifices were offered to 
 his divinity when consulted to give ora- 
 cles. There were annually exhibited 
 games in honor of Trophonius at Lebadea. 
 
 Tros, a son of Ericthonius, king of 
 
 Troy, who married Callirhoe, the daugh- 
 ter of the Scamander. The capital of 
 Phrygia was called Troja from him, and 
 the country itself Troas. 
 
 Trossulum, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Trotilum, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Truentum, or Truentinum, a river of 
 Picenum, falling into the Adriatic. There 
 is also a town of the same name in the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 Trypherus, a celebrated cook. 
 
 Tryphiodorus, a Greek poet and gram- 
 marian of Egypt, in the sixth century, 
 who wrote a poem in twenty-four books 
 on the destruction of Troy, from which 
 he excluded the a in the first book, the p 
 in the second, and the y in the third, &c. 
 
 TnypHON, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, 
 
 put to death by Antiochus. A surname 
 
 of one of the Ptolemies. A grammarian 
 
 of Alexandria, in the age of Augustus. 
 
 Tub antes, a people of Germany. 
 
 Tubero, (&. iElius,) a Roman consul, 
 son-in-law of Paul us the conqueror of 
 Perseus. He is celebrated for his poverty, 
 in which he seemed to glory as well as 
 the rest of his family. Sixteen of the Tu- 
 beros, with their wives and children, lived 
 in a small house, and maintained them- 
 selves with the produce of a little field, 
 which they cultivated with their own 
 hands. The first piece of silver plate that 
 entered the house of Tubero was a small 
 cup which his father-in law presented to 
 him, after he had conquered the king of 
 Macedonia. A learned man. A go- 
 vernor of Africa. A Roman general 
 
 who marched against the Germans under 
 the emperors. He was accused of treason, 
 and acquitted. 
 
 Tuburbo, two towns of Africa, called 
 Major and Minor. 
 
 Tucca, Plautius, a friend of Horace and 
 Virgil. A town of Mauritania. 
 
 Tuccia, an immodest woman in Juve- 
 nal's age. 
 
 Tucia, a river near Rome. 
 
 Tuder, or Tcjdertia, an ancient town 
 of Umbria. The inhabitants were called 
 Tudertes. 
 
 Tudbi, a people of Germany. 
 
 Tugia, now Toia, a town of Spain. 
 
 Tugini, or Tugeni, a people of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Tuourinus, Jul. a Roman knight who 
 conspired against Nero. 
 
 Tuisto, a deity of the Germans, son of 
 Terra, and the founder of the nation. 
 
 Tulcjs, a river of Spain falling into the 
 Mediterranean, now Francoli. 
 
 Tulingi, a people of Germany between 
 the Rhine and the Danube. 
 
 Tulla, one of Camilla's attendants in 
 the Rutulian war. 
 
 Tullia, a daughter of Servius Tullius, 
 king of Rome. She married Tarquin the 
 proud, after she had murdered her first 
 
TU 
 
 408 
 
 TY 
 
 husband Arunx, and consented to see Tul- 
 lius assassinated, that Tarquin might be 
 raised to the throne. It is said that she 
 ordered her chariot to be driven over the 
 body of her aged father, which had been 
 thrown all mangled and bloody in one of 
 
 the streets of Rome. Another daughter 
 
 of Servius Tullius, who married Tarquin 
 the proud. She was murdered by her own 
 husband, that he might marry her ambi- 
 tious sister of the same name. A 
 
 daughter of Cicero. ( Vid. Tulliola.) 
 
 A debauched woman. 
 
 Tullia lex, de senatu, by M. Tullius 
 Cicero, A. U. C. 689, enacted that those 
 who had a libera legatio granted them by 
 the senate, should "hold it no more than 
 
 one year. Another de ambitu, by the 
 
 same the same year. It forbade any person, 
 two years before he canvassed for an of- 
 fice, to exhibit a show of gladiators, un- 
 less that case had devolved upon him by 
 will. 
 
 Tullianum, a subterraneous prison in 
 Rome, built by Servius Tullius. 
 
 Tulliola, or Tullia, a daughter of Ci- 
 cero by Terentia. She married Caius Pi- 
 bo, and afterwards Eurius Crassipes, and 
 astly P. Corn. Dolabella. With this last 
 nusband she had every reason to be dis- 
 satisfied. Dolabella was turbulent, and 
 consequently the cause of much grief to 
 Tullia and her father. Tullia died in 
 childbed, about 44 years B. C. 
 
 Tullius Cimber, the son of a freed- 
 man, rose to great honors and followed the 
 interest of Pompey. He was one of the 
 murderers of Caesar. Cicero, a cele- 
 brated orator. The son of the orator 
 
 Cicero. Servius, a king of Rome. ( Vid. 
 
 Servius.) Senecio, a man accused of 
 
 conspiracy against Nero with Piso. A 
 
 friend of Otliio. One of the kings of 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Tullus Hostilius, the third king of 
 Rome after the death of Numa. He was 
 of a warlike and active disposition, and 
 signalized himself by his expedition 
 against the people of Alba, whom he con- 
 quered, and whose city he destroyed, af- 
 ter the famous battle of the Horatii and 
 Curiatii. He afterwards carried his arms 
 against the Latins and the neighboring 
 states with success, and enforced rever- 
 ence for majesty among his subjects. He 
 died with all his family about six hun- 
 dred and forty years before the Christian 
 era, after a reign of thirty-two years. The 
 manner of his death is not precisely 
 known. A consul, A. U. C. 686. 
 
 Tuneta, or Tunis, a town of Africa, 
 near which Regulus was defeated and 
 taken by Xanthippus. 
 
 Tungri, a name given to some of the 
 Germans, supposed to live on the banks 
 of the Maese. The river of the coun- 
 try is dow the Spaw. 
 
 C. Turanius, a Latin tragic poet in the 
 age of Augustus. 
 
 Turba, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Turbo, a gladiator, of a small stature, 
 but uncommonly courageous. A gov- 
 ernor of Pannonia, under the emperors. 
 
 Turdetani, or Turduti, a people of 
 Spain, inhabiting both sides of the Baetis. 
 
 Turesis, a Thracian, who revolted from 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Turias, a river of Spain falling into the 
 Mediterranean, now Guadalaviar. 
 
 Turicum, a town of Gaul, now Zurich, 
 in Switzerland. 
 
 Turiosa, a town of Spain. 
 
 Turius, a corrupt judge in the Augus- 
 tan age. 
 
 Turnus, a king of the Rutuli, son of 
 Daunus and Venilia. He made war 
 against ./Eneas, and attempted to drive 
 him away from Italy, that he might not 
 marry the daughter of Latinus, who had 
 been previously engaged to him. He was 
 conquered and at last killed in a single 
 combat by iEneas. 
 
 Turones, a people of Gaul, whose cap- 
 ital, Cffisarodunum, is the modern Tours. 
 
 Turrus, a river of Italy falling into the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 Turullius, one of Caesar's murderers. 
 
 Turuntus, a river of Sarmatia, suppos- 
 ed to be the Dwina, or Duna. 
 
 Tuscan i a and Tuscia, a large country 
 at the west of Rome, the same as Etru- 
 ria. 
 
 Tusci, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
 
 The villa of Pliny the younger near the 
 sources of the Tiber. 
 
 Tusculanum, a country house of Cice- 
 ro, near Tusculum. 
 
 Tusculum, a town of Latium on the de- 
 clivity of a hill, about twelve miles from 
 Rome. It is now called Frescati, and is 
 famous for the magnificent villas in its 
 neighborhood. 
 
 Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. The Ti- 
 ber is called Tusctis amnis, from its situa- 
 tion. 
 
 Tuscus vicus, a small village near 
 Rome. 
 
 Tuscum mare, a part of the Mediterra- 
 nean on the coast of Etruria. 
 
 Tuta, a queen of Illyricum. 
 
 Tutia, a vestal virgin accused of in- 
 continence. She proved herself to be in- 
 nocent. A small river six miles from 
 
 Rome, where Annibal pitched his camp, 
 when he retreated from the city. 
 
 Tuticum, a town of the Hirpini. 
 
 Tyana, a town at the foot of mount 
 Taurus in Cappadocia, where Apollonius 
 was born. 
 
 Tyanitis, a province of Asia Minor, 
 near Cappadocia. 
 
 Tybris. ( Vid. Tiberis.) A Trojan 
 
 who fought in Italy with ^Eneas against 
 Turnus. 
 
TY 
 
 409 
 
 TY 
 
 Tybur, a town of Latium on the Anio. 
 (Fid. Tibur.) 
 
 Ttche, one of the Oceanides. A 
 
 part of the town of Syracuse. 
 
 Tychius, a celebrated artist of Hyle in 
 Bceotia, who made Hector's shield. 
 
 Tyde, a town of Hispania Tarraconen- 
 sis. 
 
 Tydeus, a son of QEneus, king of Caly- 
 don and Peribcea. He fled from his coun- 
 try after the accidental murder of one of 
 his friends, and found a safe asylum in 
 the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, 
 whose daughter Deiphyle he married. He 
 was one of the seven chiefs of the army 
 of Adrastus, and during the Theban war 
 he behaved with great courage. Many of 
 the enemies expired under his blows, till 
 he was at last wounded by Melanippus. 
 Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had 
 the strength to dart at his enemy, and to 
 bring him to the ground, before he was 
 carried away from the fight by his com- 
 panions. He was buried at Argos, where 
 his monument was still to be seen in the 
 age of Pausanias. He was father to Dio- 
 medes. 
 
 Tydides, a patronymic of Diomedes, as 
 son of Tydeus. 
 
 Tylos, a town of Peloponnesus near 
 Tcenarus, now Bahrain. 
 
 Ti'mbkh, a son of Daunus, who assisted 
 Turn us. His head was cut off in an en- 
 gagement by Pallas. 
 
 Tymolus, a mountain. 
 
 Tympania, an inland town of Elis. 
 
 Tymph^i, a people between Epirus and 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Tyndarid m, a patronymic of the chil- 
 dren of Tyndarus. A people of Col- 
 chis. 
 
 Tyndaris, a patronymic of Helen, 
 
 daughter of Tyndarus. A town of 
 
 Sicily near Pelorus, founded by a Mes- 
 
 senian colony. Horace gave this name 
 
 to one of his mistresses, as best expressive 
 
 of all female accomplishments. A 
 
 name given to Cassandra. A town 
 
 of Colchis on the Phasis. 
 
 Tyndarus, son of CEbalus and Gorgo- 
 phone, or, according to some, of Perieres. 
 He was king of Lacedaemon, and married 
 the celebrated Leda. 
 
 Tynnichus, a general of Heraclea. 
 
 Typhosus, or Typhox, a famous giant, 
 son of Tartarus and Terra, who had a 
 hundred heads like those of a serpent or a 
 dragon. He was no sooner born, than, to 
 avenge the death of his brothers the gi- 
 ants, he made war against heaven, and so 
 frightened the gods, that they fled away 
 and assumed different shapes. Jupiter 
 became a ram, Mercury an ibis, Apollo a 
 crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana 
 a cat, Venus a fish, &c. The father of 
 the gods at last resumed courage, and 
 put Typhoeus to flisrht with his thunder- 
 35 
 
 bolts, and crushed him under mount 
 ^Etna, in the island of Sicily. 
 
 Typhon, a giant whom Juno produced 
 by striking the earth. A brother of Osi- 
 ris, who married Nepthys. He laid snares 
 for his brother during his expedition, and 
 murdered him at his return. He was 
 reckoned among the Egyptians to be the 
 cause of every evil, and on that account 
 generally represented as a wolf and a 
 crocodile. 
 
 Tyrannion, a grammarian of Pontus, 
 intimate with Cicero. He was taken by 
 Lucullus, and restored to his liberty by 
 Muraena. He was extremely fond of books, 
 and collected a library of about thirty 
 thousand volumes. To his care and in- 
 dustry the world is indebted for the pre- 
 servation of Aristotle's works. There 
 
 was also one of his disciples called Dio- 
 des, who bore hisname. He wrote sixty- 
 eight different volumes, in one of which 
 he proved that the Latin tongue was de- 
 rived from the Greek ; and another in 
 which Homer's poems were corrected. 
 
 Tyrannus, a son of Pterelaus. 
 
 Tyras, or Tyra, a river of European 
 Sarmatia, falling into the Euxine sea, be- 
 tween the Danube and the Borysthenes, 
 now called the JSTiester. 
 
 Tyres, one of the companions of vEneas 
 in his wars against Turnus. He was 
 brother to Teuthras. 
 
 Tyri dates, a rich man in the age of Al- 
 exander, 
 
 Tyrii, or TYRus,atown of Magna Grae- 
 cia. 
 
 Tyriotes, an eunuch of Darius, who 
 fled from Alexander's camp, to inform his 
 master of the queen's death. 
 
 Tyro, a beautiful nymph, daughter of 
 Salmoneus, king of Elis and Alcidice. 
 She married her uncle Cretheus, by whom 
 she had Amythaon, Pheres, and iEson. 
 
 Tyros, an island of Arabia. — A city of 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 Tyrrheid^:, a patronymic given to the 
 sons of Tyrrheus, who kept the flocks of 
 Latinus. 
 
 Tyrrheni, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
 
 Tyrrhenum mare, that part of the Me- 
 diterranean which lies on the coast of 
 Etruria. 
 
 Tyrrhenus, a son of Atys king 6f Ly- 
 dia, who came to Italy, where part of the 
 
 country was called after him. A friend 
 
 of ^Eneas. 
 
 Tyrrheus, a shepherd of king Latinus, 
 whose stag being killed by the companions 
 of Ascanius, was the first cause of war be- 
 tween iEneas and the inhabitants of La- 
 tium. An Egyptian general, B. C. 91. 
 
 Tyrsis, a place in the Balearides, sup- 
 posed to be the palace of Saturn. 
 
 Tyrtjeus, a Greek elegiac poet, born in 
 Attica, son of Archimbrotus. In the se- 
 cond Messenian war, the Lacedaemonians 
 
TY 
 
 410 
 
 TY 
 
 were directed by the oracle to apply to the 
 Athenians for a general, if they wished to 
 finish their expedition with saccess, and 
 they were contemptuously presented with 
 Tyrtaeus. The poet, though ridiculed for 
 his many deformities, and his ignorance of 
 military affairs, animated the Lacedaemo- 
 nians with martial songs, just as they 
 wished to raise the siege of Ithome, and 
 inspired them with so much courage, that 
 they defeated the Messenians. For his 
 services, he was made a citizen of Lace- 
 daemon, and treated with great attention. 
 Of the compositions of Tyrtsus, nothing 
 is extant but the fragments of four or five 
 elegies. He flourished about 684 years be- 
 fore Christ. 
 
 Tyrus, or Tyros, a very ancient city of 
 Phoenicia, built by the Sidonians, on a 
 small island at the south of Sidon, about 
 two hundred stadia from the shore, and 
 now called Sur. It maintained its inde- 
 
 pendence till the age of Alexander, who 
 took it with much difficulty, and only af- 
 ter he had joined the island to the conti- 
 nent by a mole, after a siege of seven 
 months, on the twentieth of August, B. C. 
 332. The Tyrians were naturally indus- 
 trious; their city was the emporium of 
 commerce, and they were deemed the 
 inventors of scarlet and purple colors. 
 They founded many cities in different 
 parts of the world. The buildings of Tyre 
 were very splendid and magnificent ; the 
 walls were one hundred and fifty feet 
 high, with a proportionable breadth. Her- 
 cules was the chief deity of the place. It 
 had two large and capacious harbors, and 
 a powerful fleet ; and was built, according 
 to some writers, about two thousand se- 
 ven hundred and sixty years before the 
 Christian era. A nymph, mother of Ve- 
 nus, according to some. 
 Tysias, a man celebrated by Cicero. 
 
 UL 
 
 UL 
 
 UBII, a people of Germany near the 
 Rhine, transported across the river 
 by Agrippa. Their chief town, Ubiorum 
 oppidum, is now Cologne. 
 
 Ucalegon, a Trojan chief, remarkable 
 for his great age and praised for the sound- 
 ness of his counsels and his good inten- 
 tions, though accused by some of betray- 
 ing his country to the enemy. 
 
 Ucetia, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Ucubis, now Lucubi, a town of Spain. 
 
 Udina, or Vedinum, now Udino, a 
 town of Italy. 
 
 Ufepts, a river of Italy near Tarracina. 
 
 Another river of Picenum. A 
 
 prince who assisted Turnus against iEne- 
 as. He was afterwards killed by Gyas. 
 
 Ufentina, a Roman tribe first created 
 A U. C. 435, with the tribe Falerina. 
 
 L lpia Trajana, a Roman colony plant- 
 ed in Sarmatia by Trajan. 
 
 Ulpianus Domitius, a lawyer in the 
 reign of Alexander Severus, of whom he 
 became the secretary and principal minis- 
 ter. He raised a persecution against the 
 Christians, and was at last murdered by 
 the praetorian guards, of which he had the 
 command, A. D. 226. There are some 
 fragments of his compositions on civil 
 
 law still extant. Marcellus, an officer 
 
 in the age of Commodus. Julianus, a 
 
 man sent to oppose Heliogabalus. 
 
 Ulubr.e, a small town of Latium, 
 where Augustus was educated. 
 
 Ulysses, a king of the islands of Ithaca 
 and Dulichium, son of Anticlea and Laer- 
 
 tes, or according to some of Sisyphus. 
 He became, like the other princes of 
 Greece, one of the suitors of Helen, but as 
 he despaired of success in his applications, 
 on account of the great number of his 
 competitors, he solicited the hand of Pe- 
 nelope, the daughter of Icarius. Ulysses 
 had no sooner obtained the hand of Pene- 
 lope, than he returned to Ithaca, where 
 his father resigned him the crown, and re- 
 tired to peace and rural solitude. The 
 rape of Helen, however, by Paris, did not 
 long permit him to remain in his kingdom, 
 and as he was bound to defend her against 
 every intruder, he was summoned to the 
 war with the other princes of Greece. 
 Pretending to be insane, not to leave his 
 beloved Penelope, he yoked a horse and a 
 bull together, and ploughed the seashore, 
 where he sowed salt instead of corn. 
 This dissimulation was soon discovered, 
 and Palamedes, by placing before the 
 plough of Ulysses his infant son Telema- 
 chus, convinced the world that the father 
 was not mad who had the providence to 
 turn away the plough from the furrow, 
 not to hurt his child. Ulysses was there- 
 fore obliged to go to the war, but he did 
 not forget him who had discovered his pre- 
 tended insanity. During the Trojan war 
 the king of Ithaca was courted for his su- 
 perior prudence and sagacity, and he was 
 not less distinguished for his activity and 
 valor. For his eminent services he was 
 universally applauded by the Greeks, and 
 he was rewarded with the arms of Achil- 
 
UN 
 
 411 
 
 UT 
 
 les, which Ajax had disputed with him. 
 After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked 
 on board his ships, to return to Greece, 
 but he was exposed to a number of mis- 
 fortunes before he reached his native 
 country. He at length after a variety of 
 adventures and misfortunes found himself 
 safely restored to his country, after a long 
 absence of twenty years. He was well 
 informed that his palace was besieged by 
 a number of suitors, who continually dis- 
 turbed the peace of Penelope, and there- 
 fore he assumed the habit of a beggar, by 
 the advice of Minerva, and made himself 
 known to his son, and his faithful shep- 
 herd Eumsus. With them he took mea- 
 sures to reestablish himself on his throne, 
 he went to the palace, and was personally 
 convinced of the virtues and of the fideli- 
 ty of Peneolpe. Before his arrival was 
 publicly known, all the importuning suit- 
 ors were put to death, and Ulysses restor- 
 ed to the peace and bosom of his family. 
 He lived about sixteen years after his re- 
 turn, and was at last killed by his son 
 Telegonus, who had landed in Ithaca, 
 with the hopes of making himself known 
 to his father. According to some authors, 
 Ulysses went to consult the oracle of Apol- 
 10 after his return to Ithaca, and he had the 
 leanness to seduce Erippe, the daughter 
 Of a king of Epirus, who had treated him 
 Jvith great kindness. Erippe had a son 
 by him whom she called Euryalus. When 
 cr-me to years of puberty, Euryalus was 
 sent to Ithaca by his mother, but Pene- 
 iope no sooner knew who he was than 
 she resolved to destroy him. Therefore 
 when Ulysses returned, he put to imme- 
 diate death his unknown son, on the crim- 
 ination of Penelope his wife, who accused 
 him of attempts upon her virtue. The 
 adventures of Ulysses in his return to Itha- 
 ca from the Trojan war are the subject of 
 Homer's Odyssey. 
 
 Ulysseum, a promontory of Sicily, west 
 of Pachinus. 
 
 Umber, a lake of Umbria near the Ti- 
 ber. 
 
 Umbra. Pompeia, a portico of Pompey at 
 Rome. 
 
 Umbria, a country of Italy, separated 
 frca Etruria by the Tiber, bounded on the 
 north liy'the Adriatic sea, east by Pice- 
 num, and the country of the Sabines, and 
 south by the river Nar. Umbria had many 
 cities of note. The Umbrians opposed the 
 Romans in the infancy of their empire, 
 but afterwards they became their allies, 
 about the year U. C. 434. 
 
 Umbrigius, a soothsayer, who foretold 
 approaching calamities to Galba. 
 
 Umbro, a navigable river of Italy. 
 
 A general who assisted Turnus against 
 iEneas, and was killed during the war. 
 
 Unca, a surname of Minerva among the 
 Phoenicians and Thebans, 
 
 Usch^e, a town of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Undecemviri, magistrates at Athens, 
 to whom such as were publicly condemn- 
 ed were delivered to be executed. 
 
 Unelli, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, 
 conquered by Cresar. 
 
 Unigena, a surname of Minerva, as 
 sprung of Jupiter alone. 
 
 Unxi a, a surname of Juno, derived from 
 ungere, to anoint, because it was usual 
 among the Romans for the bride to anoint 
 the threshold of her husband. 
 
 Upis, the father of one of the Dianas 
 mentioned by the ancients, from which 
 circumstance Diana herself is called Upis. 
 
 Urania, one of the Muses, daughter of 
 Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided 
 over astronomy. She was represented as 
 a young virgin dressed in an azure colored 
 robe, crowned with stars, and holding a 
 globe in her hands, and having many ma- 
 thematical instruments placed round. 
 
 A surname of Venus, the same as Celestial. 
 Her temples in Asia, Africa, Greece, and 
 Italy were numerous. A town of Cy- 
 prus. 
 
 Uranu, or Urii, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Uranopoli3, a town at the top of 
 Athos. 
 
 Uranus, or Ouranus, a deity, the same 
 as Coelus, the most ancient of all the 
 gods. He married Tithea, or the Earth, 
 by whom he had several children, called 
 from their mother Titans. His children 
 conspired against him, because he con- 
 fined them in the bosom of the earth, and 
 his son Saturn mutilated him, and drove 
 him from his throne. 
 
 Urba, now Orbe, a town of the Helve- 
 tii, on a river of the same name. 
 
 Urbicua, a town of Hispania Tarraco- 
 nensis. 
 
 Urbicus, an actor at Rome, in Domi- 
 tian's reign. 
 
 Urbinum, now Urbino, a town of Um- 
 bria. 
 
 Urgo, now Oorgona, an island in the 
 bay of Pisa, twenty-five miles west of 
 Leghorn. 
 
 Uria, a town of Calabria, built by a 
 Cretan colony, and called also Hyria. 
 
 Urites, a people of Italy. 
 
 Ursentum, a town of the Brutii, now 
 Orso. 
 
 Ursidius, an adulterer. 
 
 Uscana, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Usceta, a town of Africa Propria. 
 
 Uscudama, a town of Thrace. 
 
 Usipetes, or Usipii, a people of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Ustica, a town in an island on the 
 coast of Sicily, near Panormum. 
 
 Utens, a river of Gaul, now Montone 
 falling into the Adriatic by Ravenna. 
 
 Utica, now Satcor, a celebrated city of 
 Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 on the same bay as Carthage, founded by 
 
ux 
 
 412 
 
 VZ 
 
 a Tyrian colony above two hundred and 
 eighty-seven years before Carthage. 
 
 Uxama, a town of Spain on the Iberus. 
 
 Uxantis, now Ushant, an island on the 
 coast of Britany. 
 
 Uxellodunum, a town of Gaul defend- 
 ed by steep rocks, now Puech d' Jssolu. 
 
 Uxentum, a town of Calabria, now 
 Ugento. 
 
 Uxn, mountains of Armenia, with a na- 
 tion of the same name, conquered by Al- 
 exander. The Tigris rises in their coun- 
 try. 
 
 Uxisama, an island in the western 
 ocean. 
 
 Uzita, an inland town of Africa, de- 
 stroyed by Caesar. 
 
 
 VA 
 
 VA 
 
 VACATIONE (lex de) was enacted con- 
 cerning the exemption from military 
 service, and contained this very remarka- 
 ble clause, nisi bellum Gallicum exoriatur, 
 in which case the priests themselves were 
 not exempted from service. 
 
 Vacca, a town of Numidia. A river 
 
 of Spain. 
 
 Vaccjei, a people at the north of Spain. 
 
 Vaccus, a general, &c. 
 
 Vacuna, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
 sided over repose and leisure. Her festi- 
 vals were observed in the month of De- 
 cember. 
 
 Vadimonis Lacus, now Bassano, a lake 
 of Etruria, whose waters were sulphur- 
 eous. 
 
 Vaga, a town of Africa. 
 
 Vagedrusa, a river of Sicily between 
 the towns of Camarina and Gela. 
 
 Vagellius, an obscene lawyer of Mu- 
 tina. 
 
 Vageni, or Vagienni, a people of Li- 
 guria, at the sources of the Po, whose cap- 
 ital was called Augusta Vagiennorum. 
 
 Vahalis, a river of modern Holland, 
 now called the Waal. 
 
 Vala, (C. Numonius,) a friend of Ho- 
 race. 
 
 Valens, (Flavius,) a son of Gratian born 
 in Pannonia. His brother Valentinian 
 took him as his colleague on the throne, 
 and appointed him over the eastern parts 
 of the Roman empire. He suffered the 
 Goths to make depredations upon his sub- 
 jects, and he was slain in a battle against 
 them, A. D. 378, in the fiftieth year of 
 his age, after a reign of fifteen years. 
 Valens did not possess any of the great 
 qualities which distinguish a great and 
 powerful monarch. He was illiterate, and 
 of a disposition naturally indolent and in- 
 active. Valerius, a proconsul of Acha- 
 
 ia, who proclaimed himself emperor of 
 Rome, when Marcian, who had been in- 
 vested with the purple in the east, at- 
 tempted to assassinate him. He reigned 
 only six months, and was murdered by 
 
 his soldiers, A. D. 261. Fabius, a 
 
 friend of Vitellius, whom he saluted em- 
 
 peror, in opposition to Otho. A general 
 
 of the emperor Honorius. The name 
 
 of the second Mercury, but considered as 
 more properly belonging to Jupiter. 
 
 Valentia, one of the ancient names 
 of Rome. A town of Spain, a little be- 
 low Saguntum. A town of Italy. 
 
 Another in Sardinia. 
 
 Valentinianus I., brother of Valens, 
 was raised to the imperial throne for his 
 merit and bravery. He governed the 
 western part of the Roman empire, and sig- 
 nalized himself by the victories he obtain- 
 ed over the barbarians in the provinces of 
 Gaul, the deserts of Arabia, and on the 
 banks of the Rhine and the Danube. He 
 broke a blood-vessel while in the act of 
 speaking with much warmth against the 
 insolence of the Quadi, an ancient nation 
 of Germany, and expired in great agonies, 
 
 A. D. 575.- His son, Valentinian II., 
 
 was proclaimed emperor after his death, 
 though only five years of age. After a 
 peaceful reign of nine years, he was stran- 
 gled by one of his officers, at Vienna, a 
 
 modern town in France. Valentinian 
 
 III., was the son of Constantius and Pla- 
 cidia, the daughter of Theodosius the 
 Great. He was created emperor when 
 very young, and governed by his mother, 
 and the intrigues of his generals and court- 
 iers ; and when he came to years of dis- 
 cretion, he disgraced himself by violence, 
 oppression, and incontinence ; and was 
 murdered in the midst of his capital, A. D. 
 454. Valentinian III. was the las,yrfUhe 
 
 family of Theodosius.- A soByW in* 
 
 emperor Gratian, who died when very 
 young. 
 
 Valeria, a sister of Publicola, who ad- 
 vised the Roman matrons to go and depre- 
 cate the resentment of Coriolanus. A 
 
 daughter of Publicola, given as an hostage 
 to Porsenna by the Romans. A daugh- 
 ter of Messala, sister to Hortensius, who 
 married Sylla. The wife of the empe- 
 ror Valentinian. The wife of the empe- 
 ror Galerius. A road in Sicily, which 
 
 led from Messana to Lilybeeum. —A 
 
 town of Spain. 
 
VA 
 
 413 
 
 VA 
 
 Valeria lex, dc provocatione, by P. Va- 
 lerius Poplicola, the sole consul, A. U. C. 
 243. It permitted the appeal from a ma- 
 gistrate to the peopie, and forbade the ma- 
 gistrate to punish a citizen for making the 
 appeal. Another, dc debitoribus, by Va- 
 lerius Flaccus. It required that all cred- 
 itors should discharge their debtors, on re- 
 ceiving a fourth part of the whole sum. 
 
 Another, by M. Valerius Corvinus, 
 
 A. U. C. 453, which confirmed the first 
 
 Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola. 
 
 Another, called also Horatia, by L. Vale- 
 rius and M. Horatius the consuls, A. U. C. 
 304. It revived the first Valerian law. 
 Another, de Magistrati.bus 3 by P. Vale- 
 rius Poplicola, sole consul, A. U. C. 243. 
 It created two quaestors to take care of the 
 public treasure. 
 
 Valerianic, (Publius Licinius,) a Ro- 
 man, proclaimed emperor by the armies 
 in Rhaetia, A. D. 254. The virtues which 
 shone in him when a private man, were 
 lost when he ascended the throne. He 
 was cowardly in his operations, and 
 though acquainted with war, and the pa- 
 tron of science, he seidom acted with pru- 
 dence, or favored men of true genius and 
 Bierit. He took his son Gallienus, as his 
 colleague in the empire, and showed the 
 malevolence of his heart by persecuting 
 Ihe Christians whom he had for a while 
 tolerated. He also made war against the 
 Goths and Scythians ; but in an expedi- 
 tion which he undertook against Sapor, 
 king of Persia, his arms were attended 
 with ill success. He was conquered in 
 Mesopotamia, and flayed alive by order of 
 the victor. His skin was tanned, and 
 painted in red ; and that the ignominy of 
 the Roman empire might be lasting, it 
 was nailed in one of the temples of Persia. 
 Valerian died in the seventy-first year of 
 his age, A. D. 260, after a reign of seven 
 years. A grandson of Valerian the em- 
 peror. He was put to death when his 
 father, the emperor Gallienus, was killed. 
 
 One of the generals of the usurper 
 
 Niger. A worthy senator, put to death 
 
 by Heliogabalus. 
 
 Valerius Publius, a celebrated Roman, 
 surnamed Poplicola, for his popularity. 
 He was very active in assisting Brutus to 
 expel the Tarquins, and he was the first 
 that took an oath to support the liberty 
 and independence of his country. He 
 was afterwards honored with the consul- 
 ship, on the expulsion of Collatinus, and 
 he triumphed over the Etrurians, after he 
 had gained the victory in the battle in 
 which Brutus and the sons of Tarquin had 
 fallen. Valerius died after he had been 
 four times consul, and enjoyed great pop- 
 ularity. He was so poor, that his body 
 was buried at the public expense. Cor- 
 vinus, a tribune of the soldiers under Ca- 
 millus. When the Roman army were 
 ' 35* 
 
 challenged by one of the Senones, remark- 
 able for his strength and stature, Valerius 
 undertook to engage him, and obtained 
 an easy victory, by means of a crow that 
 assisted him, and attacked the face of the 
 Gaul, whence his surname of Corvinus. 
 Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians, 
 and the neighboring states that made war 
 against Rome, and was six times honored 
 with the consulship. He died in the 100th 
 year of his age, admired and regretted for 
 
 many private and public virtues. An- 
 
 tias, an excellent Roman historian often 
 quoted, and particularly by Livy. Flac- 
 cus, a consul with Cato, whose friend- 
 ship he honorably shared. Marcus Cor- 
 vinus Messala, a Roman, made consul 
 with Augustus. He distinguished him- 
 self by his learning as well as military vir- 
 tues. Soranus, a Latin poet in the age 
 
 of Julius Cffisar, put to death for betraying 
 a secret. Maximus, a brother of Popli- 
 cola. A Latin historian who carried 
 
 arms under the sons of Pompey. He dedi- 
 cated his time to study, and wrote an ac- 
 count of all the most celebrated sayings 
 and actions of the Romans, and other 
 illustrious persons, which is still extant, 
 and divided into nine books. It is dedi- 
 cated to Tiberius. Marcus, a brother of 
 
 Poplicola, who defeated the army of the 
 Sabines in two battles. Potitiis, a ge- 
 neral who stirred uplhe people and army 
 against the decemvin^ and Appius Clau- 
 dius in particular. He was chosen con- 
 sul, and conquered the Volsci and ^Equi. 
 
 Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato 
 
 the censor. He was consul with him, 
 and cut off an army of 10,000 Gauls in one 
 
 battle. A Latin poet who flourished 
 
 under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in 
 eight books on the Argonautic expedition, 
 but it remained unfinished on account of 
 his premature death. Asiaticus, a cele- 
 brated Roman, accused of having murder- 
 ed one of the relations of the emperor 
 Claudius. He was condemned by the in- 
 trigues of Messalina, though innocent, and 
 he opened his veins and bled to death. 
 
 A friend of Vitellius. Fabianus, a 
 
 youth condemned under Nero, for coun- 
 terfeiting the will of one of his friends. 
 
 Lasvinus, a consul who fought against 
 
 Pyrrhus during the Tarentine war. 
 
 Praconinus, a lieutenant of Caesar's army 
 
 in Gaul, slain in a skirmish. Paulinus, 
 
 a friend of Vespasian. 
 
 Valerus, a friend of Turnus against 
 iEneas. 
 
 Valgius Rufus, a Roman poet in the 
 Augustan age, celebrated for his writings. 
 
 Vandalii, a people of Germany. 
 
 Vangiones, a people of Germany.; 
 Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now call-! 
 ed Worms. 
 
 Vannia, a town of Italy, north of th 
 Po, now called Civita. 
 
VA 
 
 414 
 
 VE 
 
 Vannius, a king of the Suevi, banished 
 under Claudius. 
 
 Vafineum, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Varanes, a name common to some of 
 the Persian monarchs, in the age of the 
 Roman emperors. 
 
 Vard^i, a people of Dalmatia. 
 
 Varia, a town of Latium. 
 
 Varia lex, de maj estate, by the tribune 
 L. Varius, A.U.C. 662. It ordained that 
 all such as had assisted the confederates 
 in their war against Rome, should be pub- 
 licly tried. Another de civitate, by Q,. 
 
 Varius Hybrida. It punished all such as 
 were suspected of having assisted or sup- 
 ported the people of Italy in their petition 
 to become free citizens of Rome. 
 
 Varini, a people of Germany. 
 
 Varisti, a people of Germany. 
 
 Lucius Varius, or Varus, a tragic poet 
 intimate with Horace and Virgil. He was 
 one of those whom Augustus appointed to 
 
 revise Virgil's iEneid. A man who 
 
 raised his reputation by the power of his 
 
 oratory. One of the friends of Antony, 
 
 surnamed Cotylon. 
 
 Varro, M. Terentius, a Roman consul 
 defeated at Cannae, by Annibal. A La- 
 tin writer, celebrated for his great learning. 
 He wrote no less than five hundred differ- 
 ent volumes which are all now lost, except 
 a treatise de Re Rustica, and another de 
 Lingua Latinu, in five books, written in 
 his eightieth year, and dedicated to the 
 orator Cicero. He was Pompey's lieuten- 
 ant in his piratical wars, and obtained a 
 naval crown. In the civil wars he was 
 taken by Caesar, and proscribed, but he 
 escaped. He died B. C. 28, in the eighty- 
 eighth year of his age. Attacinus, a na- 
 tive of Gaul, in the age of J. Caesar. He 
 translated into Latin verse the Argonau- 
 tica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great 
 correctness and elegance. 
 
 Varronis villa, now Vicovaro, was 
 situate on the Anio, in the country of the 
 Sabines. 
 
 Varus, (Ciuintilius,) a Roman proconsul, 
 descended from an illustrious family. He 
 was appointed governor of Syria and after- 
 wards made commander of the armies in 
 Germany. He was surprised by the ene- 
 my, under Arminius, a crafty and dissim- 
 ulating chief, and his army was cut to 
 pieces. When he saw that every thing 
 was lost, he killed himself, A. D. 10, and 
 his example was followed by some of his 
 
 officers. A son of Varus, who married 
 
 a daughter of Germanicus. The father 
 
 and grandfather of Varus, who was killed 
 in Germany, slew themselves with their 
 
 own swords. Ciuintilius, a friend of 
 
 Horace, and other great men in the Au- 
 gustan age. Some suppose this Varus to 
 be the person killed in Germany, while 
 others believe him to be a man who de- 
 voted his time more to the muses than to 
 
 war. Lucius, an epicurean philosopher 
 
 intimate with J. Caesar. Alfrenus, 
 
 Roman, who though originally a shoe, 
 maker, became consul, and distinguished 
 
 himself by his abilities as an orator. . 
 
 Accius, one of the friends of Cato in AM 
 
 ca, &c. A river which falls into the 
 
 Mediterranean, to the west of Nice, after 
 separating Liguria from Gallia Narbonen- 
 sis. 
 
 Vasates, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Vascones, a people of Spain, on the Py- 
 renees. They were so reduced by a fam- 
 ine by Metellus, that they fed on human 
 flesh. 
 
 Vasio, a town of Gaul in modern Pro- 
 vence. 
 
 Vaticanus, a hill at Rome, near the 
 Tiber and the Janiculum, which produced 
 wine of no great esteem. It was disre- 
 garded by the Romans on account of the 
 unwholesomeness of the air. Heliogaba- 
 lus was the first who cleared it of all dis- 
 agreeable nuisances. It is now admired 
 for ancient monuments and pillars, for a 
 celebrated public library, and for the pal- 
 ace of the pope. 
 
 Vatienus, now Satcrno, a river rising 
 in the Alps and falling into the Po. 
 
 Vatinia lex, de provinciis, by the tri- 
 bune P. Vatinius, A. U. C. 694. It ap- 
 pointed Caesar governor of Gallia Cisalpi- 
 na and Illyricum, for five years, without 
 a decree of the senate, or the usual cus- 
 tom of casting lots. Another by P. Va- 
 tinius the tribune, A. U. C. 694, ' de repe- 
 tundis, for the better management of the 
 trial of those who were accused of extor- 
 tion. 
 
 Vatinius, an intimate friend of Cicero, 
 once distinguished for his enmity to the 
 orator. He hated the people of Rome for 
 their great vices and corruption, whence 
 excessive hatred became proverbial in the 
 words Vatinianum odium. A shoe-mak- 
 er, ridiculed for his deformities, and the 
 oddity of his character. He was one of 
 Nero's favorites. 
 
 Vectis, the isle of Wight, south of Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 Vectius, a rhetorician. 
 
 Vectones. ( Vid. Vettones.) 
 
 Vedius Pollio, a friend of Augustus, 
 
 very cruel to his servants. Aquila, an 
 
 officer at the battle of Bebriacum. 
 
 Vegetius, a Latin writer, who flourish- 
 ed B. C. 386. 
 
 Vegia, an island on the coast of Dalma- 
 tia. 
 
 Veia, a sorceress, in the age of Ho- 
 race. 
 
 Veianus, a gladiator, in the age of Ho- 
 race. 
 
 Veientes, the inhabitants of Veii. 
 
 Veiento, Fabr., a Roman, as arrogant 
 as he was satirical. Nero banished him 
 for bis libellous writings. 
 
VE 
 
 415 
 
 VE 
 
 Veii, a powerful city of Etruria, at the 
 distance of about twelve miles from Borne. 
 It sustained many long wars against the 
 Romans, and was at last taken and de- 
 stroyed by Camillus, after a siege of ten 
 years. At the time of its destruction, Veii 
 was larger and far more magnificent than 
 the city of Rome. 
 
 Vejovis, or Vejupiter, a deity of ill 
 omen at Rome. He had a temple on the 
 Capitoline hill built by Romulus. 
 
 Velabrum, a marshy piece of ground 
 on the side of the Tiber, between the 
 Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline hills, 
 which Augustus drained, and where he 
 built houses. The place was frequented 
 as a market. 
 
 Velanius, one of Caasar's officers in 
 Gaul. 
 
 Velauni, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Velia, a maritime town of Lucania, 
 founded by a colony of Phoceans, about 
 six hundred years after the coming of 
 ^Eneas into Italy. The port in its neigh- 
 borhood was called Velinus portus. An 
 
 eminence near the Roman forum, where 
 Poplicola built himself a house. 
 
 Velica, or Vellica, a town of the Can- 
 tabri. 
 
 Velina, a part of the city of Rome, ad- 
 joining mount Palatine. It was also one 
 of the Roman tribes. 
 
 Velinus, a lake in the country of the 
 Sabines, formed by the stagnant waters 
 of the Velinus, between some hills near 
 Reate. 
 
 Veliocassi, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Veliterna, or Velitr-e, an ancient 
 town of Latium on the Appian road, twen- 
 ty miles at the east of Rome. 
 
 Vellari, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Vellaunodunum, a town of the Se- 
 nones, now Beaune. 
 
 Velleda, a woman famous among the 
 Germans, in the age of Vespasian, and 
 worshipped as a deity. 
 
 Velleius Paterculus, a Roman histo- 
 rian, descended from an equestrian family 
 of Campania. He was at first a military 
 tribune in the Roman armies, and for nine 
 years served under Tiberius in the various 
 expeditions which he undertook in Gaul 
 and Germany. Velleius wrote an epitome 
 of the history of Greece, and of Rome, 
 and of other nations of the most remote 
 antiquity, but of this authentic composi- 
 tion there remain only fragments of the 
 history of Greece and Rome from the con- 
 quest of Perseus, by Paulus, to the seven- 
 teenth year of the reign of Tiberius, in 
 
 two books. Caius,the grandfather of 
 
 the historian of that name, was one of the 
 friends of Livia. He killed himself when 
 old and unable to accompany Livia in her 
 flight. 
 
 Velocasses, a people of Vezin, in Nor- 
 mandy. 
 
 Venafrum, a town of Campania near 
 Arpinum, abounding in olive trees. 
 
 Venedi, a people of Germany, near the 
 mouth of the Vistula, or gulf of Dantzic. 
 
 Veneli, a people of Gallia Celtica. 
 
 Veneti, a people of Italy in Cisalpine 
 Gaul, near the mouths of the Po. They 
 were descended from a nation of Paphla- 
 gonia, who settled there under Antenor 
 sometime after the Trojan war. A na- 
 tion of Gaul, at the south of Armorica, on 
 the western coast, powerful by sea. Their 
 chief city is now called Vannes. 
 
 Venetia, a part of Gaul, on the mouths 
 ofthePo. ( Vid. Veneti.) 
 
 Venetus Paulus, a centurion who con- 
 spired against Nero with Piso, &c. A 
 
 lake through which the Rhine passe*, now 
 Bodensee, or Constance. 
 
 Venilia, a nymph, sister to Amata, 
 and mother of Turnus, by Daunus. Am- 
 phitrite the sea-goddess is also called Ve- 
 nilia. 
 
 Vennones, a people of the Rluetian 
 Alps. 
 
 Venonius, an historian mentioned by 
 Cicero. 
 
 Venta Belgarum, a town of Britain, 
 
 now Winchester. Silurum, a town of 
 
 Britain, now Caerwent, in Monmouthshire. 
 Icenorum, now Norwich. 
 
 Venti. The ancients, and especially 
 the Athenians, paid particular attention to 
 the winds, and offered them sacrifices as 
 to deities, intent upon the destruction of 
 mankind, by continually causing storms, 
 tempests, and earthquakes. The winds 
 were represented in different attitudes 
 and forms. The four principal winds 
 were Eurus, the south-east ; Auster, the 
 south wind ; Zephyrus, the mildest of all 
 the winds ; and Boreas, or the north wind. 
 The winds, according to some mycolo- 
 gists, were confined in a large cave, of 
 which iEolus had the management and 
 without this necessary precaution, they 
 would have overturned the earth, and re- 
 duced every thing to its original chaos. 
 
 Ventidius bassus, a native of Picenum, 
 born of an obscure family. He displayed 
 valor in the Roman armies, and gradually 
 arose to the offices of tribune, praetor, high 
 priest, and consul. He made war against 
 the Parthians, and conquered them in 
 three great battles, B. C: 39. He was the 
 first Roman ever honored with a triumph 
 over Parthia. He died greatly lamented 
 by all the Roman people, and was buried 
 
 at the public expense. Cumanus, a 
 
 governor of Palestine. Two brothers in 
 
 the age of Pompey who favored Carbo's 
 interest. 
 
 Venuleius, a writer in the age of the 
 emperor Alexander. A friend of Verres. 
 
 Venulus, one of the Latin elders sent 
 into Magna Gracia, to demand the assist- 
 ance of Diomedes. 
 
VE 
 
 416 
 
 VE 
 
 Venus, one of the most celebrated dei- 
 ties of the ancients. She was the goddess 
 of beauty, the mother of love, the queen of 
 laughter, and the mistress of the graces and 
 of pleasures. Some mythologists speak 
 of more than one Venus. Plato mentions 
 two, Venus Urania, the daughter of Ura- 
 nus, and Venus Popularia, the daughter 
 of Jupiter and Dione. Cicero speaks of 
 four, a daughter of Coelus and Light, one 
 sprung from the froth of the sea, a third, 
 daughter of Jupiter and the Nereid Dione, 
 and a fourth born at Tyre, and the same 
 as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of these, 
 however, the Venus sprung from the froth 
 of the sea is the most known, and of her in 
 particular ancient mythologists as well as 
 painters make mention. She arose from 
 the sea near the island of Cyprus, or ac- 
 cording to Hesiod, of Cythera," whither she 
 was wafted by the zephyrs, and received 
 on the seashore by the seasons, daughters 
 of Jupiter and Themis. She was soon 
 after carried to heaven, where all the 
 gods admired her beauty, and all the god- 
 desses became jealous of her personal 
 charms. Jupiter attempted to gain her 
 affections and even wished to oiler- her 
 violence, but Venus refused, and the god, 
 to punish her obstinacy, gave her in mar- 
 riage to his ugly and deformed son Vulcan. 
 This marriage did not prevent the goddess 
 of Love from gratifying her favorite pas- 
 sions, and she defiled her husband's bed, 
 by her amours with the gods. The power 
 of Venus over the heart, was supported 
 and assisted by a celebrated girdle, called 
 zone by the Greeks, and cestus by the La- 
 tins. This mysterious girdle gave beauty, 
 grace, and elegance, when worn even by 
 the most deformed ; it excited love and 
 rekindled extinguished flames. Juno her- 
 self was indebted to this powerful orna- 
 ment, to gain the favors of Jupiter, and 
 Venus, though herself possessed of every 
 charm, no sooner put on her cestus, than 
 Vulcan, unable to resist the influence of 
 love, forgot all the intrigues and infideli- 
 ties of his wife, and fabricated arms even 
 for her illegitimate children. The contest 
 of Venus for the golden apple of Discoid is 
 well known. She gained the prize over 
 Pallas and Juno, ( Vid. Paris, Discordia,) 
 and rewarded her impartial judge with the 
 hand of the fairest woman in the world. 
 The worship of Venus was universally 
 established : statues and temples were 
 erected to her in every kingdom, and the 
 ancients were fond of paying homage to a 
 divinity who presided over generation, 
 and by whose influence alone mankind 
 existed. Victims were seldom offered to 
 her, or her altars stained with blood, 
 though we find Aspasia making repeated 
 sacrifices. No pigs however, or male ani- 
 mals were deemed acceptable. The rose, 
 the myrtle, and the apple, were sacred to 
 
 Venus, and among birds, the dove, the 
 swan, and the sparrow, were her favor- 
 ites ; and among fishes, those called the 
 aphya and the lycostomus. The god- 
 dess of beauty was represented among the 
 ancients in different forms. At Elis she 
 appeared seated on a goat, with one foot 
 resting on a tortoise. At Sparta and Cy- 
 thera, she Avas represented armed like 
 Minerva, and sometimes wearing chains 
 on her feet. In the temple of Jupiter 
 Olympius, she was represented by Phidi- 
 as, as rising from the sea, received by love, 
 and crowned by the goddess of persuasion. 
 In Sicyon she held a poppy in one hand, 
 and in the other an apple, while on her 
 head she had a crown, which terminated 
 in a point, to intimate the pole. She ia 
 generally represented with her son Cupid, 
 on a chariot drawn by doves, or at other 
 times by swans or sparrows. The sur- 
 names of the goddess are numerous, and 
 only serve to show how well established 
 her worship was all over the earth. She 
 was called Cypria, because particularly 
 worshipped in* the island of Cyprus. She 
 received the name of Paphia, because wor- 
 shipped at Paphos, where she had a tem- 
 ple with an altar, on which rain never 
 fell, though exposed in the open air. The 
 Cnidians raised her temples under the 
 name of Venus Acrma, of Deris, and of 
 Euploea. In her temple under the name 
 of Euploea, at Cnidos, was the most cele- 
 brated of her statues, being the most per- 
 fect piece of Praxiteles. As goddess of 
 the sea, because born in the bosom of the 
 waters, Venus was called Pontia, Marina, 
 Limnesia, Pelagia, Jiligena, Tlialassia, &c. 
 and as rising from the sea, the name of 
 Anadijomcne is applied to her, and render- 
 ed immortal by the celebrated paintings of 
 Apelles, which represented her as issuing 
 from the bosom of the waves, and wring- 
 ing her tresses on her shoulder. A 
 
 planet called by the Greeks Phosphorus, 
 and by the Latins Lucifer, when it rises 
 before the sun, but when it follows it, 
 Hesperus or Vesper. 
 
 Venus Pyren^a, a town of Spain near 
 the borders of Gaul. 
 
 Venusia, or Venusium, a town of Apu- 
 lia, where Horace was born. Part of the 
 Roman army fled thither after the defeat 
 at Cannae. The town, though in ruins, 
 contains still many pieces of antiquity, 
 especially a marble bust preserved in the 
 great square, and said falsely to be an 
 original representation of Horace. 
 
 Veragri, a people between the Alps 
 and the Allobroges. 
 
 Verania, the wife of Piso Licinianus. 
 
 Veranius, a governor of Britain under 
 Nero. He succeeded Didius Gallus. 
 
 Verbanus Lacus, now Majora, a lake 
 of Italy, from which the Ticirius flows. It 
 is in the modern dutchy of Milan. 
 
VE 
 
 417 
 
 VE 
 
 Verbigenus, a village in the country of 
 fee Celtae. 
 
 Verbinum, a town at the north of Gaul. 
 
 Vercelljc, a town on the borders of 
 Jnsubria, where Marius defeated the Cim- 
 bri. 
 
 Vercingetorix, a chief of the Gauls, 
 in the time of Caesar. He was conquered 
 and led in triumph. 
 
 Veresis, a small river of Latium falling 
 into the Anio. 
 
 Vergasillaunus, one of the generals 
 and friends of Vercingetorix. 
 
 Verges:, a town of the Brutii. 
 
 Vergellus, a small river near Cannae, 
 falling into the Aufidus. 
 
 Vergilia, the wife of Coriolanus. 
 
 Vergiha, a town of Spain supposed to 
 be Murcia. 
 
 Vergili-e, seven stars called also Pleia- 
 des. When they set the ancients began to 
 sow their corn. 
 
 Verginius, one of the officers of the 
 Roman troops in Germany. A rhetori- 
 cian in the age of Nero, banished on ac- 
 count of his great fame. 
 
 Vergium, a town of Spain. 
 
 Vergobretus, one of the chiefs of the 
 M&m, in the age of Caesar. 
 
 Veritas, {truth,) was not only personi- 
 fied by the ancients, but also made a deity, 
 and called the daughter of Saturn and the 
 mother of Virtue. She was represented 
 like a young virgin, dressed in white ap- 
 parel. 
 
 Verodoctius, one of the Helvetii. 
 
 Veromandui, a people of Gaul, the mo- 
 dern Vermandois. The capital is now 
 St. Gtuintin. 
 
 Verona, a town of Venetia, on the 
 Athesis, in Italy, founded as some sup- 
 pose, by Brennus, the leader of the Gauls. 
 
 Ve rones, a people of Hispania Tarraco- 
 nensis. 
 
 Verreginum, a town in the country of 
 the Volsci. 
 
 C. Verres, a Roman who governed the 
 province of Sicily as praetor. The oppres- 
 sion and rapine of which he was guilty 
 while in office, so offended the Sicilians, 
 that they brought an accusation against 
 him before the Roman senate. He was at 
 last killed by the soldiers of Anthony the 
 triumvir, about twenty-six years after his 
 voluntary exile from the capital. 
 
 Verritus, a general of the Frisii in the 
 age of Nero. 
 
 Verrius Flaccus, a freedman and 
 grammarian famous for his powers in in- 
 structing. He was appointed over the 
 grand-children of Augustus, and also dis- 
 tinguished himself by his writings. 
 
 Verrius Flaccus, a Latin critic, B. C. 4. 
 
 Verrugo, a town in the country of the 
 Volsci. 
 
 Vertico, one of the Nervii, who de- 
 serted to Caesar's army. 
 
 Verticordia, one of the surnames of 
 Venus. 
 
 V£RTiscus,one of the Rhemi, who com- 
 manded a troop of horse in Caesar's army. 
 
 Vertumnus, a deity among the Romans, 
 who presided over the spring and over or- 
 chards. He endeavored to gain the affec- 
 tions of the goddess Pomona ; and to ef- 
 fect this, he assumed the shape and dress 
 of a fisherman, of a soldier, a peasant, a 
 reaper, &c, but all to no purpose, till un- 
 der the form of an old woman, he prevail- 
 ed upon his mistress and married her. 
 
 Verul-e, a town of the Hernici. 
 
 Verulanus, a lieutenant under Corbu- 
 lo, who drove away Tiridates from Me- 
 dia. 
 
 Verus, (Lucius Ceionius Commodus,) 
 a Roman emperor, son of iElius and Do- 
 mitia Lucilla. He was adopted by M. Au- 
 relius and married his daughter Lucilia. 
 He was sent by M. Aurelius to oppose the 
 barbarians in the east. His arms were at- 
 tended with success, and he obtained a 
 victory over the Parthians. He was hon- 
 ored with a triumph at his return home, 
 and soon after he marched with his impe- 
 rial colleague against the Marcomanni in 
 Germany. He died in this expedition of 
 an apoplexy, in the thirty-ninth year of his 
 age, after a reign of eight years and some 
 months. His body was brought back to 
 Rome, and buried by M. Aurelius with 
 great pomp and solemnity. Verus has 
 been greatly censured for his debauche- 
 ries, which appeared more enormous and 
 disgusting, when compared to the temper- 
 ance, meekness, and popularity of Aure- 
 lius. At one entertainment alone, where 
 there were no more than twelve guests, 
 the emperor spent no less than six millions 
 of sesterces, or about 32,200Z. sterling. 
 His fondness for a horse has been faith- 
 fully recoided. The animal had a statue 
 of gold, he was fed with almonds and rai- 
 sins by the hand of the emperor, he was 
 clad in purple, and kept in the most splen- 
 did of the halls of the palace, and when 
 dead, the emperor, to express his sorrow, 
 raised him a magnificent monument on 
 
 mount Vatican. L. Annaeus, a son of 
 
 the emperor Aurelius, who died in Pales- 
 tine. The father of the emperor Verus. 
 
 He was adopted by the emperor Adrian, 
 but like his son he disgraced himself by 
 his debaucheries and extravagance. 
 
 Vesbius, or Vesuvius. Vid. Vesuvius. 
 
 Vescia, a town of Campania. 
 
 Vescianum, a country house of Cicero 
 in Campania. 
 
 Fl. Vescularius, a Roman knight in- 
 timate with Tiberius. 
 
 Vesentio, a town of Gaul, now Besan- 
 con. 
 
 Vesentium, a town of Tuscany. 
 
 Veseris, a place or river near mount 
 Vesuvius. 
 
 S* 
 
VE 
 
 418 
 
 VE 
 
 Vesuvius and Vesevus. Vid. Vesu- 
 vius. 
 
 Vesidia, a river of Tuscany. 
 
 Vesonna, a town of Gaul, now Peri- 
 gueux. 
 
 Vespacije, a small village of Umbria 
 near Nursia. 
 
 Vespasianus, Titus Flavius, a Roman 
 emperor descended from an obscure fami- 
 ly at Reate. He was honored with the 
 consulship when young, and accompanied 
 Nero into Greece. Vespasian was next 
 sent to carry on a war with the Jews; 
 many of the cities of Palestine surrender- 
 ed, and he began the siege of Jerusalem, 
 which was afterwards achieved by his son 
 Titus. Vespasian was crowned at Alex- 
 andria by the unanimous approval of the 
 army, and by every province in the em- 
 pire ; and, although originally a horse- 
 doctor, so fitted had he become for an ex- 
 alted station, that he behaved, when in- 
 vested with the imperial purple, with all 
 the dignity and greatness which became a 
 successor of Augustus. He reformed the 
 manners of the Romans, repaired the pub- 
 lic buildings, embellished the city, and 
 made the great roads more spacious and 
 convenient. To men of learning and 
 merit he was a great friend and patron ; 
 one hundred thousand sesterces were an- 
 nually paid from the public treasury to the 
 different professors that were appointed 
 to encourage and promote the arts and sci- 
 ences. Vespasian died of a disorder in 
 his bowels, aged seventy, and was the 
 first of the Roman emperors that died a 
 natural death. 
 
 Vesper, or Vesperus, a name applied 
 to the planet Venus when it was the eve- 
 ning star. 
 
 Vessa, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Vesta, a goddess, daughter of Rhea 
 and Saturn, sister to Ceres and Juno. She 
 i3 often confounded by the mythologists 
 with Rhea, Ceres, Cybele, Proserpine, 
 Hecate, and Tellus. JEneas was the first 
 who introduced her mysteries into Italy, 
 and Numa built her a temple where no 
 males were permitted to go. The Palla- 
 dium of Troy was supposed to be preserv- 
 ed within her sanctuary and a fire was 
 continually kept lighted by a certain num- 
 ber of virgins, who had dedicated them- 
 selves to the service of the goddess. If 
 the fire of Vesta was ever extinguished, it 
 was supposed to threaten the republic 
 with some sudden calamity. The virgin 
 by whose negligence it had been extin- 
 guished was severely punished, and it was 
 kindled again by the rays of the sun. The 
 temple of Vesta was of a round form, and 
 the goddess was represented in a long 
 flowing robe with a veil on her head, hold- 
 ing in one hand a lamp, and in the other 
 a javelin, or sometimes a Palladium. 
 
 Vestales, priestesses among the Ro- 
 
 mans, consecrated to the service of Vesta, 
 as their name indicates. This office waa 
 very ancient, as the mother of Romulus 
 was one of the vestals. Plebeians as well 
 as patricians were permitted to propose 
 themselves, but it was required that they 
 should be born of a good family, and be 
 without blemish or deformity, in every 
 part of their body. For thirty years they 
 were to remain in the greatest continence ; 
 the ten first years were spent in learning 
 the duties of the order, the ten following 
 were employed in discharging them with 
 fidelity and sanctity, and the ten last in 
 instructing such as had entered the novi- 
 ciate. When the thirty years were elaps- 
 ed they were permitted to marry, or if 
 they still preferred celibacy, they waited 
 upon the rest of the vestals. The employ- 
 ment of the vestals was to take care that 
 the sacred fire of Vesta was not extin- 
 guished, for if it ever happened, it was 
 deemed the prognostic of great calamities 
 to the state ; the offender was punished 
 for her negligence, and severely scourged 
 by the high priest. In such a case all was 
 consternation at Rome, and the fire was 
 again kindled by glasses with the rays of 
 the sun. Another equally particular charge 
 of the vestals was to keep a sacred pledge, 
 on which depended the very existence of 
 Rome, which, according to some, was the 
 palladium of Troy, or some of the myste- 
 ries of the gods of Samothrace. The pri- 
 vileges of the vestals were great, they had 
 the most honorable seats at public games 
 and festivals, a lictor with the fasces al- 
 ways preceded them when they walked 
 in public, they were carried in chariots 
 when they pleased, and they had the 
 power of pardoning criminals when led to 
 execution, if they declared that their meet- 
 ing was accidental. If any of them died 
 while in office, their body was buried 
 within the walls of the city, an honor 
 granted to few. Such of the vestals as 
 proved incontinent were punished in the 
 most rigorous manner. Numa ordered 
 them to "be stoned, but Tarquin the elder 
 dug a large hole under the earth, where a 
 bed was placed with a little bread, wine, 
 water, and oil, and a lighted lamp, and 
 the guilty vestal was stripped of the habit 
 of her order, and compelled to descend 
 into the subterraneous cavity, which was 
 immediately shut, and she was left to die 
 through hunger. Few of the vestals were 
 guilty of incontinence, and for the space 
 of one thousand years, during which the 
 order continued established, from the reign 
 of Numa, only eighteen were punished for 
 the violation of their vow. The vestals 
 were abolished by Theodosius the Great, 
 and the fire of Vesta extinguished. 
 
 Vestalia, festivals in honor of Vesta, 
 observed at Rome on the ninth of June. 
 Banquets were then prepared before the 
 
VE 
 
 419 
 
 VI 
 
 houses, and meat was sent to the vestals 
 to be offered to the gods, millstones were 
 decked with garlands, and the asses that 
 turned them were led round the city cov- 
 ered with garlands. 
 
 Vestalium Mater, a title given by the 
 senate to Livia the mother of Tiberius, 
 with the permission to sit among the ves- 
 tal virgins at plays. 
 
 Vestia Oppia, a common prostitute of 
 Capua. 
 
 Vesticius Spurina, an officer sent by 
 Otho to the borders of the Po. 
 
 Vestilius SEXTus,apretorian disgraced 
 by Tiberius. He killed himself. 
 
 Vestilla, an infamous matron of a pa- 
 trician family. 
 
 Vestini, "a people of Italy near the Sa- 
 bines, famous for the making of cheese. 
 
 L. Vestinus, a Roman knight appoint- 
 by Vespasian to repair the capitol. A 
 
 consul put to death by Nero in the time of 
 Piso's conspiracy. 
 
 Vesvius. (Fid. Vesuvius.) 
 
 Vesulus, now Fiso, a large mountain 
 of Liguria near the Alps, where the Po 
 iakes its rise. 
 
 Vesuvius, a mountain of Campania, 
 tfoout six miles at the east of Naples, cel- 
 ebrated for its volcano, and now called 
 Mount Soma. The first eruption of this 
 volcano was in the seventy-ninth year of 
 zhe Christian era under Titus. It was ac- 
 companied by an earthquake, which over- 
 turned several cities of Campania, partic- 
 ularly Pompeii and FJerculaneum. 
 
 Vetera castra, a Roman encamp- 
 ment in Germany, which became a town, 
 now Santen, near Cleves. 
 
 Vettius Sp. a Roman senator who was 
 made interrex at the death of Romulus, 
 
 till the election of another king. -A 
 
 man who accused Csesar of being concern- 
 ed in Catiline's conspiracy. Cato, one 
 
 of the officers of the allies in the Marsian 
 war. He defeated the Romans, and was 
 at last betrayed and murdered. A Ro- 
 man knight who became enamored of a 
 young female at Capua, and raised a tu- 
 mult amongst the slaves who proclaimed 
 him king. He was betrayed by one of his 
 adherents, upon which he laid violent 
 hands on himself. 
 
 Vettona, a town of Umbria. 
 
 Vettones, Vet-ones, or Vectones, an 
 ancient nation of Spain. 
 
 Vetulonia, one of the chief cities of 
 Etruria, whose hot waters were famous. 
 
 Veturia, one of the Roman tribes, di- 
 vided into the two branches of the Junii 
 and Senii. It received its name from the 
 Veturian family, which was originally 
 
 called Fetusian. The mother of Corio- 
 
 lanus. 
 
 Veturius, a Roman artist, who made 
 shields for Numa. Caius, a Roman con- 
 sul, accused before the people, and fined 
 
 because he had acted with imprudence 
 while in office. A Roman who con- 
 spired against Galba. A consul, ap- 
 pointed one of the decemvirs. Another 
 
 consul defeated by the Samnites, and 
 obliged to pass under the yoke with great 
 ignominy. A tribune of the people, &c. 
 
 L. Vetus, a Roman who proposed to 
 open a communication between the Me- 
 diterranean and the German ocean, by 
 means of a canal. He was put to death 
 
 by order of Nero. A man accused of 
 
 adultery. 
 
 Via ^Emylia, a celebrated road, made 
 by the consul M. iEmylius Lepidus, A. U. 
 C. 567. There was also another of the 
 
 same name in Etruria. Appia, was 
 
 made by the censor Appius, and led 
 from Rome to Capua, and from Capua 
 to Brundusium, at the distance of three 
 hundred and fifty miles, which the Ro- 
 mans call a five days' journey. It was 
 called by way of eminence regina viarum, 
 made so strong, and the stones so well ce- 
 mented together, that it remained entire 
 for many hundred years. Some parts of 
 it are still to be seen in the neighborhood 
 
 of Naples. There was also another 
 
 road called Minucia or Numicia, which 
 
 led to Brundusium. Flaminia was 
 
 made by the censor Flaminius, A. U. C. 
 533. It led from the Campus Martius to 
 the modern town of Rimini, on the Adri- 
 atic. Lata, one of the ancient streets 
 
 of Rome. Valeria, led from Rome to 
 
 the country of the Marsi, through the ter- 
 ritories of the Sabines. There were be- 
 sides many streets and roads of inferior 
 note, such as the Aurelia, Cassia, Campa- 
 nia, Ardetina, Labicana, Domitiana, Osti- 
 ensis, Pramestina, &c, all of which were 
 made and constantly kept in repair at the 
 public expense. 
 
 Viadrus, the classical name of the Oder, 
 which rises in Moravia, and falls by three 
 mouths into the Baltic. 
 
 ViEiDiA,oneof the vestal virgins in the 
 favor of Messalina. 
 
 Vibidius, a friend of Maecenas. 
 
 Vibius, a Roman who refused to pay 
 any attention to Cicero when banished, 
 though he had received from him the 
 
 most unbounded favors. Siculus. ( Fid. 
 
 Sica.) A proconsul of Spain, banished 
 
 for ill conduct. A Roman knight ac- 
 cused of extortion in Africa, and banish- 
 ed. A man who poisoned himself at 
 
 Capua. Sequester, a Latin writer. 
 
 Vibo, a town of Lucania, anciently call- 
 ed Hipponium and Hippo. A town of 
 
 Spain of the Brutii. 
 
 Vibulenus Agrippa, a Roman knight 
 accused of treason. He attempted to poi- 
 son himself, and was strangled in prison, 
 though almost dead. A mutinous sol- 
 dier in the army of Germanicus. 
 
 Vibulliu3 Rufus, a friend of Pompey, 
 
VI 
 
 420 
 
 VI 
 
 taken by Ceeaar. A pretor in Nero's 
 
 reign. 
 
 Vica Pota, a goddess at Rome who pre- 
 sided over victory. 
 
 Vicellius, a friend of Galba, who 
 brought him news of Nero's death. 
 
 Vicentia, or Vicetia, a town of Ci- 
 salpine Gaul, at the north-west of the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 Vicus Longus, a street at Rome, where 
 an altar was raised to the goddess Pudici- 
 
 tia, or the modesty of the plebeians. 
 
 Cyprius, a place on the Esquiline hill, 
 where the Sabines dwelt. 
 
 Victor Sext. Aurelics, a writer in 
 the age of Constantius. He gave the 
 world a concise history of the Roman em- 
 perors, from the age of Augustus to his 
 own time, or A. D. 360. 
 
 Victoria, one of the deities of the Ro- 
 mans, supposed to be the daughter of the 
 giant Pallas, or Titan and Styx. She was 
 greatly honored by the Greeks, particular- 
 ly at Athens. Sylla raised her a temple 
 at Rome, and instituted festivals in her 
 honor. She was represented with wings, 
 crowned with laurel, and holding the 
 branch of a palm-tree in her hand. 
 
 Victoria mons, a place of Spain at the 
 mouth of the Iberus. 
 
 Victorius, a man of Aquitain, who, A. 
 D. 463, invented the paschal cycle of 532 
 years. 
 
 Victorina, a celebrated matron who 
 placed herself at the head of the Roman 
 armies, and made war against the empe- 
 ror Gallienus. She was poisoned, A. D. 
 269. 
 
 Victorinus, a Christian writer, who 
 composed a worthless epic poem, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by the active part he 
 took in his writings against the Arians. 
 
 Victumvks:, a small town of Insubria. 
 
 Viducasses, a people of Normandy. 
 
 Vienna, a town of Gallia Narbonensis 
 on the Rhone, below Lyons. 
 
 Villia Lex, annalis or armaria, by L. 
 Villius, the tribune, A. U. C. 574, defined 
 the proper age required for exercising the 
 office of a magistrate, twenty-five years 
 for the quaestorship, twenty-seven or 
 twenty-eight for the edileship or tribune- 
 ship, for the office of pretor thirty, and 
 for that of consul forty-three. 
 
 Villius, a tribune of the people, author 
 of the Villian law, and thence called An- 
 nalis. Publius, a Roman ambassador 
 
 sent to Antiochus. He held a conference 
 with Annibal, who was at the monarch's 
 court. 
 
 Viminalis, one of the seven hills on 
 which Rome was built, so called from the 
 number of osiers (vimines) which grew 
 there. Servius Tullius first made it part 
 of the city. 
 
 Vinalia, festivals at Rome in honor of 
 Jupiter and Venus. 
 
 Vincentils, one of the Christian fa 
 thers. 
 
 Vi.vcius, a Roman knight, condemned 
 under Nero. An officer in Germany. 
 
 Vindalius, a writer in the reign of 
 Constantius, who wrote ten books on ag- 
 riculture. 
 
 ViNDELrci, an ancient people of Ger- 
 many, between the heads of the Rhine 
 and the Danube. Their country, which 
 was called Vindelicia, forms now part of 
 Swabia and Bavaria, and their chief town 
 Augusta Vindelicorum, is now Ausburg. 
 
 Vindemiator, a constellation that rose 
 about the nones of March. 
 
 Vindex Julius, a governor of Gaul, 
 who revolted against Nero, and determin- 
 ed to deliver the Roman empire from his 
 tyranny. When he perceived that all was 
 lost, be laid violent hands upon himself, 
 68 A. D. 
 
 Vindicius, a slave who discovered the 
 conspiracy which some of the most noble 
 of the Roman citizens had formed to re- 
 store Tarquin to his throne. He wa< 
 amply rewarded, and made a citizen o« 
 Rome. 
 
 Vindili, a nation of Germany. 
 
 Vindonissa, now Wendish, a town of 
 the Helvetii on the Aar. 
 
 Vinicius, a Roman consul poisoned by 
 
 Messalina. A man who conspired 
 
 against Nero. 
 
 Vinidius, a miser mentioned by Ho- 
 race. 
 
 T. Vinius, a commander in the preto- 
 rian guards, intimate with Galba, of whom 
 
 he became the first minister. A man 
 
 who revolted from Nero. 
 
 Vinnius, Asella, a servant of Horace. 
 
 Vipsania, a daughter of M. Agrippa, 
 mother of Drusus. She was the only one 
 of Agrippa's daughters who died a natural 
 death. 
 
 Virbius, a name given to Hippolytus, 
 after he had been brought back to life by 
 iEsculapius at the instance of Diana, who 
 pitied his unfortunate end. 
 
 Publ. Virgilius Maro, called theprince 
 of the Latin poets, was born at Andes, a 
 village near Mantua, about seventy years 
 before Christ, on the fifteenth of October. 
 His first years were spent at Cremo- 
 na, where his taste was formed, and 
 his rising talents first exercised. The dis- 
 tribution of the lands of Cremona to the 
 soldiers of Augustus, after the battle of 
 Philippi, nearly proved fatal to the poet, 
 and when he attempted to dispute the pos- 
 session of his fields with a soldier, Vir- 
 gil was obliged to save his life from the 
 resentment of the lawless veteran, by 
 swimming across a river. This was the 
 beginning of his greatness, he with his 
 father repaired to Rome, where he soon 
 formed an acquaintance with MecaRnas, 
 and recommended himself to the favors of 
 
VI 
 
 421 
 
 VI 
 
 Augustus. The emperor restored his lands 
 to the poet, whose modest muse knew 
 so well how to pay the tribute of grati- 
 tude, and his first bucolic was written to 
 thank the patron, as well as to tell the 
 world that his favors were not unworthily 
 bestowed. The ten bucolics were written 
 in about three years. Sometime after, 
 Virgil undertook the Oeorgics, a poem the 
 Inost perfect and finished of all Latin 
 compositions. The JEneid was begun as 
 some suppose, at the particular request of 
 Augustus, and the poet, while he attempt- 
 ed to prove that the Julian family was 
 lineally descended from the founder of 
 Lavinium, visibly described in the pious 
 and benevolent character of his hero, the 
 amiable qualities of his imperial patron. 
 The great merit of this poem is well 
 known, and it will ever remain undecid- 
 ed, which of the two poets, either Homer 
 or Virgil, is more entitled to our praise, 
 our applause, and our admiration. The 
 poet died before he had revised this im- 
 mortal work, which had already engaged 
 his time for eleven successive years. He 
 had attempted to attend his patron in the 
 east, but he was detained at Naples on 
 account of his ill health. He, however, 
 went to Athens, where he met Augustus 
 in his return, but he soon after fell sick at 
 Megara, and though indisposed, he order- 
 ed himself to be removed to Italy. He 
 landed at Brundusium, where a few days 
 after he expired, the twenty-second of 
 "September, in the fifty-first year of his age, 
 B. C. 19. The body of the poet, according 
 to his own directions, was conveyed to 
 Naples, and interred with much solemnity 
 in a monument, erected on the road that 
 leads from Naples to Puteoli. The follow- 
 ing modest distich was engraved on the 
 tomb, written by the poet some few mo- 
 ments before he expired : 
 
 Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet 
 nunc 
 Parthenope .- cecini pascua, rura, duces. 
 
 — — Caius, a pretor of Sicily, who, when 
 Cicero was banished, refused to receive 
 the exiled orator, though his friend, for 
 fear of the resentment of Clodius. 
 
 Virginia, the daughter of the centuri- 
 on, L. Virginius ; of whom Appius Clau- 
 dius, the decemvir, became enamored, 
 and claimed as the (laughter of a slave. 
 Virginius, when informed of these violent 
 proceedings, left the camp, and demand- 
 ed to see his daughter. His request being 
 granted, he plunged a knife into the breast 
 of Virginia, to preserve her from the lust 
 and violence of a tyrant. Virginius then 
 ran to the camp with the bloody knife in 
 his hand ; the soldiers were astonished 
 and incensed against the decemvir who 
 was the cause of Virginia's death, and 
 immediately marched towards the capital. 
 36 
 
 Appius was seized, but he destroyed him- 
 self in prison ; Spurius Oppius, another 
 decemvir, also killed himself; and Mar- 
 cus Claudius, the favorite of Appius, was 
 put to death, and the decemviral power 
 abolished. 
 
 Virginius, the father of Virginia, made 
 
 tribune of the people. A tribune of the 
 
 people who accused d. Caeso the son of 
 Cincinnatus. He increased the number 
 of the tribunes to ten, and distinguished 
 himself by his seditions against the patri- 
 cians. Another tribune in the age of 
 
 Camillus, fined for his opposition to alaw 
 which proposed going to Veii. An au- 
 gur who died of the plague. Caius, a 
 
 praetor of Sicily, who opposed the entrance 
 of Cicero into his province, though under 
 many obligations to the orator. A tri- 
 bune who encouraged Cinna to criminate 
 
 Sylla. One of the generals of Nero in 
 
 Germany. He refused all dangerous sta- 
 tions, and though twice offered the impe- 
 rial purple, he rejected it with disdain. 
 A Roman orator and rhetorician. 
 
 Viriathus, a mean shepherd of Lusita- 
 nia, who gradually rose to power, and by 
 first heading a gang of robbers, saw him- 
 self at last followed by a numerous army. 
 He made war against the Romans with 
 uncommon success. Many generals were 
 defeated, and Pompey himself was asham- 
 ed to find himself beaten. Caepio was at 
 last sent against him. But his despair of 
 conquering him by force of arms, obliged 
 him to have recourse to artifice, and he 
 had the meanness to bribe the servants of 
 Viriathus to murder their master, B. C. 40. 
 
 Viridomarus, a young man of great 
 power among the ^Edui. Caesar greatly 
 honored him, but he fought at last against 
 the Romans. 
 
 Viriplaca, a goddess among the Ro- 
 mans who presided over the peace of fami- 
 lies. 
 
 Virro, a fictitious name introduced in 
 one of Juvenal's satires. 
 
 Virtus. All virtues were made deities 
 among the Romans. Marcellus erected 
 two temples, one to Virtue and the other 
 to Honor. They were built in such a man- 
 ner, that to see the temple of Honor it 
 was necessary to pass through that of Vir- 
 tue ; a happy allegory among a nation free 
 and independent. The principal virtues 
 were distinguished, each by their attire. 
 
 Visargis, a river of Germany now call- 
 ed the TYeser, and falling into the German 
 ocean. 
 
 Viscellje, now Welti, a town of Nori- 
 cum, between the Ens and Mure. 
 
 Visellia lex, was made by Visellius 
 Varro, the consul, A. U. C. 776, to restrain 
 the introduction of improper persons into 
 the offices of the state. 
 
 L. Visellius Varro, a lieutenant in 
 Germanv under Tiberius. 
 
vo 
 
 422 
 
 VO 
 
 Vistula, a river falling into the Baltic, 
 the eastern boundary of ancient Germa- 
 ny- 
 
 Vitellia, a Roman colony on the bor- 
 ders of the JEqui. 
 
 Vitellius Aulus, a Roman, descended 
 from an illustrious family, and created 
 emperor after Otho. He did not, howev- 
 er, long enjoy his exalted station : his con- 
 tinual gluttony, intemperance, and de- 
 bauchery, disgusted his subjects, and they 
 rose against him, tied his hands behind 
 his back, and dragged him naked through 
 the streets. After being for sometime 
 exposed to the reproaches and insults of 
 the populace, he was carried to the place 
 of execution, and put to death with re- 
 peated blows ; his head was then cut 
 off, and fixed on a pole, and his body 
 thrown into the Tiber, A. D. 69. Lu- 
 cius, the father of the emperor obtained 
 great honors by his flattery to the empe- 
 rors. His adulation to Messalina is well 
 known, and he obtained as a particular 
 favor the honorable office of pulling off 
 
 the shoes of the empress. A brother of 
 
 the emperor, who enjoyed his favors by 
 
 encouraging his gluttony. Publius, an 
 
 uncle of the emperor of that name. He 
 was accused under Nero of attempts to 
 bribe the people with money from the 
 treasury against the emperor. He killed 
 
 himself before his trial. One of the 
 
 flatterers of Tiberius. An officer of the 
 
 pretorians under Otho. A son of the em- 
 peror Vitellius, put to death by one of his 
 
 father's friends. Some of the family of 
 
 the Vitellii conspired with the Aquiliiand 
 other illustrious Romans to restore Tar- 
 quin to his throne. Their conspiracy was 
 discovered by the consuls, and they were 
 severely punished. 
 
 Viterbum, a town of Tuscany, where 
 Fanum Voltumnce stood. 
 
 Vitia, a mother put to death by Tiberi- 
 us, for weeping at the death of her son. 
 
 Vitricus, a surname of Mars. 
 
 M. Vitruvius Pollio, a celebrated arch- 
 itect in the age of Augustus, born at For- 
 miae. He wrote a treatise on his profes- 
 sion, which he dedicated to Augustus, and 
 it is the only book on architecture now 
 extant written by the ancients. 
 
 Vitula, a deity among the Romans who 
 presided over festivals and rejoicings. 
 
 Vitularia via, a road in the country of 
 Arpinum. 
 
 Vocetius, part of mount Jura. 
 
 Voconia lex, de testamenlis, by Q,. Vo- 
 conius Saxa, the tribune, A. U. C. 584, 
 enacted, that no woman should be left 
 heiress to an estate, and that no rich per- 
 son should leave by his will more than the 
 fourth part of his fortune to a woman. 
 
 Voconii forum, a town of Gaul, be- 
 tween Antibes and Marseilles. 
 
 Voconius, Victor, a Latin poet. 
 
 Saxa, a tribune who made a law. An 
 
 officer of Lucullus in Asia. 
 
 Vocontia, now Vasio. 
 
 Vogesus, now Vauge, a mountain of 
 Belgic Gaul. 
 
 Volj:, a city of the ^Equi. 
 
 Volaginius, a soldier who assassinated 
 one of his officers. 
 
 Volana, a town of the Samnites. 
 
 Volandum, a fortified place of Arme- 
 nia. 
 
 Volaterra, an ancient town of Etruria, 
 famous for hot baths. 
 
 Volcje, or Volg-e, a people of Gaul be- 
 tween the Garonne and the Rhone. 
 
 Volci, an inland town of Lucania. 
 
 A town of Etruria. 
 
 Vologeses, a name common to many 
 of the kings of Parthia. 
 
 Volscens, a Latin chief who discovered 
 Nisus and Euryalus as they returned from 
 the Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He 
 killed Euryalus, and was himself immedi- 
 ately stabbed by Nisus. 
 
 Volsci, or Volci, a people of Latium, 
 whose territories are bounded on the south 
 by the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country 
 of the Hernici and Marsi, west by the La- 
 tins and Rutulians, and east by Campania. 
 
 Volsinium, a town of Etruria in Italy, 
 destroyed, according to Pliny, by fire from 
 heaven. 
 
 Voltinia, one of the Roman tribes. 
 
 Volubilis, a town of Africa, supposed 
 Fez, the capital of Morocco. 
 
 Volumnje Fanum, a temple in Etruria, 
 sacred to the goddeJs Volumna. Viterbo 
 now stands on the spot. 
 
 Volumnia, the wife of Coriolanus. 
 
 The freedwoman of Volumnius Eutrape- 
 lus. 
 
 Volumnus and Volumna, two deities 
 who presided over the will. They were 
 chiefly invoked at marriages, to preserve 
 concord between the husband and wife. 
 
 T. Volumnius, a Roman famous for his 
 friendship towards M. Lucullus, whom 
 M. Antony had put to death. He was put 
 
 to death upon the body of his friend. A 
 
 mimic whom Brutus put to death. An 
 
 Etrurian who wrote tragedies in his own 
 native language. A consul who defeat- 
 ed the Samnites and the Etrurians. A 
 
 friend of M. Brutus. A prefect of Syria, 
 
 B. C. 11. A Roman knight put to death 
 
 by Catiline. 
 
 Voluptas and Volupia, the goddess of 
 sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome, 
 where she had a temple. 
 
 C. Volusenus, a military tribune in Cee- 
 sar's army. 
 
 Volusianus, a Roman taken as col- 
 league on the imperial throne, by his fa- 
 ther Gallus. He was killed by his sol- 
 diers. 
 
 Volusius, a poet of Patavia who wrote, 
 like Ennius, the annals of Rome in verse. 
 
vu 
 
 423 
 
 VU 
 
 -— Saturninusj a governor of Rome, who 
 died in the ninety-third year of his age, 
 
 beloved and respected, under Nero. 
 
 Caius, a soldier at the siege of Cremona. 
 One of Nero's officers. 
 
 Volusus, a friend of Turnus. 
 
 Volux, a son of Bocchus, whom the 
 Romans defeated. Sylla suspected his 
 fidelity. 
 
 Vomanus, a river of Picenum in Italy. 
 
 Vonones, a king of Parthia expelled by 
 his subjects, and afterwards placed on the 
 
 throne of Armenia. Another king of 
 
 Armenia. A man made king of Parthia 
 
 by Augustus. 
 
 Vopiscus, a native of Syracuse, A. D. 
 303, who wrote the life of Aurelian, Taci- 
 tus, Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, 
 &c. 
 
 Voranus, a freedman of Q,. Luctatius 
 Catulus, famous for his robberies as well 
 as his cunning. 
 
 Votienus Montanus, a man of learn- 
 ing, banished to one of the Baleares for his 
 malevolent reflections upon Tiberius. 
 
 Vclcanalia, festivals in honor of Vul- 
 can, brought to Rome from Praneste. 
 
 Vulcani insula, or Vulcania, a name 
 given to the islands between Sicily and 
 Italy, now called Lipari. 
 
 Vulcanius, Terentianus, a Latin histo- 
 rian, who wrote an account of the life of 
 the three Gordians. 
 
 Vulcanus, a god of the ancients who 
 presided over fire, and was the patron 
 of all artists who worked iron and 
 metals. He was son of Juno alone, who 
 in this wished to imitate Jupiter, who 
 had produced Minerva from his brains. 
 According to the more received opinion, 
 Vulcan was educated in heaven with the 
 rest of the gods, but his father kicked him 
 down from Olympus, when he attempted 
 to deliver his mother, who had been fas- 
 tened by a golden chain for her insolence. 
 He was nine days in coming from heaven 
 upon earth, and he fell in the island of Lem- 
 nos, where, according to Lucian, the in- 
 habitants seeing him in the air, caught 
 him in their arms. He however broke his 
 leg by the fall, and ever after remained 
 lame of one foot. He fixed his residence 
 in Lemnos, where he built himself a pal- 
 ace, and raised forges to work metals. 
 Vulcan has been celebrated by the an- 
 cient poets for the ingenious works and 
 automatical figures which he made, and 
 many speak of two golden statues, which 
 not only seemed animated, but which 
 walked by his side, and even assisted 
 him in the working of metals. It is said, 
 that at the request of Jupiter he made the 
 first woman that ever appeared on earth, 
 well known under the name of Pandora 
 
 The Cyclops of Sicily were his ministers 
 and attendants, and with him they fabri- 
 cated, not only the thunderbolts of Jupi- 
 ter, but also arms for the gods and the 
 most celebrated heroes. His forges were 
 supposed to be under mount ^Etna, in the 
 island of Sicily, as well as in every part 
 of the earth where there were volcanoes. 
 The most known of the works of Vulcan 
 which were presented to mortals are the 
 arms of Achilles, those of ^Eneas, the 
 shield of Hercules, a collar given to Her- 
 mione the wife of Cadmus, and a sceptre, 
 which was in the possession of Agamem- 
 non king of Argos and Mycenae. Venus 
 is universally acknowledged to have been 
 the wife of Vulcan ; her infidelity is well 
 known, as well as her amours with Mars, 
 which were discovered by Phoebus, and 
 exposed to the gods by her own husband. 
 The worship of Vulcan was well estab- 
 lished, particularly in Egypt, at Athens, 
 and at Rome. Vulcan was represented 
 as covered with sweat, blowing with his 
 nervous arm the fires of his forges. His 
 breast was hairy, and his forehead was 
 blackened with smoke. Some represent 
 him lame and deformed, holding a ham 
 mer raised in the air, ready to strike 
 while with the other hand he turns, witli 
 pincers, a thunderbolt on his anvil, for 
 which an eagle waits by his side to carry 
 it to Jupiter. The Egyptians represented 
 him under the figure of a monkey. 
 
 Vulcatius, a Roman knight, who con- 
 spired with Piso against Nero, &c. 
 
 A senator in the reign of Dioclesian, 
 who attempted to write an history of all 
 such as had reigned at Rome, either as 
 lawful sovereigns or by usurpation. 
 
 Vulsinum, a town of Etruria. (Vid. 
 Volsinium.) 
 
 Vulso, a Roman consul who invaded 
 
 Africa with Regulus. Another consul. 
 
 He had the provinces of Asia while in 
 office, and triumphed over the Galatians. 
 
 Vultura, or Vulturaria, a mountain 
 on the borders of Apulia. 
 
 Vultureius, a man who conspired 
 against his country with Catiline. 
 
 Vulturius, a surname of Apollo. {Vid. 
 Vulturnus.) 
 
 Vulturnum, a town of Campania, near 
 
 the mouth of the Vulturnus. Also an 
 
 ancient name of Capua. 
 
 Vulturnus, a river of Campania rising 
 in the Apennines, and falling into the 
 Tyrrhene sea, after passing by the town 
 
 of Capua. The god of the Tiber was 
 
 also known by that name A surname 
 
 of Apollo on mount Lissus in Ionia, near 
 Ephesus. 
 
 Vulsinum, a town of Etruria, where 
 Sejanus was born, 
 
XA 
 
 424 
 
 XE 
 
 X, 
 
 -ANTHE, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Xanthi, a people of Thrace. The 
 
 inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia. 
 
 Xanthia Phoceus, a Roman whom 
 Horace addresses, and of whom he speaks 
 as enamored of a servant maid. 
 
 Xanthica, a festival observed by the 
 Macedonians in the month called Xanthi- 
 cus, the same as April. It was then usual 
 to make a lustration of the army with great 
 solemnity. 
 
 Xanthiffus, a son of Melas killed by 
 Tydeus. ( Vid. Xantippus.) 
 
 Xantho, one of Cyrene's attendant 
 nymphs. 
 
 Xanthus, or Xanthos, a river of Troas, 
 in Asia Minor. It is the same as the 
 
 Scamander. A river of Lycia, anciently 
 
 called Sirbes. It was sacred to Apollo, 
 
 and fell into the sea, near Patara. One 
 
 of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to 
 his master when chid with severity, and 
 
 told him that he must soon be killed. 
 
 One of the horses given to Juno by Nep- 
 tune, and afterwards to the sons of Leda. 
 
 An historian of Sardes in the reign of 
 
 Darius. A Greek historian of Lydia. 
 
 A king of Lesbos. A king of Bceo- 
 
 tia, who made war against the Athenians. 
 He was killed by the artifice of Melan- 
 
 thus. A Greek poet. A philosopher 
 
 of Samus, in whose house iEsop lived 
 sometime as a servant. A town of Ly- 
 cia on the river of the same name, at the 
 distance of about fifteen miles from the 
 seashore. The inhabitants are celebrated 
 for their love of liberty and national inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Xanticles, one of the leaders of the 
 ten thousand Greeks, after the battle of 
 Cunaxa 
 
 Xantifpe, a daughter of Dorus who 
 married Pleuron, by whom she had Age- 
 
 nor. The wife of Socrates, remarkable 
 
 for her ill humor and peevish disposition, 
 which are become proverbial. Some sup- 
 pose that the philosopher was acquainted 
 with her moroseness and insolence before 
 he married her, and that he took her for 
 his wife to try his patience, and inure 
 himself to the malevolent reflections of 
 mankind. 
 
 Xantippus, a Lacedaemonian general 
 who assisted the Carthaginians in the first 
 Punic war. He defeated the Romans, 
 256 B. C, and took the celebrated Regulus 
 prisoner. Such signal services deserved 
 to be rewarded, but the Carthaginians 
 looked with envious jealousy upon Xan- 
 tippus, and he retired to Corinth after he 
 
 had saved them from destruction. An 
 
 Athenian general who defeated the Per- 
 sian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. A 
 statue was erected to his honor in the 
 
 citadel of Athens. A son of Pericles 
 
 who disgraced his father by his disobe- 
 
 dience, his ingratitude, and his extrava- 
 gance. He died of the plague in the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war. 
 
 Xenagoeas, an historian. A philos- 
 opher who measured the height of mount 
 Olympus. 
 
 Xenarchus, a comic poet. A peripa- 
 tetic philosopher of Seleusia, who taught 
 at Alexandria and at Rome, and was inti- 
 mate with Augustus. A prastor of the 
 
 Achaean league who wished to favor the 
 interest of Perseus, king of Macedonia, 
 against the Romans. 
 
 Xenares, an intimate friend of Cleome- 
 nes king of Sparta. 
 
 Xenetus, a rich Locrian, whose daugh- 
 ter Doris married Dionysius of Sicily. 
 
 Xeneus, a Chian writer who composed 
 an history of his country. 
 
 Xeniades, a Corinthian who went to 
 buy Diogenes the Cynic, when sold as a 
 slave. He asked him what he could do ? 
 upon which the Cynic answered, command 
 freemen. 
 
 Xenius, a surname given to Jupiter as 
 the god of hospitality. 
 
 Xenoclea, a priestess of Apollo's tem- 
 ple at Delphi, from whom Hercules ex- 
 torted an oracle by force. 
 
 Xenocles, a tragic writer, who obtain- 
 ed four times a poetical prize in a conten- 
 tion in which Euripides was competitor, 
 either through the ignorance or by the bri- 
 bery of his judges. His grandson bore 
 also the name of Xenocles, and excelled 
 
 in tragical compositions. A Spartan 
 
 officer in the expedition which Agesilaus 
 
 undertook against the Persians. An 
 
 architect of Eleusis. A friend of Ara- 
 
 tus. One of the friends of Cicero. A 
 
 celebrated rhetorician of Adramyttium. 
 
 Xenocrates, an ancient philosopher 
 born at Calchedonia, and educated in the 
 school of Plato, whose friendship he gain- 
 ed, and whose approbation he merited 
 Though of a dull and sluggish disposition, 
 he supplied the defects of nature by un- 
 wearied attention and industry, and was 
 at last found capable of succeeding in the 
 school of Plato after Speusippus, about 
 three hundred and thirty-nine years before 
 Christ. He was remarkable as a discipli- 
 narian, and he required that his pupils 
 should be acquainted with mathematics 
 before they came under his care, and he 
 even rejected some who had not the ne- 
 cessary qualification, saying that they had 
 not yet found the key of philosophy. He 
 did not only recommend himself to his 
 pupils by precepts, but more powerfully by 
 example, and since the wonderful change 
 he had made upon the conduct of one of 
 his auditors, (Vid. Polemon,) his compa- 
 ny was as much shunned by the dissolute 
 and extravagant, as it was courted by the 
 virtuous and the benevolent. Philip of 
 Macedon attempted to gain his confidence 
 
XE 
 
 425 
 
 XE 
 
 with money, but with no success. Alex- 
 ander in this imitated his father, and sent 
 some of his friends with fifty talents for the 
 philosopher. They were introduced, and 
 supped with Xenocrates. The repast was 
 small, frugal, and elegant, without osten- 
 tation. On the morrow, the officers of 
 Alexander wished to pay down the fifty 
 talents, but the philosopher asked them 
 whether they had not perceived from the 
 entertainment of the preceding day, that 
 he was not in want of money : Tell your 
 master, said he, to keep his money, he has 
 more people to maintain than I have. Yet 
 not to offend the monarch, he accepted a 
 small sum, about the two hundredth part 
 of one talent. His integrity was so well 
 known that when he appeared in the 
 court as a witness, the judges dispensed 
 with his oath. He died B. C. 314, in his 
 eighty-second year, after he had presided 
 in the academy for above twenty-five 
 years. It is said that he fell in the night 
 with his head into a bason of water, and 
 that he was suffocated. He had written 
 above sixty treatises on different subjects, 
 all now lost. He acknowledged no other 
 deity but heaven, and the seven planets. 
 
 A physician in the age of Nero, not 
 
 in great esteem. An excellent paint- 
 er. 
 Xe.vodamus, an illegitimate son of Me- 
 
 nelaus, by Gnossia. An athlete of An- 
 
 ticyra. 
 Xenodice, a daughter of Syleus, killed 
 
 by Hercules. A daughter of Minos and 
 
 Pasiphae. 
 Xenodochus, a Messenian crowned at 
 
 the Olympic games. A native of Car- 
 
 dia, &c. 
 
 Xenophanes, a Greek philosopher of 
 Colophon, disciple of Archelaus, B. C. 
 535. He wrote several poems and trea- 
 tises, and founded a sect which wa3 call- 
 ed the Eleatic, in Sicily. Wild in his 
 opinions about astronomy, he supposed 
 that the stars were extinguished every 
 morning, and rekindled at night ; that 
 eclipses were occasioned by the tempora- 
 ry extinction of the sun ; that the moon 
 was inhabited, and eighteen times bigger 
 than the earth ; and that there were seve- 
 ral suns and moons for the convenience 
 of the different climates of the earth. He 
 further imagined that God and the world 
 were the same, and he credited the eterni- 
 ty of the universe, but his incoherent opin- 
 ion about the divinity, raised the indigna- 
 tion of his countrymen, and he was ban- 
 ished. He died very poor when about one 
 
 hundred years old. A governor of Ol- 
 
 bus, in the age of M. Antony. One of 
 
 the ministers of Philip, who went to An- 
 nibal's camp and made a treaty of alliance 
 between Macedonia and Carthage. 
 
 Xenophilus, a Pythagorean philoso- 
 pher, who lived to his one hundred and 
 36* 
 
 seventieth year, and enjoyed all his facul- 
 ties to the last. He wrote upon music, 
 and thence he was called the musician. 
 
 One of Alexander's generals. 
 
 A robber of whom Aratus hired some 
 troops. 
 
 Xenophon, an Athenian, celebrated as 
 a general, an historian, and a philosopher. 
 In the school of Socrates he received those 
 instructions and precepts which after- 
 wards so eminently distinguished him. 
 He joined the army of Cyrus the younger 
 in an expedition against his brother Artax- 
 erxes, king of Persia, and showed he was 
 a true disciple of Socrates, and that he had 
 been educated in the warlike city of 
 Athens. After the decisive battle in the 
 plains of Cunaxa, and the fall of Cyrus, 
 the prudence and vigor of his mind were 
 called into action. The ten thousand 
 Greeks, who had followed the standard 
 of an ambitious prince, were now at the 
 distance of six hundred leagues from their 
 native home, in a country surrounded on 
 every side by a victorious enemy, without 
 money, without provisions, and without 
 a leader. Xenophon was selected from 
 among the officers to superintend the re- 
 treat of his countrymen ; and, although he 
 was opposed by malevolence and envy, he 
 rose superior to every danger. Notwith- 
 standing he was under continual alarm* 
 from the sudden attacks of the Persians 
 he was still enabled to cross rapid rivers, 
 penetrate through vast deserts, and gain 
 the tops of mountains, where he rested 
 secure for a while, and refreshed his fa- 
 tigued companions. This celebrated re- 
 treat was at length happily effected ; and 
 the Greeks returned home, after a march 
 of one thousand one hundred and fifteen 
 leagues, which was performed in two hun- 
 dred and fifteen days ; the whole particu- 
 lars of which had now, perhaps, been for- 
 gotten, had not the great philosopher who 
 planned it employed his pen in describing 
 the dangers he had escaped, and the diffi- 
 culties he had surmounted. Xenophon 
 afterwards gained new honors, under 
 Agesilaus, in Asia ; but his fame did not 
 escape the aspersions of jealousy, and he 
 was banished from Athens for accompany- 
 ing Cyrus against his brother. He retired 
 to Scillus, a small town of the Lacede- 
 monians, and dedicated his time to liter- 
 ary pursuits, and to the composition of 
 those works which gained him such re- 
 nown in after ages. The sentiments of 
 Xenophon as to religion and the divinity 
 were the same as those of the venerable 
 Socrates : he supported the immortality of 
 the soul, and, with all the zeal and "fer- 
 vour of a Christian, he exhorted his 
 friends to cultivate those virtues which 
 alone insure the happiness of mankind. 
 Xenophon died at the age of ninety, B. 
 C. 359. A writer in the beginning of 
 
XE 
 
 426 
 
 XY 
 
 the fourth century, known by his Greek 
 romance in five books, De Amoribus An- 
 thias Abrocomm. A physician of the em- 
 peror Claudius, born in the island of Cos, 
 and said to be descended from the Ascle- 
 piades. He enjoyed the emperor's favors, 
 and through him the people of Cos were 
 exempt from all taxes. He had the mean- 
 ness to poison his benefactor at the insti- 
 gation of Agrippina. An officer under 
 
 Adrian. 
 
 Xera, a town of Spain, now Xerex, 
 where the Moors gained a battle over Ro- 
 deric king of the Goths, and became mas- 
 ters of the country. 
 
 Xerolibya, a part of Africa between 
 Egypt and Cyrene. 
 
 Xerxena, a part of Armenia. 
 
 Xerxes, the second son of Darius, suc- 
 ceeded his father on the throne of Persia. 
 He continued the warlike preparations of 
 his predecessor, and added the revolted 
 kingdom of Egypt to his extensive posses- 
 sions. Xerxes afterwards invaded Eu- 
 rope, and entered Greece with an army 
 which, with the numerous retinue of ser- 
 vants, eunuchs, and women, that attend- 
 ed it, amounted to five million two hun- 
 dred and eighty-three thousand two hun- 
 dred and twenty souls. This multitude 
 was stopped at Thermopylae by the intre- 
 pidity and valor of three hundred Spar- 
 tans, under king Leonidas. The Persian 
 monarch, astonished that such a handful 
 of men should dare to oppose his pro- 
 gress, ordered some of his soldiers to bring 
 them alive into his presence ; but, for three 
 successive days the most valiant of the 
 Persian troops were repeatedly defeated 
 in endeavoring to execute the monarch's 
 injunctions. The heroic Spartans would 
 have triumphed much longer, but for the 
 treachery of a Trachinian, who led a de- 
 tachment of Persians by a secret path up 
 the mountains, whence they suddenly fell 
 upon the rear of the Spartans, and cut 
 them to pieces. The battle of Thermo- 
 pylae was the commencement of the dis- 
 asters which befell Xerxes : the more he 
 advanced, the greater disappointments he 
 experienced ; his fleet was defeated at 
 Artemisium and Salamis ; and he found 
 his millions unable to conquer a nation 
 that was superior to his in the knowledge 
 of war and maritime affairs. He therefore 
 hastened back to Persia, and in thirty 
 
 days marched over all that territory which 
 he had before passed with such pomp and 
 magnificence in the space of six months. 
 When he arrived in his capital, Xerxes 
 forgot his dangers, losses, and defeats, 
 and gave himself up to riot and debauche- 
 ry. His indolence and luxurious voluptu- 
 ousness at length caused great discontent 
 among his subjects, and he was murdered 
 in his bed by Artabanus, the captain of 
 his guards, in the twenty-first year of his 
 reign. The second, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Artaxerxes Longimanus on the throne 
 of Persia, 425 B. C, and was assassinated 
 in the first year of his reign by his brother 
 
 Sogdianus. A painter of Heraclea, 
 
 who made a beautiful representation of 
 Venus. 
 
 Xeuxes, an officer of Antiochus the 
 Great, king of Syria. 
 
 Xiline, a town of Colchis. 
 
 Xiphonia, a promontory of Sicily, at 
 
 the north of Syracuse, now Cruce. Also 
 
 a town near it, now Augusta. 
 
 Xois, an island formed by the mouths 
 of the Nile. 
 
 Xuthia, the ancient name of the plains 
 of Leontium in Sicily. 
 
 Xuthds, a son of Hellen, grandson of 
 Deucalion. He was banished from Thes- 
 saly by his brothers, and came to Athens, 
 where he married Creusa, the daughter of 
 king Erechtheus, by whom he had Achse- 
 us and Ion. He retired after the death of 
 his father-in-law into Achaia, where he 
 died. According to some, he had no chil- 
 dren, but adopted Ion, the son whom Cre- 
 usa, before her marriage, had borne to 
 Apollo. 
 
 Xychus, a Macedonian who told Philip 
 of his cruelty when he had put his son 
 Demetrius to death, at the instigation of 
 Perseus. 
 
 Xylenopoli9, a town at the mouth of 
 the Indus, built by Alexander, supposed 
 to be Laheri. 
 
 Xyline, a town of Pamphylia. 
 
 Xylopolis, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Xynia9, a lake of Thessaly, or accord- 
 ing to some, of Bceotia. 
 
 Xynoichia, an anniversary day ob- 
 served at Athens in honor of Minerva, 
 and in commemoration of the time in 
 which the people of Attica left their coun- 
 try seats, and by advice of Theseus, all 
 united in one body. 
 
ZA 
 
 427 
 
 ZE 
 
 ZABATUS, a river of Media, falling 
 into the Tigris, near which the ten 
 thousand Greeks stopped in their return. 
 
 Zabdicene, a province of Persia. 
 
 Zabirna, a town of Libya, where Bac- 
 chus destroyed a large beast that infested 
 the country. 
 
 Zabus, a river of Assyria, falling into 
 the Tigris. 
 
 Zacynthus, a native of Bceotia, who 
 accompanied Hercules when he went into 
 Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of 
 the expedition he was intrusted with the 
 care of Geryon's flocks, by the hero, and 
 ordered to conduct them to Thebes. As 
 he went on his journey, he was bit by a 
 serpent, and sometime after died. His 
 companions carried his body away, and 
 buried it in an island of the Ionian sea, 
 which from that time was called Zacyn- 
 thus. The island of Zacynthus, now call- 
 ed Zante, is situate at the south of Cepha- 
 lenia, and at the west of the Peloponne- 
 sus. It is about sixty miles in cirumfe- 
 rence. A son of Dardanus. 
 
 Zadris, a town of Colchis. 
 
 Zaqr^us, a son of Jupiter and Proser- 
 pine. 
 
 Zagrus, a mountain on the confines of 
 Media and Babylonia. 
 
 Zalates, an effeminate youth brought 
 io Rome from Armenia as an hostage. 
 
 Zaleucus, a lawgiver of the Locrians 
 in Italy, and one of the disciples of Pyth- 
 agoras, 550 B. C. He was very humane, 
 and at the same time very austere, and 
 he attempted to enforce his laws more by 
 inspiring shame than dread. 
 
 Zama, or Zagma, a town of Numidia, 
 three hundred miles from Carthage, cele- 
 brated for the victory which Scipio obtain- 
 ed there over the great Annibal, B. C. 202. 
 A town of Cappadocia ^-of Meso- 
 potamia. 
 
 Zameis, a debauched king of Assyria, 
 son of Semiramis and Ninus, as some re- 
 port. He reigned thirty-eight years. 
 
 Zamolxis, or Zalmoxis, a slave and 
 disciple of Pythagoras. He accompanied 
 his master in Egypt, and afterwards re- 
 tired into the country of th$ Getae, which 
 had given him birth. He began to civil- 
 ize his countrymen, and the more easily to 
 gain reputation, he concealed himself for 
 three years in a subterraneous cave, and 
 afterwards made them believe, that he 
 was just raised from the dead. Some 
 place him before the age of Pythagoras. 
 After death he received divine honors. 
 
 Zancle, a town of Sicily, or the straits 
 which separate that island from Italy. 
 It received its name from its appearing 
 like a sithe, which was called tavy.Xov, 
 in the language of the country, or as oth- 
 ers say, because the sithe with which 
 Saturn mutilated his father fell there, or 
 because, as Diodorus reports, a person 
 
 named Zanclus had either built it or exer- 
 cised its sovereignty. Zancle fell into the 
 hands of the Samians, four hundred and 
 ninety-seven years before the Christian 
 era, and three years after it was recovered 
 by Anaxilaus, the Messenian tyrant of 
 Ehegium, who gave it the name of his na- 
 tive country, and called it Messana. It 
 was founded, as most chronologists sup- 
 port, about one thousand and fifty-eight 
 years before the Christian era, by the pi- 
 rates of Cumce in Italy, and peopled by 
 Samians, Ionians and Chalcidians. 
 
 Zarax, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Zarbienus, a petty monarch of Asia, 
 who was gained to the interest of the Ro- 
 mans by one of the officers of Lucullus. 
 Tigranes put him to death for his deser- 
 tion, and his funeral was celebrated with 
 great magnificence by the Roman general 
 
 Zariaspes, a Persian who attempted to 
 
 revolt from Alexander. A river, now 
 
 Dehash, on which Bactria, the capital of 
 Bactriana, was built. It is called Bactrus 
 by Curtius. 
 
 Zathes, a river of Armenia. 
 
 Zaueces, a people of Libya. 
 
 Zebina, Alexander, an impostor who 
 usurped the throne of Syria at the instiga- 
 tion of Ptolemy Physcon. 
 
 Zela, or Zelia, a town of Pontus near 
 the river Lycus, where Cassar defeated 
 
 Pharnaces, son of Mithridates. A town 
 
 of Troas at the foot of Ida. Another in 
 
 Lycia. 
 
 Zelasiom, a promontory of Thessaly. 
 
 Zeles, a town of Spain. 
 
 Zelus, a daughter of Pallas. 
 
 Zeno, a philosopher of Elia or Velia in 
 Italy, the disciple, or according to some, 
 the adopted son of Parmenides, and the 
 supposed inventor of dialectic. His opin- 
 ions about the universe, the unity, incom- 
 prehensibility, and immutability of all 
 things, were the same with those of Xen- 
 ophanes and the rest of the Elatic phi- 
 losophers. It is said, that he attempted to 
 deliver his country from the tyranny of 
 Nearchus. His plot was discovered, and 
 he was exposed to the most excruciating 
 torments to reveal the name of his accom- 
 plices, but this he bore with unparalleled 
 fortitude, and not to be at last conquered 
 by tortures, he cut off his tongue with his 
 teeth and spit it into the face of the tyrant. 
 Some say he was pounded alive in a mor- 
 tar, and that in the midst of his torments 
 he called to Nearchus, as if to reveal 
 something of importance ; the tyrant ap- 
 proached, and Zeno, as if willing to whis- 
 per to him, caught his ear with his teeth 
 
 and hit it off. The founder of the sect 
 
 of the stoics born at Citium, in the island 
 of Cyprus. The first part of his life was 
 spent in commercial pursuits, but he was 
 soon called to more elevated employments. 
 As he was returning from Phoenicia a 
 
ZE 
 
 428 
 
 ZE 
 
 storm drove his ship on the coast of Attica, 
 and he was shipwrecked near the Pirams. 
 This moment of calamity he regarded as 
 the beginning of his fame. He entered 
 the house of a bookseller, and to dissipate 
 his melancholy reflections he began to 
 read. The book was written by Xeno- 
 phon, and the merchant was so pleased 
 and captivated by the eloquence and beau- 
 ties of the philosopher, that from that time 
 he renounced the pursuits of a busy life, 
 and applied himself to the study of philo- 
 sophy. Ten years were spent in frequent- 
 ing the school of Crates, and the same 
 number under Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Po- 
 lemon. Perfect in every branch of know- , 
 ledge, and improved from experience as 
 well as observation, Zeno opened a school 
 at Athens, and soon saw himself attended 
 by the great, the learned, and the power- 
 ful. His followers were called Stoic.*, be- 
 cause they received the instructions of 
 the philosopher in the portico called zoa. 
 He was so respected dining his lifetime, 
 that the Athenians publicly decreed him 
 a brazen statue and a crown of gold, and 
 engraved their decree to give it more pub- 
 licity on two columns in the academy, and 
 in the Lyceum. His life was an example 
 of soberness and moderation, his manners 
 were austere, and to his temperance and 
 regularity he was indebted for the con- 
 tinual flow of health which he always en- 
 joyed. After he had taught publicly for 
 forty-eight years, he died in the ninety- 
 sixth year of his age, B. C. 264, a stranger 
 to diseases, and never incommoded by a 
 real indisposition. He was buried in that 
 part of the city called Ceramicus, where 
 the Athenians raised him a monument. 
 The founder of the stoic philosophy shone 
 before his followers as a pure example of 
 imitation. Virtue he perceived to be the 
 ultimate of his researches. He wished to 
 live in the world as if nothing was proper- 
 ly Ids own ; he loved others, and his af- 
 fections were extended even to his ene- 
 mies. He felt a pleasure in being kind, 
 benevolent, and attentive, aud he found 
 that these sentiments of pleasure were re- 
 ciprocal. He saw a connexion and de- 
 pendence in the universe, and perceived 
 that, from thence arose the harmony of 
 civil society, the tenderness of parents, 
 and filial gratitude. In the attainment of 
 virtue the goods of the mind were to be 
 preferred to those of the body, and when 
 that point was once gained, nothing could 
 equal our happiness and perfection, and 
 the stoic could view with indifference 
 health or sickness, riches or poverty, pain 
 and pleasure, which could neither move 
 nor influence the serenity of his mind. 
 Zeno recommended resignation ; he knew 
 that the laws of the universe cannot be 
 changed by man, and therefore he wished 
 that his disciples should not in prayer de- 
 
 precate impending calamities, but rather 
 beseech Providence to grant them forti- 
 tude to bear the severest trials with plea- 
 sure and due resignation to the will of 
 heaven. An arbitrary command over the 
 passions was one of the rules of stoicism, 
 to assist our friends in the hour of calami- 
 ty was our duty, but to give way to child- 
 ish sensations was unbecoming our na- 
 ture. Pity, therefore, and anger were to 
 be banished from the heart, propriety and 
 decorum were to be the guides in every 
 thing, and the external actions of men 
 were the best indications of their inward 
 feelings, their secret inclinations, and 
 their character. It was the duty of the 
 stoic to study himself ; in the evening he 
 was enjoined to review with critical accu- 
 racy the events of the day, and to regulate 
 his future conduct with more care, and al- 
 ways to find an impartial witness with- 
 in his own breast. Such were the leading 
 characters of the stoic philosophy, whose 
 followers were so illustrious, so perfect, 
 and so numerous, and whose effects were 
 productive of such exemplary virtues in 
 the annals of the human mind. Zeno in 
 his maxims used to say, that with virtue 
 men could live happy under the most 
 pressing calamities, ile said, that nature 
 had given us two ears, and only one mouth, 
 to tell us that we ought to listen more 
 than speak. He compared those whose 
 actions were dissonant with their profes- 
 sions to the coin of Alexandria, which ap- 
 peared beautiful to the eye, though made 
 of the basest metals. He acknowledged 
 only one God, the soul of the universe, 
 which he conceived to be the body, and 
 therefore believed that those two together 
 united, the soul and the body, formed one 
 perfect animal, which was the god of the 
 stoics. Amongst the most illustrious fol- 
 lowers of his doctrine, and as the most 
 respectable writers, may be mentioned 
 Epictetus, Senear, the emperor Antoninus, 
 
 &x. An Epicurean philosopher of 
 
 Sidon, who numbered among his pupils, 
 Cicero, Pomponius Atticus, Cotta, Pom- 
 
 pey, &c. A rhetorician, father to Pole- 
 
 111011, who was made king of Pontus. 
 The son of Polemon who was king of Ar- 
 menia, was also called Zeno. A native 
 
 of Lepreos, son of Calliteles, crowned at 
 the Olympic games and honored with a 
 statue in the grove of Jupiter and at Olym- 
 pia. A general of Antiochus. A phi- 
 losopher of Tarsus, B. C. 207. The 
 
 name of Zeno was common to some of the 
 Roman emperors on the throne of Con- 
 stantinople, in the fifth and sixth centu- 
 ries. 
 
 Zei«obia, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rha- 
 damistus. She accompanied her husband 
 when he was banished from his kingdom 
 by the Armenians, but as she was unable 
 to follow him on account of her pregnan- 
 
ZE 
 
 429 
 
 ZE 
 
 cy, she entreated him to murder her. Rha- 
 damistus long hesitated, but fearful of her 
 falling into the hands of his enemy, he 
 obeyed, and threw her body into the Arax- 
 es. Her clothes kept her upon the sur- 
 face of the water, where she was found 
 by some shepherds, and as the wound was 
 not mortal, her life was preserved, and 
 she was carried to Tiridates, who acknow- 
 ledged her as queen. Septimia, a cele- 
 brated princess of Palmyra, who married 
 Odenatus, whom Gallienus acknowledged 
 as his partner on the Roman throne. Af- 
 ter the death of her husband, which ac- 
 cording to some authors, she is said to 
 have hastened, Zenobia reigned in the 
 east as regent of her infant children, who 
 were honored with the title of Caesars. 
 She assumed the name of Augusta, and 
 she appeared in imperial robes, and order- 
 ed herself to be styled the queen of the 
 east. The troubles which at that time 
 agitated the western parts of the empire, 
 prevented the emperor from checking the 
 insolence and ambition of this princess, 
 who boasted to be sprung from the Ptole- 
 mies of Egypt. Aurelian was no sooner 
 invested with the imperial purple than he 
 marched into the east, determined to pun- 
 ish the pride of Zenobia. He well knew 
 her valor, and he was not ignorant that 
 in her wars against the Persians, she had 
 distinguished herself no less than Odena- 
 tus. She was the mistress of the east, 
 Egypt acknowledged her power, and all 
 the provinces of Asia Minor were subject 
 to her command. When Aurelian ap- 
 proached the plains of Syria, the Palmy- 
 rean queen appeared at the head of seven 
 hundred thousand men. She bore the 
 labors of the field like the meanest of her 
 soldiers, and walked on foot fearless of 
 danger. Two battles were fought ; the 
 courage of the queen gained the superiori- 
 ty, but an imprudent evolution of the Pal- 
 myrean cavalry ruined her cause ; and 
 while they pursued with spirit the flying 
 enemy, the Roman infantry suddenly fell 
 upon the main body of Zenobia's army, 
 and the defeat was inevitable. The queen 
 fled to Palmyra, determined to support a 
 siege. Aurelian followed her, and after 
 he had almost exhausted his stores, he 
 proposed terms of accommodation, which 
 were rejected with disdain by the warlike 
 princess. Her hopes of victory however 
 soon vanished, and though she harassed 
 the Romans night and day by continual 
 sallies from her walls, and the working 
 of her military engines, she despaired of 
 success when" she heard that the armies 
 which were marching to her relief from 
 Armenia, Persia, and the east, had partly 
 been defeated and partly bribed from her 
 allegiance. She fled from Palmyra in the 
 night, but Aurelian, who was apprized of 
 her escape, pursued her, and she was 
 
 caught as she was crossing the river Eu- 
 phrates. She was brought into the pre- 
 sence of Aurelian, and though the soldiers 
 were clamorous for her death, she was re- 
 served to adorn the triumph of the con- 
 queror. She was treated with great hu- 
 manity, and Aurelian gave her large pos- 
 sessions near Tibur, where she was per- 
 mitted to live the rest of her days in peace, 
 with all the grandeur and majesty which 
 became a queen of the east, and a warlike 
 princess. Her children were patronised 
 by the emperor, and married to persons of 
 the first distinction at Rome. Zenobia 
 has been admired not only for her military 
 abilities, but also for her literary talents. 
 She was acquainted with every branch of 
 useful learning, and spoke with fluency 
 the language of the Egyptians, the Greeks, 
 and the Latins. She composed an abridge- 
 ment of the history of the oriental nations, 
 and of Egypt, which was greatly com- 
 mended by the ancients. She received 
 no less honor from the patronage she af- 
 forded to the celebrated Longinus, who 
 was one of her favorites, and who taught 
 her the Greek tongue. She has also been 
 praised for her great chastity, and her 
 constancy, though she betrayed too often 
 her propensities to cruelty and intoxica- 
 tion when in the midst of her officers. 
 She fell into the hands of Aurelian about 
 the two hundred and seventy-third year 
 
 of the Christian era. A town of Syria, 
 
 on the Euphrates. 
 
 Zenobii insula, small islands at the 
 mouth of the Arabian gulf. 
 
 Zenodorus, a sculptor in the age of 
 Nero. He made a statue of Mercury, as 
 also a colossus for the emperor, which was 
 one hundred and ten or one hundred and 
 twenty feet high, and which was conse- 
 crated to the sun. The head of this co- 
 lossus was sometime after broken by Ves- 
 pasian, who placed there the head of an 
 Apollo surrounded with seven beams, 
 each of which was seven feet and a half 
 long. From this famous colossus the mo- 
 dern coliseum, whose ruins are now so 
 much admired at Rome, took its name. 
 
 Zenodotia, a town of Mesopotamia, 
 near Nicephorium. 
 
 Zenodotus, a native of TroBzene, who 
 wrote an history of Umbria. A gram- 
 marian of Alexandria, in the age of Ptole- 
 my Soter, by whom he was appointed to 
 take care of the celebrated library of Alex- 
 andria. He died B. C. 245. 
 
 Zenothemis, a Greek writer. 
 
 Zephtrium, a promontory of Magna 
 Grsecia towards the Ionian sea, whence, 
 according to some, the Locrians are called 
 
 Epizephyrii. A town of Cilicia. A 
 
 cape of Crete, now San Zuane of Pon- 
 
 tus. 
 
 Zefhyrum, a promontory in the island 
 of Cvprus, where Venus had a templa 
 
2E 
 
 430 
 
 21 
 
 built by Ptolemy Philadelphia, whence 
 she was called Zephyria. It was in this 
 temple that Arsinoe made an offering of 
 her hair to the goddess of beauty. 
 
 Zephykus, one of the winds, son of As- 
 treus and Aurora, the same as the Favonius 
 of the Latins. He married a nymph called 
 Chloris, or Flora, by whom he had a son 
 called Carpos. Zephyr was said to pro- 
 duce flowers and fruits by the sweetness 
 of his breath. He had a temple at Athens, 
 where he was represented as a young man 
 of delicate form, with two wings on his 
 shoulders, and with his head covered with 
 all sorts of flowers. He was supposed to 
 be the same as the west wind. 
 
 Zerynthus, a town of Samothrace, with 
 a cave sacred to Hecate. The epithet of 
 Zerynthius is applied to Apollo, and also 
 to Venus. 
 
 Zethes, Zetes, or Zetus, a son of Bo- 
 reas, king of Thrace and Orithya, who 
 accompanied, with his brother Calais, the 
 Argonauts to. Colchis. In Bithynia the 
 two brothers, who are represented with 
 wings, delivered Phineus from the contin- 
 ual persecution of the Harpies, and drove 
 these monsters as far as the islands called 
 Strophades, where at last they were stop- 
 ped by Iris, who promised them that Phin- 
 eus should no longer be tormented by 
 them. They were both killed, as some say, 
 by Hercules during the Argonautic expe- 
 dition, and were changed into those winds 
 which generally blow eight or ten days 
 before the dog-star appears, and are called 
 Prodromi by the Greeks. Their sister Cle- 
 opatra married Phineus king of Bithynia. 
 
 Zetta, a town of Africa, near Thapsus, 
 now Zerbi. 
 
 Zetus, or Zethus, a son of Jupiter and 
 Antiope, brother to Amphion. The two 
 brothers were born on mount Cithseron, 
 where Antiope had fled to avoid the re- 
 sentment of her father Nycteus. When 
 they had attained the years of manhood, 
 they collected a number of their friends to 
 avenge the injuries which their mother 
 had suffered from Lycus, the successor of 
 Nycteus on the Xhrone of Thebes, and his 
 wife Dirce. Lycus was put to death, and 
 his wife tied to the tail of a wild bull, that 
 dragged her over rocks and precipices till 
 she died. The crown of Thebes was 
 seized by the two brothers, not only as 
 the reward of this victory, but as their in- 
 heritance, and Zethus surrounded the cap- 
 ital of his dominions with a strong wall, 
 while his brother amused himself with 
 playing on his lyre. Music and verses 
 were disagreeable to Zethus, and accord- 
 ing to some, he prevailed upon his brother, 
 no longer to pursue so unproductive a 
 study. 
 
 Zeugis, a portion of Africa, in which 
 Carthage was. The other division was 
 called Byzacium. 
 
 Zeugma, a town of Mesopotamia, on 
 the western bank of the Euphrates, where 
 was a well known passage across the 
 river. It was the eastern boundary of 
 the Roman empire, and in Pliny's age a 
 chain of iron was said to extend across it. 
 A town of Dacia. 
 
 Zeus, a name of Jupiter among the 
 Greeks, expressive of his being the fa- 
 ther of mankind, and by whom all things 
 live. 
 
 Zeuxidamus, a king of Sparta, of the 
 family of the Proclidae. He was father of 
 Archidamus, and grandson of Theopom- 
 pus, and was succeeded by his son Archi- 
 damus. 
 
 Zeuxidas, a praetor of the Achsean 
 league, deposed because he had proposed 
 to his countrymen an alliance with the 
 Romans. 
 
 Zeuxippe, a daughter of Eridanus, 
 mother of Butes, one of the Argonauts. 
 A daughter of Laomedon. She mar- 
 ried Sicyon, who after his father-in-law's 
 death became king of that city of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, which from him has been call- 
 ed Sicyon. 
 
 Zeuxis, a celebrated painter, born at 
 Heraclea, which some suppose to be the 
 Heraclea of Sicily. He flourished about 
 four hundred and sixty-eight years before 
 the Christian era, and was the disciple 
 of Apollodorus, and contemporary with 
 Parrhasius. In the art of painting he not 
 only surpassed all his contemporaries, 
 but also his master, and became so sensi- 
 ble, and at the same time so proud of the 
 value of his pieces, that he refused to sell 
 them, observing that no sum of money, 
 however great, was sufficient to buy them. 
 His most celebrated paintings were his 
 Jupiter sitting on a throne, surrounded by 
 the gods ; his Hercules strangling the ser- 
 pents in the presence of his affrighted pa- 
 rents; his modest Penelope ; and his Helen, 
 which was afterwards placed in the tem- 
 ple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. He paint- 
 ed grapes, and formed an idea of the good- 
 ness of his piece from the birds which 
 came to eat the fruit on the canvass. But 
 he soon acknowledged that the whole was 
 an ill executed piece, as the figure of the 
 man who carried the grapes was not done 
 with sufficient expression to terrify the 
 birds. According to some, Zeuxis died 
 from laughing at a comical picture he 
 had made of an old woman. 
 
 Zeuxo, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Zilia, or Zeus, a town in Mauritania, 
 at the mouth of a river of the same name. 
 
 Zimara, a town of Armenia Minor, 
 twelve miles from the sources of the Eu- 
 phrates. 
 
 Zingfs, a promontory of ^Ethiopia, near 
 the entrance of the Red sea, now cape 
 Orfui. 
 
 Zioberis, a river of Hvrcania, 
 
zo 
 
 431 
 
 ZO 
 
 Zip-etis, a king of Bithynia, who died 
 in his seventieth year, B. C. 279. 
 Zitha, a town of Mesopotamia. 
 Ziza, a town of Arabia. 
 Zoilus, a sophist and grammarian of 
 Amphipolis, B. C. 259. He rendered him- 
 self known by his severe criticisms on the 
 works of Isocrates and Plato, and the 
 poems of Homer, for which he received 
 the name of Homeromastiz, or the chastiser 
 of Homer. He presented his criticisms to 
 Ptolemy Philadelphia, but they were re- 
 jected with indignation, though the au- 
 thor declared that he starved for want of 
 bread. Some say, that Zoilus was cruel- 
 ly stoned to death or exposed on a cross, 
 by order of Ptolemy, while others support, 
 that he was burnt alive at Smyrna. The 
 name of Zoilus is generally applied to aus- 
 tere critics. The works of this unfortun- 
 ate grammarian are lost. An officer in 
 
 the army of Alexander. 
 
 Zoippus, a son-in-law of Hiero of Si- 
 cily. 
 
 Zoxa, a town of Africa of Thrace 
 
 on the ^Egean sea, where the woods 
 are said toliave followed the strains of 
 Drpheus. 
 
 Zonaras, one of the Byzantine histori- 
 ans. 
 
 ZoryRio, one of Alexander's officers 
 eft in Greece when the conqueror was in 
 Asia. 
 
 Zopyrion, a governor of Pontus, who 
 made war against Scythia. 
 
 Zopyrus, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, 
 who, to show his attachment to Darius 
 the son of Hystaspes, while he besieged 
 Babylon, cut off his ears and nose, and 
 fled to the enemy, telling them that he had 
 received such a treatment from his royal 
 master because he had advised him to 
 raise the siege, as the city was impregna- 
 ble. This was credited by the Babyloni- 
 ans, and Zopyrus was appointed com- 
 mander of all their forees. When he had 
 totally gained their confidence, he betray- 
 ed the city into the hands of Darius, for 
 which he was liberally rewarded. The 
 regard of Darius for Zopyrus could never be 
 more strongly expressed than in what he 
 ysed often to say, that he had rather have 
 Zopyrus not mutilated than twenty Baby- 
 Ions. An orator of Clazomenae. 
 
 A physician in the age of Mithridates. He 
 gave the monarch a description of an an- 
 tidote which would prevail against all 
 sorts of poisons. The experiment was 
 
 tried upon criminals, and succeeded. 
 
 A physician in the age of Plutarch. 
 
 An officer of Argos, who cut off the head 
 of Pyrrhus. A man appointed mas- 
 ter of Alcibiades, by Pericles. A 
 
 physiognomist. A rhetorician of Colo- 
 phon. 
 Zoroanda, a part of Taurus, between 
 
 Mesopotamia and Armenia, near which 
 the Tigris flows. 
 
 Zoroaster, a king of Bactria, supposed 
 to have lived in the age of Ninus, king of 
 Assyria, sometime before the Trojan war. 
 According to Justin, he first invented 
 magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, and 
 rendered himself known by his deep and 
 acute researches in philosophy, the origin 
 of the world, and the study of astronomy. 
 He was respected by his subjects and 
 contemporaries for his abilities as a mon- 
 arch, a lawgiver, and a philosopher, and 
 though many of his doctrines are puerile 
 and ridiculous, yet his followers are still 
 found in numbers in the wilds of Persia, 
 and the extensive provinces of India. 
 Like Pythagoras, Zoroaster admitted no 
 visible object of devotion, except fire, 
 which he considered as the most proper 
 emblem of a supreme being ; which doc- 
 trines seem to have been preserved by 
 Numa, in the worship and ceremonies he 
 instituted in honor of Vesta. According 
 to some of the moderns, the doctrines, the 
 laws, and regulations of this celebrated 
 Bactrian are still extant, and they have 
 been lately introduced in Europe in a 
 French translation by M. Anquetil. The 
 age of Zoroaster is so little known, that 
 many speak of two, three, four, and even 
 six lawgivers of that name. Some au- 
 thors, who support that two persons only 
 of this name flourished, described the first 
 as an astronomer, living in Babylon, 2459 
 years B. C. whilst the era of the other, who 
 is supposed to have been a native of Per- 
 sia, and the restorer of the religion of the 
 Magi, is fixed 589, and by some 519 years 
 B.C. 
 
 Zosimus, an officer in the reign of The- 
 odosius the younger, about the year 410 
 of the Christian era. He wrote the histo- 
 ry of the Roman emperors in Greek, from 
 the age of Augustus to the beginning of 
 the fifth century, of which only the five 
 first books and the beginning of the sixth 
 are extant. In the first of these he is very 
 succinct in his account from the time of 
 Augustus to the reign of Dioclesian, but 
 in the succeeding he becomes more dif- 
 fuse and interesting. His composition is 
 written with elegance, but not much fidel- 
 ity, and the author showed his malevo- 
 lence against the Christians in his histo- 
 ry of Constantine, and some of his suc- 
 cessors. 
 
 Zosine, the wife of king Tigranes, led 
 in triumph by Pompey. 
 
 Zoster, a town, harbor, and promonto- 
 ry of Attica. 
 
 Zosteria, a surname of Minerva. She 
 had two statues under that name in the 
 city of Thebes in Bceotia. The word sig- 
 nified girt, or armed for battle, words syn- 
 onymous among the ancients. 
 
ZY 
 
 432 
 
 ZY 
 
 Zotale, a place near Antiocha in Mar- 
 giana, where the Margus was divided into 
 small streams. 
 
 Zothraustes, a lawgiver among the 
 Arimaspi. 
 
 Zuchis, a lake to the east of the Syrtis 
 Minor, with a town of the same name, fa- 
 mous for a purple dye, and salt fish. 
 
 Zycantes, a people of Africa. 
 
 Zygia, a surname of Juno, because she 
 presided over marriage. She is the same 
 as the Pronuba of the Latins. 
 
 Zygii, a savage nation at the north of 
 Colchis. 
 
 Zygopolis, a town of Cappadocia, on 
 the borders of Colchis. 
 
 Zygrit^:, a nation of Lybia. 
 
 THE END. 
 
HP 8 -.?* 
 
 
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