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 WITH CARE 
 
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 Connecticut Libraries 
 
 3 =1153 Dlfiblh^D h 
 
 GAYLORD RG ' 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 FRONTISPIECE 
 
 POTTERY VESSELS. 
 DIAMETERS: 
 UPPER, 6\ IN. 
 LOWER, 8| IN. 
 
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 
 
 NEAR 
 
 GLEESON, ARIZONA 
 
 WILLIAM SHIRLEY FULTON 
 
 AND 
 
 CARR TUTHILL 
 
 No. 1 
 
 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 DRAGOON, ARIZONA 
 
 19 4 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Acknowledgment 9 
 
 Axes of stone 28 
 
 Beads of stone 34 
 
 Bibliography 65 
 
 Bone material 39 
 
 Ceremonial stone point .' 32 
 
 Combs of stone 30 
 
 Cultural drift chart 62 
 
 Disposal of the dead 25 
 
 Discussion 55 
 
 Figurines of clay 49 
 
 Figurines of stone 33 
 
 Four pointed stone 34 
 
 House types 14 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Location and description of ruin 11 
 
 Manos 35 
 
 Metates 34 
 
 Miscellaneous articles of clay 53 
 
 Mortars 32 
 
 Observations 63 
 
 Palettes of stone 29 
 
 Pendants of stone 34 
 
 Pipe of stone 31 
 
 Pit-ovens 20 
 
 Plummets of stone 33 
 
 Pottery artifacts 40 
 
 Projectile and drill points 35 
 
 Shell material 37 
 
 Sherd analysis 48 
 
 Stone artifacts 28 
 
 Turquoise ornaments 36 
 
 3 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 
 LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/archaeologicalsiOOfult 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PI. I. Pottery vessels — in color Frontispiece 
 
 Fig. 1. House types Page 15 
 
 Fig. 2. Pit-ovens Page 21 
 
 Fig. 3. Design structure Page 43 
 
 PI. II. Interior of bowl — in color Opp. page 40 
 
 PI. III. Interior of bowl — in color Opp. page 48 
 
 Gleeson site ; Turquoise quarry Pl. IV 
 
 Pit-house; Detail of reed groove Pl. V 
 
 Pit-ovens Pl. VI 
 
 Inhumations Pl. VII 
 
 Burials with accompaniments Pl. VIII 
 
 Cremation accompaniments Pl. IX 
 
 Bowls with interior decoration Pl. X 
 
 Vessels with exterior decoration Pl. XI 
 
 Vessels with interior and exterior decoration . . Pl. XII 
 
 Plain-ware vessels Pl. XIII 
 
 Elongated vessels Pl. XIV 
 
 Miniature vessels Pl. XV 
 
 Clay figurines Pl. XVI 
 
 Stone axes Pl. XVII 
 
 Stone palettes Pl. XVIII 
 
 Stone combs Pl. XIX 
 
 Stone objects Pl. XX 
 
 Stone ornaments Pl. XXI 
 
 Turquoise ornaments Pl. XXII 
 
 Stone points and drills Pl. XXIII 
 
 Shell bracelets and ornaments Pl. XXIV 
 
 Shell beads and ornaments Pl. XXV 
 
 Objects of bone Pl. XXVI 
 
 Map of site Opp. Rear Cover 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Amerind Foundation, having for its purpose the 
 fostering of scientific, educational, and archaeological 
 study and pursuits, was incorporated in 1937 under the 
 Laws of the State of Connecticut. 
 
 This record of its excavations near Gleeson, Arizona, 
 the first publication of the Foundation, crystallizes a belief 
 long held by the Director that only in making available 
 successive records of the work it accomplishes can the ex- 
 istence of a research institution be justified. 
 
 The text of this monograph is largely the work of Mr. 
 Carr Tuthill whose competent supervision of the actual 
 excavations and whose adequate field notes have made pos- 
 sible the completeness of this report. 
 
 It is hoped that from within these covers, as from the 
 pages of other publications to follow, something of value 
 may accrue to the accumulating store of knowledge of 
 Southwestern archaeology and that herein the student may 
 find at least partial solutions to some of the involved prob- 
 lems the subject now presents. 
 
 The museum building of the Foundation is located at 
 Dragoon. On exhibit there, will be found not only the 
 material from Gleeson but that from earlier excavations 
 at Texas Canyon, together with numerous specimens that 
 have come to us through the generosity of friends who 
 have shown an interest in our activities. 
 
 The Museum is open during the winter months, when 
 we are most happy to admit students and other interested 
 visitors by appointment. 
 
 The Amerind Foundation, Inc. 
 William Shirley Fulton, Director 
 
 Dragoon, Arizona 
 August, 1940 
 
 7 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
 
 The authors desire to express their sincere thanks and 
 appreciation for assistance in the preparation of this report 
 to Dr. Joshua L. Bailey, Jr., San Diego, California, for his 
 painstaking identification of the shell material; to Mr. Carl 
 Trischka, Bisbee, Arizona, for similar efforts in connection 
 with the identification of the numerous stone pieces ; to Dr. 
 William H. Burt, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, to 
 whom fell the task of bone identification ; to Dr. Emil W. 
 Haury, University of Arizona, Tucson, for his constant 
 encouragement and enthusiastic cooperation in the course 
 of excavation ; to Dr. Frank C. Hibben, University of New 
 Mexico, Albuquerque, for his stimulating interest in our 
 problems ; to Mr. Hayden Fulton of our staff for his gen- 
 eral surveys of the site, its mapping, and for photography ; 
 and especially to Dr. George G. Heye, Mr. E. K. Burnett, 
 and Mr. K. C. Miller of the Museum of the American In- 
 dian, Heye Foundation, New York, for their exhaustive 
 editorial work and for the preparation of the illustrations. 
 The color reproductions are from paintings by Miss Mar- 
 garet C. Sorensen, New York. 
 
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE NEAR 
 GLEESON, ARIZONA 
 
 The Ruin 
 
 THE Gleeson village is located in the West half of 
 the Northwest quarter of Section 11, Township 30 
 South, Range 24 East, of Cochise County, Arizona, 
 at an altitude of five thousand feet above sea level. It lies 
 about two and one half miles southwest of the small min- 
 ing community of Gleeson, on the ranch property of Mr. 
 Henry McLinden. The site covers an area of approxi- 
 mately four acres on a long, low ridge that slopes off gently 
 to the southwest. A small gully about three feet deep and 
 five or six feet wide has cut through the ruin on the east 
 side in recent years exposing one pit-oven and two badly 
 deteriorated floor areas. It was reported by the ranch 
 owner that an adult burial was also exposed and destroyed 
 by the erosion of the gully. 
 
 About one mile north of the ruin rises the southern end 
 of the Dragoon Mountains. A low ridge one mile west 
 separates Sulphur Springs Valley, in which the Gleeson 
 site is located, from the drainage which flows westward to 
 join the San Pedro River near Fairbank. The arroyos in 
 the vicinity of the ruin flow a little west of south for sev- 
 eral miles before turning to the southeast to join the Sul- 
 phur Springs drainage proper. The very oppressive sum- 
 mer heat is diminished by the altitude and nights are al- 
 ways cool enough for a blanket if one is sleeping outdoors. 
 Snow storms may be expected occasionally in the winter, 
 sometimes covering the ground to a depth of six or eight 
 inches. 
 
 n 
 
12 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 The site had been pot-hunted sporadically for twenty 
 five years or more, apparently without much success. 
 This may be due to the fact that present surface markings 
 give no clues to the location of houses or pits. The only 
 surface indications of a village are the presence of fairly 
 numerous sherds, small and broken stone implements, and 
 flint and obsidian chips. 
 
 A short distance west of the ruin are approximately one 
 hundred acres of land that were under dry farm cultiva- 
 tion until ten or fifteen years ago. This same land had 
 undoubtedly been cultivated by the inhabitants of the vil- 
 lage. Mr. McLinden reported that when he started ranch- 
 ing there twenty five years ago, a spring with a good all- 
 year-round flow was located in the large arroyo between 
 the ruin and the arable land. Although no traces of 
 ditches remain today, the spring was sufficiently far up the 
 arroyo for its waters to have been used for irrigation. 
 The only vegetable products uncovered during excavation 
 are two instances of charred corn kernels. 
 
 The region is still fairly abundant in small game, both 
 animals and birds, and larger game is to be found in the 
 nearby Dragoon Mountains. Both mule deer and peccary 
 were reported seen by the rancher within a mile of the 
 ruin, during the winter months. That the inhabitants of 
 the village lived almost entirely on an agricultural economy 
 is evidenced by the paucity of animal bones found. The 
 species represented are : 
 
 Antelope (Antilocapra americana) 
 
 Deer (Odocoileus) 
 
 Rabbit (Lepus) 
 
 Dog (Canis familiar is) 
 
 Hawk (?) 
 
 The surrounding country supports a rather heavy 
 growth of grasses, the seeds of some of which may pos- 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 13 
 
 sibly have enhanced the food supply. Mesquite, hack- 
 berry, yucca and occasional cholla and prickly pear are 
 found. Cottonwood, ash, walnut and sycamore grow 
 along - the arroyos. Live oak and manzanita are present in 
 the nearby mountains. 
 
 METHODS OF EXCAVATION 
 
 An area six hundred by eight hundred feet, somewhat 
 larger than that covered by surface sherds, was surveyed 
 and marked into one hundred foot squares by consecutively 
 numbered stakes. A series of parallel exploratory trenches 
 about ten feet apart, crossed at right angles by another 
 parallel series, were then dug. This method of procedure 
 was necessitated by the fact that no surface architectural 
 features were present. As fast as the houses were found 
 in this manner, they were completely excavated. Many of 
 the burials were located while trenching. When the en- 
 tire sherd area had been transected and sterile soil reached 
 on all sides, the untouched areas between the trenches were 
 excavated. In this way the trenches were filled in and the 
 surface leveled off approximately to its former condition. 
 However, all architectural features were left uncovered 
 until the completion of the excavation. The location of 
 every item and feature found was plotted in its relation 
 to two of the survey stakes. 
 
 There are no trash mounds at the Gleeson site, and the 
 shallow depths of the sheet rubbish prohibited any stratig- 
 raphy. The surface must have been subject to consider- 
 able erosion after the abandonment of the village, as many 
 of the burials are found at depths of from one to three or 
 four inches, and the plaster-on-soil walls of Pit-house 3 
 are at the present surface level. Several of the pieces of 
 pottery that did not accompany burials or cremations, and 
 that were found in the general digging, were at such shal- 
 
14 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 low depths that another inch or two of erosion would have 
 exposed them. 
 
 HOUSE TYPES 
 
 House forms may be classified into six main types which 
 are as follows : 
 
 HOUSE TYPE I 
 
 This is not reported as occurring elsewhere and seems to 
 be peculiar to the Gleeson site. In the main it resembles 
 House Type II in that the general method of construction 
 and outline is quite similar to middle and late Colonial Ho- 
 hokam houses reported at Snaketown. 1 The chief differ- 
 ence, and the feature which distinguishes this type of 
 house, is a depressed area of from four to eight inches 
 around the fire pit, varying in dimension depending upon 
 the size of the house, but constituting about one-sixth of 
 the total floor area. The entrance vestibule opens into this 
 depressed area. In many respects this floor arrangement 
 is similar to that found at Roosevelt : 9 : 6 2 where, except 
 for the area immediately adjacent to the fire pit, a wooden 
 and earth floor had been raised on stone stilts or piles. 
 
 It has been suggested by Gila Pueblo, under whose aus- 
 pices the work at Roosevelt : 9 : 6 was conducted, that be- 
 cause of the location of the site near the Salt River, on 
 land that was easily flooded, the inhabitants by raising the 
 floor on stilts were able to keep at least a part of it dry even 
 when the house was inundated. However, as Dr. Haury 
 points out, this arrangement had the effect of almost nulli- 
 fying the pit in which the house had been built by bringing 
 the floor level almost to the surrounding ground surface. 
 
 1 Sayles, E. B., 1937, pp. 61-71. 
 
 2 Haury, E. W., 1932, Fig. 12; p. 45. 
 
FULTON: TUTH1LL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 No. 33 
 
 No. 29 
 
 No. 3 
 
 
 ,o 
 
 SCALE OF FEET 
 
 No. 28 
 
 HOUSE TYPES 
 
 NO. 33 TYPE I NO. 29 TYPE II NO. 34 TYPE III 
 
 NO. 8 TYPE III NO. 31 TYPE V NO. 28 TYPE VI 
 
16 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 This does not hold true at the Gleeson site where the pit- 
 houses are located on a low ridge and could have been in 
 no danger from flood waters. In contrast to the construc- 
 tion at Roosevelt : 9 : 6, the depressed area is always found 
 sunk below the rest of the floor. 
 
 Another feature of this type of pit-house that is similar 
 to, and yet unlike, the house at Roosevelt : 9 : 6 is the pres- 
 ence of a reed groove around the periphery of the floor, 1 
 the essential difference being that at Gleeson this groove is 
 located inside of the line of posts which formed the main 
 side wall supports, while at Roosevelt : 9 : 6 it is found out- 
 side of this row of posts. This would suggest a different 
 manner of vertical side-wall construction. 
 
 Entrance ramps are short and straight-sided. No ex- 
 amples of a stepped entrance are found with this type of 
 house. 
 
 Houses 1, 23, 24, 25 and 33 belong to this type. 
 
 HOUSE TYPE II 
 
 This type is practically the same as Gila Butte and Santa 
 Cruz phase pit-houses from Snaketown 2 and, in the main, 
 much like House Type I. The entrance ramps are sloping 
 and straight-sided. No evidence of a stepped or bulbous 
 entrance has been found. Many of the houses are in such 
 poor condition that no entrance can be determined. The 
 fire pits are located in front of the entrance, midway be- 
 tween it and the center of the house. Some of the houses 
 of this type are elliptical in shape. Others have slightly 
 convex sides with rounded corners and ends. In two in- 
 stances (Houses 5 and 29) the floors are pitted with holes, 
 all of which cannot be post holes, or there would not have 
 been room to move about the interior because of the forest 
 
 1 Haury, E. W., 1932, PI. V. 
 
 2 Sayles, E. B., 1937, pp. 61-71. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 17 
 
 of roof supports. While some of the holes were undoubt- 
 edly caches, since small articles of turquoise and shell were 
 found in the bottoms of them, many have been made by the 
 ubiquitous gopher who had damaged nearly all of the 
 houses on the site. Houses and floor areas 5, 6, 9, 14, 18, 
 19, 29, 30 and 32 are of this classification. 
 
 HOUSE TYPE III 
 
 This type includes those pit-houses found at Gleeson 
 which most closely resemble the Mogollon dwellings of the 
 Three Circle and San Francisco phases. 1 However, they 
 are not as deep as those found by Haury, nor those by 
 Bradfield at Cameron Creek. 2 All are of the plaster-on- 
 soil type, with straight sides, vertical or slightly sloping 
 sidewalls, and square or sharply rounded corners. The 
 only complete entrance found in this class is typically Mo- 
 gollon in that it is as long as the house is wide and very 
 narrow in proportion, with one step. The fire pits are 
 located, as in the Hohokam type, in front of the entrance 
 and midway between it and the center of the house. The 
 plaster coating on the side walls is on both native soil and 
 rubbish. The four major roof supports are located in the 
 corners. It must be remembered that a rectangular, 
 square-cornered, plaster-on-soil pit-house found at Snake- 
 town in the Sacaton phase, is considered an intrusive type ; 3 
 and, also, that Woodward believes the plaster-on-soil 
 houses at the Grewe site to be typically Hohokam. 4 
 
 House numbers belonging to this class are 8, 10, 22, 34 
 and 35. 
 
 1 Haury, E. W., 1936b, pp. 18-21, 58-63. 
 
 2 Bradfield, W., 1931, p. 16. 
 
 3 Sayles, E. B., 1937, p. 63. 
 
 4 Woodward, A., 1931, pp. 9-11. 
 
18 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 HOUSE TYPE IV 
 
 This might be classified as a sub-type of III, since there 
 are many similarities in construction. Only the north and 
 west walls, the northwest corner, and part of the badly 
 broken floor of one house of this type have been found in 
 the entire site. Neither the entrance, the fire pit, nor any 
 interior post holes can be traced. 
 
 The chief point of difference between Types III and IV 
 is that in the latter the floor curves up to form the sidewalls 
 which show a decided outward slant. It is probably safe 
 to assume, lacking further knowledge of the type but con- 
 sidering the plaster-on-soil manner of construction, that 
 the super-structure and roof were built in the same way as 
 those of Type III. Pit-house 3, the only one of this type, 
 is very shallow, having a depth of only seven inches. The 
 plaster which forms the side walls extends up to the present 
 surface level. The radius of the corner where the floor 
 begins to slope upwards into the wall is between twelve 
 and fourteen inches. 
 
 HOUSE TYPE V 
 
 From the single example found this may also be classi- 
 fied as a sub-type of III because of the plaster-on-soil man- 
 ner of construction, but again, as in Type IV, there is an 
 essential difference that distinguishes it from III. The 
 vertical side walls of Pit-house 31 are plastered only on 
 native soil. Though very small, the house had evidently 
 been used for living quarters, since a fire pit occurs near 
 the east wall. The house is elliptical in shape with the 
 addition of a small alcove or recess about eight inches deep 
 along the west wall. There is no entrance discernable. 
 What appear to be post holes exist at the extremities of 
 the long axis of the house. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 19 
 
 HOUSE TYPE VI 
 
 As in the two preceding groups, VI is represented by one 
 house. The sub-surface walls appear to have been made 
 of puddled adobe in a manner similar to those found at the 
 University Ruin near Tucson. The house is fairly large, 
 measuring eighteen feet by twelve feet two inches, and the 
 walls are from six to eight inches thick, standing eleven or 
 twelve inches above the floor. The depth from the sur- 
 rounding surface to the floor level is only fifteen inches. 
 The north, west and south walls are straight, that to the 
 east being slightly convex. The corners are square. No 
 entrance can be discerned. The fire pit is located about 
 half way between the center of the house and the east wall 
 and midway between the north and south walls. Two 
 large post holes are located on the north-south axis. An 
 undercut storage pit was found on the outside of, and re- 
 cessed under, the east wall. 
 
 All of the houses have suffered from the depredations 
 of time and weather and, more especially, from gophers' 
 burrowings. In the case of Pit-house 5, they are re- 
 sponsible for the obliteration of the whole southern end of 
 the house. Many of the floors are pock-marked with their 
 holes. 
 
 In not a few cases, only a portion of a house area can 
 be traced. In these instances, if a fairly large floor area 
 can be demonstrated, or if some feature of the house, such 
 as a fire pit or a corner of a wall, is judged sufficient to give 
 an idea of the type of house, it is referred to as a " floor 
 area," and numbered with the houses. 
 
 Surprisingly few evidences of domestic activity come to 
 light in the excavated houses. But few bowls or ollas, 
 either broken or whole, are found on the floors, and, with 
 the exception of a small quantity of animal bones, only one 
 
20 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 food item was recovered — a few kernels of charred corn 
 in a small olla — from the floor of Pit-house 28. No evi- 
 dences of any perishable materials such as basketry, cloth 
 or matting" exist. 
 
 PIT-OVENS 
 
 The types of pit-ovens found appear to have their focus 
 in Sulphur Springs Valley. They were first reported from 
 this region by Trischka, 1 who discovered them in a site 
 some ten or twelve miles south of the Gleeson village. 
 They have also been reported in the surrounding territory. 
 One was found exposed in the arroyo bank near Stockton 
 Hill, about four miles west of the Gleeson site. Because 
 of the little excavation done in this area, the distribution 
 of these pits cannot be given at the present time; nor, for 
 the same reason, can their chronological range be sug- 
 gested. The three sites excavated in the Dragoon Red-on- 
 Brown area, Texas Canyon, Gleeson, and Pearce; 7: 1, all 
 belong to the late Colonial and Sedentary periods, covering 
 probably, some four hundred years, from around 800 to 
 1200 A. D. 
 
 The pits vary considerably in both size and shape. 
 Though a few have vertical side walls, the majority of 
 them are under-cut and are shaped much like ollas. Oth- 
 ers are more or less a truncated cone with slightly bulging 
 side walls and rounded bottom. They range in diameter 
 from fourteen inches to six feet, and in depth from sixteen 
 inches to six feet two inches. 
 
 All of the pits show evidence of having undergone in- 
 tense heating, the side walls and bottoms being burned to a 
 brick red for a depth of as much as six inches. Most of 
 them are from one-third to one-half full of fire-fractured 
 
 i Trischka, C, 1933, pp. 427-430. 
 
■Or 
 
 UJ 
 
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 O'cvil 
 
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22 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 stones of considerable size, many of which are large frag- 
 ments of metates and mortars. Ashes and charcoal are 
 relatively scarce, but, though no traces of animal bones or 
 vegetable matter that might serve as a clue to the use of 
 these pits are found in them, it is to be presumed that in 
 some manner they were employed for the preparation of 
 food. It has been suggested that they are a type of crema- 
 tory pit, but their number (41) is far too great in relation 
 to the cremations found (9) for this hypothesis. It has 
 also been suggested that they were used as kilns for the 
 firing of pottery. This, too, can be ruled out because of 
 the lack, in and around the pits, of fragmentary pieces of 
 pottery broken during the process of firing. 
 
 It would seem logical to assume that these pit-ovens are 
 a prehistoric form of tireless cooker. It is probable that a 
 fire was built in the pit to heat it thoroughly, and at the 
 same time, the large stones were heated in a surface fire 
 nearby. When the desired temperature in both the pit 
 and the stones was attained, the oven was cleaned out, leav- 
 ing as little ash and charcoal as possible, and the heated 
 rocks rolled into the pit. The food, vegetable or animal, 
 was then placed on top of the rocks and probably the whole 
 pit covered over. In this manner the heat would be held 
 in the pit and the food slowly and throughly cooked. 
 
 To substantiate this theory, attention is directed to Min- 
 deleff's description of Pueblo ovens : 1 
 
 " In all the oven devices of the pueblos the interior is first 
 thoroughly heated by a long continued fire within the struc- 
 ture. When the temperature is sufficiently high the ashes 
 and dirt are cleaned out, the articles to be cooked inserted, 
 and the orifices sealed. The food is often left in these 
 heated receptacles for 12 hours or more. . . ." 
 
 1 Mindeleff, V., 1891, p. 164. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 23 
 
 Pit-ovens apparently similarly employed have been re- 
 ported at the Grewe Site, 1 Roosevelt : 9 : 6, 2 near Phoenix, 3 
 and at Forestdale. 4 Those from the first three sites men- 
 tioned are of a flared type, similar in shape to the flared 
 rim bowls of the Hohokam. It should be noted that the 
 flared pits seem to be confined to the Hohokam and that 
 they generally have three large boulders arranged in a tri- 
 angle on the bottom. The pits at Forestdale are deep and 
 have straight sides that cut back diagonally near the bot- 
 tom. One feature of the pits from the Hohokam area that 
 differs from those at Gleeson is the size of the stones and 
 the depth to which they are found in the pits. Those at 
 Gleeson are predominantly large. They weigh up to sev- 
 enty or eighty pounds and never more than half fill the pit. 
 In the other sites the stones are much smaller, being mano 
 fragments and other bits of about that size, and fill the 
 pits to the brim. 
 
 Trischka reports that he found the pits at Pierce : 7 : 1 
 located in the centers of large circular pit houses, 5 the rim 
 of the pits being level with the house floors. 6 No such re- 
 lationship of pits to houses is found at Gleeson, nor can any 
 correlation as to the position of one to the other be deter- 
 mined (see map). 
 
 The bottoms of the pit-ovens do not show the variation 
 in construction that Trischka describes. 7 Many of the pits 
 have plain bottoms. In addition to the ones with no con- 
 structional features, only Types 3, 4, and 5, as shown in 
 Fig. 13 of Trischka's report, are found at Gleeson (fig. 2). 
 
 1 Woodward, A., 1931, Fig. 4; p. 15. 
 
 2 Haury, E. W., 1932, pp. 57-61 ; PL XIX ; Fig. 16. 
 
 3 Schroeder, A., in prep. 
 
 4 Haury, E. W., in prep. 
 
 5 Trischka, C, 1933, p. 430. 
 
 6 Caywood, Louis R., 1933, PI. V. 
 "Trischka, C, 1933, p. 428; Fig. 13. 
 
24 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 In Trischka's Type 3, the five holes in the oven bottom are 
 straight sided and set in a vertical plane. Type 4 is similar 
 to the preceding in plan, but the small holes around the 
 circumference of the bottom all slant toward a common 
 center located at about the level of the rim of the pit. In 
 both types the central hole is invariably the larger and is 
 generally olla-shaped. 
 
 To the seven types of pit-ovens listed by Trischka must 
 be added two additional types found at Gleeson. Both are 
 simpler in construction, one having a plain bottom, the 
 other only one small central hole. 
 
 A further clue to the possible use of these pit-ovens 
 might be found in the pi-gummi ovens reported by Rob- 
 erts in the Zurii area of New Mexico 1 and in the large pit- 
 ovens employed even today by the Hopi of northern Ari- 
 zona, the simplest form of which, as noted by MindelefT, 2 
 is a mere mud-lined depression commonly placed some little 
 distance from the house. However, these ovens generally 
 have a flue leading obliquely to the surface — a feature that 
 is absent at Gleeson. 
 
 All of the pit-ovens found are dug into the soil, except 
 two which penetrate through the walls of an abandoned 
 house, and thus are built partly in rubbish. The native 
 soil has a high clay content and, when dry, is as adamant 
 as rock. This was demonstrated in digging through some 
 of it in making the photographic cross-section of Pit-oven 
 12 (pi. VI). The soil has a rubbery consistency that 
 makes its removal difficult even with a pick and shovel, let 
 alone a primitive wooden or stone digging implement. It 
 is believed that water was used to soften and loosen the 
 clayey soil when digging the pits, then the wet clay was 
 daubed over the walls and bottoms of the excavations, as 
 evidenced by numerous finger imprints. 
 
 1 Roberts, F. H. H., Jr., 1932, pp. 44-45. 
 
 2 Mindeleff. V., 1891, p. 163. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 25 
 
 In four instances at Gleeson, abandoned pit-ovens had 
 been used as places of interment for the dead, in only one 
 of which had the stones been removed before the body was 
 deposited. The skeletal remains are found so badly de- 
 teriorated that no data can be obtained as to sex. Of the 
 burial in Pit 10, only part of the mandible and minute frag- 
 ments of other bones remain. Trischka reported two 
 burials in pit-ovens from Pearce:7:l, x and Roberts re- 
 ported one in a pi-gummi oven in the Village of the Great 
 Kivas. 2 
 
 DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD 
 
 Of a total of one hundred and eleven burials only nine 
 were cremations, a percentage of 91.892 for inhumations 
 as against 8.108. The predominant custom of interment 
 instead of cremation in a community as strongly Hohokam 
 as the Gleeson village is difficult to explain. 
 
 Cremations are of both the pit and urn types; five of 
 the former and four of the latter. The pit cremations 
 have no ceramic burial accompaniments, though in one, 
 two calcined shells perforated for stringing were recov- 
 ered. The bones of the urn cremations had been placed 
 in bowls or ollas, or under inverted bowls. Cremation 4 is 
 probably of more than one individual since the calcined 
 bones are both inside an olla and under an inverted bowl. 
 
 The inhumations are not found consistent as to orienta- 
 tion. In more than half, the head is to the west, but 
 among the rest all points of the compass are represented. 
 All inhumations are flexed to a greater or less degree. 
 Some of the bodies, though these are exceptions, had been 
 tightly folded to occupy as small a space as possible. In 
 
 1 Trishka, C, 1933, p. 420, 427. 
 
 - Roberts, F. H. H., Jr., 1932. p. 45. 
 
26 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 most cases the body had been placed on its back in a shal- 
 low pit dug into the hardpan. The arms are along the 
 sides, or folded across the abdomen. The legs are loosely 
 flexed with the knees upright. The head is in a nearly 
 vertical plane, with the chin resting on the upper part of 
 the chest. In other burials the skeletons are found on their 
 sides in a flexed position, all of the inhumations in pit-ovens 
 being of this class. The back was placed near or against 
 the wall of the pit and the body was flexed and curved to 
 conform to the rounded sides. One double adult inhuma- 
 tion (pi. VII ) and a possible second one, although the lat- 
 ter may have been two closely positioned adjacent burials, 
 were found. One adult female had been buried face down 
 with the lower legs folded back so that the heels rested on 
 the pelvis. 
 
 The skeletal material is almost without exception in ex- 
 tremely poor condition and there is not one complete skele- 
 ton among the one hundred and two inhumations. Some 
 have so thoroughly disintegrated that the only remains are 
 the teeth and small fragments of bone. Some fairly large 
 fragments were exceedingly brittle and disintegrated upon 
 exposure to the air and the sun. For this reason data are 
 lacking on the age and sex of most of the burials. Six 
 skulls and a few long bones represent the total recovered 
 for anthropometric examination. 
 
 The poor condition of the skeletal material may be ac- 
 counted for by the shallowness of the burials and the con- 
 sequent wetting following the hard summer rains, or it 
 may be the result of the action of some chemical agent in 
 the soil. The articular surfaces of all bones appear to 
 have suffered most destruction. Almost without excep- 
 tion, though the shaft is found in a fair condition, the epi- 
 physeal areas have disintegrated. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 27 
 
 One badly deteriorated skull appears to have been cov- 
 ered with a red pigment on the frontal region. 
 
 Forty-seven of the one hundred and two inhumations, 
 or 46.1 percent, had some form of burial accompaniment. 
 The number of these vary from one small turquoise bead, 
 which had apparently been fastened to the upper arm in 
 an adult burial, to a necklace of turquoise, shell and stone 
 beads, eleven shell bracelets and five pieces of pottery in 
 that of a child. 
 
 A few of the bowls and ollas that had been used as burial 
 offerings are intact or had been cracked by the pressure 
 of the earth above them. Most, however, appear to have 
 been ceremonially " killed " at the time of interment by 
 being broken, and the sherds placed around the side of, or 
 spread over the body. Occasionally only half of a bowl 
 or olla had been placed with the body. There is no regu- 
 larity in the positioning of the burial offerings. 
 
 The burials are not confined to specific areas but are 
 scattered between the houses, a few of them located just 
 outside the pits in which the dwellings had been built. 
 There are only two cases of sub-floor burials, both of which 
 had apparently been made subsequent to the abandonment 
 of the houses in which they occurred. In one of these the 
 bottom of the burial pit is only six inches below the level 
 of the floor and, in the other, the entrance ramp had been 
 disturbed in digging the pit for the body. There are two 
 burials directly on the floors of two houses and five burials 
 in the fills of abandoned houses. 
 
 Rodents have added to the general confusion in which 
 the skeletal remains are found. In a few cases their ac- 
 tivities have so mixed the bones that even the orientation 
 of the body is difficult or impossible to determine. Grass 
 and tree roots have also contributed to the confusion, it 
 
28 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 not being uncommon to find these growing through long 
 bones and skull apertures. 
 
 A few of the inhumations had been covered with large 
 rocks. This was not in any apparent attempt to construct 
 a cairn, as the stones show no evidence of having been laid 
 in any sort of masonry. They had merely been placed 
 around and over the body in haphazard arrangement, or 
 three or four large rocks had been placed on top of tightly 
 flexed legs. 
 
 STONE ARTIFACTS 
 
 axes: (pl. xvii) 
 
 All of the stone axes from Gleeson are of the three- 
 quarter groove type attributed to the Hohokam culture. 
 Three of them have the additional longitudinal groove 
 along the bottom side of the long axis, a characteristic of 
 the Dragoon Red-on-Brown sites. 1 Only five of the speci- 
 mens are complete, including two with the longitudinal 
 groove (b, c). Lengths vary from three and five-eighths 
 to five inches. Most of the axes are quite full bodied with 
 short bits, giving them a stubby appearance, and not one is 
 well polished. One specimen of quartzite (a) that is not 
 polished at all has an exceptionally short bit for the size 
 of its head, presumably the result of a new edge having 
 been pecked onto a broken axe, or of numerous resharpen- 
 ings. One small axe has a full groove, but this appears to 
 be a later extension of a three-quarter groove as the peck- 
 ing which completes it is decidedly shallow and occurs on 
 the bottom of the blade. All of the axes are of diorite with 
 the exception of the short bitted one noted above. A ham- 
 merstone made from a broken axe also is of quartzite. 
 Mention might be made of an axe blank which was picked 
 
 1 Fulton, W. S., 1934a, p. 22 ; 1938, pp. 16-17. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 29 
 
 up on the surface of a small contemporaneous site about a 
 mile and a half south of Gleeson. The blank is a large 
 piece of diorite with pecking marks over its entire surface. 
 Though the axe form is evident, the groove had not yet 
 been started. 
 
 palettes: (pl. xviii) 
 
 Six complete and two fragmentary paint palettes were 
 found. Of these, six have some form of decoration and 
 two are of the unadorned so-called proto-palette type. Of 
 the latter, one is made of tufa and is roughly finished with 
 a small area in the center that shows considerable wear 
 and smoothing, its edges being roughly ground into shape. 
 The other, made from trachyte, is carefully smoothed on 
 the top surface and the reverse partly so. Although this 
 palette is quite asymetrical, the edges are carefully 
 smoothed. 
 
 The largest and best of the palettes (e), made of mica 
 schist, is of the late Colonial Hohokam type. Its raised 
 border has an incised design of a double series of hatched 
 triangles with negative zig-zags between them. A curvi- 
 linear scroll occurs in each corner. The edges have no 
 medial grooves or notching. The mixing area is recessed 
 and well smoothed. This specimen measures eight by five 
 and one-half inches. 
 
 A smaller specimen (b), of similar type and material, 
 shows what are thought to be traces of paint on the mixing 
 surface. Though the piece is badly cracked and flaked due 
 to fire, it was not found with a cremation as were many 
 of the Hohokam palettes that are in comparable condition. 
 The mixing surface is not recessed but merely outlined by 
 a groove. The border is partially covered with a crude 
 incised design. 
 
30 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 A third example of the above type (a) demonstrates 
 rather well some aborigine's ingenuity. The palette was 
 originally longer but had been broken. Instead of dis- 
 carding the presumably larger of the pieces, the owner 
 smoothed off the rough fractured edge, scratched another 
 border line along it, and continued to use a smaller, but 
 none the less serviceable, palette. That the specimen had 
 had considerable use before breaking is shown by the large 
 amount of wear on its mixing surface. A groove outlines 
 this surface and there is a crude incised design on the 
 border. This palette also is of mica schist. 
 
 A minature specimen (c), measuring one and three- 
 quarters by two and one-eighth inches and made of fine 
 grained sandstone, is the only specimen of its class with a 
 medial groove and notches. These are present only on two 
 edges of the palette. The mixing surface is outlined by an 
 incised line. 
 
 A fragment of another small palette (d) of fine grained 
 sandstone, that measures only one and eleven-sixteenths 
 inches in width, has notches on one end. The mixing sur- 
 face, which is not outlined in any way, has had considerable 
 wear, as evidenced by the degree of depression in the center 
 of the palette. 
 
 stone combs: (pl. xix ) 
 
 Five complete and three fragmentary stone combs were 
 found during the course of the excavations, two of sand- 
 stone, one of quartzite, and five of a reddish shale. 
 
 These artifacts are reported from a site on the east side 
 of the Mule Mountains south of Gleeson, 1 and they also 
 occur at the Hodges site near Tucson. 2 The State Mu- 
 
 1 Trischka, C, 1933, p. 424 ; Fig. 3. 
 
 2 Kelly, Isabel, in prep. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 31 
 
 seum at the University of Arizona has one that came 
 from somewhere " north of the Gila River." The use to 
 which these articles were put is still subject to much specula- 
 tion. Unfortunately none of the combs from Gleeson was 
 in any association that would give a clue to its original use. 
 Various people who have seen these specimens suggest that 
 they might have been used for hair dressing, for combing 
 out fibres, for beating down the weft in weaving, or as 
 musical rasps. Another possibility suggested is that the 
 combs were hafted on long sticks and employed as saws for 
 gathering fruit such as that of the giant cactus. This lat- 
 ter, however, hardly seems to explain their presence in such 
 a region as the Dragoon Mountains where this plant is 
 never encountered; nor does the condition of the teeth, 
 which evidence but little wear, seem to warrant this conclu- 
 sion. This is especially true of one (a) on which the tines 
 extend around onto the end of the implement. 
 
 The teeth vary from one-eighth to one-quarter inch in 
 length and number from four to five to an inch. The short 
 depth of the serrations and their comparatively wide spac- 
 ing would seem to preclude any possibility of their use 
 either for combing hair or fibres. Thus, for the present, 
 and until found in association presenting some clue as to 
 their actual use, they must be listed as problematical objects. 
 
 stone pipe: (pl. xx, g) 
 
 The use of pipes is definitely a Mogollon trait, 1 and as 
 only one specimen and no fragments of others were found, 
 it can presumably be considered an intrusive, though, of 
 course, it is entirely possible that the concept was intrusive 
 and the pipe itself actually made at Gleeson. The bowl is 
 quite large with only a small socket at the opposite end for 
 
 1 Haury, E. W., 1936b, pp. 106-7. 
 
32 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 a mouth piece. The outside of the pipe is roughly square, 
 i.e., it has flattened sides with rounded corners. 
 
 SMALL STONE BOWLS OR MORTARS! (PL. XX ) 
 
 Two complete and six fragments of small stone bowls or 
 mortars were recovered, all but one showing some form of 
 incised decoration. 
 
 The largest and most elaborately decorated (e) is made 
 of sandstone and measures two and one-eighth inches in 
 height by two and one-half inches in width. There are 
 five lizard figures in the design, of which four are incised 
 and the fifth in low relief. An incised line encircles the 
 bowl just below the rim. A set of double chevrons, a sin- 
 gle chevron, and three fairly large drilled dots complete 
 the decoration. 
 
 The other complete specimen (d) is of tufa and has a 
 series of chevrons and dots forming a simple yet effective 
 design. It measures two and one-half inches in diameter 
 by one and one-half inches in height. 
 
 The broken fragments of the stone bowls are all of tufa. 
 All but one has some type of incised design, but only one 
 carries any cross-hatching. 
 
 CEREMONIAL POINT! (PL. XXI, /) 
 
 Ail arrow point that was carefully ground from calcite 
 was found in the rubbish during excavation. The stone is 
 too soft and friable for it to have been put to any utilitarian 
 purpose. The chipping is represented by incised notches, 
 exactly the same technique being employed as was used to 
 form the teeth of the stone combs. All surfaces have been 
 carefully ground into shape and polished. The specimen 
 measures two and three-eighths inches in length by one and 
 one-eighth inches in width. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 33 
 
 HUMAN FIGURINES 
 
 Two broken human figurines of tufa were found, one 
 being of a much coarser material than the other. In 
 shape, manner of depicting body features and in size they 
 are indistinguishable from the figurines modeled in clay. 
 The heads of both of the specimens are missing and, 
 thousrh one is female, the other can not be identified as to 
 sex. 
 
 ANIMAL EFFIGIES 
 
 Four of these were found at Gleeson, of which three are 
 so well made as to reflect creditably upon the artistic ability 
 of the prehistoric inhabitants of the village. 
 
 An effigy, possibly of a javelina (pi. XX, b), is of fine- 
 grained sandstone. Unfortunately, the head of the fig- 
 urine was fractured by a shovel stroke and, due to the soft 
 nature of the rock, crumbled to powder. The rest of the 
 body is carefully shaped although no attempt was made 
 to maintain accurate anatomic proportions. 
 
 Two small stone zoomorphs, both of which are drilled 
 for suspension, were found with Burial 70. The first of 
 these (pi. XXI, i) is of steatite and represents some small 
 quadruped, possibly a skunk. The workmanship is excel- 
 lent and the entire figure is polished and has a patina that 
 shows much handling. The second (pi. XXI, g) is made 
 of sandstone and is a fairly accurate reproduction of a 
 gopher. 
 
 A fourth effigy (XX, /) is in tufa and shows a series of 
 parallel lines transversing the back, a crude attempt to 
 represent a tortoise or, possibly, a horned toad. The head 
 and legs are missing. 
 
 plummets: (pl. xx, c) 
 
 Two plummet-shaped objects of porous lava were found. 
 Their lengths are two and two and one-half inches. 
 
34 the amerind foundation, inc. 
 
 pendants: (pl. xxi) 
 
 Eight stone pendants of varying" degrees of workman- 
 ship were recovered. With the exception of one of slate 
 that is chipped, they are all formed by grinding. Two (//) 
 are made of hiibnerite or ferberite, a tungsten ore, and 
 have the appearance of dark, burnished copper. They 
 were found in conjunction with, and were evidently part 
 of, the same necklace as the two small stone animal effigies 
 mentioned above. The edges of two of the pendants (e, 
 m), one of which is broken, are notched. 
 
 beads: (pl. xxi) 
 
 The majority of the disc beads from Gleeson are made 
 of schist and are small in size. A few of them range from 
 three-sixteenths to one quarter of an inch in diameter. 
 One (/) that is carefully worked and polished is shaped 
 like a pulley wheel with a deep, flat groove running around 
 its edge. One fairly large bead (a) is of fluorite with a 
 greenish cast. 
 
 FOUR POINTED STONE: (PL. XX, a) 
 
 Half of a four pointed stone made of green steatite and 
 of excellent workmanship was found. It is almost per- 
 fectly symmetrical and is polished to a brilliant sheen. 
 Similar stones have been reported from this area by col- 
 lectors. The Amerind Foundation Museum has three oth- 
 ers, one having come from Sonora, Mexico, and one from 
 the Dragoon Mountains a few miles away. Information 
 as to the provenience of the third is lacking. 
 
 METATES 
 
 Only three complete metates are to be reported although 
 fragments are numerous. These fragments, however, 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 35 
 
 present but few clues as to the prevailing type used, as 
 almost all had been badly fractured by fire in pit-ovens. 
 Two of the metates are of the open-end and one is of the 
 closed-end, trough type. Of the former, one has low 
 ridges on each side of the trough and the grinding surface 
 is almost flat; the ridges of the other are much higher 
 and its grinding surface deeply concave. This specimen 
 had possibly been " killed." The closed end type is repre- 
 sented by a fairly large rock in which deeply concave grind- 
 ing surfaces occur on two adjacent faces. Both troughs 
 show about the same amount of wear. Evidence from 
 fragments points to the presence of metates with unre- 
 stricted grinding surfaces. All are made of granite. 
 
 MORTARS 
 
 Mortars are present but not common. One complete 
 specimen and two fragments were found. These are also 
 made of granite. 
 
 MANOS 
 
 Manos are both round and rectangular, the types occur- 
 ring in almost equal proportion. Round specimens are 
 shaped by pecking, with one or both surfaces showing use. 
 Rectangular manos are of the plano-convex type, also 
 shaped by pecking, but with only one surface showing use. 
 One is of diabase, the rest of rhyolite and quartzite. 
 
 PROJECTILE AND DRILL POINTS! (PL. XXIII ) 
 
 Nearly a hundred projectile points, both arrows and 
 darts, were recovered. They are made of obsidian, chert, 
 jasperite, quartzite, silicified schist and silicified slate. In 
 form they are serrated, triangular, stemmed and laterally 
 
36 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 notched, with the frequency of each type in that order. 
 The chipping" on the obsidian points is almost uniformly 
 good but on the larger points the workmanship is mediocre. 
 
 turquoise: (pl. xxii) 
 
 Turquoise is quite abundant. It is still mined commer- 
 cially in the neighboring hills, and what is believed may 
 have been an aboriginal quarry (pl. IV) was found high 
 on a precipitous slope about three miles in an air line from 
 the ruin. The stone from this area is of a pale blue color 
 due to its low copper content and the majority of the tur- 
 quoise pieces from the site are of this shade, making cer- 
 tain pieces that are presumably intrusive stand out because 
 of their brilliance. A cache of unworked and partially 
 worked pieces was found on the floor of Pit-house 25. 
 Turquoise beads range in size from one-eighth to one-half 
 inch in diameter and from one-sixteenth to one-quarter of 
 an inch in thickness. One tubular bead was found that 
 measures one-quarter of an inch in diameter and nine- 
 sixteenths of an inch in length. Most of the pendants 
 are roughly oval in shape, but square and round ones are 
 present. One round pendant has a large hole drilled 
 through the center which may, at one time, have contained 
 some sort of inlay. One broken pendant is carved in an 
 effigy of a horned toad. Several pieces, ground into cir- 
 cular or rectangular shape, are not drilled for suspension. 
 They are too large to have been employed in mosaics and 
 their use is unknown. Other very small pieces are care- 
 fully ground and polished and were undoubtedly used in 
 overlays, as the edges are beveled to permit close fitting. 
 Whether they were mounted on shell or wood is not known, 
 as no complete specimens were found. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 37 
 
 SHELL MATERIAL 
 (Pls. XXIV-XXV) 
 
 Shell material is abundant both in complete and frag- 
 mentary pieces. The source of some fragments, too small 
 for conchological identification, are not included in the 
 following list, which is arranged to show the approximate 
 frequency of the material recovered : 
 
 MARINE SHELLS 
 
 Olivella tergina, Duclos 
 
 Glycimeris maculata, Broderip 
 
 Cardium elatum, Sowerby 
 
 Pecten circularis, Sowerby 
 
 Pecten cataractcs, Dall 
 
 Vermicidaria tripsycha, Pilsbry & Lowe 
 
 Pteria, sp. indet. 
 
 Nassarius iodes, Dall 
 
 Neritina picta, Sowerby 
 
 Acmaea fascicidaris, Menke 
 
 Cerithinm ocellatum, Brugiere 
 
 Conns rcgularis, Sowerby 
 
 FRESH WATER SHELLS 
 
 Anodonta dejecta, Lea 
 
 Few unworked shells appear, evidence, perhaps, that as 
 fast as the shell came to the site, either by barter or through 
 expedition to their indigenous regions, it was converted 
 into ornaments or utilitarian implements such as needles. 
 
 A cache of thirty-four fragments of shell bracelets, some 
 of which had been reworked into needles, was found with 
 Burial 73. Two of the fragments (i) are both pointed 
 and drilled, one (h) is pointed and partially drilled, and 
 sixteen (/) are pointed but not drilled. None of the other 
 
38 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 pieces shows secondary working. Lengths vary from one 
 and a quarter to two and five-eighths inches. 
 
 Bracelets made from Glycimeris vary in diameter from 
 sizes so small as to fit only the arm of a child to those large 
 enough for an adult. In thickness they range from very 
 thin and fragile pieces ground down on both sides to the 
 massive form so characteristic of the later phases of the 
 Hohokam. There is, however, but one example of the lat- 
 ter (c). The perforation in most of the bracelets is 
 through the umbo. Though there are no complete carved 
 specimens, such fragments as do exist appear to have been 
 decorated in the serpent motif common to the Gila basin. 
 Fragments of shell bracelets were numerous in the rubbish. 
 
 Only one complete shell ring (/) was found, and frag- 
 ments were scarce. One of the latter has a carefully exe- 
 cuted incised geometric design, and another, a series of 
 notches. 
 
 By far the most abundant beads are those made of Oli- 
 vella shells (d). In some cases, only the tips of the spires 
 and the bases are ground off to permit stringing while in 
 others the shell is reduced to about one-half of its original 
 size by grinding. A bracelet of Nassarius iodes (e) was 
 found with Burial 10. The shells have holes ground 
 through the sides for stringing. All of the shell disc beads 
 are small in size (g) and, as most of them are in poor con- 
 dition, it is possible that many more have disintegrated en- 
 tirely. Bi-lobed beads (/) are also present, although not 
 in any great quantity, and they are all less than one-fourth 
 of an inch in length. 
 
 Whole shell pendants are made of Pecten circularis and 
 Pecten cataractes with suspension holes drilled or ground 
 near the umbo. 
 
 Cut shell pendants are made of Pecten, Pteria and 
 Cardium. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 39 
 
 One broken bird-and-serpent piece (m) is made from 
 Cardium. 
 
 Shell carving's, all from Glycimeris, include two pelicans 
 (n, o), a fox or coyote (k) carved in the full round, and 
 fragments of frogs. 
 
 With the single exception of the fresh- water Anodonta 
 dejecta, all the species represented come from the Gulf of 
 California. 
 
 BONE MATERIAL 
 
 (Pl. XXVI) 
 
 Bone material is similar to that of the late Colonial and 
 early Sedentary periods of the Hohokam. Bone awls are 
 not numerous, only thirty-four complete and fragmentary 
 pieces having been recovered. None has the lateral notch 
 that is characteristic of Mogollon culture, 1 nor do any pres- 
 ent the elaborately carved effigy heads reported at Saca- 
 ton:9:4 2 and Snaketown. 3 The butt ends of two broken 
 awls, fashioned from split deer metapoidals, disclose the 
 only attempts at elaboration. One carries a simple decora- 
 tion of notches along the sides and around the head of the 
 implement, the other, with no decoration on the head, has 
 incised cross-hatching on the shaft. The greatest length 
 of any of the awls is ten and one-eighths inches. The ma- 
 jority of them appear to be made from bone fragments, 
 and the complete ones show that the butt end is smoothed 
 to fit comfortably in the hand. Two had been broken, their 
 fractured ends having been reworked into semi-spatulate 
 tools. Three awls are made from deer ulnae. 
 
 One complete (/) and one fragmentary (i) tube with 
 incised designs were found. The complete specimen has a 
 
 iHaury, E. W., 1936b, pp. 110-11. 
 
 2 Gladwin, W. & H. S., 1935, PI. XLII. 
 
 3 Haury, E. W., 1937, p. 154. 
 
40 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 decoration of incised chevrons, and the fragment, a series 
 of parallel, diagonal, incised lines that probably constituted 
 a spiral motif on the whole tube. 
 
 Another (a) has a painted design consisting of two thin 
 zig-zag lines encircling the tube near one end. The paint, 
 of a purplish cast, is badly faded and difficult to distinguish. 
 
 Several undecorated tubes and a number of hafts (b, c, 
 d) used, probably, in conjunction with awls were recov- 
 ered. A number of bones which had split while a ring was 
 being sectioned from one end were also found. Five such 
 rings {e, f, g) are in broken condition. One (/), which 
 shows considerable wear and which is most carefully made, 
 is decorated with an incised groove encircling the middle of 
 the band and short diagonal incised lines crossing it. An- 
 other has notches in both edges and is carefully polished. 
 
 One small bird-bone tube or bead measuring one and 
 one-eighth inches in length and three-sixteenths inches in 
 diameter was recovered. 
 
 A small bone talisman (h) was found with Burial 20. 
 It measures eleven-sixteenths inches in length and seven- 
 sixteenths inches in width. All surfaces are carefully 
 ground and polished. Two similar pieces of bone were 
 recovered from the Texas Canyon site. 
 
 One large and three small pieces of antler, presumably 
 used as flaking tools, were found. The ends show consid- 
 erable wear and one is ground to a chisel-like blade or edge, 
 edge. 
 
 POTTERY 
 
 DECORATED WARE 
 
 This is of the Dragoon Red-on-Brown type that has been 
 described from the Texas Canyon x and Pearce : 7 : 1 2 sites. 
 
 1 Fulton, W. S., 1934a, b ; 1938. 
 
 2 Trischka, C, 1933. 
 
FULTON: TUTH1LL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 POTTERY BOWL. 
 DIAM. 131 IN. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 41 
 
 It resembles the Hohokam in design layouts, design motifs, 
 some vessel shapes and certain other aspects of the finish. 1 
 It likewise resembles the Mogollon decorated wares in color, 
 some aspects of the finish and in design layout. Both 
 paddle-and-anvil and coiling methods were used in its 
 manufacture. Dragoon pottery admittedly is hybrid, but 
 since most of the influence appears to have come from the 
 west, it may be considered as a specialized Hohokam type. 
 
 Paste. The tempering material appears to be sand with 
 white angular pieces of quartz and feldspar predominating. 
 Small pieces of iron pyrites are also present, but it would 
 seem that they were present in the indigenous sand as no 
 vessel shows them in great profusion. The size of the par- 
 ticles varies considerably but none of them is large. The 
 fracture lines are irregular with ragged edges. The clay 
 is a light brick red. Over-fired pieces shade off to a dark 
 grey. 
 
 Interior Finish. The interiors of bowls are not always 
 slipped, but all were more or less smoothed or polished be- 
 fore decoration. In some cases the polishing seems to 
 have been done with the hand while in others the marks of 
 a tool are present. The polishing formed a float of the 
 smaller particles of clay making the bowl interiors smooth 
 although pieces of the tempering material show through. 
 Occasional pieces had been scraped and then slipped, the 
 striations caused by the scraping showing through the slip. 
 
 Exterior Finish. Bowl exteriors were commonly left 
 unfinished but some few pieces are hand polished. A few 
 others had a thin fugitive red wash. Firing clouds are 
 numerous. Quite often excess paint from fingers or paint 
 brushes appears to have been wiped off on bowl exteriors. 
 
 Bowls with exterior decoration are polished and occa- 
 
 1 Gladwin, W. & H. S., 1935, p. 231. 
 
42 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 sionally slipped. In most cases the decoration does not 
 cover the entire exterior of the vessel. 
 
 Ollas are occasionally polished but not slipped. Deco- 
 ration does not cover the bottom of these vessels. 
 
 Vessel Shapes. Platters, globular and Gila-shouldered 
 ollas, and various bowl forms, including" shallow, deep 
 hemispherical, flare-rimmed and those with incurving rims 
 are present. Bowls with carrying handles and double 
 bowls are known from sherds only. Diameters of bowls 
 range from two and one half to fourteen and one-sixteenth 
 inches. The most common type of bowl is approximately 
 one-third of a sphere. Olla diameters range from five and 
 one-half to eight and three-quarter inches. The average 
 thickness of vessel walls near the rim is seven thirty- 
 seconds of an inch for bowls and nine thirty-seconds of 
 an inch for ollas. 
 
 Decorations. The approximate color of the decorated 
 ware is shown in the accompanying color plates. 
 
 The polishing over the decoration, so characteristic of 
 the Mogollon potters, is almost entirely lacking in the 
 Dragoon area. Some pieces are polished over the entire 
 decoration, but the majority are either not polished at all 
 or but very lightly and apparently only in spots. 
 
 The decorative field is the entire interior surface of the 
 bowl ; or the entire exterior surface ; or the interior with a 
 band on the exterior extending from the rim about two- 
 thirds of the way to the bottom; or a similar band of 
 decoration on the exterior but with no interior decoration. 
 The line work is variable as to width but the brushwork is 
 fairly accurate. Line junctures are apt to overlap. 
 
 Decorative motifs are both curvilinear and rectilinear, 
 the most common element used being the interlocking 
 scroll. Hatching is both straight and wavy, the types be- 
 ing used either separately or together. Cross-hatching is 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 DESIGN STRUCTURE 
 
44 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 diagonal as well as at right angles. Hatched chevrons are 
 present. Small repeated elements are used alone and with 
 other design motifs. Rim solids always have obtuse an- 
 gles and, sometimes, wavy edges. Solids are also used as 
 central stars and for filling between interlocking scrolls. 
 Checkerwork and fringed or pendant lines, both single and 
 double, are present although not in great proportion. 
 Dots are sometimes placed in the squares of checkerwork 
 patterns. Several fragments of a large Gila-shouldered 
 olla show a series of rectangles that are numbered from one 
 to six by dots, as is the die or domino. Concentric circles, 
 of both the regular and wavy line types, and spirals of a 
 combination of regular wavy lines, are used occasionally. 
 Three, four, five and six pointed stars are present as center 
 elements. Two small bowls have designs made up entirely 
 of concentric, six-pointed stars. 
 
 Design Structure: (Fig. 3). The design structure of 
 the decorated ware may be divided into trisected, quartered, 
 sectioned, irregularly sectioned, off-set quartered, repeated, 
 circling continuous, spiral, cross-banded and all-over cross- 
 hatched layouts. 
 
 Four pointed stars are commonly used as quartering 
 lines. They have both opposed and off-set points and are 
 both solid and hatched. While the quartering lines that 
 go to the rim always fall between the rim solids, the four- 
 pointed stars usually point to the apices of the rim solids 
 although a few of them, if continued to the rim, would fall 
 between them. The four panels of the design around the 
 stars are arranged in diamond-shaped framing lines. The 
 quartered and sectioned designs are arranged in an a, a, a, 
 a; or an a, b, a, b; or, in one case, in an a, a, a, b, order. 
 OfT-set quartered designs are arranged in an a, b, a, b, 
 order. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 45 
 
 RED WARE 
 
 Red ware is present but does not appear to have been 
 held in much esteem by the potters. Only one complete 
 vessel was found and this must serve as the basis for 
 Dragoon Red until further specimens are recovered. 
 
 Paste. The same as in Dragoon Red-on-Brown. 
 
 Finish. A red slip was applied to both previously 
 smoothed exteriors and interiors of bowls. The slip is 
 lightly polished and is very fugitive. 
 
 Vessel Shapes. Bowls only. No sherds of Dragoon 
 Red ollas have been found. 
 
 Remarks. No attempt has been made to work out the 
 percentage of Dragoon Red from sherds. Most of the 
 fragments are small and, since Dragoon Red-on-Brown 
 has large solid areas of red, many of the red sherds may 
 well be from these solid areas. However, it may be safely 
 stated that Dragoon Red was never produced in any quan- 
 tity and that it is possibly a derivation of San Francisco 
 Red * found intrusive at Gleeson in small quantities. 
 
 PLAIN WARE 
 
 Paste. The paste of the plainware is apt to be coarser 
 than that of the decorated ware although the tempering 
 material, which shows through the vessel walls, appears to 
 be the same, i.e., a heterogeneous material of both round 
 and angular fragments. The hardness of the plainware is 
 variable, some pieces being soft enough to crumble in the 
 fingers while others are quite durable. Under these con- 
 ditions, fracture lines obviously also vary from jagged and 
 crumbly to straight with slightly friable edges. 
 
 Finish. The plainware vessels are unslipped and, though 
 the surfaces are sometimes lightly tool-polished, most of 
 
 1 Haury, E. W., 1936a, pp. 28-31. 
 
46 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 the vessels are hand-smoothed or left rough. The inte- 
 riors of ollas are carelessly scraped or left rough. Con- 
 versely, the exteriors of plainware vessels are given more 
 treatment than those of the decorated ware. The surface 
 tool marks are directed from the bottom of the bowl to the 
 rim on the interiors and, on the exterior, either around the 
 circumference or from bottom to rim. On ollas they occur 
 parallel to the rim. Firing clouds are profuse on all 
 exteriors. 
 
 The average thickness of plainware bowl walls near the 
 rim, compiled from fifteen examples, is one quarter of an 
 inch. The bottoms of all bowls are much thicker than the 
 rest of the walls. The olla walls vary from one-quarter 
 to five-eighths of an inch in thickness. 
 
 Bowls with carrying handles and olla lugs are known 
 from sherds only. 
 
 The color of the plainware ranges from buff through 
 light brick red to dark brownish black. 
 
 Paddle-and-anvil and coiling techniques are both repre- 
 sented. There are no examples of exposed coils or neck 
 banding. 
 
 J^essel Shapes. Bowls constituting approximately one- 
 third of a sphere are the most common, as in the deco- 
 rated ware. Other bowl forms are deep hemispherical, 
 straight sided, incurved rim, elongated, flat bottomed and 
 flare sided, scoops and dippers. 
 
 Olla shapes are seed jars, globular vessels, some with 
 short vertical necks, and modified Gila-shouldered vessels 
 with returned rims. The sizes of the complete vessels 
 range from two to sixteen and one-half inches in diameter. 
 Sherds that indicate much larger ollas were found. 
 
 The number of bowls and ollas are about equal. 
 
 Remarks. The Dragoon plainware appears to have been 
 closely related to the Gila Plain in color, finish, and method 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 47 
 
 of manufacture. Its relationship to the Alma Plain of the 
 Mogollon area must be considered as distant, since there is 
 no evidence of exposed coils or neck banding. This ware 
 was undoubtedly used for culinary purposes, the larger 
 ollas being presumably employed for the storage of water. 
 
 INTRUSIVE POTTERY 
 
 The potters in the Dragoon region did not decorate their 
 wares as prolifically as did their western neighbors, the 
 Hohokam. In contrast to the later phases in the Gila 
 basin, in which more than 35 percent is decorated, that 
 from Gleeson constitutes but 8.4 percent. Only 2.9 per- 
 cent of the decorated wares are recognizable intrusives. 
 The term " recognizable intrusives " is here used because 
 the Dragoon Red-on-Brown series and the so-called Tuc- 
 son wares are closely related and the line of demarcation 
 between the types is so inconspicuous in many cases that it 
 can not be determined. It is an accepted fact that the 
 Tucson wares, through sherds readily identifiable, are in- 
 trusive to the Dragoon area ; but any attempt to determine 
 their exact percentage is bound to be erroneous and, for 
 that reason, is not essayed. 
 
 Since no datable specimens of wood were found, cross- 
 dating by means of intrusive pottery types is the most re- 
 liable procedure to be followed in estimating the period 
 through which the Gleeson site was occupied. One small 
 fragment of charred pine was submitted to the University 
 of Arizona, but the series of twenty-seven rings was too 
 incomplete for dendrochronological purposes. 
 
 Three regions adjacent to the Dragoon Red-on-Brown 
 area are represented by intrusives : Mogollon-Mimbres to 
 the east, Trincheras to the south and southwest, and Ho- 
 hokam to the west. Of these, Hohokam contributes 75.87 
 
48 
 
 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 percent of the total number of intrusive sherds and Mogol- 
 lon-Mimbres accounts for 20.98 percent, of which 10.49 
 percent is Mogollon and 10.49 percent Mimbres. The 
 Trincheras influence accounts for only 3.15 percent of the 
 intrusives or 0.1 percent of all the decorated pottery, as 
 compared with Hohokam, 2.2 percent, Mimbres, 0.3 per- 
 cent, Mogollon, 0.3 percent. 
 
 POTTERY DISTRIBUTION 
 
 Sack No. 
 
 Total Sherds 
 
 Decorated 
 
 % 
 
 Intrusives 
 
 % 
 
 1/1 
 
 7579 
 
 883 
 
 10.33 
 
 30 
 
 3.397 
 
 1/2 
 
 4629 
 
 302 
 
 6.52 
 
 7 
 
 2.317 
 
 1/3 
 
 7635 
 
 584 
 
 7.64 
 
 12 
 
 2.054 
 
 2/1 
 
 7078 
 
 702 
 
 9.91 
 
 17 
 
 2.411 
 
 2/2 
 
 7069 
 
 562 
 
 7.95 
 
 11 
 
 1.957 
 
 2/4 
 
 7162 
 
 475 
 
 6.63 
 
 7 
 
 1.473 
 
 2/5 
 
 8655 
 
 612 
 
 7.07 
 
 9 
 
 1.470 
 
 3/1 
 
 7759 
 
 652 
 
 8.40 
 
 25 
 
 3.604 
 
 3/2 
 
 6971 
 
 463 
 
 6.78 
 
 13 
 
 2.807 
 
 3/3 
 
 6107 
 
 456 
 
 7.46 
 
 17 
 
 3.728 
 
 3/4 
 
 6344 
 
 385 
 
 6.07 
 
 24 
 
 6.233 
 
 4/1 
 
 6421 
 
 500 
 
 7.78 
 
 22 
 
 4.400 
 
 4/2 
 
 1944 
 
 207 
 
 10.63 
 
 6 
 
 2.898 
 
 4/3 
 
 7934 
 
 519 
 
 7.50 
 
 32 
 
 6.165 
 
 4/4 
 
 5747 
 
 465 
 
 8.09 
 
 9 
 
 1.935 
 
 5/1 
 
 800 
 
 59 
 
 7.39 
 
 3 
 
 5.084 
 
 6/1 
 
 8315 
 
 1118 
 
 13.44 
 
 19 
 
 1.699 
 
 6/2 
 
 5835 
 
 679 
 
 11.63 
 
 17 
 
 2.503 
 
 6/3 
 
 3239 
 
 239 
 9862 
 
 7.38 
 
 6 
 
 286 
 
 2.510 
 
 
 117223 
 
 8.41 
 
 2.900 
 
 On the basis of these intrusives, and since the Hohokam 
 sherds fall into the late Santa Cruz and early Sacaton 
 phases, an approximate date of from 800 to 1000 A. D. for 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE III 
 
 POTTERY BOWL. 
 DIAM. 11 IN. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 49 
 
 the culture represented at Gleeson can be established. 
 Such a date is corroborated by the Mogollon-Mimbres 
 sherds which are of San Francisco, Three Circle, and Mim- 
 bres Bold-Face origin. Some of the Mimbres sherds show 
 details of a later Mimbres development and may record the 
 beginning of the Classic infiltration. Sufficient work has 
 not yet been done in the Trincheras region to use those 
 sherds as chronological criteria. 
 
 The vast superiority in numbers of Hohokam intrusives 
 over the combined total of all other types indicates the cul- 
 ture with which the Dragoon Red-on-Brown people had the 
 most contact, one that is evident in the incorporation of 
 Hohokam designs and vessel shapes in the Dragoon Red- 
 on-Brown pottery. 
 
 FIGURINES AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES 
 
 OF CLAY 
 
 HUMAN figurines: (pl. XVI ) 
 
 One complete and ninety-eight fragmentary human fig- 
 urines were found during the course of excavation. All 
 of the fragments are small, the largest measuring four and 
 one half inches in height. They somewhat resemble the 
 figurines from the Prescott area in that all are made by a 
 one piece method, with almost no attempt to reproduce 
 body proportions accurately. 1 Bodies are rod-like for the 
 most part. Heads are flattened both front and rear and 
 are often tilted on the neck as though the figure were look- 
 ing up with the head thrown back. Most of the heads 
 have well developed chins represented. Noses are formed 
 by pinching the clay, and in profile look like large hooked 
 beaks. No attempt is made to show the eyes, mouth, ears, 
 
 1 Haury, E. W v 1937, pp. 239^0. 
 
50 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 or hair except for four painted heads on which the eyes 
 are indicated in pigment. The only attempt to represent 
 any article of dress is found in a head band formed of a 
 thin strip of clay added to one of the heads (g). Arms 
 are made by adding small lumps of clay to the torso or by 
 pinching up part of the clay that forms the body. In no 
 case are they more than mere suggestions of appendages. 
 The legs are never in correct proportion and are made by 
 dividing the lower end of the body into two short stumps. 
 What appears to have been an attempt to make fairly accu- 
 rate representations of feet is found on one figure but, un- 
 fortunately, the front portion of each foot had broken off. 
 The heels are shown as short projections and the bottoms 
 of the feet seem to be flat, probably allowing the figure to 
 stand by itself. Two fragments of bodies have a decora- 
 tion of punched dots on both the front and rear. On one 
 specimen (h) there may be an attempt to show an article 
 of clothing since the dots are arranged more or less in the 
 outline of a vest. On the other they probably represent 
 some form of tattooing or body painting. 
 
 Most of the figurines are definitely female with the 
 breasts indicated by small lumps of clay. One is of a 
 hunch-backed female (/) and two depict pregnancy (i). 
 One figurine (k) may definitely be classed as male, the 
 genitalia being crudely modeled from small lumps of clay. 
 Other figurines are in all probability male since there are 
 no breasts represented. 
 
 Some of the figurines from Gleeson, both animal and 
 human, had been modeled on a small twig or large grass 
 stem, as evidenced by the small hole running through the 
 long axes of the bodies, a feature especially noticeable in 
 the broken fragments of torsos. The real purpose of this 
 rod is not known but it may have served to stiffen the body 
 during the modeling or as a handle while the clay was still 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 51 
 
 wet and soft. Whether the rods were withdrawn prior to 
 firing or whether they were allowed to burn out in the 
 process cannot be determined. 
 
 One painted figurine (e) is covered on the facial side 
 with a thick coating of dark red paint that does not extend 
 around on the rear except for one smudge. That this 
 specimen was the handle on a small scoop or dipper is pos- 
 sible as a flare on the broken under edge may have been 
 part of the original rim. 
 
 Another painted example (b) shows the entire face, with 
 the exception of the eyes, covered with pigment, thus re- 
 producing eyes in negative. A line of paint extends from 
 the forehead down the ridge of the nose and joins the 
 paint on the lower face. From this line a horizontal line 
 extends into the unpainted portion of the eyes forming the 
 iris. There are no traces of paint on what remained of 
 the body. 
 
 A third painted specimen (c) is similar to that just de- 
 scribed in that the entire face, with the exception of the 
 eyes, is covered with pigment, but the horizontal line de- 
 noting the iris is absent. A line of paint encircles the neck. 
 The rest of the body is missing. 
 
 Still another (d) had been over-fired, the clay being 
 nearly black in color. The eyes are shown properly lo- 
 cated as two painted circles. A series of irregular lines 
 on the lower face probably represent facial tattooing or 
 painting. The body of this figurine, too, is missing. 
 
 A fifth specimen (a) has the pigment applied on the face 
 in exactly the same way as on c. A heavy line of paint 
 extends from the head down either side of the neck, along 
 the shoulders, over the stumps representing the arms, and 
 down the sides of the flattened body. There are a series 
 of parallel lines running vertically down the front of the 
 body. 
 
52 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 The paint on c has almost disappeared but a few indis- 
 tinct traces may be discerned on the face. A faint line 
 circles the neck and forms a v in front. There are other 
 traces of paint on the sides and front of the body. This 
 is the only specimen on which any attempt to decorate the 
 back with paint is noted, there being a looped line between 
 the shoulders. 
 
 On a fragment of a female figure, the head, neck, and 
 lower body are missing, leaving only the shoulders, the 
 breasts and part of the torso. A heavy line of paint ex- 
 tends down the shoulders, over the arms and down the 
 sides of the flattened body. Lines of paint over each 
 breast are also present. 
 
 One of the female figurines (/) is worthy of special no- 
 tice. It is the one previously mentioned on which an at- 
 tempt had been made realistically to portray feet. The 
 figure measures four and one-eighth inches in height and 
 is two inches wide. It is quite evident that the modeler 
 endeavored to depict steatopygy. Two large pieces of clay 
 that shelve out abruptly had been added to the gluteal re- 
 gion to represent enlarged buttocks. Someone either was 
 decidedly factual or had a sense of humor. 
 
 ANIMAL FIGURINES 
 
 Twenty-two animal figurines or effigies were found, 
 eighteen of which are of clay and four of stone. Only 
 two are complete and two are painted. One of the painted 
 specimens appears to be the head of a doe, the body of 
 which is missing. A v of red paint is shown down the 
 front of the ears and comes to a rounded point on the fore- 
 head. On each side of the neck are two slanting stripes, 
 the anterior one of which continues out to the point of the 
 chin. The eyes and mouth are suggested by short lines 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 53 
 
 pressed into the clay while it was still moist. The other 
 painted effigy is of a small unidentified animal. Three 
 faint diagonal lines of red paint are on either side of the 
 body. 
 
 Strangely enough, more effort was made to show the 
 facial features on the animal effigies than was attempted 
 on the human ones. Punched holes for nostrils are pres- 
 ent on five and mouths are shown on seven by lines pressed 
 into the wet clay. One small fragment that is apparently 
 a snake's head has two punched holes in the top to represent 
 eyes. 
 
 T 
 is the same as those of the human forms 
 
 The exterior finish and coloration of the animal figurines 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CLAY ARTICLES 
 
 Discs cut or ground from potsherds are plentiful and 
 vary greatly in size. Some of them are chipped into 
 roughly circular shapes; occasionally they are perforated 
 at the center and, as such, may have been used as spindle 
 whorls; still others are partially drilled at their centers. 
 The use to which these latter were put is unknown al- 
 though they may have been held in the hand while the 
 butt end of a drill rotated in the socket formed by the 
 partly drilled hole. 
 
 Other potsherds of different forms are ground into 
 :shape. Their use is problematical although one with 
 notched edges may possibly have been an ornament. 
 
 Two clay objects of the same approximate length and 
 width were found. One is almost round in cross-section, 
 the other is oval. Their use is unknown although they 
 might be classed as phallic symbols. 
 
 One very small miniature olla or prayer stick holder was 
 found. 
 
54 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 A small tablet of clay that might be a paint palette was 
 recovered. 
 
 One small object of clay is shaped like a jar stopper al- 
 though it does not appear to have been used as such. It 
 might possibly be a pottery anvil. 
 
 A few vessel legs or handles with faintly incised and 
 punctate decorations were found. 
 
 * 
 
DISCUSSION 
 Carr Tuthill 
 
 The results of the excavations at Gleeson, to a large de- 
 gree, corroborate the results of the work at Texas Canyon 1 
 and would seem to indicate that the hypothesis regarding 
 the archeology of southeastern Arizona, especially in and 
 around the Sulphur Springs Valley, must be revised. This 
 particular area is one in which practically no protracted 
 work has been done, most of our present knowledge of it 
 deriving from surface surveys. These perhaps, unfortu- 
 nately, gave a false approach to the actual culture picture. 
 
 Surveys conducted by Gila Pueblo led them to believe 
 the basic culture in this region at about 800-1200 A. D. to 
 be Mogollon, with a fairly strong Hohokam influence. 2 
 The results of the work of The Amerind Foundation dem- 
 onstrate rather conclusively that this basic culture is Ho- 
 hokam with little more than a veneer of Mogollon influ- 
 ence. The only alternative consideration, since we do not 
 adhere to the basic Mogollon theory, would be that here 
 we have a Dragoon Red-on-Brown culture that has amal- 
 gamated a much stronger Hohokam phase with Mogollon 
 into a fundamental pattern of its own. Because there is 
 as yet no trace of such basic pattern, we revert to the 
 belief that this is a phase of the Hohokam — more specific- 
 ally, a Dragoon-influenced phase of the Hohokam. 
 
 The two most important traits that constitute the main 
 deviation from the Hohokam farther to the west are (1), 
 the presence of such a large percentage of inhumations, 
 
 1 Fulton, W. S., 1934a, b, 1938. 
 
 2 Gladwin, W. & H. S., 1935, pp. 227, 230-31, 255, 274; Gladwin, H. S., 1937 
 (II), p. 98. 
 
 55 
 
56 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 and (2), the distinctive pottery which, to the author, ap- 
 pears to be a blending of Mogollon and Hohokam types, 
 but with more influence from the west than the east. The 
 balance of the material culture traits fits perfectly into the 
 known late Colonial and early Sedentary periods of the 
 Hohokam, as shown in the following tabulation : 
 
 HOUSES 
 
 All of the houses are shallow. The predominant type is 
 the Hohokam " house in a pit." Houses with plastered side 
 walls are present. Only one house has the Mogollon long 
 and narrow entrance and this is the only stepped entrance. 
 Most of the houses are small. Four instances of a local 
 deviation from the Hohokam type are found in houses that 
 have a depressed area around the fire pit. Hearths are off- 
 center. 
 
 ECONOMY 
 
 Economy was largely agricultural, but hunting is evi- 
 denced. Food bones are rare in the rubbish and fill of the 
 houses. Arable land was located near the site. The only 
 evidence of vegetable food is charred corn kernels. 
 
 PIT-OVENS 
 
 Undercut " olla shaped " pit-ovens that are peculiar to this 
 locality are found in varying sizes. The side walls are 
 coated with clay and burned to a brick red. Fire fractured 
 rocks are found in nearly every pit. Many of the pits 
 demonstrate a peculiar arrangement of holes in the bottom. 
 
 DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD 
 
 Ninety-two percent of disposal of the dead was by inhu- 
 mation and eight percent by cremation. Burials are not 
 confined to any specific locality but are scattered among the 
 houses. Sub-floor inhumations are not common. Occasion- 
 ally burials are found in the fill of abandoned pit-ovens, the 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 57 
 
 bodies all flexed. Forty-six percent of the inhumations had 
 mortuary offerings. Cremations were of both urn and pit 
 type, with the latter usually barren of accompaniments. 
 
 STONE 
 
 The three-quarter groove axe is present, in many cases 
 with a longitudinal groove along the bottom. Paint palettes 
 of the Hohokam type and carved and incised dishes and 
 mortars are found. One example has both incising and 
 carving in bas-relief. Small animal effigies are carved in the 
 full round. Rings, pendants, and disc beads are present. 
 Hoes or scrapers are of both triangular and rectangular 
 shapes. Projectile points are of the tanged, serrated edge, 
 and triangular types. Manos are both round and rectangu- 
 lar. Metates are closed at both ends, closed at one end, 
 and open at both ends. Large mortars and pestles are 
 present. Combs of unknown use and peculiar to this locality 
 are found. One large pipe was uncovered. 
 
 SHELL 
 
 Carving, both shallow and in the full round, and incising 
 are represented in shell decoration. 
 
 BONE 
 
 Bone material is relatively scarce. Awls are from deer 
 metapodials and ulnae as well as from splinters. None of 
 the awls is notched. Plain and incised bone rings are pres- 
 ent. Plain, incised, and painted bone tubes, and horn flak- 
 ing-tools are found. 
 
 POTTERY 
 
 Both coiled and paddle-and-anvil techniques were em- 
 ployed. Oxidizing environment produced a red-on-brown 
 decorated ware. Interiors of decorated bowls are occasion- 
 ally slipped and often polished. Exteriors, except in cases 
 of exterior decoration, are unslipped and unpolished. 
 Smudges of paint are often found on the exteriors of bowls 
 
58 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 as though the potter had wiped spilled paint on these sur- 
 faces. Firing clouds are common to nearly every piece. 
 Curvilinear designs are prevalent. Gila-shoulder and flare- 
 rimmed bowls, and platters are present. Both interior and 
 exterior decoration is on bowls. Red ware is scarce. 
 
 Plain ware is of the Hohokam type. Vessel walls tend 
 to be rather thick. Color varies from tile red to a dark 
 brownish black. Some bowls are polished on the interior. 
 The majority of both bowls and ollas are smoothed but not 
 polished. Firing clouds are common. 
 
 FIGURINES 
 
 Figurines are abundant, both male and female human 
 forms being present, the latter predominating. Some are 
 painted. Animal figurines are not as well made, although 
 more attempt to show facial features than on the human 
 ones is evident. 
 
 The difficulty in explaining the almost total discontinu- 
 ance of crematory disposal of the dead in favor of inhuma- 
 tion by a Hohokam people to whom the latter custom had 
 been foreign since their earliest recorded phase, constitutes 
 the weakest point in the evidence that the culture manifest 
 at Gleeson is fundamentally Hohokam. 
 
 The early settlers in the Dragoon Red-on-Brown region 
 may have been of Hohokam stock. And since they were 
 separated by a not inconsiderable geographical distance 
 from the focus of the Hohokam culture in the Gila basin, 
 their own culture was probably somewhat modified from 
 the parent one. Upon coming into contact with Mogollon 
 people to the east they may have borrowed some ideas from 
 them. Inhumations outnumbered, but did not entirely 
 eliminate, cremations, and pottery was modified into a 
 cross between the polished wares of the east and those of 
 unpolished finish of the west. 1 The result is a decorated 
 
 1 Haury, E. W., 1937, p. 178. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 59 
 
 pottery that was occasionally slipped and often polished on 
 the interior but left rough and unfinished on the outer sur- 
 faces. Polishing- over the decoration, so characteristic of 
 the Mogollon, was neglected by the Dragoon potters and 
 tended to disappear entirely. A superficial resemblance to 
 the Mogollon wares remains in the color of the Dragoon 
 Red-on-Brown, but vessel shapes and methods of decora- 
 tion are Hohokam. Thus, if the original stock in this re- 
 gion was Hohokam, and since, even after alteration 
 through contact with the Mogollon, the culture remained 
 almost entirely Hohokam, then Dragoon Red-on-Brown 
 should be regarded as a phase of the Hohokam. 
 
 On the other hand, the early stock in this region may 
 have been of Mogollon origin, which, having come into 
 contact with Hohokam people, was assimilated into that 
 culture. There are two reasons why this could have been 
 possible and is probable. It is the belief of most South- 
 western archeologists that the Hohokam and the Mogollon 
 cultures are the offshoots of some earlier common parent. 
 Of the two cultures, Hohokam was by far the more domi- 
 nant. For example, witness the manner in which Ho- 
 hokam ideas gave impetus to the Mimbrenos, even though 
 the Mimbres culture was an outgrowth of Mogollon and 
 Anasazi traits. 
 
 In the process of assimilation the early Dragoon people 
 held to certain of their original traits, i.e., pottery that is 
 sometimes polished, and disposal of the dead by inhuma- 
 tion. However, if the early inhabitants were of Mogollon 
 extraction, it seems strange that they should so completely 
 abandon the San Francisco Red type of polished pottery. 
 Polished red ware is conspicuous by its absence at the 
 Gleeson site and the few sherds found are presumably 
 intrusive. On the other hand, San Francisco Red ac- 
 counted for 20 percent of the total pottery at Mogol- 
 
60 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 Ion: 1: 15, and 11 percent of the total pottery from the 
 Harris site. 1 
 
 In both of these sites it is the predominating type of 
 decorated ware. At Cameron Creek, Bradfield's Early 
 Red, which has been identified as San Francisco Red, 
 ranged from 43 percent in the lowest stratum to 6.9 per- 
 cent in the highest. 2 This fact alone is a strong argument 
 in favor of the early inhabitants being of Hohokam extrac- 
 tion. But even if they had been Mogollon originally, the 
 culture revealed by the excavations at Gleeson and Texas 
 Canyon 3 should be classed as a phase of the Hohokam, 
 since that culture accounts for the great majority of the 
 traits present. 
 
 It is the belief of the author that the main current of 
 cultural drift through the southeastern part of Arizona 
 was, prior to 900 A. D., from west to east. It is an estab- 
 lished fact that even strong currents have a backwash that 
 varies in intensity. It was this backwash along the cur- 
 rent of cultural drift, the author believes, that may be re- 
 sponsible for the presence of inhumations in the Dragoon 
 area and a pottery type that resembles both Hohokam and 
 Mogollon and yet is neither. This backwash continued on 
 to the west from the Dragoon area and became responsible 
 for the Tucson ceramics of a comparable period, which 
 appear to be closely associated with the Dragoon series. 4 
 It is natural to expect a chronological lag in the various 
 traits as the distance from the focus increases and such is 
 the case as revealed by excavation. There appears to have 
 been a one hundred to a one hundred and fifty year lag 
 from the Gila basin focus to the Dragoon area and about 
 another one hundred or one hundred and fifty years from 
 
 i Haury, E. W., 1936b, pp. 26, 66. 
 
 2 Bradfield, W., 1931, p. 29. 
 
 3 Fulton, W. S., 1934a, b ; 1938. 
 
 4 Gladwin, H. S., 1937 (II), p. 98. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 61 
 
 the Dragoon area to the Mimbres region. Some of the 
 traits seem to have moved eastward at a much faster rate 
 than others. For example, stone carving was present in 
 the Hohokam and Dragoon areas and had reached the 
 stage of simple incising in the Mogollon at about 900 A. D. 
 On the other hand, life forms in pottery decoration, present 
 in the Hohokam since the Snaketown phase, were absent in 
 both the Dragoon and Mogollon at about 900 A. D. and 
 appear in the Mimbres Bold Face. 
 
 The following chart shows the eastward progression of 
 twelve traits which constitute the main current of cultural 
 drift, and two traits moving westward that form the un- 
 dercurrent or backwash. 
 
 A further substantiation of the hypothesis for a cultural 
 drift from the west to east is found in the fact that all 
 three of the Dragoon Red-on-Brown sites thus far exca- 
 vated are closer geographically to the center of the Mogol- 
 lon area than to that of the Hohokam. And yet the cul- 
 ture demonstrated by the excavation of these sites much 
 more closely approximates that of Hohokam. 
 
 In conclusion it may be said with some degree of confi- 
 dence that the Dragoon development, as expressed in the 
 excavations at Gleeson, while proceeding in some respects 
 along its own lines, has borrowed heavily from its Hoho- 
 kam neighbors to the west and has almost ignored the 
 Mogollon to the east. All but two of the traits fit perfectly 
 into the Hohokam culture: of these, one, the pottery, has 
 incorporated much of the Hohokam in its makeup; the 
 other, disposal of the dead by inhumation, is foreign to the 
 Hohokam. 
 
 4V 
 
62 
 
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OBSERVATIONS 
 William Shirley Fulton 
 
 The Gleeson site has proved exceedingly interesting. 
 Except for a difference in method of burial, it would seem 
 to be basically Hohokam with little Mogollon influence. In 
 all other respects, variations from what is now considered 
 to be typically Hohokam may be explained by the usual con- 
 siderations of different clays, inventive ability, and sub- 
 types. Those, however, to whom such explanations are 
 not acceptable, are compelled to search farther afield for 
 the beginnings of the Dragoon development as exemplified 
 at Gleeson. 
 
 In northern Mexico, probably, we should seek the emer- 
 gence of a major culture which, while yet there, was influ- 
 enced by contact, perhaps with Mogollon, possibly with a 
 culture of which at present nothing is known, and evolved 
 the phase that we term "Dragoon." 
 
 It appears, to this observer at least, that Dragoon came 
 to the Gleeson site as a developed entity. As most of the 
 artifacts associated with the Hohokam in its various 
 phases — the three-quarter groove axe, the stone palette, 
 the figurine, carved bone and worked shell — are found 
 there in a full state of development, we should expect that 
 the pottery would embrace equally evolved wares typically 
 Hohokam. Such is not the case. For the most part, the 
 ceramics, particularly the decorated pieces, are something 
 quite distinct. 
 
 Gleeson pottery, from careful sherd analyses, is definitely 
 Dragoon, with the distinguishing features of that ware — a 
 rough, sandy finish on exteriors that present a multitude 
 of firing clouds and paint smears, and Hohokam elements 
 
 63 
 
64 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 and designs as decorative treatments of the painted sur- 
 faces. Some few vessels found at Gleeson are unquestion- 
 ably Mogollon, based on our present classification of those 
 ceramics; but, though Dragoon wares more closely re- 
 semble Hohokam than Mogollon, none of the pottery pre- 
 sumably made on the Gleeson site shows the porous paste 
 nearly always associated with the former ; nor are several 
 of the types associated with Hohokam sites, flare-rimmed 
 and thick-walled vessels for instance, found here. 
 
 Another distinguishing feature of decorated Dragoon 
 ware, secondary firing, is also present in many of the 
 painted bowls from Gleeson. In both Hohokam and Mo- 
 gollon the design was applied before firing so that the pig- 
 ment became homogeneous with the slip foundation. In 
 Dragoon, it appears from many examples that the process 
 of firing the slip and the design was accomplished in suc- 
 cessive operations. In no other way can we explain the 
 presence of paint smears which, themselves, have been sub- 
 jected to firing, partially obscuring firing clouds on the 
 exteriors of many bowls. As these clouds could not have 
 formed beneath paint previously applied, an assumption of 
 double firing seems justified. 
 
 No attempt has here been made to add Dragoon to the 
 already large and still growing list of basic cultures of the 
 Southwest even though there seems to be some justification 
 for suggesting the possibility that it might be a parallel, 
 independent stem of the same parent stock as some of those 
 now so classified. Whether or not Dragoon is considered 
 eventually to be not a basic culture but merely a phase of 
 the Hohokam — a premise supported by most of the present 
 students of Southwestern archaeology — there can be no 
 question that its ceramic expressions present strong and 
 definitely stylized forms that held constant among its 
 potters. 
 
FULTON AND TUTHILL GLEESON SITE 65 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bradfield, Wesley 
 
 1931 Cameron Creek Village. Monographs of the School of American 
 Research, i, Santa Fe. 
 
 Caywood, Louis R. 
 
 1933 The Archaeology of Sulphur Springs Valley, Arizona. Master 
 of Arts Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. 
 Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B. 
 
 1932 The Swarts Ruin, a Typical Mimbres Site in Southwestern New- 
 Mexico. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American^ Archae- 
 ology and Ethnology, Harvard University, xv, no. 1, Cambridge. 
 
 Fulton, William Shirley 
 
 1934a Archeological Notes on Texas Canyon, Arizona. Contributions 
 from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, xu, 
 no. 1, New York. 
 
 1934b Archeological Notes on Texas Canyon, Arizona. Contributions 
 from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, xu, 
 no. 2, New York. 
 
 1938 Archeological Notes on Texas Canyon, Arizona. Contributions 
 from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, xu, 
 no. 3, New York. 
 Gladwin, Harold S. 
 
 1937 Excavations at Snaketown, n — Comparisons and Theories. Me- 
 dallion Papers, xxvi, Gila Pueblo, Globe. 
 
 and Haury, Emil W., Sayles, E. B., Gladwin, Nora 
 
 1937 Excavations at Snaketown, i — Material Culture. Medallion Pa- 
 pers, xxv, Gila Pueblo, Globe. 
 Gladwin, Winifred and Harold S. 
 
 1935 The Eastern Range of the Red-on-buff Culture. Medallion Pa- 
 pers, xvi, Gila Pueblo, Globe. 
 Haury, Emil W. 
 
 1932 Roosevelt : 9 : 6, a Hohokam Site of the Colonial Period. Medal- 
 lion Papers, xi, Gila Pueblo, Globe. 
 
 1936a Some Southwestern Pottery Types, Series IV. Medallion Pa- 
 pers, xix, Gila Pueblo, Globe. 
 
 1936b The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mexico. Medallion 
 Papers, xx, Gila Pueblo, Globe. 
 
 1937 See : Gladwin, Harold S., Haury, Emil W., Sayles, E. B., Gladwin, 
 Nora 
 
 MlNDELEFF, VlCTOR 
 
 1891 A Study of Pueblo Architecture in Tusayan and Cibola. In: 
 8th Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1886-87, 
 Washington. 
 
66 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 
 
 Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr. 
 
 1932 The Village of the Great Kivas on the Zuhi Reservation, New 
 Mexico. Bulletin 111, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington 
 
 Sayles, E. B. 
 
 1937 See : Gladwin, Harold S., Haury, Emil W., Sayles, E. B., Gladwin, 
 Nora 
 Trischka, Carl 
 
 1933 Hohokam : a Chapter in the History of Red-on-buff Culture. In : 
 
 Scientific Monthly, xxxvn, no. 5, Lancaster. 
 Woodward, Arthur 
 
 1931 The Grewe Site. Occasional Papers, i, Los Angeles Museum of 
 History, Science and Art, Los Angeles. 
 
 <* 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 TURQUOISE QUARRY 
 
 VIEW OF GLEESON SITE 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PIT-HOUSE NO. 1 
 ABOVE: DETAIL OF REED GROOVE 
 
kL, 
 
FULTON: TUTH1LL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE VIII 
 
 lw. 
 
 V9 
 
 
 1 ~ > K 
 
 
 - 
 
 ? iBr 
 
 
 
 : WF 
 
 
 
 INHUMATION WITH ACCOMPANIMENTS in situ 
 
 CREMATION WITH ACCOMPANIMENTS in Situ 
 
(0 
 
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 m 
 
 K S 
 
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 UI < 
 
 SE D 
 
 UJ 
 
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FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 BOWLS WITH INTERIOR DECORATION 
 D1AM.: a, 6| IN.; b, 9{ IN.; C, 14fj IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XI 
 
 i m>- 
 
 VESSELS WITH EXTERIOR DECORATION 
 DIAM.: a. 5J IN.; £>, 4| IN.; C, 4J IN.; d, 5\ IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 a 
 
 VESSELS WITH EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR DECORATION 
 DIAM.: a, 4J IN.; b. 3-fg IN.; C, 4| IN.; d, 5 IN. 
 
5 z 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XIV 
 
 
 ELONGATED VESSELS 
 LENGTHS: a, 1\ IN.; b, 7 IN.; C, 7} IN.; cf, 7| IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE:, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XV 
 
 MINIATURE VESSELS 
 
 a, DIAM. 2 J- IN.; b. DIAM. 2| IN.; C. HEIGHT 1| IN.; d. LENGTH 31 IN.; e. D1AM. 2 IN. 
 
 /, DIAM. 2 IN. 
 
FULTON. TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XVI 
 
 9 
 
 CLAY FIGURINES 
 HEIGHT OF /, 4| IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XVII 
 
 a 
 
 STOME AXES 
 LENGTH OF C, 5 IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XVIII 
 
 
 STONE PALETTES 
 LENGTH OF e, 8^ IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XIX 
 
 STONE COMBS 
 LENGTH OF C, 1\ IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XX 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS OF STONE 
 
 a, FOUR POINTED STONE; b, ANIMAL EFFIGY; C, PLUMMET; d, INCISED MORTAR; 
 
 C MORTAR WITH DESIGNS INCISED AND IN RELIEF; /, ANIMAL EFFIGY; 
 
 g. PIPE. LENGTH 3 IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XXI 
 
 STONE ORNAMENTS 
 LENGTH OF I, 2| IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XXII 
 
 NjM|jp^ 
 
 TURQUOISE ORNAMENTS 
 DIAG. WIDTH OF fl, f IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XXIII 
 
 STONE POINTS AND DRILLS 
 LENGTH OF Q, 2 & IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XXIV 
 
 SHELL BRACELETS AND ORNAMENTS 
 DIAM. OF C, 3| IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTHILL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XXV 
 
 SHELL BEADS AND MISCELLANEOUS ORNAMENTS 
 LENGTH OF 0, 2^ IN. 
 
FULTON: TUTH1LL GLEESON SITE, ARIZONA 
 
 PLATE XXVI 
 
 a 
 
 f h^g 
 
 u.\ 
 
 h 
 
 J 
 
 OBJECTS OF BONE 
 LENGTH OF I. 8| IN. 
 
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