F 826 .W53 1908 DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 9/0.7 W63 WIDTSOB PETERSON Rand M^Nally & Ca LIBRARY Connecticut State College Vol. XX&SJL Class ^'UO-.Z lAJ(,Z) Cost Bate BOOK 910.7 W63 c 1 WIDTSOF » DODGfS GFOORAPHY ( UTHA BY WIDTSOf ANO PETERSON 3 T153 ODSObSbb M This Book may be kept out TfFO IVEEKS t to a fine of t^'- ?after. DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH By JOHN A. WIDTSOE President of the Agricultural College of Utah ami WILLIAM PETERSON Professor of Geology, tlie Agricultural College of Utah Part I UTAH AS A WHOLE Part II THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES Pari III STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS CHICAGO NEW YORK LONDON RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY I^otigc's <§roarapi)ical Merits By Richard Elwood dodge Professor of Geog^raphy, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City Dodge's Two-Book Series of Geography DODGE'S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY . Special Method: Causal Relations treated by induction, ing from consequences to $ .65 Reason- PART 7— HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people commercially and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS AND THE CONTINENTS Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations com- mercially and industrially, and placing special emphasis on the lives and occupations of the people. DODGE'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY $1.20 Special Method: Causal Relations treated by deduction. Reason- ing from causes to consequences. PART /—THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY Central thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- cal environment. PART //—COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons there- for, and comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. Dodge's Geography by Grades Book One. HOME GEOGRAPHY AND WORLD RELATIONS $ -35 PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people com- mercially and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations commer- cially and industrially. Book Two. ELEMENTS OF CONTINENTAL GEOG- RAPHY $ .50 Special emphasis on the lives and occupations of people. Special Method Books One and Two: Causal Relations treated by induction. Reasoning from consequences to causes. Book Three. PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY AND NORTH AMERICA $ .75 Central Thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- cal environment. Book Four. COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS $ .70 Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons therefor, and comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. Special Method Books Three and Four: Causal Relations treated by deduction. Reasoning from causes to consequences. GENERAL CRITICS FOR BOTH SERIES J. PAUL GOODE. Assistant Professor of Geography, the University of ChicaKo. and ELLEN C. SEMPLE, author of "American History and Its Geographic Conditions." Louisville, Ky. SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS I. AND II. BY GRADES College. New York, and Binghamton, N. Y. AMY SCHf'SSLER. Principal of Spever School. Teache ANMA F. STONE. Principal of Grammar School No. i< SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS III. AND IV. BY GRADES ELIZXBETH SMITH. Department of Geography, the Chicago Normal School, and C.\ROLINE W. HOTCHKISS, Seventh Grade, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, New i ork. Copyright, iqoS By Rand, McNally & Co. Chicago THE INTRODUCTION HOME Geography is usually the first work to be taken up in any study of geography because beginning students need to know first the geography of the locality in which they live, in which they are most interested, and with which they are most familiar from personal experience. The results gained from a study of the region they can see gives them the ability to understand remote regions that can only be pictured or described to them. Because our own home locality is of most interest to us is also a reason why we need to know it better than we need to know any other region of the world. Hence at some time during the school course it is most valuable to make a careful study of the state or group of states in which we live that we may have a better understanding of the geography about us than we can get from the necessarily brief accounts given in a text-book of geography. In a text-book of geography we study the relation of one state or group of states to the whole country of which our home region is a part, and our commercial relations to the world as a whole. It follows that in such a treatment the characteristics that distinguish our own home regions must largely be lost to sight in the consideration of the great features that distinguish the country as a whole. In a special text -book devoted to one state or group of states we can learn more about our own j-egion, its important surface features, its climate, the occupations of its people, its products, its local commerce, its history, its chief cities, and many other features of great interest to us. Hence we need to make a special study of our home locality after we have studied the larger region of which it is an important part. A local geography is not only valuable for study in school that we may know well the region about us, but it is valuable also as a reference volume to which we can refer for facts about our own state in our homes whenever in our reading or conversation some question arises concerning our own state which needs to be answered at once. In this text-book the surface features, the climate, the soil and other natural resources which determine the occupations of the people are studied first because they are the large features which determine the distribution and success of industries. One of the great lessons the student learns in geography is Man's absolute dependence upon Nature for his existence. In this state, as in other regions, topography and climate pointed out the path of development that communities must follow in order to make sure their existence within its borders. In the pages that follow, the student finds traced the fundamental conditions that have moulded the life of the state. After these come the historical events that are landmarks in its growth, and then the study of the industrial and commercial features is taken up. To these, which explain the reasons for the development and growth of the larger cities, and which show us why our own region is important to the country as a whole, careful attention has been given. Certain facts like the distribution and character of educational institutions, the distribution of congressional districts, and the form of government in the region are included, because our knowledge of our own locality would be incomplete without them. These fittingly illustrate the political unity that binds together the interests of all the individuals who form the body- politic which we call the state. That this book may prove especially valuable as a reference work which may properly be made a part of the family library for constant consultation on many points, carefully prepared diagrams, tables of statistics, and references to further reading have been included. RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 7 he Introdnction THE TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. UTAH AS A WHOLE Size and Location 7 Surface ... 7 Geology 12 Soils 13 Drainage 13 Great Salt Lake 15 Climate 16 Plants and Aiaimals 17 History iS Indvistrial Growth 19 Irrigation 19 PAGE Agriculture 20 Horticulture 22 Live Stock 22 Minerals and Mining ... 24 Manufactures .... 27 Transportation and Trade 28 Government 29 State Institutions -^o Education 30 Population 32 PART II. THE (7R0WTH AXD DEVELOPMEXT OE CITIES AXD 77^irA-5 Distribution of Cities and Towns Salt Lake City and Neighboring Cities and Towns. Ogden and Other Cities and Towns of the Lake Shore Region PACE Cities and Towns of the Cache Valle)' Region . . 36 Provo and the Neighboring Cities and Towns . . 37 Other Cities and Towns of L'tah 38 PART III STATISTICS AXD AIDS TO TEACHERS Statistics of the State of Utah by Coimties, Fed- eral Census. 1900, State Estimates, 1900 ... 39 Popvilation of Leading Cities and Towns, at Each Federal Census, i860 to 1900, State Estimates, 1908 39 Population of Utah at Each Federal Census, 1S50 to 1900 39 State or Country of Birth of Population of Utah, 1900 39 Total Production of Principal Minerals from Janu- ary, 1880, to December 31, 1905 40 Coal Mined in Principal Coal-bearing Counties, State Bureau of Statistics 40 Value of Live Stock in Utah, Federal Census, 1900, State Bureau of Statistics, 1907 (Estimated). 40 Some Farm Statistics of Utah, State Census, 1905. 40 Value of Agricultural Products, Federal Census, 1900, State Bureau of Statistics, 1907 ... 40 Forest Reserves 40 Elevations of the Principal Places in Utah ... 40 Irrigation in 1902, Government Report .... 41 Leading Manufacturing Cities, Facts Concerning their Industries, Federal Census, 1900, Census Bulletin 37, 1905 41 Some of the Leading Industries, Value of Products, Federal Census, 1900, Census Bulletin 37, 1905 . 41 The Principal Items of Utah's Wealth, United States Bureau of Statistics, 1900-1904, and Estimates of Local Bureau, 1906-1907 ... 41 Suggestive Questions 42 Suggestions for Collateral Reading 43 Index 44 THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS A Political Map of Utah 8-9 A Relief Map of Utah 10 The Original Area and Reduction of Utah . . .10 A Physical Map of Utah 11 The Mean Annual Rainfall of Utah 16 The Average Annual Rainfall at Salt Lake City and St. George 16 The Average Monthly Rainfall at Salt Lake City and St. George 17 The Mean Temperature of Utah in fanuarv and July "..'.. I 7 The Location of Forest, Indian, and Military Re- ser\ations, 1908 18 The Earliest Explorations in Utah 19 The Yield of Hay per Square Mile, 1905 . . .21 Proportions of Persons Engaged in Each Class of Occupation, Census of 1900 21 The Production of Wheat per Square Mile, State Report of 1905 21 The Production of Sugar Beets per Square Mile, State Report of 1905 23 The Number of Sheep per Square Mile, 1905 . . 24 The Distribution of the Leading Minerals of LUah. 25 The Value of the Principal Minerals in Millions of Dollars for Periods of Five Years in L'tah . . 26 The Growth of Manufacturing Industries Shown by the Value of Products in Millions of Dollars . 2 7 The Leading Educational Institutions of L^tah. . 31 The Population in Tens of Thousands and Density of Population per Square Mile at Each Federal Census 32 The State of Birth of the Native-bom Population and the Percentage of Persons from Each Speci- fied State Living in Utah, Census of 1900 . . 32 The Proportion of Foreign-bom Population of Each Leading Country, Census of igoo 32 The Distribution of L^rban Population in LUah . 33 A Map of Salt Lake -City 34 A Map of the City of Ogden 36 A LIST OP^ THE ILLUSTRATIONS A View of Great Salt Lake 7 A View of the Great Natural Bridge in San Juan County II Timpanogos Peak, AVasatch Mountains .... 11 Glaciated Area in the Uintas 12 The Great Organ Rock, Southwest of Bluff . 12 Conglomerate near Echo 12 Rim of the Buckskin Mountains 13 Bridal Veil Falls, Provo Canyon 13 Grand River and La Sal Mountains 13 A ^'iew of Weber River near Peterson, Morgan County 14 A Scene on Green River 14 Lake Lucie a Glacial Lake in Logan County 14 The Pavilion at Saltair, Great Salt Lake . 15 On the Shore of L^tah Lake 15 Bear River Canyon 20 A Peach Orchard in Emery County 20 A Field of Sugar Beets, Lehi 20 A Vie-w of the Arid Farming District at Nephi. . 22 A Lucem Field in an Arid District 22 Thinning Beets on a Utah Valley Farm. . . .22 A Fruit Orchard in Davis County 23 A Flock of Sheep on the Range 24 Cattle Grazing in the Utah Valle}- 24 Coal Mines and Coke Ovens, Castlegate . . . . 25 Head House. Galena Mine, Bingham Canvon . . 2^ PACE Scene at a Copper Mine in Bingham Canyon . . 26 A Portland Cement Factory in Weber Canyon . . 26 A Sampling Mine in Bingham Canyon . . . . 26 A Smelter at Bingham Junction 27 Salt Piles, Great Salt Lake 27 Woolen Mills at Provo 28 A Sugar-beet Crusher, Provo 28 The Railroad Cut-off Across Great Salt Lake . . 28 View of a Railroad on its Way Through Weber Canyon 29 The Federal Building, Salt Lake City .... 29 View of the Agricultural College, Logan. ... 30 The State L'niversity, Salt Lake Citj^ .... 30 The Latter-Day Saints University at Salt Lake City ..." ' 32 The City and County Building, Salt Lake City . 35 The Temple and Tabernacle, Salt Lake City . . 35 A General View of the Silver King Works at Park City 35 Washington Avenue, Ogdcn 36 Scene in the Lake Shore Region, near Willard. . 37 Looking Down into Logan 37 A Street Scene in Provo 37 Beet Sugar Factory at Lehi 38 A View of Eureka 38 Castlegate, the Majestic Gateway to Price River Canvon t,& A VIEW OF ROCK CANYON NEAR PROVO. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH By John A. Widtsoe, President, and William Peterson, Professor of Geology, the Agricultural College of Utah. I. UTAH AS A WHOLE Size and Location. The state of Utah, lying in the heart of the plateau section, has an area larger than that of New York and Maine, and very nearly as great as that of Pennsylvania and Virginia combined. The original area when Utah was set apart as a territory, September 9, 1850, was much larger. (Fig. 4.) It was "bounded on the west by the state of California; on the north by the territory of Oregon; on the east by the sitm- mit of the Rocky Mountains; and on the south by the 37th parallel of north latitude." Since that time large parts of the original territoiy have been included in the present states of Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado. The southern boundary, however, except in length, has remained unchanged. The pres- ent boundaries of the state are all meridians and parallels. It stretches from 37 degrees to 41 degrees north latitude, and from 109 degrees 4 minutes to 114 degrees 4 minutes west longitude. (Fig. 2.) The area thus defined comprises 84,970 square miles, of which 2,780 square miles are water surface. This area is divided into twenty-seven coun- ties. (Part III, p. 39.) Of these San Juan County is larger than Massachusetts, and Boxelder County is nearly as large as New Jersey. Owing to its position to the west of the best passes across the Roclc}^ Mountains, Utah has shared in the railway commerce between the Central Western and the Pacific Coast states. Its larger cities have grown up near these passes because of their fa^•or- able location as railway centers. Surface. The surface of the state is extremely varied and is naturally though roughly divided into two sections by the Wasatch Mountains. (Fig. 3.) These enter Utah in Cache County on the northern bor- der, extending southward to about the middle .4 I'lC'uj of Great Salt Lak Here may be seen Black Rock, one of the most historic landmarks of the state. [7] Fig. 2. A polUii :il map of Utah. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH of the state. Beyond that point, losing their identity as ranges, they continue south- westward almost to the border of the state in a series of high but gradually descending plateaus. To the east of these ranges lies the plateau region, and to the west the Great Basin with its interior drainage. (Fig. 3.) The plateau ranges from 6,000 to 8,000 feet in- height, above which rise groups like the Henry, Abajo, and La Sal mountains, 11,000 to 13,000 feet high. Into this great plateau on the south the Colorado has cut its world-famous canyon. This is an enor- mous gorge cut by the river from the plateau surface far down into the nearly horizontal rocks. Below may be seen the isolated peaks left between the small side streams that are actively engaged in cutting back into the pla- teau. From the river level, several thousand feet below, these peaks rise like veritable moun- tains, higher and fully as grand as any to be found among the Appa- lachians. In some places the streams have tunneled a way beneath the horizontal strata at the top of the plateau, thereby forming great natural bridges. (Fig. 5.) The Great Basin west of the Wasatch Mountains is really a region of many basins or broad valleys divid- ed by narrow moun- tain ranges. Some of these basins are isola- lated ; others are con- nected or separated by the short moun- tain ranges. These ranges rise above the plain from only a few hundred to about three thousand feet. They are known as the Basin Ranges, and are block mountains. We call them block mountains, because they arc blocks of //(■/ map of Utah. strata which have been broken and slightly tilted, and not folds of strata like the Uinta Mountains to the northeast. Generally the higher portion of each block is on the west, so that the block faces the west in a steep front and east slopes gently down to the floor of the plain. The steep side represents the line along which the rocks have been broken, or faulted, and later tilted. The edges of the blocks are not regular, as might be expect- ed from the proc- ess of formation, but irregular be- cause running water has cut val- leys back into the Fig. 4. The original area and reductions of the territory of Utah. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH During the development of the Wasatch escarpment a small block was cut from the Wasatch group, and, as a result of this, the mountain front has two escarpments from Ogden northward to the state line. Between the two escarpments lies the beau- FiG. 5. A view of tlic grral iianiral I'rhigc 111 >an Juan County. The width of the great span is ninety-four feet, the highest elei'ation from top to bottom one hundred eight feet, white tlie roadway at the top is thirty feet wide. blocks, and carved them into numerous peaks and ridges similar to those of other mountains. The western front of the Wasatch ;\Ioun- tains is formed by a great uplift similar in character to that which has caused the general outline of the block mountains. The displacement, w-hich began ages ago, and is still in progress, has slowly raised the great escarpment (Adv. Geog., p. 34) to the west until it has amounted to many hundreds of feet. Some of this uplift has been removed by the rivers, and as a result of this erosion peaks like Tim- panogos (12,300 feet) (Fig. 7) have been left. That portion known as the Wasatch Plateau (Fig. 3) has an elevation ranging from 8,000 to 11,000 feet. Aquarius Plateau, far- ther south, has about the same elevation. Fig. 6. A physical map of Utah. Fig. 7. Timpanogos Peak. Wasatch Momilaiiis. These mountains abound in grand and rugged scenery. tiful mountain-rimmed Cache Valley, thirtj^ miles long and ver}' nearly ten miles wide. The Uinta Mountains are a broad, dome- like uplift 100 miles long and cut off to the north by a fault. In the center of this great arched rock the strata are horizontal. Owing to its height, rivers have been able to cut deep into this area and have formed many pic- turesque canyons and \alleys. The highest altitudes in the state are found in the Uintas. (Fig. 6.) Gil- bert Peak with an ele- vation of 13,687 feet reaches the greatest height, but it only slightly exceeds Em- mons Peak (13,624 feet), Wilson Peak 13,300 feet), Alount THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Fig. 8. GlacincJ area in the V iiitas at the head of Weber Canyon, lee passed over litis section so recently that the rock has not yet had time to weather into soil. Lovenia (13,250 feet), and Tokewanna Peak ( 13, 200 feet). This whole region is so high that once, like many of the peaks of the Wasatch, it was covered by glaciers which crept far down the valleys. The evidence of the glaciers is seen in the boulder-covered moraine ridges, and in the hundreds of glacial lakes (Fig. 16) which add much to the beauty of a region renowned for the grandeur of its scenery. Geology. The rocks which Fif-J)- The great origan rock southurst °-' . . of Bluff. This rock 4go feet high and outcrop within the state, and j^ofeetwideatthebaseisaremark- r I.- I. ii_ _i. • able example of rock sculpture. from which through erosion ^ ' ^ the soils have been derived, vary greatly in character. (Figs. 8, 9, and 11.) In the heart of the Uintas and in the Wasatch ilountains extremely ancient crystalline rocks are found. The larger portion, however, of the rocks of these mountain masses is of much more recent date. The history of the development of the country from the early times to the present is long and complicated. Only a few of the more important chapters of that wonderful history can be given here. The great earth movements which have caused the uplifts which have already been described are recent events, obviously later in date than the formation of the stratified rocks which have been uplifted so many thousands of feet. Long, long ago the area of the present state of Utah lay beneath a shallow sea which covered a large portion of the western United States. Into this great body of water the rivers carried detritus from the lands round about it, and from this river-borne material the strata now seen in the plateaus were formed. During the earlier period of uplift, where the Uinta and Wasatch mountains now stand, great lakes were formed. These lakes were partly filled by the work of the rivers, and were thus changed into swamps in which vegetation abounded. The remains of this \-c'getation is now seen in the coal deposits of the state. (Fig. 39.) At a later period, elevation began anew and is still in progress. As the region slou'ly rose the rivers kept on cutting back into the rock masses, and thus were formed the great valleys later occupied by gla- ciers. Since the period of glaciation comparatively little erosion has been accomplished. (Fig. 8.) Yet the rivers are constantly and actively at work cutting deeply into the rock masses, and carrying away and Fig. 10. Conglomerate near licho. This rock weathers so rapidly that little vegetation grows on tts slopes. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH distributing the detritus furnished by tlie weathering and decay of the rocks. (Fig. lo.) Soils. The soils of Utah are chiefly alluvial. In the river valleys and on the plain of the Great Basin wherever water is available the coarse or fine detritus which has been brought Fig. II. Rim of liuckskin Alouniain, the roughest coun- try i)! the world. The great irregularity of the uplift is the result of cutting and not of elevation. down by the rivers is devoted to agriculture. The soils formed directly by decay of the underlying rocks are found chiefly at high levels and are not used in agriculture. Drainage. With the excep- tion of the northwestern por- tion of the state where the waters all flow northward to the Snake River, the rivers of Utah, like the surface, are divided into two groups. The plateau section of the state is drained by the Colorado and its tributaries. The Great Basin is a region of interior drainage; that is, its streams do not flow to either ocean, but the waters collect in the valleys and then sink into the ground or are evaporated. The Green River (Fig. 15) drains the northern portion of the plateau by means of its Fig. 12. Bridal Veil Falls, Provo Canyon, in a region of great scenic beauty which annually attracts many visitors. i'lr,. 1-5. Grand River and La Sal M i-!iiii.iiu~. This iso- lated mountain group rising out of a desert plateau is of volcanic origin, with summits ranging be- tween 11.800 and I J. 000 feet in altitude. tributaries, Henrys Fork, Duchesne, White, Price, and San Rafael rivers. The Grand River (Fig. 13), which drains the west cen- tral portion of Colorado, flows into the Green and with it forms the Colorado. The Colo- rado, in the southeastern portion of the state, receives several tributaries from the west and one large tributary, the San Juan, from the east. Fremont or Dirty Devil River, Escalante River, Paria River, and Virgin River drain the high plateau of southern Utah, and the San Juan drains parts of New Mexico and Colorado. In certain places these streams have cut deep picturesque valleys, and along their courses are found the richest alluvial soils of the plateau section. The drainage of the Great Basin is interesting not only because the Basin is the great- est area of interior drainage in the United States, but because its present drainage differs so greatly from that of the remote past. The larger part of the Great Basin lying within the bounds of Utah 14 THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Fig. i=; Fig. 14. -4 view of Weber River near Peterson, Morgan County. In the distance may be seen Cottonwood Mountain. was once occupied by a great fresh-water lake that drained north to the Snake River. This lake covered an area of 19,760 square miles and in places was more than a thousand feet deep. It had a length of 346 miles ; its great- est width was 145 miles; and its shore line approximately 2,550 miles. Winds beat the lake and formed great waves that dashed the waters against the shore. The action of waves and eddying currents along the shore line resulted in such peculiar beach forms and deposits as are now to be seen in process of development along the shore of any great lake or of the ocean. As the water dried away, these water-made forms were exposed to view. To-day these old shore lines plainly recorded high up on' the mountain sides are, next to the mountains themselves, the most conspic- uous features of the Basin area. At Provo and at Salt Lake City the old shore line is especially conspicuous and may be seen run- ning along the sides of the hills as clearly now as when first revealed. Above the horizontal terraces may be seen the gullies and ridges due to the work of running w^ater, while below the shore line all the land features are more or less horizontal. This great lake, long since dried up, is known as Bonneville in honor of Captain Bonneville, who first visited this region in 1 83 1, and who gave to the world the first account of this wonderfully interesting region. During the existence of Lake Bonneville the climate was more humid or moist than it now is and abundant streams flow'ed down the mountain sides. The higher mountains were covered by glaciers, and a valley glacier extended down from the Wasatch Range in Little Cottonwood Canyon to the shores of the lake itself. The rock waste or fine detritus washed into the lake settled to the bottom or floor of the lake and, as the waters dried away, a flat plain covered by rich allu- vial soil was re- vealed. To the west the soil of the plain is so full of salts that it is barren and has been called the "Great Fig. 16. Lake Lucu\ a (ilaciul /dAi ni /..it;.!); ( duyi^n. As a result oj the blacking o/ anLioit valleys leitk glacial drift, Utah abounds in beautiful lakes. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH IS American Desert." In the east, where water is available for culti- vation, this plain is a region unsurpassed in fertility. To-day in the lowest portions of the old lake floor are found the three lakes, Great Salt, Utah, and Sevier. Salts derived from the rocks of the land were dissolved in the great mass of water in Lake Bonneville. As evaporation reduced the old lake to the present smaller lakes, these salts have been left behind. Then as the waters decreased in amount they grew more and more salty. Hence the waters of the lowest of the present lakes, Sevier and Great Salt, are extremely salt. While these lakes receive several small trib- utaries from the higher, moister regions about them, only a small number of the streams formed in the block mountains reach these bodies of water. The larger number of streams w^aste away or their waters are absorbed in the soils at the foot of the moun- tains, hence they disappear as streams. Sevier River flows down from the central plateau section and, after cutting its way through the western ridge of the Wasatch Mountains, flows into Se- vier Lake. The Provo River, the Weber River (Fig. 14), and the Bear River (Fig. 25) all rise in the western end of the Uintas and contribute the volume of their waters to Utah (Fig. 18) and Great Salt lakes. These lakes are connected by the Jordan River. The valley of the Provo in the lower por- tion is renowned for its fertility, and that of the Weber forms the Fig. 17. The pavilion at Saltair. Great Salt Lake. The natural gateway for lake is widely known as a pleasure and health resort, ., 1 / "P ' ^ and chief among the beautiful and attractive railroaaS (rig. ^2) places along its shores is Saltair. through the Wasatch Range. The Bear River, rising in Utah, flows northward through a portion of Wyoming, then reenters the state in Rich County, but soon crosses again into Wyoming and Idaho before it finally returns to the state and makes its way to Great Salt Lake. It flows through Cache Valley, heretofore mentioned, and receives several important tributaries from the western spurs of the Wasatch Mountains. These mountain streams follow pathways having steep slopes and afford excellent water power, which is beginning to be utilized for the development of electricity. Great Salt Lake. Great Salt Lake (Figs, i and 17) is the largest and most interesting body of salt water in the United States. With an area of 2 , 3 7 5 square miles and a depth vary- ing from forty to seventy feet, it is one of the large lakes of the country. Its level varies constantly. Some years it is very low. As the amount of water de- creases the percentage of salt increases. Fig. iS. On the shore of I'tah Lake. It lies in one of the most beautiful and fruitful valleys in the state and is much frequented by sportsmen and pleasure seekers as a fishing, bathing, and boating resort. i6 THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH then when the lake fills up slightly, the water gradually becomes less salty. The percentage of salt in the water varies from 1 8 per cent to 25 per cent, consti- tuting at times one- fourth the whole bulk. At all times the lake is too salt to sustain life in any species of fish. The density of the briny water is great enough to support the human body without effort, and makes bath- ing in the lake a great pleasure. Bathing in Great Salt Lake, which began with the arrival of the first band of set- tlers, has yearly at- tracted increasing numbers of visitors. Among the beautiful resorts that have been developed along its shore is Saltair (Fig. 17), visited each year by more than 200,000 people. Climate. Owing to its position between two mountain ranges which act as barriers to moisture-bearing winds, the climate is exceedingly dry and the annual rainfall (Fig. 19) is not more than one-half as great as that of the more eastern Atlantic states. Fig. 19. The mean annual rainfall of Utah. \'^ariation, howe^^er, is wide. At Salt Lake City, within the region of heaviest rainfall, the yearly average is six- teen inches ; in the ex- treme southwest it is less than seven inches (Figs. 20 and 21); the average for the whole state being about twelve inches. The range of altitude with- in the state is more than 10,000 feet, hence in a region with so great a range of relief it follows naturally that variations in tem- perature are corre- spondingly great. The mean temperature for January ranges from 24.1° at Snowville in the extreme north to 27.9° at Salt Lake City, and to 35.8° at St. George in the extreme southwest. In like manner the July averages range from 69.5° to 75.5° and 83.1°. (Fig. 22.) The rainfall is greater on the higher ranges, and in these regions snow accumu- lates to a great depth. Elsewhere the snow- fall is light. In the north the winters are cold and severe, while in the south they are extremely mild. Because of the extreme dryness of the air, a large part of the rainfall is immediately evapo- rated, hence the soil is SALT LAKE CITY 8 S S g & S ST. GEORGE Fig. 20. The average annual rainfall at ^alt Lake City and St. George. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH T7 dry and in places extremely rich in salts. It is estimated that the amount of water evapo- rated from Great Salt Lake is not less than eight}' inches annually. The climate of Utah is healthful and invigorating. It is highly favorable for agriculture, and wherever water is brought to the surface, either by rains or irrigation, crops gro^^' luxuriantly. Plants and Animals. The vegetation of Utah is varied, as is to be expected in a region having such a wide range of climate. It ranges from the plants characteristic of hot countries, found in the southern valleys, to those of the far north, growing in the higher mountain areas. Because of this great varia- tion in climate the number of kinds of plants compared with the quantity is very great. The arid regions are sparsely covered with vegetation, but in places support a growth of sagebrush and other plants, some of which afford good winter forage for sheep. The hot region in the extreme southwest abounds in plants characteristic of that section. Of these the cacti, of which the yucca or Joshua tree (Elem. Geog., Fig. iS6) is perhaps the most interesting, are the more numerous. Inches Forested areas are found in the higher regions, but the amount of merchantable tim- ber is not large and the state does not produce enough lum- Fig. 22. Tlic mean icmperaiure of Utah in January and July. SALT LAKE CITY ST. GEORGE I. The average monthly rainfall at Salt Lake City and at St. George. ber to supply the home demand. Hence lumber is an important article of import in Utah. A large part of the timbered area of the state is now included in the United States forest reserves. (Fig. 23.) Throughout the reserves the cutting of timber is restricted and grazing is controlled. Under these conditions the growth of underbrush is protected, and tlie forest resources are being so used as to insure a timber supply for future generations. A reckless use of the forest resources of a state means not only a lack of timber for future needs, but the deforested regions \\-ould shed the rain rapidly and the stip- ply of water for irrigation would therefore be decreased seriously. The valuable timber trees are the yellow and lodge -pole pine, the Douglas spruce, and the balsam fir. ^huiy other trees, such as the juniper, piiion, and cottonwood, THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH are found in the ravines, on the tablelands, and along the ridges and principal streams. They are of use locally but are not important as timber trees. Although there are many species of -wild animals in Utah, owing to the small rainfall and scanty vegetation they are not found in great numbers. Antelope and deer exist in a few localities. The bear, coyote, lynx, beaver, and mountain lion are seen in many sections, and a small herd of bison is kept on Antelope Island in Great Salt Lake. The jack rab- bit is so destructive to crops in Sanpete, Sevier, and several other counties as to be a great pest. Game birds abound in cer- tain sections, affording game for sportsmen and hunters. Trout are abundant in all the mountain streams and the black bass has been introduced and is plentiful in Utah Lake. History. The first white men to enter the region which is now Utah were Spaniards sent by Coronado. Under the leadership of Cardeiias they reached the Colorado River in 15 40. 101776 two Franciscan friars, Escalante and Dominguez, seeking a direct route to the Pacific, went from Santa F6 to Utah Lake. (Fig. 24.) About the year 1825 trappers came into the countrj-, and later a few immigrants passed through on their way to California and the Oregon cotmtr\'. At this time the Indians were the only inhabi- tants of the region. The real histor>' of the state began in 1847, Fig. 23. The location of reservati, when a little band of Mormon exiles led by Brigham Yoimg entered Salt Lake Valley. The Mormons had suffered much because of their religious beliefs. Therefore, in 1845, when the Fremont expedition made known and opened the way to this remote region. Young, who had long desired to remove with his followers to the Far West, resolved to migrate to the new countr\'. Driven from their homes in Illinois and Missouri, the Mormons bravely started out on the long and toilsome journey in search of a place where they might bmld up new homes, and, unmolested, worship in their own way. Although the region to which they then migrated formed part of Mexico, the immi- grants, loyal to the countn,' they had left, unfurled on Ensign Peak the Stars and Stripes. (Fig. 24.) As a result of the war with Mexico, in which the ]\Iormons bravely bore a part, this territory, by the treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo in 1848, was ceded to the United States. No immediate provision being made by the United States for the government of the territory, the peo- ple set up a government under their church organization. Ih 1849, pending the action of Congress, the state of Deseret was organized, and admission to the Union was sought. Congress, however, refused to admit the state, but organized, September 9, 1850, the territory' of Utah with Brigham Young as first (jovernor. Ill J III Hilary THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 19 Immigrants continued to come into the region until in 1852 it contained about 15,000 people. The people then began spreading out into the valleys north and south of Salt Lake City, and wherever water for irrigation could be easily diverted towns sprang up. Repeated attempts were made to have Utah admitted to the Union as a state, but not until July 16, 1894, was an Enabling Act passed. Tliis act, signed by President Cleveland, called for a constitutional conven- tion, which met in Salt Lake City in the following March and framed the fundamen- tal law upon which Utah, Januar}^ 4, 1896, took her place among the states of the Union. Industrial Growth. No sooner had the Mormons reached Salt Lake Valley than they began plowing the parched earth and making irrigating canals preparatory to planting a crop. From that time on agricul- tural pursuits (Fig. 29) have furnished em- ployment for the main body of the people. The rich deposits of ore in the moimtains often tempted the early settlers to forsake the cultivation of the soil for the occupation of mining. This their far-sighted leaders always discouraged, rightly believing that a stable commonwealth could best be built up by spending their energies in developing the land. Even with this precaution the colo- nists had much privation to undergo in order to maintain themselves. Drouth, devastating Fig. 24. The earliest explorations in Utah insects, and Indian attacks repeatedly threat- ened destruction to the colony. These colonists, thousands of miles from civilization, with poor transportation facili- ties, practically had to be self-supporting, therefore manufacturing and other industries were gradually developed. Good wagon roads, however, were built at an early day between Salt Lake City and all outlying set- tlements and were a most important factor in the early development of the territoiy. Silver was discovered in 1857, and gold in 1864, in Bingham Can- yon, where the first mine, the Old Jordan, was opened in 1863, and a little later min- ing became the occu- pation of increasing numbers of the people. The completion of the Union Pacific in 1869 gave Utah connection with the great markets ■"'of the countr\% and since that time the in- dustrial and commer- cial growth of the state has been not only stead}' but rapid. Irrigation. Xo other subject is of greater importance to the material growth and development of Utah than irrigation. The rainfall being insufificient to produce average crops, success in agriculture must depend largely upon irrigation, by means of which water is conveyed to the land to be cultivated by open ditches or canals. These canals, often miles in length, are constructed at great cost. The first settlers, the Mormons, located as near as possible to streams, springs, or lakes, and from these by means of ditches led the THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH water to their fields. As new settlers came in these ditches were gradually extended. Hence it is seen that in America the Mor- mons were the pioneers in the modern prac- tice of irrigation. The fact that the farmer must depend upon irrigation to raise his crops makes the water in any district of equal or Fig. 25. Bear River Canyon, along the Rear River irri- gation canal. This important canal supplies water to many thousand acres of land. greater value than the soil. Before the water rights were decided by the courts the irriga- tion systems were in the hands of the local authorities, and usually an impartial as well as an economic distribution of the water was made. Irrigated farms were small and uni- form in size, and disputes about water or the right to use it were rare. In some districts these early methods are still followed. In recent years reservoirs have been built Fig. J 7, .\ jiclJ n/ ,n^„r hccts. L,::: Is arc alicays groivn on irrigated land. I he iiraagaics seen in the foreground are used in regulating the flow of water into the field. in different parts of the state for storing the surplus water, and in this way the water supply available for irrigation has been greatly increased. The national government is constructing, at large expense, a great reservoir in Utah County, and is planning other important extensions. These works, when completed, will still further increase the water supply of the state. In 1902 the Utah canals irrigated nearly 715,000 acres of land. The area now being irrigated exceeds 1,000,000 acres, and there are more than 7,000 miles of irrigating canals. (Fig. 25.) Agriculture. In Utah agriculture has always been the chief occupation of the people (Fig. 29), and, owing to the fine soils and favorable chmate, and to the excellent opportunity for .1 peaih orchard in an irrigated district in limcry bounty. It lies in a valley traversed by the Green Rii which affords an abundant water supply for irrigating wide tracts of rich agricultural lands. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Fig. 28. The yield of hay per square mile, state report, igoj. irrigation, it is a steadily growing industry. Only 3 per cent, however, of the area of the state as yet is devoted to farming. Probabh- the extremely dry regions where the soil con- tains much alkali will never be favorable for agriculture. In this state agriculture falls naturally into two general classes; that on o 10 M so 40 S" 60 70 Sa "w Agriculture _ . Domestic and personal sen Transportntion j and trade B^^^^B Manufactures bbh^b I FiG. 29. Proportion of persons ... . engaged in each class of Mining . ^^ ..J- occupation, census J'ru/essicnal sercUe -mm of IQOO. irrigated, and that on non-irrigated or arid land. Arid (Fig. 31), or dr\- farming as it is often called, is a comparatively new branch of the industry-, but one rapidly growing in favor. The growing of crops in the Great Ameri- can Desert, as Utah was long called, without the artificial application of water was scarcely thought of before i860, and dry farming can hardly be said to ha\'e been begun before 1880. In the early go's dry farming without irrigation was established in the northern counties of the state. People of the south- ern counties, however, did not believe that it could be made profitable below Salt Lake City. But the practice was gradually extended south, and drj^ farming is now suc- cessfully carried on in nearly ever}^ part of Utah. It can not be applied to all Utah soils, but is successful chiefly on heavy clay and light sandy soils. Six experimental arid farms have been established by the state, r.nd these are. demonstrating what crops may be grown without the aid of irrigation. It is estimated that there are 23,000,000 acres of land in the state that can be profitably devoted to dr}' farming. In 1905 nearly 100,000 acres of arid land were planted to Fig. 30. The production of wheat per square mile. state report, igoy THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Fig. 31. .4 view oj tin showing llu and farming district at Neplii, method oj plowing. wheat, yielding about 1,500,000 bushels, or 15.3 bushels to the acre. In the future, probably, cereals, grasses, and similar crops will be raised largely on arid lands; while on the valuable irrigated farms such crops as sugar beets and fruit will be produced. The principal agricultural crops in Utah are hay, chiefly lucern or alfalfa, wheat (Figs. 28, 30, and 32), oats, corn, barley, potatoes, and sugar beets (Figs. 27, 33, and 34), rye, fruits, and vegetables. Cotton thrives in the extreme southwest. Horticulture. Both soil and climate invite the cultivation of fruits, and all varieties of temperate fruits thrive and yield abundantly. In the southern section of the state, in San Juan, Grand, and Washington counties, semi- tropical fruits, such as the fig, pomegranate, almond, and grape, grow luxuriantly. The growing of grapes espe- cially is now well estab- lished, and raisins of su- perior quality formanimpor- Fic. 7,2 A ituem field :>: ■; ^ Profitable erops oj III. , III. ,0,1, ul. tant product. grown m many scelions oj Previous to 1890 little attention was given to the growing of fruit except for family use. Since that time, however, many commercial orchards have been established and thousands of trees are planted each year. Practically all the fruit produced in Utah is grown on Fig. ^;i. Thinning beets on a Utah \'alley jarni. The growing oj sugar beets is one of the lead- ing industries of the state. irrigated lands. (Figs. 26 and 35.) It has been demonstrated, however, that in some parts of the state certain varieties can be grown successfully on arid lands. Much of the fruit grown in Utah, which is unusual in size and excellent in quality, is sent to New York and other eastern markets, where it is held in high favor. In 1903 the value of the fruit crop was nearly $1,000,000. Live Stock. Stock raising has always been an important feature in Utah agriculture. The early set- tlers found the m o u n t a i n slopes covered abundantly with excellent grasses, while the scanty veg- etation of the desert included istri.i in ,.;., i grassBS and and oilier janii I't.'uiu,^ u,, „..io ' i • u the state without irrigation. snruDS Wnicn THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 23 also aflforded nutri- tious food for stock. The original flocks and herds increased until to-day the cat- tle, sheep (Figs. 36, 37, and 38), and horses number many thousands. In 1907 the value of live stock in the state was $26,000,000. Of this sum $11,000,000, or nearly one-half of the total amount, repre- sented the value of the sheep. Much atten- tion is given to the breeding of fine sheep, and nowhere else do we find finer ]\Ierino and Cotswold sheep than we do in some parts of Utah. The wool produced by these sheep is remarkable for quality and weight, single fleeces some- times weighing from forty to sixty-five pounds. Cattle and milch cows rank next to sheep in importance. Dairying is confined to the fertile valleys of the irrigated districts. Horses form an important and growing item in the live- stock industn,', their value nearly doub- ling between 1900 and 1905. In 1905 thtp were 973,34,; chickens, 35,- 315 turkeys, 11,866 ducks, Fig. 35. .1 jruit orchard in Davis County. All the j>)-;,£;u(i'J lauJs arc be given over to the growing of fruits, sugar beets, and other more prof- itable crops, and to the exclusion of grain and alfalfa. and 5,501 geese. In the same year the 21,397 stands of bees in the state produced more than 13,360,000 pounds of honey. The production is increasing rapidly, as Utah honey is widely known for its purity and flavor. Sheep raising is by far the most important branch of the live- stock industry. This industry is largely con- fined to the grass re- gions of mountain and desert areas that are unsuited to agricul- ture. In summer the sheep are driven high up into the mountains, where they feed on the luxuriant grass made possible by winter snows and rains. As cold weather sets in they are driven to the western deserts, where throughout the winter they secure food from the scanty vegetation and water from the light snows. Since a large part of the area consists of mountain and desert lands which can never be profitable for agriculture, this branch of the live-stock industry will continue no doubt to flour- ish. The pres- ervation of the forests in the X ational Forest Reserve and the regulation production of sugar beets per square mile, state report of ipo^. 24 THE GEOGRiVPHY OF UTAH of the number of ani- mals that may graze on a certain area of land also tend to make the raising of sheep a much more permanent industry. This plan has already resulted in breaking up the vast herds common until lately throughout the state. Xowwehave smaller droves owned by many men instead of a few owners of countless herds. This leads to more home feeding and hence to improved stock. The cattle industr\' also de- pends in great part on the summer feed found in the mountains. Fig. 36. The nmnber of Large numbers of cattle and sheep are also brought from the ranges in winter and fed on the farms. The production of wool, however, Minerals and Mining. By far the most impor- tant source of Utah's wealth is found in her enormous deposits of minerals. (Figs. 39 and 43.) While mining is the most important industr}'- of the state, as yet only a small joart of the available resources has been developed. The rocks of the Wa- satch ]\Iountains and those in the southern part of the state, cov- ering an area of more than 2,000 square miles, contain work- able deposits of ex- cellent coal. (Fig. 39.) It is believed these de- shcep fer square mile. jQoj. positS will, in the near future, furnish more coal than is needed for home use. Up to the present time, however, not enough coal is mined to meet the increas- ing demands of manufacturing. Hence a large amount of coal is brought in from other states. Coal was discovered at Coal Creek near Cedar City in 185 1, yet coal mining (Fig. 40) in Utah has been largely a development Fig. 37. .4 flock of sJiccf' on the ranee. The raising of sheep for 'ivool is the most important feature of the live-stock industry in Utah. remains the chief branch of the live-stock industry, Utah ranking seventh among wool- producing states. Like the growing of fruit, the live-stock industrv is onlv in its infancv. Fig. 38. Cattle grazing in tlie Utah \' alley. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH of the last twenty years. As the iron in- dustry becomes more important annually the amount of coal used for making coke increases. The mining of the precious metals, gold and silver (Fig. 43), increases constantly, and to-day Utah ranks third in the production of silver and sixth in gold. The first mining camp was opened in 1863 in the Bingham district. The leading mining regions to-day in the production of both gold and silver are the Bingham, Tin- tic, and Park City (Fig. Fig. 39. The distribution of th 65) districts. These three areas are widely known for their rich and productive mines. (Figs. 41, 42, and 45.) The ores are extremely Fig. 40. Coal mines and coke o-rens, Castlc(:ale. Coal from this field produces coke z^'hich. as an ideal fuel for industrial plants, bids fair to rival the celebrated Connellsville product. rich in copper and lead and in 1906 Utah was the third state in the Union in the produc- tion of lead and fourth in the yield of copper. The most important mines are the Ontario, Silver King, and Daly West at Park City; Highland Boy and Old Jordan at Bingham; Bullion-Beck, Centen- nial, Eureka, and Grand Central in the Tintic District; the Homsilver at Frisco, and the Consolidated at Mercur. Smelters for sepa- rating the metals from the ores are located at Bingham Junction (Fig. 46), ilurray, Gar- field, Sandy, Milford, and Ogden. By far the larger part of the ores produced are ; leading minerals of Ctah. smelted in the State. High-grade iron ores, especially of mag- netite and hematite, are found in Utah, the richest deposits being in Iron Count5^ in the southern part of the state. As yet little iron is mined except in Millard, Juab, and Utah counties. The immense deposits of iron (Fig. 39), practically unworked, are, however, of Fig. 41. Head house, troicna mtne, Bingham Canyon. Notice the aerial tramway for sending the ore below. 26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Fi.;., 42. Sll-iic III a copper nunc in I'.inejiani (\inyfn Here may be seen the steam shovel used tn this dis- trict for the shallow mining of copper ore. great value and, with the increased develop- ment of the state, the manufacture of iron is destined to become an important industr}-. 3^ years.. . iqoi - iqos, iSqo - jgoo . /SS6-/S00 ^m^m I P^''- 43- ^^'^ value of the principal I minerals in millions of dollars for jSSi-iSSj....Lm^m ' periods of five years in Utah. ]\Iany deposits of the less common minerals are found in the state. (Fig. 39.) Asphalt is obtained from the minerals gilsonite and /;/,i....' ry in Weber Canyon, ch year the anioitul oj i eiiieni used in Utah is more than doubled, and all is produced at home. claterite. They arc mined so extensively in Uinta County that Utah ranks third in the Union in the production of asphalt. Many of the streets of Salt Lake City and Ogden are paved with asphalt manufactured in the state. The harder varieties of these minerals are used for making varnish. Extensive beds of gypsum are found in Sevier Valley, in Juab, Sanpete, and Sevier counties. Large quanti- ties are mined and manufactured into plas- ter, which is an important product in Utah. There are large deposits of sulphur in Beaver and Millard counties, and salt occurs in the valley of the Sevier from Nephi to Salina. Salt also forms a very large portion of the Fig. 45. .1 sampling mine in Bingham Canyon. Here the ore is concentrated, or separated from the rock, and only the richest shipped to the smelter. solid matter of Great Salt Lake. (Fig. 48.) The state is rich also in building and orna- mental stones as well as in cement-producing rocks. The cement industry is being exten- sively developed, and large plants for the manufacture of Portland cement are now in operation at Salt Lake City and in Weber Canyon. (Fig. 44.) Granite from the Wasatch Mountains is quarried for local building purposes. The temple at Salt Lake City is built of this rock. (Fig. 64.) Sandstone is, however, more largely quarried for use in building than any other rock. The chief centers of sandstone production lie in the southern part of the THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 27 Fig. 46. A srnelter at Bingham Junction, where gold, sili\ r, per are separated from the ore. The smelting of ores of the largest industries in Utah, as it is in all the other Plateau States. state. Oolitic limestone, a rival of granite as an ornamental building stone, is found in Sanpete County and was used in building the temple at Manti. Marble and ]\Iexican onys. are also quarried to a limited extent for ornamental purposes, and the rich deposits of clay are just begin- ning to be used in the manufacture of brick and tile. Manufactures. The location of Utah, J cop- jSyo between two mountain ranges and at a long distance from the great manufacturing centers of the country, makes transportation expensive. Naturally this adds greatly to the cost of manufactured products brought into the state. At the same time the state has an inexhaustible supply of coal, and the numerous falls and rapids in the streams afford abtmdant water power. Thest_' conditions, the great cost ot imported products, and the abundant fuel and power at hand, naturally encourage home manufactures. In 1900 the value of the manufactured prod- ucts exceeded S2 1 ,000,000, being nearly three times as great as in 1890. By 1906 the value of the products rose to nearly 839,000,000. (Fig. 47.) In the last named year the industrial works of the state gave employ- ment to more than 8,000 per- sons, and engaged a capital of more than $26,000,000. The immense deposits of iron in the southern part of the state, with a vast coal supply near at hand, make probable in the future great iron and steel works, which would give em- ployment to many people and thus create increased demand for agricultural products. At present the most important manufac- turing industry is the smelting and refining of copper, silver, and gold ores. (Fig. 46.) In the year 1905 copper smelting was the , ^s 3° js *> leading single industry ^ I of Utah. The manu- . , facture of beet sugar (Fig. 50) is rapidly be- coming a great indus- tr}^ In 1908 there were sLx factories in operation. These are located at Ogden, Lehi, Logan, Garfield, Provo, and Lewiston. During the years 1906-1907 the combined product turned out by these fac- tories was 80,848,000 pounds of sugar. This Fig. 47. Tlie growth of manufactur- ing industries shown by the value of products in millions of dollars. Fig. 48. Salt piles. Great Salt Lake. The water from the lake is conducted into ponds and evaporated, and the salt scraped into heaps. This forms one of the commercial industries of the state. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Fig. 4g. Woolen mills at Provo. Establislied by Brig- ham Ycitng ill i8y2, they were the first erected west of Chicago, and are now the largest woolen mills west of the Missouri River. product gave Utah fourth rank among the beet sugar-producing states of the Union. Canneries, cream- eries, condensed milk factories, flouring mills, can- dy factories, lum- ber and planing mills, foundries, machine shops, tanneries, shoe factories, woolen mills (Fig. 49), and knitting factories are among the industrial institu- tions which convert the raw materials of the state into the finished products. Transportation and Trade. Owing to its position Utah is entirely dependent upon the railroads (Figs. 51 and 52) for the move- ment of its imports and exports. On May 10, 1869, the Union Pacific from the east and the Central Pacific from the west met at Promontory Point. For the first time Utah was in quick connection with the ports of the Pacific coast and the manufacturing regions of the Central and Eastern states. In 1870 a railroad was built from Ogden to Salt Lake City, and in 1883 the completion of the Denver & Rio Grande gave a second route to the east. Mining enterprises caused the building of many short lines connecting Fig. 50. A sngar-oeei crnsner. F'ro: be seen /,ooo tons of beet root awaiting The juice will be pumped to the sugar refinery at Lehi, twenty-five miles away. the mining towns with the larger cities. The latest railroad line extended across the state w^as the Salt Lake Route from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles. This road gives Utah a new outlet to the Pacific. The line runs through the southern section of the state and has opened up to agriculture and grazing large areas of hitherto unoccupied lands. With competition the necessity for shorter routes was seen, and this resulted in the building of the famous cut-off across the northern end of the Great Salt Lake. This road, built on trestle (Fig. 51) over some places where the water is thirty feet deep, has shortened the route to San Fran- cisco forty-three miles and has ma- terially decreased the time of trav- eling from Salt Lake City or Ogden to the coast. Over these vari- ous roads the agri- In the foreground may „,,ltiiral mini'ncr iting the crusher. Cultural, mining, and some of the manufactured products of the state, like sugar and cloth, are sent to the great markets of the countrv; Fin, ^1. The railroad cut-off across Great Salt Lake. The lake is bridged by a single stretch of track fourteen miles long, built on piles driven into the sand beneath the water. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 29 Fig. 52. \''icw of • throueh 11". while in exchange they bring to Utah machiner}-, clothing, furniture, and sta- ple groceries. Owing to the great cost of transportation, however, the external trade of the state is small com- pared with that within the state. In 1870 there were only 257 miles of railroad lines in operation in Utah. By 1890 this mileage had increased to 1,265, ^^^ ""> 1908 amounted to about 2,000 miles. Government. The govern- ment of the state of Utah is divided into three separate and independent depart- ments; the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive department of the state con- sists of a Governor, Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasiirer, Attorney-general, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, each of whom holds his office for a term of four years, during which time he must reside at Salt Lake City, the seat of government. The Secretar}^ of State or the President of the Senate succeeds to the governorship in case of vacancy, and serves until a new gov- ernor is elected at the next general election. The Governor is com- 1 ^^ mander-in-chief of the military forces of the state. He has power to veto any measure passed by the Legisla- ture and thus prevent its becoming a law, unless it is after^vards ratified by a two-thirds vote of each house, when it becomes a law notwithstanding the raiirooi-l 0)1 us way 'r Canyon. Fig. 53. The Federal Building, Salt Lake City. veto of the Governor. The Governor, the Justice of the Supreme Court, and the Attorney-general constitute the Board of Pardons with power to grant pardons after conviction in all cases except for treason and sen- tences under impeachment. The legislative or law- making power is composed of a Senate of eighteen members elected for four years, and a House of Rep- resentatives of forty-five members elected for two years. The state is divided into twelve senatorial and twenty-seven representa- tive districts. The Legislature meets bien- nially in regular session in the city hall (Fig. 63) at the seat of government. Salt Lake City, and opens on the second Monday in January after the election of members of the House of Representatives. On extraordinary occasions the Governor may convene the Legislature in special session to transact busi- ness too urgent to await the regular session. The judicial power of the state is vested in the Senate sitting as a court of impeachment, in a Supreme Court, in district courts, in justices of the peace, and other inferior courts. The Supreme Court of Utah consists of three judges elected by electors of the state at large for a period of six years. It must hold at least three terms each year in the capi- tal city. The state is divided into seven judicial districts, the judges of which hold office for four years. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH The Legislature pro- vides a uniform system of county government. Precinct and township organizations, the in- corporation, organiza- tion, and classification of cities and towns are established and regu- lated by general laws. Women may vote and may hold ofifice equally with men in this state. Utah has two senators and one representa- tive in the National Congress. State Institutions. The state institutions are educational, charitable, and penal. The educational institutions are the State Univer- sity, situated at Salt Lake City (Fig. 55), the Agricultural College located at Logan (Fig. 54), and a school for the deaf and dumb and the blind at Ogden. An insane asylum is located at Provo, and there is an industrial or reform school at Ogden. The State Peni- tentiary' is situated at Salt Lake City. Education. The present school system w^as established in 1890. The state constitu- tion and the laws provide for the mainte- nance of a public school system including all the grades from the kindergarten to the uni- versity. In Utah all cities with a population of 20,000 or more are known as cities of the first class; all cities with more than 5,000 and less than 20,000 are known as cities of the second class. The state is divided into school districts, and each city of the first or second class constitutes a school district; each county comprises one or more districts. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction has charge of the administration of the system of public in- struction and a general oversight of the busi- ness relating to the V,n. of the Agncnltura! College. Logan. ^.^^^^^ ^^j^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ state. Associated with the State Superin- tendent in the work is the state Board of Education. Each city of the first or second class has a board of education which has charge of the public schools of the city apart from the county. In each of the county districts a board of three trustees has charge of the local school affairs, and a county superintendent oversees the schools within the county. Schools of ordinary" grades are maintained in the various districts, and kindergartens may be established wherever possible. High schools may also be established in the cities and coimties. There were, in 1906, 668 common schools in 338 districts of the state. Of this number 417 were graded and 251 mixed schools. There were thirty -four high schools. In these schools were employed 567 male and 1,325 female teachers governed by 47 super- intendents and supervisors, and 1,000 mem- bers of school boards. In the same year Fig. 55. 'I'he ^lale University, Salt iMke (.'ity. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 31 77,947 pupils were en- rolled in the schools; 4,716 were promoted from the eighth grade, and 235 graduated from the high schools. The cost of the public schools for the year was $1,976, 12 1.42, while the value of the school property amounted to more than 84,600,000. The public school system is supported by legisla- tive appropriations, state and local taxa- tion, and b}^ the pro- ceeds from sales of lands granted by the United States govern- ment for the purpose. Four sections of land in each township in the state are set aside for school support. This amoimts to about 5,760,000 acres in Utah. The University of Utah (Fig. 55), situated at Salt Lake City, was founded as the Uni- versity of Deseret in 1850. It comprises a preparatory school (of high school grade), the State Normal School, the State Normal Kindergarten, the State School of ]\Iines, and a regular department for college training. The site of the University and allied schools national government from the Fort Douglas Militar}'' reserv^ation in Salt Lake City. A branch normal school is conducted at Cedar City, Iron Count}*. The Agricultural Col- lege (Fig. 54) is located at Logan in the beauti- ful Cache Valley one hundred miles north of Salt Lake City. Its courses comprise in- struction and practical training in agriculture, commerce, and domes- tic and mechanic sci- ence and arts. This also is one of the state's chief educational insti- tutions. It is designed to prepare students is on sixty acres of land presented by the The leading educational instihitions of Utah. for practical life by emphasizing that side of their education. Agricultural experiment stations near St. George and Lehi in connec- tion with the college are supported by the federal government. The state school for the deaf and dumb and the bhnd, and a state industrial or reform school, are also maintained in Ogden. These are governed, like the University of Utah and the Agricultural College, by a board appointed by the Governor and approved by the Senate. THE LEADIXG EDVCATIOXAL IXSTITUTIOXS OF UTAH COLLEGES AN'D UXIVERSITIES 1 Beaver Branch of Brigham Young University. L. D. City. 2 Brigham Young College. L. D. S.. Logan. 3 Sacred Heart Academy. R. C. Ogden. 4 Weber Stake Academy. L. D. S. . Ogden. 5 Brigham Young University, L. D. S., Provo. 6 All-Hallows College. R. C, Salt Lake City. 7 Latter Day Saints University. L. D. S.. Salt Lake City S Rowland Hall. P. E.. Salt Lake City. g St. Mar\'"s Academy, R. C, Salt Lake City. 10 Salt Lake Collegiate Institute. Presb., Salt Lake City. 1 1 University of Utah, State, Salt Lake City. 12 Westminster College. Presb.. Salt Lake City. SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY I J Agriciiltural College of Utah, Logan. PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS 14 Branch Normal School, Cedar City. 15 State Normal School. Salt Lake City. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Besides these schools sup- ported by the state, there is a number of private and church schools maintained in- dependent of state aid, some of which are ''"^- "• The Laltcr-Day Saints doing excellent work. (Fig. 56.) Among the important ones are the Brigham Young Uni- versity at Provo (the pioneer IMormon school in Utah, richly endowed by Brigham Young, Fig. 58. The population in tens of thousands and den- sity of population per square mile at each Federal Census. its founder, and with a branch at Beaver), the Latter-Day Saints University (Fig. 57), Sheldon Jackson or Westminster College (a Presbyterian institution) , All-Hallows College (Roman Catholic), Roland Hall (Episcopal school for girls), and St. Mary's Academy, all of Salt Lake City; the Brigham Young College, Logan; the Weber Stake Academy, and the Sacred Heart Academy, Ogden. The state makes liberal provision for the free education of all. Utah is among the first states of the Union in the amount per capita ^Per cent '° 20 30 40 S" bo 10 So qo 100 Total native born. _ i i : i i ' i ; i 1 Jllhio!, I ! J.'U'a 1 1 AV-j. York L i O'l.o ■ ftnusyhaHta I Fig. 59. The state of birth of the 1 1 native-horn population and the Colorado Jdoho percentage of persons from each specified state living in Utah, census ^It other stales ^I of igoo. sj:ent annually for education. Text-books are furnished free. Domestic and industrial work are receiving increasing at- tention. At several places University at Salt Lake City. ^j^^^g ^^^ ^^_ mestic and physical laboratories of the most approved kind. Population. Utah had, in 1900, a popula- tion of a little more than 275,000 people, or about three and four-tenths inhabitants to the square mile. (Fig. 58.) With this popula- tion it ranks forty-third among the states of the Union. Outside of the irrigated districts and the mining regions, in which are gathered the greater part of the people, the population of Utah is sparse. In fact, more than one- Tctal foreign born _ England Denmark — ^ S-Jjeden 1^^ Scotland 1 ^ 1 Germany ^ 1 Wales X'Jrway ^U others ^^__ tl Fig. 60. The proportion of foreign-horn population of each leading country, census of igoo. half of the state has less than two inhabi- tants to the square mile. Immigration, chiefly from foreign coun- tries, is constantly increasing the popula- tion. In 1900 the foreign-bom population was 53,777, or approximately one-fifth of all the inhabitants of the state. (Fig. 60.) Eng- lish, Danes, Swedes, Scotch, and Germans are the most numerous of the European peoi)les that have migrated to Utah. Of the native-bom population (Fig. 59) more than four-fifths were bom within the state. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 33 II. GROWTH AXD DEVELOPMEXT OF CITIES AXD TOUWS Distribution of Cities and Towns. The popu- lation of Utah is not uniformly distributed over the state, but is chiefly grouped in a strip extending along the entire western base of the Wasatch Mountains. (Fig. 6i.) This wide mountainous belt is cut by numerous valleys, and it followed naturally that exploration and settlement should be along these valleys. While about one-third of Utah's population is gathered into incorpo- rated places the number of its large cities is small, there being only four containing more than 8.000 people. The number of small towns is unusually- large. This is due to the plan the first settlers, who were all farmers, followed of grouping their homes around a common cen- ter, in order to have the advantages of town life. Salt Lake City and Neighboring Cities and Towns. Salt Lake City (Fig. 62), the capital of Utah and county seat of Salt Lake County, the chief cit}^ of the valley and of the state, is the most important city be- tween Denver and the Pacific Coast. It is located on the Jordan River and is about twelve miles from the shore of Great Salt Lake. A few miles to the east of the city the abrupt face of the Wasatch Moun- tains rises more than a thousand feet above the valley, and a little farther to the west rises the Oquirrh Range, famous for its mineral wealth. The city is the distributing center for a vast area important for mining and also for stock raising and farming, and its interests are chiefly commercial. As the headquarters for several large mining and smelting companies and min- eral mills, it receives material gain from the rich mineral deposits of the near-by states of Nevada, Idaho, and Colorado in addition to those of Utah. The industrial establishments include car shops, breweries, cand}- factories, a cocoa factory, shoe factories, foundries and machine shops, lime and cement works, saddlery and harness factories, a picture factory, tobacco, cigar, and cigarette shops, and lumber mills. The city has an area of more than fifty square miles. It was planned on a grand scale, most of the blocks containing '"JJOJ' Fig. 61. The distribution of census of ten acres each. The streets are wide, regular, and very generally lined with shade trees, while a network of irrigation ditches covers the whole city. Most of the wards ha\-e a public square of nearly ten acres. Lib- erty Park (Fig. 62) con- tains one hundred ten acres. Salt Lake City has fine water and sewer systems, as well as an excellent street-car service. There are ten banks, a clearing house, two stock exchanges, and several loan incorpora- tions. The purchase of bullion amounts to more than $15,000,000 annu- ally. There are also many flourishing mer- cantile establishments, the largest of which sells goods amounting in value to more than $4,500,000 annually. The city contains a number of handsome buildings; the most imposing being those erected by the Mormon Church. The great Temple (Fig. 64), built of fine white granite quarried in a moun- tain canyon a few miles south of the city, is ninety-nine feet wide and about one hundred sixty-six feet long. The main building is a little more than one hundred seven feet high with six urban population in Utah JQOO. 34 THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Fig. 62. A map of Salt Lake City. towers, each rising more than fifty feet higher. The Tabernacle (Fig. 64), standing close by, is one story, its walls enclosing one room only, one hundred fifty feet wide by two hundred fifty feet long, and covered with a great arched roof. It will seat eight thousand people, and often twelve thousand people have been accommodated. It is especially noted for having one of the greatest and finest pipe organs in the world. The City and County building (Fig. 63) is occupied as the state capitol at the present time. Among other important buildings are the Catholic Cathedral, a magnificent structure now nearing completion, and the First Presbyterian Church, both on the same street as the Temple; the Salt Lake Theater, built in 1858; the Exposition building; the new Federal building (Fig. 53); the Latter- Day Saints', Holy Cross, and St. Mark's hospi- tals; and the University of Utah (Fig. 55). The city has two important libraries; one the public library, containing nearly fifteen thousand vol- umes, and the other the state law library with ten thousand volumes. The city is well supplied with transportation facilities, half a dozen railroads either passing through the city or having their terminus there. The government of the city consists of the mayor, a council of fifteen members, a treasurer, a recorder, an auditor, and two judges, elected for terms of two years. The appointive officers are: chief of police, fire chief, board of public works, water master, health officer, and build- ing inspector. Salt Lake City was founded July 24, 1847, the day the first Mormon emigrants reached the territory. Its increase in population has been THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Fig. 63. The City and Cmtnty building, bait Lake City. rapid. Thirteen years after its beginning, i860, its population was 8,237; ^^ 187° it had a population of 12,854; in i88o, 20,768; in 1890, 44,843; in 1900, 53,531; and in 1907, 83,122, estimated from the school census. Near by and to the south of Salt Lake City are Murray, Sandy, and Bingham Junction (Fig. 46), and twelve miles to the west Garfield, all busy towns with great smelters for the reduction of ores. Farther away, in the mountains to the east and to the southwest, are some of the richest mining districts of the state, and here we find a number of growing and important towns. Among these is Park City (Fig. 65), in the heart of the Wasatch, thirty miles east of and closely connected by two railroads mth the capital. It is an important and prosperous city, the center of vast mining industries. To the" southwest of Park City is Alia, a silver-mining camp and near r.iK ■ 1 Ir. S.ilt Lake Cttv. to large deposits of white granite, of which the great temple at Salt Lake City was built; and beyond that Bingham Canyon (Figs. 41, 42, and 43), a bustling mining town in the wonderful Bingham or West Mountain district. In the fertile valley of the Jordan are found the flourishing towns of Miller, Brinton, West Jordan, Draper, and Riverton, trade centers for a rich agricultural region. Beyond the Oquirrh Mountains, directly south of Great Salt Lake in Tooele County, lie Tooele, the county seat of the county, and Grantsvillc, both prosperous mining and agricultural towns. Ogden and Other Cities and Towns of the Lake Shore Region. The chief city of this region is Ogden (Figs. 66 and 67), the county seat of Fig. 65. A general view of the Silver King Works at Park City. The city owes its prosperity largely to the adjacent mines, the Silver King being one of a number unusually rich in ore deposits. Weber County and the second city in size and importance in the state. It is beautifully situ- ated on the Weber River at the base of Ogden Peak, thirty-seven miles north of Salt Lake City. Ogden 's splendid transportation facilities have made it a great shipping and distributing point. Its manufacturing interests are also important and include smelting works, woolen and knit- ting mills, flouring mills, a sugar factory, brick and tile works, canning works, and many other industries. Ogden Canyon, opening at the city limits, is noted for its picturesque scenery and for its waterfall. This waterfall suppHes one of the greatest power dams in the state, and fur- nishes light, heat, and power for Ogden and Salt Lake City, as well as for intermediate towns. The State Industrial School, the State Institu- 36 THE CxEOGRAPHY OF UTAH tion for the Deaf. Dumb, and Blind, the Sacred Heart Academy, and the Weber Stake Academy are all located here. In the vicinity are many fine health and summer resorts. Among these are the famous Utah Hot Springs ; the waters being said to equal those of Arkansas or Carlsbad. Iron, coal, lime, and salt are obtained close by. To the north of Ogden the principal towns are North Ogdcn, Plain City, Willard (Fig. 68), Brig- ham, and Corinne; to the south Hooper, Lay- ton, Kaysville, Farm- in gton, Ccntcrvillc, Bountiful, and Woods Cross. These towns are trade centers for rich farming, fruit-growing, and dairying districts, and nearly all are located on main lines of railroad. Brigham, the most important of the group, is a busy place, having rolling and woolen mills and a cannery among its industrial plants. Layton is noted for its honey, and stock-raising and milling are among its industries. Kaysville has canning and other industries. Farmington has a large cannery, a good trade in honey, and is much frequent- ed as a summer resort. Woods Cross has a large canning factory. Cities and Towns of the Cache Valley Region. Logan. the chief city of this fertile sec- ■^ tl jL"i w tion, is the county seat of Cache County, and the third city in size in the state. It lies on the east side of Cache Vallej-, on the Logan River, and is an important trade and manufacturing center. Here we find sawmills, a beet-sugar factory, a brewery, knitting mills, canneries, a milk con- densary, and other in- dustrial plants. The city owns and operates the waterworks, and is lighted by electricity, the power for the plant being supplied by the Logan River. The sur- plus power of the electri- cal plant is transmitted to the mines in the Tintic district, 150 miles distant. The State Agricultural College, Brigham Young College, the New Jersey Acade- my, and a Mormon temple are located here. North of Logan are Smithficld, Richmond, and Lcwiston, and to the northwest Clarkston, trade centers in a productive farming and dairying country. There is a large beet-sugar factory at Lewiston, and a milk condensary at Richmond. To the south of Logan are Providoicc, with an excellent trade in small fruits, honey, and sugar beets; and H yr u m , a prosperous little city, hav- ing besides its fruit and farm- ing interests, woolen mills and other in- dustrial plants. 1 map of the city of Ogden. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 37 Valley, are Hcbcr and Midway, the most impor- tant places in a farming and stock-raising region. Near Heber are the noted "Hot Pots." To the northwest of Provo, and not far from the city, are the flourishing towns of Pleasant Grove and American Fork, and a little farther away, on Utah Lake, the beautiful city of Lehi, all thriv- FlG. 68. Scene in the Lake Shore Region near Willard. Wcllsville, southwest of Logan, and directly west of Hyrum, has dairy and other interests. Provo and the Neighboring Cities and Towns. Provo (Fig. 70), the county seat of Utah County, picturesquely situated on the Provo River be- tween Utah Lake and the Wasatch Mountains, ranks fourth among the cities of the state in population. It is surrounded by a rich agri- cultural region and, has excellent transportation facilities; fruit is shipped from this point all over the country. A large electrical plant at the entrance to Provo Canyon supplies the city with light and power. Manufacturing (Fig. 49), merchandising, mining, fruit and stock raising, gardening, and dairying are among the occupa- tions of the people. Provo is noted for its excel- lent educational advantages and has many fine homes. Here are locat- ed the Brigham Young University, the largest school in Utah, and Proctor Academy. In the neighboring moun- tains are several health and pleasure resorts. A few miles northeast ijf the city, in the pictur- .4 street scene in Provo. most deiighljnl 0/ i'lali'. This is one of the cities. esque Provo Canyon, are the beautiful "Bridal Veil Falls." (Fig. 12.) About twenty-five miles to the northeast of Provo, in the Provo ing trade centers for honey, fruits, and farm products. Lehi is also a supply point for the great mining regions beyond, and is noted a; having the largest beet sugar factory in the country. (Fig. 71.) Not far to the southwest of Lehi, in the Oquirrh Mountains, is Mcrcnr, a mining town in the rich Camp Floyd district. To the south of, and near Provo, we find the flourishing cities of Springvillc and Spanish Fork, both with thriving man- ufacturing industries; and still farther on, to the southwest, the growing railroad towns of Payson, Santaqnin, Goshen, and Mount Nebo, market centers for excellent farming and stock-raising districts. A few miles southwest of Mount Nebo we come to the town of Eureka (Fig. 72) , the busy indus- FiG. 69 Looking down into Logan from one of the upper t^al center of the great benches, and showing now the desert may be .... . transformed by irrigation. Tintic mining region. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Other Cities and Towns of Utah. South of the Utah Valley the country is far less densely populated, and there we find few important cities and towns. Chief among the towns of this section, in a fine farming region , are NepJi-i, in Juab County, and Fairview, Hit. Pleasant, Spring City, Moroni, Epliraim, and Maiiti, in Sanpete County. At Manti we find the second largest Mormon temple in the state, built of the white sandstone found in the vicinity. The town has manufactories and two railroads; good coal is mined near by. Southwestward from Manti, Richfidd, in a min- FlG. 71 Beet-sugar factory at Lehi established This was the first sugar factory in Utah. A view of Eureka, one of the principal toivns in the great Tintic mining district. ing and farming district, is the most important town in Sevier County, and the supplj- point for the Gold Mountain mining district. Monroe, a prosperous town in the same county, has fine mineral springs. Marysvale, to the southwest of that place, in Piute County, is the outlet for the Marysvale mining district; Panguitch, still far- ther south, in Garfield County, is the market and supply center for a farming and stock-rais- ing region, as are also Escalante on the Escalante R i \' e r in the central part of the same coun- ty, and Kaiiab, in Kane County. St. George, in the extreme southwestern corner of the state, the coun- ty seat of Wash- ington County, is the chief town of that section. Northeast of "that place are Cedar City, the seat of the Branch State Normal School, and Parowan, large towns in Iron Coun- ty; while Beaver City, farther to the north in Beaver County, is an important little city with an academy. Beyond Beaver City lies Fillmore City, the county seat of Millard County, once the capital of the state and now the trade cen- ter of a thriving farming country. In the eastern part of the state important settlements are few in number. Here we find Coalville, in a farming, stock-raising, and coal- mining district in Summit County; Vernal, a trade and market center in Uinta County; Price and Castlegate, with large mining industries (Figs. 40 and 73), in Carbon County; Moab in Grand, and Fcrron and Huntington in Emery counties. Fu;. 73. Castlegate, tite majestic gateway to Price Kiver Canyon. The town near by derives its natne from the gigantic pillars that guard this entrance. THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 39 ///. STATISTICS AXD AIDS TO TEACHERS. Statistics of the State of Utah by Counties, from the Federal Census of 1900 and State Estimates for 1908. Beaver Boxelder Cache Carbon , Davis Emery Garfield Grand Iron S-::::::::;:::;:;: Millard Morgan Piute Rich Salt Lake San Juan Sanpete 3eYU!r Summit Tooele Uinta Utah Wasatch Washington Wayne Weber Uinta Valley and Uncomphagre Ind. Res. 1 866 3.580 4,350 3,613 1866 5.436 10,009 1866 i.iSi 21.500 18.139 1894 1.S96 6.200 5.004 1866 28s 7.200 7.996 1880 4.336 5.100 4.657 1882 5.103 4.150 3.400 1890 3.7S9 1. 150 1,149 1S66 3,284 3,64s 3.546 1866 3.300 11,285 10.0S2 1866 4.368 1,900 1,811 1866 6.664 5.678 5,678 1866 599 2.000 2,045 1866 744 2,000 1,954 1866 1,030 1.925 1.946 1S66 768 140.000 77,725 1880 S.023 1.023 1,023 1 856 1.S61 17.500 16.313 1866 1.880 9.200 8,451 lS56 1.93- 10.600 9,439 1866 6.901 7,361 7,361 1880 5.190 7,500 6,458 1866 2.123 37.9°o J2.455 1866 4.147 5.001 4,735 2.457 5,070 4,5l2 1892 2,372 2.000 1,907 1 866 544 43,000 25.239 ARM PROPERTY INCLUDING LIVE STOCK 917.668 4.429,116 6,347,995 459.261 4,815.819 1.272,268 919,604 715,659 611,606 1.591.969 706.767 2.534.144 914.556 559.275 2.392.363 11.111.6S4 518,716 5,624,738 2,607,218 2,592,580 2,149,962 2,044,353 8,888,009 1,623.105 1.088.900 541.479 5.231,094 963.230 710.S94 [,083.149 94.488 905,646 228,309 203,829 134,016 167,136 313, n6 152,436 423,922 166,711 118,998 468,521 :. 768,431 136.143 .090.233 482.747 447.519 424.3SS 381.300 .725.139 275.147 233.142 122.172 ,070,920 199,128 251,217 5i,i7l 56,214 4,398 31,610 216,701 16.551 57.161 33,110 337.958 168.575 129.467 111.910 101.611 1,654,817 63.775 39,148 17.435 2,421,679 COUNTY SEAT POPULATION Beaver City 2 ,: Brigham 3,; Logan Price Farmington. . . Castle Dale Panguitch Moab Parowan Nephi Kanab Fillmore City. . Morgan Junction Randolph Salt Lake City. Monticello Manti ' 3,0 Richfield.. Coalville. . Tooele. . . . Vernal... . Provo Heber. . . . St. George, Loa Ogden... . ;83. 2,839 5,451 539 96S 276 ,039 !,208 . 710 .037 249 2,408 1,969 8og 664 6,185 1.534 x,6oo 443 ■ 6.313 Population of the Leading Cities and Towns of Utah at each Federal Census from i860 to 1900, and State Estimates for 1908. Population of the Leading Cities and Towns — Continued. CITIES AND TOWNS Salt Lake City.... Ogden Logan Provo Spring\-ille Eureka Spanish Fork Park City Brigham Payson Mt. Pleasant American Fork... Lehi Manti Nephi Murray Pleasant Grove... Ephraim Richfield. Beaver City Bountiful Hvrum Heber Bingham Canyon Garfield St. George Cedar City Kaysville Smithfield Spring City Miller West Jordan .... Moroni Hooper Lewiston North Ogden. . . . Fairview Coalville Tooele Parowan Farmington Panguitch Providence 3,800 3,500 3.300 2,900 2,500 2.500 2.500 2.500 2,000 2,735 3,759 2.839 2.636 44.843I20.768J 14.889I 6.069 4.565 3.396 1.31S 1.436 1,346 CITIES AND TOWNS 1 190S ' I900 80 I 1870 i860 Vernal Price Grantsville... Monroe Fillmore City Sandy Wellsville Salem Santaquin. . . . 539! ,058! Population of Utah at Each Federal Census from 1850 to 1900. YEARS HANK OF STATE TOTAL POPULATION INCREASE IN TEN YEARS PER CENT 1 DENSITY OF PER INCREASE] SQ. MILE 18SO i860 1870 1880 1890 1900 35 37 39 30 40 43 11.380 40,273 86.786 143,963 207.903 276,749 28.893 46.313 57.177 63.942 67.047 253-9 1 0.2 iiS-5 ' I.I 63.9 ' 1.8 44 . 4 2.6 32.2 34 State or Country of Birth of Population of Utah, 1900. STATE Native to state. Illinois Iowa New York Ohio Pennsylvania. . . Missouri Colorado Idaho Nebraska Indiana Wyoming S1.SS6 3.S70 3,03s 3.032 Caiifomia All other states territories Total native bom . COUNTRY England. . . . Denmark. . . Sweden Scotland Germany . . . Wales Nonvay Ireland Switzerland. Canada Italy Finland China Other countries Total foreign bom. 40 THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Total Production of Principal Minerals from January, 1880, to December 31, 1905. iSSo, 1S81 1882 1883 1SS4 1S85 1886 1SS7 1 838 i8S<) 1890 1891 1892 i8oj 1894 189s 1S96 1897 189S 1899 144.317 186,836 144. S03 114.305 184.025 218,626 235.369 387,023 516,233 699,700 747.427 789.221 .117.668 ,166,346 1,35 190 1.940,830 1,663.252 2.168,283 3.581.40S 4.263.414 3.945.303 4.007. 1S9 4,004,660 5.688,714 S.149.7S7 4,029,50 5.503.-6 6.114,874 4.984.939 6,123.047 6,211.596 5.860,837 5. 976.884 5. 787. 527 6,656,249 S.492,209 8,759. 7,792,388 5.233.965 4.193.674 5,366,032 5,843.868 4.522.058 4.403.854 4.612,35 6.248,610 6.S01.816 7.915.338 1,414.898 1.308.538 1.203,313 1,468,246 2,098,766 2,657,495 2,505,720 1,542,135 895.124 1,486,427 1,358,456 1,818,607 2.348.99S 2.701.869 3.122.863 3.210.967 S. 314.098 4. 70S. 929 5. 169.291 4.897 532 COPPER AGGREGATE 206.079 76,536 IOO.9S3 91.130 69,060 53.308 151.532 267.139 313.677 .iU'.oVo !.S14.597 1.459.15 '.379.13 1,329,600 i 4.981,339 6,749,129 8,149,231 6,876,768 7.393.541 7,617,793 7,638,814 7.645.357 7.566.544 8,846,807 11,367.211 12.26i.lll 11,178.450 7.962.82S 6,308,452 8,356,181 0,410,293 8.317.504 9.347.826 12..4I,62,S 16,149,484 17.708,33-, 20,391.145 24.553.422 Coal Mined in Principal Coal-bearing Counties, State Bureau of Statistics. COUNTY 1902 1903 1904 1905 1.526.387 49.841 7,901 1,700 1,506,027 64,411 10,450 13.290 10,300 64.750 1.416.623 61,320 7,733 1.290 3.520 10 000 Iron Other small mines 63.550 Value of Live Stock in Utah, Federal Census of 1900 and State Bureau of Statistics, 1907 (Estimated). LIVE STOCK All domestic animals Sheep Cattle Horses and mules . . . Hogs Poultry 21.175.867 10.256,488 7.152,844 3.455.163 Value of Agricultural Products of Utah, Federal Census of 1900 and State Bureau of Statistics, 1907. All crops All cereals All vegetables All fruits Hay and forage Wheat Oats Com Barley Potatoes Sugar beets Clover seed Nursery and orchard products Small fruits and grapes Wool Dairy products Eggs Honey and wax Sorghum Vegetables (Misc.) 308.323 3.862.820 ■ .575.064 553.847 I2l!826 487.816 365,782 127.901 38S.873 145.225 2.599.638 1.522.932 424.628 94.364 12.003 362,782 8.603,252 3,557,043 1.657.052 941.50 184,00 4,300,00 Some Farm Statistics of Utah, State Census, 1905. ecu. STY FARMS TOTAL ACREAGE (ACRES) 1 ^^^" UNDER CULTI- VATION Beaver Boxelder Cache Carbon Davis Emerv Garfield Grand 374 1. 741 240 897 568 415 382 512 161 478 287 213 308 4.739 775 1.482 772 407 40s 2.628 560 344 1.408 24.283 164,803 249.655 25,522 72,734 52,580 37,382 16,744 17,148 38,417 14.852 53.783 24.113 25.167 128.728 149.63s 6,96s 128,688 55.008 65.583 61, 470 38,01s 151,160 22,783 9,288 16,040 95.280 64.9 134.9 143 3 106.3 81.0 02-7 90.1 139 5 44-9 750 89.8 112.5 .84. 108.9 417 9 31.5 92.8 86.8 71 -3 90.8 123-7 03-8 57-5 40.0 27.0 75-7 67.6 2I,OI3 138,240 266,077 10.005 66.128 31.660 26.413 8.614 13.020 30.134 13.817 S0.113 19.312 21.126 79.888 115,096 S.909 93.180 45. 536 34.513 52.100 34.071 "33.215 20,184 8, 208 10,788 78,856 I 1 ,039 61,973 105,956 6,554 35.357 18.580 9.592 3,579 Juab..... Millard '.'.'.'.'.'.'. Morgan 13.571 5.090 19.333 7.730 Rich Salt Lake San Juan Sanpete 11.14S 57.138 2.584 50.813 Summit Tooele Uinta 31.955 16,270 Utah Wasatch Washington. . . . Wavne Weber 80,206 14.82s 6,058 6,906 42.413 Forest Reserves, NAME LOCATION ACRES Aquarius Garfield and Wayne 639,000 Bear River Cache and Rich 267,920 Beaver Beaver, Piute and Sevier 261,593 Dixie Washington 465,920 Fillmore Millard, Juab, and Sevier 399,600 Fish Lake Sevier and Wayne 2S8.S00 Glemvood . .Sevier and Piute 17.1. S96 Grantsville Tooele 68,960 La Sal San Juan and Grand 128,960 Manti Utah. Carbon, Sanpete, Sevier, and Emery 777,920 Monticello San Juan 214,270 Pavson Juab, Utah, and Sanpete 167,280 Ratt River Boxelder 117.203 Salt Lake Salt Lake 95.440 Sevier Garfield, Kane, and Iron 710,920 Uinta Wasatch, Summit, and Uinta 2,187.550 Vernon Tooele 68, 800 Wasatch Salt Lake and Utah 85.440 Total - . ..^ 7.II0.4T2 Elevations of the Principal Places in Utah. Bear River Beaver City Beaver. Mount 1 Bingham Canvon Blue Gate Plateau 6.800 to Brigham Camp Douglas Cottonwood Deseret Deseret. Mount 1 Emmons Peak. Uinta Mts . i Eph eka. Ft. Duchesne Gilbert Peak Goshen Grass Vallev 6.2 Great Salt Lake Green River Gu UDES 2,450 4.563 4,498 S.970 2.085 5.862 4 305 5.024 4. 5, SO 4,600 1.047 3.624 5.543 6,464 4.041 3.687 4.542 Gunnison Plateau 7,000 to Heber Horeb. Mount Hot Springs Salt Lake Co.. Indian Head, Tavaputs Plateau Juab Valley 5.000 to Kanab Lee Springs, Fremont Pass Lehi Logan Logan Peak ] 9,800 5.550 7.831 9.810 6,000 4.025 6,883 4.5SO 4.507 0,004 ALTITUDES Manti 5.530 Markagunt 8.000 to i i.ooo Marysvale 5-830 Marysvale Peak 10,359 Moraine Valley. . .0,000 to 10,000 Mountain Meadow . 5.741 Mount Nebo 11,887 Nephi 5.119 Ogden 4.307 Ogden Peak 9.592 Panguitch 6.550 Park City 6.970 Parowan Vallev. . .5.000 to 6.200 Peale, Mount. La Sal Mts. . 1 1,089 Pleasant Valley 7,500 to 8.200 Prove 4.5 1 2 Provo Peak, Wasatch Mts. 11.000 Round Lake Vallev. 5,500 to 6,000 Salt Lake Citv 4.366 San Pitch Valley . .5.200 to 6,200 Sevier 5.542 Sevier Plateau . . .9.000 to 10.000 Silver Citv 6.1 12 Spanish Fork 4.57o Summit 6,574 Tooele 4.900 Tooele Peak 10,396 Uinta Valley 4.700 to 6.000 Utah Valley 4.700 to 5,200 Wasatch Peak 11.147 Wasatch Plateau 8.000 to 11,000 Waas Mountain 12.319 Wilson Peak I3.300 Yampa Plateau.. . .6,000 to 7.000 THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 41 Irrigation in Utah in 1902, Government Report. All sources Jordan River. Utah Lake, and tributaries Sevier River and tribu taries Bear River and tribu- taries Weber River and tribu- taries. Colorado River and trib utaries. exclusive of Green River Green River and tribu- taries Independent streams. , . Snake River tributaries Springs and wells NUMBER OF NUMBER OPi COST OP IRRIGATED ACRES jlRRIGATION ^m FARMS IRRIGATED. SYSTEMS 21.684 ' 713.621 6.220 174,33-; 3,324 ! 127.770 2.90S ! 135.572 2.699 78.302 .453 .465 f.308 S5 37.335 S7. 303. 607 1.751.38Q 700.907 2.343,236 782.813 445. 7SO 507.324 427.297 ■21.060 233.831 466 416 The Leading Manufacturing Cities of Utah and Some Facts Concerning their Industries, Federal Census of 1900 and BixUetin 37, 1905.* , NUMBER NUMBER^ AMOUNT ; VALUE YEAR ; OP OF WAGE OF WAGES OF PLANTS EARNERS PAID PRODUCT : S7.543.9S3 _ J ' 6.109,409 75S.204; 2,997.057 .801.487 * Statistics for 1905 include only factory- products; for previous all products. Some of the Leading Industries of Utah and the Value of their Products, from th*^ Federal Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 37, 1905.* INDUSTRY Total for state Smelting and refining copper Flouring and grist-mill products. Cars and general shop construction and steam railroad companies Printing and publishing Beet sugar Confectionery Butter and cheese Canning and preser\-ing fruits and vegetables . Slaughtering and meat packing Malt liquors Woolens and knit goods Foundry and machine-shop products Bread and other bakery products.. Brick and tile Tobacco, cigars, and cigarets Salt .SUM BE R NUMBER AMOUNT COST VALUE •EAR OF CAPITAL OF WAGE OF WAGES OF OF PLANTS EARNERS PAID .MATERIAL PRODUCT 905 606 $26,004,011 8,052 §5, 157. 400 824,939.827 $38,926,464 900 , 1.400 l4.6.io.948 3.388,370 12.853.954 21,156 183 005 5 3.584.788 I.416 x,oi6,052 s. 133.999 8,498,956 900 OOS 6s 1.212.439 150 91.461 2,043,054 2,425.791 goo 80 1. 101.88s 167 82,979 1,401,819 1,829.840 905 7 522.140 I.24S 964.391 826,678 1,886,651 QOO 10 496.149 Q08 636.076 604,907 1.306,591 905 lOI 1.049.497 519 3SS.2S7 311,708 1,466.549 900 548 287,563 203,328 770,824 905 4 1,455.028 900 3 1.789.370 107 128,800 ,s6i,oo3 1.037. 355 90s 12 401.176 33S 102,699 6S8.032 1,004,601 QOO 24 154.563 163 57.357 224,307 440,044 90s 49 406.480 9S 55.145 789.377 963.811 900 57 269,247 159 63.135 550.096 713.889 90s 927,862 369 99.300 506,176 801,958 900 8 304.258 141 37.565 211,279 300,349 905 3 147,664 31 20,950 S13.543 653,314 900 S 83,902 34 14.978 291,477 343.444 905 897,896 134 92.557 176,138 636,688 900 7 613.992 89 53.751 120,99s 432,835 905 12 646.267 455 137.46s 337.242 S94.732 900 1 1 507.531 285 91,280 146,0,2 288,700 90s 21 450.937 277 198.014 248,203 587.484 QOO IS 210.394 153 91.976 63.749 217,392 90s 353.018 IQI 90.13J 280,84s 541.65s 900 29 209,862 107 46,041 142,149 291.313 905 39 438,476 291 172,598 68,270 345.806 900 49 171,357 249 89.245 32,666 186,449 905 27 106,388 140 108,533 110,722 297,918 900 15 46,123 38,499 49.928 124,487 90s S 612,679 68 43.927 51.362 236,997 900 S 646,850 59 23.702 31.759 139.488 Statistics for 1905 include only factory products; for previous census all products. The Principal Items of Utah's Wealth, United States Bureau of Statistics, 1900-1904, and Estimates of Local Bureau, 1906-1907.* (a) REAL PROPERTY And Improvements Live Stock Farm Implements and Machinery MANUFACTURING Machiner>', Tools, and Implements. Gold and Silver. Coin and Bullion (fr) Railroads and their Equipment Street Railways. Water^vorks, etc (c) Personal and Other Property 1.413.S37 1.262,400 !,922,SSO 1,217,298 1,988.235 Total. $412,656,095 $258,595,674 20,435,227 3,598,244 8,470,645 6,331.183 90,325,000 17,732.89s 82.279,747 S487. 768.61 $273,186,592 26,043.123 3,936.091 10,007,319 6,502,657 92.727.000 19.503.600 90,349.975 S344.611.7s7 4,105,013 10,910.657 6.588.394 loS. 1 78.000 20.3SS.957 94.385.089 S557.892.s38 states is classed as "Real." but in the Census estimate wealth is reterred to (a) Exclusive of railroad and other property, which i as "personal and other." (b) Including telegraph and telephone systems, electric light and power stations. Pullman and private cars, and canals. (c) Including products of agriculture, manufactures and mining; imported merchandise, clothing and personal adornments, furniture, carriages, and other kindred property. (•) It may be noted that in the estimated value of live stock in 1906 as presented by the Department of Commerce and Labor there is a marked falling off from 1900, a decrease not borne out by data collected by the local bureau. 42 THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS TO ACCOMPANY THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH Size and Location, (i) In what part of the United States is Utahr By what states is it bounded' (2) How far is it from the Atlantic seaboard; from the Pacific? (3) When was Utah larger than it now is? Mention the states that have been given some of its original territory. (Use Fig. 4 to answer this question.) (4) What meridians and parallels form its present boim- dary ? What is Utah's length and breadth in miles ? (5) How does it compare in size with Colorado, Wyoming, New York; with Xew England; with Great Britain? Surface, (i) What is a mountain? a plateau? a val- ley? a canyon? Do you find all these natural features in Utah? (See Fig. 3.) (2) How do the Great Wasatch Moimtains divide Utah? Locate and describe them. What lies to the east of them? What to the west? (3) How high is the plateau region? What great mountain system in the United States has a lower aver- age altitude? What mountain groups rise above the plateau ? (4) What large river in the southeastern part of the state is formed by what two other rivers ? What world-famous canyon is made by this river? (5) Locate and describe the Uinta Mountains. (6) Where is the Great Basin ? Describe it. (7) What kind of moun- tains do you find in it? Describe a block mountain. Define an uplift, a fault. (8) Name some of the highest peaks in Utah. (9) Find out what a glacier is. (10) How do we know that glaciers once covered the moun- tains and plateaus of Utah? (Study Fig. S.) Geology, Soils, Drainage, (i) Can you define erosion ? weathering? detritus? and tell how they affect the sur- face of a country? (2) What is the cause of so many canyons and steep valleys in Utah? (Study Figs. 9, 10, 11,12.) (3) AVere there ever any volcanoes in Utah? (4) Was the surface of Utah always as elevated as it now is ? What once occupied its entire area ? (5) How was coal formed during the early period of uplift ? (6) Have rivers had an important part in forming the sur- face of Utah? (7) Describe the soils of Utah and tell how they were formed. (8) What is meant by drain- age ? How is the drainage of Utah divided ? (9) How is the plateau section drained, and what is peculiar about the drainage of the Great Basin? (10) Can you describe some special feature of the streams in south- eastern Utah ? (11) Give an account of the great fresh water lake that once occupied a large part of the Great Basin. How did a part of it become the Great Ameri- can Desert, and why are two of the three small lakes remaining on its floor so salt ? What are these lakes ? (12) Describe the peculiarities of Great Salt Lake. (Study Figs. 17 and 48.) (13) Name the principal rivers in Utah and tell into what they fiow. (14) What kind of rivers affords Utah fine water power? (Study Fig. 12.) What is meant by water power? Climate, (i) Why is the climate of Utah dry and its annual rainfall small? How does Utah's rainfall com- pare with that of the whole country ? of the Mississipjji Valley? of the northern and southern Pacific coasts? (3) In what part of the state is the rainfall heaviest? where lightest? (See Fig. 20.) (In Fig. 19 you will find the record for the state.) (4) What can you say of the temperature of your state' What is its range? (Study the isotherms on Fig. 22.) (5) Tell how alti- tude affects both rainfall and teinperature. Plants and Animals, (i) Why is the vegetation of L'tah varied, and why is it small in quantity though great in variety ? (2) Mention the principal plants that grow in the arid or desert regions. How does irrigation affect vegetation? (3) Where are the forested areas? What can you say of the lumber supply in your state ? How does it compare with that of Washington, Wiscon- sin, Maine, or the great Appalachian region ? (4) What are forest reserves? How are they maintained? (5) Why is it necessary to have forest reserves ? (Consult Figs. 2 and 23) ; (also the table on page 40). (6) Name the most ^•alual)le timber trees in your state. History and Growth, (i) Who was the first white man to visit Utah? What famous explorer made it known to the world ? (2) When and b}' whom was Utah first settled ? What was their object in going there ? Who was their leader? (3) What was the name first given to Utah ? When was it admitted as a state ? (4) What first attracted other settlers? When and where were gold and silver first discovered ? Irrigation, (i) Describe irrigation. When is it nec- essary in agriculture? (2) Why were the Mormons compelled to make use of it? (3) How many acres in Utah are now irrigated ? How many miles of irrigating canals are there? (Consult Figs. 25, 27, and 35 and table on page 40.) Agriculture, (i) Why is agriculture the chief occu- pation of the people of Utah? (2) What two methods of farming are pursued ? (3) What are the advantages of irrigation, especially in growing fruit and sugar beets? (See Figs. 26, 33, and 35 in illustration.) How does Utah rank in the last-mentioned product? (4) Describe dry or arid farming. (5) Mention some of the principal farm prodvicts of LUah. (See table on page 40.) (6) What is an "agricultural experiment station" ? Stock Raising, (i) Why is stock raising an impor- tant feature in the agriculture of Utah ? What natural conditions make it especially fine for sheep raising? (2) How does Utah rank among other states as a pro- ducer of wool ? Can you mention any states that raise more? What connection has this industry with Utah manufactures? (Consult Fig. 49.) (3) What farm ani- mals rank next to the sheep in importance? (4) Where are the dairying interests chiefly located ? What do you know about bees and honey in yovir state? (In answering the questions concerning live stock consult Fig. 36 and table on page 40.) Minerals and Mining, (i) Why is mining the great- est source of Utah's wealth? Tell something about its THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 43 enormous ore deposits. (In Fig. 39 you will learn in what parts of the state the different minerals are located.) (2) What are the "precious metals"? How does Utah rank among other states in their production.' (3) How is mining usually carried on? How is the metal sepa- rated from the ore? (In Figs. 41, 42, 44, 45, and 46 you will find several mining processes indicated. Con- sult Fig. 43 for the value of the principal minerals and page 40 for the value of the total production for twenty -five years.) (4) What is the extent of the iron and coal deposits? What will be their chief value to the state? (Consult Fig. 39 and table on page 40.) (5) W^here are gilsonite and elaterite found ? For what are they used? (6) Xame some other mineral products of your state. What large industry depends on clay ? (7) Mention some kinds of building stones foimd in your state. Of what is the temple at Salt Lake City built? Manufactures, (i) Why did the people of Utah early start manufacturing industries? Have these industries increased rapidly? (Fig. 47 shows you the rate of prog- ress made.) (2) How many persons and what per cent of the population are engaged in these industries ? (See Fig. 2g.) (3) What two resources of the state make extensive manufacturing possible? (4) Name some of the chief industries of your state. (5) What are the leading manufacturing cities? (Consult tables on page 41.) Transportation and Trade, (i) What is meant by transportation? How many kinds of transportation can you mention? Upon what kind is Utah wholly dependent? (2) What was the condition of Utah before the railroads were built? What have they done for the state? (3) What manufactured articles are shipped over the railroads? Learn all you can about railroad construction. (Figs. 51 and 52 show two of its difiicult features.) Government, (i) Can you tell how many kinds of government there are? What kind is discussed in this book? (2) Into how many departments is the state government divided? Xame them. How is Utah represented in the general government? (3) Find out how the expenses of government are provided for, and what is meant by "assessed valuation of property." State Institutions and Education, (i) Xame the three classes into which the public institutions in your state are divided. (2) Mention some features of the public school system. (3) Are schools of mines and agricul- ture of much benefit in Utah? Why? (4) Xame the leading pri\-ate schools in your state. Also the leading state schools. (Consult Fig. 56.) Population. (i) How many people live in Utah? How many lived there fifty years ago? What part contains most of the people? Why? (See Fig. 61.) (2) How does Utah rank in population among the states of the LTnion? (3) What is meant by density of population ? What is the density of Utah ? How does it compare with Massachusetts, X'ew Jersey, California, and X'evada ? (4) How many of its inhabitants were bom in foreign countries. How many are native to the state? (Use Figs. 58, 59, and 60 in answering these qviestions.) Cities and Towns, (i) In what parts of the state do you find most tjf the cities and towns? Why? (Con- sult the population map. Fig. 61.) Why are there more small towns in Utah in proportion than large ones? Why are these towns generally market and trade centers? (2) X'ame the principal cities of Utah and locate them. (3) Why is Salt Lake City the metropolis of the state ? X'ame some of its interesting features, and describe its situation. What is its impor- tance as a manufacturing city? (4) W^hat rank does Ogden hold in the state? To what does it chiefly owe its importance ? What of its manufactures: its schools? (5) Tell something about its great electrical plants. Mention other cities in the state that have large elec- trical plants. (6) Give some distinguishing feature of Logan, Provo, Park City, Lehi, Bingham Canyon, Eureka, and St. George. (7) X'ame and locate the chief mining and market towns in the state. (8) What city was once the capital of the state? SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING Bancroft, History of Utah. Button, Physical Geology of Grand Canyon District (Geol. St'.rvey Ann. 2). Fremont, Mentoirs of My Life, including Five Journeys of Western Exploration. Gannett, Dictionary of Altitudes (Geol. Survey). Gazetteer of Utah (Geol. Survey, Bulletin 166). Gilbert, Geology of Henry Mountains; High Plateaus of Utah. History of Lake Bomieville (Geol. Survev, Ann. 2, M. i). Nichols, Mineral Resources of Utah (Pittsburg, 1872). Powell, Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and its Tributaries. Powell, The Arid Lands. Russell, History of Lake Lahontan. State Bureau of Statistics, Report, 1905. Tullidge, Flora of Utah, in Western Galaxy. History of Salt Lake City. United States Geological Survey. Geographical Positions in Utah (Ann. 21). Irrigation in Utah (Bulletin 140). Lumber Industry (Ann. 19). Mineral Resources, igo6. United States Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology. Reports on Internal Commerce. Whitney, History of Utah. The Making of a State. THE INDEX The figures inclosed in parentlieses refer to illustrations, all other fii^nres refer to pages; heavier type is used for tite more important references Abajo Mountai: Admitted into Union, xq. Agricultural College, 31; {Fis- 54). Agricultural experiment stations, 31. Agriculture, 20-22 ; occupation Alta, 35. American Fork, 37. Animals, 18. Antelope Island, tS. Aquarius Plateau, 11. Area, original, map (Fig. 4), 10. Arid farming, 21; view of (Fig- Asphalt, 26. Basin Ranges, 10. Bear River, 15. Bear River Canyon (Fig. 25), 20. Beaver City, 38. Beet sugar industry, 27; fac- tories, 27, 28; crusher (Fig. ■;o). 28. factory at Lehi (Fig. 71). .^8. Bibhography, 43. Bingham Canyon, 19, 35; scenes in (FiK^ 41). 25, and (Figs. 42 and 4?)- -^f>- Bingham Junction, 2^, 35; smelter at (FiK 4''). 27, Block Mountains, 10, 11. Bountiful, 36. Brigham City, 36. Brigham Young, 18. Brighton, 35. Brinton, ■, ;. Buckskin Mountains (Fig. 11). i ^ Building Stone, 26, 27. Cache Valley, 11, 15. 36. Castlegate, 38 ; coal mines and coke ovens (Fig. 40), 25; view near (Fig. 73). 38. Cattle. 23; grazing (Fig. 3S), 24. Cedar City, 24. 38. Cement, 26; (Fig. 44), a6. Centerville, 36- Clarkston, 36. Clay, 27. Climate, 16, 17. Coal, 19, 24, 25; coal mining (Fig. 40). 2 ^. Coal Creek, 24. Coalville, 38. Collateral Reading, 43. Colorado Canyon, 10. Colorado River, 10. 13. Copper and lead, 25. Copper smelting, 27. Corinne, ;f.. Cotton, 22. Exploration, 18; map (Fig. 24). I Farm products, 22; statistics, 40. Farmington, 36. Ferron, 38. Fillmore City. 38. First settlers, 18, 19. Forested areas, 17. Forest reserves, 17, 23; map (Fig. 2O. 18; 40. Fort Douglas, 31. Fremont River, 13. Frisco, 25, Fruit, 22; orchard (Fig. 35). 23. Fruit crop, 22. Garfield, 25, 27. 35. Geology, 12. Glacial Lakes, 12; (Fig. 16), 14, Glaciers, 12. Gilbert Peak. ti. Gilsonite, 26. Gold and silver, 25. Goshen, 37. Government, 29, 30. Grand River, 13; scene on (Fig. 13). 13. Granite, 2(), Grantsville, 35. Grazing, 23, Great Basin, The drainage of. Great Salt Lake, 15-17, iS, 26, 28; pleasure resort on (Fig. 17). 15; railroad cut-off, 28; salt piles (Fig. 48). 27: viewof (Fig. O, 7. Green Rivec, 13; scene on (Fig. 15). 14. Gypsum, 26. Hay, 22; map (Fig. 2S). 21. Heber. 37. Henry Mountains, 10. Henrys Fork River, 13- History, 18, 19; explorations, map (Fig. 24), 19. Honey, 23. Hooper, 36. Horses, 23. Horticulture, 22. "Hot Pots,*' 37. Huntington, 38. Hyrum, 36. •O. map (Fig. 15. 21. Detritus, I ,>,. 14, 15. I Distribution of cities and towns, 33. , Kaysville, 36. Drainage, i3-i5' Draper. 35, Dry farming, 21. Duchesne iSver, 13. Industrial growth, 19. Iron, 25. 27 (Fig. ,0). 25. Irrigated farms, 20; statistics, 41. Irrigating canals, 19; Bear River irrigation canal (Fig. 25), 20. Irrigation, 19, 20; field of sugar beets (Fig. 27), 20: fruit or- chard (Fig. 35), 23-. irrigated peach orchard (Fig. 26), 20. Jordan River, 15. Joshua tree, 17. Education, 30-32. Educational institutions. Agricul- tural College (Fig. ^4). ^o. Lat- ter Dav Saints University (Fig. 57). 32. State University (Fig. .ss). 30- Educational institutions, leading, 31; map (Fig. 5^'). 3i- Elaterite, 26. Elevations, 40. Emmons Peak, 1 1 . Ensign Peak, iS. Erosion, 12; (Figs. 8 and 9), 12. (Fig. 11), 13. Escalante, 38. Escalante iSver, 13. Eureka, 37; view of (Fig. 72), 38. Evaporation, 15, 16, 17. Lake Bonneville, 14, 15. Lake Lucie 1 Fil; I'l) 14 Lake Sevier. 15. La Sal Mountains, 10. Layton, 36. Lead, 25. Lehi, 27, 31, 37; beet sugar fac- tory (Fig. 71). 38. Lewiston, 27. 36. Limestone, 27. Little Cottonwood Canyon, 14. Live stock, 22-24; statistics. 40. Logan, 27, 36; Agricultural Col- lege (Fig. 54). 30; looking down into (Fig. 69), 37. Logan River, 36. Lumber, 17. Manti, 27. 38. Manufactures, 27. 28; (Fig. 47). 27; statistics, 41. Marble. 27. Marysvale, 38. Mercur, 25, 37. Mexican onyx, 27. Midway, 37. Milford, 25. Miller, 35. Minerals and mining, 24-27 ; mineral map (Fig. 39), 25. value of (Fig. 43), 26; produc- Mining. 24, 25, 28; Bingham dis- trict. 25; (Fig. 41). 25; (Figs. 42 and 45). 26; coal mines. Castlegate (Fig. 40). 25; Park City district, 25; Silver King mine (Fig. 65), 35; Tintic di.s- trict, 25; Eureka (Fig. 72). 3^- Moab, 38. Monroe, 38. Mormon immigration, 18. Mormons, 18, 19, 20. Moroni, 38. Mount Lovenia, 12. Mount Nebo, 37. Mt. Pleasant, 38. Murray, 25, 35. Natural bridge (Fig. O, n. Nephi. 2f., 38. North Ogden, 30. Occupations (Fig. 29), 21. Ogden, 25, 26. 28. 30. 3r,35i 36; map 01 (Fig. 66). 36; Washing- ton Avenue (Fig. 67). 36. Ogden Canyon, 35. Ogden Peak, i^. Old Jordan mine, 19. Oquirrh Mountains, 33. 35, 37. Ore deposits, 19. Panguitch, 38. Paria River, 1 3. Park City, 35; (Fig. 65). 35. Parowan, 38. Payson, 37- Physical map (Fig. 6), n. Plain City, <6 Plants and Animals, 17, 18. Pleasant Grove, 37. Political map (Fig. 2), 8, 9. Population, 32; density of (Fig. 58), ^2. foreign-bom, 32; (Fig. 60). i2\ native-bom, 32; (Fig. 59). 32; statistics, 30: urban population, distribution of, map (Fig. 61 \ 33. Population of Salt Lake City, 35. Poultry, 23. Price, 38. Price River, 13; scene Price River Canyon (Fig. 73). 38. Promontory Point, 28. Providence, 36. Provo, 14. 27, 37; scene in (Fig. 70), 37; woolen mills (Fig. 49). Provo Canyon, 37. Provo River, 1 !^. ^7. Provo Valley, 15, ^w. Bridal Veil Falls (Fig, 12). 13. Public schools, 30. 33-35: city county building (Fig. 63), 35; Federal building (Fig. 53). 29; Liberty Park (Fig. 62), 33: map of (Fig. 62), 34; rainfall at (Figs. 20 and 21), 16. 17; State uni- versity (Fig. 55), 30; Temple and tabernacle (Fig. 64), 35- Salt Lake Valley, 19. Salt piles. Great Salt Lake (Fig. Sandstone, 26. Sandy, 25, 35. San Juan River, 13. San Rafael River, 13. Santaquin, 37. Sevier River, 15. Sevier Valley, 26. Sheep, 23; cotswold. merino, 23. Sheep raising, 23, 24; map (Fig. .V>), 24, sheep on range (Fig. Size and Location, 7. Smelting, 27; smelter (Fig. 46), 27. Smithfield, 36. Snake River, 13, 14. Snowville, 1(1. Soils, 13. Spanish Fork, 37. Spring City, 38. Sprin^ville, 37. State institutions, 30. Statistical tables, 39-41 ; by coun- ties. 3q; population of cities, 39; growth and rank. 39; state and country of birth, 39; production of minerals, 40; coal mined, 40; value of live stock, 40; value of /arm products, 40; farm statistics, 40: forest reserves, 40: elevations. 40; irrigation, 41: principal manufacturing cities. 41 ; leading industries, 41 ; items of wealth. 41. St, George, 16. 31. 38; rainfall at (Figs. 20 and 21), 16. 17. Sugar beets, 22; map (Fig. 34), 23; thinning beets (Fig. 3i), 22. Sulphur, 26. Surface, 7-12. Temperature, 16; 22). n, map (Fig. Timber, 17 trees, 17. Timpanogos Peak (Fig. 7) u. Tokewanna Peak, 12. Tooele, 35. Transportation and trade, 28, railroad cut-ofT (Fig. =:i), railroad in Weber Canvbn (f 5-0. 20. Tropical fruits, 22. Uinta Mountains, 10, 11. 12, glaciated area (Fig. 8), 12. University of Utah, 31 (Fig. 5 30. Utah Hot Springs, 36. Utah Lake, 15; shore of (Fig. i Utah Valley, 38. Vegetation, 17. Vernal. 38. Virgin River, 13- Railroad mileage, 29. Railroads. 28, 29. Rainfall, 16; average monthly at Salt Lake City and St. George (Fig. 21), 17; mean annual map (Fig. 19), 16; average at Salt , Wasatch Plateau, Lake Citv and St. George (Fig. ' " " Wasatch Mountains, 7. 10, 11 20). Relief map (Fig. 3), 10. Reservoirs, 20, Richfield, 38. Richmond, 36. Rivers, 12, 13. Riverton, 35. Rocky Mountains, 7. Sagebrush, i 7 Salina, 2(k Salt. 26, 36. Saltair. 16; (Fig. 17). i Salt Lake City. 14. i'>. Weathering of rock (Fig. 10), 12. Weber Canyon, 26. Weber River, 15, 35; view of (Fig. Weber "Valley, 15; railroad in d-ij.'. ^2). 20. Wellsville, 36. West Jordan, 35. Wheat, 22. map (Fig. 30). 21. White River, r ?. Willard, 36; (Fig. 68), 37. Wilson Peak, n." Woods Cross, 36. Wool, 24. [44]